Lectura 6. De los principios a la práctica.pdf

8/17/2019 Lectura 6. De los principios a la práctica.pdf

1/8

!"#$%

&'()

*

+%

,-.

/01231/1-.

#

,#

/043513#

!"#$%& '()$%%"

&6 7-23%/5- 8% 91.1:2 125%$0#,

!" #$%&'(" )*"+$,%(-" .&/0"+" 1& 2(3"/3& &' 0+" -4+$/&$"-(5+ %4-"% 60& -0&+3" "7/48(‐9"1"9&+3& -4+ 14'-(&+34' -(+-0&+3" 9(&9:/4' ; 60& &+ %" "-30"%(1"1 &'3 &+ %" -(01"1 1& !(9"?

)% -4+-&734 1& 9('(5+ (+3&$/"% 60& @&94' 1&'"//4%%"14 &+ +0&'3/" ($%&'(" %4-"% &'3-. /01231/1-. /#?,12-.

)+ '0 9&+'"D& 1& 1&'7&1(1" " %4' "+-("+4' 1& )F&'4 &% "75'34% .":%4 %&' 1(D4G U.4/60& +4 @& /&@0(14 "+0+-("/4' 3414 &% -4+'&D4 1& V(4'W H]-@? K[GKXN? )+ +0&'3/" (+3&/7/&3"-(5+> 349"/ &+ -0&+3" 3414 &% -4+'&D4 1& V(4' +4' %%&*" " 74+&/ &+ 7/ 3"+34 &+ &% "'7&-34 &-%&'("% ; 9('(4+4%5$(-4> -494 &+ %" 9(+('3/"-(5+ " %"' +&-&'(1"1&' @09"+"'?


2/8

]" '(14 (+3&/&'"+3& 349"/ &+ -0&+3" %" /&'70&'3" 1& .":%4 "+3& 0+" /&-49&+1"-(5+ 1& %4' "75'34%&' 60& &/"+ -4+'(1&/"14' -494 -4%09+"' &+ %" ($%&'("G U'4%"9&+3& +4' 7(1(&/4+ 60& +4' "-4/1 %4 -0"% 3"9:(,+ 7/4-0/, -4+ 1(%($&+-(" @"-&/W H^%? KGZ[N? )'3" /&70&'3" 1&% "75'34% +4' 943(*" " 7/4-0/"/ 3"9:(,+ -494 ($%&'(" "-4/1"/+4' 1& %4' !"#$% &'@) 60& 9 1& %" $/"-(" /&-(:(1" 74/ &% F/034 1& &'& 3/":"D4> -497"/3(/ -4+ %4' 60& 7"1&-&+ +&-&'(1"1 H)F? JGK\Y ]-@? K[GLTN?

E4+-%0(94' &'3& '&-34/ "F(/9"+14 60& %" 7/ ; %" "--(5+ '4-("%> F"*4/&-(&+14 1& &'3" 9"+&/" %" 9"10/&= ; &% -/&-(9(&+34 1& %" ($%&'("> "'P -494 &% 9&D4/ 1&'&97&B4 1& '0 9('(5+ &+ &'3& 90+14?

A6 7-25%B5-. 8-28% ,# 1$,%.1# 0%#,1C# .? 50#D#E- .-31#,

!" ($%&'(" 1& 2(3"/3& /&"%(=" '0 3/":"D4 '4-("% &+ %"' 9('9"' (+'3"%"-(4+&' 1& %" ($%&'(" 0:(-"1" &+ %" -"7(3"% 1&% 1('3/(34> "'P -494 &+ +0&*& '&-34/&' &+ =4+"' 7&/(F,/(-"' 1&% 9('‐94> 14+1& &'3 &'7&-("%9&+3& 74/ %"' $&'3"' 1& /&‐(+*(+1(-"-(5+ %":4/"% &+ &% .&/_? !4' 4:/&/4' 1& 2(3"/3& F0&/4+ %4' $&'34/&' ; %0-@"14/&' !"#$%

&'G)

74/ %"' D4/+"1"' 1& 4-@4 @4/"' 1& 3/":"D4? )'> "1&9 7"‐'"+14 " &+$/4'"/ %"' F(%"' 1& %4' -49&/-("+3&' ; "9:0%"+3&' (+F4/9"%&'?

