Lista de verbos irregulares.docx
Transcript of Lista de verbos irregulares.docx
Infinitivo Pretérito Participio de Pasado
Traducción
abide abided/abode abided/abode aguantar
arise arose arisen surgir
awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked despertar
be was, were been ser, estar
bear bore borne llevar, aguantar
beat beat beaten batir, golpear
become became become hacerse, ponerse
beget begot/begat begotten engendrar
begin began begun comenzar
bend bent bent torcer
beseech besought/beseeched besought/beseeched suplicar
bet bet/betted bet/betted apostar
bid bade/bid bidden/bid ofrecer
bind bound bound atar, amarrar
bite bit bitten morder, picar
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar
bring brought brought traer, llevar
build built built construir
burn burned/burnt (Brit) burned/burnt (Brit) quemar
burst burst burst reventar(se), romper(se)
buy bought bought comprar
can could - poder
cast cast cast echar, lanzar
catch caught caught coger, agarrar
chide chided/chid chided/chidden reprender
choose chose chosen elegir, escoger
cleave (fendre) cleft/clove cleft/cloven partir, hender
cleave (s’attacher)
cleaved cleaved adherirse, aferrarse
cling clung clung pegarse, agarrarse
come came come venir, llegar
cost cost/costed cost/costed costar, valer
creep crept crept arrastrarse
cut cut cut cortar
dare dared/durst (arch.) dared atreverse
deal dealt dealt tramitar, operar
dig dug dug cavar, excavar
dive dived/dove (US) dived tirarse, sumergirse
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn tirar, sacar
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt soñar
drink drank drunk beber, tomar
drive drove driven conducir, manejar
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled morar, vivir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer(se)
feed fed fed avivar, alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar, pelear
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled huir
fling flung flung lanzar, arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbad(e) forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
freeze froze frozen helar
get got got/gotten (US) conseguir
gild gilded gilded/gilt dorar
gird girded/girt girded/girt ceñir de, rodear de
give gave given dar
go went gone ir(se)
grind ground ground moler, picar
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung/hanged (Jur) hung/hanged (Jur) colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oír
heave heaved/hove (Naut) heaved/hove (Naut) tirar, empujar
hew hewed hewn/hewed (US) cortar, tallar
hide hid hidden/hid esconder(se)
hit hit hit pegar, golpear
hold held held tener, abrazar
hurt hurt hurt lastimar, perjudicar
keep kept kept guardar
kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled arrodillarse
know knew known saber
lade laded laden cargar de
lay laid laid poner, colocar
lead led led llevar, guiar
lean leaned/leant leaned/leant apoyarse
leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt saltar
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt aprender
leave left left dejar, partir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar
lie (s’allonger) lay lain tenderse, acostarse
lie (mentir) lied lied mentir
light lit/lighted lit/lighted encender, iluminar
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
may might - poder
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar(se), conocer
mow mowed mowed/mown segar, cortar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner, meter
quit quit/quitted quit/quitted renunciar, abandonar
read read read leer
rend rent rent rasgar, desgarrar
rid rid/ridded rid/ridded deshacerse de
ride rode ridden montar en, ir en
ring rang rung llamar, sonar
rise rose risen levantarse, elevarse
run ran run correr
saw sawed sawed/sawn serrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sew sewed sewed/sewn coser
shake shook shaken sacudir, mover
shave shaved shaved/shaven afeitar(se), rasurar(se)
shear sheared sheared/shorn esquilar
shed shed shed derramar
shine (briller) shone shone brillar
shine (faire briller)
shone/shined shone/shined sacar brillo a
shoe shod/shoed shod/shoed herrar
shoot shot shot pegar un tiro a
show showed shown/showed mostrar
shrink shrank shrunk encoger(se)
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentarse
slay slew slain matar
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizarse
sling slung slung lanzar
slink slunk slunk zafarse
slit slit/slitted slit/slitted cortar, abrir
smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt oler
smite smote smitten golpear
sow sowed sowed/sown sembrar
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded correr a toda prisa
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar
spin spun/span spun hacer girar
spit (cracher) spat spat escupir
spit (embrocher) spitted spitted ensartar
split split split dividir
spoil spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt arruinar
spread spread spread tender, desplegar
spring sprang sprung saltar
stand stood stood estar de pie
stave stove/staved stove/staved evitar, aplazar
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar
sting stung stung picar
stink stank stunk apestar
strew strewed strewed/strewn esparcir
stride strode stridden andar a pasos largos
strike struck struck/stricken (rare) golpear, pegar
string strung strung ensartar, encordar
strive strove striven esforzarse
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swollen/swelled hincharse
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancearse, oscilar
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn romper
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
thrive throve/thrived thriven/thrived prosperar
throw threw thrown echar
thrust thrust thrust empujar, clavar
tread trod trodden pisar
wake woke/waked woken/waked despertar(se)
wear wore worn llevar
weave wove/weaved woven/weaved tejer
weep wept wept llorar
win won won ganar
wind winded/wound winded/wound dejar sin aliento, ovillar
wring wrung wrung torcer
write wrote written escribir
Past Perfect Continuous (Pasado perfecto continuo)
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I had been eating. Had I been eating? I had not been eating.
