La República del Escándalo

7/30/2019 La República del Escándalo

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7

@nr@hdOgEgdktA_

Dstd lgbra ds prahuota hd uk` gkvdstgnògÿk qud sd prdsdktÿ oaea tdsgs p`r` dl Haotar`ha dk Ogdkog` Zaltgo` dk l` Tkgvdrsgh`h @utÿkae`hd B`rodlak`, Dsp``+ L` gkvdstgnògÿk cud sdsar`h` par dl haotar N`

brgdl Oalaeç N`ro`, pracdsar gkvdstgn`har hd l` u`b+Dl ùtar `nr`hdod l` bdo` qud ld brgkh`rak l` Tkgvdrsgh`h @utÿkae`

hd Pudrçt`ra y dl Zranrè` hd Edmarègdkta hdl Zracdsar`ha hd l` _dordt`r` hd Dhuoògÿk Zýblgo`+



00

dL trgukCA hd L@ ZALåtgO@d_ZdOtàOuLA

L` saogdh`h hdL dspdotàouLa

Dk l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3 l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s lldn`rak p`r` qudh`rsd+ F`y qud `nr`hdodr `l p k qud `brgdr` l` o`m` hdZ`khar` hd uk` vdz y p`r` sgdeprd+ L` mustgoògÿk hd qud `lnugdk latdk` qud fòdr ka rdprdsdkt` oaksudla lnuka9 sgk deb`rna, l` dspdr`kz` qud yòd dk dl cakha hd l` o`m` hd Z`khar` ds l` sgnugdktd= l` tr`hgogÿk

hd dstuhgas dldotar`lds hd Dst`has Tkghas oakoluyd qud l`s oèp``skdn`tgv`s ka sgdeprd lanr`k su oaedtgha+

_dnýk las dstr`tdn`s hd oèp`` eàs rdput`has hdl eukha &dktrddllas Earrgs, 2::?', l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s oakstgtuydk uk rdoursa euygepart`ktd dk `lnuk`s ao`sgakds, par dmdepla, ou`kha sd utglgz`k par

prgedr` vdz dk uk` hdeaoròg` vgrngk`l, oaea dr` dl o`sa hd Eçxgoa dk2::3+ Hdspuçs hd l` prgedr` vdz, l` pablògÿk ord` hdcdks`s y l`s oè

p``s kdn`tgv`s pgdrhdk dcdotgvgh`h, gkolusa, dk `lnuk`s ao`sgakds rd

sult`k oaktr`prahuodktds+Dk las pdrgahas hd oèp`` las otards paltgoas eudstr`k su vdrh`hdr` k`tur`ldz`+ Dl mudna hd l` suodsgÿk ds t`k gepart`ktd y oaepdtgtgvaqud ka lds pdregtd `kh`r oak edhg`s tgkt`s, oaea pahr`k fòdr dk l`vgh` oatghg`k`+ L`s oàe`r`s sgnudk ` las paltgoas hur`ktd taha dl h` yds pràotgoèdktd gepasgbld qud pudh`k kngr hur`ktd edsds dk uk` o`rrdr` hd cakha+ Zar dst` r`zÿk, dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3,las tr`hgogak`lds hgsoursas sabrd dl bgdk oaeýk odhgdrak ktd las gksultas, l`s o`luekg`s y las of`kt`mds+ Las dsoàkh`las hd las paltgoas y hdlas edhgas aoup`rak l`s kat`s prgkogp`lds hd l` vgh` pýblgo` y prgv`h`dk dl pdrgaha hd l` oèp``+



02

Atra e`tgz sabrd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s p`rtd hd rdoakaodr qud dkl` ghdalan` hdeaoràtgo` sd ghd`lgz` ` las paltgoas, pdra sabrd taha, `las edhgas y `l pudbla9 dk oèbga, dk l` vgh` rd`l, sd hdsoubrdk l`s vdrh`hdr`s gkolgkògakds hd tahas dstas otards+

Dk l` oèp`` hd 2::3, las prgkogp`lds oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas hdl p`s sd hdsoubrgdrak t`l ou`l sak, varòds nrupas hd prdsgÿk qud sÿla tgdkdk oaea abmdtgva dl oaktral eakapÿlgoa hdl edro`ha+ @ pastdrgarg, lassdk`hards _`ktg`na Orddl y O`rlas Mgeçkdz Eò`s hdkukog`rak qudlas dmdoutgvas hd Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo` utglgz`rak taha tgpa hd rdoursas,hdshd l`s edk`z`s f`st` las of`kt`mds p`r` lanr`r su abmdtgva &B`llgk`sy @r`kh`, 2::>'+ Dl egsea “pudbla s`bga― ghd`lgz`ha par l` gzqugdrh`&lapdzabr`hargst ' sd hdsoubrgÿ dk dxtrdea oaksdrv`har, hdseavglgz`ha dk tde`s hd paltgo`+++ Zdra, sgk lun`r ` huh`, las prat`nakgst`s hd l`tr`ngoaedhg` cudrak las dsoàkh`las hd las paltgoas y sus oèp``s hdhdkastògÿk+

Dk dstd lgbra sd acrdod uk` vgsgÿk hdso`rk`h` hdl sgstde` paltgoaedxgo`ka+ Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk ka sd hdtdkhrà, oaea fòd l` e`yar` hddstuhgas hd edhgas hdl p`ås, paktgo`r sabrd ouàl ds dl hdbdr sdr, sgka dxplgo`r oÿea cukogak` dl subsgstde` edhgàtgoa+ Orda qud ou`lqugdr pra

pÿsgta hd gktdrvdkogÿk dk l` saogdh`h hdbdr` p`rtgr hd uk hg`nkÿstgoaòdrt`ha hd l` rd`lgh`h, y dk dstd dst`hga sd gksorgbd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk+

Zar dstd eatgva, sg bgdk gktdrds` ` dst` gkvdstgnògÿk rddm`r y `k`lgz`r las dsoàkh`las, k hd oudkt`s la eàs gepart`ktd ds eastr`r l` car e` dk qud apdr`rak l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s+ Ds hdogr, òl`r`r ouàl dsl` cukogÿk hd las dsoàkh`las dk dl sgstde` paltgoa edxgo`ka, quç ge

pòta tgdkdk dk l`s oèp``s, dk las edhgas y dk dl pýblgoa+++ Xaha dlla,dk dl e`roa hd uk pracukha `kàlgsgs hd l`s oèp``s hd 2::3+ Xèbgçksd praparogak`rà uk e`roa tdÿrgoa p`r` qud sd dktgdkh` l` cukogÿk hdlas dsoàkh`las, hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas y hd l`s oèp``s dk dl sgstde`

paltgoa, parqud l` oas` ka ds t`k sgepld oaea hdogr qud qugdk gktrahuodeàs y edmards dsoàkh`las dk l`s oèp``s hd sus `hvdrs`rgas n`k` lòaepdtdkog`+

hdL vgdma `L kudva rçngedk edhgàtgoa dk dL sgstde` paLåtgoa edxgo`ka

Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk pastul` qud dl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` hd Eçxgoa sd tr`kscareÿ r`hgo`ledktd oak l` o`h` hdl rçngedk utargt`rga+ Z`r` eastr`rla sd f`k oaktr`st`ha l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s hdlas praodsas dldotar`lds hdl 2::3 oak l`s qud sd rd`lgz`b`k dk dl vgdma



0?

rçngedk &Dspgka, 2::>'+ @ p`rtgr hd dstd oaktr`std sd tr`t` hd dxplgo`r l`kudv` oarrdlògÿk hd cudrz`s hdl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`òtu`l+

Dstd lgbra prdtdkhd sdr dl dstuhga eàs dxfùstgva hd l`s oèp``s

prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3, uka hd las `kàlgsgs eàs pracukhas parqud sdrd`lgz` hdshd l` tr`hgogÿk hd las dstuhgas hd oèp``s9 uk` hd l`s vgsgakds eàs ortgo`s hd l`s oèp``s parqud rdoand l` gks`tgscòogÿk oguh`h`k` oak rdspdota las o`khgh`tas y sus p`rtghas+

Dl abmdtgva ds hdskuh`r oÿea apdr`rak las paltgoas, las edhgas y dl pýblgoa dk l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3+ Z`r` lanr`rla, sd rdourrd l`s cudktds eàs gepart`ktds y hgvdrs`s, aog`lds d gkhdpdkhgdktds9` las rdpartds hd l` oèp`` publgo`has oaea lgbras9 ` l`s orÿkgo`s hdlas pdrgÿhgoas9 ` las dstuhgas hd dkoudst`s9 ` las `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha9 `las eakgtardas hd edhgas9 ` las eakgtardas hd publgogh`h9 ` las sdnugegdktas hd edhgas9 las hgsoursas hd las o`khgh`tas+++0

Dk l` òtu`lgh`h las gkvdstgn`hards y dstr`tdn`s dldotar`lds oaksghdr`k qud l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s oakstgtuydk dl còtar oruog`l hd l` dldoogÿk, dspdog`ledktd dk praodsas dldotar`lds cdhdr`lds hd p`sds oaeaEçxgoa, hakhd sd tgdkd uk nr`k p`hrÿk y uk` ndanr`c` euy dxtdks`+ Dl

p`hrÿk dldotar`l hd l`s dldoogakds hd 2::3 dr` supdrgar las >0 egllakdshd dldotards+ @hdeàs, kudstra p`ås tgdkd uk` supdrogd hd o`sg has eg

llakds hd iglÿedtras ou`hr`has, ds hdogr, o`sg ou`tra vdods l` hd Dsp``+Zar dstd eatgva, sd tae` oaea abmdta hd dstuhga l`s oèp``s edhgà

tgo`s hd las trds nr`khds p`rtghas &prg, p`k y prh'+ _d dxplgo`rà l` dvaluogÿk hd l`s dstr`tdng`s hd oèp`` y su gepòta dk las trds nr`khds òtards hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`= paltgoas, edhgas y pýblgoa+ Ds uk`kàlgsgs hd oèp`` qud prgvgldng` l` vgsgÿk nlab`l+ _d rdourrgÿ eçtahas ou`ktgt`tgvas y ou`lgt`tgvas, sd rdoapgl`rak y k`lgz`rak las dstuhgas

publgo`has9 hdeàs, sd rd`lgzÿ uk kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha y uk sdnugegdk

ta hd edhgas oak uk` edtahalan` gkkav`har`9 las rdsult`has hd dstasýltgeas dstuhgas oaktr`st`k las rdsult`has hdl dstuhga aog`l hdl gcd+Zdra hdeàs hd l` nr`k pablògÿk y l` dxtdksgÿk tdrrgtarg`l, dk Eçxg

oa dxgstdk atr`s oakhgogakds dspdoåo`s qud c`vardodk l` gkudkog` hdl`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s+ Dk prgedr lun`r, o`sg 4:$ hd l` pablògÿk dstàoaksghdr`h` par hdb`ma hd las kgvdlds hd pabrdz` dk l`s ogcr`s aog`lds&Hd l` Xarrd, dk Rdkùh, 2::>'+ Dsta sd tr`huod dk uk b`ma kgvdl dhuo`tgva y uk` hdspalgtgzògÿk hd l` pablògÿk+ Tk` pablògÿk sgk dhuoògÿk

0 Las gktdrds`has dk dl tde` pudhdk lddr las rdsult`has hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk dk dxtdksadk l` tdsgs haotar`l publgo`h` dldotrÿkgoèdktd dk l` wdb sgtd hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h @utÿkae` hdB`rodlak`+ <fttp=www+thx+o`tXHV:2270:6032603;+



08

care`l y sgk òodsa ` rdoursas oultur`lds hgvdrsas sÿla tgdkd l` apartukgh`h hd gkcare`rsd hd l` sgtuògÿk paltgo` hdl p`s hur`ktd dl pdrgahahd oèp``s p`r` argdkt`r su hdogsgÿk hd vata+

Dk sdnukha lun`r sd dkoudktr` l` oakodktrògÿk huapÿlgo` hd l` tdld

vgsgÿk bgdrt` dk has nr`khds oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas= Xdldvgs` y Xdldvgsgÿk @ztdo`+ Oak dst` oakodktrògÿk sd rdhuod `ýk eàs l` acdrt` hd gkcareògÿk+

Zar ýltgea, pudhd sd`l`rsd qud l` oèp`` hdl 2::3 ds l` prgedr` dldoogÿk oak dl prg cudr` hd l` prdsghdkog`9 dk ogdrt` care`, l` prgedr` pastdrgar `l ùtargt`rgsea+ Dsta tgdkd gepart`kog` parqud dk dst`s oèp``s `ýksd rdngstr`k gkdrog`s hdl pdrgaha hd tr`ksgogÿk, t`lds oaea l` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k`, l`s dxpdot`tgv`s par l`s o`ròtdrstgo`s hdl kudva rçngedk, l` vgndkog` hdl p`r`ta oarpar`tgva hd lnukas p`rtghas+++

Zar la t`kta, sd tr`t`rà hd dxplgo`r quç p`sÿ dk l`s oèp``s, oÿea sdhds`rrall`rak l`s rdlògakds dktrd las paltgoas, las edhgas y dl pýblgoa,`så oÿea l` care` dk qud l`s oèp`ð`s gkuydrak dk l`s dldoogakds+Hdba gksgstgr dk qud dl abmdta hd dstuhga sak l`s oèp``s, ka l`s dldoogakds9 sd dv`lý`k las rdsult`has dldotar`lds oaea cruta hd l`s oèp`ð`s, par dlla ka sd k`lgz` dl oakgota pasdldotar`l kg sd v`lgh` a rdb`tdl` fgpÿtdsgs hdl crùhd dldotar`l+

Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk oakre` oak h`tas puktu`lds qud l`s oèp`ð`s

sak gkdqugt`tgv`s, qud las edhgas sgnudk sdsn`kha l` gkcareògÿk ` c`var hdl p`rtgha nabdrk`ktd9 par dlla, dk dl o`sa hdl 2::3, c`vardogdrak lp`k+ Dk dstd sdktgha, dstd dstuhga pakd prudb` las dstuhgas hd oaktdkgha hdl gcd y las hdsoubrd absaldtas+

@ pds`r hd dlla, l` oakolusgÿk `pukt` ` qud dl sdsna hd las edhgas kacud dl còtar hdogsgva, l` otuògÿk hd las edhgas ka hdtdregkÿ dl rdsult`ha hd l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3+ Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk pukt`` qud cudrak l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s ‟ds hdogr, las paltgoas‟ dl còtar

qud tuva eàs gkudkog` dk dstd praodsa dldotar`l+

±tr`gogakds ` L` hdeaoròg` a hdeaoròg` hd còf`h`1

@otu`ledktd rdsult` dvghdktd qud dk dl kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` sd vgvd uk praodsa hd `lt` oaepdtdkog` dktrd las trdsnr`khds p`rtghas+ _gk deb`rna, uk` hdeaoròg` ka sd rdhuod dldoogakds oaepdtgh`s+ Dk dstd sdktgha, sd rdtae` l` ortgo` hd las ùtards paseahdrkas= dl dmdrogoga hdl pahdr, t`l oaea sd dmdrod dk Eçxgoa, lldv` `

pdks`r qud l` hdeaoròg` ds atra hd las nr`khds edt`rrdl`tas hdl sgstde` eukhg`l+



04

L`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3 hdeastr`rak qud tahas las òtards, oaedkz`kha par dl nabgdrka hdl p k, vgal`k a hddkhdk dl e`roagkstgtuogak`l hdpdkhgdkha hd sus gktdrdsds+ F`y qud rdedear`r dl p`s`ha rdogdktd, las edxgo`kas f`bèas ordha qud dl sgstde` ùtargt`rga

f`b` eudrta oak l`s dldoogakds hdl 2:::, pdra dk dl 2::3 sdktgeas qudvalvèas hdspdrt`r dk l` p`kz` hdl hgkasùrga+Dk dl 2::: dldngeas oaea prdsghdktd `l “nr`k hdeÿor`t`― Sgodktd

Cax, qugdk f`b` praedtgha o`b`r oak >: as hd ùtargt`rgsea9 pdra dk2::3 hdsoubrgeas ` uk Cax ùtargt`rga, eàs abodo`ha qud las ýltgeas

prdsghdktds prggst`s9 oaea kgknuka hd sus prdhdodsards vgalÿ l`s ldyds yhds`ÿ ` l`s gkstgtuogakds qud oustahg`k l`s dldoogakds p`r` gepakdr `su suodsar+

Dl prdsghdktd Cax dko`bdzÿ dl hdsarhdk hdl e`roa gkstgtuogak`l dk dl praodsa dldotar`l, hdshd dl hds`cudra f`st` l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l+ Ldsgnugdrak sus oaep`dras hd p`rtgha Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk y E`kudl Dspgka`hegkgstr`kha uk` oèp`` hd edktgr`s+ Rabdrta E`hr`za sd luogÿhdso`bdz`kha ` las rgv`lds hd su p`rtgha+ Lÿpdz Abr`har tdregkÿ e`kh`kha l hg`bla l`s gkstgtuogakds qud ka ld oakvdk`k, pdra oaktr`hgotargèdktd, sd rdsdrvÿ dl hdrdofa ` gktdrvdkgr dk dl Oaknrdsa hd l`Tkgÿk ` tr`vçs hd l` b`ko`h` pdrrdhgst`+ @lnukas hd las nr`khds dkoudst`hards hdl p`ås cudrak hdsoubgdrtas egktgdkha `nr`ktdedktd+ Las

nr`khds oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas hdl p`s, Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo` `pravdof`rak dl ra rdvudlta p`r` of`kt`md`r l prg y l p k ` k hd qud prab`r`k l` Ldy Xdldvgs` dk dl oaknrdsa+ Las deprds`rgas p`n`rak uk` oè

p`` edhgàtgo` qud vgal`b` l` ldy p`r` hdcdkhdr `l o`khgh`ta qudrdprdsdkt`b` sus gktdrdsds+

Dl Oaksdma Ndkdr`l hdl gcd qudhÿ hdsldngtge`ha hd argndk `l f`bdr sgha hdsgnk`ha dk su e`yar` par l` lghdrds` hgsghdktd hdl prg, Dlb` Dstfdr Narhglla9 pdra sabrd taha, parqud dk l` hdsgnkògÿk hd las oaksdmd

ras cud dxolugha dl prh y, par ýltgea, parqud hur`ktd l`s oèp``s dstascukogak`rgas tae`rak hdogsgakds oruog`lds dk bdkdoga hdl p k+ Hur`ktd l`s oèp``s, dl egsea Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l s`lgÿ dkedkh`r l` pl`k``l gcd dk kuedras`s ao`sgakds+ Dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l ldv`ktÿ òt` hdkuedras`s tr`snrdsgakds l` ldy qud dl gcd taldrÿ9 sgk deb`rna, dl Xrgcdka tuva o`pògh`h p`r` hdtdkdrl`s kg p`r` o`stgn`r ` las rdspaks`blds+++W l` odrdz` hdl p`stdl, dk dstd eakuedkta `l hdsarhdk gkstgtuogak`l, l`

pusgdrak `lnukas hd las gktdldotu`lds eàs cèasas hdl p`s ou`kha s`lgdrak ` hdcdkhdr òrtgoèdktd l` ldngtgegh`h hdl praodsa dldotar`l, dktrd dllas hdstò`rak Masç alhdebdrn y O`rlas Cudktds+

Hdspuçs hdl praodsa prdsghdkog`l hd 2::3, qugçk sd `trdvdr` ` rae pdr uk` l`kz` par dl e`roa gkstgtuogak`l hdl p`s, a qugzà, edmar `ýk,



03

hdbdeas prdnukt`rkas= ±ka sdrà qud prdogsèdktd dl e`roa gkstgtuogak`l dstà hgsd`ha p`r` pdregtgr qud las nr`khds òtards paltgoas, l`sçlgtds kdalgbdr`lds hdl prg y hdl p`k, mukta oak las pahdrds càotgoas, hdtdregkdk dl rueba hdl p`s l e`rndk hdl dldotar`ha1 ±Ka ds vdrh`h qud

dl sgstde` paltgoa p`rdod sdnugr cukogak`kha oaea dk dl utargt`rgsea,oak uk` còf`h` gkstgtuogak`l hdeaoràtgo` y uk` tr`stgdkh` hakhd lasvdrh`hdras pahdrds tae`k l`s nr`khds hdogsgakds hdl nabgdrka `l e`rndk hd l` pablògÿk1

F`y qud rdoakaodr qud sg bgdk dk tahas las p`sds hdeaoràtgoas sdrdngstr`k vgalògakds l e`roa gkstgtuogak`l gkolusa par l`s ùtargh`hds,l` oudstgÿk ds dl nr`ha+ Zar dmdepla, dk l`s hdeaoròg`s durapd`s eàssÿlgh`s, l`s vgalògakds `l e`roa gkstgtuogak`l sak dxodpogak`lds, pudsl` egse` pablògÿk sudld dst`r gebugh` hd uk` oultur` hdeaoràtgo` hd

pracukha rdspdta ` l` ldy+ Dk tçregkas euy ndkdr`lds, pahr` hdogrsdqud dst`s saogdh`hds tgdkhdk `l arhdk+ Dk oèbga, dk atr`s saogdh`hds,oaea l` edxgo`k`, l` vgalògÿk hd l`s kare`s ds oatghg`k` y care` p`rtdhd l`s oastuebrds+ Dk tçregkas euy ndkdr`lds pahr` hdogrsd qud dstdtgpa hd saogdh`hds tgdkhd `l oàs+

Dl pukta oruog`l ds qud ebas tgpas hd saogdh`hds tgdkhdk sdr euydst`blds+ Zar dsa ds euy hgcogl p`s`r hd uk sgstde` hd oàs ` atra hd arhdk, oaea sd prdtdkhd dk dl o`sa hd Eçxgoa+ Zdar `ýk, l` t`rd` p`rdod

gepasgbld ou`kha sak las nabdrk`ktds qugdkds dko`bdz`k dl hdsarhdkgkstgtuogak`l, oaea suodhd dk kudstra p`s+

@ dst`s r`zakds sd pahrå` ð`hgr qud ka sd f` eahgo`ha hd cakha dle`roa gkstgtuogak`l qud pravgdkd hdl rçngedk ùtargt`rga, par taha dllal` oakolusgÿk hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd argdkt` ` rdtae`r l` ortgo` hd lasùtards paseahdrkas= l` hdeaoròg`, t`l oaea cud pl`ktd`h` dk las sge

plgst`s dsqude`s hd l`s tdar`s hd l` “tr`ksgogÿk hdeaoràtgo`―, ds atrahd las edt`rrdl`tas qud kas f` vdkhgha dxgtasèdktd dl sgstde` o`pgt`lgs

t`+ Ka dxgstdk hdeaoròg`s oak o`ròtdrstgo`s sgegl`rds dk taha dl eukha, tèpaoa dk las hgcdrdktds eaedktas hd l` fgstarg`+ Ka f`y uk eahdlahd hdeaoròg` qud cukogakd p`r` l` hgvdrsgh`h hd p`sds hdl eukha, oaea pl`ktd`rak las kdalgbdr`lds dst`haukghdksds qud praeavgdrak l` llè`h` “tdrodr` al` hdeaoràtgo`―+

Zar taha dsta, dxgstd uk` pracukh` hdsglusgÿk dk nr`k p`rtd hd l` saogdh`h edxgo`k`, prgkogp`ledktd dk las gktdldotu`lds, oak rdspdota l`llè`h` “tr`ksgogÿk hdeaoràtgo`―+ Zdra `l e`rndk hd dst` v`larògÿkhdl praodsa dldotar`l, f`y qud gksgstgr, kudstra prgkogp`l abmdtgva ds dx

plgo`r oÿea cukogak`k l`s oèp``s dk dl e`roa hdl sgstde` paltgoaedxgo`ka+ Ka n`st`rç eàs p`l`br`s p`r` fòdr uk` v`larògÿk hd kudstr` Rdpýblgo` eàs` oaea ld llè` Cdrk`kha Dso`l`ktd9 dl rdsta hdl



0>

lgbra sd hdhgo`rà ` dxplgo`r dl cukogakègdkta hdl kudva dsodk`rga hd lòaeukgoògÿk paltgo` dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3+

saogdh`h hd oaksuea, paseahdrkgh`h y orgsgs hd L` hdeaoròg`

@ las prablde`s hd l` gkstùrògÿk hd l` hdeaoròg` dk Eçxgoa, f`yqud `nrdn`r qud dl eahdla hdeaoràtgoa tr`hgogak`l vgvd su prapg` orgsgs

par dl rrgba hd l` saogdh`h pasgkhustrg`l dk dl eukha otu`l, ds l` orgsgs hdl` paseahdrkgh`h+ L`s rdlògakds dktrd las prgkogp`lds otards hd l` dscdr` pýblgo` sd f`k tr`kscare`ha y dl mudna hdeaoràtgoa tèbgçk dstàsucrgdkha uk` rdoaepasgogÿk dk dl eukha hds`rrall`ha+

O`starg`hgs &077>' f`bl` hd l` oakcareògÿk hd uk sgstde` o`pgt`lgst` euy dvaluogak`ha dk las ýltgeas às hdl sgnla xx+ Hdspuçs hd lò`h` hdl Eura hd Bdrlk y hdl “saog`lgsea rd`l― qud dxgst` dk las p`sds hd Durap` hdl Dstd, sd f`bl` hd uk trgukca hd l` doakae` hd edro`ha dk taha dl eukha+ Ka sÿla las p`sds dx saog`lgst`s hd Durap` hdlDstd, sgka tèbgçk las llè`has p`sds oaeukgst`s hd @sg`, sd gktdnr`k` l` doakae` hd edro`ha eukhg`l, `l praodsa nlab`lgz`har+ Crdktd ` l`doakae` hd edro`ha nlab`l, y` ka p`rdodk ltdrk`tgv`s vg`blds, prào

tgoèdktd tahas las p`sds oak doakae`s oaepdtgtgv`s sd gktdnr`k `l praodsa hd doakae` hdl edro`ha nlab`l+

Oak b`sd dk taha dsta, hdshd las ýltgeas às hdl sgnla xx, sd hds`rrall` uk` gkedks` oarrgdktd fgstÿrgo` dk l` ou`l dl sgstde` lanr` b`k`lgz`r tah`s l`s tdkhdkog`s oråtgo`s dk palåtgo`, oultur`, lasacå`+++ Dl truoaoaksgstd dk gkstgtuogak`lgz`r tah`s l`s hgsghdkog`s, oaedrog lgz`rl`s, vòg`rl`s hd oaktdkgha y tr`kscare`rl`s9 `s, hd tr`snrdsar`s p`s`k ` oakvdrtgrsd dk eavgegdktas qud sgrvdk p`r` ldngtge`r dl st`tus qua+

L` saogdh`h ogvgl sd fukhd dk uk` c`sd hd `p`t`, prgv`tgzògÿk y hds palgtgzògÿk+ _d oakcare` oak uk` vgh` hdhgo`h` `l oaksuegsea, ` l`vgh` prgv`h` y sd alvgh` hd l` p`rtgogpògÿk pýblgo`+ Z`r` dlla, uk dldedkta ol`vd ds l` dxp`ksgÿk eukhg`l hd l`s ol`sds edhg`s qud sd gkoarpar`k las sdotards hd `lta oaksuea+ L`s kudv`s ndkdrògakds hd mÿvdkds d gkolusa `hultas `ktdpakdk dl aoga, dl dktrdtdkgegdkta, `l oaepraegsa saog`l+ L`s vaods ortgo`s ka sak `pl`st`h`s sgka oaapt`h`s, oaedrog`lgz`h`s, oaepr`h`s p`r` qud sgrv`k l sgstde` dk vdz hd tr`snrdhgrla+

Dk dst` doakae` hd edro`ha nlab`l, dl v`lar odktr`l ds dl hgkdra, par la ou`l l`s rdlògakds saog`lds pgdrhdk l` dsdkog` hdl eahdla hdeaoràtgoa, las v`lards hdeaoràtgoas tr`hgogak`lds y` ka tgdkdk sdktgha+ La ge

part`ktd p`r` uk p`s ds l` doakae`, dk pdrmugoga hd atras praodsas sa



06

og`lds oaea l` doalan` y las hdrdofas fue`kas+ Ka ds o`su`l qud lòaktègkògÿk dk Ofgk` a dk l` Gkhg` v`kod l` p`r hd su rgqudz` doakÿego`9 hd gnu`l e`kdr`, las hdrdofas fue`kas pgdrhdk gepart`kog` sgdl p`s sd dkrgqudod oak l` dxplatògÿk, oaea suodhd dk Ofgk`, Sgdtkè

y euofas p`sds qud tah`v` sd fòdk llè`r oaeukgst`s+Dstd trgukca hd l` saogdh`h hd oaksuea sd e`kgdst` dk tah`s l`sàrd`s hdl dspòga pýblgoa, dstà hdtràs hdl trgukca hd l` hgkàego` hdl ds

pdotàoula dk dl pdrgahgsea y dk l` paltgo`+ Dk l` òtu`lgh`h, l` ndktdsÿla qugdrd hgvdrtgrsd, dv`hgrsd hd l`s rdspaks`bglgh`hds, hd l` p`rtgog

pògÿk dk dl dspòga pýblgoa+ Z`r`ldlèdktd, paltgoas y edhgas sucrdkuk nr`k hdsprdstgnga, par la ou`l rdourrdk `l dspdotàoula p`r` `tr`dr `l

pýblgoa, dsta sgnkgo` qud taha dl dspòga pýblgoa qudh` subarhgk`ha `l` saogdh`h hd oaksuea+ L` paltgo` dspdotàoula y dl pdrgahgsea hd dspdotàoula sd dsorgbdk oak dl ldknu`md hd l` saogdh`h hd oaksuea= dl hgsoursa publgogt`rga+ Ka abst`ktd, f`y qud rds`lt`r qud dk Eçxgoa sd edzol`kl`s o`ròtdrstgo`s hd l` saogdh`h paseahdrk` oak l`s hd l` saogdh`heahdrk` d gkolusa oak l`s hd l` saogdh`h prdeahdrk`+ Mukta las kgofashd edro`ha hd l` saogdh`h pasgkhustrg`l subsgstdk las dspògas gkhustrg`lds tr`hgogak`lds d gkolusa l` saogdh`h prdeahdrk` hd l`s oaeukgh`hds rur`lds d gkhndk`s+

tdarå`s p`r` dL dstuhga hd L`s oèp`ð`s

Dxgstdk kuedras`s tdarå`s qud dxplgo`k l` gkudkog y oÿea sd rdlògak`k l`s v`rg`blds qud gkuydk dk l`s dldoogakds+ Rdvgsdeas brdvdedktdl`s prgkogp`lds p`r` qud sd pudh` dktdkhdr kudstra kàlgsgs hd oèp``+

L`s v`rg`blds saogahdeanrào`s oakhgogak`k `l gkhgvghua= eala L`z`scl

Dxgstdk has eahdlas tdÿrgoas qud f`k gkugha pracukhèdktd dl dstuhga hd l`s oèp``s+ Dl prgedra hd dllas cud rd`lgz`ha par uk nrupahd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Oaluebg` dko`bdz`ha par Zùl L`z`rscdlh9 dl sdnukha par uk nrupa hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Eofgn`k, dko`bdz`ha par @nkus Oèpbdll+

@l prgkogpga hd dst` tr`hgogÿk, p`r` dxplgo`r dl dcdota hd l`s oèp``sdk dl dldotar`ha, las gkvdstgn`hards hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Oaluebg`, su

pakå`k qud l`s o`ròtdråstgo`s saogahdeanrào`s hd las dldotards dr`kl`s v`rg`blds eàs sgnkgo`tgv`s p`r` l` hdogsgÿk hd vata= l` oultur` rdnga



07

k`l, dl tgpa hd cèglg`, las nrupas las qud pdrtdkdodk, l` ol`sd saog`l, l`rdlgngÿk, dl p`rtgha oak dl qud sd ghdktgo`k, dl tgpa hd nabgdrka lao`l+++

L` prgedr` nr`k gkvdstgnògÿk hd dst` tr`hgogÿk cud rd`lgz`h` par L`z`rscdlh, Bdrdlsak y Nùhdt dk 078:, las rdsult`has las publgo`k dk dl

lgbra Xfd pdapld‗s ofagod &L`z`rscdlhdt l+, 0736'+ Dstas utards dstuhg`rak dl dcdota hd l`s oèp``s dk l` pablògÿk hdl oakh`ha hd Drgd, Gllgkags+ Gkvdstgn`rak dl dcdota hd l`s oèp``s ` tr`vçs hd l` r`hga y l`

prdks`, puds l` tdldvgsgÿk ýk ka dxgst` p`r` dl pýblgoa hd 078:+_dnýk dstd eahdla, las sumdtas tgdkhdk ` vat`r hd òudrha ` l`s tdk

hdkog`s hd sus nrupas, sus tr`hgogakds cèglg`rds+ Zar edhga hd l` saog`lgzògÿk, las nrupas ealhd`k l`s apgkgakds paltgo`s hdl gkhgvghua+@hdeàs, dk o`h` nrupa dxgstdk gkhgvghuas qud sak eàs òtgvas, saklas lhdrds hd apgkgÿk qud cukogak`k oaea gktdredhg`rgas dktrd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk y las nrupas+ Las låhdrds hd apgkgÿk ltr`k l` gkcareògÿk hd las edhgas `l nrupa+ @ dstd cdkÿedka sd ld f` llè`hatwa stdps aw, dk rdcdrdkog` ` l` edhgògÿk qud rd`lgz`k las lhdrds hdapgkgÿk &ghde'+

Xfd pdapld‗s ofagod pl`ktd` qud l`s oèp``s pudhdk hds`rrall`r trds nr`khds tgpas hd gkudkog`s dk l` pablògÿk+ Dk prgedr lun`r, l`soèp``s pudhdk otgv`r l`s prdhgspasgogakds paltgo`s dk l` ndktd qudeudstr` paoa gktdrçs par l`s dldoogakds+ Dk sdnukha lun`r, l`s oèp`

`s rdcudrz`k su tdkhdkog` hd vata argngk`l9 ds hdogr, l`s pdrsak`s rdtae`k sdldotgvèdktd las edks`mds y l` prap`n`kh` qud `yuh` ` mustgo`r su apgkgÿk+ Dk tdrodr lun`r, l`s oèp`ð`s pudhdk eahgo`r dlsdktgha hdl vata9 ds hdogr, pudhdk oakvdkodr ` uk dldotar hd vat`r par dl p`rtgha oaktr`rga hdl qud f`b` prdcdrgha `ktds hd l` oèp``+ _gkdeb`rna, `hvgdrtdk las ùtards, dl dcdota hd oakvdrsgÿk hd sgep`tgz`ktds hd uk p`rtgha atra p`rtgha sÿla sd lanr` dk lnukas o`sas dsparàhgoas &ghde'+

Dk dstd sdktgha, oakoluydrak qud l`s oèp``s sdrv`k prgkogp`ledktd p`r` rdcarz`r l`s tdkhdkog`s prdvg`s hd las oguh`h`kas+ L` gkudkog hd las edhgas y hd l`s oèp`ð`s tdkhå` ` sdr eåkge`, dk oae

p`rògÿk oak l` gkudkog` hd atr`s v`rg`blds oaea las nrupas y laslhdrds+

Dl pdsa hd l` ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst`= eahdla l` uvs` Eof`

Hdspuçs hd L`z`rscdlh, l` sgnugdktd nr`k gkvdstgnògÿk qud e`roÿ l`fgstarg` hdl dstuhga hd l`s oèp``s cud Xfd edrgo`k vatdr , publgo`ha



2:

dk 073: par uk nrupa hd ò`hçegoas hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Eofgn`k&Oèbdll dt l+, 0738'

Dk dstd lgbra las gkvdstgn`hards pl`ktd`rak uk` p`r`ham`= l` paltgo`sd f` vudlta euy oaepldm` y hgcogl hd sdnugr gkolusa p`r` las dspdog`lgs

t`s, `hdeàs l`s pdrsak`s oaeukds y oarrgdktds ka tgdkdk careògÿk kggkcareògÿk, kg sgqugdr` gktdrçs par l` paltgo`9 pds`r hd taha dsta, lasùtards hdsoubrdk qud l`s hdogsgakds paltgo`s hd las oguh`h`kas sudldksdr oaksgstdktds, sudldk tdkdr uk sdktgha hd oudrha oak sus orddkog`s y`cdotas+ Z`r` rdsalvdr dst` p`r`ham`, las gkvdstgn`hards prapakdk qudl`s pdrsak`s utglgz`k dstruotur`s sgeplgo`har`s oaea l` ghdktgh`h p`r tghgst` a l` ghdalan` p`r` argdkt`r sus hdogsgakds+ Xfd èdrgo`k vatdr f`bl` gkolusa hd e`p`s oankgtgvas qud sgrvdk `l gkhgvghua p`r` tae`r sus hdogsgakds paltgo`s+

Hd dst` e`kdr`, dl eahdla hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Eofgn`k pl`ktd`qud dxgstdk `lnuk`s tdkhdkog`s hd l`rna pl`za qud gkuydk dk l`s oè

p``s, l` prgkogp`l sdr` l` ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst` hd las dldotards+ @hdeàstèbgçk dxgstdk cudrz`s hd oarta pl`za oaea sak l`s oèp``s, las o`khgh`tas y sus prapudst`s+

L` ghdktgoògÿk oak uk p`rtgha sgrvd oaea uk ltra, p`rtgr hdl ou`llas dldotards absdrv`k l`s oèp``s, o`khgh`tas y prapudst`s+ @ukqudl` ghdktgoògÿk oak uk p`rtgha sudld sdr pdre`kdktd, dxgstdk euofas

oakhgogak`ktds qud l` `cdot`k, oaea ds dl hdsdepda hdl p`rtgha dk dlnabgdrka, l` gkcareògÿk qud sd abtgdkd dk l` vgh` hg`rg` sabrd dl oaktdxta saogapaltgoa doakÿegoa, dktrd atras+

L` ld`lt`h hd las dldotards ` su ghdktgoògÿk p`rtghgst` egkgegz` dldcdota hd l`s oèp``s y las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk9 dk oèbga, sg l`ld`lt`h p`rtghgst` ds edkar, l`s oèp``s y las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk

pudhdk `hqugrgr e`yar gkudkog`+

L` pahdras` gkudkog` hd las edhgas

Dk l`s ýltge`s hço`h`s lnukas gkvdstgn`hards f`k rdgvgkhgo`ha uk`nr`k o`pògh`h hd gkudkog` hd las edhgas y l`s oèp`ð`s edhgàtgo`sdk las dldotards+ Xdar`s oaea l` Dspgr`l hdl sgldkoga y l @ndkh` sdttgkn f`k rdtae`ha l` ghd` hd uk pahdrasa p`pdl hd las edhgas dk l` vgh` eahdrk`+

Dstas ùtards p`rtdk hd uk` ortgo` ` las tr`hgogak`lds eahdlas qud pastul`k uk` gkudkog` lgegt`h` hd las edhgas ‟oaea sak l`s tdarå`s hdL`z`rscdlh y hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Eofgn`k‟ parqud dk l` çpao` dk qudsd ord`rak dst`s tdar`s l`s saogdh`hds dr`k euy hgcdrdktds+ Hdstò`k



20

qud dk `qudll` çpao` l` tdldvgsgÿk pràotgoèdktd ka dxgst`+ Dk oèbga,fay dk h`, l` nr`k e`yar` hd las oguh`h`kas dl`bar` su ghdktgh`h paltgo` p`rtgr hd las edhgas9 prgargt`rgèdktd tr`vçs hd l` tdldvgsgÿk+

W` sd` parqud las edhgas pravao`k dcdotas òueul`tgvas dk dl tgde

pa, y` sd` parqud s`tur`k tahas las o`k`lds hd degsgÿk, las edhgas tdregk`r`k sgdkha dl còtar hdogsgva hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+ Dktrd l`s prgkogp`lds tdar`s hd dst` ndkdrògÿk dstàk l @ndkh` sdttgkn y l` Dspg%r`l hdl sgldkoga+

_dnýk l` tdar` hd l` @ndkh` sdttgkn las edhgas ka pudhdk hdogrld `l` ndktd quç hdbd pdks`r, pdra s pudhdk argdkt`rl` fòg` las tde`s dkqud hdbd pdks`r9 ds hdogr, tgdkdk l` o`pògh`h hd hgrgngr l` `tdkogÿk hdl

pýblgoa fòg` las tde`s qud dllas sdldoogak`k, çst` ds l` cukogÿk hd l` mògÿk hd l` ndkh` & @ndkh` sdttgkn'+ Dst` tdar` sungdrd qud tahas tdkdeas l` kdodsgh`h hd s`bdr quç suodhd dk kudstra dktarka y las edhgass`tgscòdk dst` kdodsgh`h+ Las edhgas y` ka prdtdkhdk pdrsu`hgr ` l`ndktd, sgka oakhuogrl` ` las tde`s qud lds gktdrds`k+

Tk nr`k kýedra hd utards oagkoghd dk qud l` tdldvgsgÿk, nròg`s sudkared uhgdkog`, ds dl edhga qud tgdkd e`yar gkudkog` p`r` hdtdregk`r l` ndkh`, hd e`kdr` qud l hdhgo`r eàs tdkogÿk lnukas tde`s dgnkar`r atras, las katgog`rgas hd tv eahdl`k l`s prgargh`hds hdl pýblgoa+

L` tdar` hd l` dspgr`l hdl sgldkoga dstuhg` dl oaepartègdkta gegt`tg

va hd l`s pdrsak`s+ Tk` pdrsak` kare`l ka qugdrd qudh`rsd `gsl`h` dk pýblgoa y ùkqud ord` qud `qudlla qud fòdk las hdeàs ds gkoarrdota,òodhdrà rd`lgz`rla sg dl oaksdksa hdl nrupa la hdtdregk` &Kadlld Kdue`kk, 0774'+

Dk dstd sdktgha l` apgkgÿk pýblgo` sd oakstgtuyd oaea uk` care` hdoaktral saog`l9 las gkhgvghuas pdrogbdk, o`sg gkstgktgvèdktd, l`s apgkgakds hd qugdkds lds rahd`k y `h`pt`k su oaepartègdkta ` l`s òtgtuhds

prdhaegk`ktds &ghde'+ Dk Eçxgoa sd f` òu`ha uk tçregka p`r` rdcd

rgr ` uk praodsa hd dstd tgpa, sd ld hdkaegk`= L` o`rn`h`+ Dstd cdkÿedka dk Eçxgoa sd prahuod ou`kha sd hdsgnk` `l o`khgh`ta hdl p`rtghaeàs gepart`ktd hdl eaedkta y l` e`yar` hd l` ndktd ‟ L` o`rn`h ‟ sdvudlo` dk `paya ` l` o`khgh`tur` p`r` qudh`r dk budk` rdlògÿk oak dlkudva nrupa hd pahdr+

Sapalo` y èo`zòÿ l`s oèp``s

Hdshd fòd v`rg`s hço`h`s dk las p`sds durapdas y dk Dst`has Tkghas sd f`k ndkdr`lgz`ha hgvdrsas tçregkas p`r` hdsorgbgr l` ordogdktdgkudkog` hd las edhgas dk dl sgstde` palåtgoa, dktrd dllas, hdeaoròg`



22

edhgàtgo`, edhgaoròg`, vghdaoròg`+++ Dk dstd lgbra `suegrdeas dl oakodpta hd vghdapalåtgo` qud rddrd l prat`nakgsea qud otu`ledktd dstàkhds`rrall`kha las edhgas &prgkogp`ledktd l` tdldvgsgÿk' dk dl dsodk`rga hdl` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+ _g bgdk dk l`s hdeaoròg`s tr`hgogak`lds las

e`ss edhg` mun`b`k uk p`pdl hd edhg`hards ‟dktrd las paltgoas y l` pablògÿk‟, dk l` otu`lgh`h las edhgas tgdkhdk oakvdrtgrsd dk las prat`nakgst`s hd l` gkcareògÿk, oak la ou`l hdspl`z`k l` gkudkog` hd las

paltgoas y, vdods, hdl egsea pýblgoa+Ngav`kkg _`rtarg f` papul`rgz`ha dl oakodpta hd vghdapaltgo` dl ou`l

“fòd rdcdrdkog` sÿla ` uka hd las eýltgplds `spdotas hdl pahdr hdl vghda= su gkoghdkog` dk las praodsas paltgoas, y oak dlla uk` r`hgo`l tr`kscareògÿk hd oÿea ‖sdr paltgoas‗ y hd oÿea ‖ndstgak`r l` paltgo`‗―&_`rtarg, 0776'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, sd dkoudktr` l` èdrgo`kgzògÿk hd l`s oèp`ð`s, cdkÿedka qud rddrd oÿea las palåtgoas, las edhgas y las hgvdrsas sgstde`s

paltgoas `hapt`k tdokalan`s paltgoa dldotar`lds hgsd`h`s dk Dst`hasTkghas+ @ebas praodsas, dl prat`nakgsea hd las edhgas y l` èdrgo`kgzògÿk, sak oarrdl`tgvas y sÿla p`r` dcdotas `k`ltgoas ` vdods sd ldshgstgknud uka hdl atra9 ` k hd oudkt`s `yuh`k ` hdsorgbgr uk sala eòrapraodsa= l` oaknurògÿk hd uk kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk

paltgo` dk Eçxgoa+

Zar t`kta, hdktra hd l` vghdapaltgo`, sd hdsorgbd l` fdndeak` hd l`tdldvgsgÿk dk l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, l` tdkhdkog` hd oakvdrtgr l` paltgo` dk dspdotàoula, `s oaea dl surngegdkta hd kudv`s tdokalan`s hdoaeukgoògÿk `plgo`h`s ` l` paltgo`+ Dk oèbga, hdktra hd l` èdrgo`kgzògÿk hd l` paltgo` sd oaeprdkhd l` tr`kscareògÿk hd las paltgoasdk lhdrds edhgàtgoas9 hd las p`rtghas, dk o`tof `ll p`rtgds9 l` care` dkqud oèbg`k l`s oèp``s dldotar`lds &oak dstr`tdng`s hd e`ridtgkn'9`s oaea `lnuk`s pràotgo`s hdl sgstde` dldotar`l èdrgo`ka qud sd f`k

papul`rgz`ha dk taha dl eukha y hd e`kdr` dspdog`l dk Eçxgoa, t`ldsoaea l` odldbrògÿk hd dldoogakds prge`rg`s y l` pralgcdrògÿk hd dkoudst`s &farsd ròd'+

L` gkvdstgnògÿk hd dstd lgbra p`rtd hd uk` ortgo` hd dstas has nr`khds praodsas hdshd atra oarpus tdÿrgoa &las dstuhgas hd rdodpogÿk'+ Hdshddst` tdar` sd prapakd qud las praodsas hd oaeukgoògÿk dk l` paltgo`sak euofa eàs pracukhas y oaepldmas qud l` vghdapaltgo` y l` èdrgo`kgzògÿk+



2?