2(3"/3& &' 0+ 70&:%4 &9(+&+3&9&+3& -"35%(-4> -4+ /"P-&' 90; 7/4F0+1"' &+ %"' -4'309‐ :/&'> F(&'3"' ; 3/"1(-(4+&' -"35%(-4/49"+"'? !4' *(3"/3(+4' '& D"-3"+ 1& 3&+&/ %" '&$0+1" (9"$&+ 9


3/8

)+ %4' _%3(94' "B4' '& @" 1&'"//4%%"14 &+ 2(3"/3& 0+" -/&-(&+3& 7/4%(F&/"-(5+ 1& -0/"+‐1&/4'> @&-@(-&/4' ; :/0D4'> 60(&+&' @"+ 4-07"14 0+ $/"+ '&-34/ &+ %4' 9 %0$"/&' 60& &+ !(9" '& 1&+49(+"+ U"'&+3"‐9(&+34' @09"+4'W 4 U70&:%4' D5*&+&'W? )'3"' =4+"' 3(&+&+ &+ '0 9";4/P" 0+ -4+3&834 '4‐-("%> 74%P3(-4 ; /&%($(4'4 60& %&' &' !"#$% &'I) -49_+? )'3 &3-?> ; '4+ &+ '0 9";4/P" 3(&//"' 1& 7/47(&1"1 1&% )'3"14 60& F0&/4+ 4-07"1"' 74/ '0' 74:%"14/&' 9&1("+3& 90-@4' '"-/(F(‐-(4' ; %(3($(4'? Q%$0+4' 1& &'34' 74:%"14/&' 341"*P" 3(&+&+ 0+" $/"+ (+&'3":(%(1"1 4-07"‐-(4+"%> 70&'34 60& &% )'3"14 %&' 1&9"+1" D01(-("%9&+3& '0 7/47(&1"1?

Q%$0+4' 1& &'34' '&-34/&' +4 -0&+3"+ -4+ %4' '&/*(-(4' : -494 3"9:(,+ 1& 3/":"D4' (+F4/9"%&' ; '0:&97%&4> %4 60& @"-& -"1" *&= 9 C(-"9"/-"N '& *(*(5 74/ "%$0+4' "B4' 0+" '(30"-(5+ 7"/3(-0%"/> ;" 60& F0&/4+ -4+'(1&/"14' -494 =4+"' /4D"'> 4 F4-4' 1& &%&9&+34' -4+'(1&/"14' '0:*&/'(*4' 4 3&//4/('3"'? !" 74:%"-(5+ 1& &'34' '&-34/&' !"#$% &(J)

*(*(5 3(&974' 1& 90-@" =4=4:/" ; 3&94/Y F0&/4+ 3&'3($4' 1& "3&+3"14' ; "D0'3(-("‐9(&+34' 3&//4/('3"' " %P1&/&' 4 1(/($&+3&'?

!" 74:%"-(5+ &+ $&+&/"% 9"+3(&+& '0' -4'309:/&'> '0' '07&/'3(-(4+&'> '0' -/&&+-("' 7"/3(-0%"/&' 1& %4 '4:/&+"30/"%> &3-?> 60& %&' F0&/4+ 3/"'9(3(1"' &+ F4/9" 4/"% 74/ '0' "+3&‐

7"'"14' ; 60& '4+ 90; 1(FP-(%&' 1& 1&'"//"($"/? `414 &'34 &' 0+ $/"+ /&34 7"/" +0&'3/"' ($%&'("' 0:(-"1"' &+ &'34' '&-34/&'?

K6 "0-L%35-. 8% 8%.#00-,,- M?% 0%#,1C# ,# 1$,%.1#

e0&'3/4' 7/4;&-34' '4+ 1& 90-@" (974/3"+-(" 7"/" &% 3/":"D4 (+3&$/"% 1& %" ($%&'("? A($+(F(-"+ %"' 9"+&/"' 60& @(-(&/4+ 74'(:%& "-&/-"/+4' 7"/" '&/*(/ " %" -490+(1"1> ; 94'‐3/"/ &% "94/ 1& V(4' @"-(" &%%" 1& 0+" 9"+&/" 9


4/8

7-2.?,5-01-. 9N813-.

!" ($%&'(" 1& 2(3"/3& -0&+3" -4+ 14' -4+'0%34/(4' 9,1(-4' 7"/" %" "3&+-(5+ "% 7_:%(-4 &+ $&+&/"%? )+ 0+4 1& &%%4' '& 7/&'3"+ %4' '&/*(-(4' 1& 9&1(-(+" $&+&/"%> 7&1("3/P" ; $(+&-4%4‐$P"> 9(&+3/"' 60& &+ &% 43/4 '& 7/&'3" &% '&/*(-(4 414+34%5$(-4? !" "3&+-(5+ '& :/(+1" 1&

9"/3&' " ' 1& ZT " ZR @'?