You had been eating. Had you been eating?You had not been eating.
He/She/It had been eating.
Had he/she/it been eating?
He/She/It had not been eating.
We had been eating. Had we been eating?We had not been eating.
You had been eating. Had you been eating?You had not been eating.
They had been eating. Had they been eating?They had not been eating.
El pasado perfecto continuo en inglés corresponde al pluscuamperfecto del español en el que se usa el indicativo del verbo "estar" y el gerundio. En general, lo usamos para acciones en proceso de realización en el pasado antes de otra acción ocurrida.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Form (Forma)
Como en el presente perfecto continuo, se forma el pasado perfecto continuo con el verbo auxiliar "to have", "been" y el gerundio.
Sujeto Auxiliares GerundioI, You, He,…, They Had been Studing, Working,...
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Estructura
Sujeto + "had" + "been" + gerundio...
Ejemplos:
I'd been studying English for 2 years when I went to London. (Había estado estudiando inglés durante 2 años cuando fui a Londres.)
Lindsay had been working at the store since 2005 when it closed. (Lindsay había estado trabajando en la tienda desde el año 2005 cuando se cerró.)
They were surprised when the airline lost their baggage as they'd been traveling for weeks without a problem. (Se sorprendieron cuando la aerolínea perdió su equipaje ya que habían estado viajando durante semanas sin problemas.)
2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)
Estructura
Sujeto + "had" + "not" + "been" + gerundio...
Ejemplos:
I had not [hadn't] been studying English long when I went to London. (No había estado estudiando inglés mucho tiempo cuando fui a Londres.)
Lindsay had not [hadn't] been working at the store for long when it closed. (Lindsay no había estado trabajando en la tienda mucho tiempo cuando se cerró.)
They had not [hadn't] been traveling long before they had their first problem. (No habían estado viajando mucho antes de que tuvieran su primer problema.)
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)
Estructura
"Had" + sujeto + "been" + gerundio...?
Ejemplos:
Had you been studying English for a long time before you went to London? (¿Habías estado estudiando inglés mucho tiempo antes de que fuiste a Londres?)
Had Lindsay been working at the store for a long time when it closed? (¿Lindsay había estado trabajando mucho tiempo cuando se cerró?)
Had they been traveling for a long time when the airline lost their luggage? (¿Habían estado viajando mucho tiempo cuando la aerolínea perdió su equipaje?)
Uses (usos)
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto continuo para acciones en proceso de realización en el pasado antes de otra acción ocurrida. El pasado perfecto continuo se utiliza para la acción en el proceso y el pasado simple para la acción que interrumpe la acción en proceso. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, solemos usar las preposiciones de tiempo "for" y "since".
Ejemplos:
I'd been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk. (Había estado trabajando durante horas cuando me quedé dormido en mi escritorio.)
Frank bought a new car. He'd been wanting one since last year. (Frank compró un nuevo coche. Lo había estado esperando desde el año pasado.)
We'd been disagreeing for days when Elizabeth found a resolution. (Habíamos estado en desacuerdo durante días cuando Elizabeth encontró una resolución.)
2. Se utiliza para demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
She was tired because she'd been working too much. (Estaba cansado porque había estado trabajando demasiado.)
They were angry because they'd been waiting for me for hours. (Estaban enfadados porque habían estado esperándome durante horas.)
Nota: Como hemos visto en las últimas lecciones, hay algunos verbos con los que no podemos usar las formas continuas. Puedes consultar la lista de verbos de tiempos continuos y su explicación.
Past Perfect (Pasado perfecto)
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I had eaten. Had I eaten? I had not eaten.
You had eaten. Had you eaten? You had not eaten.
He/She/It had eaten.
Had he/she/it eaten? He/She/It had not eaten.
We had eaten. Had we eaten? We had not eaten.
You had eaten. Had you eaten? You had not eaten.
They had eaten. Had they eaten? They had not eaten.
