Lingua Ojibwayensis

8/17/2019 Lingua Ojibwayensis

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Lingua Ojibwayensis

Lingua Ojibwayensis,[1] quae Anishinaabemowin quo-que vocatur, est lingua indigena e familia lingui-stica Algonquiana orta.[2][3] Huic linguae est seriesdialectorum, quibus sunt et nomina localia et diver-sa scripturae systemata haud scilicet indigena. Ha-rum dialectorum nulla eminentissima ducitur, nequeullum systema scripturae omnibus illis adhibetur. Illainter dialectos Ojibwayenses autonomia cum linguisti-cae politicaeve inter nationes Ojibwayensiter loquen-tes unitatis absentia connectitur.

Lingua Ojibwayensis in Canada, a partibus au-stralibus et occidentibus ebeci, per Ontarionem,Manitobam, partes Saskatchewan, usque ad nonnul-las communitates in Alberta sitas in usu est;[4][5] etin Civitatibus Foederatis, i d est a Michigania perVisconsiniam ad Minnesotam, cum autem communita-tibus in Dacota Septentrionali et Montana, necnon tan-dem gregibus advenarum ad Kansiam et Oclahomamegressorum.[5][6]

Hae dialecti una comprensae Canadae Primarum Na-tionum secunda lingua (post Cree) in eo, quod adnumerum locutorum spectat, fiunt,[7] et quarta in et

Civitatibus Foederatis et Canada post linguas Navajo,Escimaicas, Cree.

1 Classificatio

Familia linguarum Algonquiana, cui Ojibwayensis in-terest, invicem ad familiam Algicam adtinet, aliae cuiuslinguae sunt Wiyot et Yurok.[2] Ojibwayensis interdumCentralis esse lingua Algonquiana dicitur, una cumFox, Cree, Menominee, Miami-Illinois, Potawatomi,Shawnee.[2] Terminus geographicus q.e. Algonquia-nus Centralis commoditatis gratia potius quam prop-ter gregem quendam geneticum adhibetur, neque usushuius termini Centrales declarat linguas artius inter sequam linguis Algonquianis aliis cognatas esse.[8]

1.1 Exonyma et endonyma

Verbum indigenum maxime huic linguae designan-dae adhibitum est Anishinaabemowin “lingua indige-narum” (ex Anishinaabe “homo nativus,” suffixo ver-bali –mo “lingua quadam loqui,” suffixoque –win quo

nomen creetur),[9][10] orthographiis pronuntiatibusqueinter dialectos differentibus. Non nulli etiam appella-tione Ojibwemowin utuntur.[11][12] Linguae nomen in

hac dialecto, quam Anglice Severn Ojibwe appella-tur, Anihshininiimowin est, quamquam et Anishinaabe- mowin a locutoribus adgnoscitur.[11] Non nulli qui dia-lecto Ojibwe Saulteaux loquuntur linguam suam Na- kawemowin appellant.[11] Dialectus Oawa interdumDaawaamwin nominatur,[13] licet nomen generale Ni- shnaabemwin sit, quod etiam dialecti Jibwemwin (idest linguae Ojibwayensis orientalis) nominandae gra-tia usurpatur.[14] Alia nomina localia in symbola dedialectis Ojibwayensibus reperies.

Anglice Ojibwe , Ojibwa , Ojibway dicuntur;[15] et Chip- pewa in Civitatibus Foederatis et australi occidenta-lique Ontarione adhibetur inter nepotes advenorumOjibwayensium ex Civitatibus Foederatis ortorum.[16]

Francogallice ojibwé maxime, alias odjibwé , saulteux ,sauteux , saulteaux dicuntur. Liera d illa in odjibwé si-ne dubio ut sonus /dʒ/ neque /ʒ/ efficiatur, cum sic con-suetudine liera j Francogallice sonetur, in verbum il-lata est.

1.2 De Ojibwayensi et Potawatomi linguis

Linguae Ojibwayensis et Potawatomi artius inter secognatae esse quam aliis linguis Algonquianis viderisolent,[17] quocirca posse fieri argutum est ut intra lin-guam Proto-Algonquianam subgrex geneticus ex hislinguis constiterit, licet investigationes, quibus opussit ut subgregis Ojibwe–Potawatomi historia lingui-stica confirmetur, nondum susceptae sint. aedamde familiae Algonquianae subgregibus collocutio con-clusit “Ojibwe–Potawatomi aliam explorandam possi-bilitatem esse.”[conv. 1] [18] In classificatione sua lingua-rum Algonquianarum, Goddard (1996) Ojibwa et Po-tawatomi “Ojibwayan” nomine adnumeravit, sed sine

argumentis.[19]

Linguae Centrales in multis consentiunt. ae plerum-que diffusione rerum linguisticarum per mutuationesfactà effecta sunt:

Extensae lexicales, phonologicae, fortas-se et grammaticae mutuationes—diffusio re-rum per linguarum fines—maximas partesvidentur egisse in Superorum Lacuum Ma-gnorum linguis specie sua generaliter simi-li danda, neque potuit fieri ut innovatio-nes communes sat substantiales invenirentur

ut constare deberet linguarum Algonquiana-rum Centralium subgregem genetice sepa-rem exstare.[conv. 2] [18]

1

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Magnihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Magnihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachbundhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianae_Centraleshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Potawatomihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Francogallicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Americaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecti_Ojibwayenseshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwa_Orientalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ottawahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwa_Occidentalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anishininihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronuntiatushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonymum_et_endonymumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica_historicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Shawneehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Potawatomihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Miami-Illinoishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Menomineehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Creehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Foxhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianae_Centraleshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Yurokhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Wiyothttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algicaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Escimaicaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Navajohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Americaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Creehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primae_Nationeshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primae_Nationeshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclahomahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacota_Septentrionalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visconsiniahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Americaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewanhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_Ojibwayensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_Ojibwayensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitashttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectoshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_scripturaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxinomia_linguisticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxinomia_linguisticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indigena


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2 2 DE DIVISIONIBUS GEOGRAPHICIS

Et hypothesis, secundum qualem geneticus linguarumOjibwa et Potawatomi subgrex etiam diffusione expli-cari possit, adiecta est: “Hypotheticus grex Ojibwa–Potawatomi item considerandus est, sine tamen pluri-bus de dialectis Potawatomi decerni nequit.”[conv. 3] [20]

2 De divisionibus geographicis

Regio ubi Plains Ojibwe, Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa), dia-

lectique Algonquinae linguae Ojibwayensis locutores erant ante

opes Europaeas.