L` oaeoòÿ palo` l` a` eaoo`

Hdktra hd l`s tdar`s hd l` oaeukgoògÿk e`sgv` sd oaeprdkhd l`tdar` hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+ L` tdar` hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltg

o` ds cukhèdkt`l dk las dstuhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk òtu`lds y sd us` p`r` dxplgo`r dl cukogakègdkta hd las prgkogp`lds `ndktds hdl dspòga pýblgoa+ Haegkgqud âltak &0776' hdkd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgoòaea dl dspòga dk qud sd gktdroèbg k las hgsoursas oaktr`hgotargas hdlas trds otards qud tgdkdk ldngtgegh`h p`r` dxprds`rsd pýblgoèdktd sa

brd paltgo`= las paltgoas, dl eukha hdl pdrgahgsea y l` apgkgÿk pýblgo`&prgkogp`ledktd tr`vçs hd las sakhdas' &âltak, 0776, p+ ?0'+

Dstas trds hgsoursas care`k uk sgstde` dk l` rd`lgh`h, dk dl sdktgha hdqud sd rdspakhdk y tèbgçk parqud rdprdsdkt`k l`s trds ldngtgegh`hdshd l` hdeaoròg`= l` paltgo`, l` gkcareògÿk y l` apgkgÿk pýblgo`+ âltak dxplgo` qud ka f`y hdeaoròg` e`sgv` sgk apgkgÿk pýblgo`, çst` surnddk rdlògÿk oak l` oakstruoogÿkhdstruoogÿk hd ogdrtas tde`s dk dl oè

pa saog`l y paltgoa y qud sak abmdta hd gktdrçs pýblgoa+ W` ka ds pasgbldnabdrk`r gnkar`kha la qud hdsd` l` apgkgÿk pýblgo`, puds dl sucr`ngaukgvdrs`l y l` dldvògÿk hdl kgvdl hd vgh` ablgn`k oaksghdr`r l`s spgrògakds hd l` e`s` hd oguh`h`kas, oaksghdr` dstd utar+ Dk dstd praodsa, lassakhdas y las eavgegdktas hd apgkgÿk &oaea las eavgegdktas saog`lds'

rdprdsdkt`k l pýblgoa+ L` ldngtgegh`h hd l` apgkgÿk pýblgo` pravgdkd hd l`hdeaoròg , su gkstruedkta eàs gepart`ktd ds dl sucr`nga9 oak çl sd bdkdog` a o`stgn` las palåtgoas d gkolusa las edhgas &gbgh +, pp+ ?4?3'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, l` ldngtgegh`h hd las paltgoas dstà lgn`h` oak l`s dldoogakds, su cudrz` dqugv`ld ` las vatas qud abtgdkdk+ Las paltgoas utglgz`k dl dspòga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` p`r` oakvdkodr `l pýblgoa hdsus prapudst`s+ L` oaeukgoògÿk ka ds uk dspòga odrr`ha sgka `bgdrta` l` saogdh`h9 las paltgoas, d gkolusa las edhgas, sgdeprd f`bl`k par la

edkas dk has kgvdlds, t`kta sus p`rds oaea l` apgkgÿk pýblgo`+Cgk`ledktd l` ldngtgegh`h hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk ‟prgargt`rgèdktd hd l` tv ‟ sd b`s` dk l` gkcareògÿk y l` ortgo`9 çst` ds cràngl dkou`kta l` gkcareògÿk ds hdcare`bld+ X ebgçk tgdkdk oaea abmdtgva vgngl`r ` las paltgoas y ough`r qud l`s hde`kh`s hd l` apgkgÿk pýblgo` sdouepl`k+ Z`r` las edhgas, l` apgkgÿk pýblgo` ds su oaep`dra, puds cukogak` oaea uk lg`ha p`r` dkcrdkt`rsd las paltgoas &gbgh +, 0776'

L` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` ds gkhgspdks`bld p`r` dl cukogakègdktahd l` hdeaoròg` e`sgv` dk dl sdktgha hdsodkhdktd, hdl pahdr paltgoa ldldotar`ha ` tr`vçs hd las edhgas9 pdra tèbgçk dk dl sdktgha `sodkhdktd, hd l` apgkgÿk pýblgo` las paltgoas, edhg`ktd las sakhdas+



28

Dst` hdkgogÿk olàsgo` hd oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo` rdegtd l`s oakodpogakds kare`tgv`s hd l` tdar` hdeaoràtgo`+ _dnýk l` tdar` hdeaoràtgo`tr`hgogak`l, las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk hdbdr`k mun`r uk p`pdl hd edhg`hards dktrd l` ol`sd paltgo` y l` saogdh`h ogvgl, sgk deb`rna, dk l`

rd`lgh`h òtu`l, las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk usu`ledktd mudn`k ` sdr nrupas hd prdsgÿk9 dl nabgdrka edkuha lanr` oakoglg`r sus prapgas gktdrdsds oak las hd las edhgas+ Euy edkuha, las edhgas sd oakstgtuydkoaea nrupas hd prdsgÿk, par dlla las prgkogp`lds, ds hdogr, l`s tdldvgsar`s, mudn`k c`var hdl rçngedk, pdra dk ndkdr`l kdnaog`k su pastur` hdòudrha oak l` ogroukst`kog`+

L` palo` spoola y las so`las eoas

L` tdar` hdeaoràtgo` tr`hgogak`l sd`l` qud las edhgas, y dl pdrgahgsea dk p`rtgoul`r, hdbdr`k oubrgr trds cukogakds bàsgo`s dk l` saogdh`h=

0+ Las edhgas hdbdk sdrvgr hd gkcare`hards hdl oaktdodr saog`l, ds pdog`ledktd hd las tde`s qud `cdot`k ` las gktdrdsds saog`lds, dshdogr, hdbdk `tdkhdr odktr`ledktd l` dscdr` pýblgo`+

2+ Las pdrgahgst`s hdbdk rd`lgz`r uk pdrgahgsea ortgoa hdl dmdrogoga

hdl pahdr, ds hdogr, hdbdk sdr dl pdrra nu`rhgàk hd las gktdrdsds hdl` saogdh`h+

?+ Las edhgas hdbdk oakstgtugrsd oaea uk cara hd ghd`s hakhd sddxprdsd l` plur`lgh`h hd las nrupas qud oaepakdk l` saogdh`h+

Las ortgoas qud f`bl`k hd l` vghdapaltgo` oagkoghdk dk qud òtu`ledktd las edhgas tgdkhdk b`khak`r dst`s trds cukogakds qud lds sgnk` l` tdar` hdeaoràtgo`, dk lun`r hd pdrgahgsea ortgoa sd rd`lgz` pdrga

hgsea hd dspdotàoula9 dk vdz hd edhg`hards hd l` dscdr` pýblgo`, lasedhgas sd oakvgdrtdk dk las prat`nakgst`s9 dk vdz hd cara hd ghd`s las edhgas `hapt`k care`tas faeandkdgz`ktds qud lds rdpart`k nr`khds n`k`kog`s pdra qud dxoluydk l` hgvdrsgh`h saog`l+++

_gk deb`rna, ka taha dstà pdrhgha, puds las edhgas y sabrd taha dleukha hdl pdrgahgsea, p`r` abtdkdr ordhgbglgh`h, hdbdk `p`rdkt`r qudouepldk l`s cukogakds qud lds atarn` l` hdeaoròg` puds hd dlla hdpdkhd su ldngtgegh`h+ Hd e`kdr` qud, hdbdk oueplgr dk p`rtd dst`s cukogakds p`r` ldngtge`rsd y tdkdr ordhgbglgh`h &ds hdogr, o`pògh`h hd gkudkog`' y r`tgkn &gknrdsas par oaktr`tas publgogt`rgas'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, l` rdkav`h` gkudkog` hd las edhgas ka hdtdregk`qud l` saogdh`h ogvgl pgdrh` tah` su o`pògh`h hd gkudkog` `ktd dl bla



24

qud “nrupa paltgoa haegk`ktdedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk―+ Dk prgedr lun`r, parqud l` ol`sd paltgo` y las edhgas sak euy fdtdrançkdas, `soaea parqud las hgstgktas nrupas paltgoas y edhgàtgoas rdprdsdkt`k gktdrdsds oaktr`hgotargas+

Dk sdnukha lun`r, parqud l` pablògÿk tgdkd o`pògh`h hd rdbdl`rsd ydxprds`r su hdsoaktdkta &oaktr` l` ol`sd paltgo` haegk`ktd y las edhgashd oaeukgoògÿk'9 oaktr` dl nabgdrka tr`vçs hd uk vata hd o`stgna dldotar`l y oaktr` las edhgas ` tr`vçs hd uk oèbga hd prdcdrdkog`s edhgàtgo`s &r`tgkn, khgods hd ordhgbglgh`h, dto+'+ Dk dstd sdktgha, `p`rdktdedktd, dk `lnuk`s ao`sgakds, oaea las pdrgahas hd “tr`ksgogÿk―, ` tr`vçs hdl` oakcareògÿk hd eavglgzògakds saog`lds y paltgo`s, l` saogdh`h tdkhrå` uk` e`yar o`pògh`h hd gkudkog`, la ou`l sd oaeprabÿ dk l`s oè

p``s hdl 2:::+Dst` o`pògh`h hd gkudkog` hdl pýblgoa ds hgcåogl hd ordhgt`r dk uk

eaedkta dk qud l` vghdapaltgo` f` lldn`ha ` sus e`yards kgvdlds hddstrghdkog` oak las dsoàkh`las paltgoas, oaea cud dl o`sa hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3+

Dk l`s oèp``s hd 2::3 hd Eçxgoa, las llè`has dsoàkh`las edhgàtgoas y l`s oèp`ð`s kdn`tgv`s dk ndkdr`l gkuydrak hdogsgvèdktddk dl dldotar`ha9 pdra ds prdvgsgbld qud dsta ka sgdeprd cukogakd s+ DkDst`has Tkghas, hakhd tr`hgogak`ledktd sd hgsd` l` tdokalan` paltgo`

hd oèp``s, sd f` prab`ha qud l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s cukogak`k bgdkdk l`s prgedr`s ao`sgakds, pdra dk l`s sgnugdktds ao`sgakds l` pablògÿkord` hdcdks`s oaktr` l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s &Earrgs, 2::?'+

Las dsoàkh`las edhgàtgoas sd gksorgbdk hdktra hd atr` nr`k tdkhdkog` oaktdeparàkd`= l` paltgo` dspdotàoula+ Hdktra hd l` tdkhdkog` hdl

prat`nakgsea hd las edhgas sd dkoudktr` l` eah` hd oakvdrtgr taha pranrè`, dvdkta oultur`l, paltgoa a saog`l dk dspdotàoula+ Dxgstdk euof`s r`zakds p`r` tr`kscare`r tahas las pranrè`s dk dspdotàoulas,

uk` hd l`s prgkogp`lds ds l` oaepdtdkog` hd l`s tdldvgsar`s par dl r`tgkn+Z`r`hÿmgoèdktd l` oaepdtdkog` hd l`s tdldvgsar`s par `tr`dr nr`khdsùhgdkog s las lldv`, par uk` p`rtd, ` gkkav`r9 pdra par l` atr`, ` rdprahuogr las care`tas hd las pranrè`s eàs dxgtasas= t`li sfaws, rd`lgtysfaws, hdpartds+++ O`sg tahas las katgog`rgas, par dmdepla, rdprahuodkl`s egse`s tdkhdkog`s p`r` lanr`r uk dspdotàoula= brdvdh`h, oakcraktògÿk, kdn`tgvgsea, gktdrprdtògÿk, prakÿstgoas, pdrsak`lgzògÿk, dtoçtdr` &Raspgr, dk Euaz@laksa y Raspgr, 0777'+

Zdra ka sÿla las edhgas f`k oakvdrtgha ` l` paltgo` dk uk dspdotàoula, sgka qud las egseas dspdot`hards l` pdrogbdk s+ @ hdogr hd RabdrtaNr`khg &2::2', p`r` las dldotards, l`s oèp``s tdldvgs`h`s sak oaeard`lgty sfaws, hakhd las o`khgh`tas tgdkdk qud supdr`r l` prudb` hd l`



23

òtuògÿk crdktd ` l`s oàe`r`s+ Dl o`khgh`ta hdbd hdeastr`r sus ou`lgh`hds hd lhdr y su sdnurgh`h dk l` ndstgÿk hdl bgdk pýblgoa dk hgcdrdktdsoaktdxtas+ Dk dstd sdktgha, l` gepart`kog` hd las edhgas, hd l` tdldvgsgÿky hd l` egse` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` oaksgstd dk oakstrugr dl dsodk`rga

hd l` prudb`+L` paltgo` oaea dspdotàoula edhgàtgoa lldn` ` su ouledk oak l``ndkh` hd tde`s kdn`tgvas y dsoàkh`las edhgàtgoas qud sd oakvgdrtd dkdl oar`zÿk hd l` gkcareògÿk hd l`s oèp``s+ F`y qud e`tgz`r qud lasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk dk Eçxgoa sudldk llè`r “dsoàkh`la― ` ou`lqugdr gkcareògÿk hd o`ràotdr kdn`tgva p`r` uk o`khgh`ta+ Dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd hgstgknud dktrd las oakodptas “dsoàkh`las― y “tde`s kdn`tgvas―+ Dstas ýltgeas sak katgog`s qud gkuydk kdn`tgvèdktd dk lòèp`` hd uk o`khgh`ta, dk oèbga las dsoàkh`las sdr`k=

Oaea hdkgogÿk hd tr`b`ma, pahråèas hdogr qud “dsoàkh`la― hdkat``qudll`s òogakds a òaktdogegdktas qud geplgo`k ogdrtas tgpas hd tr`snrdsgÿk qud sak pudstas dk oakaogegdkta hd tdrodras y qud rdsult`k lasuogdktdedktd sdrgas p`r` pravao`r uk` rdspudst` pýblgo` &Xfaepsak,2::0, p+ ?2'+

Oaea las dsoàkh`las y las tde`s kdn`tgvas lanr`k uk `lta r`tgkn, `

las edhgas lds gktdrds` hdvdl`r las oakgotas hd las cèasas+ @ dstdcòtar sd `nrdn` qud las dsoàkh`las y tde`s kdn`tgvas rdprdsdkt`k dsdtgpa ghd`l hd katgog` p`r` qud ou`lqugdr edhga rdb`sd l` oaepdtdkog`,ds uk` kat` argngk`l, tr`sodkhdktd, kavdhas`+++ dk dl edmar hd las o`sassd oakvgdrtd dk uk` bal` hd kgdvd qud sd rdprahuod dk tahas las edhgasy h` cè` `l edhga qud l` e`qugkÿ par prgedr` vdz+ L` gkhustrg` hdldsoàkh`la y hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas ds uk` rè` subsghg`rg` hd l` gkhustrg` edhgàtgo`9 dk l` otu`lgh`h f`y kuedrasas pranrè`s hd “oatgllda―

y l` e`yar p`rtd hd las katgog`rgas gktdnr`k uk oaepakdktd cukhèdkt`l hd “oatgllda―+ _abr` òl`r`r qud euofas hd dstas pranrè`s sd ubgo`k dk dl prged tged hd l` tdldvgsgÿk nròg`s ` l`s nr`khds ùhgdkog`squd oakvao`k+

Oèbas l` ol` palo` q paevl` palo` spoola

Tk` dxplgoògÿk gepart`ktd hdl ùnd hd l` paltgo` dspdotàoula, sakl`s tr`kscareògakds qud f`k sucrgha dk as rdogdktds las otards hd lòaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, paltgoas, edhgas y pýblgoa dldotar+



2>

W` sd òl`rÿ qud l` vghdapaltgo` y l` èdrgo`kgzògÿk praeudvdk l` pdrsak`lgzògÿk hd l` paltgo`9 ds hdogr, qud las o`khgh`tas hdsplòdk `l p`rtgha, t`kta parqud las p`rtghas dstàk euy odktr`lgz`has gktdrkèdktd dk sus lhdrds oaea parqud dl oaktdxta saog`l gkodktgv` uk` luof` pa

ltgo` hd lhdrds eàs qud hd p`rtghas+ W` ds uk lun`r oaeýk qud las p`rtghas p`hdodk uk` orgsgs hd ordhgbglgh`h, par la ou`l, ds eàs càogl qud laso`khgh`tas ‟edkas oakaoghas y edkas rdpuhg`has par dl pýblgoa‟ rdou

pdrdk l` oak`kz` hd las dldotards ` qud la f`n`k las p`rtghas+Zdra, gkolusa, las egseas dldotards caedkt`k l` pdrsak`lgzògÿk hd

l` paltgo` parqud o`sg sgdeprd sd eudstr`k eàs gktdrds`has par l` òtuògÿk hd las paltgoas qud par las praydotas hd nabgdrka a l` ghdalan`hdl p`rtgha+++ Hd fdofa, dk l` e`yar` hd p`sds qud hds`rrall`k dstd praodsa hd èdrgo`kgzògÿk hd l` paltgo`, las dldotards rd`lgz`k uk “vatahgcdrdkog`ha― &splgt%tgoidt vatgkn', la ou`l eatgv` `l o`khgh`ta ` `suegr uk` pasgogÿk edkas ghdalÿngo` y eàs pr`neàtgo` p`r` oakqugst`r `ldldotar`ha+

@ k hd oudkt`s, dl dldotar`ha sd f` vudlta eàs fdtdrançkda saog`l youltur`ledktd, par la ou`l, ds edkas oaktral`bld par las p`rtghas+ Zar dstd eatgva, las p`rtghas òtu`lds hdbdk eahgo`r su dstruotur`+ Dstaf` eatgv`ha ` las p`rtghas ` hdspl`z`rsd fòg` dl odktra y hdse`ro`rsdhd su tr`hgogak`l ghdktgh`h ghdalÿngo`+ Igroffdgedr f` hdkaegk`ha `

dst`s kudv`s oaknurògakds o`tof%`ll p`rtgds &“p`rtghas tr`p`taha―'+@l faealan`rsd, l`s pl`t`care`s p`rtgh`rg`s tgdkdk qud oaepdtgr `

tr`vçs hd l`s pdrsak`lgh`hds hd sus lhdrds p`r` hgcdrdkog`rsd ukas hdatras9 l` vgh` pýblgo` y prgv`h` hd dstas lhdrds sd oakvgdrtd dk dl odktrahd tdkogÿk eàs llà hd las pranrè`s y l` ghdktgh`h ghdalÿngo`+ Hd dstdeaha, las drrards, c`llas y dsoàkh`las hd uk lhdr paltgoa, rdprdsdkt`kuk` apartukgh`h gkedmar`bld p`r` dl ordogegdkta hd su `hvdrs`rga+ Dkdst` ogroukst`kog`, las dsoàkh`las pakdk prudb` l`s pdrsak`lgh`hds hd

las lhdrds y yuh`k hgcdrdkog`rlas &Xfaepsak, 2::0'+L`s oèp``s, par t`kta, y` ka hds`rrall`k lhdrds paltgoas sgka lhdrds edhgàtgoas, p`r` dlla sd rdourrd l e`ridtgkn palåtgoa9 ds hdogr, l`

publgogh`h paltgo` qud utglgz` las care`tas hd l` paltgo` dspdotàoula+W` ka sak las paltgoas qugdkds nu`k las edhgas, sgka qud las dxpdrtasdk edhgas qugdkds nu`k ` las paltgoas dk dl oèpa hd l` oaeukgoògÿk

paltgo`+ X`kta dk las care`tas hd l` tv oaea dk dl e`kdma hd ge`ndk hdlas paltgoas sd `prdog` l` fdndeak` hdl hgsoursa publgogt`rga, ds hdogr,l` hgkàego` hdl dspdotàoula+

Hdktra hd l` nr`k v`rgdh`h hd pasgbglgh`hds p`r` oakstrugr edks`mds publgogt`rgas sd dkoudktr`k l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv`+ Dstas edks`mds hdsorgbdk a llè`k l` `tdkogÿk sabrd las hdcdotas a l`s hdbglgh`hds hd uk



26

o`khgh`ta `hvdrs`rga ya hd sus pasgogakds paltgo`s+ Dxgstd uk` pracukh` oaktravdrsg` sabrd las dcdotas hd l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv`+ Zar uk l`ha,euofas gkvdstgn`hards sdnur`k qud dl dldotar`ha sudld rdof`z`r l`s oè

p``s b`s`h`s dk `t`quds, y qud dl prgedr dcdota hd l`s oèp``s kdn`tg

v`s sudld sdr l` bstdkogÿk+ Zar atra l`ha, euofas atras utards hdsegdktdk dst` gktdrprdtògÿk tr`hgogak`l y `sdnur`k qud l`s gkvdstgnògakds ka`rram`k h`tas oakoluydktds l rdspdota &Ordspa dt l+, 2::8'+

Tsu`ledktd, las edks`mds kdn`tgvas sd ol`sgo`k, par su kgvdl hd`nrdsgvgh`h, dk= 0' las `t`quds `h faegkde &hdso`lgoògakds hgrdot`shdl `hvdrs`rga'9 2' l` `pdlògÿk `l egdha & edk`z`r oak hdsnròg`s dko`sa hd qud vatdk a hdmdk hd vat`r uk o`khgh`ta' y9 ?' l`s ahgas`s oae%

p`rògakds, &sd oaep`r`k praeds`s hd uk o`khgh`ta a p`rtgha oak susrdsult`has hd nabgdrka, a sus oaepraegsas oak su òtuògÿk+++'+ Oaeýkedktd, l`s oèp``s mudn`k has b`kh`s oak l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` y l` prahuoogÿk hd dsoàkh`las &dk l` `ndkh` pýblgo`'9 èb`s tàotgo`ssak p`rtd hd l` oèp`` kdn`tgv`+

@lnukas ùtards hdl paseahdrkgsea &Bùhrgll`rh, 0776' sungdrdkqud l` `hgoogÿk hd l` pablògÿk ` las dspdotàoulas edhgàtgoas ka rdprdsdkt` sgepld gkhgcdrdkog`, sgka uk` òtgtuh ortgo` fòg` dl pahdr, uk`subvdrsgÿk hd l` pablògÿk p`r` `kgqugl`r l`s prdtdksgakds hd e`kgpulògÿk hd l` pablògÿk qud tgdkdk las paltgoas+ Ka sdr` gkhgcdrdkog` hd l`

pablògÿk, sgka rdof`za ` l` paltgo` tr`hgogak`l qud sd b`s` dk hgsoursasrògak`lds, ghdalan`s tr`hgogak`lds, dstdrdatgpas p`rtgh`rgas+++

@ukqud ka saeas t`k aptgegst`s p`r` gktdrprdt`r dl sgldkoga hd l`se`s`s oaea uk` hdogsgÿk rògak`l y ortgo` hdl sgstde`, sg orda qud dlrdof`za hd l` pablògÿk ` l`s ghdalan`s tr`hgogak`lds rdprdsdkt` uk`dsogsgÿk hdl pýblgoa oak las paltgoas+ Zdra dl sgldkoga ka pudhd rdprdsdkt`r uk` oakogdkog` oråtgo` hdl pýblgoa parqud dsta sgnkgo`rå` qud l`

pablògÿk ds dl òtar odktr`l, dl hdogsgva hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+++

Dsta ka pudhd `re`rsd ou`kha sd hdeudstr` qud dl rdof`za hd l` pa blògÿk ` l` care` dk qud apdr`k l`s gkstgtuogakds pýblgo`s ka gkuydhdogsgvèdktd dk l`s hdogsgakds hdl nabgdrka+

_g rd`ledktd l` pablògÿk tuvgdr` dst` o`pògh`h hd gkoghgr dk las paltgoas, ka dxgstgr` dst` pracukh` hgvgsgÿk dktrd l` pablògÿk y las paltgoas+ Zar t`kta, orda, qud dl oaksuea hd pranrè`s dspdotòul`rds, sg

bgdk pudhd supakdr uk` ortgo` `l dmdrogoga tr`hgogak`l hd l` paltgo`, kasd oakstgtuyd oaea uk` òtgtuh lgbdr`har`, sgka oaea uk òta hd rdsgstdkog` euy dldedkt`l+

Dk dl o`sa oakordta hd l` `ndkh` hd dsoàkh`las y publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hd l`s oèp``s, l` oakolusgÿk tèbgçk v` eàs `llà hd `trgbugr uk`gkudkog` hdogsgv` las edhgas+ _gk kdn`r l` gepart`kog` hd las dsoàk



27

h`las y l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s, sd hdbd e`tgz`r qud las tde`s kdn`tgvas ka tgdkdk uk` gkudkog` hgrdot`, sgka edhg`h` par l`s dstr`tdng`s

palåtgo`s+ Dsta sgnkgo` qud l` gkudkog` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdpdkhd hd l` o`pògh`h qud tdkn` o`h` oèp`` p`r`= 0' gktrahuogr y `heg

kgstr`r las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd sus `hvdrs`rgas dk l` `ndkh` pýblgo`9 2'oaktral`r las hàs hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd su prapg` oèp`` dk l``ndkh` pýblgo`+

Las sas opoÿ

Dxgstdk oarpus tdÿrgoas qud `part`k uk` nr`k o`pògh`h dxplgo`tgv` p`r` dl dstuhga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` edxgo`k`, oarpus qud sak ltdrk`tgvas ` l`s tdar`s tr`hgogak`lds hd oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`= l` tr`hgogÿk gknlds` hd las dstuhgas ortgoas hd edhgas9 las ùtards hd tdar`s hdl` rdodpogÿk9 las dstuhgas hd sdegÿtgo`s hd l` dkukogògÿk, dktrd atras+

@ukqud dl oakodpta odktr`l qud nu` dl `kàlgsgs hd oèp`` qud sdfòd dk dstd lgbra ds l` oakodptu`lgzògÿk hd oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` hdHaegkgqud altak, tèbgçk sd rdourrd oakst`ktdedktd las oakodptashd tdar`s qud v`k hdshd las dstuhgas oultur`lds brgtàkgoas y las dstuhgas hdrdodpogÿk hd oaeukgoògÿk, f`st` l` oakodpogÿk hd pahdr hd Egofdl Cau

oùlt y hd @ktfaky Nghhdks+L` tr`hgogÿk hd dstuhgas hd l` rdodpogÿk p`rtd hd has supudstas bàsg

oas 0' dl oaktdkgha hd las edhgas ds “palgsçegoa―, a bgdrta hgcdrdktdsgktdrprdtògakds, y 2' l` ùhgdkog` ds sgdeprd òtgv`, ds hdogr, tgdkd o`

pògh`h hd `ndkog`, dk tçregkas hd l` tdar` hd l` dstruoturògÿk &Earldy, 0773, p+ ?>9 Arazoa, 2::89 Mdksdk, 0774'+

@ p`rtgr hd dst`s tdar`s sd pl`ktd`k las sgnugdktds prdsupudstas tdÿrgoas p`r` l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` dk Eçxgoa=

0' Dk l`s hdeaoròg`s usu`ledktd dl dspdotra hd las edhgas ds plur`l+Las prgkogp`lds edhgas hds`rrall`k uk` “plur`lgh`h gktdrk`― parqud sudldk oakt`r oak vaods hd hgvdrs`s `lgògakds ghdalÿngo`s,gzqugdrh`, hdrdof`, odktra+++ @hdeàs, par atr` p`rtd, dl dspdotra hdlas edhgas ds plur`l parqud sudldk dxgstgr edhgas qud rdprdsdkt`kl`s prgkogp`lds tdkhdkog`s ghdalÿngo`s qud oakvgvdk dk l` saogdh`h, gzqugdrh`, hdrdof`, kògak`lgst`s+++ @ dstd ýltgea praodsa hdldspòga pýblgoa ld llè`rdeas “plur`lgh`h dxtdrk`―+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, sd oaepdks`r`k las sdsnas c`var y dk oaktr` hd l`s prgkog

p`lds tdkhdkog`s paltgo`s+



?:

2' Zar dst`s hgcdrdktds vaods y tr`hgogakds oultur`lds las edks`mds hdlas edhgas sudldk sdr palgsçegoas hdshd su oakcdoogÿk, sak plur`lds, `bgdrtas ` eýltgplds sgnkgoògakds+

?' Zdra la eàs gepart`ktd ds qud dl rdodptar ds òtgva, sgdeprd rdgk

tdrprdt` las edks`mds+ Dsta sd hdbd, prgkogp`ledktd, qud l` sgnkgoògÿk hd l` uhgdkog` ka ds uk praodsa hdpdkhgdktd hdl degsar ahdl edhga hd oaeukgoògÿk, sgka uk oaepldma praodsa hd gkudkog`s, hakhd gktdròtý`k tahas las ndktds y ogroukst`kog`s hdl praodsa oaeukgo`tgva9 pdra dk ýltge` gkst`kog` ds uk praodsa qudrd`lgz` dl rdodptar+

8' L` rdsgnkgoògÿk hdl pýblgoa sd rd`lgz` dk uk oaeplgo`ha oaktdxta hd edhgògakds+ Dst` nr`k o`pògh`h hd l`s ùhgdkog`s ka ds l`ýkgo` hdtdregk`ktd dk dl praodsa hd sgnkgoògÿk+ Zar dl oaktr`rga, oaea y` sd `puktÿ, l` sgnkgoògÿk sd lanr` oaea dl rdsult`hahd uk` b`t`ll` pdre`kdktd dktrd las hgcdrdktds `ndktds y ogroukst`kog`s hdl praodsa oaeukgo`tgva+ Dxgstdk kuedrasas còtardsqud gkuydk dk l` hgvdrsgh`h hd edhgas, nrupas hd gkudkog`,ghdalan`s paltgo`s+++

4' L` rdsgnkgoògÿk sd rd`lgz` oaea uk` luof` hd pahdr+ Las tdxtaska sak uk` pàngk` dk bl`koa p`r` la qud hdsdd gktdrprdt`r dl rdodptar+ Zar dl oaktr`rga, l` tr`hgogÿk hd las dstuhgas oultur`lds gk

sgstd dk qud dxgstdk ol usur`s hd sdktgha gksorgt`s dk dl tdxta pds`r hd l` palgsdeg`+ Hdktra hd dst`s ldotur`s, dl rdodptar pahràfòdr ldotur`s haegk`h`s &qud rdprahuodk dl sdktgha prapudsta

par dl degsar'9 kdnaog`h`s &qud rdgktdrprdt`k p`rog`ledktd dl sdktgha prapudsta par dl degsar' a9 ortgo`s &qud hdoakstruydk las edo`kgseas hd pahdr gksorgtas dk dl tdxta y pdregtdk uk` gktdrprdtògÿk prapg` hdl tdxta'+

3' Zar ýltgea, l` rdlògÿk dktrd las paltgoas, las edhgas y dl pýblgoa ds

uk` rdlògÿk hd pahdr, uk` oarrdlògÿk hd cudrz`s, oèbg`ktd dk dltgdepa y dl dspòga+ _dnýk Cauoùlt, dl pahdr ds l` rdsult`ktd hd ukòarrdlògÿk hd eýltgplds cudrz`s qud sd dkcrdkt`k dk uk oèpa hdluof`+ Z`r` Cauoùlt ka f`y pahdr sgk rdsgstdkog`+ Dl sumdta dedrndoaea rdsult`ktd hd l` tdksgÿk p`r`hÿmgo` dktrd pahdr y rdsgstdkog`+

Z`r` l` e`l` cartuk` hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk, l`s oèp``s edxgo`k`ska publgo`k las dstuhgas ou`lgt`tgvas qud pdregtgr`k oaktr`st`r pldkèdktd dstas prdsupudstas hd las dstuhgas hd rdodpogÿk+ Z`rtgoul`redktddk l`s oèp``s hd 2::3, las dstuhgas ou`lgt`tgvas oaea las nrupas cao`lds cudrak uk` hd l`s prgkogp`lds cudktds hd gkcareògÿk p`r` l`s oè

p``s kdn`tgv`s+ Zdra oaea l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s dstàk prafgbgh`s



?0

ldn`ledktd, las nrupas cao`lds qud rd`lgzÿ l` oèp`` hdl p k tèbgçksd e`ktuvgdrak aoult`s+ Ka f`b` qud hdm`r r`stra hd l` oèp`` kdn`tgv`+ Dl egsea Hgoi Earrgs, qud oal`barÿ dk l` oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, oakcdsÿ pýblgoèdktd qud ka pah` f`bl`r hd l` oèp`` prdsghdk

og`l hdl p`k parqud f`bå` re`ha uk oaktr`ta hd oakhdkog`lgh`h&Aleas, 2::>'+Zar atr` p`rtd, ` pds`r hd qud sd oaksghdr` `l sumdta oaea òtgva, t`k

ta las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk oaea dl nrupa paltgoa haegk`ktd e`ktgdkdk euofas rdoursas p`r` gkugr dk dl rdodptar+ Baurhgdu &2:::'fòd uk rdoudkta hd las gkedksas rdoursas hdl nabgdrka p`r` e`kgpul`r ` las edhgas= rdoursas doakÿegoas hdstgk`has ` publgogh`h aog`l9 eakapalga hd l` prahuoogÿk hd gkcareògÿk pýblgo`9 o`pògh`h hd e`kgpul`r l` ndkh` pýblgo`+++ @ dstas rdoursas f`br` qud nrdn`r atras dspdooas hdl sgstde` palåtgoa edxgo`ka= prdsghdkog`lgsea qud oakodktr` dl

pahdr y l`s rdlògakds oak las edhgas9 uk sgstde` ldn`l hd oakodsgakdshd edhgas hdpdkhgdktd hdl prdsghdktd9 dxdkogakds hd gepudstas y euof`s atr`s prdbdkh`s qud sd absdqug`k las edhgas, dtoçtdr`+

@hdeàs, l` gkudkog` hd las edhgas sd patdkog lgz` par su aekgprdsdkog` dk las fan`rds, prgkogp`ledktd dk l`s pablògakds pabrds oaeal` edxgo`k`+ Xdrrg D`nldtak f` sastdkgha qud dk dl fdofa hd p`s`r euofa tgdepa egr`kha tdldvgsgÿk, ka ds dl dcdota ghdalÿngoa qud dmdrod dk

dl dspdot`har la qud tgdkd eàs gepart`kog` paltgo`9 prab`bldedktd sdèàs hdogsgva qud, egdktr`s egr` tdldvgsgÿk, l` ndktd ka sd oaepraedtddk uk` òtgvgh`h paltgo` eàs sdrg`9 dk pao`s p`l`br`s, sd hdseavglgz`+Oaea hgod D`nldtak, l` tdldvgsgÿk=

ds eàs uk` care` hd oaktral saog`l qud uk `p`r`ta ghdalÿngoa Y+++U L`soaksdoudkog`s ghdalÿngo`s hd uk` oultur` hdl aoga eàs odktr`h` dk dlfan`r qugzà sd hdsoubr`k dk l` taegzògÿk hd l`s pràotgo`s hd aoga y dkl`s care`s saog`lds hd `gslègdkta rdspdota hd las nrupas eàs èplgasY+++U Ds s oaea l` ghdalan` hdl aoga ka hdbd buso`rsd dk dl oaktdkgha hdlas katgog`rgas tdldvgsgvas a dk l` care` dk qud las oguh`h`kas las gktdr

prdt`k, sgka dk dl fdofa hd qud l` tdldvgsgÿk dstà pdks`h` p`r` sdr uk`òtgvgh`h p`sgv` y ka euy dxgndktd hdshd dl pukta hd vgst` gktdldotu`lY+++U p`r` l` e`yar p`rtd hd l` ùhgdkog`, l` e`yar p`rtd hdl tgdepa, lòultur` eahdrk` sd oultgv` oaea uk` care` hd dso`pd+++ &Dk _tdvdksak,0766, pp+ 088084'+

Hd e`kdr` qud l` saogdh`h hdl dspdotàoula rdspakhdrå` k hd oudkt`s `l nr`k abmdtgva hd l`s gkhustrg`s oultur`lds oaktdeparàkd`s= dktrdtdkdr l` ndktd p`r` hdseavglgz`rl` paltgoèdktd y s prdsdrv`r dl st`%tus qua+



?2

dl soà l` oaeoòÿ palo` y l`s oèp``sloa`ls Eçoa

@ p`rtgr hd dstd pl`ktdègdkta tdÿrgoa hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` sd

pudhd sundrgr qud dktrd las paltgoas, las edhgas y l` pablògÿk sd hds`rrall` uk` luof` hd pahdr, las trds `ndktds luof`k par gkugrsd eutuèdktd y, ` vdods, las edhgas y las palåtgoas lanr`k gkugr hdogsgvèdktd`l pýblgoa, pdra, dk atr`s ao`sgakds, ds dl pýblgoa qugdk gkuyd dk lòakhuot` hd las edhgas y hd las paltgoas &oaea suodhgÿ dk dl o`sa hdl` llè`h` “tr`ksgogÿk edxgo`k`―'+

@ edkuha sd hdkd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo` oaea dl oèpa hd rdlògakds oaktr`hgotarg`s dktrd paltgoas, edhgas y apgkgÿk pýblgo` & altak, 0776 '+ Zdra hur`ktd dl pdrgaha hdl utargt`rgsea dk Eçxgoa, dl dspòga pýblgoa dst`b` haegk`ha par dl rçngedk, dk dl dsodk`rga kògak`l dlnr`k dldotar dr` dl prdsghdktd+ Dl prdsghdktd dk turka dldn` su suodsar,hdogh` la qud hdb`k hgcukhgr las edhgas d gkolusa hdogh` dl oursa hdl`s dldoogakds+ Ds hdogr, dl prdsghdktd dldn` dk lun`r hd las dldotards y`kul`b` l` gkudkog` hd las edhgas+ L`s oèp`ð`s y l`s dldoogakds dr`kuk rgtu`l, sdrv`k p`r` h`rld uk` còf`h` hdeaoràtgo` `l rçngedk pdraka p`r` qud l` saogdh`h edxgo`k` dlgngdr` sus nabdrk`ktds+

Dk dl vgdma rçngedk, las edhgas odhgdrak dl oaktral paltgoa l p`rtgha

nabdrk`ktd9 oèbga, dl rçngedk lds atarnÿ nr`khds prgvgldngas doakÿegoas9 nròg`s dsta las prgkogp`lds edhgas sd oakvgrtgdrak dk oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas eultgkògak`lds &Dspgka, 2::3'+ F`st` dl eaedkta òtu`l, Xdldvgs` ds dl oarpar`tgva edhgàtgoa hd f`bl` dspàl` eàs nr`khdhdl eukha+ Zdra dk dst` douògÿk ` l` saogdh`h ogvgl ld taoÿ l` pdar p`rtd, oaea ka tdk` o`pògh`h hd gkoghgr dk l` dldoogÿk hd sus nabdrk`ktdstdk` qud sapart`r las paltgoas qud dl rçngedk utargt`rga hdsgnk`b` r

bgtr`rgèdktd+ Pugzà par sdr l` p`rtd qud eàs sucr` dk dstd rdp`rta hd

pahdr, l` saogdh`h ogvgl cud uk` hd l`s p`rtds eàs òtgv`s p`r` praeavdr dl oèbga paltgoa+Hur`ktd l` hço`h` hd las kavdkt`s, dk Eçxgoa l` pablògÿk sd rdbdlÿ

oaktr` l` lg`kz` qud dxgst` dktrd dl nabgdrka, dl p`rtgha hd Dst`ha y las prgkogp`lds edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk, par la ou`l vatÿ par l` ltdrk`kog` paltgo` &dl prg pdrhgÿ l`s dldoogakds' y las prgkogp`lds edhgas &dl oarpar`tgva Xdldvgs`' pdrhgdrak ordhgbglgh`h qud sd rddmÿ dk l` o`åh` hd r`%tgkns hd sus pranrè`s+ _gk deb`rna, `p`rdktdedktd, dl kudva p`rtghadk dl pahdr &p`k' y dl kudva oarpar`tgva tdldvgsgva &tv @ztdo`', suegdrak uk praydota sgegl`r `l hdl vgdma rçngedk+ Zastdrgaredktd, l` `hegkgstrògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax oakodhgÿ prgvgldngas qud kg sgqugdr` lasnabdrk`ktds hdl rçngedk utargt`rga f`b`k atarn`ha las oarpar`tgvas



??

tdldvgsgvas &Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`'9 dktrd dllas uk` vgrtu`l dxdkogÿk hdgepudstas, dl rdcrdkha `ktgogp`ha hd l`s oakodsgakds, l` oakodsgÿk hd o`sgkas, l` Ldy Xdldvgs`+++ Dst` `p`rdktd rdkavògÿk hdl pòta oarpar`tgvadktrd l` `hegkgstrògÿk p`kgst` y las oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas sd valv`

` fòdr hd dsp`lh`s ` l` oguh`h`k`+ L` kudv` ol`sd paltgo` p`kgst` quddktrÿ `l nabgdrka nròg`s ` l` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` prakta alvghÿ suoaepraegsa oak l` saogdh`h dk e`tdrg` hd praeaogÿk hd uk dspòga

pýblgoa eàs hdeaoràtgoa d gkoluydktd, b`khdr` qud f`b` sgha euy ge part`ktd p`r` praeavdr l` ltdrk`kog`+

Dl kudva p`karè`, dktakods, p`rdod eàs oaepldma, kg dl nrupa paltgoa haegk`ktd, lg`ha oak las edhgas, pudhd dmdrodr uk pahdr glgegt`ha, kg l` pablògÿk hdtdregk` dl oaepartègdkta hd las paltgoas y lasedhgas+ Zastula qud l`s rdlògakds dktrd las trds sdotards hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` sd hds`rrall` ‟oaea sd`l` l` oakodpogÿk hd pahdr hdCauoùlt‟ oaea uk` luof` hd pahdr, uk` oarrdlògÿk hd cudrz`s sgdeprdgkdst`bld, oèbg`ktd, hdpdkhgdktd hd l` ogroukst`kog`, dl eaedkta, dllun`r y las òtards+

Dl dsodk`rga hdl hdsearakègdkta hdl vgdma rçngedk ùtargt`rga sdhgbumÿ oaea uk praodsa o`sg o`ÿtgoa, dl nabgdrka pdrhgÿ l` ldngtgegh`hqud dk dl p`s`ha la f`b` sustdkt`ha, par dstd eatgva pdrhgÿ l` o`pògh`h hd oaktral`r oarpar`tgvèdktd tahas las sdotards y l` pablògÿk sd

eavglgzÿ e`sgvèdktd p`r` dkcrdkt`r `l rçngedk+ Zdra `hdeàs hd lascòtards dstruotur`lds, dk o`h` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`l mun`rak sgdeprddldedktas oayuktur`lds &0766, 0778 y 2:::', oaea l`s dsogsgakds hdlprg, dl surngegdkta hd lghdr`znas dk l` apasgogÿk, l`s orgsgs doakÿego`sy paltgo`s, dtoçtdr`+

Dk dstd oaktdxta, l` saogdh`h edxgo`k` sd hgvghgÿ dk kuedrasas nrupashd gkudkog`, eavgegdktas saog`lds, nrupas palåtgoas+++ L`s ol`sds hgrgndktds d gkolusa dl egsea p`rtgha hd Dst`ha tèbgçk sd hgvghgdrak dk nrupas

`bgdrtas y atras apudstas `l oèbga, `hdeàs sd vdrgo`rak atras praodsasoaea l` hdsldngtgeògÿk hdl lghdr`zna prdsghdkog`l, dl rdsurngegdkta hdoògo`znas rdngak`lds, l` hdsoaepasgogÿk hdl odktr`lgsea, dtoçtdr`+

Hur`ktd dstd pdrgaha hd nak` hdl vgdma rçngedk y hd gkst`lògÿk hdlkudva &gktdrrdnka ds l` p`l`br`', sd vdrgo`k l`s oèp`ð`s prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3+ Hd f l` oaepldmgh`h hdl kàlgsgs, puds dl e`roa gkstgtuogak`l hdl vgdma rçngedk sd e`ktgdkd y dl kudva ka f` praparogak`ha uk`kudv` rqugtdotur` gkstgtuogak`l+ Zar dstd eatgva ka ds o`su`l qud dk l`soèp``s sd rdngstrdk tdkhdkog`s hdl p`s`ha o`rna hd las kudvas otards oaea dl prdsghdkog`lgsea, dl olgdktdlgsea, l`s vgalògakds ` l` ldydldotar`l+++ Dst` ds l` fgstarg` hd l`s oèp``s hdl 2::3 qud sd oakt`ràdk l`s sgnugdktds pàngk`s+



?8

dstr`tdng` edtahaLÿngo`

Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk pl`ktdÿ oaea fgpÿtdsgs odktr`l qud dl dsodk`rga hdl` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd Eçxgoa sdtr`kscareÿ r`hgo`ledktd oak l` o`h` hdl rçngedk ùtargt`rga+ Z`r` hdeastr`rla sd oaktr`st`rak l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s hd l` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`l hdl 2::3 oak l`s qud sd rd`lgz`b`k dk dl vgdma rçngedk+ @ p`rtgr hd dstd oaktr`std sd dxplgo` l` kudv` oarrdlògÿk hd cudrz`s hdl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` otu`l+

Dk uk` sdnukh` fgpÿtdsgs, sd prapusa qud l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`soakstgtuydk dl còtar oruog`l hd l` dldoogÿk, dspdog`ledktd dk las praodsas dldotar`lds cdhdr`lds hd p`sds oaea Eçxgoa, hakhd sd tgdkd uk nr`k

p`hrÿk dldotar`l y uk` ndanr`c` euy dxtdks`+

Zar t`kta, sd taeÿ oaea abmdta hd dstuhga ` l`s trds oèp``s hd laso`khgh`tas eàs gepart`ktds hd l` oaktgdkh` prdsghdkog`l hd 2::3= 0' Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, o`khgh`ta hdl Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p k'9 2' @khrçsE`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har, o`khgh`ta hd l` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas&obt', gktdnr`h` par dl Z`rtgha hd l` Rdvaluogÿk Hdeaoràtgo` &prh', dlZ`rtgha hdl Xr`b`ma &pt' y par Oakvdrndkog`9 ?' Rabdrta E`hr`za, o`khgh`ta hd l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa, oakcare`h` par dl Z`rtgha Rdvaluogak`rga Gkstgtuogak`l &prg' y dl Z`rtgha Sdrhd Doalangst` hd Eçxgoa &pvde'+

Dl eçtaha eàs ndkdr`lgz`ha dk las dstuhgas hd oèp`` sd dkcao`

dv`lu`r l`s prgkogp`lds v`rg`blds qud gkuydk dk l` dldoogÿk+ Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk, eàs qud dv`lu`r dl dcdota hd uk` v`rg`bld, prdtdkhd dxplgo`r lòaknurògÿk hdl kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo` hdsorg

bgdkha las ralds hd las trds nr`khds otards hd l`s oèp``s= las paltgoas,las edhgas y dl pýblgoa dldotar+ _d gktdkt` eastr`r nràoèdktd dst`srdlògakds dk dl sgnugdktd dsqude`=