)% -4+'0%34/(4 -0&+3" -4+ 0+ "&-,. /&$0%"/ 1& 9&1(-(+"' 60& F0&/4+ -4+'&$0(1"' 74/ 9&1(4 1& -(&/34' -4+3"-34' 1& @&/9"+4' &+ &% &83/"+D&/4> 60& 7&/(51(-"9&+3& 14+"/4+ "%‐$0+4' %43&' 1& 9&1(-(+"? Q'P 9('94> "%$0+4' @&/9"+4' 9(&9:/4' 1& %" ($%&'(" ; 10&B4' 1& F"/9"-("' '& F0&/4+ "B"1(&+14 " %" 14+"-(5+ 1& 9&1(-(+"'> "97%("+14 +0&'3/4 "&-,.? )'3"' 9&1(-(+"' '4+ &+3/&$"1"' $/"30(3"9&+3& " %4' 7"-(&+3&' '&$_+ '& 3&+$" &+ &8('3&+-(" %4 /&60&/(14 74/ &%%4'?

!" "3&+-(5+ &+ +0&'3/4' -4+'0%34/(4' 3(&+& 7"/" %4' 7"-(&+3&' 0+ -4'34 '4-("% 60& &'3 7&/4 3414' -4+*&+-(14' 1& '0 %%"9"14 " 74+&/ '0' 7/4F&'(4+&' "% '&/*(-(4 1& V(4'?

!" -"D" 1& %" ($%&'(" @"-& 0+ "74/3& 9&+'0"% "% -4+'0%34/(4 60&> '09"14 " %4 4:3&+(14

&+ %"' -4+'0%3"'> '(/*& 7"/" 1"/ 0+" 4F/&+1" 1& "94/ ; 7"$"/ %4' 7"'"D&' "% 7&/'4+"%? Q%‐$0+4' 1& &%%4'> '4:/& 3414 %4' 9(&9:/4' 1& %" ($%&'("> @"-&+ 0+ 3/":"D4 343"%9&+3& *4%0+‐3"/(4 ; (/ 0-1-%!2?

)'34' -4+'0%34/(4' 9,1(-4' '& (+(-("/4+ &+ %" ($%&'(" @"-& 3/&' "B4'? `414 &97&=5 -4+ %" *('(5+ ; %" 4/"-(5+ "+@&%"+3& 1& 741&/ -4+3"/ -4+ &'34' '&/*(-(4' &+ %" ($%&'("? !0&$4> &+ 0+" -4+*&/'"-(5+ -4+ 9('(4+&/4' &83/"+D&/4'> '& 7014 -4+'&$0(/ %" (97%&9&+3"-(5+ &+ 7/(9&/" (+'3"+-(" 1&% -4+'0%34/(4 1& 9&1(-(+" $&+&/"% 60&> " F"%3" 1& 43/4' "9:(&+3&' &+ %" ($%&'("> &97&=5 " F0+-(4+"/ &+ %4 60& &/" %" 4F(-(+" 1&% 7"'34/? Q%$_+ 3(&974 1&'70,'> '(‐$0(&+14 %" 9('9" 941"%(1"1> '& 7014 %4$/"/ %" -497/" 1&% 9"3&/("% +&-&'"/(4 7"/" &%

-4+'0%34/(4 414+34%5$(-4? .4/ '0 7"/3&> 0+ -4+'3/0-34/ 9(&9:/4 1& %" ($%&'(" 4F/&-(5 -4+'‐3/0(/ 14' "9:(&+3&' "1&-0"14' 14+1& @4; F0+-(4+"+ +0&'3/4' -4+'0%34/(4'?

!"' -%"*&' 1&% '4'3&+(9(&+34 ; &F(-"-(" 1& +0&'3/4' -4+'0%34/(4' '4+> &+ 7/(9&/ %0$"/> &% -497/49('4 60& 3(&+& %" ($%&'(" -4+ &'3& 9(+('3&/(4 @"'3" &% 1P" 1& @4;> 70&'34 60& &' 0+ 9(+('3&/(4 1& %" ($%&'(" %4-"% ; '& "'09& -494 3"%Y &+ '&$0+14 %0$"/> %" &F(-(&+-(" 1& 60(&‐+&' &'3 %" *4-"-(5+ ; &% -49‐7/49('4 1& 60(&+&' &'3


5/8

E"1" 7/(9&/ ; 3&/-&/ ' &+‐F&/9&/"'> ";01"+3&'N> -4+ '0' !"#$% &(A) /&'7&-3(*4' &60(74' 1& -"97"B" ; %"' 9&1(-(+"' +&-&'"/("'> '& 3/"'%"1" " %4' '&-34/&' 14+1& &'3 1& 9414 60&

3"9:(,+ '& 14+" %" 9&1(-(+" &8('3&+3&?