Communitates Ojibwayenses in Canada sunt abebeco australi et occidentali, per Ontarionem etpartes australes Manitobae Saskatchewanque, us-que ad nonnullas Albertae communitates; et inCivitatibus Foederatis a Michigania per Visconsiniamad Minnesotam, cum autem communitatibus in Dacota

Septentrionali et Montanae partibus septentrionali-bus sitis.[21] Greges Ojibwayenses, immo dialecto Ot-tawa, fabulantes ad Kansiam et Oclahomam, ubi suntnonnulla linguae documenta, temporibus historicisdemigraverunt.[22] Ojibwayensis et in Columbia Bri-tannica nota est.[5]

Scientia censibus tenta omnibus demonstrat linguaeOjibwayensis varietatibus una comprehensis 56,531 fe-re locutores esse. Numerus ille e censu anni 2000 Ci-vitatum Foederatarum et censu anni 2006 Canadae ex-tractusest. Omniumlocutorum 8,791 fere in CivitatibusFoederatis habitant[23] (et 7,355 sunt Americani Nati-

vi)[24] atque 47,740 fere in Canada,[7] ita ut illa in eo situna ex maximis linguis Algicis quod ad numerum lo-cutorum adtinet.[7]

2.1 Dialecti

Commentatio principalis: Dialecti Ojibwayenses

oniam dialecti Ojibwayenses partim saltem inter seintellegi possunt, constat id quod Ojibwayensem appel-

lamus ex una lingua consistere, diversis dialectis ador-natà; id est, Ojibwayensis est “una lingua ex continuovarietatum dialectalium constans, nam … omnis dia-lectus saltem partim a vicinorum locutoribus dialecto-rum intellegi potest.”[conv. 4] [27] antum inter dialectosnon adiacentes lingua intellegatur, multum abhorret:nova studia quidem demonstraverunt discrimina gra-via esse inter dialectum Oawa in Ontarione australiet Michigania septentrionali dictam, dialectum SevernOjibwa in Ontarione septentrionali et Manitoba, dialec-tumque Algonquinam in ebeci partibus australibuset occidentibus dictam.[28] Valentine has tres dialec-tos notat “multa diversa ostendere, quod aetates rela-tivae longinquitatis ab linguae Ojibwayensis varietati-bus aliis fuisse innuat.”[conv. 5] [29] Multae communitatesad diversas dialectos illas adiacentes omina linguisticaeinter dialectos trangessionis praebent.[30] amquamomnes dialecti commutationes, quae eas distinxerunt,passae sunt, non dubitatur, secundum Valentine, quinomnes pars linguae Ojibwayensis sint.[29] Minima au-tem illa intellegibilitas mutua inter nonnullas dialec-tos haud adiacentes Ojibwayensem effecit ut Rhodes etTodd eam “ex nonnullis linguis constare”[conv. 6] scrip-serint, quam ob rem Ojibwayensis subgrex linguisticusfiat.[31]

Licet nonnihil in dialectis Ojibwayensibus digerendisdiscrepet, hae saltem dialecti pro certo cognitae sunt,si ex partibus occidentibus ad orientales iter faciatur:Ojibwayensis Occidentalis (Saulteaux), OjibwayensisAustralis Occidentalis (Chippewa), OjibwayensisSeptentrionalis Occidentalis, Ojibwayensis Severn(Oji-Cree), Oawa (Odawa), Ojibwayensis Orientalis,lingua Algonquina. Valentine tres dialectos aliasadgnoscit, quas Anglice appellat “Berens Ojibwe” (inpartibus septentrionali-occidentalibus Ontarionis, etquam ille ab Ojibwayensi Septentrionali Occidentalidistinguit), “North of (Lake) Superior,” “Nipissing.”

Hae duae easdem fere regiones atque Ojibwa Centralissaepiunt, quam ille non adgnoscit.[32]

Analyses duae nuper factae adfinitatem inter Oji-bwayenses dialectos tractantes in eo consentiunt, quodmultum ab aliis differens dialectus Oawa subgre-gi cuidam adsignanda est, dialecti autem Severn Oji-bwayensis et Algonquina etiam multum differentes su-bgregi alio; de his dialectis tamen dissentiunt, quaetenuitius ab aliis abhorrent. Rhodes et Todd intraOjibwayensem hos subgreges dialectales eminere ha-bent: (a) Oawa; (b) Severn et Algonquina; (c) sub-gregem tertium, qui dividatur in (α) subgregem dia-

lectorum Ojibwayensis Septentrionalis Occidentalis etSaulteaux; (β) subgregem dialecti Ojibwayensis Orien-talis; et (γ) subgregem dialectorum Ojibwayensis Au-

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwa_Centralishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Algonquinahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwa_Orientalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ottawahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anishininihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anishininihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwa_Septentrionalis_Occidentalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwa_Septentrionalis_Occidentalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Chippewahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Chippewahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis_Occidentalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellegibilitas_mutuahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_dialectorumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_dialectorumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecti_Ojibwayenseshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americani_Nativihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americani_Nativihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%25202006%2520Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%2520United%2520States%2520Censushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%2520United%2520States%2520Censushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britannicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Britannicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oclahomahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacota_Septentrionalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacota_Septentrionalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visconsiniahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Americaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewanhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada


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2.3 Broken Oghibbeway 3

stralis Occidentalis et Ojibwayensis Centralis.[33] Va-lentine autem dialectos Ojibwayenses in greges divi-sas tres proposuit: partem septentrionalem ex dialec-tis Severn Ojibwayensi et Algonquina consistentem;partem australem ex “Odawa, Chippewa, Ojibwayen-si Orientali, hac Ojibwayensi regionis Border Lakes

inter Minnesotam et Ontarionem [consistentem]; ettertiam, regionem transitionalem inter greges pola-res illos, in qua rerum mixtio sit septentrionalium etaustralium.”[conv. 7] [34]

2.2 Lingua franca

Signum apud Lakehead University et Anglice et Ojibwayensiter

descriptum.

Nonnullae dialecti Ojibwayenses linguae francae autlinguae commercialis munere functae sunt in re-gionibus Magnos Lacus circumiacentibus, praesertimin locutoribus linguarum Algonquianarum aliarumalloquendis.[35] Documenta talem usum referentia sae-culis 18 et 19 scripta exsistunt, sed adsumere decet an-tehac quoque usui fuisse, cum documenta tam antiqui-tus quam anno 1703 scripta Ojibwayensem subicianta diversis gregibus a Sinu Sancti Laurentii usque adLacum Vinnipegensem, ab Ohio usque ad Sinum Hud-

son oriundis adhibitam esse.