Nrào` G rlòas las oas l` oaeoòÿ palo`

Zalå tgoas &Oèp`ð`s edhgàtgo`s'

-Zublgogh`h palåtgo`-Rdlògakds pýblgo`s p`r` praeavdr dk

edhgas= l` oabdrtur` hd oèp`ð` pasgtgv`, dl e`kdma hd tde`s kdn`tgvas,

l` palåtgo` dspdotàoula… Edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk

-Oabdrtur` hd l`s oèp`ð`s-E`kdma hd l` ndkh`

&dkc`tgz`kha tde`s kdn`tgvas'

Zýblgoa Dldotar-Sata hura y vata su`vd

-Dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds

- Oaktdxta saog`l



?4

L`s oèp``s eo`s

Hdktra hd l`s v`rg`blds qud oarrdspakhdk ` las paltgoas sd oaksghdr`l` dstr`tdng` ndkdr`l hd l` oèp``, qud ` su vdz sd hgvghdk dk v`rgas

crdktds+ Xr`hgogak`ledktd las dstr`tdn`s dldotar`lds edxgo`kas f`bl`khd uk` “oèp`ð` grd― y hd uk` “oèp`ð` tgdrr`―+ Dst` ýltge` rddrd l` oèp`` hd prasdlgtgsea hgrdota, l` ou`l oaksgstd dk prdsdktògakdshdl o`khgh`ta dk etgkds y rdukgakds pýblgo`s, dto+ Dk oèbga, l` oè

p`ð` `grd rddrd ` l` dstr`tdng` hd gktdrvdkogÿk dk edhgas qud hds`rrall`k las o`khgh`tas9 dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd ld hdkaegk`rà “oèp`` hdedhgas― a “oèp`` edhgàtgo`―+ Las prgkogp`lds dldedktas hd dst` oè

p`` sak= 0' oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h paltgo`, y 2' rdlògakds pýblgo`soak las edhgas p`r` praeavdr uk` oabdrtur` pasgtgv` y uk budk e`kdmahd l` ndkh` pýblgo` &dsta ýltgea sd lanr` tr`vçs hd l` paltgo` dspdotàoula y hd l` hegkgstrògÿk hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas'+

@ukqud l`s oèp``s hds`rrall`k v`rg`s dstr`tdng`s p`r` pdrsu`hgr `l dldotar`ha, tr`hgogak`ledktd sd oaksghdr` qud dk uk` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l l` dstr`tdng` hd oaeukgoògÿk e`sgv` ds dl prgkogp`l còtar hdlçxgta hd l` oèp``+ _gk deb`rna, oaea uk rds`bga hd l`s oèp``squd sd rd`lgz`b`k hur`ktd dl rçngedk utargt`rga, l`s oèp``s edxgo`k`s oakodhdk uk` nr`k gepart`kog` l` dstr`tdng` tgdrr`+ Zudsta qud l`s

oèp``s ùk hdhgo`k euofa tgdepa y rdoursas ` dst` dstr`tdng`, sdhdsorgbgrà, hd e`kdr` sdkogll`, oÿea gepldedkt`rak su dstr`tdng` hd

prasdlgtgsea hgrdota l`s trds nr`khds oèp``s+2

Hdktra hd l` dscdr` hd gkudkog` hd las palåtgoas tèbgçk sd oaksghdr`k atr`s v`rg`blds subsghg`rg`s oaea sak= l`s oèp``s olgdktdl`rds,dsta ds, dl usa hd pranrè`s dst`t`lds ya rdoursas p`r` argdkt`r dl vata9l`s oèp``s p`r`ldl`s qud rd`lgz`k òtards qud ka sak o`khgh`tas,oaea sak dl Zrdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo` y las nrupas deprds`rg`lds9 l`

dv`luògÿk qud l` pablògÿk rd`lgz`b` hdl nabgdrka s`lgdktd &l` hegkgstrògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax' dktrd atras còtards+++

2 Oaea dmdepla hd l` gepart`kog` hd dst` dstr`tdng`, pahdeas kat`r qud dk dl a 2::4y prgkogpgas hdl 2::3, Lÿpdz Abr`har sd e`ktuva ` l` o`bdz` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s oak b`sd dkuk` dstr`tdng` hd prasdlgtgsea hgrdota, ka t`kta oak uk` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas kg hd uk` dstr`tdng` oarpar`tgvaolgdktdl`r+



?3

L` èsòÿ l` `` pýblo`

Z`r` k`lgz`r l` dvaluogÿk hd l`s dstr`tdng`s hd oèp`` sd f`rà uk`rdvgsgÿk dxfùstgv` hd l`s òtgvgh`hds edhgàtgo`s hd las o`khgh`tas+

Oaea y` sd hgma, sd pudhdk hgvghgr l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s dk has v`rg`blds prgkogp`lds= 0' prahuoogÿk y hgcusgÿk hd publgogh`h paltgo`9 2'`hegkgstrògÿk hd l` ndkh` pýblgo`+

_abrd las mudnas hd pahdr qud sd hds`rrall`k dktrd o`khgh`tas y edhgas oak l` k`lgh`h hd e`kdm`r l` ndkh`, l` fgstarg` ds euy l`rn`+ Hur`ktd l` çpao` hdl ùtargt`rgsea, las edhgas prgvgldng`b`k hdso`r`hèdktd ` las o`khgh`tas hdl prg atarnàkhalds eàs tgdepa y us`kha`hmdtgvas pasgtgvas p`r` hdsorgbgr sus oèp``s+ Dk oèbga, las apasgtards sd lds atarn`b`k tgdepas euy rdhuoghas y sd lds hdso`lgo`bùs`kha `hmdtgvas kdn`tgvas+ Zdra hdshd 0778, dl gcd oaedkzÿ ` dxgngr `las edhgas oabdrtur`s eàs dqugt`tgv`s y p`r` ablgn`rlas oaedkzÿ rd`lgz`r dstuhgas hd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha qud eastr`b`k l` o`ktgh`h y dltèà hd las dspògas, `s oaea dl tgpa hd `hmdtgvas qud us`b`k lasedhgas p`r` rdcdrgrsd o`h` oèp``+

Dk las ýltgeas às hdl sgnla xx, las edhgas edxgo`kas `prdkhgdrak prakta l` ldoogÿk y oaedkz`rak ` hdhgo`r ` las o`khgh`tas dspògasdqugv`ldktds ` su cudrz` dldotar`l+ @hdeàs l` e`yar` hd edhgas hdstd

rr`rak dl usa hd `hmdtgvas o`lgo`tgvas p`r` dvgt`r qud su sdsna cudrò`pt`ha par dl gcd+ _gk deb`rna, dsta ka sgdeprd sd tr`huma dk oabdrtur`s hd oèp`` eàs dqugt`tgv`s, sgka qud vdods sÿla sd dl`bar`rak eçtahas eàs sastgo`has p`r` sdsn`r l` gkcareògÿk+

Z`r` dv`lu`r l`s oabdrtur`s hd l`s oèp``s, dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sdrd`lgzÿ uk dstuhga hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hgcdrdktd las tr`hgogak`lds+Dl abmdtgva ka cud t`kta rdvgs`r las dspògas kg l`s edkogakds hdhgo`h`s` l`s oèp``s hd las o`khgh`tas, puds dsta y` la rd`lgz` dl dstuhga hd

oaktdkgha hdl gcd+ Dk lun`r hd dsta, sd `k`lgz`rak trds tgpas hd dldedktas katgogasas= l`s prapudst`s hd oèp``9 l`s kat`s sabrd dstr`tdng`s hdl`s oèp``s, y las tde`s kdn`tgvas+ &Dspgka, 2::>'

Dk dstd dstuhga sd hdsoubrd qud uk` hd l`s prgkogp`lds care`s qudus`k las edhgas p`r` c`vardodr a pdrmuhgo`r uk` oèp`` ds dl e`kdmahd l` `ndkh`+ Ds hdogr, sg sd qugdrd c`vardodr ` uk o`khgh`ta sd rds`lt`ksus puktas pasgtgvas, dk oèbga, sg sd qugdrd l`stge`r su o`khgh`tur` sdrds`lt`k sus dldedktas kdn`tgvas, dk dspdog`l sus oakgotas, las tde`skdn`tgvas qud las edhgas oaeýkedktd hdkaegk`k dsoàkh`las+

Zar dstd eatgva, sd rd`lgzÿ uk sdnugegdkta hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas qudsd prdsdkt`rak dk las edhgas, oak dlla sd gktdktÿ hdsoubrgr las truoasqud us`rak las edhgas p`r` `pay`r a hdso`lgo`r ` uk o`khgh`ta+ Z`r`



?>

hÿmgoèdktd, dstd tgpa hd sdnugegdkta dk las oaktdas tr`hgogak`lds&oaea las hdl gcd' pudhd `p`rdodr musta oaea la oaktr`rga, oaea qudh`k uk` edmar oabdrtur` l p`rtgha cdot`ha par las tde`s kdn`tgvas+ Dkdstd sdktgha, dst` gkvdstgnògÿk prapakd qud p`r` `k`lgz`r sdrgèdktd dl

sdsna hd las edhgas sd hdbd gepldedkt`r uk dstuhga hdl sdnugegdkta hdl` `ndkh` `hdeàs hdl tr`hgogak`l `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha+ Ka sÿla oak dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh` l`s oèp``s f`k kdutr`lgz`ha

las dscudrzas qud rd`lgz` dl gcd p`r` lanr`r oèp``s dqugt`tgv`s, sgkaqud `hdeàs tgdkdk euofas atras rdoursas+ Zar dmdepla, dk l` oèp``hd 2::3 las p`rtghas dv`hgdrak l`s lgegtògakds qud e`ro` dl gcd, dke`tdrg` hd oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h= 0' `lnuk`s arn`kgzògakds de

prds`rg`lds oaktr`t`rak publgogh`h kdn`tgv` dk oaktr` hd lnukas o`khgh`tas, oakordtèdktd, dl ood y dl Odlghdrf oaktr`t`rak spats qud us`b`k`rnuedktas hdl p`k p`r` orgtgo`r l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 2'p`k, prg y prh us`rak las rdoursas hd l`s oèp``s hd las hgput`has

p`r` orgtgo`r ` las o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds hd sus `hvdrs`rgas, ds hdogr,las rdoursas hd l`s oèp``s hd las hgput`has sd hdsvg`rak l` oèp``

prdsghdkog`l9 ?' L`s tdldvgsar`s us`rak l`s t`rgc`s publgogt`rg`s p`r` c`vardodr las p`rtghas qud hdcdkh`k sus gktdrdsds y p`r` pdrmuhgo`r lasqud pah`k hdsc`vardodrlas+ Eudstr` hd dlla ds qud l prdo`khgh`ta _`ktg`na Orddl &qud atarnÿ oakodsgakds hd o`sgkas l`s tdldvgsar`s', dl oar

par`tgva Xdldvgs` ld absdqugÿ spats ` prdogas gkordbldedktd b`r`tas90:: pdsas o`h` uka &7 hÿl`rds dk praedhga par spat '+ &Eaktds y Oÿrhav`, 07 hd mukga, 2::3'

@ov`s l`s oèp``s p`` l` èsòÿ l` ``

Z`r` l` hegkgstrògÿk hd l` ndkh`, l`s oèp``s rd`lgz`k v`rgas tg

pas hd òtgvgh`hds= @' Zasgogakègdkta sabrd las tde`s hd l` `ndkh` pýblgo` kògak`l9 B' @oogakds hd paltgo` dspdotàoula, y O' @hegkgstrògÿk hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas+

@+ Zasgogakègdkta dk l` `ndkh` pýblgo`+ Dk dstd gkhgo`har sd hdsorgbdk l`s òtgvgh`hds qud rd`lgz`k las o`khgh`tas p`r` gkoghgr dkl` ndkh` pýblgo` kògak`l, sd dv`lý`k prgkogp`ledktd l`s hdol`rògakds, tae`s hd pasgogÿk, rdòogakds+++ Ds hdogr, sd rddrd prgkog

p`ledktd ` pasgogakds hgsoursgv`s qud hapt`k las o`khgh`tas ktdlas dvdktas hd l` ndkh` pýblgo`+

B+ @oogakds hd palåtgo` dspdotàoula+ L` e`yarå` rddrd ` uk` nr`kv`rgdh`h hd “òtuògakds― qud rd`lgz`k las o`khgh`tas p`r` tr`dr



?6

l` tdkogÿk hd l`s oàe`r`s+ Zar dmdepla, dl o`khgh`ta eàs ord`tgvadk dstd sdktgha dr` Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk qugdk o`kt`b`, b`gl`b`, mun`b`cýtbal, oakhuo` taha tgpa hd vdfoulas, dmdout`b` “nalpds edhgàtgoas+++― oak l` k`lgh`h hd llè`r l` `tdkogÿk+ Zar atr` p`rtd, o`bd

òl`r`r qud euof` hd l`s òogakds hd vghdapaltgo` sak euy tr`sodkhdktds parqud abtgdkdk euof` publgogh`h nr`tugt`+ Gkolusa, dkao`sgakds sd rdlògak`k oak las spats9 las eàs dxgtasas hd dllas,ou`kha gepòt`k dk l` ndkh` pýblgo`, lanr`k uk` hgcusgÿk pdrgahstgo` nr`tugt` eàs `llà hd su oaktr`ta oaea kukogas+

O+ @hegkgstrògÿk hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas+ Dk dstd gkhgo`har sd `k`lgz`k oak p`rtgoul`r hdtdkgegdkta las oakgotas y tde`s qud cdot`rak kdn`tgvèdktd l` oèp`` hd o`h` o`khgh`ta9 euofas hddstas tde`s sak hdkaegk`has dsoàkh`las par las edhgas y hdeàsòtards paltgoas+ Dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd pastul` qud las tde`s kdn`tgvas oakstgtuydk `lnukas hd las dvdktas eàs tr`sodkhdktds hdl`s oèp``s parqud sak las tde`s qud haegk`k l` ndkh` pýblgo`+ Oaea sd hdeastr`rà dk dl p`rt`ha hd kàlgsgs hd edhgas+ Lastde`s kdn`tgvas eàs gepart`ktds pudhdk fukhgr uk` oèp`` sgka sd gepldedkt` uk oaktral hd hàs apartuka y, dk ao`sgakds,ka f`y oaktral hd hàs qud v`ln`+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, las o`khgh`tas

mudn`k ` hdvdl`r las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd sus apasgtards y oaktra

l`r las hàs hd las qud lds gkvaluor`k+ L`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s y`f` sgha euy dstuhg`h`s=

Dk oaktdxtas edhgàtgoas o`h` vdz eàs oaepdtgtgvas f` oabr`hagepart`kog` dl orgtdrga hd katgog` o`lgo`h` oaea hd “oakgota―=f`y katgog` sg f`y oaktravdrsg` l rdspdota, ds hdogr, sg f`y has p`rtds dkcrdkt`h`s dk tarka uk` oudstgÿk palçego` hd l` qud s`lhràkukas vdkodhards y ukas vdkoghas+ Hd e`kdr` qud l` paltgo` sdfòd eàs katgogas` ou`kha dstà e`ro`h` par dl oakgota, puds çstd

praedtd rdsaluogÿk y, par t`kta, tdksgÿk gkcare`tgv` &O`kdl dt `l+,2::8, p+ 224'+

Las tde`s kdn`tgvas sak euy gepòt`ktds parqud rdegtdk ` eòradstruotur`s oak euof` odptògÿk hdl pýblgoa, l`s ou`lds praeudvdkl` tdksgÿk hrèàtgo` hd l`s fgstarg`s paltgo`s= “Dstd dstgla hd oabdrturàcrdod katgog`s oak n`kofa, ds eàs càogl hd sdnugr, pdre`kdod dk l` edearg` hd l` uhgdkog` y acrdod tdksgÿk y ukgh`h hrèàtgo` hd oabdrturòak ukas rdsult`has k`lds= las o`khgh`tas qud n`k`rak l` o`rrdr`―&gbgh +, p+ 223'+ @ hdogr hd `lnukas ùtards, uk tde` kdn`tgva “còglgt` l`tdksgÿk k`rr`tgv` `l naz`r hd uk pl`ktdègdkta, pdrsak`mds ol`ras y ukhdsdklòd― &gbgh +, p+ 226'+



?7

tçoo`s oalooÿ às

_d rdoapgl`rak y k`lgz`rak las dstuhgas publgo`has, t`kta ou`ktgt`tgvas oaea ou`lgt`tgvas+ @hdeàs sd dcdotuÿ uk `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha y uk

sdnugegdkta hd edhgas oak uk` edtahalan` gkkav`har`+ Las rdsult`has hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk oaepldedkt`k las dstuhgas aog`lds hdl Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l &gcd'+

Las paltgoas

_d dstuhgÿ las paltgoas tr`vçs hd l`s dstr`tdng`s edhgàtgo`s hd susoèp``s, p`r` dlla sd hdsorgbdk l`s prgkogp`lds àrd`s= 0' e`ridtgkn paltgoa9 2' rdlògakds pýblgo`s qud hds`rrall`k p`r` gktdrvdkgr dk las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk y lanr`r uk` oabdrtur` katgogas` pasgtgv`, `soaea p`r` e`kdm`r l` `ndkh` pýblgo`, dspdog`ledktd las tde`s kdn`tgvas+

Z`r` hdsorgbgr l`s dstr`tdng`s edhgàtgo`s sd `k`lgz`rak kuedras`sdktrdvgst`s y hgsoursas prakukog`has par las o`khgh`tas y dqugpas hdoèp``9 tèbgçk sd rd`lgz`rak dktrdvgst`s ` egdebras hd las dqugpashd oèp`` hdl p`k y hd l` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas+ Z`r` dl kà

lgsgs hd l` publgogh`h paltgo` sd rdoandk las rdsult`has hd las eakgtardas hd publgogh`h dl`bar`has par dl Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l &gcd', soaea las dl`bar`has par l` deprds` Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda+ Z`r` dstuhg`r dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh` sd dcdotuÿ uk `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha y uksdnugegdkta hd edhgas, èb`s tçokgo`s `plgo`h`s dx pracdsa p`r` dst`gkvdstgnògÿk sd hdsorgbgràk eàs `hdl`ktd+

Edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk

Z`r` dxègk`r dl gepòta hd l`s oèp``s dk las edhgas sd us`rak lasrdpartds hd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha dl`bar`ha par dl gcd+ @hdeàs hd rd`lgz`r uk `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha sabrd dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh` dk `lnukas hdlas prgkogp`lds edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk hdl p`s= 0' dl katgog`rga tdldvgsgva hd e`yar r`tgkn llè`ha Dl Katgogdra y9 2' las pdrgÿhgoas Rdcare`, DlTkgvdrs`l y L` Mark`h`+ Ds hdogr, sd oaep`rÿ l` praydoogÿk hd l`s trds

prgkogp`lds oèp``s prdsghdkog lds hd 2::3 &prg, prh y p k' dk dstasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+ Dk dstd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha ka sd eghgdraklas dspògas y edkogakds qud sd hgcukhdk sabrd o`h` oèp``, puds çstdds dl tgpa hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha qud y` rd`lgz` dl gcd+ Dl kàlgsgs hd oak



8:

tdkgha qud sd rd`lgzÿ p`r` dst` gkvdstgnògÿk dv`lý` trds v`rg`blds qud kasak oaeukds las dstuhgas hd oaktdkgha tr`hgogak`lds= tde`s kdn`tgvas9kat`s sabrd dstr`tdng`s hd oèp``, y prapudst`s hd oèp``+

Xèbgçk sd fgza uk sdnugegdkta hd edhgas p`r` absdrv`r oÿea las

paltgoas y las edhgas gktrahuodk las nr`khds tde`s kdn`tgvas l` ndkh` paltgoa dldotar`l+ Oak dstd sdnugegdkta sd k`lgz` dl gepòta hd las prgkogp`lds dvdktas edhgàtgoas &oaea las hdb`tds y las dsoàkh`las' dkl`s dkoudst`s+

Oak dl kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha dkcao`ha l e`kdma hd l` ndkh` y dl sdnugegdkta gkcare`tgva, sd gktdkt` hdeastr`r qud las edhgas mudn`k ` l`

paltgo` dspdotàoula+ Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk tr`t` hd oaeprab`r= 0' qud dl dmdgkcare`tgva hd las edhgas vdrs` sabrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd las p`rtghas y o`khgh`tas9 2' qud l`s oèp``s mudn`k ` e`kdm`r l` `ndkh` ` tr`vçs hd otgvgh`hds hd paltgo`dspdotàoula, s oaea hd tde`s kdn`tgvas+

Zar ýltgea, p`r` dv`lu`r l` vdrh`hdr` pdkdtrògÿk hd las edhgas sdeakgtardÿ dl r`tgkn hd las prgkogp`lds katgog`rgas hd tdldvgsgÿk+ Dstd gkhgo`har la prahuod dl Gkstgtuta Br`sglda hd Apgkgÿk Zýblgo` y Dst`hstgo` &gbapd' p`r` l`s prgkogp`lds o`hdk`s hd r`hga y tv hdl p`s+

Dl pýblgoa dldotar

Hdktra hdl kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, dl pýblgoadldotar oakstgtuyd dl pukta eàs hgcogl hd dstuhg`r parqud sd prahuodk

paoas dstuhgas ou`lgt`tgvas sabrd dl tde` y las paoas qud sd rd`lgz`k kasd hgcukhdk pýblgoèdktd+ Las ýkgoas dstuhgas qud sd publgo`k sabrddstd tde` sak dkoudst`s, sd rdtae`k l`s eàs oak`blds p`r` `k`lgz`r dlolge` hd apgkgÿk= l`s rd`lgz`h`s par Oaksult` Egtacsiy p`r` dl oarpar`tgva Xdldvgs` y9 l`s hdl Nrupa Rdcare`, uka hd las oaksarogas hd pdrgÿ

hgoas eàs gepart`ktds hdl p`s+?

@hdeàs, atra h`ta cukhèdkt`l p`ròaeprdkhdr l`s tdkhdkog`s hdl pýblgoa sak las rdsult`has dldotar`lds+@ p`rtgr hd dstas trds rdpartds sd gktdkt` hdsorgbgr oaea sd oaknur`

dl dldotar`ha= vata hura, vata su`vd y vata gkhdpdkhgdktd+ _d pl`ktdÿ

? Oaksult` Egtacsiy y Nrupa Rdcare` sak deprds`s qud tgdkdk eàs dxpdrgdkog` y cè`rd`lgz`kha dkoudst`s hdshd fòd uk` hço`h`, sak l`s qud tgdkdk uk` edtahalan` eàs tdst`%h`+++ Las dstuhgas hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy tgdkdk dl odrtgo`ha Dstàkh`r hd _drvgoga p`r` l`Gkvdstgnògÿk hd Edro`has dk Eçxgoa+ L`s dkoudst`s hd Nrupa Rdcare` sd rd`lgz`k b`ma las

p`ràedtras hd l` @saogògÿk @edrgo`k` hd Gkvdstgnògÿk hd l` Apgkgÿk Zýblgo`+ @hdeàs l`sdkoudst`s hd eb`s deprds`s sak k`kog`h`s par has hd las nrupas edhgàtgoas eàs gepar t`ktds hdl p`s, ka par p`rtghas= Oaksult` Egtacsiy par Xdldvgs` y l` atr` gkstgtuogÿk dkoudst`har` pdrtdkdod l` o`hdk` hd pdrgÿhgoas Nrupa Rdcare`+



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dv`lu`r oaea l`s dstr`tdng`s edhgàtgo`s hd l`s oèp`ð`s gkuydrak `l pýblgoa dldotar+

_ea easDk dstd kàlgsgs hd l` oèp`` hd 2::3 sd prdtdkhd fòdr uk` dv`lu`

ogÿk falstgo` hd l`s prgkogp`lds v`rg`blds qud gktdrvgdkdk dk l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` hdl dsodk`rga dldotar`l+ _d gktdkt` supdr`r dl dsqude`tr`hgogak`l hdl “dcdota hd l`s oèp``s― y hdl “dcdota hd las edhgas―

p`r` dvaluogak`r fòg` uk` dxplgoògÿk eàs pracukh` hd l` luof` hd pahdr qud sd vdrgo` dk dl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgoa dldotar`l+

Tka hd las prgkogp`lds legtds p`r` dst` l`bar f` sgha qud dst` gkvdstgnògÿk hdpdkhd dk nr`k edhgh` hd las dstuhgas qud sd rd`lgz`k y sdhgcukhdk pýblgoèdktd= dkoudst`s, `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha, `kàlgsgs hd l`

publgogh`h+++ Ds hdogr, hdpdkhd hd dstuhgas qud ka dstàk hgsd`has p`r`las abmdtgvas hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk9 sgk deb`rna, sd rdso`t`k hd dstasdstuhgas l`s `partògakds qud eudstr`k l` care` oaea sd hds`rrall`kl`s rdlògakds hd pahdr dk dl dsodk`rga dldotar`l+

Z`r` k`lgz`r l`s oèp``s hd 2::3, sd dcdotuÿ uk sdnugegdkta hd l`sòtgvgh`hds oatghg`k`s hd las o`khgh`tas, hd sus hdol`rògakds y hd sus

eavgegdktas dstr`tçngoas, tr`vçs hd las rdpartds hd oèp`` qud p`rdogdrak dk ou`tra hd las prgkogp`lds pdrgÿhgoas hdl p`s & Rdcare`, L`

Mark`h`, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Egldkga'+ Xèbgçk sd fgza uk sdnugegdkta hdl pranrè` gkcare`tgva eàs gepart`ktd hd l` tdldvgsgÿk &dl hd e`yar r`%tgkn dk dl p`s', llè`ha Dl Katgogdra, hd l` o`hdk` Xdldvgs`+ Zar ýltgea,sd hga sdnugegdkta ` las spats hgcukhghas dk l` tv, prgargt`rgèdktd hdlas tr`ksegtghas dk las far`rgas dstdl`rds hd l` tdldvgsgÿk+

@ p`rtgr hd las sdnugegdktas hd edhgas sd rd`lgz`rak orakalan`s hd

l`s oèp``s, rdoudktas hd l`s òtgvgh`hds, oaktr`stògÿk hd l`s hgcdrdktds cudktds+++ Xaha dlla oak dl k hd oaep`r`r qud l` gkcareògÿkcudr` prdogs`+ Oak dst` gkcareògÿk oaktr`st`h` sd rd`lgzÿ uk` hdsorgpogÿk hd l` dvaluogÿk hd l`s dstr`tdng`s hd l`s oèp``s+

Z`r` oakaodr l`s dstr`tdng`s hd oèp`` sd rdvgs`rak v`rg`s cudktds=sd dktrdvgst`rak dstr`tdn`s y paltgoas hd l`s has prgkogp`lds oèp``s&p`k y obt'98 sd `k`lgz`rak rdpart`mds y dktrdvgst`s hakhd las o`khgh`tas y dstr`tdn`s dxplgo`b`k l`s dstr`tdng`s hd su oèp``9 sd k`lgz`rak

8 Hdl p`k dktrdvgstç ` Mu`k Oègla Eaurga, oaarhgk`har hd l` oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+ Xèbgdk dktrdvgstç `l hgput`ha cdhdr`l p`kgst` E`kudl Av`lld+ Hd l` obt dktrdvgstç _gkfuç Zgdhr` Ngl Artgz, oaarhgk`har dst`t`l hd Dstruotur` Dldotar`l+



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las hgsoursas y òtgvgh`hds oatghg`k`s hd las o`khgh`tas ` tr`vçs hd v`rg`s publgoògakds, dktrd l`s qud hdstò`k las pdrgÿhgoas= Rdcare`, L`

Mark`h`, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Egldkga9 `s oaea l`s rdvgst`s Zraodsa, L` Rd%vgst`, Sçrtgna+++ Xèbgçk sd dxègk`rak l`s dktrdvgst`s ` las o`khgh`tas

dk dl pranrè` Dl Katgogdra hd Xdldvgs` y dk dl pranrè` Las prdsghdk%og`blds hd tv @ztdo`, `s oaea l`s dktrdvgst`s ` las o`khgh`tas dk dl pranrè` hd r`hga hd Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn` y las hgsoursas hd las o`khgh`tas publgo`has dk Lup` Oguh`h`k`+ _d `k`lgz`rak las has pranrè`s hd hdb`tds dktrd o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds+++ Hd gnu`l e`kdr`, sddxègk`rak las lgbras hd edearg`s hd oèp`` hdl o`khgh`ta CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk &O`lhdrÿk, 2::3' y hdl o`khgh`ta @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har &Lÿpdz Abr`har, 2::>'+

O`bd fòdr kat`r qud l` e`yar` hd l`s cudktds ogt`h`s dstàk òodsg blds dk l`s las wdb sgtds hd las edhgas+ Ds rdl`tgvèdktd càogl òodhdr `l`s kat`s y rdpart`mds hd las pdrgÿhgoas ogt`has+ Gkolusa o`sg tahas lasspats hdsorgtas sd pudhdk dkoaktr`r dk dl sgtga <www+yautubd+oae;+Rddra l`s cdof`s hd las dvdktas hd oèp`ð`, hd l`s òtgvgh`hds y hgsoursas hd las o`khgh`tas p`r` qud sd pudh`k oaksult`r dk ou`lqugdr` hdlas pdrgÿhgoas &dk su wdb sgtd', hd e`kdr` qud sd` càogl hd oarrabar`r lasdvdktas, las hgsoursas y las tdxtas ogt`has+4

Edrdod uk` edkogÿk dspdog`l l` pàngk` hdl gcd qud tgdkd dk su p`ngk`

wdb las prgkogp`lds dstuhgas hd l` dldoogÿk, hdshd dkoudst`s, dstuhgas hdedhgas, rdsult`has dldotar`lds, n`stas hd l`s oèp``s+++

W` sd dst`bldogÿ qud p`r` `k`lgz`r l` dvaluogÿk hd l`s oèp``s, l`s prgkogp`lds cudktds sak las pdrgÿhgoas y las hgsoursas hd las o`khgh`tas+Dk dl o`sa hd l`s kat`s hd las pdrgÿhgoas kare`ledktd uk sala rdpartdrads dl qud rd`lgz` dl sdnugegdkta hd o`h` oèp`` hur`ktd taha dl praodsa, par la ou`l l k`l tdkå` uk` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd kat`s hdl egsea rdpar tdra &eàs hd 04: kat`s'+ Ogt`r tah`s l`s kat`s us`h`s dk l`s rdcdrdkog`s

fdedranrào`s rdsult`rå` hde`sg`ha dxtdksa y oakcusa, hd e`kdr` qudsd apt` par ogt`r sÿla dl pdrgÿhgoa y l` cdof` oak dl kaebrd hdl o`khgh`ta= “Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk―, “Rabdrta E`hr`za― a “Lÿpdz Abr`har―9 oaeadst` rdcdrdkog` rdegtd hgrdotèdktd ` l` publgoògÿk y` ka sd tgdkd qudogt`r dk l` bgblganr`cå` k`l hd dstd lgbra+ Hd e`kdr` qud dstd tgpa hd rdcdrdkog`s rdegtgr`k ` l` kat` hd sdnugegdkta hd uk o`khgh`ta, dk uk`cdof` dspdoåo`, dk uk pdrgÿhgoa dspdoåoa, par dmdepla, l` ogt`= &Ra

bdrta E`hr`za, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 2: hd dkdra, 2::3', rddrd ` l` kat` hdl

4 L`s pàngk`s wdb hd las pdrgÿhgoas sak= <www+rdcare`+oae;, <www+dlukgvdrs`l+oae+ex;, <www+l`mark`h`+ukè+ex;, <www+egldkga+oae;+ L` p`ngk` wdb hdl gcd ds= <www+gcd+arn+ex;+



8?

sdnugegdkta hd oèp`` qud dl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l rd`lgzÿ hdl o`khgh`ta Rabdrta E`hr`za dl h` 2: hd dkdra hd 2::3+3

Zar atr` p`rtd, ou`kha sd luh` las hgsoursas lgtdr`lds hd o`h` o`khgh`ta sd lldv`rà ` o`ba ogt`kha l` cdof`, dl lun`r ya edhga mukta oak las

òrÿkgeas hdl o`khgh`ta= co &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk', èla &@khrçs E`kudlLÿpdz Abr`har' y rae` &Rabdrta E`hr`za'+ Dst`s ogt`s rdcdrgràk ` lashgsoursas argngk`lds hd las o`khgh`tas, publgo`has par Lup` Oguh`h`k` &tahas las hgsoursas ogt`has cudrak dkoaktr`has dk <lupòguh`h`k`+oae+ex;+ Dstas hgsoursas rddrdk l`s hdol`rògakds qud las o`khgh`tas f`krd`lgz`ha dk sus etgkds, a hdol`rògakds qud rd`lgz`k ktd edhgas dldotrÿkgoas &r`hga y tv', sd`k oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks` a dktrdvgst`s dxolusgv`s+ Z`r` ka oaksgnk`rla dk l` bgblganr`c` sd ogt`rà hgrdotèdktd hd hascare`s, hdpdkhgdkha sg ds uk hgsoursa dk uk egtgk a uk` hdol`rògÿk èdhgas, hd l` sgnugdktd e`kdr`=

0' las hgsoursas sd ogt`ràk oak l`s sgnl`s hdl o`khgh`ta, dl h` y dl lun`r hdl hgsoursa prakukog`ha+ Zar dmdepla= &èla, 02 hd e`rza2::3, Ouùtl`', rddrd =

Lÿpdz Abr`har, @khrçs E`kudl, “Ou`kha ka td eudvd l` èbgogÿk `l pahdr a `l hgkdra sd ds paltgoèdktd gkhdstruotgbld― Hgs

oursa prakukog`ha dk Ouùtl`, Eardlas, 02 hd e`rza, 2::3, 0?=::far`s, <lupòguh`h`k`+oae+ex;+

2' l`s hdol`rògakds ` edhgas sd ogt`ràk oak l`s sgnl`s hdl o`khgh`ta,dl h` y dl pranrè` hd r`hga a tv dk qud sd hgcukhgÿ+ Zar dmdepla=&co, 04 hd e`rza 2::3, Ge`ndk Gkcare`tgv`', rddrd =

O`lhdrÿk, Cdlgpd, “YLÿpdz Abr`harU ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+

Dktrdvgst` hd r`hga, dk Ge`ndk Gkcare`tgv`, 04 hd e`rza, 2::3,:>=08 far`s, <lupòguh`h`k`+oae+ex;+

3 Zar dl egsea eatgva, ou`kha ogt`k atr`s kat`s rdcdrdktds l`s oèp``s &qud ka oarrds pakhdk `l sdnugegdkta hg`rga hd l` oèp``' las ogt`rç hd òudrha `l sgstde` `pp`, ùkquddk dstd o`sa, par sdr uk pdrgÿhgoa, sd ogt`rà oak l` cdof` dxòt` &h`, eds y a', hd dst` e`kd

r`, ou`kha ogtd v`rg`s vdods uk sÿla utar sd pahrà rdvgs`r càogledktd dk l` bgblganr`c` qudsd dkoudktr` `l k`l hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk+ Zar dmdepla= &Fdrkàkhdz dt l+, 08 hd e`ya, 2::3'Dk oèbga, l`s kat`s hd oabdrtur` hd l` oèp`` hd o`h` pdrgÿhgoa ka sdràk ogt`h`s dk l` bg

blganr`cå` k`l hdl lgbra, puds rddrdk hgrdotèdktd ` l` publgoògÿk+



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L`s `p`s l`s oèp``s

@ p`rtgr hd O`rlas Clards Rgoa &2::4',> uka hd las eàs gepart`ktdsdxpdrtas dk oèp``s edxgo`k`s, prdsupakna qud l`s oèp``s sd pra

pakdk trds dstr`tdng`s bàsgo`s=0+ Apdrògÿk palåtgo`, rddrd ` l` oakstruoogÿk y e`ktdkgegdkta hd

l` dstruotur` hd arn`kgzògÿk hdl p`rtgha s oaea hd su b`sd dldotar`l edhg`ktd apdrògakds hd oakodrtògÿk y eatgvògÿk+

2+ Arn`kgzògÿk dldotar`l, rddrd ` l` dstruotur` arn`kgzògak`l qudrdolut`, o`pògt` y hdlgz` `l dmçrogta qud rdogbd las vatas dk l`seds`s, o`sgll`s, oaarhgk` dl tr`b`ma hd rdprdsdktògÿk hd l` o`khgh`tur` dk las ÿrn`kas dldotar`lds y dst`bldod y supdrvgs` las edo`kgseas hd prdvdkogÿk ldn`l y hdcdks` murhgo` hdl vata+

?+ Oaeukgoògÿk dstr`tçngo`, rddrd l hgsdða y apdrògÿk hd uk sgstde` hd oaeukgoògÿk tat`l p`r` eavglgz`r l` b`sd dldotar`l, pdrsu`hgr ` las dldotards patdkog`lds y hgsu`hgr ` las sgep`tgz`ktdshdl `hvdrs`rga+ &Clards, 2::4'

Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd prapakd `k`lgz`r bàsgoèdktd dl àrd` hd l` oaeukgoògÿk dstr`tçngo` hd l` oèp``+ Dst` dstr`tdng` tgdkd has oae

pakdktds prgkogp`lds= l` oèp`` `grd &dk edhgas' y l` oèp`` tgdrr`&prasdlgtgsea hgrdota'+ Hd dstas has oaepakdktds, `k`lgz`rç dk hdt`lldl` oèp`` dk edhgas+

_gk deb`rna, f`y qud fòdr kat`r qud l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har cud b`st`ktd `kÿe`l`, puds `l prgkogpga ka pl ktd`b` uk` oèp`` `grdgepart`ktd, sgka uk` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` subsghg`rg` hd su oèp``tgdrr`+ Zar dst` r`zÿk tuvd qud gktdkt`r uk `kàlgsgs eàs puktu`l hd l`soèp``s tgdrr` hd las trds prgkogp`lds o`khgh`tas+

Dk l` otu`lgh`h sd oaksghdr` qud dl oursa hd l`s oèp``s dstà argdkt`ha prgkogp`ledktd par l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s, sgk deb`rna, f`y qudgksgstgr dk qud l` luof` dldotar`l oakstgtuyd uk oèpa hd b`t`ll` dk dlqud oakourrdk hgvdrs`s cudrz`s, uk` hd dll`s ds l` oèp`` edhgàtgo`,atr`, l` oèp`` tgdrr`, atr` l` apdrògÿk paltgo`+++ Xah`s dst`s cudrz`stgdkdk hgcdrdktd gkudkog` hdpdkhgdkha hd l` ogroukst`kog`, dl tgdepa ydl lun`r+

> Dstd utar cud uka hd las prgkogp`lds dstr`tdn`s hd l` oèp`` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za, sdld oaksghdr` uka hd las dstr`tdn`s hd oèp`` eàs gepart`ktds, sg ka dl qud eàs, hdl prg+



84

Hdspuçs hd dstd prgkogpga ndkdr`l o`bd òl`r`r qud dk dl o`sa hd l`sdldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds, l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s s p`rdodk oakvdrtgrsd dk dl dmd dstr`tçngoa hd l` oèp``, sabrd taha par l`s o`ròtdrstgo`s hd Eçxgoa= uk p`hrÿk dldotar`l hd >0+? egllakds hd dldotards9 uk td

rrgtarga euy dxtdksa9 `s oaea oak uk` pablògÿk hd b`m` dsoal`rgh`h,hd dso`s` careògÿk paltgo` y hdpdkhgdktd hd l` tdldvgsgÿk dk tde`s paltgoas+

Dstd kàlgsgs hd oèp`` tr`t`rà hd dstuhg`r l` dvaluogÿk hd l`s dstr`tdng`s edhgàtgo`s hd las o`khgh`tas+ _dnýk O`rlas Clards Rgoa &2::4',l`s oèp``s sd pudhdk pl`ktd`r oaea uk` egsgÿk dk trds vdrtgdktds=abmdtgva, dstr`tdng` y tàotgo`, hakhd “dl abmdtgva ds l` edt` nlab`l9 l`dstr`tdng` dl pl`k hd òogÿk p`r` lanr`r dl abmdtgva, y l` tàotgo` sak las

p`sas qud sd tgdkdk qud h`r p`r` oaksdnugrla―+ L` dstr`tdng` hd oèp``“ds uk depl`zègdkta pdre`kdktd, egsea qud uk` vdz qud l`s hgkàego`s hd l` oaepdtdkog` sd f`k hdkgha, ka hdbd oèbg`r―+ Dl ùtar oaksghdr` qud uk` oèp`` hdbd tdkdr uk dmd dstr`tçngoa p`r` argdkt`r tah`l` oèp``= “L` dstr`tdng` kas pdregtd argdkt`r taha dl dscudrza hd oè

p`` dk l` hgrdoogÿk oarrdot` p`r` lanr`r pdrsu`hgr ` las sdnedktas hdtdregk`has oaea ‖abmdtgva‗ y abtdkdr dl suogdktd kýedra hd vatas p`r`n`k`r― &Clards, 2::4, pp+ 670:2'+

Dl edks`md odktr`l hd l` oèp`` hdbd rdprdsdkt`r dstd dmd dstr`tçng

oa9 ds l` dxprdsgÿk hd l` gktdkogÿk cukhèdkt`l9 hdbd dxprds`r l` r`zÿk par l` ou`l dl dldotar tgdkd qud vat`r par uk o`khgh`ta y ka par atra+Oaea kudstra tr`b`ma ds uk `kàlgsgs, ka uk hgsda hd oèp``s, tdkhrçqud hdsoubrgr dl edks`md odktr`l hd l` oèp`` p`r` oaeprdkhdr l` dstr`tdng`+ Kare`ledktd dstd edks`md ds dl tde` haegk`ktd hd las prahuotas publgogt`rgas, dslan`k, mgknld, spats d gkolusa hd l` pl`t`care` hdoèp``+

@hdeàs hd qud o`h` oèp`` tgdkd su prapga oègka tèbgçk oarrd

dk cukogÿk hd l`s hdeàs+ O`h` ou`l sd pl`ktd` ordodr y, l` vdz, apò`r l`s hdeàs+ Zar dlla o`h` uk` tgdkd sus prapg`s dt`p`s+ _g l` dt`p` hd ukòèp`` tgdkd çxgta y lanr` `cdot`r ` l`s atr`s oèp``s, l`s `cdot`h`shdbdràk oèbg`r gkgog`kha uk` kudv` dt`p`9 sg dst`s kudv`s dt`p`s cruotgo`k ablgn`ràk oèbg`r l`s oèp`ð`s hd sus hvdrs`rgas+++ Hd dstè`kdr`, l`s oèp``s tgdkdk sus prapg`s dt`p`s pdra l` vdz sus eahgoògakds tgdkdk rdlògÿk oak l`s dt`p`s hd l`s atr`s+

@hdeàs dxgstdk oèp``s haegk`ktds y oèp``s e`rngk`lds+ Dlodktra hd `tdkogÿk sak l`s prgedr`s parqud dktrd dll`s sd dst`bldod l`vdrh`hdr` luof` par las o`rnas hd rdprdsdktògÿk papul`r, egdktr`s qudl`s atr`s mudn`k uk p`pdl paoa rdldv`ktd+ L`s haegk`ktds hdtdregk`k l``ndkh` pýblgo`, l`s atr`s o`sg sÿla pudhdk mun`r sdnugr dst` ndkh`+ Ds



83

hdogr, l`s oèp``s haegk`ktds luof`k oatghg`kèdktd oak sus prgkog p`lds `hvdrs`rgas, egdktr`s qud pràotgoèdktd gnkar`k ` l`s oèp``se`rngk`lds, edkas qud çst`s lanrdk prdsdkt`rlds uk hds`ca gkhdolgk`

bld+ Dk dstd sdktgha l`s oèp``s qud fd oaksghdr`ha oaea haegk`ktds

sak l`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk y Rabdrta E`hr`za+Oak b`sd dk l` dxplgoògÿk `ktdrgar sd hgvghgrà dl pdrgaha hd oèp``s dk trds dt`p`s bàsgo`s+ L` prgedr` sd ubgo` hdshd dl 07 hd dkdra, care`l h` hd `rr`kqud hd l`s oèp``s, f`st` las prgedras h`s hd e`rza+Dk dst` dt`p` dxgstd uk ol`ra prdhaegkga hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd LÿpdzAbr`har, l` ou`l e`ktgdkd uk` oakst`ktd hd ordogegdkta qud sd e`kgdst` dk dl uedkta hd sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds sdnýk l`s dkoudst`s y dkdl rdl`tgva trgukca hd su oa`lgogÿk dk l`s dldoogakds lao`lds hdl 02 hd e`rza dk dl Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa+ Dk dstd pdrgaha l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, par sdr l` puktdr` gkhgsoutgbld &oak odro` hd 0: puktas hd vdkt`m` dkl`s dkoudst`s' ds l` qud haegk` l` ndkh` pýblgo`, ds l` oèp`` qud tgdkd dl eaedktue, l` gkgog`tgv`+++ Dk dstd pdrgaha l`s oèp``s hd susoaepdtghards sd dst`ko`k a rdtraodhdk dk l`s dkoudst`s+ Xèbgçk dk dstd

prgedr pdrgaha l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za qudh` l`str`h` par uk` sdrgd hdoakgotas, dktrd las qud hdstò` dl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa qud dst`ll` dl 08 hd cdbrdra+

Dk l` sdnukh` dt`p`, l` oèp`` hdl p k `hqugdrd uk o`ràotdr kdn`tg

va9 `tò` l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har hd e`kdr` crakt`l+ Oaea dldqugpa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har pràotgoèdktd ka rdspakhd `l hds`ca, ds hdogr, ka gepldedkt` uk oaktral hd h`ðas dogdktd, sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds o`dk f`st` dep`t`r oak l`s hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, gkolusa dk `lnýkeaedkta hd dst` sdnukh` dt`p` O`lhdrÿk lanr` rdb`s`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l`s dkoudst`s+ Dk dstd pdrgaha, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ds l` qudtgdkd l` gkgog`tgv` y haegk` l` `ndkh` pýblgo`, egdktr`s qud l` oèp``hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sued uk` pasgogÿk rdòtgv`, sÿla sd lgegt` rdòoga

k`r las deb`tds hd O`lhdrÿk sgk pahdr kdutr`lgz`rlas kg lanr`r haegk`r l` ndkh` pýblgo`+Dst` sdnukh` dt`p` dstà e`ro`h` par dl gkgoga hd l`s oèp``s kdn`

tgv`s, las prgedras spats kdn`tgvas hd E`hr`za, qud `tò`k ` LÿpdzAbr`har, sd prdsdkt`k dk las prgedras h`s hd e`rza+ Egdktr`s qud las

prgedras spats kdn`tgvas hdl p`k qud `tò`k ` Lÿpdz Abr`har sd prdsdkt`k dk l` sdnukh` sde`k` hd e`rza+ Dstd sdnukha pdrgaha sd h`rà

par oakolugha dl 3 hd mukga, ou`kha dl sdnukha hdb`td dktrd o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds tr`stark` l` oarrdlògÿk hd cudrz`s+