El pasado perfecto en inglés corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de español. En general, lo usamos para acciones que han ocurrido antes de otra acción en el pasado.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas Gramaticales)
Form (Forma)
Igual que en el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado perfecto con el verbo auxiliar "to have" y el participio pasado. El verbo auxiliar estará en pasado.
Sujeto Auxiliares
Short Form Past Participle
I, You, He,…, They
Had I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd
studied, visited, worked...
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Estructura
Sujeto + "had" + participio pasado...
Ejemplos:
I'd visited the Louvre before so I knew where the Mona Lisa was. (Había visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, así que sabía dónde estaba la Mona Lisa.)They'd studied English before they went to London. (Habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres.)
Henry changed careers because he'd worked as an accountant for many years and was bored. (Henry cambió de profesión porque había trabajado como contable durante muchos años y estaba aburrido.)
2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)
Estructura
Sujeto + "had" + "not" + participio pasado...
Ejemplos:
I hadn't visited the Louvre before so I didn't know where the Mona Lisa was. (No había visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, así que no sabía dónde estaba la Mona Lisa.)
They hadn't studied English before they went to London. (No habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres.)
Henry changed careers even though he hadn't worked as an accountant for long. (Henry cambió de profesión a pesar de que no había trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo.)
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)
Estructura
"Had" + sujeto + participio pasado...?
Ejemplos:
How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the Louvre before? (¿Cómo sabías dónde estaba la Mona Lisa? ¿Había visitado el Museo del Louvre antes?)
Had they studied English before they went to London? (¿Habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres?)
Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he changed careers? (¿Henry había trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo antes de cambiar de profesión?)
Uses (Usos)
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que comenzó en el pasado y que es anterior a otra acción también en el pasado. La acción que ocurrió primero es en pasado perfecto y la que sigue en pasado simple.
Ejemplos:
I'd read the book before I saw the movie. (Había leído el libro antes de ver la película.)
Donna had just left when you called. (Donna había salido justo cuando llamaste.)
Had you ever flown before the trip to France? (¿Alguna vez habías volado antes del viaje a Francia?)
2. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am. (Ya me había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 7.)
He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008. (No había estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.)
3. También, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW. (Había tenido un coche antes de que lcompró su nuevo BMW.)
I'd been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs. (Había estado deprimido durante mucho tiempo antes de que cambiara de trabajo.)
PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS)
El presente perfecto continuo, muchas veces tiene la equivalencia de la traducción "llevar + gerundio" en español, pero el uso de esta forma es más frecuente en inglés. Se utiliza para acciones que has empezado en el pasado pero continuan en el presente.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Form (Forma)
Como en el presente perfecto, usamos el verbo auxiliar "to have" además de "been" (el participio pasado del verbo "to be") y más el gerundio del verbo.
Sujeto Auxiliares GerundioI, You, We, They Have been Studing, Working,...He, She, It Has been Studing, Working,...
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Estructura
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "been" + gerundio.
Ejemplos:
They've been talking for three hours. (Han estado hablando durante tres horas.)
She has been studying English since she was 16. (Ha estado estudiando inglés desde que tenía 16 años.)
I've been waiting for you for over an hour! (¡Te llevo esperando durante más de una hora!)
2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)
Estructura
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "not" + "been" + gerundio.
Ejemplos:
They haven't been talking for more than a few minutes. (No han estado hablando más de unos minutos.)
She hasn't been studying English for very long. (No ha estado estudiando inglés durante mucho tiempo.)
Don't worry, I haven't been waiting long. (No te preocupes, no llevo esperando mucho tiempo.)
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)
Estructura
Verbo auxiliar ("to have") + sujeto + "been" + gerundio?
Ejemplos:
Have they been talking for a long time? (¿Han estado hablando durante mucho tiempo?)
Has Mary been waiting long? (¿Lleva Mary esperando mucho tiempo?)
Use (Uso)
Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una acción que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todavía en el presente o que acaba de terminar.
Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, usamos las preposiciones de tiempo "for" y "since".Si usamos el presente perfecto continuo sin un período de tiempo, significa "lately" o "recently".
Ejemplos:
I can't believe it is still raining. It's been raining for a week now! (No puedo creer que todavía esté lloviendo. Lleva lloviendo desde hace una semana!)
John has been working at the bank since 2003. (John lleva trabajando en el banco desde 2003.)
We've been planning our vacation for over a month. (Llevamos planeando nuestras vacaciones desde hace más de un mes.)
Amanda and Tom have been dating since last June. (Amanda y Tom han estado saliendo desde el junio pasado.)
He hasn't been studying enough. (No ha estado estudiando bastante.)