[36]

Lingua commercialis est “lingua usitate communicatio-nis causa inter diversarum lingarum loctures adhibi-ta, etiam si apud neutrum locutorum ea praevaleat,” li-cet “altus huic linguae commerciali bilinguismi gradus”sit.[conv. 8] [37]

Saeculi 17 documenta linguam Huron, c.n. Wyandotquoque, linguam Iroquoianam, etiam linguae commer-cialis causa usurpatam esse ostendunt in partibus La-cibus Magnis orientalibus ab locutoribus dialectorumOjibwayensis Nipissing et Algonquinae, necnon a gre-gibus aliis in partibus Lacibus Magnis australibus, inter

quos ab Winnebago illis et grege alio solummodo nomi-ne “Assistaeronon” noto. Casus politicus gentis Huronper saeculum 18 effectus atque gregum Ojibwayensiter

loquentium, puta Oawa illorum, ascensio, ad Huronquasi linguae francae ruinam adduxerunt.[38]

In regione Sinui Georgiano orientali, dialectus Nipis-sing lingua commercialis erat. In Paeninsula Michi-ganensis Inferiore, Paeninsulae Michiganensis Supe-

rioris parte orientali, regione inter Lacum Eriarum etLacum Huronorum, Sinusque Georgiani liore septen-trionali, dialectus Oawa huius linguae generis mu-nere fungebatur. In regione Lacui Superiori australiet Lacui Michigano occidentali, dialectus Ojibwayen-sis Australis-Occidentalis lingua commercialis erat.[39]

Constat bilingualismum inaequalem in regione Ma-gnis Lacibus australi fuisse, ubi locutores linguarumPotawatomi et Menominee, Algonquianarum lingua-rum, et Ojibwayensiter poterant, neque autem locturesOjibwayenses linguis illis loquebantur. BilingualismusMenominee–Ojibwayensis usque in saeculum 20 rese-dit; Potawatomi–Ojibwayensis usque adhuc.[40]

Documenta e saeculis 18 et 19 accepta loctures linguaeSiouanae Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) appellatae praebentOjibwayensiter locutos esse cum Europaeanos alios-que alloquerentur.[41] Alia documenta legatos rec-tionis Americanae Green Bay in urbe Visconsiniaeostendunt Ojibwayensiter locutos esse ubi cum ho-minibus Menominee egissent, et secundum documen-ta alia “Chippewa, Menominee, Oawa, Potawatomi,Sac, Fox tribùs Ojibwayensi utebantur in inter tribuscommunicando.”[conv. 9] [41] Alias longius ad partes oc-cidentales dictum est lingarum haud Algonquianarum(sicut Ho-Chunk [Winnebago], Iowa, Pawnee) locuto-

res Ojibwayensiter lingua aliena locutos esse.[41]

2.3 Broken Oghibbeway

Commercii pellium aetate, pidgin quoddam Oji-bwayense creatum est, Broken Oghibbeway nomi-ne, quo viatores et mercatores in Visconsinia atqueFluminis Mississippiensis vallibus utebantur. De hocsermone documenta annibus 1820 ab Edwin James,medico naturalistaque, qui et pidgin nominavit, con-gesta sunt.[42] Hanc linguam legimus esse “linguam

vocabulario concluso ex dialecto Oawa linguae Oji-bwayensis extracto, cum autem nonnullis vocabulis exFox (Mesquakie), alia regionis lingua Algonquiana, ob-tentis, necnon reficta deminutaque, sed haud absente,morphologia Ojibwayensi.”[conv. 10] [41]

James Broken Oghibbeway illud varietati Ojibwayen-si in Visconsinia (necnon hoc temporis punctoMinnesota) dictae diversum esse sentiebat. Scripsitenim, “dialectus est a mercatoribus et sanguinis con-mixti hominibus adhibita, quando cum gentibus Meno-monee et Winnebago, necnon multis hominum SiouxSax et Fox, colloquuntur.”[conv. 11] [41]

amquam Broken Oghibbeway multa ex intrica-ta morphologia inflectionali, quae Ojibwayensemcelebrat, retinet, haec nihilo minus simplicior et

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphologiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Foxhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decennium_183https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumen_Mississippiensehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visconsiniahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercium_pelliumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Pawneehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Chiwerehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_(Visconsinia)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Winnebagohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Siouanaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Menomineehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Potawatomihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Michiganushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Superiorhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Huronorumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Eriarumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Michiganensis_Superiorhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Michiganensis_Superiorhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Michiganensis_Inferiorhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Michiganensis_Inferiorhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Georgianushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Algonquinahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Iroquoianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.n.https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Wyandothttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_17https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Hudsonhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Hudsonhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Vinnipegensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Sancti_Laurentiihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1703https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_19https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_18https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Magnihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehead_University


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4 4 DE GRAMMATICA

structurae variae est, cum detrimento quodam adtransitivitatem adtinente et genus, simplificatione sy-stematis praefixorum personalium in verbis adhibi-torum, amissione negativi suffixi in verbis inventi,amissioneque suffixorum inflectionalium quae obiectagrammatica indicant.[43]

2.4 Linguae Ojibwayensis in alios sermo-

nes opes

Michif est lingua mixa quae praecipue in linguisFrancogallica et Plains Cree incumbit, cui autemest etiam vocabularium Ojibwayense, necnon pon-derosa influentia Ojibwayensis ad phonologiampertinens.[44][45][46] In regione Turtle Mountain inDacota Septentrionali sita, homines Ojibwayen-ses solummodo Michif neque Ojibwayensiter

loquuntur.[47][48]

Mutuata Ojibwayensia in lingua Menominee, linguaAlgonquiana cognata, quoque notata sunt.[49]

"Bungee" appellatur haec dialectus linguae Angli-cae in Manitoba a nepotibus "Anglicorum, Scotorum,Orcadensium pellium mercatoribus et uxorum eorumCree Ojibwayensiumque” usurpata.[conv. 12] [50] Scilicetsunt huic dialecto nonnulla e lingua Cree elata. Potestfieri ut nomen q.e. Bungee ab vocabulo Ojibwayensibangii “paulum,” aut pare Cree suo, veniat, sed utrumhuic dialecto alia sint Ojibwayensia, hucusque inco-gnotum est.[51]

3 Phonologia

Commentatio principalis: Phonologia Ojibwayensis

Omnes dialecti Ojibwayenses consonantes septemde-cim consuetudine habent.[52] Plerisque dialectis clusilisgloidalis /ʔ/ his consonantibus interest; dialecti Oji-bwayensis Severn atque Algonquina pro ea sono /h/utuntur. Nonnullae dialecti ambos habent, sed solum-modo unum in earum systemate scripturae.[53] Oawa

et Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) phonema /h/ innonnullis vocabulis sono solito /ʔ/ additum est.[54][55]

ibusdam dialectis phonemata tamquam /f, l, r/, quaealiter non existant, in vocabulis mutuatis insunt.[56]

Consonantes obstruentes in fortes et lenes dividuntur.In quibusdam dialectis, tamquam Ojibwayensi Severn,consonans lenis (/p t k tʃ s ʃ/) sonum /h/ secuta dicen-da est ut fortis fiat. Ojibwayensis autem Algonquinainter fortes et lenes voce (voicing ) distinguit, ubi for-tes sine voce dicuntur, lenes cum voce.[57] In aliis dia-lectis, consonantes fortes quantitatem (length ) maio-rem habent quam paria earum lenia, semper sine voce

dicuntur, “contente enuntiantur,”[conv. 13] nonnumquamafflantur.[58] In nonnullis orthographiis, puta dupliciumvocalium systemate illo, consonantes fortes lieris sine

voce dictis scribuntur, quae sunt p , t , k , ch , s , sh .[59]