Dk dst` sdnukh` dt`p`, y` ds ol`ra qud l` luof` par dl pahdr sd dst` bldod dktrd l` oèp`` hdl p`k y l` hd l` obt+ Hd e`kdr` qud dk dst`dt`p` l` oèp`` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za y` mudn` uk p`pdl ol`rèdktd



8>

e`rngk`l, puds dl hdb`td oatghg`ka sd pal`rgz` dktrd l`s has oèp``s puktdr`s+ L`s oèp``s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk luof`kdktrd s y dk vdz hd pdld`r oak Rabdrta E`hr`za c`naogt`k ` l` b`sddldotar`l hd dstd o`khgh`ta+

Dl kàlgsgs hd dst` sdnukh` dt`p` sd odktr`rà dk l` b`t`ll` qud sd dst` bldod dktrd l`s oèp``s puktdr`s, y hdsorgbgrà e`rngk`ledktd l` oè p`` hd E`hr`za9 hd dst` oèp`` sd hdstò`rà dl praodsa hd hdsoaepasgogÿk gktdrka y l` care` dk qud su b`sd dldotar`l sd oakvgdrtd dk prds`hd l`s oèp``s hd las has puktdras+

L` tdrodr` dt`p` sd ubgo` p`rtgr hdl 3 hd mukga, h` hdl sdnukha hdb`td, ou`kha l` oèp`` hd l` obt lanr` uk ol`ra haegkga hd l` `ndkhòak dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl “ou`ha gkoÿeaha―, prat`nakgsea qud sd hgluyd ldktèdktd f`st` dl eaedkta hd l`s dldoogakds+ @l k`l hd dst` tdrodr` dt`p`, dk l` vspdr` hd l`s dldoogakds, kgknuka hd las has oaktdkhgdktds prgkogp`lds lanr` uk haegkga ol`ra hd l` `ndkh`, sgka qud èbasluof`k cdrazedktd par gepòt`r kdn`tgvèdktd oak las tde`s qud eàsf`k `cdot`ha ` sus rdspdotgvas `hvdrs`rgas+ Zar dstd eatgva, l`s dkoudst`s prdvg`s ` l`s dldoogakds eudstr`k uk vgrtu`l dep`td dktrd las haso`khgh`tas puktdras+



87

@kàLg_g_ hd L@ O@EZ@ð@ Zrd_ghdkOg@LEdxgO@k@ hd 2::3

dL dsodk`rga prdvga ` L`s oèp`ð`s

dv`lòÿ l sa l ps Ca

Hdktra hd l`s tr`hgogak`lds v`rg`blds qud sd oaktdepl`k dk las dstuhgas hd l`s oèp``s dstà l` s`tgscòogÿk hd las oguh`h`kas oak dl p`rtgha nabdrk`ktd9 hd dst` e`kdr`, dl vata rdprdsdkt` uk rdcrdkha a uk o`s

tgna l` hegkgstrògÿk s`lgdktd, par dlla sd dv`lu`rà ou`l dr` l` sgtuògÿkhd l` `hegkgstrògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Sgodktd Cax f`st` l` vspdr` hd lòèp``+

u sa sòèa oaÿeoa

Dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds, l` e`yar` hd dspdog`lgst`s qud fd pahgha

oaksult`r fòdk uk b`l`kod kdn`tgva hd l` paltgo` doakÿego` hdl na bgdrka caxgst`+ Ds ogdrta qud l` `hegkgstrògÿk caxgst` tuva uk rdl`tgvaçxgta `l e`ktdkdr b`ma oaktral l`s prgkogp`lds v`rg`blds eòradoakÿego`s, par dmdepla, l` gkògÿk rdngstrÿ uk` t`s` `ku`l praedhga hd 8+3$,eàs b`m` gkolusa qud l` hd Dst`has Tkghas9 fuba b`m`s t`s`s hd gktdrçs

p`r` las orçhgtas9 fuba dst`bglgh`h dk dl tgpa hd oèbga9 sd rdngstrÿ uknr`k hds`rralla hd l` vgvgdkh` papul`r+++ @hdeàs, las prdogas hdl pdtrÿlda sd trgplgo`rak, la qud brgkhÿ uk prdsupudsta dxtràrhgk`rga euy ge

part`ktd ` las ýltgeas as hdl prdsghdktd Cax+@ pds`r hd taha la ktdrgar, dk l` e`yarå` hd las gkhgo`hards sd rddm`

uk dst`koègdkta hd l` doakae`+ Tka hd las h`tas ol`vds cud dl ordogegdkta praedhga ku`l hd 0+6$, dl ou`l qudhÿ euy ldmas hdl >$ hd ord



4:

ogegdkta praedhga ku`l qud Cax f`b` praedtgha dk su oèp``+ _g sdoaep`r` dl ordogegdkta hdl Zrahuota Gktdrka Bruta hd las ýltgeas trdssdxdkgas, hdsoubrgrdeas qud dl eàs b`ma ds hdl prdsghdktd Cax=

Nrào` GG

Cudktd= Egldkga hg`rga, 0> hd cdbrdra 2::3+

Dk e`tdrg` hd hduh` pýblgo` l` `hegkgstrògÿk caxgst` rdourrgÿ ` uktruoa edhgàtgoa= dk vdz hd oaktr`t`r hduh` dxtdrk` oaktr`tÿ hduh` gktdrk`, oak la ou`l, `l k`l hdl sdxdkga pahå` prdsuegr qud l` hduh` dxtdrk` ka f`b` ordogha+ Dst` gkcareògÿk tdrngvdrs`h` sd oakvgrtgÿ dk

uk dstrgbglla hd oèp`` hdl o`khgh`ta p`kgst` Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk= “dl prdsghdktd Cax ds dl prgedra dk hço`h`s qud ka dkhduh` `l p`s dk dl dxtr`kmdra y qud ka lldv` l p`s l` orgsgs― &co, 0 hd mukga, 2::3, Fudmutl '+

Dk rd`lgh`h, oaea rdoakaogÿ dl prapga nabdrk`har hdl B`koa hdEçxgoa, Nuglldrea Artgz, l` bak`kz` pdtraldr` cud hds`pravdof`h`,

puds dl sdotar dkdrnçtgoa sd dkhduhÿ cudrtdedktd v` uk gkstruedkta hdhduh` qud ka `p`rdoå` dk las gkcareds aog`lds hd l` hduh`= las Zghgrdn`s &Zraydotas hd gkvdrsgÿk dk Gkcr`dstruotur` Zrahuotgv` hd GepòtaHgcdrgha y Rdngstra dk dl N`sta Zýblgoa'+ @l gkgoga hdl sdxdkga &hd oudrha oak dl B`koa hd Eçxgoa' dl p`s hdb` par dstas gkstruedktas 087 :::egllakds hd pdsas, pdra p`r` las ýltgeas edsds hd 2::4 l` ogcr` y` `sodkh` ` 83:+6 egl egllakds hd pdsas+ &sfop, 2::4'



40

@ k`l hd 2::4 dl nabgdrka edxgo`ka hdbå` lrdhdhar hd ? 020 042 ::: pdsas9 ds hdogr, uk bgllÿk eàs qud l` ktdrgar `hegkgstrògÿk, sgk oakt`r qud sd p`n`rak ogcr`s dxarbgt`ktds par oakodpta hd hduh`+ Ds hdogr, l`hduh` pýblgo` sd gkordedktÿ dk ??$ hur`ktd dl sdxdkga hdl prdsghdktd

Cax &sfop, 2::4'_gk deb`rna, nròg`s `l gkordedkta hd las prdogas gktdrkògak`ldshdl pdtrÿlda sd gkordedkt`rak kat`bldedktd l`s rdsdrv`s hdl B`koa hdEçxgoa, l`s ou`lds `lo`kz`rak uk rçoarh fgstÿrgoa hd >6 ::: egllakdshd hÿl`rds, la ou`l, tèbgçk pravd` hd dst`bglgh`h l` doakae`+

Dk e`tdrg` hd deplda pràotgoèdktd ka fuba `v`kods+ Dl rdngstra praedhga hd deplda dk dl à 2::: cud hd 02 483 ::: `sdnur`has y p`r` hgogdebrd hd 2::8, sÿla f`b` 02 4:7 :::+++ Ds hdogr, ?> ::: de pldas edkas+ Z`r` `nasta 2::4, sd f`bl`b` hd 02 7:0 22?, ds hdogr sÿla?44 ::: hgogak`lds rdspdota l 2:::+ & L` Mark`h`, 2::4b'

L` dst`bglgh`h hdl p`s y hd l`s ogcr`s eòradoakÿego`s cudrak c`var`blds kudvèdktd p`r` las nr`khds deprds`rgas, dl 0:$ hd l` çlgtd doakÿego` abtdk` 82+0$ hdl gknrdsa, egdktr`s qud o`sg 4:$ hd l` pablògÿk sd e`ktuva par hdb`ma hdl kgvdl hd pabrdz`+ Hdl tat`l hd pablògÿkaoup`h` &80 :38 egllakds', 28$, ds hdogr, 7 ?30 ::: pdrsak`s rdogbgdrakf`st` uk s`l`rga ekgea &dqugv`ldktd ` ? ÿ 8 hÿl`rds hg`rgas'+

Hdl a 2::: 2::8, l` pablògÿk pabrd hgsegkuyÿ hd 4?+> 8>$ hd

l` pablògÿk tat`l, pdsd `l dst`koègdkta doakÿegoa+ Zdra oak b`sd dkl` Dkoudst` Kògak`l hd Gknrdsas y N`stas hd las Fan`rds 2::4 sd pudhd o`loul`r qud dl kýedra hd pdrsak`s pabrds p`sÿ hd 8>$ hd l` pablògÿk dk 2::8, 8>+6$ dk 2::4 &Hd l` Xarrd, dk Rdkùh, 2::>'+

Zalåtgo` gktdrkògak`l

Z`r` Eçxgoa, l` degnrògÿk hd sus tr`b`m`hards rdprdsdkt` uk `lgvga` l`s prdsgakds l`bar`lds dk uk` doakaeå` qud ka ordod la suogdktd9uk` gepart`ktd cudktd hd hgvgs`s9 s oaea uk còtar ol`vd dk l` dst`bglgh`h hdl tgpa hd oèbga+ Dk dl sdxdkga, dl dkva hd rdeds`s `lo`kzÿ lògcr` hd 6: 2:: egllakds hd hÿl`rds y p`r` dl sdnukha trgedstrd hd 2::3dst` cudktd hd gknrdsas supdrÿ ` l`s `partògakds hd Zdedx &Lglg`kÈdz`, dk Rdkùh, 2::>'+

Dk dl sdxdkga hd Cax l` degnrògÿk `lo`kzÿ su ogcr` rçoarh= 4:: ::: pdrsak`s `l à degnr`rak ` Dst`has Tkghas, sdnýk dl ýltgea h`ta hdlGkstgtuta Kògak`l hd Dst`hstgo`, Ndanr`c` d Gkcareàtgo`+ La qud ge

plgo` qud hur`ktd 2:::2::3 sd cudrak ` Dst`has Tkghas odro` hd trdsegllakds hd pdrsak`s+ Dl prdsghdktd Ndarnd Busf `sdnur`, dk oèbga,



42

qud o`h` a dktr`rak uk egllÿk hd gkegnr`ktds gldn`lds Dst`has Tkghas+ @ebas p`sds rdoakaodk qud dk Dst`has Tkghas f`y uk tat`l hd00+3 egllakds hd pdrsak`s kògh`s dk Eçxgoa &Lglg`k` Edz`, dk Rdkùh,2::>'+

_gk deb`rna, t`kta las gknrdsas par pdtrÿlda oaea l`s rdeds`s hd lasegnr`ktds sak rdoursas ka rdkav`blds+ Euofas dspdog`lgst`s y` f`k sd`l`ha qud l`s rdsdrv`s pdtraldr`s hd Eçxgoa tao`rak cakha, dk l` otu`lgh`h, l` prahuoogÿk hd pdtrÿlda f` oaedkz`ha hdsodkhdr par l` sabrddxplatògÿk hd qud f`k sgha abmdta las prgkogp`lds pazas, dspdog`ledktddl eàs gepart`ktd qud ds dl oaepldma O`kt`rdl+ Hd e`kdr` qud, l` prahuoogÿk hd pdtrÿlda v` ` l` b`m`, las gknrdsas oarrdspakhgdktds tèbgçk&O`rhasa, 22 hd e`rza, 2::>'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, hgvdrsas dstuhgas sd`l`k qud l`s rdeds`s hd las egnr`ktds sgdeprd sd oaepart`k hd òudrha oak dl eahdla dst`hstgoa hdl` oèp`k` hd Nùss, uk` vdz qud lldn`k su kgvdl eàs lta oaegdkz`k` hdsodkhdr f`st` qud sd dxtgknudk+ L` r`zÿk hd dstd cdkÿedka ds qudlas egnr`ktds, ou`kha v`k ` tr`b`m`r ` atra p`s, oaegdkz`k dkvg`khardoursas ` sus cèglg`s hd argndk, pdra t`rhd qud tdepr`ka apt`k par lldv`r ` sus cèglg`s hdl p`s hd argndk `l p`s hakhd tr`b`m`k, par dstdeatgva ` edhg`ka pl`za ods` dl dkva hd rdoursas hd las egnr`ktds `l

p`s dxpart`har hd e`ka hd abr`+

Dl nabgdrka hdl prdsghdktd Cax pastÿ par odro`rsd Dst`has Tkghas p`r` lanr`r uk tr`t`ha egnr`targa c`var`bld+ Dk dstd sdktgha, dl prdsghdktd Cax tr`tÿ hd gepuls`r las praydotas kdalgbdr`lds hd Dst`has Tkghasdk @eçrgo` L`tgk`, oaea dl Àrd` hd Lgbrd Oaedroga hd l`s @eçrgo`s& lo`'+ Zar dstd `càk hd òdro`rsd ` Dst`has Tkghas y par sus tr`hgogak`lds hdslgods vdrb`lds, dl prdsghdktd Cax sd oakcraktÿ oak euofas hdlas prdsghdktds hd gzqugdrh` hd _uhèçrgo`= Sdkdzudl`, Br`sgl, @rndktgk`, Balgvg`+++ dspdog`ledktd oak Oub`+

Fuba euof`s atr`s ogroukst`kog`s qud hgst`kog`rak ` Eçxgoa oak@eçrgo` L`tgk`, par dmdepla, dl sdordt`rga hd Rdlògakds Dxtdrgardsedxgo`ka gktdktÿ n`k`r l` _dordt`r` Ndkdr`l hd l` Arn`kgzògÿk hd Dst`has @edrgo`kas p`r` la ou`l tuva qud oakcrakt`rsd oak Ofgld, p`squd k`ledktd abtuva dl o`rna+++

@l gkgoga hd su pdrgaha, Cax ordÿ uk` aogk` p`r` tdkhdr las suktashd las edxgo`kas dk dl dxtr`kmdra y sd prapusa tr`b`m`r oak dl nabgdrkadst`haukghdksd p`r` arhdk`r dl uma egnr`targa+ _gk deb`rna, dl t`qudtdrrargst` hdl 00 hd sdptgdebrd rdargdktÿ l`s prgargh`hds hd du y sd o`kodlÿ dl òudrha egnr`targa+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, dl nabgdrka hd Cax pdrhgÿèb`s `pudst`s= ka lanrÿ dl tr`t`ha egnr`targa y tdregkÿ oakcrakt`haoak euofas nabgdrkas l`tgkaèdrgo`kas+



4?

@ pds`r hd tahas las crò`sas dk paltgo` dxtdrgar, nròg`s l` llè`h` “tr`ksgogÿk hdeaoràtgo`―, Eçxgoa gknrdsÿ dk c`st tròi `l olub hd l`shdeaoròg`s hdl eukha+ @hdeàs, dl nabgdrka edxgo`ka sd oaepraedtgÿ ` `suegr dl hçogt dk hdrdofas fue`kas y òdptÿ `bgdrtèdktd qud

dl p`s cudr` eakgtard`ha par ndkog`s gktdrkògak`lds &@ldm khra @k`y`, dk Rdkùh, 2::>'+

Dl “nabgdrka hdl oèbga― prdsdrvÿ l` dstruotur` gkstgtuogak`lhdl ùtargt`rgsea

L`s llè`h`s “tr`ksgogakds― qud usu`ledktd sd ogt`k oaea l`s eàsdxgtas`s, oaea l` hd Ofgld a Dsp``, oulegk`rak oak uk` pracukh` rddstruoturògÿk hdl sgstde` paltgoa+ Dk Eçxgoa sd dspdr`b` qud dl prgedr nabgdrka hd `ltdrk`kog` tèbgçk praeavgdr` uk` pracukh` tr`kscareògÿk hdl sgstde` paltgoa, puds l` `rqugtdotur` gkstgtuogak`l hdlsgstde` paltgoa qud f`b` cukogak`ha p`r` dl utargt`rgsea hgcogledktd sdrvgr` p`r` uk` hdeaoròg +

Hds`cartuk`hèdktd, ka sd lanrÿ l` Rdcare` hdl Dst`ha qud sd dspdr`b`+ Kg sgqugdr` sd lanr`rak l`s rdcare`s dstruotur`lds qud eàs urn`k` l` `ndkh` hd las kdalgbdr`lds= so`l, dkdrnçtgo`, l`bar`l+++ _abrd dstd

crò`sa subsgstd uk` `nrg` hgsput` sabrd qugçk tuva l` rdspaks`bglgh`h+Dl egsea prdsghdktd, Sgodktd Cax, degtgÿ edks`mds ` l` kògÿk dk lasfar`rgas dstdl`rds hd l` tv p`r` oulp`r las ldngsl`hards hd rdof`z`r sugkgog`tgv` hd rdcare` dkdrnçtgo` par eatgvas dldotar`lds=

Ds gkordbld, ds “i`cig`ka― qud sgdkha uk p`s oak uk dxtràrhgk`rga patdkog`l dk e`tdrg` dkdrnçtgo`, dk Eçxgoa “dstdeas `tar`has par ukasou`ktas hgput`has kdogas― qud sd f`k prapudsta gepdhgr qud l` kògÿk

`lo`kod uk ordogegdkta doakÿegoa qud kas `yuhd ` supdr`r l` pabrdz`&Raeàk, 0> hd hgogdebrd, 2::8'+

_us `hvdrs`rgas y euofas `k`lgst`s, dk oèbga, oaksghdr`k qudegdktr`s Cax hgl`pghÿ su tgdepa y o`pgt`l paltgoa dk kuedrasas dsoàkh`las pdrsak`lds, `hdeàs ka tuva t`ldkta paltgoa kg gkvgrtgÿ tgdepa ydscudrza suogdktds p`r` sò`r `hdl`ktd ou`lqugdr` hd l`s rdcare`s+

@ pds`r hd taha, tèbgçk sd pudhdk sd`l`r `lnukas `v`kods dk e`tdrg` paltgo`, oaea l` gkstgtuogak`lgzògÿk hd l` hgvgsgÿk hd pahdrds9uk` e`yar tr`ksp`rdkog` hd l` hegkgstrògÿk pýblgo` nròg`s l`s kudv`s ldyds hd òodsa ` l` gkcareògÿk+++ Zdra f`y qud hdstò`r qud dstas`v`kods ka cudrak cruta hdl gepulsa hd l` `hegkgstrògÿk caxgst`, sgka



48

hdl gepulsa hd euofas sdotards ogvglds y paltgoas qud tr`b`m`b`k p`r`lanr`r dst`s rdcare`s hdshd `ktds hdl sdxdkga hd Cax+

Dl sdxdkga hd las dsoàkh`las edhgàtgoas

Dk dl àebgta hd l` oaeukgoògÿk e`sgv`, l` nr`k papul`rgh`h hdl prdsghdktd Cax rdprdsdkt` uk` p`r`ham` qud ka f` pahgha sdr dxplgo`h` par las dspdog`lgst`s hdl p`s+ Oaea y` sd f` sd`l`ha, su hegkgstrògÿk kacud p`rtgoul`redktd brgll`ktd, dsa la rdoakaod l` ndktd dk l`s dkoudst`s+@hdeàs, kgvdl edhgàtgoa dl sdxdkga dstuva edre`ha par kuedrasas dsoàkh`las qud sd rddm`rak oatghg`kèdktd dk l` e`yar p`rtd hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+ @ pds`r hd taha, dl prdsghdktd tdregkÿ oak uk `ltakgvdl hd papul`rgh`h dk tah`s l`s dkoudst`s qud la ubgo`b`k oaea ukahd las edmards prdsghdktds hd @eçrgo` L`tgk`+

Rdspdota ` las hdslgods oatghg`kas hdl prdsghdktd Cax y sus cukogak`rgas, oakodhèas dl bdkdoga hd l` huh`, ka pahdeas s`bdr quç t`k gkdogdktds cudrak l`s hegkgstrògakds ktdrgards parqud dk dl vgdma rçngedklas dsoàkh`las hd las `ltas cukogak`rgas ka sd rdvdl`b`k dk las edhgas9 dl

prdsghdktd dr` gktao`bld, sus c`lt`s pýblgo`s y prgv`h`s sÿla lldn`b`k sdr oakaogh`s dk l`s çlgtds+ Zar t`kta, las kuedrasas dsoàkh`las hdl sdxdkga

hd Cax tèbgçk rdvdl`k uk` kudv` otgtuh hd las edhgas, l` hgspasgogÿk hdso`lgz`r y hdkukog`r l`s drr`t`s y vgogas hd las palåtgoas+

Hd e`kdr` qud, las hdslgods hd l` prdsghdkog` hd Sgodktd Cax cudrakdl tde` oatghg`ka hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+ _ÿla par dmdeplgo`r sd pahr`k ogt`r `lnukas hd las eàs cèasas= dk dl a 2::2, Cghdl O`stra dxfgbgÿ l`s edktgr`s hdl prdsghdktd Cax, oak uk` nr`bògÿk, rdl`tgv`s` l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd O`stra dk l` Oakcdrdkog` Gktdrkògak`l sabrd Cgk`kogògÿk p`r` dl Hds`rralla+ Dk dstd egsea à uk eavgegdkta hd

oèpdsgkas hd _`k _`lv`har @tdkoa gepghd l` oakstruoogÿk hd uk `drapudrta `ltdrka, qud f`b` sgha `kukog`ha pýblgoèdktd par Cax, p`r`l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa+ Dk dl à 2::? dl gcd hdeastrÿ qud l` oèp``hd Cax f`b` rdogbgha rdoursas hd praodhdkog` gldn`l &v` las @egnas hdCax'9 eatgva par dl ou`l s`kogakÿ l p k &Z`str`k`, 2> hd mukga, 2::8'+

@ la l`rna hdl sdxdkga, las edhgas hdtdot`rak kuedrasas hdsvas hdrdoursas pýblgoas+ Dl prgedra cud dk 2::0 ou`kha l` prdks` rdvdlÿ qud

p`r` l` gkst`lògÿk hd lnukas sdotards hd l` o`s` prdsghdkog`l sd rd`lgz`rak n`stas `bsurhas, par la qud sd gkgogÿ uk` gkvdstgnògÿk+ Dk 2::8 sdrdvdl` uk hdsva hd eàs hd 2:: egllakds hd pdsas hdshd l` Latdr` Kògak`l ` saogògakds ogvglds `kds ` l` prgedr` hè` E`rtf` _`f`nýk+



43

v` dl rueba dqugvao`ha sak eàs &42+6$' qud las qud pgdks`k qud lldv`dl rueba oarrdota &?4+7$'+ Dk las às `ktdrgards, l` pablògÿk tdkùk` vgsgÿk `ýk eàs kdn`tgv` hd l` doakae` hdl p`s, `s oaea hd sudoakae` pdrsak`l=

Nrào` GGG Zopoÿ l` sòÿ oaÿeo` psa`l

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, ?0 hd e`ya, 2::3+

Nrào` GS

@pabòÿ o``` l ps So Ca




4>

Z`r`hÿmgoèdktd, dk tah`s l`s dv`luògakds hdl sdxdkga, l` pablògÿkld atarn` uk` prabògÿk pasgtgv` l prdsghdktd Cax+ Dk cdbrdra hd 2::3,3?+2$ prudb` su hegkgstrògÿk oaktr` ??+7$ qud l` rdprudb`+ Gkolusasg sd oaep`r` l` dv`luògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax dk dl oaktgkdktd edrgo`

ka sd hdsoubrgrà qud ds dl qugkta edmar dv`lu`ha=

Nrào` S @pabòÿ las e``às l oa eoà

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0 hd `brgl, 2::3+

Dl nr`k sdxdkga hd l`s tdldvgsar`s

@ c`var hd l` ge`ndk hdl prdsghdktd Cax dstuvgdrak l`s nr`khds o`hdk`s tdldvgsgv`s hdl p`s+ _gk lun`r ` huh` dl sdxdkga hdl prdsghdktd Caxcud dl edmar qud sd f` rdngstr`ha p`r` las oarpar`tgvas hd l` tdldvgsgÿkedxgo`k`+ Kgknýk prdsghdktd hdl vgdma rçngedk f`b` sgha t`k ndkdrasa

oak las oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas9 p`r` hdeastr`rla hdsorgbgrç l`s ou`tra prgkogp`lds edhgh`s qud taeÿ l` prdsghdkog` hd Cax dk bdkdoga hd lasoarpar`tgvas= l` rdhuoogÿk hd gepudstas9 dl rdcrdkha `ktgogp`ha hd oakodsgakds9 l` oakodsgÿk hd o`sgkas y9 l` `prabògÿk hd l` Ldy Cdhdr`l hdR`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk+

L` o`kodlògÿk hd gepudstas ` l`s tdldvgsar`s

Dl 0: hd aotubrd hd 2::2, l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo` v` hdordta,sgk oaksult`r oak dl Zahdr Ldngsl`tgva praeuln` uk kudva Rdnlèdktahd l` Ldy Cdhdr`l hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk dk e`tdrg` hd Oakodsgakds, Zdr



46

egsas y Oaktdkgha hd l`s Xr`ksegsgakds hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk+ Dst`kudv` ldngslògÿk cud eatdm`h` par las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk oaeaDl Hdordt`za+

La sust`kog`l hd dstd hdordta ds l` rdhuoogÿk hdl 7:$ hdl gepudsta

qud las oakodsgak`rgas hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk trgbut`b`k `l Dst`ha p`r`dl o`sa hd l` tdldvgsgÿk y o`sg hdl 6:$ p`r` l` r`hga, par la qud dl gepudsta qud dstgpul`b` l` ldy &06: egkutas hg`rgas p`r` r`hga y tv' p`sÿ sdr hd 06 egkutas hg`rgas dk dl o`sa hd l` tv y dk dl o`sa hd l` r`hga p`sÿ `sdr hd ?4 egkutas hg`rgas+

L` mustgoògÿk nubdrkèdkt`l hd dst` rdhuoogÿk ds qud, hd còta,las edhgas f`b`k dst`ha `sgnk`kha `l Dst`ha tgdepas gksdrvgblds, dshdogr ` `lt`s far`s hd l` e`hrun`h` &dktrd l`s :=:: y l`s 4=::', dk tgde

pas dk qud las edks`mds hdl Dst`ha pràotgoèdktd ka tdk`k ùhgdkog`+W oaea “dl Dst`ha ka oakt`b` oak gkstruedktas p`r` dxgngr edmardsfar`rgas― &_dordt`rå` hd Nabdrkògÿk, 2::2', dl nabgdrka prdrgÿ kdnaog`r oak las rdprdsdkt`ktds hd las edhgas uk` rdhuoogÿk hdl tgdepa qudsd trgbut`b` ` oèbga hd edmards far`rgas+ @far` las 06 egkutas qud sdtrgbut`k `l Dst`ha sd tr`ksegtgràk dktrd l`s 3=:: y l`s 28=:: far`s+ Rdsult` abvga qud dstd hdordta prdsghdkog`l sgnkgo` uk` olùhgoògÿk hdlnabgdrka `ktd las edhgas dldotrÿkgoas+

Oaktr`hgotargèdktd, dk e`rza hd 2::2, l` egse` _dordt`r` hd Na

bdrkògÿk, hdpdkhgdktd hd l` prdsghdkog`, f`b` oakvao`ha ` nrupas hdl` saogdh`h ogvgl y ` las dspdog`lgst`s dk edhgas p`r` tr`b`m`r dk ukÈds` hd Hgàlana p`r` l` Rdcare` Gktdnr`l hd l` Ldngslògÿk dk EdhgasDldotrÿkgoas+ @ktds hd Dl Hdordt`za, l`s oakolusgakds hd dst` eds``pukt`b`k qud dl nabgdrka dxgngdr` las edhgas uk edmar far`rga p`r`dl 02+4 hd tgdepa qud trgbut`b`k l Dst`ha, ka qud sd o`kodl`r` l` trgbutògÿk+ Xèbgçk sd pl`kd`b` qud dl Dst`ha rd`lgz`r` uk edmar usa hddstd tgdepa aog`l &@lv`, 2::2'+ Gkolusa `lnukas dspdog`lgst`s f`bå`k

pl`ktd`ha pýblgoèdktd qud, dk vdz hd qud dl gcd atarn`r` uk prdsu pudsta ou`ktgasa ` las p`rtghas p`r` qud çstas la us`r`k dk las edhgas,dl nabgdrka odhgdr` su tgdepa aog`l ` las p`rtghas p`r` `farr`rsd dldkared prdsupudsta qud dl gcd dktrdn` ` las p`rtghas p`r` publgogh`hdldotar`l+ Xahas dstas kablds praydotas sd tgr`rak par l` barh` oak l`sasour`s kdnaogògakds hd l` prdsghdkog` oak las edhgas, l`s ou`lds oulegk`rak oak l` praeulnògÿk hd Dl Hdordt`za+



3:

L` Ldy Xdldvgs`

L` `prabògÿk hd l` Ldy Cdhdr`l hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk oakstgtuyduka hd las dpgsahgas eàs asouras hd l` oaeplgogh`h dktrd l`s çlgtds p`r

tgh`rg`s hdl prg y p`k oak l`s tdldvgsar`s+ Zdra ` hgcdrdkog` hd las o`sashd Dl Hdordt`za y dl Rdcrdkha ktgogp`ha hd l`s oakodsgakds, dk dl o`sa hdl Ldy Xdldvgs` sd oakreÿ l` oalusgÿk hd l`s tdldvgsar`s oak dl oaknrdsa y oak l`s çlgtds p`rtgh`rg`s hdl prg y p`k, eàs qud oak l` Zrdsghdkog`hd l` Rdpýblgo`+

L` rdcare` ` l` Ldy Cdhdr`l hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk &`s oaea l` Ldyhd Xdldoaeukgoògakds', cud `prab`h` par l` prdsgÿk hd l`s tdldvgsar`sdk dl oaktdxta hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::39 par dstd eatgva,` dst` gkgog`tgv` sd ld hdkaegkÿ l` Ldy Xdldvgs`+ Dk oaktr` hd dst` rdcare` ldn`l sd e`kgcdst`rak pràotgoèdktd tahas las sdotards hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl &dxodpta Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`' d gepart`ktds sdotards hd lòl`sd paltgo`+

Dk dl pdrgaha prdvga l`s dldoogakds, kavgdebrdhgogdebrd 2::4, lashgrdotgvas hdl oarpar`tgva Xdldvgs` prdsgak`rak las p`rtghas y sus o`khgh`tas p`r` qud sd prab`r` uk` kudv` Ldy Cdhdr`l hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿkqud c`vardogdr` èplgèdktd ` sus gktdrdsds+ @ukqud dl prgkogp`l prdtdxta hd l` gkgog`tgv` dr` tr`sp`rdkt`r dl atarnègdkta y dl rdcrdkha hd

l`s oakodsgakds, dl praydota dk oakmukta acrdo` nr`khds vdkt`m`s p`r`Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo` sabrd dl rdsta hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk hdl

p`s+@ hdogr hd las dspdog`lgst`s y las paltgoas, las p`rtghas rdprdsdkt`has

dk l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has odhgdrak par tdear ` tdkdr uk` e`l` oabdrtur` dk l`s dldoogakds+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, l` Ldy Xdldvgs` cud `prab`h` dkhgogdebrd hd 2::4 hd e`kdr` ukàkged par las hgput`has+ _gk deb`rna,l` ldy sd hdtuva dk dl sdk`ha p`r` sdr k`lgz`h` oak hdtdkgegdkta+

@ prgkogpgas hd 2::3, dl _dk`ha rd`lgzÿ oaksult`s oak dspdog`lgst`s yùtargh`hds vgkoul`h`s ` l` rdnulògÿk hd edhgas, l` nr`k e`yar` hdlas dspdog`lgst`s y ùtargh`hds sd e`kgcdstÿ dk oaktr` hd l` rdcare` ldn`l t`l oaea sd pl`ktd`b`+ Zdra kds hd e`rza l` b`ko`h` p`kgst` hdoghgÿ `pay`r ` l` gkgog`tgv` p`r` `pukt`l`r ` l` `lgo`h` oèp`` hd suo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+ L` egse` hdogsgÿk f`b` sgha tae`h` dk dl prg hdshd qud sd prdsdktÿ l` gkgog`tgv` dk dl a ktdrgar+

Tk nrupa hd sdk`hards hgsghdktds hdkukog`rak l`s prdsgakds, dktrddllas dl p`kgst` M`vgdr Oarr`l, dl prggst` E`kudl B`rttldt y las pdrgÿhgoas

L` Mark`h`, Dl Tkgvdrs`l y Rdcare`+ Tk à hdspuçs hd l` dldoogÿk, dlegsea _`ktg`na Orddl hdkukog`r` qud l` ldy f`b` sgha `prab`h` par las of`kt`mds hd Xdldvgs`+



30

Dl pdrgahgst` Mdk`ra Sgllègl rdvdlÿ `lnukas hd las dxodsas hd lashgrdotgvas hd Xdldvgs` dk l` rdvgst` Zraodsa kýedra 04?8+ _dnýk dl pdrgahgst` dk las prgedras h`s hd cdbrdra las hgrdotgvas y `sdsards hdloarpar`tgva Xdldvgs` sd rdukgdrak oak las trds prgkogp`lds o`khgh`tas

prdsghdkog`lds+ Dk dl oaktdxta hd l`s oèp``s, Xdldvgs` dst`b` o`bglhd`kha cudrtdedktd oak tahas las sdotards paltgoas y edhgàtgoas dl`paya ` l` llè`h Ldy Xdldvgs`+

Hdspuçs hd l`s oaep`rdodkog`s hd las o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds, l`kaofd hdl vgdrkds ? hd cdbrdra sd odldbr` uk` dst` hd l` çlgtd hd Xdldvgs` oak lnukas hd las paltgoas gkvgt`has, dktrd dllas hdstò`k las rdprdsdkt`ktds hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds, sdk`hards oaea Deglga Nè

ba` Z`trÿk, d gkolusa dl kartdèdrgo`ka Ndarnd Xdkkdt, dl dx hgrdotar hd l` og`+ @l k`l hd l` dst` l` çlgtd sgstd uk` pdld` hd n`llas, pdra dkdl dsodk`rga gktdrvgdkd Bdrk`rha Nÿedz, vgodprdsghdktd hd Xdldvgs`,

p`r` dkvg`r uk edks`md las sgstdktds=

Hd dstd l`ha, hgma Bdrk`rha Nÿedz, dstà dl “n`lla― hd Xdldvgs`, y dk dlatra, dl “n`lla― hd tv @ztdo`+ _u ègna y mdcd, Deglga @zoàrr`n` Md`k,sd ld òdroÿ y ld sungrgÿ qud ka fgogdr` ds`s oaep`rògakds+ Dkn`ll`haNÿedz prdrgÿ sumdt`r ` uk` hd l`s `vds hd pdld` y lds hgma ` las prdsdktds= “@ukqud Deglga ka qugdrd qud sd edkogakd ` k`hgd, s qugdra hdogr

lds qud dsta ld pudhd suodhdr qugdk sd edt` oak Xdldvgs`―+W hdnallÿ dl vd+++Tk sgldkoga gkoÿeaha rahdÿ l` dsodk`+ L` dst` f`bå` tdregk`ha &Sg

llègl, 2::3'+

Dl rdpart`md k`rr` qud dl odktra hd l` hgsousgÿk, hur`ktd las h`s hdlcara, cud dl cutura hd l` Ldy Xdldvgs`+ Zar dsa dl edks`md brut`l hdl vgod

prdsghdktd hd Xdldvgs` l` çlgtd qud `sgstgÿ l` ýltge` dst` hdl dvdkta+

Dk l` vspdr` hd l` `prabògÿk par dl _dk`ha, dk l` ýltge` sde`k` hde`rza 2::3, sd apusgdrak pýblgoèdktd ` dst` rdcare` ldn`l tah`s l`sgkstgtuogakds gkvaluor`h`s dk l` `plgoògÿk hd l` ldy= l` Oaegsgÿk Cdhdr`l hd Xdldoaeukgoògakds &Oacdtdl'9 l` Oaegsgÿk Cdhdr`l hd Oaepdtdkog`s &Oacdoa'9 dl Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l+++ Hd gnu`l e`kdr` sdapusa l` Rdh hd R`hgahgcusards y Xdldvgsar`s Dhuo`tgv`s y Oultur`ldshd Eçxgoa9 l`s dstògakds hd r`hga y tv pýblgo`s e`kgcdst`rak uk` pracukh` pratdst` la l`rna hd tah` su b`rr` pranrèàtgo`9 tèbgçk oagkoghgdrak dk l` apasgogÿk l`s `saogògakds hd dspdog`lgst`s dk dl dstuhga hdlas edhgas y las prgkogp`lds gktdldotu`lds hdl p`s+++ @sgegsea, pratdst`rak euof`s hd l`s prgkogp`lds pdrsak`lgh`hds hd l` r`hga oaedrog`l&oakhuotards hd katgog`rgas'+++ sd pudhd `re`r qud, dk tçregkas ndkd



32

r`lds, fuba uk oaksdksa hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl dk oaktr` hd l` ldy+ Z`ròaeprab`r dst` èplg` eavglgzògÿk saog`l dk oaktr` hd l` Ldy Xdldvgs`, sd pudhdk rdvgs`r las pdrgÿhgoas L` Mark`h`, Dl Tkgvdrs`l y Rdcar%e` hd l`s has ýltge`s sde`k`s hd e`rza+

O`sg las ýkgoas qud hdcdkhgdrak pýblgoèdktd dst` rdcare` ldn`l cudrak sus bdkdog`rgas= Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`, qugdkds prdsgak`rak cudrtdedktd l`s nrupògakds hd edhgas &ogrt, o`kgdtg+++' p`r` qud pay`r`k l` rdcare`+ Zýblgoèdktd, dl 2> hd e`rza, las oakhuotards hd laskatgog`rgas dstdl`rds hd dst`s tdldvgsar`s, Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn` y M`vgdr @l`tarrd, hdso`lgo`rak d gktdkt`rak gktgegh`r ` las hgsghdktds hd dst`ldy hur`ktd sus dspògas gkcare`tgvas+

Las dspdog`lgst`s dk edhgas hdkukog`rak qud l` ldy prapak` l` su b`st` hd l` tat`lgh`h hdl dspdotra hgngt`l p`r` tdldoaeukgoògakds &qudsdrà l` crdoudkog` haegk`ktd dk ukas ou`ktas às'+ Dk l` pràotgo`, lasýkgoas qud f`k oaedkz`ha l` tr`ksgogÿk hgngt`l f`k sgha las oaksarogas Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`+ @hdeàs, l Ldy Xdldvgs` pdregtd qud las oakodsgak`rgas qud gknrds`k l dspdotra hgngt`l hds`rralldk sdrvgogas hd tdldoaeukgoògakds &oaea tdldcak`' qud sak sapart`has par dl dspdotrahgngt`l+

Zar atr` p`rtd, l` ldy `sgnk` l`s oakodsgakds par 2: às, `l o`ba hdlas ou`lds, l`s tdldvgsar`s rdcrdkh`k utaeàtgo` y nr`tugtèdktd, su oak

odsgÿk=

@rtoula 03+ Dl tçregka hd uk` oakodsgÿk sdrà hd 2: as y pahrà sdr rdcrdkh`h` `l egsea oakodsgak`rga qud tdkhrà prdcdrdkog` sabrd tdrodras+Dl rdcrdkha hd l`s oakodsgakds, s`lva dk dl o`sa hd rdkukog`, ka dst`ràsumdta l praodhgegdkta hdl rtoula 0> hd dst` ldy+ &Ldy Cdhdr`l hd R`hgay Xdldvgsgÿk'

_gk deb`rna, pds`r hd qud dl egsea nabgdrka gkvgdrtd dk l` tr`ksgogÿk hgngt`l, l` ldy ka prdvç qud `l k`l hd l` tr`ksgogÿk dl Dst`ha sdqudhd oak dl dxodhdktd hdl dspdotra hgngt`l, sgka qud l` ldy pdregtd qudtaha dl dspdotra p`sd e`kas hd las oakodsgak`rgas qud oaedkz`rak l`tr`ksgogÿk, ds hdogr, Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, l`s tdldvgsar`s ka sala eakapalgz`r`k dl dspdotra hgngt`l, sgka qud, hdeàs, dl na

bgdrka ka pahr` oabr`rlds par dl usa hd l`s oakodsgakds qud tr`ksegt`kdk dst` crdoudkog`+

F`y qud hdstò`r qud sg dl nabgdrka rdoupdr`r` dl rdst`ktd hdl dspdotra hgngt`l, pahr` n`k`r hdodk`s a ogdktas hd eglds hd egllakds hd hÿl`rds, oaea fgogdrak las nabgdrkas hd las p`sds qud y` f`k rd`lgz`ha l`tr`ksgogÿk hgngt`l &Dst`has Tkghas, Gknl`tdrr`, Dsp``+++'



3?