)'3"' -"97"B"' '4+ "7/4*&-@"1"' 74/ +0&'3/4' 7/4F&'(4+"%&' 7"/" 1"/ -@"/%"' '4:/& 7/&*&+-(5+ 1& %" '"%01> 4/(&+3"-(5+ +03/(-(4+"%> 7%"+(F(-"-(5+ F"9(%("/> @($(&+& :0-"%> &3-? !4' %4-"%&' 1& +0&'3/4' "+&84' '4+ "1"73"14' (+9&1("3"9&+3& 7"/" F0+-(4+"/ -494 7&‐60&B4' -4+'0%34/(4' 9,1(-4'> %4 60& 7&/9(3& &% "-&/-"9(&+34 1& %" ($%&'(" " %" -490+(1"1 ; *(-&*&/'"?

7-9%8-0%. 12P#251,%.

!(*"+,#&

`414' %4' F(+&' 1& '&9"+"> 3"+34 %4' ' %&-@& ; 7"+ -4+ 9"/$"/(+"? )'3"94' "3&+1(&+14 &+ -"1" '&-34/ 0+ 7/49&1(4 1& \[ " Z[[ +(B4'> -4+ 0+ 7/49&1(4 343"% 1& X[[ +(B4' 74/ F(+ 1& '&9"+"? !" 7/&7"/"-(5+ 1& %4' 1&'";0+4' ; &% '&/‐*(-(4 " %4' +(B4' &'3 9&+"D&'N 7"/" -"1" 0+4 1& &'34' '(&3& "+&84'? V& %" 9('9" 9"+&/"> '09"+14 %" ";01" &-4+59(-" 1& %" ($%&'(" 1& 2(‐3"/3& ;> &+ "%$0+4' -"'4'> 1&% 7/47(4 "+&84> '& @" 741(14 -4+'&$0(/ &% '4'3,+ 9&+'0"% 7"/" %4' *P*&/&' +&-&'"/(4'?

!"#$%

&(K)

)+ %" ($%&'(" @&94' F4/9"14 "1&9 E"D"9"/60(%%"> '& @" -4+'&$0(14 "74;4 &-4+59(-4 1&% &8‐3/"+D&/4 7"/" 1"/ "%90&/=4 " ZT[ +(B4' 10/"+3& %" '&9"+" H1& %0+&' " *(&/+&'N? )'3& '&/*(‐

-(4 @" 4-"'(4+"14 0+ 9";4/ 3/":"D4 "'P -494 &% (+*4%0-/"9(&+34 1& 9


6/8

)+ &% "+&84 1& C(-"9"/-" '& @" %&*"+3"14 0+ -49&14/ 7470%"/ 60& '($0& %" 9('9" 941"%(1"1 60& %4' -49&14/&' 7470%"/&' 60& '0:*&+-(4+" &% $4:(&/+4? )'3" (+(-("3(*" '0/‐$(5 1& %"' @&/9"+"' 1& +0&'3/4 "+&84 "% *&/ %" 9"%" "3&+-(5+ ; :"D" -"%(1"1 &+ %4' -49&‐14/&' 1&% )'3"14? )'3& 3/":"D4 @" -497/49&3(14 &% 3&'3(94+(4 1& %" ($%&'(" &+ %" -490+(‐1"1? V& "@P &% &'F0&/=4 ; %" 1&1(-"-(5+ 1& %"' @&/9"+"' 74/ :/(+1"/ 0+" -"1" *&= 9&D4/

"3&+-(5+?

)% -49&14/ 7470%"/ '& (+(-(5 '5%4 -4+ 0+" 4F/&+1" 1& -(&+ 15%"/&' Hg Z[[?[[N 1& %" ($%&‐'(" 9"1/&> 60& '(/*(5 -494 -"7(3"% 7"/" &97&="/ &% 3/":"D4Y " 7"/3(/ 1& "%%P &'3& 9(+('3&/(4 @" (14 (+-/&9&+3 90; 1&'"3&+1(1"' 74/ &% $4:(&/+4 H-4+ 0+" D0:(%"-(5+ :"DP'(9" ; -4+ 90; 74-" -4+'(1&/"-(5+ ; /&'7&34 74/ '0' -"+"'N> 1&-(1(94' %&*"+3"/ 0+ 7&60&B4 -49&14/ &+ +0&'3/" ($%&'(" -4+ &% '4%4 7/475'(34 1& 94'3/"/ +0&'3/4 "94/ 74/ &'34' "+-("+4'? ]"'3" &% 949&+34 &'3"94' :/(+1"+14 "3&+-(5+ " T[ 7&/'4+"' 9";4/&' 1& '&'&+3" "B4'> 1& %"' -0"‐%&' ZT '4+ -/&;&+3&' ; LT +4 %4 '4+? )'3" "3&+-(5+ -4+'('3& &+ 0+ "%90&/=4 -497%&34 3414' %4' 1P"' ' "'09(5 &% /&34 1& '&/ %" 7/49434/" 1& 0+ -&+3/4 &10-"3(*4 60& "3&+1&/