Consonantes autem lenes (quae videlicet solitam ha-bent quantitatem; voce intervocali dici solent, sine ta-men voce ad initium finemve cuiusdam vocabuli; minus“contente” enuntiantur; neque unquam afflantur),[60] in

vocalium orthographia duplicium, lieris voce monutisscribuntur, scilicet b , d , g , j , z , zh .[59]

Omnibus Ojibwayensibus dialectis duae sunt conso-nantes nasales, /m/ et /n/; una labio-velar approximant ,quae est /w/; una palatal approximant , quae est /j/; una-que tandem gloidalis, ut supra vidimus, q.e. utrum /ʔ/an /h/.[61]

Omnibus quoque sunt septem vocales orales. antitasvocalica est contrastiva, ergo phonemica. Oportetquantitatem vocalicam systema scripturae phonologi-cum asgnoscere, cum discrimen inter breves longasquenecessarium sit metricis syncopae vocalicae, qua dia-

lecti Oawa et Orientalis definiuntur, legibus, necnonlegibus illis ad accentum adtinentibus.[14] Breves sunttres, /i a o/; et idem longa, /iː aː oː/, necnon quarta lon-ga illa /eː/ cui par non est brevis. Vocalis brevis /i/ [ɪ]fere dicitur; /a/ [ə]~[ʌ] fere; /o/ [o]~[ʊ] fere. Longa au-tem /oː/ [uː] fere apud multos locutores dicitur, et /eː/ amultis [ɛː].[62]

Linguae Ojibwayensi sunt nasales quoque vocales,nonnullae e quibus regulis analysi munitis praedi-ci possunt, aliae autem, quae videlicet longae sunt,incerto modo in linguam apparuerunt.[63] Hae autphonemata sint distincta (underlying phonemes ),[3] aut

etiam praedici possint, cum ex phonemate /n/ voca-lem longam secuto et segment alio, usitate /j/, deductaesint.[64]

Accentus cuiuslibet vocabuli legibus determinatur me-tricis, ad pedes iambicos quidem adtinentibus. Hoc inpede syllaba brevis longam scilicet antecedit. Pes Oji-bwayensis in una saltem, duabus aliter syllabis consi-stit, neque plure quam una syllaba longa. Structurà pe-dum metricorum accentus nititur: syllabae longae ac-centus obfertur, quippe cum gravior brevi pedis par-te sit. Usurpatum est, ut syllaba longa antepaenultimipedis accentum accipiat primum.[65] Syllabae longae,

quibus primus accentus non est, saltem accentum se-cundarium accipiunt.[66] ibusdam in dialectis, potestfieri, ut vocales breves in vocabuli initio positae amit-tantur; quod maius est, in Oawa et Orientali dialectisomnes vocales breves deletae sunt.[67]

4 De grammatica

Commentatio principalis: Grammatica Ojibwayensis Perdialectos omnia fere grammaticae Ojibwayensis pro-pria communicantur. Polysynthetica est lingua, id est

res syntheticas praebet ac multa morphemata voci-bus insunt, necnon lingua nuclearis (head-marking language ), propterea quod flexionalis in substantiva prae-

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_substantivumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexiohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nuclearishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_syntheticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_polysyntheticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_Ojibwayensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia_metricahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia_metricahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_(metricus)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accentushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalis_nasalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accentushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia_linguae_Ottawa#Syncopa_vocalicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia_metricahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive%2520distributionhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitas_vocalicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitas_vocalicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalis_nasalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonans_glottidalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal%2520approximanthttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar%2520approximanthttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonans_nasalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis#Systema_vocalibus_duplicibushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis#Systema_vocalibus_duplicibushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratio_(ilnguistica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitas_(phonetica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(phonetica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_et_lenishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonans_obstruenshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulum_mutuatumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underlying_representationhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusilis_glottidalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusilis_glottidalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia_Ojibwayensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Creehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcades_insulaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Bungeehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Algonquianaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Menomineehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacota_Septentrionalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikinaakwajiw-ininiwaghttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Plains_Creehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Francogallicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mixahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Michifhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiectum_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiectum_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatio_(linguistica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitivitas


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5.2 De dialectorum declinatione 5

sertimque verba facta morphologia multa de vocabuligrammatica fert.

Inter voces sunt nomina, verba, particulae grammati-cae, pronomina, praeverba, praenomina. Ordo verbo-rum,? quem Ojibwayensis in phrasibus transitivis prae-

optat, verbo initiatur, ut puta VOS et VSO; sed omnesordines, qui fieri possint, contestati sunt.[68]

Multiplex morphologia flexionalis derivationalisquepartes magnas in grammatica Ojibwayensi agit. Fle-xio substantivorum – et, quod maius est, verborum –,praefixa suffixaque ad vocum themata addendo effecta,multa ad grammaticam adtinentia ostendit, inter quae:

• genus,[69] in animantes inanimantesque catego-rias divisum;

• extensum head-marking in verba factum ad

personam spectans;

[70]

• numerus[71]

• tempus[72]

• modalitas[73]

• evidentialitas[74]

• negatio[75]

• discrimen obviativae et proximae tertiae perso-nae, in verbis substantivisque notatum.[76]

Tertia persona enim in proximam (h.e. maioris momen-ti tertiam personam) et obviativam (h.e. minus gravem)divisa est.[conv. 14] Nomina aut singularia aut pluralia es-se possunt, duaque ad genera pertinere, animans inani-mansve. Sunt pronomina, emphasis causa adhibita, ve-lut Latine. Inter inclusivam et exclusivam primam per-sonam pluralem discriminatum est.

Arduissima ex vocum classibus est illa verbo-rum. ae in tres modos divisa sunt (indicativum;coniunctum,[conv. 15] participiis et dependent clauses adhibitum; imperativumque), aut affirmativa aut

negativa esse possunt, secundum tandem personam,numerum, utrum animantia aut inanimantia, proximaaut obviativa sint et subiectum et obiectum, necnon di-versa tempora et modos alios (inter quae dubitativumet praeteritum), aliter coniunguntur.

5 Vocabularium

5.1 De mutuationibus et neologismis

amquam ei sunt nonnulla ab Anglica mutuata (e.g.

gaapii "coffeum" ex Anglico coffee ) et Francogallica(e.g. mooshwe “mucinnium” ex Francogallico mou- choir ,[77] boozhoo “salve” ex bonjour , ni-tii "thea" ex

le thé ), Ojibwayensis lingarum aliarum mutuationi-bus generaliter caret. Locutores, horum loco, ex vo-cabulario iam exsistente nova fingunt. In Minnesota,exempli gratia, vox q.e. bemisemagak "aëroplanum"sibi vult, lierate “res quae volat” (ex bimisema- gad “volare”), et ishkode-makakoons "pila electrica"

sibi vult, lierate “parva ignis theca” (ex ishkode “ignis” et makak “theca”). Hac dialecto “coffeum” qui-dem makade-mashkikiwaaboo (“nigra medicina liqui-da”) potius quam gaapii a multis locutoribus appellatur.Haec nova verba per regiones discrepant, interdumqueper communitates quidem. In Ontarione boreocciden-tali, verbi gratia, “aëroplanum” est ombaasijigan, lie-rate “res vento sublimata” (ex ombaasin “vento subli-mari”).