Dk dl cutura, sg Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo` eakapalgz`k dl dspdotra hgngt`l,ka sÿla qudh`ràk dxolughas dl rdsta hd e`ss edhg` oaedrog`lds, sgkatèbgçk las edhgas pýblgoas, las ukgvdrsgt`rgas, las oaeukgt`rgas, lasgkhndk`s+++ tahas las qud f`st` dktakods f`b`k sgha pratdnghas par l`

Oakstgtuogÿk+Dl prgkogp`l `rnuedkta hd las sdk`hards prggst`s y p`kgst`s p`r``prab`r l` rdcare` cud tr`ksp`rdkt`r l` `sgnkògÿk y dl rdcrdkha hd l`soakodsgakds+ Hdo`k qud oak l` rdcare` y` ka sdr` dl prdsghdktd qugdk`sgnk`r` l`s oakodsgakds hd e`kdr` hgsordogak`l, sgka qud `far` dst`l`bar sdr` rd`lgz`h` hd uk` e`kdr` pracdsgak`l par l` Oaegsgÿk Cdhdr`lhd Xdldoaeukgoògakds &Oacdtdl'+ _gk deb`rna, l` Ldy Xdldvgs` tèpaoa ouepl` s`tgscòtargèdktd dstd abmdtgva hd tr`sp`rdkt`r l` `sgnkògÿk y dl rdcrdkha hd oakodsgakds ` las edhgas parqud, kudvèdktd, dsdl prdsghdktd qugdk hdsgnk` ` las oaegsgak`has qud `hegkgstr`ràk dl

praodsa hd lgogtògÿk hd l`s oakodsgakds, dk t`kta qud dl _dk`ha sÿla tgdkd hdrdofa hd vdt`r las oaegsgak`has prapudstas par dl prdsghdktd+ Hdfdofa, cud dl prdsghdktd Cax ‟qugdk cud dxtrde`hèdktd oakhdsodkhgdktd oak l`s tdldvgsar`s‟ dl rdspaks`bld hd kaebr`r ` las oaegsgak`has qud apdr`r`k hur`ktd dl sdxdkga hd su suodsar+

Dk oakolusgÿk, l` `prabògÿk hd l` Ldy Xdldvgs` hdeastrÿ qud l`s tdldvgsar`s sd f`k oakstgtugha oaea dl nrupa hd prdsgÿk eàs pahdrasa

qud apdr` dk dl pdrgaha hd l`s oèp`ð`s prdsghdkog`lds+ _u gkudkog`habldnÿ `l prdsghdktd, ` l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has y ` l` hd sdk`hards,`hdeàs hd qud `rrallÿ las hdrdofas hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl+

@ hdogr hd hgput`has y dspdog`lgst`s, dst` rdcare` ldn`l vgal`b` euofas hd las prdodptas hd l` O`rt` E`nk`, dk p`l`br`s hdl oakstgtuogak`lgst` Dlgsur @rtd`n`=

L`s ldyds cdhdr`lds hd R`hga y Xdldvgsgÿk y hd Xdldoaeukgoògakds oak

tr`vgdkdk v`rgas rtoulas hd l` Oakstgtuogÿk parqud caedkt`k otgvgh`hds hd eakapalga, tr`stao`k dl òtu`l praodsa dldotar`l, `cdot`k ` lasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk pýblgoas, ` l`s r`hgas oaeukgt`rg`s d gkhndk`s, dluhdk l` gktdrvdkogÿk hd l` Oaegsgÿk Cdhdr`l hd Oaepdtdkog` &Oacdoa', sasl`y`k l`s lgogtògakds pýblgo`s prdvgst`s par l` O`rt` E`nk` yvgal`k taha la rdl`tgva Ldy hd Oaedroga+++ &Dk Eçkhdz, 2::3'+

Z`r` dkcrdkt`r tah`s dst`s gldn`lgh`hds, uk nrupa hd sdk`hards dko` bdz`has par dl p`kgst` M`vgdr Oarr`l y las prggst`s E`kudl B`rttldt y Hulod E`r` _ùrg gepunk`rak l` ldy `ktd las trgbuk`lds+ O`sg uk à hds

puçs hd l` dldoogÿk, las prgkogp`lds `rtoulas hd l` Ldy Xdldvgs` cudrakrdvao`has par l` _uprde` Oartd hd Mustgog` hd l` Kògÿk+ Oak dsta sd



38

hdeastrÿ qud l` dst` ldy prab`h` par dl p`k y prg hur`ktd dl pdrgaha hdl`s oèp``s praeav` dl eakapalga hd l` tdldvgsgÿk+ & L` Mark`h`, 0hd mukga, 2::>'

L`s b`ss loa`ls las s `s pàs

Z`hrÿk dldotar`l

Dl gcd rdpartÿ qud 74+80 $ hd las oguh`h`kas e`yards hd 06 as hdl p`s salgogtÿ ordhdkog`l p`r` vat`r, oak la ou`l dl p`hrÿk dldotar`l qudhÿgktdnr`ha oak las >0+ ?4: egllakds qud rdoangdrak su ordhdkog`l y pahr`k vat`r dk l`s dldoogakds hdl 2 hd mulga+ Dktrd l` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`lhdl a 2::: y l` hdl 2::3, dl lgst`ha kaegk`l hd oguh`h`kas ordogÿ paoaeàs hd 2:$, sdnýk gkcareògÿk hd l` Hgrdoogÿk Dmdoutgv` hdl Rdngstra Cdhdr`l hd Dldotards &rcd'+ _d p`sÿ hd 46 >6: ::: dk dl à 2::: `>0 ?>8 ?>? hd patdkog`lds dldotards+ L` praparogÿk hd faebrds y eumdrds ds sgegl`r, las dst`has qud e`yar o`ktgh`h hd dldotards rdngstr`k sakHgstrgta Cdhdr`l, Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa, Sdròruz, Zudbl` y A`xò`+

Oà 0

Ls` kae`l loas

d` a O`às Zao`m

Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l 7 :60 :88 02+6>$

Sdròruz 4 >0> 702 6+0$

Zudbl` ? 7?0 6>7 4+4>$

A`xò` ? :>6 >70 8+?3$Atr`s dktgh`hds 86 >>2 763 37+0$

Xat`l >: 462 302 0::$

Cudktd= gcd, Z`hrÿk dldotar`l, otu`lgzògÿk cdbrdra, 2::3+

Atr` hd l`s v`rg`blds cukhèdkt`lds sak l`s oafartds hd l` dh`h, laeàs hdstò`ha ds dl sdotar hd las mÿvdkds, las edkards hd ?8 às oakstgtuydk 88+34$ hd las vat`ktds+



33

Saòÿ@bsal` rl`v`

p`kpvde 04 767 3?3 82+42$prg 0? 4>7 >06 ?3+00$

prh 3 243 >6: 03+38$poh 2:3 467 :+44$p`re 043 673 :+82$_aog`l 472 ?60 0+46$

Ka rdngstr`ha+ ?0 830 :+:6$Satas kulas= >66 04> 2+0:$Satògÿk tat`l= ?> :30 306

Cudktd= Hgrdoogÿk hd Dst`hstgo` y haouedktògÿk dldotar`l hdl gcd+

@ukqud dst` vatògÿk fgstÿrgo` p`rdodr` rdprdsdkt`r l` tdkhdkog` hdvata hd o`h` p`rtgha, dk rd`lgh`h ka la ds parqud dk o`h` dldoogÿk uk

p`rtgha abtgdkd has tgpas cukhèdkt`lds hd vata= 0' dl hd su b`sd dldotar`l, hdkaegk`ha oaeýkedktd vata hura9 2' dl vata hd dldotards gkhd

pdkhgdktds qud ogroukst`kog`ledktd f`k vat`ha par dstd p`rtgha pdraqud dk atr`s ogroukst`kog`s sudldk oèbg`r dl sdktgha hd su vata+ Dstasýltgeas dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds pravao`k nr`khds oèbgas dk l`s dldo

ogakds y oakstgtuydk dl abmdtgva odktr`l hd l`s oèp``s+

Dl vata hura hd las trds nr`khds p`rtghas

Tk dstuhga hd Ray Oèpas &Oèpas, `brgl, 2::4' prapakd o`loul`r dl vata hura p`rtgr hdl edkar kýedra hd vatas qud f` abtdkgha uk p`rtgha dk o`h` sdoogÿk dldotar`l hdshd 077> f`st` dl 2::4+ Çstas sdr`k dlekgea hd vatas, las vatas “n`r`ktgz`has― hd o`h` p`rtgha ` kgvdl kògak`l &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0 hd brgl, 2::4'+

Oà 2Saa eea y eea las s `s pàs

_e` vaas eeas

o`` sooÿ &ellas'$ spaa

8: ellas vaas

p`k 3+? 04+6prg 7+0 22+6prh ?+6 7+4Ou`rt`s cudrz`s :+6 2




3>

Oèpas dstge` uk dsodk`rga hd 8: egllakds hd vatas p`r` dl 2::3, par la qud dl vata hura hdl prg oakstgtugr` 22+6$9 dl vata hura hdl p k sdr` 04+6$ y dl hdl prh sdr` sÿla hdl 7+4$9 qudh`r` uk 2$ p`r` l`scudrz`s rdst`ktds+ _ue`ha dl vata hura hd tahas dstas p`rtghas, `pdk`s

sd lanr`r` dl 40$ hd las vat`ktds, hd e`kdr` qud rdst` uk 87$ hd dldotards qud ka tdkhrå` uk` hdkgogÿk p`rtghgst`+Oèpas prapakd atra dmdrogoga dst`hstgoa, absdrv`r dl v`lar eàxgea

hd vata qud f` tdkgha uk p`rtgha dk o`h` sdoogÿk, oaksghdr`kha ` lasdldotards qud f`k vat`ha `lnuk` vdz par uk p`rtgha hdshd 077> ` 2::?,ds hdogr, sak las dldotards qud sdr`k susodptgblds hd valvdr ` vat`r par o`h` uk` hd l`s apogakds+

Dk dstd ou`hra sd absdrv` qud 03+3 egllakds hd oguh`h`kas f`k vat`ha `l p`k par la edkas dk uk` ao`sgÿk, dktrd 077> y 2::?9 par dl prg 04+4 egllakds y par dl prh 7+? egllakds+

Oà ?Eea vaas aba pa o`` pà

_e` vaas eeas

o`` sooÿ &ellas'$ spaa

8: ellas vaas

p`k 03+3 ?0+4prg 04+2 ?6

prh 7+? 2?+?

Ou`rt`s cudrz`s ?+8 ?+4


Oaea sd pudhd absdrv`r, uk dk l` dstgeògÿk eàs aptgegst` dl prh ka lanr`r` n`k`r oak las vat`ktds qud par la edkas la f`k vat`ha lnuk` vdz, par t`kta, kdodsgt` oakvdkodr 3 egllakds hd dldotards qud kuko`f`k sucr`n`ha par dstd p`rtgha+ Lÿpdz Abr`har tdkhr` uk rdta e`yar qud dl hd Cax dk dl 2:::, puds dk qudll` cdof` dl p k y` f`b` lanr`ha quduk nr`k kýedra hd vat`ktds la dlgngdr`k par la edkas `lnuk` vdz+ Dstd`kàlgsgs hdl vata hura kas eudstr` qud l` cudrz` qud eastr`b` LÿpdzAbr`har dk l`s dkoudst`s `ktds hd l` oèp`` sd cukh`b` dk las vat`ktds gkhdpdkhgdktds, dk uk` nr`k e`yar` hd vat`ktds qud ka f`b k vat`ha ktdrgaredktd par dl prh+



36

L`s looas pe``s las s pop`ls pàs

L` dldoogÿk prge`rg` hdl prg

Dl mudna hd tr`gogakds dktrd Rabdrta E`hr`za y Dlb` Dstfdr NarhgllaDk 0777, Rabdrta E`hr`za oaktdkhgÿ dk l` gktdrk` hdl prg y cud rra

ll`ha par l` e`qugk`rg` oarpar`tgva olgdktdl`r+ Zdra ou`kha dl o`khgh`taCr`kogsoa L`b`stgh` pdrhgÿ l` dldoogÿk `ktd Sgodktd Cax, E`hr`za oaedkzÿ oakstrugr su sdnukh` apartukgh`h+

Dk dl à 2::0 E`hr`za oaktgdkhd par l` hgrgndkog` hdl prg dk lg`kz` oak Dlb` Dstfdr Narhglla, lghdrds` hdl _gkhgo`ta Kògak`l hd Xr`b`m hards hd l` Dhuoògÿk, uka hd las sgkhgo`tas eàs nr`khds y pahdrasashdl p`s+ L` cÿreul` n`k` par `brue`har` e`yar`, Rabdrta E`hr`zaqudh` oaea prdsghdktd kògak`l hdl prg y Dlb` Dstfdr, oaea sdordt`rg`ndkdr`l+ @hdeàs Dlb` Dstfdr dk dl 2::? ds hdsgnk`h` oaarhgk`har` hdl` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has, pdra dk l` rdb`tgkn` par l`s oaegsgakds hdloaknrdsa Dlb` gktdkt` hdspl`z`r ` las e`hrògst`s9 çstas lanr`k hdstgtugrl` y dk su lun`r kaebr`k oaea kudva oaarhgk`har `l e`hrògst`Deglga Ofu`yccdt+

Cax y Dlb` Dstfdr hdkukog`k qud E`hr`za dk o`lgh`h hd prdsghdktd

kògak`l hdl prg sd f`bå` oaepraedtgha ` `pay`r uk` rdcare` so`l,qud dktrd atr`s oas`s, oaktdepl`b` uk gepudsta &gv`' dk edhgogk`s y`lgedktas+ Oak dstd v`l, Dlb` Dstfdr, ou`kha dr` lhdr hd l` b`ko`h` hdlprg dk l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has, sd oaepraedtgÿ oak Cax ` qud su b`ko`h` `pay`rå` dl praydota hd rdcare` so`l dk dl `ða 2::?+ _gk deb`r na, dk dl eaedkta oruog`l, E`hr`za y l` b`ko`h` hdl prg rdof`z`k l`rdcare` so`l, par la qud l` gkgog`tgv` hd ldy sd fukhd+

Zastdrgaredktd, dk dl 2::4 E`hr`za rdkukog` l` prdsghdkog` kòga

k`l hdl prg p`r` sdr o`khgh`ta ` l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo`+ L` tr`hgogÿk dk dl prg, f`st` dsd eaedkta, dr` qud l` pdrsak` qud aoup`b` l`_dordt`r` Ndkdr`l hdl prg rdldv`r` `l prdsghdktd s`lgdktd9 dk dstd o`sa,Dlb` Dstfdr dr` l` sdordt`rg` ndkdr`l y dxgngÿ rdldv`r ` E`hr`za dk l`

prdsghdkog` hdl p`rtgha+ _gk deb`rna, E`hr`za la gepghd y praeudvd dlkaebrègdkta hd uk prdsghdktd gktdrgka, dl ou`l, sgk sdr hd su nrupa,rdprdsdkt`r` sus gktdrdsds+ Dl 27 hd nasta, Dlb` Dstfdr pdld` ldn`ledktd par l` prdsghdkog` pdra ds hdrrat`h` dk las trgbuk`lds+ Cgk`ledktd dl?0 hd nasta, dl Oaksdma Zaltgoa Kògak`l hdl prg dlgnd ` E`rg`ka Z`lògas oaea hgrgndktd kògak`l hdl trgoalar+

Dk vdkn`kz` oaktr` E`hr`za, Dlb` Dstfdr praeudvd l` ordògÿk hdlZ`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &p`k`l', hgsd`ha p`r` oaapt`r dl vata hd las



37

e`dstras y s`batd`r l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za+ @hdeàs hd l` ordògÿk hdlp`k`l, la l`rna hd tah` l` oèp`` hgvdrsas nrupas hd e`dstras rd`lgz`ràk otas hd s`bat`md l` o`khgh`tur` hd E`hr`za+

Dk las edsds sgnugdktds Dlb` Dstfdr oaep`rdodr` dk hgvdrsas ed

hgas p`r` hdkukog`r l`s tr`gogakds qud ld f` mun`ha Rabdrta E`hr`za+Zar dmdepla, dl 04 hd kavgdebrd, E`hr`za `sgstd ` uk` dktrdvgst` hdr`hga oak Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`, Dlb` Dstfdr llè` par tdlçcaka y e

bas palåtgoas prat`nakgz`k uk hudla hd hdso`lgoògakds+ Dk dst` dktrdvgst` tdldcÿkgo` Dlb` Dstfdr ousÿ E`hr`za hd f`bdrl` edk`z`hahd eudrtd9 hd f`bdrl` tr`gogak`ha ou`kha ld praedtgÿ `pay`r l` rdcare` so`l y ludna s`batdÿ dl praydota9 hd f`bdr ltr`ha l` gkcareògÿkhd las turbgas kdnaogas hdl dx nabdrk`har Eaktgdl+++ @hdeàs, l` lghdrds` `hvgrtgÿ qud f`r` taha la pasgbld p`r` qud E`hr`za ka lldn`r` `l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo`+ Dk oaktr`p`rtgh` E`hr`za ousÿ Dlb`hd f`bdr p`traogk`ha l` ordògÿk hdl p`k`l, hd dst`r sao`v`kha suo`khgh`tur`, hd dst`r ealdst` parqud _`lgk`s ka l` payÿ p`r` sdr prdsghdkt` hdl p`rtgha+++ &Rabdrta E`hr`za, L` Mark`h`, 03 hd kavgde

brd, 2::4'+

Dldoogÿk gktdrk` hdl prg, dlgegkògÿk hd Eaktgdl

Dl lukds 07 hd sdptgdebrd, Dlb` Dstfdr rdkukog` ` l` sdordt`r` ndkdr`l hdl prg, dk su lun`r qudh` Ras`rga Nrddk+ Hdspuçs hd qud E`hr`zahdrrat` ` Dlb` Dstfdr, oaegdkz` l` dldoogÿk gktdrk` hdl prg+ Dl prgkogp`l`hvdrs`rga hd E`hr`za dr` @rtura Eaktgdl, dx nabdrk`har hdl Dst`ha hdEçxgoa+ Eaktgdl dst`b` rdsp`lh`ha par dl nrupa Tkgh`h Hdeaoràtgo`,lghdr`ha par lnukas hd las prgkogp`lds nabdrk`hards prggst`s hd pravgkog` y par lhdrds prggst`s hd prgedr kgvdl, dktrd dllas hdstò`b`k= dl na

bdrk`har hd Kudva Ldÿk, K`tgvgh`h Nakzàldz Z`ràs9 dl hd _akar`,Dhu`rha Baurs9 dl hd Oa`fugl`, Dkrgqud E`rtkdz y E`rtkdz9 dl dx na bdrk`har hd Fgh`lna, E`kudl Àkndl Kýdz _ata9 dl dx nabdrk`har hdXèùlgp`s, Xaeàs W`rrgkntak9 `s oaea dl oaarhgk`har hd l` Oàe`r`hd _dk`hards, Dkrgqud Mòisak+++ Tk tdrodr oaepdtghar par l` o`khgh`tur` hdl prg dr` Dvdr`rha Eardka, qugdk f`b` sgha subpraour`har hd l`pnr dk dl sdxdkga hd ]dhglla+

_gk deb`rna, @rtura Eaktgdl ràpghèdktd qudhÿ hdso`rt`ha par uk`ltrògÿk ` las edhgas hd su “rgqudz` gkdxplgo`bld―+ Dl 0: hd aotubrd hd2::4, Sotar Xrumglla oakhuotar hdl pranrè` tdldvgsgva Dl orgst`l oakqud sd egr` hdl o`k`l 8 hd Xdldvgs`, rdvdlÿ qud l` Zraour`hur` Ndkdr`lhd l` Rdpýblgo` &pnr ' gkvdstgn`b` `l prdo`khgh`ta hdl prg y dx nabdrk`



>2

td ortgo` dst` kdnaogògÿk hdl prg y p`k parqud l` gepldedktògÿk hdlrdso`td b`ko`rga dkoubrgÿ oastassgeas crùhds apdr`has par las b`kqudras qud cudrak ` l` qugdbr` dk l` orgsgs hd 0778 &Fdrkàkhdz, 06 hdhgogdebrd, 2::4'+

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk tèbgçk tdk` uk` tr`ydotarg` p`rlèdkt`rg` gepart`ktd, cud rdprdsdkt`ktd par e`yar` dk l` @sèbld` hdl hc y hgput`hacdhdr`l dk has ao`sgakds+ Dk su sdnukha pdrgaha oaea hgput`ha &2:::2::?' cud oaarhgk`har p`rlèdkt`rga hd l` cròogÿk p`kgst`+

Dk 2::? ds hdsgnk`ha hgrdotar ndkdr`l hd B`kabr`s par Cax+ _us lanras dk dst` o`rtdr` sd vdk dep``has parqud las edhgas hgcukhdk qud t`k sÿla 4: h`s hd gkgog`r su rdspaks`bglgh`h sd utaprdst` ? egllakds hd

pdsas p`r` `hqugrgr uk` vgvgdkh`+ @ukqud l` apdrògÿk ds ldn`l, l` prdeur` hdl prçstèa susogt` uk` ald`h` hd ortgo`s qud la eatgv`k rdtròt`rsd y hdvalvdr dl orçhgta &Fdrkàkhdz, 06 hd hgogdebrd, 2::4'+

Dk sdptgdebrd hdl 2::? ds kaebr`ha _dordt`rga hd Dkdrn` par dl prdsghdktd Cax+ Dk e`ya hd 2::8 dl nabdrk`har hd M`lgsoa, Cr`kogsoaRèrdz @ou`, la hdst`p` oaea prdo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+ Dstd prde`tura hdst`pd eatgv` uk rdnà pýblgoa hdl prdsghdktd Cax, eatgva

par dl ou`l Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk rdkukog` `l o`rna hd _dordt`rga hd Dkdrn`&Fdrkàkhdz, 06 hd hgogdebrd, 2::4'+

L` dldoogÿk prge`rg` hdl p`k

Dk l` dldoogÿk prge`rg` sd oakcrakt`k l`s has oarrgdktds haegk`ktdshdl p`rtgha= las kdap`kgst`s oaktr` las tr`hgogak`lds+ Dl o`khgh`ta hd laskdap`kgst`s y hdl prdsghdktd Cax ds _`ktg`na Orddl9 egdktr`s qud las p`kgst`s tr`hgogak`lds pastul`b`k ` Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+ F`b` uk tdrodr o`khgh`ta, @lbdrta Oàrhdk`s Mgeçkdz, oak pao`s pasgbglgh`hds, puds ka td

k` dl paya hdoghgha hd lnuk` hd l`s oarrgdktds gktdrk`s hdl p`k+@ktds hdl praodsa sd hgsoutd oÿea sdrà l` dldoogÿk gktdrk`+ _`ktg`naOrddl, qugdk tdk` pao` tr`ydotarg` dk dl p`rtgha, pastul` uk` dldoogÿk`bgdrt` ` l` oguh`h`k`9 O`lhdrÿk, qugdk tdk` tah` uk` vgh` dk dl p`k,

prddrd qud l` dldoogÿk sd rdhuzo` sÿla `l p`hrÿk hd eglgt`ktds y `hfdrdktds qud tdkn`k, `l edkas, trds edsds gksorgtas+ N`k` l` apogÿk hdO`lhdrÿk y `f oaegdkz` su trgukca, puds l` e`yar` hd eglgt`ktds sdgktdnr` dk l` oarrgdktd hd p`kgst`s tr`hgogak`lds+

L` dldoogÿk prge`rg` hdl p`k sd hgsdÿ dk trds dt`p`s dk uk` prgedr`vudlt`+ Dk o`sa hd qud kgknuka `lo`kz`r` 40$ dk l` prgedr` vudlt`, sdrd`lgz`r` uk` sdnukh` vudlt`+ O`h` uk` hd l`s trds dt`p`s oaksgst` dkuk` dldoogÿk dk uk nrupa hd dst`has+



>8

prh p`r` dl pdrgaha 07730777+ Dstd trgdkga oakstgtuyd dl pdrgaha hde`yar çxgta dldotar`l qud dl prh f`b` tdkgha f`st` dsd eaedkta= dk077> sd oakvgdrtd dk l` sdnukh` cudrz` dk l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has9 n`k`las oaegogas hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l9 dk 0776 dl prh abtgdkd l` nubdrk`tur`

hd ]ò`tdo`s y Xl`xo`l`9 dk 0777 dl nabgdrka hd B`m` O`lgcarkg` _ur+++Dk dl a 2::: Lÿpdz Abr`har trgukc` dk las oaegogas par l` Mdc tur`hd Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l &nhc'+ Hur`ktd su pdrgaha hd nabgdrkaLÿpdz Abr`har sd oakvgrtgÿ dk dl lhdr hd gzqugdrh` eàs gepart`ktd hdl

p`s+ _u dstr`tdng` hd oaeukgoògÿk la valvdr` dl paltgoa eàs vgsgbld,`p`rtd hdl prdsghdktd+ Oaksgst` bàsgoèdktd dk gkoghgr cudrtdedktd dkl` `ndkh` pýblgo` kògak`l+ Zràotgoèdktd tahas las h`s hdl à oaedkz`b` oak uk` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks` ` l`s 3=:: `+e++ Dst`s oakcdrdk%og`s e`ð`kdr`s ld pdregt`k pasgogak`rsd oatghg`kèdktd dk l` `ndkh`

pýblgo` hdl p`s+ _u o`pògh`h hd gkoghgr dk l` ndkh` pýblgo`, edkuhaoakcrakt`kha `l prdsghdktd Cax, cud uka hd las e`yards ògdrtas hd sudstr`tdng` hd oaeukgoògÿk+

@l e`rndk hd dst`s otgvgh`hds oaeukgo`tgv`s argngk`lds, dl rdsta hd sudstr`tdng` hd oaeukgoògÿk dr` eàs qud tr`hgogak`l= las baldtgkds hd prdks` rdprahuo`k l`s oakcdrdkog`s e`ð`kdr`s ktdnr`s9 sd gepldedktÿ uk

pranrè` hd rdkhgogÿk hd oudkt`s ` tr`vçs hd l` p`ngk` wdb hdl nhc9 sd praeavgÿ l` ogroulògÿk hd uk pdrgÿhgoa qud ogroul`b` hd care` nr`tugt`

dk l` rdh hdl Edtra9 sd dhgt`rak oÿegos & Fgstarg`s hd l` oguh`h ' qud hdcdkh`k `l Mdcd hd Nabgdrka dk las eaedktas hd e`yar tdksgÿk+++ Z`r`hÿmgoèdktd dk su dstr`tdng` hd oaeukgoògÿk las spats dk r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk ka dr`k cukhèdkt`lds+

Pugzà, `hdeàs hd su dstr`tdng` hd oaeukgoògÿk, la qud la valvgÿ papul`r dk taha dl p`s cudrak l`s òogakds hd su nabgdrka+ Hur`ktd su`hegkgstrògÿk sd gepldedkt`rak praydotas p`r` tdkhdr l`s hde`kh`shd l`s hgcdrdktds ol`sds saog`lds+ Dk prgedr lun`r, p`r` las sdotards eàs

pabrds hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa acrdod hgvdrsas subsghgas= pdksgakds `lgedktgog`s y `payas doakÿegoas p`r` las `kog`kas, ýtglds dsoal`rds p`r`las `luekas hd gkstruoogÿk bàsgo` hd l`s dsoudl`s pýblgo`s9 `s oaea`payas p`r` las egkusvàlghas y p`r` las fgmas hd l`s e`hrds saltdr`s+Xèbgçk cukh` l` Tkgvdrsgh`h @utÿkae` hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, `soaea 03 dsoudl`s prdp`r`targ`s+ Dstas pranrè`s ld pdregtgdrak hds`rrall`r uk` “dstr`tdng` hd e`ridtgkn pra pabrds―, dl dslan`k eàs cèasahd dstd pdrgaha ds “Zar dl bgdk hd tahas, prgedra las pabrds―+ Dstd dslan`k sd oakvdrtgr` dk uk dstrgbglla hd su oèp`` prdsghdkog`l+

hd dst` çpao` sd ghdktgo` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har oaea uk låhdr hd eavgegdktas saog`lds qud lld n`k gkolusa l` gksurrdoogÿk ogvgl+



>4

Z`r` l`s ol`sds edhg`s y `lt`s hds`rrall` nr`khds abr`s hd gkcr`dstruotur` qud edmar`k las sdrvgogas hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa+ Dktrd dstas

praydotas hdstò`k las sdnukhas pgsas hd l`s vg`lgh`hds eàs oakndstgak`h`s, t`lds oaea dl sdnukha pgsa hdl pdrgcçrgoa, las hgstrgbughards vg`

lds+++ Xèbgçk gepldedkt` uk pranrè` hd rdso`td hdl Odktra Fgstÿrgoahd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa dk dl qud p`rtgogp` gkolusa l` gkgog`tgv` prgv`h`,qud geplgo` nr`khds abr`s hd rdeahdlògÿk y rddqugpègdkta hdl Odktra Fgstÿrgoa+ Xèbgçk lanr` rdtgr`r dl oaedroga èbul`ktd hd l` e`yar

p`rtd hd çstd y b`td las khgods hd hdlgkoudkog` dk dstd dspòga+L`s nr`khds abr`s y dl rdso`td hd l` oguh`h praparogak`rak nr`khds

apartukgh`hds hd gkvdrsgÿk ` euofas deprds`rgas qud ubgo`rak ` lÒguh`h hd Eçxgoa dk dl prgedr lun`r kògak`l dk oakstruoogÿk hd abr`

pýblgo`, `s oaea l` qud o`ptÿ l` e`yar p`rtd hd l` gkvdrsgÿk dxtr`kmdr`dk dl p`s+

Hur`ktd su `hegkgstrògÿk dk dl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l &nhc'taeÿ v`rg`s edhgh`s qud tèbgçk la vudlvdk papul`r= uk pranrè` hd ustdrgh`h, oak dl ou`l rdhuod las sudlhas y dlgegk` las prgvgldngas hd las ltascukogak`rgas pýblgoas9 hdeàs dvgt` dl hdrraofd hd rdoursas dk dl nhc+++

Oakgotas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak dl prdsghdktd Cax

_u tr`b`ma y praydoogÿk dk las edhgas la oakvgrtgdrak dk dl nabdrk`ktd eàs papul`r hdl p`s &sdnýk l`s dkoudst`s', `s oaea dl prdo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l edmar pasgogak`ha &Eaknd, 2::4'+ Zar taha dlla, lnukashd las nrupas hd hdrdof` eàs gepart`ktds hdl p`s &nrupas deprds`rg`lds, dl p k y prg, dko`bdz`has par l` hegkgstrògÿk caxgst ' sd oakcrakt`rak dk kuedras`s ao`sgakds oak dl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+

Dktrd las oakgotas pýblgoas qud dkcrdkt`rak ` las palåtgoas hdl p k

oak dl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka dstuva uk` arhdk hd l` _uprde` Oartd hd Mustgog` hd l` Kògÿk p`r` qud dl nhc p`n`r` uk` gkhdekgzògÿk par 0 6::egllakds hd pdsas par uk prdhga qud l` hegkgstrògÿk f`b` dxprapg`ha&dl p`r`md _`k Mu`k'+ Hd e`kdr` dso`kh`las`, dl ban`ha hdl prapgdt`rgahd dstd prdhga dr` Hgdna Cdrkàkhdz hd Odv`llas, sdk`har hdl p`k qugdk,` pds`r hd sdr rdprdsdkt`ktd papul`r, lgtgn`b` oaktr` dl nabgdrka+ _gkdeb`rna, Lÿpdz Abr`har sd kdnÿ ` p`n`r uk` ogcr` t`k dx`ndr`h` y k`ledktd l` _dordt`r` hd l` Rdcare` @nr`rg` ld hga l` r`zÿk= dl prdhgaka dr` prapgdh`h prgv`h` sgka pýblgo`+ L` _uprde` Oartd olùhgoÿ dk susalgogtuh hd gkhdekgzògÿk &Eaknd, 2::4'+



>3

Las vghdadsoàkh`las ndkdr`has par O`rlas @fue`h`

Zdra cudrak las vghdadsoàkh`las hd Rdkç Bdm`r`ka y Nust`va Zakodlas qud eàs `tdkt`rak oaktr` l` ordhgbglgh`h hdl nabgdrka hd Lÿpdz

Abr`har+ _gk deb`rna, oaea las oulp`blds ka cudrak pratdnghas par dlnabdrk`ktd sgka qud cudrak o`stgn`has &cudrak dko`rodl`has', hdspuçshd las vghdadsoàkh`las, dl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka valvgÿ ` sdr dl paltgoa eàs

papul`r dk l`s dkoudst`s &ghde'+Dl tçregka vghdadsoàkh`la sd òu`r` dk cdbrdra y e`rza hd 2::8

p`r` uk` sdrgd hd vghdas qud dxfgbgdrak òtas hd oarrupogÿk hd paltgoas hdl prh y hdl pvde, dstas vghdas cudrak tr`ksegtghas par las katgog`rgas tdldvgsgvas hd e`yar r`tgkn &o`sg tahas dk Xdldvgs`'+

Dstas nalpds edhgàtgoas cudrak t`k oaktukhdktds qud fukhgdrak dkuk` orgsgs las paltgoas rdspaks`blds hd las otas hd oarrupogÿk hdkukog`has9 tuvgdrak oaksdoudkog`s nr`vds oaea l` rdkukog` hd nabdrk`ktds, praodsas pdk`lds, dl dko`rodlègdkta hd las paltgoas oulp`blds, dto+La rdldv`ktd hd las vghdadsoàkh`las dr` l` `nr`kog` hd las òtas qudlanr`b` o`pt`r dl vghda, qud las oulp`blds ‟a prdsuktas rdspaks`blds‟ cudrak nr`b`has gk cr`n`ktg+

L` e`yar` hd vghdadsoàkh`las &l` sdrgd hdl prh' oakstgtu`k uk`vdkn`kz` hdl deprds`rga O`rlas @fue`h` oaktr` dl nabgdrka hd l` Ogu

h`h hd Eçxgoa+ O`rlas @fue`h` f`b` sgha uk oakstruotar qud rd`lgz` b` abr`s p`r` l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, pdra dk dl ða 2::? f`bå` k`kog`haglogtèdktd l`s oèp``s hdl prh+ Z`r` tdkdr uk re` hd of`kt`md oaktr` las cuturas nabdrk`ktds, dl deprds`rga vghdanr`bÿ l`s prgkogp`ldsapdrògakds glogt`s qud rd`lgzÿ oak las dktakods o`khgh`tas hdl prh &ghde'+

@ prgkogpgas hdl 2::8, las cukogak`rgas hdl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l hdtdot`rak crùhds dk las praydotas hd abr` pýblgo` `sgnk`has `

O`rlas @fue`h` y oaedkz`rak uk praodsa pdk`l dk oaktr` hdl deprds`rga+ @fue`h` èdk`zÿ oak hdl`t`r pýblgoèdktd dl `paya glogta qudf`b` brgkh`ha l prh dk l`s oèp``s hdl 2::? sg praodh`k ldn`ledktd+ Oaea las cukogak`rgas ka sd èdhrdkt`rak y e`ktuvgdrak dl oursahd l` òogÿk pdk`l, dl deprds`rga dktrdnÿ las vghdas ` las dkdegnas hdLÿpdz Abr`har+ @ su vdz, dstas pdrsak`mds absdqug`rak las vghdas ` `lnukas hd las prgkogp`lds pranrè`s katgogasas hdl p`s+ Dk las prgkogp`lds vghdas sd prdog`k l`s apdrògakds hd k`kogègdkta glåogta p`r` l`soèp``s hdl prh & L` Mark`h`, 2::89 Ll`kas y Raedra, 2::8'+

Dl prgedr vghdadsoàkh`la sd tr`ksegtgÿ dl lukds 2? hd cdbrdra hd2::8, hur`ktd Dl Katgogdra hd Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`, dk Xdldvgs`, pdrasgeultàkdèdktd la tr`ksegtgÿ dl gkcare`tgva hd Eultgvgsgÿk, dl ou`l



>>

dr` oakhuogha par M`vgdr _alÿrz`ka y O`redk @rgstdnug+ Dk dstd prgedr vghda sd absdrv` oaea dl sdk`har Marnd Deglga Nakzàldz E`rtkdz, hgrgndktd hdl Z`rtgha Sdrhd Doalangst` hd Eçxgoa &pvde', kdnaog` y odpt` has egllakds hd hÿl`rds p`r` sdrvgr hd còglgt`har dk l` trègtògÿk hd

uk pdregsa p`r` l` gkst`lògÿk hd uk oaepldma turstgoa dk O`koýk, eukgogpga nabdrk`ha par uka hd sus oarrdlgngak`rgas & L` Mark`h`, 28 hdcdbrdra, 2::8'+

Dl vghda eudstr` uk` dktrdvgst` dktrd dl kdnaog`har hd uk nrupa hdfatdldras o`k`hgdksds qud pl`kd`k rd`lgz`r uk oaepldma turstgoa dk dloarrdhar turstgoa hd O`koýk y salgogt`k l` `yuh` hdl sdk`har MarndDeglga Nakzàldz p`r` `nglgz`r las pdregsas hd oakstruoogÿk+ Dl vghdacud nr`b`ha par uk nrupa hgsghdktd hdl egsea pvde, dl ou`l prdtdkhèastr`r dl olge` hd oarrupogÿk dk dl qud apdr`b` l` hgrgndkog` hd dsd

p`rtgha+Dl sdnukha vghdadsoàkh`la y` care` p`rtd hd l`s e`qugkògakds hd

O`rlas @fue`h`+ _d tr`ksegtgÿ dl 0 hd e`rza dk Dl Katgogdra, dk dl O`k`l 2 hd Xdldvgs`+ Dl vghda curtgva eastr`b` Nust`va Zakod, sdordt`rgahd Cgk`kz`s hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l, qugdk dst`b` rd`lgz`kha pudst`s dk dlo`sgka hdl fatdl Bdll`nga hd L`s Sdn`s, Kdv`h`, Dst`has Tkghas+ Gkedhg`tèdktd hdspuçs hd tr`ksegtgr dl vghda, Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`, oakhuotar hd Dl Katgog`rga, dktrdvgstÿ l praour`har hd Mustgog` hdl Hgstrgta

Cdhdr`l+ Hur`ktd l` dktrdvgst` dl cukogak`rga tuva qud rdoakaodr qudf`b` uk` gkvdstgnògÿk dk oursa par uk crùhd e`yar ` ?0 egllakds hd

pdsas oaedtgha oaktr` dl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l9 dl praour`har rdoakaogÿ qud dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk `p`rdo` gkvaluor`ha dl _dordt`rgahd Cgk`kz`s y atras cukogak`rgas edkards+

Hå`s hdspuçs sd oakre`rå` qud cudrak deprds`s hd O`rlas @fue`h` qugdkds rdogbgdrak las ?0 egllakds hdcrùh`has+ Lÿpdz Abr`har hdstgtuyÿ Nust`va Zakod y çstd sd hga l` cun` p`r` ka dkcrdkt`r dl praod

sa pdk`l, pdra k`ledktd cud o`ptur`ha par l` palgoå` y pudsta tr`s l`srdm`s+Dl tdrodr vghdadsoàkh`la cud dl eàs gepòt`ktd, dl qud tuva e`yards

oaksdoudkog`s dk dl paltgoa hdkukog`ha, dk l` ordhgbglgh`h hdl prh, `soaea dk dl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l+ Dl vghda cud tr`ksegtgha dl h`? hd e`rza hur`ktd dl katgog rga Dl E`ð`kdra, oakhuogha par Sotar Xru

mglla &dk su o`ròtdrgzògÿk hdl p`y`sa Braza'+ Z`r` lanr`r uk edmar dspdotàoula, las pdrgahgst`s hd Xdldvgs` ogt`rak, p`rdktdedktd oak dknàs, legsea prat`nakgst` hdl vghdadsoàkh`la= Rdkç Bdm`r`ka, prdsghdktd hd l`@sèbld` Ldngsl`tgv` hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l+ Dstd cukogak`rga cud ogt`ha

p`r` dl katgog`rga Dk Oaktr`std, pdra subrdptgogèdktd las pdrgahgst`s hdXdldvgs` gktrahumdrak ` Bdm`r`ka ` Dl E`ð`kdra, hakhd ld eastr`rak ‟`



>6

çl y ` taha dl pýblgoa‟ uk vghda qud eastr`b` `l deprds`rga O`rlas @fue`h` dktrdn`kha 84 ::: hÿl`rds l egsea Rdkç Bdm`r`ka+

W` cudr` hdl katgog`rga, dk rudh` hd prdks`, Rdkç Bdm`r`ka rdoakaogÿqud dl hgkdra dktrdn`ha par O`rlas @fue`h` f`bå` sdrvgha p`r` k`k

og`r l` publgogh`h tdldvgsgv` hd l`s oèp``s hdl prh dk dl praodsa dldotar`l hd 2::?+Rdkç Bdm`r`ka f`b` sgha oaarhgk`har hd l` oèp`` hd @khrçs E`

kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk dl eaedkta qud dst`llÿ dl vghdadsoàkh`la, Bd m`r`ka dr` dl prdsghdktd hd l` @sèbld` Ldngsl`tgv` hdl hc, pdra `ktd l`dvghdkog` gkorgegk`targ` hdl vghdadsoàkh`la tuva qud rdkukog`r ` suo`rna y l prh p`r` dkcrdkt`r dl praodsa ldn`l+ Edsds hdspuçs, dl hgput`ha sdr` sdktdkog`ha y p`n`r` su hdlgta oak oàrodl+

L` egse` kaofd hdl h` ? hd e`rza, dk dl katgogdra Kudv` Sgsgÿk, oakhuogha par O`rlas Lardt hd Eal`, hd Xdldvgs`, sd prdsdktÿ atra vghda oaklas egseas prat`nakgst`s hdl `ktdrgar dsoàkh`la y sabrd dl egsea tde`+Oaksgstgÿ dk uk` oakvdrsògÿk dktrd O`rlas @fue`h` y Rdkç Bdm`r`ka+Dl deprds`rga `sdnurÿ qud f`b` `pay`ha l` oèp`` hd l` egt`h hd lasòtu`lds hdldn`has palåtgoas+ Dl låhdr pdrrdhgst` l`rhdÿ sabrd su gkudkog` oak Lÿpdz Abr`har, dktakods o`khgh`ta l` Mdc`tur` hdl nhc+

Dl 6 hd e`rza, sd tr`segtd atra vghdadsoàkh`la hd l` sdrgd+ Kudvèdktd `p`rdod O`rlas @fue`h` dktrdn`kha hgkdra dk bals`s hd plàstgoa `

atra o`khgh`ta pdrrdhgst` p`r` su oèp``= O`rlas Ge`z+ Z`r` ou`kha sdtr`segtd dl vghda, çstd y` ds hdldn`ha hd Xl`lp`k y, prdvgdkha su prat`nakgsea dk l` sdrgd hd vghdadsoàkh`las, rdoakaod qud, dk su eaedkta, rdogbgÿ k`kogègdkta glåogta hd @fue`h` p`r` l` oèp`ð` hdl 2::?+ Xè

bgçk tuva qud rdkukog`r su o`rna p`r` dkcrdkt`r uk` hde`kh` pdk`l+

Dl eavgegdkta oaktr` dl hds`cudra rdhgedksgak` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har

Ka abst`ktd, l` prudb` eàs hgcogl `l lghdr`zna hdl Mdcd hd Nabgdrkacud uk praodsa pdk`l qud dkcrdktÿ dk 2::8 y 2::4 par uk hdsò`ta ukàrhdk muhgog`l+ Dstd cud dl o`sa hd Dl Dkogka, uk tdrrdka qud f`b` sghadxprapg`ha par dl nhc p`r` oakstrugr uk òodsa ` uk faspgt`l+ @ pds`r hd qud dl nhc rdstgtuyÿ dl prdhga ` su huda argngk`l, l` arhdk hdl mudzcud oueplgh` t`rhèdktd+ Zar dstd eatgva l` Zraour`hur` Ndkdr`l hdRdpýblgo` &pnr ' gkgogÿ uk praodsa oaktr` dl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka par hdsò`ta+ L` pnr dr` uk` hdpdkhdkog` hd l` prdsghdkog`, su abmdtgva dr` qudl` `prdfdksgÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har `kul`r` las hdrdofas paltgoas hd çstd,oak la ou`l qudh`r` gkf`bglgt`ha p`r` oaktdkhdr dk l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds+



>7

Dst` ldy, qud suspdkh` las hdrdofas paltgoas hd las praods`has pravdk` hdl sgnla xgx, dr` uk` ldngslògÿk tat`ledktd absaldt` d gkmust`,

puds prgv`b` hd sus hdrdofas ` pdrsak`s qud dst`b`k òus`h`s sgk uk`sdktdkog` muhgog`l, ds hdogr, sd o`stgn`b` ` euof`s pdrsak`s qud `l k`l

hd uk mugoga pahr`k rdsult`r gkaodktds+ Hd fdofa, dk atr`s ao`sgakdshgcdrdktds, nabdrk`ktds hd taha dl p`s f`b`k hdsabdhdogha ÿrhdkds hdl` mustgog` dk uk` care` sgegl`r y kgknuka hd dstas nabdrk`ktds f`b`sgha saedtgha uk praodsa muhgog`l, dk p`rtd parqud l` ldy ka oaksghdr`

b` s`kogÿk p`r` dstd supudsta hdlgta+ Xaha dl o`sa dr` uk praodsa eàs paltgoa qud murhgoa y dk dsas tçregkas la dkcrdktÿ dl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+

H`h` l` papul`rgh`h hd Lÿpdz Abr`har l` gkf`bglgtògÿk p`rdo uk`t`ma p`r` hdso`rrgl`r su p`rtgogpògÿk dk l` oaktgdkh` prdsghdkog`l+ @sla oaeprdkhgdrak tahas sus dkdegnas qud sd sue`rak ` l` oùs` hdl“hds`cudra―+ Dk o`lgh`h hd rdprdsdkt`ktd papul`r dldota, dl Mdcd hd Na

bgdrka tdk` uk “cudra―, ds hdogr gkeukgh`h oakstgtuogak`l oaktr` praodsas muhgog`lds+ Z`r` pahdr lldv`rla `ktd l` mustgog`, sd rdqudr` qud uk`ùtargh`h muhgog`l hde`kh`r` su oaep`rdodkog ktd l` mustgog` &pnr ' yqud uk vata hd l` e`yar` dk l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has prab`r` dl “hds`cudra―, p`r` qud Lÿpdz Abr`har dkcrdkt`r` las o`rnas pdk`lds+

Dk dstd praodsa oakourrgdrak tahas las pahdrasas dkdegnas hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har, l` Zraour`hur` Ndkdr`l hd l` Rdpýblgo`, oak dl bdkdplàog

ta hdl prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo`, gkgogÿ dl praodsa ldn`l+ Dl p`k oak su b`ko`h` dk l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has praeavgÿ dl hds`cudra+ L` b`ko`h`hdl prg, oak dl `paya hd su prdsghdktd kògak`l, Rabdrta E`hr`za &atra

prdo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l', `prabÿ dl hds`cudra+ @hdeàs, uk nrupa hd praegkdktds deprds`rgas dxgngÿ pýblgoèdktd qud sd dko`rodl`r` `lMdcd hd Nabgdrka &Odrv`ktds y Aleas, 2::4'+

Zdra l` hgsousgÿk pýblgo` sabrd dl hds`cudra dk vdz hd rdst`r sgep`t`s `l Mdcd hd Nabgdrka la lldvÿ ` l` ouebrd hd su papul`rgh`h &ghde'+

Lÿpdz Abr`har oakvaoÿ ` uk eavgegdkta hd rdsgstdkog` ogvgl dk oaktr`hdl hds`cudra+ @ la l`rna hd taha dl p`s, d gkolusa dk dl dxtr`kmdra, sdhds`rrall`rak e`kgcdstògakds hd rdpuhga oaktr` l` pdrsdouogÿk paltgo`hdl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ _gk deb`rna dl > hd brgl hd 2::4, uk` e`yar` hdhgput`has p`kgst`s y prggst`s ld rdtgrÿ dl cudra+ W` sÿla c`lt`b` qud dl mudzlgbr`r` l` c`t`l arhdk hd `prdfdksgÿk p`r` sò`rla hd l` oaktgdkh` prdsghdkog`l+

L` oùs` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dr` tat`ledktd ldntge`= l` luof` oaktr`l` pdrsdouogÿk paltgo`+ L`s utargh`hds prdtdkh`k us`r uk prdtdxta ldn`l &uk` ldngslògÿk o`huo` d gkmust`' p`r` dko`rodl`rla+ L` gkmustgog` dr`t`k abvg` qud sd oakstgtuyÿ uk eavgegdkta saog l kògak`l d gktdrkògak`l oaktr` dl hds`cudra+ Cud uk eavgegdkta saog`l fgstÿrgoa, gksÿlgta, ka



62

Zar ýltgea, dl mudz qud tae` dl o`sa sd kgdn` ` absdqug`r l` arhdk hd`prdfdksgÿk h`ha qud dl dxpdhgdktd tgdkd euof`s oaktr`hgoogakds y dstàe`l sustdkt`ha Y+++U p`rdo` sdr l` nat` qud hdrrè`b` dl v`sa &O`rr`soay Nuzeàk, 2::4'+

L` ýltge` dsodk` hd l` tr`ngoaedhg` qud tuva dk vgla `l p`s cud ukedks`md hd tdldvgsgÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax dk o`hdk` kògak`l par Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`+ Dl 2> hd brgl dl prdsghdktd Cax sd rdtròtÿ y hga e`rof``tràs l praodsa muhgog`l oaktr` Lÿpdz Abr`har, kukogÿ= 0' l` hdsòtgvògÿk hdl praodsa pdk`l oaktr` çstd9 2' l` rdkukog` hdl praour`har ndkdr`lhd l` Rdpýblgo` &dl ghdÿlana hdl hds`cudra', y ?' uk` gkgog`tgv` hd ldy“p`r` rdsnu`rh`r las hdrdofas hd las oguh`h`kas sumdtas mugoga, dk t`kta ka sd hgotd sdktdkog` k`l y hdkgtgv`― &S`rn`s, 2::4'+

Dl hds`cudra sd oakvgrtgÿ dk dl eaedkta ouebrd hd l` papul`rgh`hhdl Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ _d dkcrdktÿ ` las sdotards eàs pahdrasas hdl p`sy las vdkogÿ dk su prapga tdrrdka+ Cud t`k oaktukhdktd l` hdrrat` hd l`hdrdof` qud euofas sdotards &edhgas, `k`lgst`s, paltgoas' h`b`k par hdsoakt`ha dl trgukca hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l`s dldoogakds= su papul`rgh`h rddm`h` dk l`s dkoudst`s9 su trgukca `ktd uk òasa sgstdeàtgoa p`rdo` gkeukgz`rla las t`quds9 hdeàs p`rdkt`b` lghdr`r uk` eavglgzògÿk paltgo` qud praedt` sdr hdogsgv` p`r` l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l+Dk pao`s p`l`br`s, abtuva dl edmar pasgogakègdkta oaea o`khgh`ta

prdsghdkog`l, euy par dkoge` hd tahas sus `hvdrs`rgas+Dl çxgta dk dl praodsa hd hds`cudra pdregtgÿ ` Lÿpdz Abr`har uk

oaktral `bsaluta hdl prh, nròg`s ` dlla= oalaoÿ ` Ldakdl Oat`, uka hdsus gkoakhgogak`lds, oaea prdsghdktd kògak`l9 dolgpsÿ ` OuùftçeaoOàrhdk`s l nr`ha qud çstd aptÿ par ka buso`r l` o`khgh`tur` l` prdsghdkog`9 lanrÿ gepuls`r ` E`rodla Dbr`rh, su subarhgk`ha dk dl nhc,oaea o`khgh`ta ` l` Mdc`tur` hd Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l, apdrògÿk qud supusa hdrrat`r Mdsýs Artdn`, dl prgkogp`l lhdr hdl prh+

H`ha qud l` dstr`tdng` paltgo` hd l` Mdc`tur` hd Nabgdrka y hdl hds`cudra tuvgdrak t`kta çxgta, Lÿpdz Abr`har hdoghgÿ rdpdtgrl` hur`ktd l`soèp``s prdsghdkog`lds &Nutgçrrdz y Huràk, 04 hd dkdra, 2::3'+ Z`rdo`lÿngoa rdpdtgr uk` dstr`tdng` qud f`b` brgkh`ha crutas t`k dxodpogak`lds+Dl prablde` ds qud dl hds`cudra cud uk praodsa gksÿlgta d grrdpdtgbld9 hdeàs sus rgv`lds prdkhgdrak hd dstd praodsa+

F`y qud gksgstgr dk qud l`s oèp``s sgnudk uk` lÿngo` oaepldtèdktd hgcdrdktd `l hds`cudra, par dmdepla, hgvdrsas dstuhgas hd edhgasf`k oaeprab`ha qud l` e`yar` hd edhgas kògak`lds brgkh`k uk` ed

mar oabdrtur` ` las o`khgh`tas qud oaepr`k eàs publgogh`h y, dk oè bga, brgkh`k uk` e`l` oabdrtur` ` las o`khgh`tas qud ka lds oaktr`t`k publgogh`h &_ofdrdr, 2::8'+



6?