7/8


8/8

&*"+$,%(-" @" -"9:("14G 9(&+!"#$% &(@) 3/"' 60& "+3&' '5%4 %" /&%"-(4+":"+ -4+ &% "'7&-34 -_%3(-4 ; /&%($(4'4> "@4/" *&+ " 0+" ($%&'(" "-3(*" ; 60& 70&1& '&/ 0+ "74/3& " %" -490+(‐1"1? .4/ &D&97%4> @&94' '(14 '4/7/&+1(14' 74/ %4' 1(/($&+3&' 1& "%$0+"' 1& &'3"' -490‐+(1"1&' 60& 4F/&-(&/4+ 14+"/ " +0&'3/" ($%&'(" 0+4' 3&//&+4' '5%4 &+ /"=5+ 1& +0&'3/4 3&'‐3(94+(4 1& '&/*(-(4 @"-(" &%%4'?

Q%$0+"' F"9(%("' &+ &'34' '&-34/&' @"+ &+-4+3/"14 :"'3"+3& "%(*(4 " %" 1(FP-(% '(30"-(5+ 60& &'3":"+ 7"'"+14> $/"-("' "% '&/*(-(4 1& "%(9&+3"-(5+ 60& :/(+1" %" ($%&'("? Q'P 9('94> &+ '(30"-(4+&' 90; 1(FP-(%&' 1& '"%01> %"' F"9(%("' @"+ &+-4+3/"14 &% "74;4 +&-&'"/(4 ; 474/30+4 &+ %" ($%&'("?

]4; 741&94' "F(/9"/ 60& +0&'3/"' ($%&'("' &+ &'34' '&-34/&' +4 &'3 7&/4 " %" *&= -(&/3" F/0'3/"-(5+> 1"1"' %"' %(9(3"-(4+&' &-4+59(-"' 60& F/&+"+ 0+ 9"‐;4/ -/&-(9(&+34 ; 1&'"//4%%4 &+ &'3"' 4:/"'? A(+ &9:"/$4> &'34 +4 +4' 1&'"+(9"? I +4' 1"94' -0&+3" 1& %" +&-&'(1"1 1& 60& %4' %P1&/&' 1& %" ($%&'(" 9"+‐3&+$"+ 0+" 943(*"-(5+ 7&/(51(-" 1& %" -4+$/&$"-(5+ /&'7&-34 "% (+*4%0-/"9(&+34 1& %"

($%&'(" %4-"% &+ %" 3"/&" '4-("% -494 7"/3& 1& '0 3/":"D4 9('(4+&/4? !" ($%&'(" 3(&+1& " 7&/‐1&/ '0 -497/49('4 &+ &'3& '&+3(14 -0"+14 !"#$% &(G) -/&& 60& '4+ 43/"' %"' 7&/'4+"' 4 (+'3(3(-(4+&' 60& 3(&+&+ 60& @"-&/ &'" 3"/&"?

`"9:(,+ '& 7/&-('" 3&+&/ 90-@4 -0(1"14 -4+ &% 1&'$"'3& ; &% -"+'"+-(4 1& %4' @&/9"‐+4' 60& &'3 7/4-0/"+14 &% 1&'-"+'4 ; %" "%3&/‐+"+-(" "1&-0"14'?

i(+"%9&+3&> 1&:&94' 7/4-0/"/ 60(3"/ 1& +0&'3/" 9&+3& ; -4/"=5+ &'& '&+3(9(&+34 1&

-0%7" 60& " *&-&' +4' &9:"/$" -0"+14 +4 *&94' %4' /&'0%3"14' &'7(/(30"%&' 60& &'7&/"‐94' -494 F/034 1& +0&'3/4 3/":"D4 '4-("% &+ %" -490+(1"1? V&:&94' /&-4/1"/ '(&97/& 60& +0&'3/4 3/":"D4 &+ &% A&B4/ +4 &' &+ *"+4 HZE4? ZTGT\N?

Lectura 6. De los principios a la práctica.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Lectura 6. De los principios a la práctica.pdf