5.2 De dialectorum declinatione

Sicut ulla lingua seu dialectorum series per magnamregionem diffusa, nonnulla Ojibwayensia vocabula,quae fortasse quondam eandem significationem habe-bant, hodie ad diversas res pertinent. Zhooniyaans (lit-terate “parva pecunia [i.e. summa pecuniae],” ut adasses referatur usurpatum), exempli gratia, speciali-ter 10¢ in Civitatibus Foederatis sibi vult, sed 25¢ inCanada. Desabiwin (lierate “res insidenda”) "sedem"seu "pulvinar" in Canada, "sagmam" autem (Anglicesaddle ) in Civitatibus Foederatis sibi vult.

Voces tamquam eae “pilae electricae” et “coffei” discri-men illud clare ostendunt inter significationem vocismorphematum et significationem omnis vocis cunc-tam.

5.3 Exempla vocabulorum

Hic infra habes Ojibwayensium exempla vocum com-munium. Verba Ojibwayensia in tertia persona de moreostenduntur.

Verba animata intransitiva:

onjibaa = venitizhaa = itmaajaa = discedit

pikade = esuritmino'endamo = gaudetzhaaganaashimo = Anglice loquiturbiindige = intus venitojibwemo = Ojibwayensiter loquituraadizooke = fabulam narratwiisini = editminikwe = bibitbimose = ambulatbangishino = cadit

digoshino = advenitgiiwe = domum it

jiibaakwe = coquit

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagmahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvinarhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedeshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Americaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollariumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_electricahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABroplanumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Francogallicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participiumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos_inclusivum_et_exclusivumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos_inclusivum_et_exclusivumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Latinahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomenhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(grammatica)#Animans_et_inanimanshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(grammatica)#Animans_et_inanimanshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_grammaticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_grammatica#Aliae_personaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_grammatica#Aliae_personaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatio_(linguistica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentialitashttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modalitas_linguisticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempus_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerus_grammaticushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_grammaticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nuclearishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(grammatica)#Animans_et_inanimanshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thema_verbihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefixumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphologia_derivationalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphologia_flexionalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphologiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasis_VSOhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasis_VOShttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitivitashttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio:Lingua_Ojibwayensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_verborumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_verborumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen_(grammatica)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeverbumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronomenhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particula_grammaticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particula_grammaticahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_substantivumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphologiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum


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6 7 EXEMPLA TEXTUS ANALYSI MUNITA

zagaswe = fumatnibaa = dormitgiigoonyike = piscatur (lit. piscem facit)gashkendamo = maeretbimaadizi = vivitgaasikanaabaagawe = sitit

Nomina substantiva:naboob = bulligoikwe = mulierinini = homoikwezens = puellagwiiwizens = puermitigo = arborasemaa = tabacumopwaagan = pipamandaamin = maizummiskwi = sanguisdoodooshaaboo = lac

doodoosh = uberdoodooshaaboo-bimide = buturumomanoominiig = homines Menomoneegiigoonh = piscisgekek = accipitergookookoo'oo = bubomigizi = Haliaeetus leucocephalus giniw = Aquila chrysaetos bemaadizid = homobemaadizijig = populusmakizin = mocassin, calceuswiigiwaam = wigwam, domus

6 De systematibus scripturae

Commentatio principalis: Systemata scripturae Oji- bwayensia

Centennial Park : usus syllabarii Aboriginei Ca-

nadensis Ojibwayensiter in Ontarione Canadae.

Non est omnibus Ojibwayensibus dialectis adhibitum

systema scripturae.[78] Alphabeta localia scripturamLatinam, immo usitate Anglicam Francogallicamve,aptando formata sunt.[79] Systema scripturae sylla-

bum (syllabic ), linguis Anglicae et Francogallicae in-cognatum, a nonnullis Ojibwayensiter loquentibus inOntarione septentrionali et Manitoba usui est. Great Lakes Algonquian syllabary illud ex alphabeto Franco-gallico deductum est, lieraeque suae in syllabas pa-ratae sunt. Praecipue a linguarum Fox, Potawatomi,

Winnebago locutoribus usurpatum est, sed indiciausus eius ab Ojibwayensis Southwestern locutoribusexsistunt.[80][81]

Maxime adhibitum et e lieris Latinis consistenssystema scripturae systema vocalibus duplicibus est,a Carolo (vulgo Charles ) Fiero excogitatum. Licetorthographiae normae absint, hoc systema a docto-ribus huius linguae multis usurpatur ob suam ususfacilicatem. Multa hoc systemate scripta divulgatasunt, inter quae grammatica,[14] dictionaria,[82][83]

textuum collectiones,[84][85][86] grammaticaequepaedagogicae.[87][88] In Ontarione septentrionali et

Manitoba, lingua Ojibwayensis praecipue syllabarioAborigineo Canadensi scribitur, syllabario primum abIacobo Evans missionario methodistico circa 1840 adCree Ojibwayensiterque scribendum excogitato. Hocsystema partim ex Iacobi Devanagari et stenographiaePitman scientia consistebat.[89]

6.1 Systema vocalibus duplicibus

Huic systemati sunt tres vocales breves, quaor longae,duodevigintique consonantes, quaehis lieris Romanisdemonstrantur:

a aa b ch d e g ' h i ii j k m n o oo p s sh tw y z zh

Dialectorum soni /h/ aut /ʔ/, quos supra inspe-ximus, et qui rare in eadem dialecto adhiben-tur, ‹'› repraesentantur.[90] Hoc systema “vocalibusduplicibus”[conv. 16] appellatur quod longae brevibus ‹a›,‹i›, ‹o› pares brevi duplicanda scribuntur. Hoc systema-

te sonus nasalis ‹nh› scribendus habetur. Greges con-sonantium, quos per hoc systema scribere licet, sunt‹mb›, ‹nd›, ‹ng›, ‹n'›, ‹nj›, ‹nz›, ‹ns›, ‹nzh›, ‹sk›, ‹shp›,‹shk›.