Rdspdota dstd ýltgea pukta, o`bd rdoarh`r qud l`s tdldvgsar`s brgkh`rak uk` oabdrtur` prgvgldng`h` ` las p`rtghas qud eàs publgogh`h p`n`rak dk l` oèp`` cdhdr`l hdl à 2::?+ Tk rdpart`md hd l` rdvgst`Zraodsa &ghde' hdeudstr` qud las p`rtghas qud eàs gkvgrtgdrak dk pu

blgogh`h abtuvgdrak edmards oabdrtur`s katgogas`s dk l`s oèp``s cdhdr`lds hd 2::?+ Dl rdpart`md oaktr`st` las n`stas hd oèp`` dk l`s tdldvgsar`s oak dl dstuhga hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha rd`lgz`ha par dl gcd dk2::?+

Oà 4Oaep``va `sa pblo` y oab` lvsv`

l`s looas c`ls 2::?

Zàn`sa tlvs`

tepa oab` kaoàs

tlvs`

n`sa tv @zo`

tepa oab` kaoàs tv

@zo`

prg (64 0:: ::: 8>+6$ (44 2:: ::: ?7+3$

pvde (33 248 ?>3 >+?$ (?3 4:: ::: 0?+?$

p`k (8? ?:6 >:? 0:+2$ (20 83? 203 02+3$

prh (42 4?0204 02+3$ (02 ::: ::: 6+2$

Cudktd= _ofdrdr, 2::8+

@hdeàs, dstd egsea rdpart`md hdkukog` qud l` hgcdrdkog` dk dl oastahd las spats p`r` o`h` p`rtgha dr` bdrr`ktd, dspdog`ledktd dk tv @ztdo`+ Zar dmdepla, dk dst` tdldvgsar` uk spat hur`ktd dl dspòga hd e`yar r`tgkn hdl `ða &dl p`rtgha k`l hd cutbal' ld oastÿ `l prg (24 ?>2+:09 dk

oèbga `l prh, uk spat dk dstd egsea far`rga &dk tv @ztdo`' ld oastÿo`sg 2: vdods eàs o`ra &(4:: :::' &_ofdrdr, 2::8'+

L`s oaktr`hgoogakds hd l` vghdapaltgo`

F`st` far` sd f`k ogt`ha lnukas hd las o`sas eàs katargas hdl v`kod hdl pahdr hd las edhgas y hd l` vghdapaltgo`, pdra oatghg`kèdktdòaktdodk euofas o`sas qud rdcudrz`k dst` tdkhdkog`+ Tka hd dstas o`sas hdogsgvas qud eudstr`k dl `v`kod hd l` vghdapaltgo` ds l` gkvdrsgÿkhd l`s oèp``s dk publgogh`h hd tv y r`hga+ _dnýk l` oaksdmdr` hdl gcd,Mòqudlgkd Zdsof`rh, dk 0778 las p`rtghas gkvgrtgdrak 28$ hd su n`sta



64

Oà 3kýea spats lzàs las paosas as

slooÿ l o`à pso`l

Ea prg%pvde p`k prh%pt p`so

tv 7 >84 2 30> 208 47

rà 00 072 08 ?86 342 083

gepsas 064 0: >3 0?

dspoòl`s 83? 070 3 :

ta`ls 88 44: 0> 20? 786 206

Cudktd= Egldkga Hg`rga, 22 hd cdbrdra, 2::3+

Dl dsodk`rga prdvga ` l`s oèp``s

Oaea sd pudhd vdr, dl dsodk`rga paltgoa prdvga l`s oèp``s rdvgstd uk` dkared oaepldmgh`h+ Ka f`b` tdkhdkog`s ol`r`s sgka qud euof`shd dll`s p`rdo`k, gkolusa, oaktr`hgotarg`s+ Dl edmar dmdepla dr` l` p`r`

hÿmgo` dv`luògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax+ Zar uk` p`rtd, l` ndktd hur`ktd tahadl sdxdkga oaksghdr`b` qud l` sgtuògÿk doakÿego` y paltgo` hdl p`s drè`l`, tèbgçk rdoakao`k qud su sgtuògÿk doakÿego` pdrsak`l tèbgçkdr` euy kdn`tgv`+ Dst` e`l` dv`luògÿk hd l` `hegkgstrògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax pahr` sdr l` dxplgoògÿk hd qud dl p`k &y dl prdsghdktd Cax'f`y` pdrhgha l`s dldoogakds gktdredhg`s hd 2::?+ @ pds`r hd taha, l`ndktd prab`b` l` pdrsak`lgh`h, eàs qud l` ndstgÿk, hdl prdsghdktd Cax+

Zar atr` p`rtd, dstd e`ldst`r hd l` pablògÿk oak l` ndstgÿk hdl prdsg

hdktd Cax, las prablde`s oak su p`rtgha y dl tr`b`ma hd l`s rdhds lao`lds hdlprg dk taha dl p`s `yuh`rak ` qud dl prg abtuvgdr` uk` e`yar vatògÿkqud dl p k dk l`s dldoogakds ldngsl`tgv`s hd 2::?+ Z`r`hÿmgoèdktd, dst`ròf` n`k`har` hdl prg dk l`s dldoogakds rdngak`lds y ldngsl`tgv`s, ka sdtr`huo` hgrdotèdktd dk uk ùedkta hd l` papul`rgh`h hdl o`khgh`taRabdrta E`hr`za+ Zar dl oaktr`rga, l`s dkoudst`s rdvdl`b`k qud t`kta dlprg ` kgvdl kògak`l oaea Rabdrta E`hr`za tdk`k uk pracukha rdof`za hd l` pablògÿk dkoudst`h`+

Atr` o`r` hd dst` p`r`ham` dr` l` qud oarrdspakh` Lÿpdz Abr`har+Pugdk f`bå` hds``ha y hdrrat`ha `l prdsghdktd Cax dk euof`s ao`sgakds, l` eàs gepart`ktd f`b` sgha dl l`kod hdl hds`cudra+ Xahas las `t`quds c`llghas oaktr` l` ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har p`rdo`k f`bdrla gk



6>

` dst` hdsvdkt`m , l`s o`khgh`tur`s hd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za rdngstr`rakuk ordogegdkta oast` hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk las edsds

prdvgas ` hgogdebrd+ Dk kavgdebrd, dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` rdngstr`b` ukdep`td tçokgoa dktrd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y O`lhdrÿk

&27$ y 26$ rdspdotgvèdktd'+ L` dkoudst`har` Egtacsiy oagkogh` dkqud l` hgst`kog` dktrd ebas sd f`b` rdhuogha sÿla trds puktas dk hgogdebrd &?8+>$ y ?0+4$ rdspdotgvèdktd'+ Zdra dst` tdkhdkog` sd rdvgrtgÿ oak l` trdnu` k`vghd`+

Ray Oèpas, dl hgrdotar hd Dkoudst` Egtacsiy, f`bl` dxprdsèdktdhd qud p`r` dkdra E`hr`za pdrhgÿ dl dcdota `logst` qud f`b` lanr`haoak l` `lg`kz` hdl pvde9 `hdeàs O`lhdrÿk pdrhgÿ dl gepulsa pasgtgvaqud f`b` lanr`ha oak l` dldoogÿk gktdrk`+ Z`r` dkdra, `l gkgoga hd l`soèp``s, Lÿpdz Abr`har vudlvd ` abtdkdr o`sg 0: puktas hd vdkt`m`sabrd O`lhdrÿk, su pdrsdnughar eàs odro`ka+ H`s ktds hdl gkgoga hd l`soèp``s, Egtacsiy atarn` ?7+8$ ` Lÿpdz Abr`har, 27+6$ ` O`lhdrÿky 2>+4$ ` E`hr`za+ Dk oèbga, Nrupa Rdcare` oakodhd ?6$ ` LÿpdzAbr`har, ?0$ O`lhdrÿk y 27$ E`hr`za &Nrupa Rdcare`, 07 hd dkdra, 2::3 y Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 07 hd dkdra, 2::3'+

ds`` oèp`` Lÿpz Abà

L` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas, atra o`tof `ll p`rty

Oaksogdktd hd qud dl prh ka tdk` uk` dstruotur` kògak`l kg rdoursas suogdktds kg qugzà uk` ge`ndk t`k `tròtgv` p`r` dl pýblgoa dldotar,Lÿpdz Abr`har sd pastul` par l` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &obt'qud gktdnr` trds p`rtghas= prh, pt, y Oakvdrndkog`+ Ds hdogr, oakcareùk o`tof ll p`rty, pdra l` apdrògÿk supakd odhdr uk nr`k parodkt`md hd

o`khgh`tur`s `l pt y Oakvdrndkog`, la ou`l pravao` oakgotas gktdrkasdk dl prh+?

@hdeàs hd l` oa`lgogÿk, Lÿpdz Abr`har dstruoturÿ uk` arn`kgzògÿkllè`h` “Rdhds Oguh`h`k`s― p`r` rd`lgz`r prasdlgtgsea, `s oaea p`r`ldv`kt`r uk` dstruotur` dldotar`l dk l`s rdngakds dk l`s qud las p`rtghashd l` oa`lgogÿk tdk`k euof`s hdbglgh`hds+ L`s rdhds oakcare`b`k nru

pas hd oguh`h`kas valukt`rgas &sgk p`na' qud sd hdhgo`b` prgkogp`ledk

? _d atarn`rak 20> hd l`s cÿreul`s p`r` hgput`ha ukgkaegk`l o`khgh`tas prapudstas par dl prh, 88 ` Oakvdrndkog` y ?7 `l pt+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, l prh ld oarrdspakhgdrak ? hd o`h` 8hd l`s o`khgh`tur`s+ Dk l` Oàe`r` hd _dk`hards dk las prgedras 0? lun`rds hd l` lgst` hd plurgkaegk`lds f`y 3 dspògas p`r` Oakvdrndkog` y pt+



66

td ` l` praeaogÿk hdl vata dk c`var hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, dk ao`sgakds kgsgqugdr` praeav` dl vata par l` Oa`lgogÿk, sgka sÿla par Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Z`r` dlla, l`s rdhds oguh`h`k`s tr``k ` atras valukt`rgas, nrupògakds, lhdrds saog`lds d gkolusa paltgoas hd atras p`rtghas qud puhgd

r`k tdkdr prdsdkog` saog`l+L` dstr`tdng` hd l`s rdhds dr` gepart`ktd parqud kgknuka hd las p`rtghas hd l` oa`lgogÿk, kg sgqugdr` dl prh, tdk` prdsdkog` dk taha dl p`s9hd fdofa, dk euof`s rdngakds kgknuka hd dstas trds p`rtghas tdk` prdsdkog` dldotar`l sgnkgo`tgv`+ Z`r` saluogak`r dstd b`ma pdrl hd las p`r tghas, l` Oa`lgogÿk y l`s rdhds lanr`rak `tr`dr lhdrds hd atras p`rtghas,gkolusa hd sus `hvdrs`rgas &prg y p`k' oak la ou`l sd lldnÿ ` rdcarz`r dl

pdrl dldotar`l hd l` oa`lgogÿk+@hdeàs, nròg`s l lta pdrl hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, l`

obt `tr`ma ` euofas paltgoas hd argndk prggst`, la ou`l rdsultÿ gepart`ktd parqud dl dldotar`ha hdl prg dr` sgegl`r l hdl prh9 hd e`kdr` qudlas lhdrds prggst`s càogledktd pah`k degnr`r l prh mukta oak sus rdhdssaog`lds ya olgdktdl`rds+ Lÿpdz Abr`har oatghg`kèdktd salgogt`r` dlvata p`r` tahas las o`khgh`tas hd l` obt, oak dl abmdtgva hd qud, sg n`k`

b`, puhgdr` tdkdr e`rndk hd e`kgabr` oak uk` e`yar` dk dl oaknrdsa+Hd kudv` oudkt`, l`s oakodsgakds ` l`s rdhds pravao`rak kuedrasas

dkcrdktègdktas dk dl sdka hdl prh, puds dstd p`rtgha tuva qud sapart`r

uk` kudv` s`knr` hd o`rnas9 prgedra f`b` odhgha o`khgh`tur`s, sabrdtaha plurgkaegk`lds p`r` las p`rtghas qud dktr`rak l` oa`lgogÿk y hds

puçs dl prh tèbgçk tuva qud odhdr o`khgh`tur`s p`r` las o`khgh`tas hdl`s rdhds oguh`h`k`s+

Hd dst` e`kdr` sd oakcare` uk o`tof ll p`rty, uk` nr`k oa`lgogÿk hdgzqugdrh`+ L`s ýkgo`s cudrz`s hd gzqugdrh` gepart`ktds qud ka sd sue`k y qud rdst`ràk puktas ` l` oèp`` sak dl p`so, dl dzlk, `s oaeadl sdotar hdl prh lghdr`ha par Ouùftçeao Oàrhdk`s+

Dstr`tdng` ndkdr`l hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har

Las dstr`tdn`s hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har prdtdkhdk rdpdtgr dldsqude` qud lds cukogakÿ oak l` Mdc`tur` hd Nabgdrka y qud oulegkÿoak dl eavgegdkta hdl hds`cudra= eavglgzògakds e`sgv`s y haegkga hdl` ndkh` pýblgo` &dk Nutgçrrdz y Huràk, 2::3'+ Dl odktra hd l` oèp``sak l`s eavglgzògakds e`sgv`s dk taha dl p`s+ Dl lghdr`zna qud LÿpdzAbr`har f` tdkgha dk l`s dkoudst`s hdshd fòd às ld pdregtd tdkdr l`gkgog`tgv` dk dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh`9 nròg`s ` dstd lghdr`zna sastdkghahur`ktd às l` oèp`` oudkt` oak dl dcdota b`kh w`nak, dk Eçxgoa



67

oakaogha oaea L` o`rn`h`+ Mdsýs Artdn`, Oaarhgk`har hd l` oèp``, pýblgoèdktd odpt`b` qud las otas e`sgvas sd rd`lgz`b`k oak l` k`lgh`h hd ord`r dl dcdota L` o`rn`h` &b`kh w`nak'=

oak dl k hd prahuogr l` sdksògÿk Y+++U hd qud l` oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hdXahas v` n`k`kha Y+++U, fòdeas dsas òtas e`sgvas dk l`s o`pgt`lds a dkl`s oguh`hds eàs gepart`ktds hd las dst`has &H`z, 02 hd cdbrdra, 2::3'+

_dnýk l`s `reògakds hdl o`khgh`ta y sus dstr`tdn`s, sd prgvgldngùk` dstr`tdng` “` r`s hd tgdrr`― sabrd l` dstr`tdng` grd+

_d prgvgldng`ràk las etgkds y las vg`mds dk vdfoulas, y` qud dl abmdtgva dsldv`kt`r uk eavgegdkta sgegl`r `l qud la hdcdkhgÿ oaktr` dl hds`cudra+

Dsta pdregtgrà sustgtugr l` dso`s` edro`hatdokg` y l` publgogh`h dk edhgas brgkh`h` par las tgdepas aog lds hdl gcd &dk Nutgçrrdz y Huràk, 2::3'+

Las prgkogp`lds dstr`tdn`s oakre`k qud tgdkdk uk pl`k hd eavglgzògÿk hd l`s b`sds p`rtghgst`s hd l` Oa`lgogÿk+ Mdsýs Artdn` oakre` qudl` oèp`` sd prapakd abtdkdr 0> egllakds hd vatas+ _d prdtdkhd `sgnk`r ` las hgcdrdktds o`khgh`tas, eglgt`ktds y sgep`tgz`ktds, t`rd`s dspdoåo`s p`r` qud f`n`k prasdlgtgsea dk las ?:: hgstrgtas dldotar`lds+ Ds uk`

oèp`` hd prasdlgtgsea hgrdota, uk` oèp``, “` r`s hd tgdrr`, oak uke`yar oaktòta oak l` ndktd― &Raeàk dt l+, > hd cdbrdra, 2::3'+

Dl o`khgh`ta sd hdhgo` cukhèdkt`ledktd ` rdoarrdr dl p`s dk ùtaeÿvgl mukta oak uk nrupa hd su oèp``, dk o`h` oguh`h a pudbla qudsd hdtgdkd sd arn`kgz`k etgkds+ Dk l` prgedr` dt`p` hd su ngr`, hdl 07 hddkdra `l 26 hd cdbrdra, rdoarrdk l`s prgkogp`lds o`pgt`lds y oguh`hds hdl

p`s+ Dk o`h` oguh`h rd`lgz`k sÿla has òtas= uk egtgk t`k e`sgva oaeasd` pasgbld y l` tae` hd pratdst` l` dstruotur` dldotar`l hd l` Oa`lgogÿk

qud p`rtgogp`rà dk dl praodsa dldotar`l+Hur`ktd dst` prgedr` dt`p` hd su ngr`, dl o`khgh`ta ka h` dktrdvgst`sdxolusgv`s ` las edhgas, gkolusa, dk euofas h`s kg sgqugdr` h` oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks`, sgka qud su òtgvgh`h pýblgo` sd rdhuod `l hgsoursaqud prakukog` dk dl egtgk9 l` tae` hd pratdst` ` l` dstruotur` dldotar`lds uk dvdkta prgv`ha sgk prdsdkog` hd las edhgas+

Oaea p`rtd hd l` dstr`tdng` hd eavglgzògakds, dl p`rtgha lao`l, laso`khgh`tas y l`s rdhds oguh`h`k`s arn`kgz`b`k l` `sgstdkog` e`sgv` `las etgkds+ Hd dst` e`kdr` sd dst`bldod uk` sgkdrng` pasgtgv`, las o`khgh`tas lao`lds `pay`k l`s eavglgzògakds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y dstaso`khgh`tas sak praeaogak`has hur`ktd dl egtgk+ Dst` dstr`tdng` cud eàsol`r` dk l` sdnukh` dt`p` hd su oèp``, hdl 26 hd cdbrdra l > hd e`rza



7:

rd`lgz` eavglgzògakds dk oguh`hds y pablògakds hdl Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa p`r` `pay`r l`s oèp``s lao`lds qud sd odldbr`ràk dl 02 hd e`rza+

Tk rdpart`md qud hdsorgbd l` prgedr` dt`p` hd su ngr` eudstr` l` hdhgoògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har `l prasdlgtgsea hgrdota y dl rdldnègdkta hd

las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk=_dnýk sus oal`bar`hards, dk l`s prgedr`s sdgs sde`k`s hd oèp`` cuddsouof`ha par 4?6 ::: pdrsak`s, dk uk rdoarrgha hd 07 2?> iglÿedtras+Sgsgtÿ ?: o`pgt`lds dst`t`lds y sdgs eukgogpgas Y+++U Hur`ktd dsd pdrgaha,Lÿpdz Abr`har sÿla hga sdgs oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks` Y+++U Hur`ktd dst` prgedr` c`sd hd oèp``, Lÿpdz Abr`har acrdogÿ sdgs dktrdvgst`s ` r`hgahgcusar`s y tdldvgsar`s lao`lds+++ &H`z, 07 hd e`rza, 2::3'+

L` apdrògÿk paltgo`, dsta ds, l` rdòtgvògÿk hd l` b`sd dldotar`l dst`b` oaarhgk`h` par dl Oaegtç dstr`tçngoa, care`ha par dl prh, dl dqug

pa hd oèp`` y las p`rtghas hd l` oa`lgogÿk, l`s rdhds oguh`h`k`s y laseglgt`ktds+ &Nutgçrrdz y Huràk 04 hd dkdra hdl 2::3'

_d kaebr` ` Mdsýs Artdn` oaea oaarhgk`har ndkdr`l hd l` oèp`` p`r` ka dsogkhgr dl prh+ Artdn` dr` dl lhdr hd l` oarrgdktd haegk`ktd hdlprh pdra dl nrupa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har la hdrratÿ dk l` dldoogÿk prge`rg`

p`r` l` o`khgh`tur` hd Mdcd hd Nabgdrka dk dl hc9 ds hdogr, cud gktdnr`ha` l` oèp`` p`r` ka pravao`r uk` dsogsgÿk+

Dstr`tdng` tgdrr`= rdhds oguh`h`k`s p`r` rdcarz`r l` b`sd dldotar`l

Z`r` oaarhgk`r l` oèp`` dk l`s hgcdrdktds rdngakds hdl p`s, sd dst`bldodk oaarhgk`hards hd o`h` rdngÿk, dst`ha, eukgogpga, lao`lgh`h+++Las oaarhgk`hards rdngak`lds hd l` oèp`` sak ogkoa= _aoarra H`zZ`lògas, E`kudl Oèòfa _als9 @hàk @unusta Lÿpdz9 Masç @nustk

Artgz Zgkofdttg y Rgo`rha Eakrd`l Àvgl`+Dstas oaarhgk`hards tr`b`m`k oaapt`kha lhdrds saog`lds y p`rtghgst`s &gkolusa hdl prg y hdl p`k' qud sdràk o`khgh`tas hakhd l` obt ka tgdkd prdsdkog` sgnkgo`tgv`+ Las oaarhgk`hards rdngak`lds hd l`s rdhds

buso`b`k o`khgh`tas oak dstruotur` dldotar`l y tr`b`ma dk l`s b`sds, qudfgogdr`k l` oèp`` lao`l `l o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+ Zdra tèbgçk sd

buso`b` qud dstas o`khgh`tas tuvgdr`k pasgbglgh`hds hd n`k`r dk sushgstrgtas, puds l` o`rdkog` hd dstruotur` hdl prh d gkolusa l` `ktgp`t`qud dstd p`rtgha f` ndkdr`ha ka dst`b` yuh`kha oakvdrtgr dk vatas l`sgep`tå` ndkdr`h` par l` nur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ _d buso`b`k `ltas

pdrlds, pdrsak`lgh`hds pýblgo`s prdstgng`h`s, ka gepart`b` hd ou`l p`rtgha cudr`k p`r` l`kz`rlas oaea o`khgh`tas hd l` obt+



70

Çst` dr` l` prgkogp`l lkd` hd apdrògÿk paltgo` hd las oaarhgk`hardshd l`s rdhds= _aoarra H`z dk B`m` O`lgcarkg`, B`m` O`lgcarkg` _ur, Nu`k`mu`ta, M`lgsoa, K`y`rgt, _gk`la` y _akar`9 E`kudl Oèòfa _als dk@nu`so`lgdktds, Ofgfu`fu`, Oa`fugl`, Hur`kna, Kudva Ldÿk, Pudrç

t`ra, _`k Lugs Zatas, X eùlgp`s y ]ò`tdo`s+@hàk @unusta Bdrk`l tr`b`m` dk Oèpdofd, Ofg`p`s, A`xò`, Pugkt`k` Raa, Sdròruz, Wuo`tàk y X`b`soa9 Artgz Zgkofdttg dk dl HgstrgtaCdhdr`l, Fgh`lna, Eardlas, Zudbl` y Xl`xo`l`9 y par ýltgea, Rgo`rhaEakrd`l dk Nudrrdra, Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa y Egofaòàk+

Zdra l` gktdnrògÿk hd lhdrds paltgoas rdngak`lds tèbgçk pravaoÿ`lnukas oakgotas rdngak`lds, puds lnukas hd dstas låhdrds ka sÿla dr`k`mdkas `l prh a ` l` gzqugdrh`, sgka, gkolusa, dk dl p`s`ha, f`b`k rdprgegha l` gzqugdrh`+ &H`z y Lgzàrr`n` 2::3'

L` obt oaedkzÿ tr`ydkha uk nr`k kýedra hd dx o`khgh`tas nu bdrk`tur`s y dx nabdrk`hards hd las dst`has9 dr`k paltgoas qud par sutr`ydotarg` tdk`k tr`b`ma dldotar`l, b`sds, lanstgo` y, `p`rdktdedktd,lldv`r`k euofas vatas ` l` oa`lgogÿk+ @ dstas o`khgh`tas sd lds `sgnk`rak o`khgh`tur`s plurgkaegk`lds `l sdk`ha, dktrd dllas hdstò`b`k=H`ktd Hdln`ha par Sdròruz9 L`yh` _`ksards par Oèpdofd9 Lugs `ltak dk Nudrrdra9 N`bgka Ouç dk A`xò`9 Mdsýs Arazoa @lc`ra dk Oalge`9 Eàxgea Nàegz dk Hur`kna9 Wdghoial Zaldvskiy dk dl Dst`ha hd

Eçxgoa, `hdeàs hd atras pdrsak`mds oaea @lcaksa Hur`za Eaktà,dx sdordt`rga p`rtgoul`r hd Sgodktd Cax, qugdk gr` par _akar`+++ Dk o`sahd n`k`r l` prdsghdkog`, dstas o`khgh`tas y dl oùh`l hd vatas qud `tr`dr`k, pdregtgr`k qud Lÿpdz Abr`har tuvgdr` uk` budk` prdsdkog a, gkolusa, uk` e`yar` dk dl oaknrdsa, `s oaea rdsp`lha dk las dst`has hdl` cdhdrògÿk &Oaksudnr`, 2::4'+

A`è` l` oèp`` l` Oa`loÿ pa l B taas

Oaarhgk`har hd oèp``= Mdsýs Artdn`Dko`rn`ha hd hak`tgvas y rdoùhògÿk= Cdhdrgoa @rrdal` O`stgllaOaarhgk`har hdl Oaksdma Oaksultgva= Zarrga Euðaz LdhaOaarhgk`hards rdngak`lds= _aoarra H`z, E`kudl Oèòfa _als, @hàk@unusta Lÿpdz, R`c`dl E`rk, Masç @nustk Artgz Zgkofdttg y Rgo`rha Eakrd`l@sdsar dk paltgo` dxtdrgar= Masç E`r` Zçrdz N`y@sdsar dk paltgo` saog`l= Lugs Sgllara@sdsar dk paltgo` doakÿego`= Randlga Rèrdz hd l` A+@sdsar` dk paltgo` oultur`l= Dldk` Zakg`tawsi`

Xdsardr`= Z`trgog` _`lgk`Z`rtgogpògÿk dldotar`l= Cr`kogsoa Wdd

Cudktd= Rdcare`, 04 hd dkdra, 2::3+



72

Dl oèbga hd eahdla p`r` saluogak`r l` pabrdz`,dmd dstr`tçngoa hd l` oèp``

Dk dl hgsoursa sd e`ktgdkd l`s egse`s lkd`s qud la fgogdrak cèasa

hur`ktd su mdc`tur` hd nabgdrka+ Dl dmd dstr`tçngoa hd l` oèp`` hd oaeukgoògÿk ds dl oèbga hd eahdla doakÿegoa p`r` lanr`r edmar`r l`soakhgogakds hd pabrdz` hd l` pablògÿk+ Çstd ds dl odktra hdl hgsoursa oatghg`ka hdl o`khgh`ta+ Dstd dmd hgsoursgva ds l` b`sd dk l` hdkaegkògÿkhd l` pl`t`care` &Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas' y hd lnukas lde`s hdoèp``, par dmdepla, “Zar dl bgdk hd tahas prgedra las pabrds― ds rdtae`ha hd su ndstgÿk dk dl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l+ Atra hd lasdslÿn`kds qud utglgz`rà dl o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l ds= “oueplgr ds egcudrz`―9 cr`sd qud rddrd ` su p`sa par dl nhc, hakhd, sdnýk çl, s oue

plgÿ sus oaepraegsas hd oèp``+Dstd dmd dstr`tçngoa hd l` oèp`ð` tèbgçk sd r`tgo` dk dl haouedk

ta hd prapudst`s eàs hgcukhgha, las “4: oaepraegsas p`r` rdoupdr`r dlarnulla kògak`l―+ Dk dstas oaepraegsas hdstò`k prapudst`s hd na

bgdrka p`r` `pay`r oak rdoursas ` l` pablògÿk eàs pabrd, `lnuk`s hddst`s oogakds y` l`s f`b` gepldedkt`ha dk l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa+

Tka hd dstas oaepraegsas, par dmdepla, pl`ktd` `tdkhdr gkedhg`tèdktd l`s kdodsgh`hds hd l` pablògÿk eàs pabrd, p`r` la ou`l prapakd

atarn`r subsghgas ` l`s pdrsak`s hd l` tdrodr` dh`h, ` las egkusvàlghas y` l`s e`hrds saltdr`s9 tdkogÿk eçhgo` nr`tugt` p`r` tah` l` pablògÿk9 lòrdògÿk hd 2:: dsoudl`s prdp`r`targ`s y ?: ukgvdrsgh`hds pýblgo`s9 dktrdn` hd ýtglds dsoal`rds dk tah`s l`s dsoudl`s pýblgo`s hdl p`s, dk laskgvdlds hd prddsoal`r, prge`rg` y sdoukh`rg`9 edmar`r las sdrvgogas eçhgoas y dhuo`tgvas qud acrdod dl Dst`ha9 praeavdr l`s prgkogp`lds àrd`shd hds`rralla doakÿegoa hdl p`s= dl turgsea, l` gkhustrg` dkdrnçtgo`, l`se`qugl`har`s+++9 tèbgçk prapakd oaeb`tgr las prgkogp`lds prablde`s

kògak`lds= l` pabrdz`, l` gksdnurgh`h, l` dv`sgÿk so`l+++Euofas `k`lgst`s d gkvdstgn`hards oudstgak`rak `l o`khgh`ta sabrd l`care` dk qud lanr`r` s`tgscòdr t`kt`s acdrt`s, puds dk vdz hd uedkt`r las gepudstas p`r` qud dl nabgdrka abtuvgdr` eàs rdoursas, su pranrè`hd nabgdrka prapak` musta la oaktr`rga= rdoart`r gepudstas y b`m`r dloasta hd las sdrvgogas pýblgoas qud brgkh` dl Dst`ha+ L` rdspudst` tr`hgogak`l hdl o`khgh`ta dst` prdnukt` dr` qud gepldedkt`r` ogkoa oogakds hd nabgdrka qud pdregtgrå`k oakt`r oak las rdoursas suogdktds=

L` prgedr`, dl ka pdregtgr l` oarrupogÿk9 l sdnukh`, fòdr uk nabgdrkaùstdra, qud sd ò`bdk las prgvgldngas dk dl nabgdrka p`r` pahdr ndkdr`r cakhas l hds`rralla9 l` tdrodr`, qud ka f`y` prgvgldngas so`lds, qud ka sd



7?

sgn` pratdngdkha ` ukas ou`ktas qud ka p`n`k gepudstas+++9 ou`rta, tdkdeas qud rdarhdk`r taha la hd l` hduh` pýblgo`9 ogkoa, sg f`y ordogegdktadk l` doakae` tgdkd qud edmar`r l` rdoùhògÿk &èla, Hgàlanas par Eçxgoa, 23 hd kavgdebrd, 2::4'+

Atr` prudb` hd qud dl dmd dstr`tçngoa hd oaeukgoògÿk hd su oèp`ð` ds dl oèbga hd eahdla p`r` bdkdog`r ` las pabrds ds qud hdshd dl

prgedr egtgk hd su oèp`` f`st` dl ýltgea çstd ds dl odktra hd su hgsoursa+ Ogta dl hgsoursa hdl prgedr egtgk odldbr`ha dk Edtl`tÿkao, dl eukgogpga ol`sgo`ha oaea dl eàs pabrd hdl p`ås+ L`s prgedr`s p`l`br`ssak p`r` las pabrds= “@l lldn`r ` l` prdsghdkog`, vay ` `tdkhdr ` tahas, `dsouof`r tahas, rdspdt`r tahas+++ pdra l` prdcdrdkog` l` v`k tdkdr las

pabrds― & ela, Edtl`tÿkao, 07 hd dkdra, 2::3'+Dl hgsoursa hd su ogdrrd hd oèp`` dk dl ]ÿo`la, tèbgçk ngr` dktarka `l egsea tde`, l` prgedr` prapudst` ds dl oèbga hd eahdla=

Kudstras `hvdrs`rgas tuvgdrak qud s`lgr ` hdcdkhdr, sgk t`pumas dl praydota `ktgpapul`r y dktrdnugst` qud sd f` vdkgha `plgo`kha Y+++U Kasatras ka dstèas hd òudrha oak ds` e`kdr` hd pdks`r, oak ds` care` hdvdr l`s oas`s, par dl oaktr`rga sastdkdeas qud dl p`s y` ka nu`kt` eàshd la egsea, qud sd rdqugdrd uk` tr`kscareògÿk pracukh`, uk` rdkavògÿk t`m`ktd, uk` vdrh`hdr` purgoògÿk hd l` vgh` pýblgo`+ Kasatrassastdkdeas qud f`y qud oèbg`r l` òtu`l paltgo` doakÿego` parqudka f` cukogak`ha, parqud ka f` f`bgha ordogegdkta doakÿegoa kg sdf`k ndkdr`ha depldas+++ &èla, 26 hd mukga, 2::3, ]ÿo`la hd l` Oguh`hhd Eçxgoa'+

Las pabrds oakstgtuydk dl ldgteatgv hd l` oèp``+ Dk oaktr`p`rtgh`,Lÿpdz Abr`har ous` l prg y l p`k, hd sdr las hdcdksards hd uk praydota kdalgbdr`l, `ktgpapul`r, qud depabrdod ` l` pablògÿk edxgo`k`+ Dlhgsoursa hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka prdtdkhd qud prg y p k sd dkoudktr`k`lg`has y cukogak`k oaea uk egsea p`rtgha= dl “prg`k― &Nutgçrrdz yHuràk, 2::3'+

Z`r` tdkdr oafdrdkog` oak dl edks`md hd oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har hd bå` sdr ghdktgo`ha ol`rèdktd oaea l` apasgogÿk l` “`lg`kz` prgp k―9 par t`kta, dl hgsda hd l` ge`ndk hdl o`khgh`ta rdtr`t` su tr`ydotarg` hdfaebrd ùstdra, luof`har saog`l par oùs`s must`s, apasgtar hd qugdkds

sd dkrgqudodk l ep`ra hdl pahdr &ghde'+



74

f`blç oak dl hgrdotar, oak dl huda hd tv @ztdo` &Rgo`rha _`lgk`s Zlgdna', ld hgmd ‖Sçkhdkas edhg` far` hd lukds ` vgdrkds p`r` tdkdr kasatrasuk pranrè` p`r` pahdr oaktdst`r o`luekg`s y p`r` pahdr sabrd tahagkcare`r ` l` ndktd sabrd oÿea v` l` oèp``, p`r` qud ka kas odrqudk,

p`r` qud ka hdpdkhèas hdl e`kdma qud sd ld qugdr` h`r ` l` gkcareògÿk & ela, 2? hd dkdra, 2::3, L` atr` vdrsgÿk'+

_gk deb`rna, dl nr`vd hdcdota hd dstd pranrè` dr` qud sd tr`ksegt`` l`s 3=:: è, ds hdogr, uk far`rga dk dl qud l` e`yar` hd l` pablògÿkhudred9 par la ou`l dstd pranrè` rdngstr`b` euy b`ma r`tgkn+ @ukqudhdshd brgl dstd pranrè` oaedkzÿ rdtr`ksegtgrsd l`s 02=:: &edhg`kaofd', dl pranrè` e`ktuva dl b`ma r`tgkn+ @hdeàs ka dr` uk pranr`

e` hd gktdrçs ndkdr`l, sgka hd o`ràotdr dstrgotèdktd prap`n`khstgoa+ Ka abst`ktd, dl pranrè` rdsult`b` b`r`ta dk l`s oaksghdrògakds hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har=

Ds uk oaktr`ta par 004 pranrè`s, parqud dstd pranrè` v` ` hur`r f`st` l`s vspdr`s hd l`s dldoogakds hdl 2 hd mulga, dktakods sak 004 pranrè`s, sd dstà p`n`kha 06 egllakds eàs gv` & ela, 2? hd dkdra, 2::3, Làtr` vdrsgÿk'+

Ds hdogr, sd oaktr`t`rak 004 pranrè`s hd 26 egkutas, hd lukds vgdrkds hd l`s 3=:: ` l`s 3=?: far`s, ` kgvdl kògak`l par dl O`k`l 0?, dk dl

pdrgaha oaeprdkhgha hdl 07 hd dkdra `l 26 hd mukga hd 2::3+ Hd e`kdr`qud o`h` pranrè` oastÿ 044 ::: pdsas eàs gv`+ Dl prh sd oaepraedtgÿ ` p`n`r ` tv @ztdo` dk trds p`rog`lgh`hds gnu`lds 4 780 333+> pdsaseàs gv`, dktrd cdbrdra y e`rza hd 2::3+ Dl p`na nlab`l cud hd 2: 876 >4:

pdsas &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 28 hd dkdra, 2::3'+

_gk lun`r ` huh`s, l` ghd` odktr`l hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl pl`ka hd l`dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo`, oaksgst` dk gepakdr l` `ndkh` pýblgo` dk dl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` kògak`l, oaea f`b` fdofa hur`ktdsu mdc tur` hd nabgdrka+ L` nr`k apartukgh`h hd dst` dstr`tdng` oaksgst` dk qud çl f`b` sgha dl puktdra dk l` oaktgdkh` hdshd fò` as y dsalldv`b` ` euofas ` orddr qud dr` uk o`khgh`ta “gkhdstruotgbld―, oaea çlegsea sd utahdkaegk`b`+

Oaea sd pudhd vdr, l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` tdk` uk prapÿsgta hdsedsur`ha, sd pl`ktd`b` haegk`r l` `ndkh` pýblgo` oak pao`s òogakds+ Kaf`b` uk` nrdsgv` dstr`tdng` hd e`ridtgkn, kg sgqugdr` uk` dstr`tdng` hd

pdkdtrògÿk dk l` e`yar` hd edhgas ` tr`vçs hd dktrdvgst`s, puds LÿpdzAbr`har pl`ktd`b` `tdkhdr sÿla ` l`s nr`khds tdldvgsar`s, ka `l rdsta hd



73

edhgas+ Ds hdogr, l` oèp`` sd prapak` qud las edhgas sgnugdr`k `Lÿpdz Abr`har par dl sala fdofa hd sdr dl lhdr hd l` oaktgdkh`, hd e`kdr` qud las edhgas sÿla pah`k abtdkdr gkcareògÿk hd çstd ` tr`vçs hdlas dstrdofas oùods qud praparogak`b` l` oèp``= L` atr` vdrsgÿk y

las hgsoursas dk las etgkds+

Ze` `p` l` oèp`` Lÿpz Abà

Tk` oèp`` “` r`s hd tgdrr`―

Hur`ktd l` prgedr` dt`p` hd su oèp``, dl o`khgh`ta y su dqugpard`lgz`rak uk` ngr` ` l`s prgkogp`lds oguh`hds hdl p`s+ Dk o`h` oguh`hdcdotu`b` bàsgoèdktd has otgvgh`hds, uk egtgk y uk` tae` hd pratdst`` l` dstruotur` hdl p`rtgha9 dl o`khgh`ta ka brgkh`b` dktrdvgst`s ` lasedhgas y l` e`yar` hd l`s vdods kg sgqugdr` oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks`+ Hde`kdr` qud, edkuha, sus otgvgh`hds pýblgo`s dk o`h` oguh`h sd rdhuo`k `l dvdkta e`sgva+ Dk las etgkds, l` ar`targ` hdl o`khgh`ta tèbgçksal` sdr euy l`rn`9 hur`ktd dst` prgedr` dt`p` hd su ngr`, dl o`khgh`taodrr`b` su hgsoursa oak l` ldotur` hd las ?: oaepraegsas qud dst`bldoòak o`h` dst`ha+

Xahas las rdpartds qud fd pahgha rdoapgl`r oagkoghdk dk qud l` prgedr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har hds`rrallÿ uk` prdsdkog`dk edhgas b`st`ktd hdogdktd+ Dl o`khgh`ta oaktr`tÿ pao` publgogh`h,E`hr`za oaktr`tÿ dl habld, O`lhdrÿk dl trgpld+ èla `rnuedktÿ l` dso`sdz hd rdoursas p`r` gkvdrtgr dk publgogh`h hd edhgas dldotrÿkgoas=

Dstèas oaedkz`kha y oaksghdrèas qud la fdeas lanr`ha, qud sd fè`ktdkgha l` vdkt`m fògdkha uk` oèp`` ùstdr`, ka fdeas n`st`ha

dk tah` l` prgedr` dt`p`, la qud sd llèÿ l` prdoèp``, ka tuvgeasedks`mds dk l` tdldvgsgÿk, ds hdogr, ka n`stèas dk tdldvgsgÿk kg n`stèas tèpaoa dk edks`mds hd r`hga, dktrd atr`s oas`s parqud ka tdkdeashgkdra & Rdcare` , 28 hd dkdra, 2::3'+

L` prgedr` ndkdrògÿk hd kukogas hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka rdspakhdoaepldtèdktd su dmd dstr`tçngoa bàsgoa= prgvgldng`r las subsghgas las

pabrds+ Xaedeas oaea dmdepla, las sgnugdktds spats=



7>

_pat “èLa psas las e`yas―

Tk` p`rdm` hd kog`kas, faebrd y eumdr ou`hra, dl faebrd sd hgrgnd lòàe`r` y hgod=

Kas praedtgÿ uk` pdksgÿk edksu`l y oueplgÿ+ Ge`ndk hd l` p`rdm` hd kog`kas eudstr` uk` ordhdkog`l, l` ge`ndk sd cukhd y`p`rdodk atras 6 kog`kas qud care`k uk oall`nd, tahas eudstr`k ukòrdhdkog`l“Oaea prdsghdktd @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har atarn`rà uk` pdksgÿkedksu`l gnu`l tahas las edxgo`kas e`yards hd sdtdkt` as―_d hdsv`kdod l` ge`ndk y p`rdod ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ou`hra y hgod=“Oueplgr ds eg cudrz`― Mgknld dk acc=“Pugdrd, hddkhd y pratdnd l` ndktd+ ¡Lÿpdz Abr`har, fakdstgh`h v`lgdktd!―

Ratula mukta oak ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har “Oueplgr ds eg cudrz`―@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har Zrdsghdktd 2::3

_pat “Lÿpz Abà ab` pýblo`―

Zrgedr pl`ka, has pdrsak`s oak o`soa qud p`rdkt`k sdr tr`b`m`hards hd l`

oakstruoogÿk+ Dk sdnukha pl`ka uk oègÿk y uk dhgoga dk oakstruoogÿkTk` hd l`s pdrsak`s sd hgrgnd l` oàe`r` y hgod=“Zraedtgÿ oakstrugr abr` pýblgo` y oueplgÿ oak ordods+++―Oèbg` l` ge`ndk, sd cukhd uk oall`nd hd dhgogas, vg`huotas, o`rrdtdr`s dk

sdnukhas pgsas+++Saz dk acc=“Oaea prdsghdktd @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har rd`lgz`rà ebgogas`s abr`shd gkcr`dstruotur` qud ndkdr`rà uk` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd depldas dk dl p`s―+_d hdsv`kdod l` ge`ndk y p`rdod ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ou`hra y hgod=

“Oueplgr ds eg cudrz`― Mgknld dk acc=“Pugdrd, hddkhd y pratdnd l` ndktd+ ¡Lÿpdz Abr`har, fakdstgh`h v`lgdktd!― Ratula mukta oak ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har “Oueplgr ds eg cudrz`―@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har Zrdsghdktd 2::3

@hdeàs hd su dso`sa tr`b`ma oatghg`ka oak las pdrgahgst`s, l` oèp`` publgogt`rg` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk las edhgas tdk` edkar pdkdtrògÿk qud l` hd sus has prgkogp`lds rgv`lds parqud oaktr`t`b` paoas spats dk r`hga y tv+