Have you been feeling ok lately? (¿Te has sentido bien últimamente?)
I've been working too much. (He estado trabajando demasiado.)
Nota: Como hemos visto en las últimas lecciones, no podemos usar las formas continuas con algunos verbos En estos casos, usamos el presente perfecto.
Futuro perfecto
'Future perfect'
El futuro perfecto o "future perfect" se usa para acciones o estados que habrán terminado en un momento dado en el futuro.
Suele ir acompañado por la preposición "by" (por/para) o la expresión adverbial "by the time" (para cuando).
I'll have finished my exams by next Monday.
Habré terminado mis exámenes para el lunes que viene.
También se usa para indicar suposición.
Don´t phone her. She will have left.No la llames por teléfono. Se habrá marchado.
Afirmativo
Sujeto + shall/will + have + past participle del verbo + ...
Para la primera persona del singular y plural se utilizan
indistintamente "shall" y "will" aunque la tendencia es a usar
"will" para todas las personas.
En inglés americano normalmente no se usa "shall".
En las formas afirmativas contraídas no es necesario distinguir
entre will y shall, ya que gráficamente ambas se expresan
como 'll.
Forma larga Forma corta
I shall/will have worked I'll have worked
You will have worked You'll have worked
He will have worked He'll have worked
She will have worked She'll have worked
It will have worked It'll have worked
We shall/willl have worked We'll have worked
You will have worked You'll have worked
They will have worked They'll have worked
Ejemplos
I'll have finished by the time you get home.
Habré terminado para cuando llegues a casa.
He will have decided to leave.
Habrá decidido marcharse.
They'll have studied the lesson by Saturday.
Habrán estudiado la lección para el sábado.
Negativo
Forma larga
Sujeto + shall /will + not + have + verbo en past participle + ...
Forma corta
Sujeto + shan't/ won't + have + verbo en past participle + ...
Forma larga Forma corta
I shall/will not have worked I shan't/won't have worked
You will not have worked You won't have worked
He will not have worked He won't have worked
She will not have worked She won't have worked
It will not have worked It won't have worked
We shall/will not have worked We shan't/won't have worked
You will not have worked You won't have worked
They will not have worked They won't have worked
Ejemplos
I´ll not have cleaned the house by Saturday.
No habré limpiado la casa para el sábado.
You will not have finished your exam by 10 o´clock.
No habrás terminado tu examen para las diez.
He won´t have translated the letters by the time she leaves.
No habrá traducido las cartas para cuando se vaya.
She´ll not have visited her mother by noon.
No habrá visitado a su madre para el mediodía.
It will not have sailed before we get to the port.
No habrá zarpado antes de que lleguemos al puerto.
We shall not have finished our task by this evening.
No habremos terminado nuestra tarea para esta tarde.
You´ll not have travelled to Lisbon by the end of the year.
No habrás viajado a Lisboa para finales de año.
They won´t have forgotten me by then.
No me habrán olvidado para entonces.
Interrogativo
Shall/Will + sujeto + have + verbo en past participle + ...?
Negativo
Forma larga
Shall/Will + sujeto + not + have + verbo en past participle + ...?
Forma corta
Shan´t/Won't + sujeto + have + verbo en past participle + ...?
Afirmativo Negativo
Shall/Will I have worked?
Shall/Will I not have worked?
Shan´t/Won't I have worked?
Will you have worked?
Will you not have worked?
Won't you have worked?
Will he have worked?
Will he not have worked?
Won't he have worked?
Will she have worked?
Will she not have worked?
Won't she have worked?
Will it have worked?
Will it not have worked?
Won't it have worked?
Shall/Will we have worked?
Shall/Will we not have worked?
Shan´t/Won't we have worked?
Will you have worked?
Will you not have worked?
Won't you have worked?
Will they have worked?
Will they not have worked?
Won't they have worked?
Ejemplos
Will I have received it by 8 o'clock?
¿Lo habré recibido para las 8?
Where will you have discussed it with your husband?
¿Dónde lo habrás discutido con tu marido?
Won´t he have typed his essay by the time his teacher arrives?
¿No habrá escrito a máquina su ensayo para cuando llegue su profesor?
Will she have paid a lot of money by the end of the season?
¿Habrá pagado mucho dinero para final de temporada?
Will it not have rained by then?
¿No habrá llovido para entonces?
Shall we have done the ironing tomorrow?
¿Habremos planchado para mañana?
Won´t you have repaired the washing machine before the party?
¿No habréis reparado la lavadora antes de la fiesta?
When will they have arrested the criminal?
¿Cuándo habrán arrestado al criminal?