7 Exempla textus analysi munita

Hic textus, Ojibwayensi Southwestern dialecto scrip-tus, e quauor primis lineis fabulae Niizh Ikwewag , sci-licet “Duae Mulieres,” elatus est, quam fabulam Earl

Nyholm primum narravit, et quae in Professoris BrianDonovan Universitatis Bemidji State University paginainterretiali instat.[91]

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_interretialishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_interretialishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Chippewahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalis_nasalishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis#Phonologiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis#Phonologiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Latinumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenographia_Pitmanhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenographia_Pitmanhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodismushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Evans_(linguista)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabariumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabarium_Aborigineum_Canadensehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabarium_Aborigineum_Canadensehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedagogiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionariumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemata_scripturae_Ojibwayensiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Winnebagohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinguaP_Potawatomihttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Foxhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabaryhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabaryhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemata_scripturae_Ojibwayensia#Ojibwe_syllabicshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemata_scripturae_Ojibwayensia#Ojibwe_syllabicshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Francogallicumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Anglicumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Latinumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Latinumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_scripturaehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabarium_Aborigineum_Canadensehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabarium_Aborigineum_Canadensehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemata_scripturae_Ojibwayensiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemata_scripturae_Ojibwayensiahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigwamhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calceushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_chrysaetoshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliaeetus_leucocephalushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipiterhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uberhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea_mayshttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabacumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulierhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulligo


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8.1 Illustri huius linguae locutores 7

Wigwam Ojibwayense.

7.1 Textus

1. Aabiding gii-ayaawag niizh ikwewag: mindi- mooyenh, odaanisan bezhig.

2. Iwidi Chi-achaabaaning akeyaa gii-onjibaawag.

3. Inashke naa mewinzha gii-aawan, mii eta go imaa

sa wiigiwaaming gaa-taawaad igo.

4. Mii dash iwapii, aabiding igo gii-awi- bagida'waawaad, giigoonyan wii-amwaawaad.

7.2 Conversiones Latinae

1. Olim duae erant mulieres: anus unaque ex filiabussuis.

2. Ab his partibus Inger versus veniebant.

3. Ut vides, hoc iam dudum accidebat; modo in wi-gwam ibi vivebant.

4. Illo puncto temporis, retibus piscatum ierunt; pi-sces edere in animo habebant.

7.3 Analyses

Abbreviationes:

8 Vide etiam

8.1 Illustri huius linguae locutores

• Fredericus Baraga, saeculi 19 episcopus missiona-rius, qui A theoretical and practical grammar of the Otchipwe language [92] scripsit

•

Jim Clark (senior, fabulator)• Georgius Copway (dux, missionarius, scriptor, le-

gatus culturalis)

• Basil H. Johnston (instructor, curator, scriptor, le-gatus culturalis)

• Petrus Jones (missionarius, magister sacrorum,dux)

• Maude Kegg (fabulator, artifex, legatus culturalis)

• Caroline Helen Roy Fuhst (instructrix, scriptrix,cantrix)

• Howard Kimewon (instructor, scriptor)

• Patricia Ningewance Nadeau (instructrix, scrip-trix, editrix)

• Margaret Noori (instructrix, scriptrix)

• Jim Northrup (scriptor)

• Anton Treuer (instructor, scriptor)

• Tom Vollom (doctor “high school,” scripsit Oji-bwemowin Series 1 and 2)

9 Notae

[1] Linguae Latinae re vera non est huic linguae nomen;biologi autem adiectivo quod est ojibwayensis (exem-pli gratia Elatine ojibwayensis ) utuntur. Linguis Anglica

et Francogallica praecipue Ojibwe et ojibwé, sed etiamOjibwa, Ojibway, odjibwé, Chippewa, saulteux, sau-teux, saulteaux appellatur; ut plura de linguae nomini-bus legas, vide Exonyma et endonyma .

[2] Goddard, Ives, 1979.

[3] Leonard Bloomfield 1958.

[4] J. Randolph Balentine 1994:6.

[5] John Nichols, 1980:1–2.

[6] Rhodes, Richard, et Evelyn Todd, 1981.

[7] Statistics Canada 2006.

[8] Goddard, Ives, 1978; Goddard, Ives, 1979.

[9] Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 1.

[10] Nichols, John et Earl Nyholm, 1995, p. 10.

[11] Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 1, Fn. 2.

[12] Nichols, John et Earl Nyholm, p. 105.

http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis#Exonyma_et_endonymahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Francogallicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglicahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elatine_ojibwayensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_adiectivumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologushttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Northrup_(writer)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kimewonhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Kegghttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Jones_(missionarius)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_H._Johnstonhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Copwayhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_19https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericus_Baragahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger_(Minnesota)


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8 9 NOTAE

[13] Baraga, Frederic, 1878, p. 336.

[14] Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001.


[16] Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 3-4.

[17] Goddard, Ives, 1978, pp. 585-586; Valentine, J. Randolph,1994, pp. 100-102.

[18] Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 95.

[19] Goddard, Ives, 1996, p. 4.

[20] Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 95-96.

[21] Rhodes, Richard, et Evelyn Todd, 1981, p. 54, Fig. 2.

[22] Feest, J. et Feest, C., 1978; Dawes, Charles, 1982.

[23] U.S. English Foundation: Ojibwa. Retrieved November12, 2009.

[24] http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdf U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population andHousing,Characteristics of American Indians and

Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language: 2000 . PHC-5.Washington, DC, 2003.

[25] 2006 Canadian Census reported 32,460 total Ojibwe–Oawa speakers less derived Oawa of 7,564.

[26] Gordon, Raymond, 2005. Vide eandem rem in interre-te: Commentatio Ethnologue illius de dialecto Oawa.Nexus die 12 Novembris 2009 confirmatus.

[27] Rhodes, Richard, et Evelyn Todd, 1981, p. 52.


[29] J. Randolph Valentine, 1994, pp. 43-44.


[31] Rhodes, Richard et E. Todd, 1981, p. 52.


[33] Rhodes, Richard et E. Todd, 1981, p. 61, Fig. 5.

[34] J. Randolph Valentine, 1994, pp. 39.

[35] Rhodes, Richard, 1982, p. 2.

[36] Bakker, Peter et Anthony Grant, 1996, p. 1117.

[37] Rhodes, Richard, 1982, p. 1.

[38] Bakker, Peter and Anthony Grant, 1996, p. 1116.

[39] Rhodes, Richard, 1982.

[40] Rhodes, Richard, 1982, pp. 3-4.

[41] Nichols, John, 1995, p. 1.

[42] Nichols, John, 1995, pp. 1-2.

[43] Nichols, John, 1995, pp. 17-18.


[45] Bakker, Peter, 1991.

[46] Bakker, Peter, 1996, pp. 264-270.

[47] Rhodes, 1976.

[48] Laverdure, Patline and Ida Rose Allard, 1983.

[49] Bloomfield, Leonard, 1962.

[50] Blain, Eleanor, 1987, 7.

[51] Blain, Eleanor, 1987.

[52] Vide e.g. Nichols, John, 1981, p. 6 ut de SouthwesternOjibwe legas.


[54] Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. xlvi.

[55] Nichols, John et Earl Nyholm, 1995, p. xxvi.

[56] Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. xli.


[58] Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958, p. 8; Rhodes, Richard, 1985,pp. xliv, xlvii, xlix, l, li.