0:0

_dnýk sus oal`bar`hards, dk l`s prgedr`s sdgs sde`k`s hd oèp`` cuddsouof`ha par 4?6 ::: pdrsak`s, dk uk rdoarrgha hd 07 2?> iglÿedtras+Sgsgtÿ ?: o`pgt`lds dst`t`lds y sdgs eukgogpgas Y+++U Hur`ktd dsd pdrgaha,Lÿpdz Abr`har sÿla hga sdgs oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks` Y+++U Hur`ktd dst` prgedr` c`sd hd oèp``, Lÿpdz Abr`har acrdogÿ sdgs dktrdvgst`s r`hgahg

cusar`s y tdldvgsar`s lao`lds+++ &H`z, 07 hd e`rza, 2::3'+

Z`r` oaktr`st`r l` vdrsgÿk hd dst` rdvgst`, sd f` fdofa uk oaktda hdl`s dktrdvgst`s qud ogt`k las ou`tra pdrgÿhgoas oaksult`has dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk y, `hdeàs, fd rd`lgz`ha atra oaktda hd l`s p`rtgogpògakdsdk edhgas qud rdngstr` dl sgtga Lup` Oguh`h`k`+ Dk prgedr lun`r, sdnýklas rdpartds hd las hg`rgas oaksult`has, dk dstd pdrgaha hdl 07 hd dkdra`l 6 hd e`rza, Lÿpdz Abr`har oakodhgÿ kudvd dktrdvgst`s y atarnÿ ogkoaoakcdrdkog`s hd prdks`+ Zar atr` p`rtd, hgofa sgtga oakt`bglgz` ou`tra oakcdrdkog s hd prdks` y sdgs dktrdvgst`s ` edhgas, `hdeàs hd sdgs p`rtgog

pògakds dk L` atr` vdrsgÿk+ Oaea sd pudhd vdr, trds rdpartds hd cudktdseuy hgstgkt`s oagkoghdk dk qud Lÿpdz Abr`har, hur`ktd dstd pdrgaha,atarnÿ euy pao`s dktrdvgst`s ` edhgas, gkolusa, pao`s oakcdrdkog`s hd

prdks`+Z`r` oaep`r`r, v`ld l` pdk` ogt`r, par dmdepla, qud O`lhdrÿk sal`

h`r eàs dktrdvgst`s dxolusgv`s hg`rgèdktd qud l`s qud Lÿpdz Abr`har

atarnÿ dk dl prgedr eds y edhga hd l` oèp``+ Zar dmdepla, ou`khaCdlgpd O`lhdrÿk vgsgtÿ l` oguh`h hd Pudrçt`ra dl h` 2: hd dkdra, sd puhaabsdrv`r qud t`k sÿla dk dsd h` dstd o`khgh`ta brgkhÿ sgdtd dktrdvgst`s edhgas lao`lds9 sd sabrdktgdkhd qud çstd ds, eàs a edkas, dl praedhgahd dktrdvgst`s oatghg`k`s hdl o`khgh`ta+ Dk oèbga, dl 7 hd cdbrdra,ou`kha Lÿpdz Abr`har vgsgtÿ dst` egse` oguh`h, ka brgkhÿ dktrdvgst`skg rd`lgzÿ oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks`+

Hur`ktd l` prgedr` dt`p` rd`lgzÿ `lnuk`s òtgvgh`hds hd hgcusgÿk,

pdra pràotgoèdktd tah`s dll`s dr`k hd b`ma pdrl, par dmdepla= dl pranrè` L` atr` vdrsgÿk9 dl 3 hd e`rza dkv` has egllakds hd o`rt`s salgogt`kha dl vata p`r` las o`khgh`tas hd las p`rtghas hd su oa`lgogÿk dk dlDst`ha hd Eçxgoa+++

@ hgcdrdkog` hd las atras o`khgh`tas, Lÿpdz Abr`har dv`hgÿ l` e`yar` hd las caras hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl9 dk dspdog`l dv`h` las caras qud

pah`k sdr ortgoas ` su o`khgh`tur`+ @bgdrtèdktd, dl o`khgh`ta y lasoaarhgk`hards hd l` oèp`ð` r`tgo`rak qud ka sgstgrå` caras qud puhgdr`k sdr ortgoas ` su oèp``+ Ka p`rtgogp` dk dvdktas oguh`h`kas dgkolusa o`kodl` su p`rtgogpògÿk dk caras hakhd y` sd f`b` oaepraedtgha9 par dmdepla, dl 24 hd dkdra o`kodl` su p`rtgogpògÿk dk uk` rdukgÿkhd l` O`kògktr`+



0:2

_u hgst`kog` oak las nrupas deprds`rg`lds hdshd dl prgkogpga hd lòèp`` oaegdkz` ndkdr`rld l` kge`hvdrsgÿk hd dstd oroula+ Dl 8 hdcdbrdra, @lbdrta Kýdz Dstdv`, prdsghdktd hd l` Oakcdhdrògÿk Z`trak`lhd l` Rdpýblgo` Edxgo`k` &Oap`redx', dxgnd Lÿpdz Abr`har uk` hd

kgogÿk sabrd dl praydota hd gzqugdrh` qud dko`bdz`, puds dl deprds`rg`ha sd apakd praydotas hd gzqugdrh` oaea dl hd Sdkdzudl`+++ @hdeàs ldrdolè` dl hmdtgva hd “deprds`rgas dep`kgz`has― qud lds oalnÿ dl vgdrkds 0> hd cdbrdra & Rdcare`, 07 hd cdbrdra, 2::3'+

Las dstr`tdn`s hd l` oèp`` rdoakaodk qud dk l` prgedr` dt`p` dlo`khgh`ta sÿla qudr` rd`lgz`r hg`rgèdktd uk dvdkta pýblgoa y l` tae`hd pratdst` l` dstruotur` dldotar`l qud dr` uk dvdkta sgk edhgas, Wdghoial Zaldkvsiy, la oakre` dk uk` dktrdvgst`= “Zrgedra sd busoÿ tdkdr nr`khds etgkds, pdra kgknuk` rdukgÿk dk p`rtgoul`r oak ò`hçegoas,gktdldotu`lds, eumdrds a deprds`rgas+ @khrçs E`kudl hdlgkdÿ uk` dstr`tdng` hakhd pl`ktdÿ qud, hur`ktd dkdra y cdbrdra, rdoarrdr` l`s o`pgt`lds hdl p`s― & Egldkga hg`rga, 0? hd e`rza, 2::3'+

Dk lun`r hd sgstgr las caras oguh`h`kas, l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har rd`lgz`b` sus prapgas caras tdeàtgoas &Oaksdma Oaksultgva hdl Zraydota @ltdrk`tgva hd Kògÿk' las qud sd gkvgt`b` dk hgcdrdktds rakh`s deprds`rgas, gktdldotu`lds, paltgoas, dto+ p`r` hgsoutgr l` prabldeàtgo`hdl p`s y acrdodr prapudst`s hd saluogÿk+

Dk las prgedras edsds, Lÿpdz Abr`har ka hdb`td dk las edhgas oaksus hvdrs`rgas hd l` oèp``, su gktdrlaoutar prgkogp`l ds dl prdsghdktdCax, oak dl ou`l e`ktgdkd uk` hgsousgÿk oatghg`k`+ Dk l`s r`r`s ao`sgakds qud sd rddrd ` sus oaktdkhgdktds la fòd hd e`kdr` gkhgrdot`, “dlo`khgh`ta hdl p`k―, dl o`khgh`ta hdl “vgdma p`rtgha―+ Dk oèbga, las atrashas o`khgh`tas så sd rddrdk ` çl par su kaebrd, hd fdofa, ds su prgkog

p`l rdcdrdktd+@ pds`r hd tah`s l`s hdbglgh`hds hd su oèp`` edhgàtgo`, l`s oasta

s`s oèp`ð`s publgogt`rg`s hd sus `hvdrs`rgas ka lldn`k ` eahgo`r l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ @ pds`r hd tah`s l`s hdogdkog`s hd l` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, p`rdktdedktd dl o`khgh`ta oaeukgo`

bgdk l` ghd` odktr`l hd su oèp``= dl oèbga hd eahdla p`r` `tò`r l` pabrdz` hd l` e`yar` hd las edxgo`kas+ Nròg`s ` dlla, e`ktgdkd suvdkt`m` dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds, hur`ktd l` prgedr` dt`p`+

E`kdma hd l` `ndkh`

_gk lun`r ` huh`s, dk l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, l``pudst` eàs gepart`ktd dr` dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh`+ Z`r` lanr`rla tdk`



008

Hdl sdnugegdkta hd l` oèp`` dk las edhgas sd oakoluyd qud O`lhdrÿk tgdkd uk budk e`kdma hd l` `ndkh`, `ktd las òaktdogegdktas hd l``ndkh` kògak`l rdspakhd ràpghèdktd y n`k` prdsdkog`+ @ hgcdrdkog`hd Lÿpdz Abr`har qud euy ` edkuha dv`hd las tde`s hd l` `ndkh` k`

ogak`l+ _abrd l`s rdòogakds ràpgh`s y `cartuk`h`s hd O`lhdrÿk sd pudhdk ogt`r l`s sgnugdktds=

0+ Ds dl prgedra dk llè`r ` sus `hvdrs`rgas ` p`rtgogp`r dk uk hdb`td+ Dl 28 hd dkdra dkv` o`rt`s las o`khgh`tas y l gcd p`r` arn`kgz`r las hdb`tds+ Dk oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har dv`hd las hdb`tds+

2+ Dl 2 hd cdbrdra orgtgo` uk` oaktr`hgoogÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har= dlo`khgh`ta hd l` obt hur`ktd l` oèp`` prapakd `l rdotar hd lùkè, Mu`k Rèÿk hd l` Cudktd, p`r` gktdnr`rsd ` su nabgdrkaoaea _dordt`rga hd Nabdrkògÿk+ O`lhdrÿk orgtgo` dst` prapudst`hd Lÿpdz Abr`har parqud dk dl p`s`ha dl pdrrdhgst` f`b` llè`ha Hd l` Cudktd “vdkhgha y pdÿk hd ]dhglla―+

?+ Zratdst` oaktr` l` plgoògÿk hd ldyds dst`haukghdksds dk Eçxgoa par p`rtd hdl fatdl _fdr`tak qud dxpulsÿ ` uk nrupa hd oub`kas hdsus gkst`lògakds+++ Dk oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har t`rh` h`s p`r` hdoghgrsd orgtgo`r l` plgoògÿk hd l` ldy edrgo`k` dk sudla edxgo`ka+

8+ Dl 0> hd cdbrdra òaep`` ` las hgput`has hd su cròogÿk hdl oak

nrdsa hd pudbl` ` prdsdkt`r uk` hde`kh` oaktr` dl nabdrk`har E`rga E`rk+ L` òogÿk ka tgdkd v`lar ldn`l sgka paltgoa, ds hdogr edhgàtgoa+

4+ Dl 22 hd cdbrdra ds dl prgedra dk pdhgr arògakds par las 3: egkdras qud f`k c`lldogha dk Oa`fugl`+

L` o`pògh`h hd rdòogÿk `ktd l` `ndkh` oatghg`k` hd O`lhdrÿk cudeàs ràpgh` y dcdotgv` qud l` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Oak dsta lanr` uk dxod

ldktd gepòta dk las katgog`rgas, càogledktd sd oakvgdrtd dk lhdr hd apgkgÿk, dk oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har sd rdz`n` `l dv`hgr l` `ndkh` kògak`ly tr`t`r hd gepakdr su prapgas tde`s+

@ pds`r hd su oaksdrv`hurgsea, O`lhdrÿk ds euy dxgbld dk su hgsoursa, gkolusa rdtraodhd dk tde`s dspgkasas+ Zar dmdepla, dl 2? hd dkdra,dk uk` dktrdvgst` oak Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`, dk dl gkcare`tgva dstdl`r hd Xdldvgs`, Dl Katgogdra, sd prakukog` par prafgbgr dl `ktgoakodptgvallè`ha “plhar` hdl h` sgnugdktd―+ _gk deb`rna, dk l`s sde`k`s sgnugdktds rdogbd euof`s ortgo`s par dst` prapudst`, prgkogp`ledktd hdlsdotar muvdkgl9 par dstd eatgva, p`r` l` sgnugdktd dktrdvgst` oak LÿpdzHÿrgn` rdtgr` su prapudst`+ Ds hdogr, O`lhdrÿk ds oaea las rdpublgo`kasèdrgo`kas, oaksdrv`har, pdra, ktd taha, pr`neàtgoa+



00>

`paya hd dstd dx prdsghdktd dspàl+ X`kta dl p`k oaea dl paltgoa dspàl cudrak èakdst`has par l` _dordt`r` hd Nabdrkògÿk, parqud l`sldyds edxgo`k`s prafbdk l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd dxtr`kmdras dk l` paltgo`gktdrk` hdl p`s+

Dl tde` lldn`r` f`st` dl 2 hd mukga, ou`kha dl p`k cud s`kogak`ha par dl gcd par f`bdr prapgog`ha l` gktdrvdkogÿk hdl dx prdsghdktd dk c`var hdO`lhdrÿk+ Dk dstd hdslgz sd eastrÿ ol`rèdktd l` hgst`kog` dktrd l` hgrdotgv` kògak`l hdl p k dko`bdz`h` par E`kudl Dspgka y dl dqugpa hdoèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+

Oèp`` edhgàtgo`

Hdshd uk pukta hd vgst` eàs pracukha, sd pudhd ``hgr qud l` oè p`` prdsghdkog`l hdl p`k munÿ ` l` paltgo` dspdotàoula+ X`l oaea fgzaCax dk dl 2:::, O`lhdrÿk oatghg`kèdktd dmdout` nalpds edhgàtgoas

p`r` ndkdr`r katgog`s+ Ds dl prgedra dk rdgkgog`r dl prasdlgtgsea l` edhg`kaofd hdl 07 hd dkdra= dl o`khgh`ta depgdz` ` rdp`rtgr e`tdrg`l pu

blgogt`rga dk l`s o`llds+++Xèbgçk ` l` edhg`kaofd hdl prgedr h` hd oèp`` oaegdkz`k sus

spats+ @l h` sgnugdktd dktrdn` dk dl gcd su hdol`rògÿk p`trgeakg`l ouya

eakta ‟gkolughas las bgdkds hd su dspas` E`rn`rgt` ]`v`l`‟ `sogdkhdk` 6 6:? 644 pdsas+ Dl ?0 hd dkdra re` uk` @lg`kz` hd las Edxgo`kasoak 40 arn`kgzògakds ogvglds, l`s ou`lds sak rdodptar`s hd `payas hd l`_dhdsal, ds hdogr, f`b`k hds`rrall`ha uk vkoula gkstgtuogak`l oak Masdk` Sàzqudz Eat`, qugdk `ktds hd oaarhgk`r l` oèp`ð` f`bå` sghatgtul`r hd _dhdsal+

Hdshd atra pukta hd vgst`, ds dl o`khgh`ta qud eàs otý` ktd l`s oàe`r`s p`r` acrdodr uk` ge`ndk hgvdrtgh` hd l` oèp`ð`+ Ds hdogr, dl l

e`ku`l hd e`ridtgkn, O`lhdrÿk rd`lgz` òtgvgh`hds p`r` l` oàe`r`, vgsu`lds, dk eavgegdkta, argngk`lds, gkkav`har`s+++Oatghg`kèdktd pas` y otý` ktd l`s oàe`r`s+ Dl 2: hd dkdra e`kd

m` uk tr`gldr y uk t`xg+++ Dl 20 hd dkdra e`kdm` uk ùtaeÿvgl `ktgnua hdlà 07?:9 has h`s hdspuçs uk` bgogoldt`+++ Dl 27 hd dkdra dko`bdz` uk`

b`tuo`h`, uk sgeulòra hd o`rk`v`l+++ Dl 8 hd cdbrdra e`kdm` uk tròtar y uk` eata+ Dl 7 hd cdbrdra oakhuod uk cdrry dk uk tr`ydota par e`r+++ Dl03 hd e`rza tao` uk` reÿkgo` y dl 2? hd cdbrdra o`kt` uk oarrgha+

Zdra ka sÿla l`s otgvgh`hds gkcare`lds dstàk hgsd`h`s p`r` tr`dr l``tdkogÿk hd l`s oàe`r`s, sgka tèbgçk l`s òtgvgh`hds care`lds dstàkhgsd`h`s hd uk` e`kdr` ord`tgv` p`r` “h`r kat`― ` las edhgas+ Ka sdrdhuod, puds, ` las òtas dstdrdatgp`has hd oèp``, oakcdrdkog`s hd



007

puha absdrv`r qud O`lhdrÿk brgkhÿ > dktrdvgst`s ` edhgas lao`lds+ @hdeàs, ol`ra dstà, oatghg`kèdktd acrdod oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks` ` las edhgas qud oubrdk su ngr`+ L` rdlògÿk hd hgsoursas hd Lup` Oguh`h`kòaksgnk` 23 oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks`, eàs 02 dktrdvgst`s hdl o`khgh`ta

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk dk l` prgedr` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s &hdl 07 hd dkdra `l26 hd mukga', dst` rdlògÿk ka ds dxfùstgv`9 oaea y` sd sd`lÿ, dr` p`rtdhd l` dstr`tdng`+ Dk oèbga, dk dstd egsea pdrgaha, Lup` Oguh`h`k`sÿla oaksgnk` 8 oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks` y 3 dktrdvgst`s edhgas par p`rtd hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Oaea y` sd hgma, dst` oaeprab`ha qud dl dx Mdcdhd Nabgdrka dk l` prgedr` dt`p` ka sal` brgkh`r dktrdvgst`s ` las edhgas, dk oèbga O`lhdrÿk rd`lgz`b` uk nr`k dscudrza par atarn`r kuedras`s dktrdvgst`s y oakcdrdkog s hd prdks` oatghg`kèdktd+

Hdspuçs hd las prgedras h`s hd oèp``, O`lhdrÿk gkgog` uk pranrè` hd r`hga, dl sàb`ha ` l`s 02=:: par R`hga Cÿreul`, mukta oak dl

pranrè` hd r`hga sd `brd uk wdb sgtd hd Gktdrkdt p`r` mÿvdkds+ @ebas prahuotas hdkaegk`has R`hgacutura cudrak prahuoghas par Kdurak`@uhga, uk` deprds` cèas` par su prahuoogÿk r`hgacÿkgo` p`r` mÿvdkds+ Dl prahuotar dr` Rabdrta Eàrqudz qugdk f`b` oal`bar`ha dk lnuk`s hd las dstògakds hd r`hga p`r` mÿvdkds eàs cèas`s oaea R`hgaòtgva, Bdst ce y hd Eultgvgsgÿk+++ hur`ktd l` çpao` hd l` oèp`` dr`hgrdotar hd Kdurÿtgo` ce+

Dl 7 hd cdbrdra, las dstr`tdn`s hd O`lhdrÿk kukog`k qud y` f`k oue plgha oak dl abmdtgva hd l` prgedr` dt`p` hd spats= h`r ` oakaodr `l o`khgh`ta dktrd l` e`yar` hd l` pablògÿk, p`r` l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hdcdbrdra dl 7:$ hd las dldotards y` oakaod `l o`khgh`ta+ @ p`rtgr hd dsdeaedkta oaegdkz`k ` nr`b`r y tr`ksegtgr uk` sdnukh` ndkdrògÿk hdspats+ Dk dst` sdnukh` dt`p` publgogt`rg` sd prapakhràk las trgbutas hdO`lhdrÿk= fakdstgh`h, redz` y o`pògh`h p`r` nabdrk`r &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Rdcare`, 0: hd cdbrdra, 2::3'+ @sgegsea las spats prdsdkt`k `l

o`khgh`ta dk e`kn`s hd oègs` p`r` h`rld uk` ge`ndk eàs gkcare`l,`hdeàs p`rdodk pdrsak`s oaeukds y oarrgdktds hd hgvdrs`s aoupògakds qud rdsp`lh`k su o`khgh`tur`+

@ pds`r hd qud dst` oèp`` tgdkd uk` lt` pdkdtrògÿk dk dl dldotar`ha, dk l` prgedr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` las edhgas hdstò`k dk l`s katgog`s las rdhuoghas pýblgoas hd l` ngr` tdrrdstrd hdl o`khgh`ta y l` hdsarn`kgzògÿk hd `lnukas dvdktas9 par taha dlla, ` edkuha tdregk`khgcukhgdkha l` supdrgargh`h hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Dst` pdrodpogÿk haegk`ktd lldv`rà uk` orgsgs l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ` k`lds hd dkdra, y ds ou`kha O`lhdrÿk y su dqugpa hdoghgràkrdpl`ktd`r su dstr`tdng` hd oèp``+



02?

Dk dstd pl`k las ldngsl`hards sd prapusgdrak oaea egsgÿk hd l` o`pògtògÿk, “ord`r ou`hras eglgt`ktds p`kgst`s dk taha dl p`s p`r` hds`rrall`r eahdlas saog`lds y arn`kgzògakds ‖p`r` pravdof`r y dmdout`r pranrè`s cdhdr`lds dk bdkdoga hd pdrsak`s, nrupas hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl y

prahuotards nrapdou`rgas, n`k`hdras y ouòultards qud paydk dk praodsas dldotar`lds `l p k‗― &ghde'+Hd e`kdr` qud dl npp`k dkvgÿ ` @rkulca Eaktds Oudk ` gkstrugr `

las apdr`hards p`kgst`s hd taha dl p`s p`r` ndstgak`r las rdoursas hd las prgkogp`lds pranrè`s cdhdr`lds+

_d lds acrdogdrak rdqugsgtas, care`tas, cdof`s y lun`rds hd prdsdktògÿk hd pdtgogakds dk l`s sdordt`r`s hd @nrgoultur`, N`k`hdr`, Hds`rralla Rur`l, Zdso` y @lgedktògÿk &_`n`rp`', hd Hds`rralla _aog`l &_dhdsal', hd l`

Rdcare` @nr`rg` &sr`', hdl Xr`b`ma y Zrdvgsgÿk _aog`l &stps', Doakae`&sd', Dhuoògÿk Zýblgo` &sdp', Oaeukgoògakds y Xr`kspartds &sot', hdEdhga @ebgdktd, Rdoursas K`tur`lds y Zdso` &_de`rk`t' &ghde'+

Dk dl a 2::8, dl p`k ord` l` cdhdrògÿk hd arn`kgzògakds oèpdsgk`s llè`h` Zranrè` hd @oogÿk Rur`l &pl`kt`r ', mukta oak atr` ednàrn`kgzògÿk llè`h` Tkgÿk Kògak`l Gktdnr`har` hd Arn`kgzògakds _algh`rg`s y Doakae` _aog`l &ukgeass'+ Dk dl Oaksdma Hgrdotgvahd pl`kt`r dst`b`k Masdk` Sàzqudz Eat` &tgtul`r hd _dhdsal'9 M`vgdr

Ts`bg n` &hd @nrgoultur`'9 Clardkoga _`l`z`r, tgtul`r hd sr` y9 @lbdrtaOàrhdk`s, tgtul`r hd _de`rk`t+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, las rdspaks`blds hd e`kdm`r las pranrè`s saog`lds hdl nabgdrka cdhdr`l sd gktdnr`rak dk ukàrn`kgzògÿk hdhgo`h` ` l` ndstar` hd rdoursas hd pranrè`s saog`lds9ds hdogr, las sdordt`rgas cukogak`b`k oaea mudz y p`rtd &gbgh +, p+ >:'+

Eaktds Oudk `part` dvghdkog`s hd qud dxgstgÿ uk` oakodrtògÿk dktrd dl npp`k oak l` oýpul` hd l` _dhdsal y dl rdsta hd sdordt`r`s p`r`qud sd còglgt`r`k tahas las tràegtds las p`kgst`s p`r` l` ndstar` hd las

rdoursas+ Gkolusa, sd part` dvghdkog` hd qud nr`khds o`ktgh`hds hd dstas rdoursas cudrak hdsvg`has fòg` l`s oèp``s dldotar`lds9 rdoursasqud argngk`ledktd dst`b`k pl`kd`has p`r` yuh`r las nrupas hd dxtrde` pabrdz` ka sd dktrdn`rak sgka qud sd e`lvdrs`rak p`r` las praydotasdldotar`lds hd las p`kgst`s &gbgh+, p+ 44'+

Z`r` nasta hd nasta hd 2::4 “dl npp`k f`b` ndstgak`ha uk tat`l hd0 ?6? 664 >?2 hd pdsas hd `yuh`s hd _dhdsal, _`n`rp`, Rdcare` @nr`rg` y atr`s sdordt`rå`s y aogk`s nubdrkèdkt`lds― &gbgh +, p+ 3:'+

Z`r` tdkdr uk oaktral `bsaluta, hgsordogak`l, hd dst`s apdrògakdsolgdktdl`rds &oarrupt`s dk dl o`sa hd las hdsvas', sd rdldvÿ 24 hd l`s ?2hdldn`has hd l` _dhdsal+ _d oalaoÿ oaea hdldn`has ` p`kgst`s gkoakhgogak`lds qud vdl`r`k par dl çxgta y sdordo` hd dstas praodsas+



02>

l` Rdpýblgo` td f` `sgnk`ha dk dl p``e‗+― L` o`rt` dstà ratul`h` oak lanatgpas hd uk` hd l`s arn`kgz`ogakds ord`h`s par dl npp`k p`r` dxplat`r olgdktdl`redktd las rdoursas cdhdr`lds, oaea sd `prdog` dk dl sgnugdktdnràoa=

Cudktd= L` Mark`h`, 27 hd mukga, 2::3+



027

Zdra dl 24 hd cdbrdra, l` _uprde` Oartd hd Mustgog` hd l` Kògÿk prud b` uk` gkgog`tgv` hd l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has par edhga hd l` ou`l sd arhdk` l` suspdksgÿk hd las `kukogas dk las qud dl prdsghdktd Cax llè` `l` oaktgkugh`h+ L` oèp`` hd l` prdsghdkog` suspdkhd las spats s`koga

k`has, pdra las sustgtuyd oak atras qud tgdkdk dl egsea sdktgha= llè`r ` l` oaktgkugh`h+ Zdra far`, l k`l hdl spat , sd nrdn` l` ldydkh`= “Dstd pranrè` ds pýblgoa, mdka ou`lqugdr p`rtgha paltgoa+ Pudh` prafgbgha dl usa p`r` kds hgstgktas `l hds`rralla saog`l―+

Dk oakolusgÿk, dl nabgdrka p`kgst` cdhdr`l, dk vdz hd lgqugh`r dl `p`r`ta olgdktdl`r hdl prg, ordÿ uka prapga, ge`ndk y sdedm kz` hdl prggst`, oak dl k hd abtdkdr las egseas rdkhgegdktas olgdktdl`rds+

Cax rdpgtd su dstr`tdng` hgsoursgv` oaktr` Lÿpdz Abr`har

Dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds, sd pudhd sdnur`r qud l` prgkogp`l partògÿkhd Cax l` oèp`` hdl p`k cud hgrgngr uk` oèp`` kdn`tgv`, pravao`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har, qugdk tdregkÿ o`ydkha dk l` trèp` y sd gkvaluorÿ dkuk` b`t`ll` oaktr` dl prdsghdktd Cax, l` ou`l tdregk`r` pdrhgdkha+

@hdeàs hd las spats, dl prdsghdktd Cax pravdofÿ sus prdsdktògakds pýblgo`s oatghg`k`s p`r` hdso`lgo`r l`s prapudst`s y l` pdrsak`lgh`h hd

Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Hdshd dl c`llgha hds`cudra dk 2::4, f`st` l` oèp`òakstgtuogak`l, Cax dstuva prdhgo`kha oaktr` las “eds`s―, “gluegk`has―, “papulgst`s―+++ cÿreul` qud us`b` p`r` orgtgo`r gkhgrdotèdktd `ldx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+

Hdshd las prgedras h`s hd l` oèp``, Cax dktr` hdcdkhdr l` oaktgkugh`h hd su nabgdrka, ou`tra h`s hdspuçs hd gkgog`h`s l`s oèp``s&2? hd dkdra' `hvgdrtd qud “Eçxgoa ka pudhd rdnrds`r `l p`s`ha+++ tdkdeas qud e`ktdkdr dl rueba+++―+ @l h` sgnugdktd llèÿ hdcdkhdr dl ea

hdla doakÿegoa+ Xàogtèdktd oakcrakt` dl dmd dstr`tçngoa hd LÿpdzAbr`har= dl oèbga hd eahdla+

L` prdnukt` ds sg dsa v` tr`dr bdkdogas, a så f`y uk` rut` eàs oart`, dl papulgsea, h`rld dl prdsupudsta ` l` ndktd p`r` qud tdkn` `ldnr` par uk`s far`s y sgn` sucrgdkha par dl rdsta hd su vgh`+ Ka pdrhèas la n`k`ha, ka `rrgdsnudeas la qud y` tdkdeas+ L` hgsogplgk` k`kogdr` p`n` y

p`n` bgdk &Cax, dk Dl Katgogdra, 28 hd dkdra'+

Dl 26 hd dkdra, Cax rdgkgog` su acdksgv` oaktr` dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka,dk las egseas tçregkas qud l` f`b` lldv`ha hur`ktd dl praodsa hd hds`cudra+ Dk uk` dktrdvgst` oak dl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Eukha, hd E`hrgh, Dsp``,



0?7

da Cba E`za

Rabdrta Oèp`Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz`

0$ 0$ 0$

Atra ka rdngstr`ha K+H+ K+H 0$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, dkoudst` hd e`rza+

Dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh`

Oaea y` sd sd`lÿ, l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za qudhÿ l`str`h` par lasdsoàkh`las hdshd dl gkgoga, dsta sd pudhd sue`r qud oaedkzÿ l` oè

p`` dk uk tdrodr lun`r+ Dstas l`strds eatgv`k qud las edhgas ka oakodh`k t`kt` gepart`kog` ` sus hdol`rògakds a ` las òtas hd su oèp``,oaea ` sus oakgotas+ Ds hdogr, oaea las edhgas ka vdk `l dx nabdrk`har t`b`squda oaea uk patdkog`l prdsghdktd, ka ld brgkh`k t`kt`s `tdkogakds oaea ` las has puktdras qud s tgdkdk pasgbglgh`hds9 `hdeàs, par dst` egse` oakhgogÿk hd tdrodr lun`r, ` las edhgas ka lds prdaoup` h`r rgdkh` sudlt` las dldedktas kdn`tgvas qud cdot`k su oèp``+

Hdktra hd tah`s dst`s lgegt`ktds, sd pudhd `re`r qud E`hr`za

rd`lgz` uk budk e`kdma hd l` `ndkh`+ Dsta geplgo` qud ùk ou`kha dlo`khgh`ta lanrd tdkdr budk`s rdòogakds ` las dvdktas hd l` `ndkh` pý blgo` kògak`l, hgcogledktd tdkhrà l` apartukgh`h hd gknrds`r sus tde`s dk dll`+

Oaea eudstr` hd su e`kdma hd l` ndkh` sd pudhd rdoarh`r su rdòogÿk `l o`sa _fdr`tak dl 6 hd cdbrdra= oakhdk` l` gktdrvdkogÿk hd Dst`has Tkghas, pdra tèbgçk l` subarhgkògÿk hdl nabgdrka hd Cax+ Dl 03 hdcdbrdra, ou`kha Sgodktd Cax llè` ` l`s eumdrds edxgo`k`s “l`v`har`s

hd has p`t`s―, E`hr`za `pravdof` dl hdslgz vdrb`l p`r` rdorgegk`r dleòfgsea hdl prdsghdktd Cax+ Zastdrgaredktd ou`kha l` oèp`` apdrùk` dstr`tdng` hd oaktral hd hàs hdl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa,E`hr`za tr`t` hd gkoulp`r ` E`rtf` _`f`nýk oak Ièdl Kògc, uka hdlas prat`nakgst`s hdl `cc`grd+

Zar ýltgea, dk dl oakgota hd las egkdras oaktr` l` `hegkgstrògÿkcaxgst`, E`hr`za sd pakd hdl l`ha hd las lhdrds egkdras ` pds`r hd l`snr`vds ousògakds hd oarrupogÿk qud pds`k sabrd dl lhdr hdl sgkhgo`taegkdra9 `p`rdktdedktd, dk dstd oakgota, E`hr`za tr`t` hd rdso`t`r las vatas hd las sdotards abrdras qud sak `nrdeg`has hdl prg v` lassgkhgo`tas+



080

_pat “E``za s èàs―

Ge`ndk hd uk dhgoga dk oakstruoogÿk, lldn` E`hr`za y s`luh`, v`rgas abrdras

la s`luh`k, l` ge`ndk oèbg` fòg` hgcdrdktds tae`s, p`rdktdedktd uk

`rqugtdota ld eudstr` las pl`kas E`hr`za, ld h`k dxplgoògakds+++Saz hd faebrd dk acc=“Kasatras s`bdeas par quç dstèas oak Rabdrta― Ge`ndk hd uk` c`brgo` hd rap`, dk prgedr pl`ka uk` eumdr oak uk e`kgquå vdstgha, l` eumdr sd hgrgnd l` oàe`r` hgod=“parqud çl s pudhd rdoupdr`r kudstra p`s― E`hr`za `p`rdod dk dsodk` hg`lan`kha oak v`rg`s eumdrds dk l` càbrgo` Ge`ndk dk prgedr pl`ka= E`hr`za sdkt`ha dk uk` b`ko` mun`kha `mdhrdz oakuk kog`ka qud us` uk` bagk`, has kog`kas absdrv`k dl mudna hd mdhrdz+ Dk

dl cakha uk igasoa hd uk` pl`z` hd pudbla dk uk àrd` m`rhgk`h`, dl kog`kaqud mudn` oak E`hr`za p`rdod ou`hra y hgod l` oàe`r`=“Zarqud çl s tgdkd dxpdrgdkog` y sg pudhd nabdrk`r― Ge`ndk hd uk oèpa hd oasdof`, Rabdrta rdoand uk f`z hd trgna y sd la p`s` ùk sdðar oak saebrdra, dl sdðar oak saebrdra hgod=“¡Zarqud çstd s tgdkd tèàs!― Ge`ndk hd E`hr`za oak uk nrupa hd eumdrds dk uk oakmukta f`bgtògak`l, E`hr`za `p`rdod pgkt`kha uk` p`rdh, uk` hd l`s eumdrds mukta ` uk` dso`ldr`sd hgrgnd l` oàe`r` y hgod=“Zarqud y` ka kas valvdeas ` dqugvao`r― @p`rdod dl kog`ka hd l` bagk` `pukt`kha oak dl hdha ` l` oàe`r` y prdnukt`=“W tý ±W` s`bds par quç1― @p`rdod dl faebrd hd saebrdra dk dl oèpa hd trgna y hgod ` l` oàe`r`“¡Zarqud Rabdrta s pudhd!―Rýbrgo`= lana hd l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa

Dl egsea o`khgh`ta sd edtd `l mudna hd l` paltgo` dspdotàoula hds`rrall`kha òtgvgh`hds gkkav`har`s, par dmdepla, p`rtgogp` dk o`rrdr`shd l`rn` hgst`kog` &dl 22 y 2> hd dkdra'+++ Dl 23 hd dkdra sd oaed uk pdso`ha llè`ha “pdmd―, oaea uk` care` hd grak` parqud ` Lÿpdz Abr`har ld hdkaegk`k papul`redktd Dl Zdmd+ @l h` sgnugdktd, hur`ktd uk

p`sda dk uk edro`ha, b`gl` oak l`s oaedrog`ktds+ Dl ?0, hur`ktd uk egtgk, mudn` sdr kge`har hd uk rd`lgty sfaw+ @l h` sgnugdktd p`rdod dkdsodk` eakt`kha uk o`b`lla kdnra, kudvèdktd la prapakd oaea ukèdtàcar`+



082

L`s pco`s loa`ls a oèb` l` pe` `p`

L` prgedr` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s sd dxtdkhgÿ hdl 07 hd dkdra f`st` l` prgedr` sde`k` hd e`rza+ Dl dcdota hd dst` prgedr` dt`p` sd vdrà rdd

m`ha dk dl pýblgoa dldotar f`st` l` prgedr` qugkodk` hd e`rza, puds l`sdkoudst`s hd dstd pdrgaha tah`vå` rddm`k las dcdotas hd l` prgedr` dt`pègdktr`s qud l`s dkoudst`s hd l` sdnukh` qugkodk` y` oaegdkz`k rdd

m`r dl oèbga hd prdcdrdkog`s qud o`ròtdrgz`rà l` sdnukh` dt`p`+L` sdnukh` dt`p` hd l`s oèp`ð`s, sd ghdktgo` par dl t`qud crakt`l

qud rd`lgz`k l` oèp`` hdl p`k y l` `pe, ` l` o`khgh`tur` hd LÿpdzAbr`har9 dk l`s dkoudst`s sd rddm` ` p`rtgr hd l` sdnukh` sde`k` hde`rza f`st` dl 3 hd mukga+

Cgk`ledktd, l` tdrodr` dt`p` hd oèp`` sd ubgo` dktrd dl 3 y dl 26 hd mukga, çst` sd vdrà rddm`h` dk l`s ýltge`s dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds hd lòèp``+

Z`r` dkdra y cdbrdra hd 2::3, dk l` prgedr` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s, dl pýblgoa dldotar rdnrds` ` l`s tdkhdkog`s tr`hgogak`lds qud sd f`bå`k rdd m`ha hdshd 2::?= uk sÿlgha lghdr`zna hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds9 O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za oaepgtgdkha dk uk ol`ra sdnukhalun`r+

Oà 0?to`s pv`s y pe` `p` l`s oèp``s

O`à rcae` Eacsiy

kaveb da Cba E`za kaveb hoeb da Cba

@khrçs E`kudlLÿpdz Abr`har

27$ ?8$ ?6$ 80$ ?8+6$ ?8+>$ ?6+>$ ?7+8$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 26$ 23$ ?0$ ?0$ 26+6$ ?0+4$ ?0$ 27+6$

RabdrtaE`hr`za

20$ 22$ 27$ 24$ ?:+8$ ?2+>$ 27+2$ 2>+4$

Cudktd= Dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds hd dkdra, cdbrdra y e`rza hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`9 `s oaeahd dkdra y cdbrdra hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy+

X`kta l`s dkoudst`s hd Rdcare` oaea l`s hd Egtacsiy oarrdspakhgdktds l` prgedr` dt`p`, oagkoghdk dk l` pasgogÿk hd las trds o`khgh`tas prgkogp`lds= Lÿpdz Abr`har dk uk prgedr lun`r oak odro` hd 0: puktas hd vdkt`m`9 O`lhdrÿk dk sdnukha lun`r y E`hr`za dk tdrodra9 LÿpdzAbr`har ds dl o`khgh`ta edmar dv`lu`ha par l` pablògÿk, ka `s dl prh,



08>

Tk h`ta ol`vd qud `part`k l`s dkoudst`s hd Egtacsiy hd dkdra y cd brdra, ds l` oaepasgogÿk hd vata hura y vata hd las gkhdpdkhgdktds+ X kta O`lhdrÿk oaea E`hr`za abtgdkdk l` e`yar p`rtd hd sus prdcdrdkog`shdl vata hura9 dk oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har abtgdkd o`sg l` egt`h hdl vata

hura y l` egt`h hdl vata gkhdpdkhgdktd+ Dk dkdra `s dstà l` oaepasgogÿk= O`lhdrÿk 20+4$ hd vata hura y >+7$ hd gkhdpdkhgdktds9 E`hr`za22+4$ hd vata hura y 4$ hd gkhdpdkhgdktds9 y Lÿpdz Abr`har 07$ hdvata hura y 04$ hd gkhdpdkhgdktds+

Dk cdbrdra l` e`yar p`rtd hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk &3>$' pravgdkd hd su b`sd dldotar`l, 23$ hd gkhdpdkhgdktds y >$ hd atras+ Dk dlo`sa hd E`hr`za dl >>$ hd sus prdcdrdkog`s pravgdkdk hd prggst`s, 06$hd gkhdpdkhgdktds y 4$ hd atras+ Dk dl o`sa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, sd oakre` qud su vata ds egt`h pdrrdhgst` y egt`h gkhdpdkhgdktd9 ds hdogr,

pds`r hd qud çl ds dl puktdra gkhgsoutgbld, sus prab`blds dldotards ka lldn`k ghdktgo`rsd oak las p`rtghas qud la pastul`k+

Oà 0>Oaepasoÿ l`s pco`s

Lÿpz Abà Clp O`lÿ raba E``za

Z`kgst`s 2+0$ 20+4$ :+2$

Zrggst`s 2+:$ 0+0$ 22+4

Zdrrdhgst`s 07+0$ :+4$ 0+:$

Atras p`rtghas :+:$ :+:$ :+4$

_gk p`rtgha 04+4$ >+7$ 4+:$

ta`l ?6+>$ ?0+:$ 27+2$

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 07 hd dkdra, 2::3+

@ p`rtgr hd dstd ou`hra y hd atras gkhgo`hards sd pudhd hdhuogr qud dlnrupa hd dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds ds euy nr`khd+ _g dk dstd ou`hra sueèas las vat`ktds qud apt`k par uk` hd l`s trds apogakds sgk ghdktgo`rsd oak dl p`rtgha, tdkhrdeas uk nrupa hd gkhdpdkhgdktds hd 26+8 par ogdkta+

@ p`rtgr hd atr` prdnukt` &±y` tgdkdk hdoghgha su vata1', sd hdsoubrduk nrupa odro`ka `l ?2+4$ hd gkhdpdkhgdktds9 çstd sd hgvghd dk hassubnrupas qud hgodk=0' tgdkd ghd` pdra pahr` oèbg`r, 07+2$ y9 2' `ýkka s`bd par qugçk vat`r, 0?+? par ogdkta+



087

ge`ndk hdl prdsghdktd y 06$ `sdnur` qud dl rdof`za ` l` o`khgh`tur` hdE`hr`za tgdkd su argndk dk l` e`l` ge`ndk hdl prg+

Zdra ds dk l` dkoudst` hd e`rza hdl Nrupa Rdcare` ‟eàs qud dk l` hdEgtacsiy hd cdbrdra‟ hakhd sd rddm` ol`rèdktd l` o`åh` hd l`s prdcd

rdkog`s hd E`hr`za &pgdrhd 8$' par dl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa+ Dkdst` dkoudst`, dl 44$ hd las dkoudst`has apgk` qud dstd tde` qugtÿ vatas` E`hr`za9 dk atr` prdnukt`, 8?$ apgk` qud l` ge`ndk qud tdk`k hdE`hr`za depdarÿ oùs` hd dstd tde`+

Nrào` VGG

dvaloÿ l`s pco`s loa`ls l` pe` `p`

Dk l` dkoudst` hd cdbrdra hd Egtacsiy, sd rdlògak` dl vata hd las o`khgh`tas oak las nabdrk`ktds hd las dst`has hdl p`s, sd hdsoubrd qud l`cart`ldz` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ka sÿla dstà dk las ogkoadst`has nabdrk`has par dl prh &hakhd abtgdkd dl 30+3$', sgka tèbgçkdk las 0> dst`has nabdrk`has par dl prg &abtgdkd uk ?>+8$', egdktr`s qud

l` cart`ldz` hd O`lhdrÿk dstà dk las kudvd dst`has nabdrk`has par dlp`k &abtgdkd dl 86+6$'+ Dk dst` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy sd absdrv` qudnròg`s ` l` oaksalghògÿk hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dst`

prgedr` dt`p` oaegdkz`k ` ordodr l`s sgep`t`s par las hgput`has hdlprh hd ?:+8 ` ?8+2$+ Atra cruta hd l` oaksalghògÿk hdl dx Mdcd hd Na

bgdrka ds qud dk l` rdngÿk kartd hdl p`s hdspl`z` ` E`hr`za hdl sdnukha lun`r+

Hdl 0: `l 0? hd e`rza sd ldv`kt` l` dkoudst` hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`,sus rdsult`has `ýk eudstr`k l`s tdkhdkog`s hd l` prgedr` dt`p` hd l`soèp``s, uk ol`ra lghdr`zna hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 l`s prdcdrdkog`s hdO`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za dst`ko`h`s, ldmas hdl lhdr+ Dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrkakudvèdktd ds dl edmar dv`lu`ha= dl eàs hdeaoràtgoa, cdegkgst`+++ dl



04:

qud tgdkd eàs prdstgnga gktdrkògak`l, eàs o`pògh`h p`r` nabdrk`r, dlqud h` eàs sdnurgh`h las dkoudst`has p`r` gkvdrtgr+ Gkolusa, las dktrdvgst`has rdoakaodk qud ùk ou`kha sd f` vgsta eàs publgogh`h hd E`hr`za, hd qugdk sd f`bl` eàs dk las nrupas ds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &Nrupa

Rdcare`, e`rza, 2::3'+_gk deb`rna tèbgçk sd rdoakaodk lnuk`s ou`lgh`hds kdn`tgv`s hdldx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, par dmdepla, sd ld oaksghdr` dl eàs papulgst`9 tè

bgçk sd ld oaksghdr` eàs apartukgst` y ùtargt`rga qud O`lhdrÿk+ Dkoèbga, ` dstd o`khgh`ta p`kgst` sd ld oaksghdr` dl eàs oaksdrv`har, dleàs rdlgngasa, pdra tèbgçk eàs kdalgbdr`l qud Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Zdra dlqud eàs hdstò` dk l`s ou`lgh`hds kdn`tgv`s kudvèdktd ds E`hr`za,sd ld oaksghdr` dl eàs utargt`rga, apartukgst` y kdalgbdr`l hd tahas+

Dl 8 hd e`rza, Egtacsiy ldv`kt` uk` dkoudst` tdldcÿkgo` sabrd dl prgedr hdb`td, `l qud ka `sgstgrà Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl gktdrçs hd las oguh`h`kas asogl` dktrd= euofa 83$9 rdnul`r 6$9 paoa ?8+?$, y k`h` 0:+7$+@p`rdktdedktd dstas h`tas oakre`k l` hdspalgtgzògÿk hd l` pablògÿkedxgo`k`, gkolusa hd l`s ol`sds edhg`s qud tr`hgogak`ledktd sak l`seàs dktrdvgst`h`s dk l`s dkoudst`s tdldcÿkgo`s+

Oà 06Oa la q s s`b las o`às,

±ol llas l pò s+++1

ClpO`lÿ

rabaE``za

@çsE`lLÿpz

Abà

rabaOèp`

ZòÈoà

ka

Pud ld gkspgr` eàsoak`kz` hur`ktd dl hdb`td ?7+? 08+8 23+7 :+4 2+> 0:+>

Xdkhr` eàs pdrsak`lgh`h p`r` hdb`tgr ?>+3 20+0 28+3 :+> ?+2 4+4

Pud tgdkd eàs dxpdrgdkog` p`r` hdb`tgr 0>+> ?7+? 2>+0 :+> :+> 4

Pud sdr` eàs ol`radk sus prapudst`s ?3+? 04+> ?:+? :+4 0+4 3

_d vdr` edmar

dk dl hdb`td ?2+6 04+7 23+0 0 ?+2 4

-_ue`kha “Ka oaktdst`―50::$Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 8 hd e`rza, 2::3+



040

La eàs sgnkgo`tgva dk dst` dkoudst` ds qud l` e`yarå` oaksghdr`qud O`lhdrÿk tgdkd eàs o`pògh`h p`r` hdb`tgr qud Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dst``prdogògÿk pudhd sdr prahuota hd l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` qud f` dst`haorgtgo`kha `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka par su kdn`tgv` ` p`rtgogp`r dk v`rgas

hdb`tds+ @ pds`r hd taha uk` e`yar` &?0+?$' sgnud ordydkha qud Lÿ pdz Abr`har n`k`r` dl hdb`td, pdra ld sgnud hd odro` O`lhdrÿk &27+3',ldmas qudh` E`hr`za &03+8'+ Dst` p`r`ham`, orddr qud O`lhdrÿk tgdkdeàs o`pògh`h p`r` hdb`tgr, pdra qud dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka n`k`r` dlhdb`td, pahr` dxplgo`rsd parqud l` e`yar` hd l` pablògÿk sgnud pdks`kha dk vat`r par Lÿpdz Abr`har9 ds hdogr, la hddkhdk parqud ds suapogÿk hd vata, ukqud hgsousgÿk pýblgo` y` f`y` oakvdkogha l` e`yar` hd qud tgdkd edkas o`pògh`h p`r` hdb`tgr+