[59] Ut de Ojibwayensi Southwestern legas,vide Nichols, Jo-hn et Earl Nyholm, 1995; ut de Oawa, vide Rhodes, Ri-chard, 1985.

[60] Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958, p. 8.

[61] Ut de Ojibwayensi Southwestern legas, vide Nichols, John, 1981; ut de Oawa, vide Valentine, J. Randolph,

2001.

[62] Vide e.g.: Rhodes, Richard, 1985, ut de dialecto Oawalegas; Nichols, John et Earl Nyholm, 1995, ut de dialectoSouthwestern Ojibwayensi.

[63] Nichols, John, 1980, pp. 6-7.

[64] Piggo, Glyne, 1981.

[65] Ut de hac lege in dialecto Oawa adhibita legas, videValentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 54.

[66] Valentine, J. Randoph, 2001, p. 53.




[70] Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, capita 5-8; pp. 62-72.







http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=otwhttp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdfhttp://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/Languages/ojibwa.pdf


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9

[77] O'Meara, John. “Words Borrowed From English/FrenchInto Ojibwe” (Anglice)

[78] Ningewance, Patricia, 1999.

[79] Walker, Willard, 1996.

[80] Walker, Willard, 1996, pp. 168-172.

[81] Smith, Huron, 1932, p. 335.

[82] Nichols, John, 1995.



[85] Kegg, Maude, 1991.

[86] Nichols, John et Leonard Bloomfield, eds., 1991.

[87] Vollom, Judith et omas M. Vollom, 1994.

[88] Ningewance, Patricia, 1993.

[89] Nichols, John, 1996.

[90] Ut de Southwestern Ojibwayensi, quae /ʔ/ (‹'› scriptum)sed non /h/ habet, vide Nichols, John, 1981.

[91] Hic fabulam habes cunctam et explicationibus gram-maticis munitam: http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/Two_Women.html

[92] i hic legi potest: http://books.google.com/books?id=

13JdGipTtI0C&dq=baraga&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=&f=false

9.1 Citationes Latine conversae

[1] “Ojibwe–Potawatomi is another possibility that awaitsinvestigation.”

[2] “Extensive lexical, phonological, and perhaps gramma-tical borrowing—the diffusion of elements and featuresacross language boundaries—appears to have been themajor factor in giving the languages in the area of theUpper Great Lakes their generally similar cast, and it

has not been possible to find any shared innovationssubstantial enough to require the postulation of a gene-

tically distinct Central Algonquian subgroup.”

[3] “e putative Ojibwa–Potawatomi subgroup is similar-ly open to question, but cannot be evaluated withoutmore information on Potawatomi dialects.”

[4] "…conventionally regarded as a single language consi-sting of a continuum of dialectal varieties since … everydialect is at least partlyintelligible to thespeakersof the

neighboring dialects.”

[5] "… show many distinct features, which suggest periods

of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe.”

[6] “could be said to consist of several languages”

[7] “Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe, the Ojibwe of theBorder Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario,

and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone betweenthese two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features.”

[8] “trade language"; ""a language customarily used forcommunication between speakers of different langua-ges, even though it may be that neither speaker has thetrade language as hisdominant language"; “there is a re-latively high degree of bilingualism involving the tradelanguage.”

[9] “the Chippewa, Menominee, Oawa, Potawatomi, Sac,and Fox tribes used Ojibwe in intertribal communica-tion”

[10] “a language with a restricted vocabulary drawn fromthe Oawa dialect of Ojibwe with a few words fromFox (Mesquakie), another Algonquian language of theregion, and restructured and reduced, but not absent,

Ojibwe morphology.”

[11] "… is of the dialect used by the traders and the peopleof mixed blood in speaking with the Menomonies andWinnebagoes also many of the Sioux Saxes and Foxes.”

[12] [descendents o] “English, Scoish, and Orkney fur tra-ders and their Cree or Saulteaux wives”

[13] “vigorously articulated”

[14] “proximate; obviative”

[15] “conjunct”

[16] “Double Vowel System”

10 Bibliographia

• Bakker, Peter. 1991. “e Ojibwa element in Mi-chif.” W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the twenty-second Algonquian conference, 11-20. Oavae: CarletonUniversity. Formula:ISSN

• Bakker, Peter. 1996. A language of our own: e ge- nesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. Novi Eboraci: Oxford Univer-sity Press. ISBN 0195097114.

• Bakker, Peter and Anthony Grant. 1996. “Intere-thnic communication in Canada, Alaska and ad-

jacent areas.” Stephen A. Wurm, Peter Muhlhau-sler, Darrell T. Tyron, eds., Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia,and the Americas, 1107-1170. Berolini: Mouton deGruyter. ISBN 9783110134179.

• Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. Eastern Ojibwa: Gram- matical sketch, texts and word list. Ann Arbor: Uni-versity of Michigan Press.

• Bloomfield, Leonard. 1962. e Menomini language. New Haven: Yale University Press.

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110134179https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berolinumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195097114https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Eboracum_(urbs)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula:ISSNhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavahttp://books.google.com/books?id=13JdGipTtI0C&dq=baraga&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=13JdGipTtI0C&dq=baraga&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=13JdGipTtI0C&dq=baraga&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/Two_Women.htmlhttp://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/Two_Women.htmlhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationalehttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicehttp://bolt.lakeheadu.ca/~jomeara/ojibweBorrowings.htmlhttp://bolt.lakeheadu.ca/~jomeara/ojibweBorrowings.html


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10 10 BIBLIOGRAPHIA

• [Dawes, Charles E.] 1982. Dictionary English- Oawa Oawa-English. Nihil editoris datum.

• Canada. Statistics Canada 2006 Retrieved on Mar-ch 31, 2009.

• Feest, Johanna, and Christian Feest. 1978. “Ot-tawa.” Bruce Trigger, ed., e Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast, 772-786.Vasingtoniae, D.C.: e Smithsonian Institution.

• Goddard, Ives. 1978. “Central Algonquian Lan-guages.” Bruce Trigger, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast, 583-587.Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution.

• Goddard, Ives. 1979. “Comparative Algonquian.”Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, eds, e languages of Native America, 70-132. Austinopoli:University of Texas Press.

• Goddard, Ives. 1996. “Introduction.” Ives Goddard,ed., e Handbook of North American Indians, Vo- lume 17. Languages, 1-16. Vasingtoniae, D.C.: eSmithsonian Institution.

• Gordon Jr., Raymond. 2005. Ethnologue: Langua- ges of the World, 15th edition. Ethnologue entry forOjibwe. Retrieved March 31, 2009. Dallas: SIL In-ternational. ISBN 9781556711596.

• Kegg, Maude. 1991. Edited and transcribed by Jo-hn D. Nichols. Portage Lake: Memories of an Oji-

bwe Childhood. Edmundopoli: University of Alber-ta Press. ISBN 0816624151.

• Laverdure, Patline and Ida Rose Allard. 1983. e Michif dictionary: Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree.Vinnipegae, MB: Pemmican Publications. ISBN0919143350.

• Nichols, John. 1980. Ojibwe morphology. PhD dis-sertatio, Universitas Harvardiana.

• Nichols, John. 1995. “e Ojibwe verb in “BrokenOghibbeway.” Amsterdam Creole Studies 12: 1-18.

•

Nichols, John. 1996. “e Cree syllabary.” PeterDaniels and William Bright, eds. e world’s writing systems, 599-611. Novi Eboraci: Oxford Uni-versity Press. ISBN 0195079930.

• Nichols, John D. and Leonard Bloomfield, eds.1991. e dog’s children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams. Vinnipegae: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, Universitas Manito-bensis. ISBN 0887551483.

• Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. St. Paul: Univer-sity of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816624275.

• Ningewance, Patricia. 1993. Survival Ojibwe.Vinnipegae: Mazinaate Press. ISBN 0969782608.

• Ningewance, Patricia. 1999. Naasaab izhi- anishinaabebii'igeng: Conference report. A conference to find a common Anishinaabemowin writing system. Toronti: een’s Printer for Ontario.ISBN 0777886952.

• Ningewance, Patricia. 2004. Talking Gookom’s language: Learning Ojibwe. Lac Seul, ON: MazinaatePress. ISBN 9780969782636

• Piggo, Glyne L. 1980. Aspects of Odawa morpho- phonemics. Novi Eboraci: Garland. (Editio provul-gata dissertationis PhD, Universitas Torontonen-sis, 1974) ISBN 0824045572.

• Rhodes, Richard. 1976. “A preliminary report onthe dialects of Eastern Ojibwa – Odawa.” W.Cowan, ed., Papers of the seventh Algonquian con-

ference, 129-156. Oavae: Carleton University.

• Rhodes, Richard. 1982. “Algonquian trade langua-ges.” William Cowan, ed., Papers of the thirteen- th Algonquian conference, 1-10. Oavae: CarletonUniversity. ISBN 0770901239.

• Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. Eastern Ojibwa- Chippewa-Oawa Dictionary . Berolini: Moutonde Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-013749-6

• Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. “Subarc-tic Algonquian languages.” June Helm, ed., e Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6.

Subarctic, 52-66. Vasingtoniae, D.C.: e Smithso-nian Institution.

• Smith, Huron H. 1932. “Ethnobotany of the Oji-bwe Indians.” Bulletin of the Public Museum of Mi- lwaukee 4:327-525.

• Todd, Evelyn. 1970. A grammar of the Ojibwa language: e Severn dialect. PhD dissertatio, Univer-sity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

• U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. 2000 Census of Popula- tion and Housing. Characteristics of American In- dians and Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language:

2000

• Valentine, J. Randolph. 1994. Ojibwe dialect re- lationships. PhD dissertatio, University of Texas,Austinopoli.

• Valentine, J. Randolph. 1998. Weshki-bimaadzijig ji-noondmowaad. ‘at the young might hear’: e stories of Andrew Medler as recorded by Leonard Bloomfield. London, ON: e Centre for Teachingand Research of Canadian Native Languages, Uni-versity of Western Ontario. ISBN 0771420919.

• Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001. Nishnaabemwin Re- ference Grammar. Toronti: University of TorontoPress. ISBN 0802048706.

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802048706https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771420919https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austinopolishttp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdfhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasingtoniahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110137496https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berolinumhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0770901239https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824045572https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Torontonensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Torontonensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Eboracum_(urbs)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969782636https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0777886952https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontumhttp://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/BackUps/NLIP_Year_4_2008_bu13jul08/attachments/natconn.pdfhttp://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/BackUps/NLIP_Year_4_2008_bu13jul08/attachments/natconn.pdfhttp://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/BackUps/NLIP_Year_4_2008_bu13jul08/attachments/natconn.pdfhttp://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/BackUps/NLIP_Year_4_2008_bu13jul08/attachments/natconn.pdfhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0969782608https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnipegahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816624275https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887551483https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Manitobensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Manitobensishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnipegahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195079930https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Eboracum_(urbs)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvardianahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919143350https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919143350https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnipegahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816624151https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundopolishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556711596http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91082http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91082https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasingtoniahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austinopolishttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasingtonia_(D.C.)https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasingtoniahttp://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928


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11

• Vollom, Judith L. and omas M. Vollom. 1994.Ojibwemowin. Series 1. Second Edition. Ramsey,Minnesota: Ojibwe Language Publishing.

• Walker, Willard. 1996. “Native writing systems.”Ives Goddard, ed., e Handbook of North Ame-

rican Indians, Volume 17. Languages, 158-184.Vasingtoniae, D.C.: e Smithsonian Institution.ISBN 0160487749.

11 Nexus externi

• e Ojibwe People’s Dictionary: lexiconOjibwayensis-Anglicus, etiam voces locuto-rum Ojibwayensium, photographemata, etc.continens.

• Lingua Ojibwayensis in Universitate Visconsi-niensi: cursus studii linguae Ojibwayensis in in-terrete

• Native Languages of the Americas: Ojibwe: indexnexuum ad linguam culturamque pertinentium

• Interretialis dialecti Ojibwayensis Manitobensiscursus (Anglice, Ojibwayensiter)

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwayensiterhttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicehttp://weshki.atwebpages.com/lessons.htmlhttp://weshki.atwebpages.com/lessons.htmlhttp://www.native-languages.org/ojibwe.htmhttp://www.uwec.edu/Flang/academics/ojibwe/http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160487749https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasingtoniahttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota


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12 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Lingua Ojibwayensis Source: https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis?oldid=3042047 Contributors: Andrew Dalby, UV, Ia-cobusAmor, LaaknorBot, Lesgles, LilyKiy, TjBot, ZéroBot, Maie, MerlIwBot, Addbot et Meiræ

12.2 Images

• Fasciculus:Anishinaabewaki.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Anishinaabewaki.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by CJLippert. Original artist: CJLippert at English Wikipedia

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• Fasciculus:Ojibwa_wigwam.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Ojibwa_wigwam.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: ? Original artist: Paul Kane (1810-71)

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• Fasciculus:Ojibwe_Language_Map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Ojibwe_Language_Map.pngLicense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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Fasciculus:Wiktionary-ico-de.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Wiktionary-ico-de.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Aribution-Share Alike 3.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Wiktionary-ico-de.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Ojibwe_Language_Map.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Themightyquillhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Ojibwe-Syllabics-Centennial-park.JPGhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Ojibwe-Syllabics-Centennial-park.JPGhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Ojibwa_wigwam.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Vidiomanhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Lakehead_University_Which-Way_Sign.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Lakehead_University_Which-Way_Sign.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CJLipperthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CJLipperthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//en.wikipedia.orghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Anishinaabewaki.jpghttps://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ojibwayensis?oldid=3042047

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