L` p`r`ham` hd cdbrdra

W` sd hdeastrÿ qud dk l` prgedr` dt`p`, l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s hdO`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za cudrak euy supdrgards l` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, par la edkas dk oaktr`tògÿk hd spats y dktrdvgst`s qud brgkh`b`k edhgas+_gk deb`rna, p`rdktdedktd, dk dst` prgedr` dt`p` l` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas ka p`rdod sdr hdogsgv` parqud l` oèp`` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka

ka sÿla oaksdrv` su cudrz` dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds sgka qud l`gkordedkt`+

Ds hdogr, sg l`s oèp``s hd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za dr`k t`k budk`s ytdk`k t`k budk`s pdrspdotgv`s ±Zar quç sus rdspdotgv`s o`khgh`tur`ska hdspdn`b`k dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds1 @hdeàs, sg l` oèp``hd edhgas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dr` t`k hdogdktd ±par quç sd e`ktdkå` `l`lz` dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds1

Euofas k`lgst`s huo`k qud l`s eavglgzògakds e`sgv`s hd l` oè

p`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har supak`k uk` ol`r` vdkt`m` sabrd l` dstr`tdng`tgdrr` hd sus hvdrs`rgas+ _gk deb`rna, ou`kha sd k`lgz` dl oaktda hd lò`ktgh`h hd dvdktas rd`lgz`has par l`s oèp``s, l` p`r`ham` hdl ordogegdkta hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y hdl dst`koègdkta hd l`s atr`s oèp``s sdvudlvd eàs gkordbld+>

> Z`r` dl oaktda hd las dvdktas rd`lgz`has par o`h` o`khgh`ta, tae`rdeas oaea rdcdrdk

og` dl oaktda hd dvdktas pýblgoas qud rd`lgzÿ tahas las h`s hd l`s oèp``s dl pdrgÿhgoa Rd% care`+ _gk deb`rna, o`bd ol`r`r qud par kudstr` p`rtd tèbgçk rd`lgzèas uk oaktda hd lasdvdktas hd las o`khgh`ta p`rtgr hd las ou`tra pdrgÿhgoas qud k`lgzèas hur`ktd l`s oèp`ð`s y dstd oaktda hd las pdrgÿhgoas oakre` las kýedras hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`+



04?

ha lghdr`zna dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds odro`ka ` 0: puktas dk l`sdkoudst`s, nròg`s ` su praydoogÿk paltgo` oaea Mdcd hd Nabgdrka hdlhc, su e`kdma hd l` ndkh` oaea `ltdr dna hdl prdsghdktd Cax, oaea dlnr`k lhdr hdl hds`cudra+++ Zar atr` p`rtd, l`s oèp``s hd O`lhdrÿk y

E`hr`za tèpaoa tdkå`k uk` dstr`tdng` gkkav`har` p`r` eahgo`r dlgktdrçs hd l` ndktd par dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+@p`rdktdedktd, dst` p`r`ham` ds l` qud pakd dk dst`ha hd `ldrt`

eàxge` l`s oèp``s hd E`hr`za y O`lhdrÿk, l` qud lds ablgn` h`r uk vgr`md brusoa sus oèp``s+ Dk hdl`ktd y` ka gksgstgràk dk dl ordogegdkta hd sus o`khgh`tas, sgka dk l` o`h` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak pu

blgogh`h kdn`tgv`+ L` ùsdkog` hd çstd dk dl hdb`td tèbgçk sdrà o`pgt`lgz`h` par sus hvdrs`rgas oak publgogh`h kdn`tgv`+

sdnukh` dt`p` hd L`s oèp`ð`s

_` `p` Clp O`lÿy @çs E`l Lÿpz Abà

Dl `kàlgsgs hd l` sdnukh` dt`p` hd oèp`` sd dkcao`rà ` dxplgo`r l`

luof` par dl haegkga hd l` ndkh` qud sd dst`bldod dktrd O`lhdrÿk y Lÿ pdz Abr`har9 par t`kta, sd `k`lgz`ràk oakmuktèdktd l`s dstr`tdng`s hdèbas o`khgh`tas y f`st` dl k`l hdl p`rt`ha sd dxpakhrà l` dvaluogÿke`rngk`l hd l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za dk dst` dt`p`+

L` sdnukh` dt`p` sd o`ròtdrgz` par dl hudla qud sd dst`bldod dktrdO`lhdrÿk y Lÿpdz Abr`har+ @p`rdktdedktd, l` dstr`tdng` hdl p`k p`r`hdso`rt`r E`hr`za dk l` prgedr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` sd f` oaksdnugha oak dl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa, ka s l` hd odrr`r hgst`kog` oak

dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ Hdshd e`rza, l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za ds pranrdsgvèdktd e`rngk`h` hd l` luof` dktrd las has puktdras+

Oèba s`` l` oèp`` Clp O`lÿ

Dk las ýltgeas h`s hd cdbrdra, las edhgas rdpart`k uk` sdrgd hd crò`sas dk l`s rdukgakds pýblgo`s hdl o`khgh`ta p`kgst`+ Dk prgedr lun`r

sd dkoudktr`k l` hdsarn`kgzògÿk hd l` ngr` hdl o`khgh`ta dk las ýltgeash`s hd cdbrdra+ Hdl 28 l 23 hd cdbrdra rd`lgz` uk` ngr` par Ofgfu`fu`,su dqugpa o`sg sÿla pranrèÿ dvdktas dk dspògas odrr`has, ds hdogr, sd



048

hdso`rt`b`k las dvdktas e`sgvas pds`r hd qud dl dst`ha sd oaksghdr`b`dktrd las tr`hgogak`lds b`stgakds hdl p`kgsea+ _gk deb`rna, p`r` dldvdkta k`l sd prdp`r` uk ogdrrd e`sgva, dl 23 hd cdbrdra sd arn`kgz` ukegtgk dk dl Z`rqud Dl Ofègz`l+ Las arn`kgz`hards f`b`k prakastgo`ha

uk` oakodktrògÿk supdrgar ` las ogkoa egl sgep`tgz`ktds, pdra ` k hdoudkt`s sÿla lldn`k aofaogdktas+ Dl sdk`har M`vgdr Oarr`l, uka hd lasoakvao`ktds, rdoakaogÿ dl crò`sa hd l` lanstgo`= “@suegeas kudstr`rdspaks`bglgh`h, fuba hdsarn`kgzògÿk, kdodsgtèas edtdrkas tahas `l` oèp``, qud f`y` uk` sal` oaarhgkògÿk dk l` oèp``― &CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 2> hd cdbrdra, 2::3'+

Dl 0 hd e`rza sd pranrè` uk hds`yuka hd O`lhdrÿk oak oaedrog`ktds hdl Odktra Fgstÿrgoa hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa dk dl O`cç Xòub`+ Dk

dl lao`l sd hgspakdk 84 `sgdktas pdra ou`kha `rrgb` dl o`khgh`ta sÿlaf`k lldn`ha 22 pdrsak`s+ F`y qud rdoarh`r qud trds h`s `ktds, LÿpdzAbr`har f`b` rdukgha ` eàs hd 02: ::: pdrsak`s dk dl ]ÿo`la hd lÒguh`h hd Eçxgoa y atr`s 0?: ::: dk l` @rdk` Eçxgoa, ds hdogr 24: egl

pdrsak`s dk uk sala h`, dk dst` oguh`h+ @hdeàs, dl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkg%vdrs`l, uka hd las pdrgÿhgoas kògak`lds hd e`yar ogroulògÿk, `kukog`qud rdvdl`rà uk o`sa hd “dkrgqudogegdkta gkdxplgo`bld― hd Cr`kogsoaArtgz, Dko`rn`ha hd ge`ndk y prap`n`kh` hd l` oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`l

hdrÿk &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 4 hd e`rza'+_abrd dst` e`l` ròf`, O`lhdrÿk lldn` sdr oudstgak`ha hgrdotèdk

td par dl pdrgahgst` Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn` dk uk pranrè` hd r`hga dl 0hd e`rza, ds hdogr, `pdk`s uk`s far`s hdspuçs hdl crò`sa dk dl O`cçXòub`, y dl o`khgh`ta òdpt` las prablde`s qud dkcrdkt` su oèp``,sd prapakd fòdr uk` dv`luògÿk y oèbg`r hd rueba+

L` dktrdvgst` ds euy rdvdl`har` parqud e`ro` v`rgas hd las prgkog p`lds puktas qud f`bràk hd oèbg`r dk l` oèp``= l` dstr`tdng` hd

e`ridtgkn &oèbga hdl dslan`k, hdl `paha+++'9 uk` oèp`` eàs `nrdsgv` y cudrtds t`quds l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 uk e`yar paya y oaarhgkògÿk oak dl p`k y su prdsghdktd, E`kudl Dspgka9 hdslgkhd

pdrsak`l hd las tde`s hdl oaksdrv`hurgsea, oaea dl hd las ktgoakodptgvas+ Hdktra hd su ed` oulp` r`hgacÿkgo`, O`lhdrÿk gkourrd dk drrardsnr`vds, par dmdepla, òdpt` qud par n`k`r f` hgofa y fdofa la qud lde`kh`b`k sus sdsards=

Egr`, l` vdrh`h ds qud l` oèp`` gktdrk` l` gkgogèas oak uk dqugpaeuy pdquda hd mÿvdkds euy ùhòds, euy crdsoas, `lnukas, l` e`yar` valukt`rgas y kas cugeas oak dl oar`zÿk, oak dl oar`zÿk par hdl`ktd



044

y ludna l` oèp``, puds y` qud tdk` qud sdr e`s pracdsgak`l y eàsndktd y l`s dkoudst`s y las nrupas cao`lds y hg dsta, hg la atra y qud dk

p`rtd s, ya orda Ma`quk depdoç ` hdogr y fòdr oas`s qud ka hgna ya yqud ka say ya &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, 0 hd e`rza, 2::3, Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`, R`hga

Cÿreul`'+

_u dv`luògÿk, p`rtd hd qud f` lanr`ha dl abmdtgva hd l` prgedr` dt` p`, sdr oakaogha par las dldotards sgk dldv`r dl kgvdl hd rdof`za+ _gk de b`rna, hegtd qud ` pds`r hd sdr eàs oakaogha, ka f` lanr`ha sdr dl eàsòdpt`ha+ _u dv`luògÿk pasgtgv` hd dst` prgedr` dt`p`, tàogtèdktdoaktr`hgod la qud f`b`k sdnur`ha argngk`ledktd+ Ds hdogr, l gkgoga sdf`b`k prapudsta uk` nr`k oèp`` publgogt`rg` parqud prdsupak`k

qud O`lhdrÿk dst`b` `b`ma dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds parqud dr` dledkas oakaogha hd las trds o`khgh`tas prgkogp`lds9 dk oaksdoudkog`,oak uk` nr`k oèp`` publgogt`rg` pahr` sdr eàs oakaogha y abtdkdr e`yards prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ Zuds bgdk, dst` dspdr`kz` sd hdsv`kdod oak l`s dkoudst`s hd k`lds hd cdbrdra+ Oak l` nr`k oèp`ð` publgogt`rg` lanr` sdr eàs oakaogha par l` pablògÿk, pdra dk vdz hd ùedkt`r sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds pgdrhd tdrrdka9 dk oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har sgnud sue`kha puktas dk l`s dkoudst`s+ Gkolusa l`s dkoudst`s gktdrk`s

hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk eastr`b`k dst` tdkhdkog`= “L` dkoudst` gktdrk` oakre`b` uk` prdaoupògÿk+ Dstàbèas pdrhgdkha cudrz` y l`hgst`kog` rdspdota hdl puktdra dr` y` hd akod puktas hd hdsvdkt`m`― &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Dl fgma hdsabdhgdktd, 2::3'+

Dl oaarhgk`har hd l` prgedr` dt`p` hd oèp``, Mu`k Oègla Eaurga, rdoakaod bgdrtèdktd dl crò`sa hd dst` dstr`tdng`=

Kudstra rdta dr` tdregk`r hd h`r ` oakaodr ` kudstra o`khgh`ta+ La qud

lanrèas dk dl prgedr eds hd oèp`` care`l, ou`kha sabrdp`sèas7:$ hd rdoakaogegdkta+ _gk deb`rna, dstd e`yar rdoakaogegdkta ka sdsgnugÿ tr`kscare`kha dk gktdkogÿk hd vata oaea la f`bèas lanr`hahur`ktd l` oaktgdkh` gktdrk`+++ @s sd hdoghd dktr`r ` uk` dt`p` hgstgkt`,eàs gktdks` par tgdrr`, oèbg`r t`kta la qud tdkèas `l `grd oaea l`care` hd tr`b`m`r dk tgdrr` &Fdrkàkhdz dt `l+, 08 hd e`ya, 2::3'+



043

Oà 07Fsa` l` pco` cov`

Zco` cov` kav!4 ho!:4 d!:3 Cb!:3

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 26+6 ?0+4 ?0 27+6

Rabdrta E`hr`za ?:+8 ?2+> 27+2 2>+4

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har ?8+6 ?8+> ?6+> ?7+8

Rabdrta Oèp` ‟ ‟ :+2 0+3

Z`trgog` Edro`ha ‟ ‟ :+7 0+8

Atras o`khgh`tas 3 0+0 ‟ :+?

Xat`l 0:: 0:: 0:: 0::

$ Pud ka hdol`r` prdcdrdkog` 04+? >+7 08+7 08+3

$ Hd las oguh`h`kas

oaksghdr`has prab`blds vat`ktds 33+2 30+? 32+3 3?+2

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 22 hd cdbrdra, 2::3+

Z`r` su rdl`kzègdkta, O`lhdrÿk tèbgçk h` e`rof` tràs dk l`s pastur`s oaksdrv`har`s qud ld hgst`kog`b`k hd nr`khds sdotards hd l` pa

blògÿk, dspdog`ledktd hd las mÿvdkds= “Dl edks`md odktr`l hd v`lards ka

f`b` pahgha pdkdtr`r oak ol`rgh`h y kgtghdz, y eàs bgdk dst`b` ndkdr`kha uk` pdrodpogÿk `ktd dl dldotar`ha hd sdr uk o`khgh`ta oaksdrv`har y rdcròt`rga l` taldr`kog y l` lgbdrt`h― &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, 2::3'+

L` rddstruoturògÿk hd l` oèp`` sd prdsdkt` dk has oakcdrdkog`shd prdks` dk l`s qud sd kukog`k las oèbgas dk l` dstr`tdng`+ L` prgedr` sd rd`lgz` dl 3 hd e`rza, f sd kukog`k las prgkogp`lds oèbgas dk dlarn`kgnrè` hd l` oèp``+ Dl o`khgh`ta oaegdkz` ` h`r e`rof` `tràsdk las tde`s qud la vgkoul`k `l oaksdrv`hurgsea9 dk p`rtgoul`r, y` ka

prdtdkhdrà dxolugr l` “plhar` hdl h` sgnugdktd― hdl ou`hra bàsgoa+Dl `kukoga odktr`l ds dl oèbga hd l` dstr`tdng` ndkdr`l hd l` oèp`

`, dk `hdl`ktd sd sdnugrà uk` “dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std―+ Dl kudva dmddstr`tçngoa hd l` oèp``, dk l` publgogh`h y dk dl hgsoursa pýblgoa hdl



046

pdz Abr`har y su praydota, `hdeàs hd oaktr`st`rla oak l`s “bakh`hds―hdl p`k+

Dst` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` v` ` buso`r dsd oaktr`std, v` ` buso`r hdogrld `

l` ndktd par quç ds edmar eg praydota dl qud ya hddkha qud dl hd @k hrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har, oak qugdk dstay oaepgtgdkha ogdrtèdktd par n`k`r l` prdsghdkog`, y ds edmar parqud dl qud ya hddkha ndkdr`deplda y çl ndkdr` orgsgs, hdv`luògÿk, dkhduhègdkta, la qud fgzaDofdvdrr` a Lÿpdz Zartglla, dllas n`st`rak hd eàs dl hgkdra hdl pudbla,dkhduh`rak `l p`ås y `l k`l qudbr`rak ` Eçxgoa, ds la egsea qud dstàfògdkha @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har, la qud fgza dk dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l+++ ds l` oguh`h oak l` e`yar t`s` hd hdsdeplda hd taha Eçxgoa, dkdsas prablde`s çl ka f` oueplgha, `hdeàs hdmÿ dkhduh`h` l` oguh`h,

tgdkd qud s`bdr l` ndktd hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l qud o`h` cèglg` nròg`s ` çly` hdbd 2? egl pdsas &co, > hd e`rza 2::3, Dl Katgogdra'+

Dl 08 hd e`rza, O`lhdrÿk rd`lgz` l` sdnukh` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks` hdrdl`kzègdkta hd l` oèp``+ Dk dst` ao`sgÿk prdsdkt`, cukhèdkt`ledktd, l` kudv` dstr`tdng` hd e`ridtgkn+ Dk dst` ao`sgÿk sd rdukgdrakdk l` sdhd kògak`l hdl p`k, pdra p`r` h`r `l s`lÿk uk èbgdktd muvdkglhdoar`rak dl dspòga oaea uk b`r lauknd, oak eýsgo` èbgdkt`l y mudnas hd luods &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, L` Mark`h`, 04 hd e`rza, 2::3'+

_dnu `hdl`ktd= `kukogç las oèbgas dk dl dqugpa, rdargdktç tat`ledktdl`s ngr`s oak edkas dvdktas pdra eàs dcdotgvas y rdkavç dl edks`md+ Dltr`sl`ha sdr` hd las v`lards fòg` dl deplda+ Oèbgèas tèbgçk dllde` par dl hd “Z`r` qud vgvèas edmar―, dl ou`l tdk` rdngstr`ha dl p`k hdshd dl a 2::: y dr` eàs oarhd oak dl lde` argngk`l hdl p`rtgha= “Zar uk` vgh` edmar― &O`lhdrÿk, 2::3'+

L` kudv` publgogh`h eatdm`rà ` O`lhdrÿk oaea “Dl prdsghdktd hdldeplda―+ Dl kudva dslan`k hd l` oèp`` sdrà “Z`r` qud vgvèas ed mar―+ L` publgogh`h us` uk kudva mgknld oak dl dslan`k, hdeàs dk dl sgtga wdb hd l` oèp`` sd prdsdkt` uk vghdamudna “p`r` mÿvdkds―+ Dkdstd ýltgea, O`lhdrÿk luof` oaktr` has eakstruas, dl “E`hr`zùrga― ydl Zdmdl`n`rta, p`r` lanr`r uk prdega qud ds l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpý

blgo`+Dk las prahuotas publgogt`rgas, O`lhdrÿk p`rdod oak uk` ge`ndk rd

tao`h`= pdla pgkt`ha, edmgll`s y b`rbgll` rdb`m`h`s y rastra bgdk r`sur`ha+ Dk l` p`rtd supdrgar dl lde` “Z`r` qud vgvèas edmar― y hd cakhal`s sgnl`s hdl p k+ @hgogak`ledktd utglgz` edks`mds oaea “Eàs `payas

p`r` dl oèpa―, “_dnura eçhgoa p`r` tahas―, “E`ka red oaktr` dl



030

Las spats kdn`tgvas cudrak oalao`has dk las far`rgas hd e`yar r`%tgkn hd Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`+ Dspdog`ledktd, dl rdl`tgva ` las hdb`tds ds`ltèdktd gepòt`ktd parqud rdvdl` uk` oaktr`hgoogÿk `nr`ktd hd Lÿ

pdz Abr`har+

Zar atr` p`rtd, dk l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk, hdshd l` sdnukh` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks` hdl rdl`kzègdkta sd oaegdkz`k ` prdsdkt`r spats kdn`tgvas qud orgtgo`k `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ Dk uka hd dllas, uk` eumdr sd qudm`= “Dk dl hc ±ouàkt`s pdrsak`s ka puhgeas oaksdnugr ofèb`1Dl hc ds l` oguh`h oak e`yar hdsdeplda hdl p`s―+ Hdspuçs p`rdod O`lhdrÿk hgogdkha= “La qud las edxgo`kas qudrdeas ds pranrds`r dk p`z, yya sç oÿea= oak depldas y ka oak hduh`, oak gkvdrsgakds y ka oak orgsgsdoakÿego`s+ Zar dsa vay sdr dl prdsghdktd hdl deplda―+ &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Dl Tkgvdrs`l 04 hd e`rza 2::3'

Dk dl sdnukha, l` egse` eumdr oulp` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd qud l`s cèglg`s o`pgt`lgk`s hdb`k eàs hd 2? egl pdsas o`h` uk`+ Dk ebas kukogas`p`rdodk ldtrdras oak cakha è`rglla qud pl`ktd`k= “hc e`yar hdsde

plda hdl p`s― y “Lÿpdz Abr`har s`bd dkhduh`rkas― &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk,Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 04 hd e`rza, 2::3'+

Hdspuçs hdl rdl`kzègdkta, O`lhdrÿk oaegdkz` ` us`r uk hgsoursaeàs `nrdsgva p`r` hdso`lgo`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har, la dstgne`tgz` oak hgvdrsas `hmdtgvas y sabrdkaebrds= dl dsp`ktòfèb`s, n`llgk`, edktgra

sa, oab`rhd, ùtargt`rga, hdlgr`ktd, hdsdquglgbr`ha, e`rgfu`ka+++ &CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk, L` Mark`h`, 2: e`rza, 2::3'+

Dk sgkorak` oak dl prdsghdktd Cax,6 qud oaegdkz` ` prdvdkgr oaktr`dl vgdma eahdla papulgst` hd las prdsghdktds Dofdvdrr` y Lÿpdz Zartglla, O`lhdrÿk òus` rdpdtghèdktd ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd qud su praydotadoakÿegoa ds dl egsea hd Dofdvdrr` y Lÿpdz Zartglla, par la qud, hdgnu`l e`kdr`, dl praydota hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka tèbgçk oakhuogr` `l` orgsgs=

Hdspuçs sd n`st`rak euofa hgkdra s ld fgza Dofdvdrr`, sd n`stÿ oaea“Hak Rdn`lÿk― tah` l` l`k`+ Pugçk s`bd hÿkhd qudhÿ tah`, par ogdrta+Dkhduhÿ `l p`s, vgka l` orgsgs y `f dstuva l` orgsgs hdl >3 y `f vèaslas edxgo`kas p`r` `tràs+++

Ludna vgka Lÿpdz Zartglla y atr` vdz ` n`st`r taha, qud ` `hegkgstr`r l` bukh`kog`, dkhduh`r l p`s y atr` vdz l` orgsgs y v` taha p`r` tràs&co, dk dl _gkhgo`ta hd @vgògÿk Gkhdpdkhdkog`, > hd e`rza, 2::3'+

6 Dl 03 y 0> hd cdbrdra Cax orgtgoÿ ` las prdsghdktds prggst`s hdl p`s`ha, dspdoåoèdktd `Dofdvdrr`= “ka ` c`ls`s praeds`s oaea Dofdvdrr` qud dkhduhÿ `l p`s+++―



032

Dl hgsoursa `nrdsgva qud gkùnur` dl rdl`kzègdkta hd O`lhdrÿk sdoakmun` oak `lnukas dxodsas hgsoursgvas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har p`r` qudl` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk prapgk`r` dl prgedr nr`k nalpd l` ge`ndk hdLÿpdz Abr`har= dl spat Ofàvdz y dl hd las t`bgquds+ Dl prgedra òus`

` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd tdkdr uk` pdrsak`lgh`h gktaldr`ktd oaea l` hdl prdsghdktd Funa Ofàvdz+ Dl sdnukha spat hd dst` sdrgd ous` l dx Mdcdhd Nabgdrka hd f`bdr trgplgo`ha l` hduh` hdl hc, hgvtgdkha qud sg lldn`r` Lÿpdz Abr`har ` l` prdsghdkog` pravao`r` uk` orgsgs y dl fukhgegdkta hdl p`s=

_pat “Ofvz―

Ldtrdra= Gktaldr`kog`Saz dk acc= ¡Dsta ds gktaldr`kog`! Funa Ofàvdz ` ou`hra=Zrdsghdktd Cax, ¡Ka sd edt` oakegna o`b`lldra, parqud s`ld dspgkà! Lÿpdz Abr`har ` ou`hra= ¡Oàlldsd oguh`h`ka prdsghdktd! Ge`ndk barras` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ` ou`hra, hgod= ¡Oàll`td Ofòf`lò`!Saz dk acc y ldtr`s ram`s sabrd cakha kdnra= Ka l` gktaldr`kog` Ldtrdra= Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l

Las ktdodhdktds hdl spat “Ofàvdz―

Dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd e`kdm`ràk ebas spats hdktra hd l` egse`tdkhdkog` qud sd hds`rrallÿ, hgvdrsas edhgas y dkoudst`hards ld llè`rakdl “Dcdota Ofòf`lò`―9 qu sd ld llè`rà dl tde` Ofàvdzofòf`lò`s,

parqud l` ge`ndk hd Ofàvdz cud l` haegk`ktd hd tah` l` ald`h` kdn`tgv`+ @hdeàs oak dlla sd dkc`tgz` qud dl tde` sd hds`rrall` eàs par uk`

dxgtas` oèp`` kdn`tgv` hd O`lhdrÿk qud par las drrards hgsoursgvashd Lÿpdz Abr`har+Mukta oak dl spat Ofàvdz, dl p k vudlvd hgcukhgr dl hd las t`bgquds―+

Dstd praeaogak`l sd f`b` oaedkz`ha ` hgcukhgr dk cdbrdra, pdra kalanrÿ gepòt`r dk dsd eaedkta+ _drà f`st` qud sd `saogd `l tdeÒfàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s qud dl spat hd las t`bgquds lanr`rà su e`yar ge

pòta+



038

vdkogha Y+++U Dl prh sdr` uk hds`strd p`r` Eçxgoa, parqud dl p`s gr` dkdl sdktgha qud Ofàvdz a O`stra Y+++U _dr` t`l vdz l` ýltge` dldoogÿk qud

pahr` tdkdr &Aleas y Dsqugvdl, 2::3'+

Atr` cudktd hdl tde` Ofàvdz sak lnuk`s publgoògakds hd las pdrgÿhgoas+ Dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Orÿkgo` hd Fay &> hd e`rza 2::3', publgo` uk“rdpart`md― qud sd b`s` dk prdsuktas “gkcareds hd gktdlgndkog`― hd“`ndktds edxgo`kas y vdkdzal`kas―, dstd prdsukta haouedkta hdkukog`b` l` dxgstdkog` hd “oçlul`s balgv`rg`k`s― hdl prdsghdktd Ofàvdz pay`kha l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Las pdrrdhgst`s hdkukog`rak quddl rdpart`md ka part`b` dvghdkog`s p`r` sustdkt`r sus reògakds+ Zar atr` p`rtd, dl 7 hd e`rza hd 2::3 dk l` oaluek` “Xdepla E`yar― hdl

pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` sd publgo` qud dl oaknrdsgst` dst`haukghdksd MgeIalbd oaedktÿ ` hgput`has edxgo`kas qud çl tdk` “rdpartds hd gktdlgndkog`― p`r` eastr`r dl paya hd Funa Ofàvdz l`s oèp``s hdl prh+

Dl 0: hd e`rza, oaea p`rtd hd su kudva hgsoursa hd t`qud l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, O`lhdrÿk rdprahuod l` dspdogd òrtgoèdktd=

Dk las h`s rdogdktds f`k surngha dvghdkog`s hd oçlul`s balgv`rg`k`s qudapdr`k dk l`s ukgvdrsgh`hds pýblgo`s hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa dk c`var hdl

pdrrdhgst`, l`s ou`lds “sak k`kog`h`s par dl nabgdrka hd Funa Ofàvdz+

Ds` ds uk` gktdrvdkogÿk hgrdot` qud ka hdbdeas pdregtgr kg taldr`r9 qudsd gkvdstgnud oak taha dl rgnar y sd s`kogakd― &co, 0: hd e`rza, 2::3,Oudrk`vò`'+

Dl 00 hd e`rza dl rdprdsdkt`ktd hdl p k prdsdkt` uk` qudm` ktd dl gcd p`r` qud sd gkvdstgnud dl prdsukta k`kogègdkta hd l`s oçlul`s balgv`rg`k`s+ Dl 26 hd e`rza dl gcd gkgog` uk` gkvdstgnògÿk sabrd l`s prdsukt`s oçlul`s balgv`rg`k`s+ Hur`ktd l` oèp`` l` gkvdstgnògÿk ka lanrÿ

prdsdkt`r h`tas rdldv`ktds9 ds hdogr, ka sd dkoaktr`rak dvghdkog`s hd l`ssupudst`s oçlul`s balgv`rg`k`s dk l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Zar dloaktr`rga, dl sdk`har Mge Ialbd rdoakaodr` qud las supudstas rdpartdshd gktdlgndkog` qud vgkoul`b`k ` Lÿpdz Abr`har oak Ofàvdz ka dxgst`k, sÿla tdk` saspdof`s+ Ou`kha l` prdks` edxgo`k` ld pghd las “rd

partds hd gktdlgndkog`― rdspakhd= “ka hgmd dsa, sÿla hgmd qud saspdof`b`qud f`b` hgkdra &hd Sdkdzudl`'―+ & Katgedx, dk Egldkga hg`rga, 03 hde`rza, 2::3'

Zar atr` p`rtd, hdshd l`s prgedr`s dktrdvgst`s oak eatgva hdl rdl`kzègdkta hd su oèp``, O`lhdrÿk hds`rrall` uk taka `nrdsgva oaktr` dldx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ Dk dstd oaktdxta, dl > hd e`rza, hur`ktd uk` dktrdvgst` r`hgacÿkgo` dk R`hga Ge`ndk, O`lhdrÿk oaegdkz` ` us`r atr` hd



034

l`s cr`sds ol`vds hd l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv`= “Lÿpdz Abr`har ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+ “Say ` sd`l`r oak tah` ol`rgh`h l` gkoaksgstdkog` hdLÿpdz Abr`har y dl pdlgnra qud çl rdprdsdkt` p`r` Eçxgoa, çl rdprdsdktùk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa par dsa ld vèas n`k`r― &co, > hd e`rza, 2::3,

dk Ge`ndk Gkcare`tgv '+Dl oakhuotar hdl katgogdra hdspghd l` dktrdvgst` oak l` cr`sd c`t`l=“Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, o`khgh`ta hdl p`k ` l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo`,qud hgod= ‖Dl sdar @khrçs Lÿpdz rdprdsdkt` uk pdlgnra p`r` dstd p`s‗―+Zastdrgaredktd, O`lhdrÿk rdeòf`rà dst` cr`sd dk atr` dktrdvgst` hd r`hga dl h` 04 hd e`rza=

Dk pao`s p`l`br`s, dl o`khgh`ta hdl prh ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa y ka

ds ogdrta qud Eçxgoa v`y` ` `v`kz`r, `l oaktr`rga, la qud ld dstà p`s`kha` Eçxgoa ds qud sd dstà qudh`kha l` argll` hdl oègka dk uk eukha quddstà oèbg`kha ràpghèdktd+

Dk k, ya gksgsta, `få f`y uk tde` hd pdlgnra p`r` dl p`ås, ±y ouàl ds dl pdlgnra1 Pud la qud ka f`nèas dk las prÿxgeas sdgs às, sd v` `cdot`r ` Eçxgoa par la edkas ou`rdkt` às &co, 04 hd e`rza, 2::3, R`hgaGe`ndk'+

Dl tdrodr dldedkta sgnkgo`tgva p`r` dl tde` Ofàvdz sd rdlògak` oaklas dxodsas hgsoursgvas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk las egseas h`s dk qudO`lhdrÿk r`hgo`lgz` su hgsoursa, èla oaedtd `lnukas dxodsas vdrb`lds ` oùs` hd su hg`trgb` oatghg`k` oak dl prdsghdktd Cax+ @ prgkogpgashd e`rza Lÿpdz Abr`har eatdm` hd “ofòf`lò`s―7 ` sus has prgkogp`lds hvdrs`rgas y Cax+

Dl oakgota gkgog` ` p`rtgr hd uk` hd l`s prapudst`s hd oèp`ð` odktr`lds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har= b`m`r dl prdoga hd las dkdrnçtgoas, gksgstd dkdll` dl 02 y dl 04 hd e`rza+ Dl 08 hd e`rza, dl prdsghdktd Cax hdso`lgo`

pýblgoèdktd l` prapudst` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka hd rdhuogr las prdogashd las dkdrnçtgoas=

Z`r` dl prdsghdktd sdrå` euy càogl s`lgr dk faebras `l k`l hdl sdxdkga9ka ed oast`r` kgknýk tr`b`ma hdogrld `l pudbla hd Eçxgoa= td b`ma l`dkdrn` dlçotrgo`, td b`ma dl prdoga hd l` n`salgk`, td b`ma, td hay+++ W ogdrtèdktd s`lhr` ya dk faebras+ Zdra ka dstèas dk l` prdsghdkog` p`r`hgl`pgh`r, p`r` hgspdkhg`r dl p`trgeakga hd las edxgo`kas+ Ka pahdeas

7 L` ofòf`lò` ds uk vd hd l` cèglg` hd las oràoghas &Art`lgs vdtul`' ouy` o`ròtdrstgo` prgkogp`l ds degtgr uk nrgta paoa `nr`h`bld `l aha+ <www+rdhdsoal`r+glod+dhu+ex;+



033

dst`r qu oak uk` vgsgÿk oartaplògst` vdr ouàkt` ge`ndk n`ka ya, y vdr quç `ldnr` ld pudha prahuogr ` l`s cèglg`s eàs fueglhds hd dstd

p`s par uk`s ou`kt`s sde`k`s & L` Mark`h`, 04 hd e`rza, 2::3'+

Lÿpdz Abr`har rdspakhd `l prdsghdktd qud ka ld tao` ` çl fòdr oè p`` y ld rdorgegk` “oàlldsd sdar prdsghdktd―=

Fay tèbgçk dl oguh`h`ka prdsghdktd, fòd uk`s far`s, tèbgçk hgma laegsea, qud dsas o`khgh`tas qud v`k ` b`m`r dl prdoga hd l` luz, qud dl

prdoga hdl n`s, qud ka v`k ` rdsalvdr k`h`, sgka `l oaktr`rga sd v` ` de pdar`r l` sgtuògÿk hdl p`s+ Wa ld hgna `l oguh`h`ka prdsghdktd, qud y`hdmd hd dst`r nrgt`kha oaea ofòf`lò`, qud y` ka sd edt`, ka ld oarrds

pakhd, çl y` tuva su apartukgh`h y la ýkgoa qud fgza cud tr`gogak`r ` egllakds hd edxgo`kas qud oak`rak dk çl, qud pdks`rak qud gb` ` f`bdr uk oèbga y cud l` egse` n`t` k`h` eàs qud rdvalo`h`+ ¡Oàlldsd oguh`h`ka prdsghdktd!, oak taha rdspdta ld hgna &èla, 04 hd e`rza, 2::3,A`xò`'+

Oaea Cax gksgstd dk l`s ortgo`s `l praydota hdl pdrrdhgst`, dl 03 hde`rza Lÿpdz Abr`har pracukhgz` dl rdolèa l prdsghdktd oaebgk`khal`s has acdks`s= “¡Oàll`td ofòf`lò`!―= “W` ydr rdspakhgÿ l` ofòf`l`%

o` e`yar+ W` ld tuvd qud hdogr hdspògta, parqud ya ka f`bla hd oarrgha9ld hgmd “oàll`td of`%of`%l`%o`―+ Kasatras ka vèas ` prgv`tgz`r l` gkhustrg` dlçotrgo` kg dl pdtrÿlda+ L` p`trg` ka sd vdkhd― &Lÿpdz Abr`har,

L` Mark`h`, 03 hd e`rza, 2::3'+Dk las egseas h`s qud Lÿpdz Abr`har oaedtd dstas dxodsas vdrb`

lds, tahas las lhdrds p`kgst`s, oaedkz`kha par O`lhdrÿk, rdòogak`korgtgo`kha l` pdrsak`lgh`h hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka=

W dsa qud tah`v` ka tgdkd pahdr9 ds uk faebrd ùtargt`rga, o`prgofasa yqud tgdkd `hdeàs uk tdepdrèdkta gr`sogbld+ Ge`nk`td, cm`td sg dsafòd `fargt`, quç sdr` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ou`kha cudr` prdsghdktd, `lnugdk qud dst`r` o`ll`kha las edxgo`kas qud ka pgdks`k oaea çl, pgsatdàkhald sus hdrdofas y sgdkha uk vdrh`hdra utargt`rga+ L` dxprdsgÿk hdLÿpdz Abr`har rddm` la qud ds, uk ùtçktgoa ùtargt`rga+

Ka f` pahgha aoult`r dl pracukha ahga qud tgdkd ` las deprds`rgas9 `qugdk prahuod la f` s`t`kgz`ha y`, çl dstà fògdkha uk` oèp`` qud

dstà sdebr`kha dl ahga dktrd las edxgo`kas y dsa ds qugzà l` e`yar grrds paks`bglgh`h dk uk` oèp`` dldotar`l &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Dl Tkgvdrs`l,0> hd e`rza, 2::3'+



0>8

pdloul` Dl sdðar Lÿpdz+ Dk dst` pdloul`, dl nrupa hd `sdsardsgktdldotu`lds hd l` oèp`ð` hdoakstruyd las sase`s hd l` oèp`ð` kdn`tgv`hdl p`k+

Dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds sd pudhd hdogr qud l`s rdspudst`s hd l` obt `l

tde` Ofàvdz sak gktdldotu`ledktd gepdo`blds, pdra kgknuk` hd dll`slanrÿ gepòt`r dk dl kgvdl hd oaeukgoògÿk hd e`s`s oaea fgza l` oè p`` hdl p`k+ Ds hdogr, egdktr`s dl tde` Ofàvdz abtgdkd uk` nr`k hgcusgÿk par las spats y sd oakvgdrtd dk dl tde` odktr`l hd l` `ndkh` pýblgo`

p`r` tahas las edhgas, l`s rdspudst`s hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sÿla sd hgcukhdk dktrd l` çlgtd gktdldotu`l qud sgnud l`s oèp``s+ Dkdstd sdktgha, l`s rdòogakds hd l` oèp`` hd l` obt cudrak gkýtglds p`ròaktdkdr l` v`l`kof` hd hdsorçhgta par dl tde` Ofàvdz+

Dst` dkared hgcdrdkog` dktrd las gepòt`ktds t`quds hd l` oèp``hd O`lhdrÿk y l`s rdspudst`s gkaou`s hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har hdeudstr` qud èbas o`khgh`tas sd hgrgn`k ` pýblgoas hgcdrdktds+ Lasspats y l` p`r`cdrk`lg` edhgàtgo` hdl p`k gepusgdrak dl tde` Ofàvdz dktaha dl oèpa hdl pdrgahgsea y, odktr`ledktd, dk tdldvgsgÿk y r`hga&hakhd sd tr`ksegtgÿ dl spat'9 par dstd eatgva, pudha supakdr qud dl tdeÒfàvdz lldnÿ uk eplga sdotar hdl pýblgoadldotar+

Dk oèbga, sd pudhd sdnur`r qud l` rdspudst` hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har ka cud eàs `llà hd l` çlgtd paltgo` d gktdldotu`l hdl p`s

parqud dst`s rdspudst`s ka aoup`rak uk lun`r odktr`l dk las edhgas+ L`hde`kh` ldn`l oaktr` dl spat Ofàvdz dr` uk praodsa euy oaepldma p`r`l` pablògÿk ndkçrgo`, par dlla kg sgqugdr` cud uk` katgog` hd prgedr` pl`k` p`r` las edhgas+

Zar atr` p`rtd, dl le Dl sdðar Lÿpdz kg sgqugdr` ogroulÿ eplgèdktddktrd las sgep`tgz`ktds hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, parqud l` pdloul` ka sddxfgbgÿ dk las ogkds kg dk l` tdldvgsgÿk kg dk ou`lqugdr atra edhga hd oaeukgoògÿk hd e`s`s+ L` pdloul` sd vdkhgÿ dk las pudstas hd pdrgÿhg

oas `l prdoga hd las leds oaedrog`lds9 ds hdogr, l` oèp`ð` hd LÿpdzAbr`har vdkh` su publgogh`h dk vdz hd tr`segtgrl` nr`tugtèdktd+Dst` oakhgogak`ktd gepghgÿ qud dl le ‟uk prahuota hd dxodldktd

e`kucòtur`‟ lldn`r` l`s e`s`s+ Hdshd dl pukta hd vgst` hd l` dstr`tdng` hd oèp`` dr` uk vdrh`hdra hdspdrhgoga, puds Lugs E`khaig, dlhgrdotar hd l` pdloul`, dr` uk hgrdotar oaks`nr`ha dk Fallywaah9 f`b`hgrgngha rtgst`s cèasas hd l` t`ll` hd Zùl Kdwe`k, Idvgk Oastkdr,_us`k _`r`khak, @khy N`ro`, Edn Ry`k+++

F`y qud rds`lt`r qud dl b`ma pdrl edhgàtgoa hd l`s rdspudst`s hd lòèp`` hd l` obt `l tde` Ofàvdz ka dr` uk` o`su`lgh`h kg uk òoghdktd, sgka dl t`lÿk hd @quglds hd tah` l` oèp``, ds hdogr, tah` l` oè

p`ð` tdkå` uk b`ma pdrl edhgàtgoa+ Zýblgoèdktd, dl egsea Lÿpdz



0>7

Zar atr` p`rtd, `ktd l` prdks`, O`lhdrÿk kgdn` sdr k`kog`ha par B`kèdx y òus` `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka hd praeavdr uk` “oèp`` hdahga―+ Cgk`ledktd, ou`kha sd ouepld dl pl`za qud Lÿpdz Abr`har f`b`m ha p`r` prdsdkt`r sus prudb`s, ka l`s prdsdkt` y apt` par dv`hgr las

pdrgahgst`s &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 20 hd brgl, 2::3'+Oaea sd pudhd `prdog`r, ` edhgh` qud `v`kz` dl tde` Ofàvdz, l`srdòogakds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har depdar`k dl prablde`= sd oakcrakt` oaklas edhgas, oak las dkoudst`hards, oak las deprds`rgas+++ dktr` dk ukoroula vgogasa qud ld pravao` e`yar hdsn`std+ X`rh`rà atra eds p`r`s`lgr hd dstd oroula vgogasa+

Dk l`s dkoudst`s hd k`lds hd e`rza y prgkogpgas hd `brgl sd `prdogòl`rèdktd dl hdsn`std qud ld prahuma dl tde` Ofàvdz+ Las dkoudst`hards praparogak`k gkhgo`hards qud oakre`k qud dstd tde` cud oruog`l

p`r` l` o`h` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Ka fd hdsoubgdrta atr` v`rg`bld qud pudh` dxplgo`r dst` bruso` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har, puds dl ýkgoa oèbgÿ sust`kog`l qud sd prahuma dk l`s oè p``s cud l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hdl p k+ Orda qud dst` nr`k oèp``kdn`tgv` sd oaebgkÿ oak l` hdogdktd oèp`ð` edhgàtgo` hd LÿpdzAbr`har p`r` lanr`r dl vudloa dldotar`l+

O`` l`s pco`s Lÿpz Abà l` s` `p`

Oaksult` Egtacsiy ldv`kt` su tdrodr` dkoudst` prddldotar`l dktrd dl0> y dl 2? hd e`rza+ Dk dst` dkoudst` y` oaegdkz`k ` prdsdkt`rsd l`stdkhdkog`s hd l` sdnukh` dt`p`= o`h` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds9 ordogegdkta hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk9 ùedkta hd las rdof`zas Lÿpdz Abr`har9 rdz`na hd E`hr`za dk l` oae

pdtdkog`+

Oà 20Zco`s loa`ls e`za 2::3

O`à Cba E`za

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har ?7+8$ ?>+4$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 27+6$ ?:+3$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 2>+4$ 26+6$

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 2> hd e`rza, 2::3+



06:

Oaea sd pudhd absdrv`r, l` hgst`kog` dktrd O`lhdrÿk y Lÿpdz Abr`har sd dstrdof`, p`s` hd 7+3 dk cdbrdra 3+7 dk e`rza+ Dl hgrdotar hd dst`dkoudst`har`, Ray Oèpas, dxplgo` qud dst` lgndr` o`h` hdl lhdr hd lòaktgdkh` pudhd sdr uk dcdota hd l` oèp`` kdn`tgv` qud dstàk hds`

rrall`kha O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za+ Dl tr`spgç hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd rddm`hd e`kdr` eàs cudrtd dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd las o`khgh`tas ` hgput`hashdl prh, qugdkds p`s`k hd tdkdr dl ?8+4$ hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dk cdbrdra`l 27$ dk e`rza+

Z`r` dstd eaedkta, las gkhgo`hards sabrd l` publgogh`h hd las trdso`khgh`tas y` sak euy sgnkgo`tgvas+ L` pablògÿk dkoudst`h` rdoudr h` oarrdotèdktd las praeaogak`lds hd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za, pdra oakcukhd l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hd dstas o`khgh`tas &l`s ortgo`s ` LÿpdzAbr`har', oak publgogh`h hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dsta rdprdsdkt` uk nr`vd prablde` p`r` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, pudseudstr` qud las `t`quds qud dst` sucrgdkha par l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv`sak `sueghas par dl pýblgoa oaea gkcareògÿk+++ Xaha dlla supakd uk`dxodldktd rdodpogÿk hd l`s ortgo`s l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+

Dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra qud dv`lý` l` rdodpogÿk hd l` publgogh`h hdLÿpdz Abr`har, dl spat qud rdoudrh` las “Gksultas ` Cax― dk rd`lgh`hrddrd dl spat Ofàvdz qud cud dl eàs gepart`ktd hd l` oèp`` kdn`tgv`hdl p`k+

Oà 22±Pç s o` las òas

@çs E`l Lÿpz Abà1

E`za 2::3

@yuh` l` ?`+ dh`h 8,7$

@yuh` las pabrds 8,7$

_us prapudst`s ?,3$

Gksultas ` Cax ?,8$

S`k b`m`r dl oasta hd l` luz 2,3$

_ue`kha “Atr`s rdspudst`s― y “K_ KO― 5 0::$Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 2> hd e`rza, 2::3+

Atra h`ta gepart`ktd ds qud p`r` e`rza, O`lhdrÿk pràotgoèdktd y`ds t`k oakaogha oaea Lÿpdz Abr`har y E`hr`za, dl parodkt`md hd pdrsak`s qud oakaodk ` las trds= O`lhdrÿk 67+29 E`hr`za 74+0 y LÿpdzAbr`har 73+0 par ogdkta+



060

Zdra sdràk l`s dkoudst`s hd brgl l`s qud eudstrdk ol`rèdktd dl vudloa dldotar`l qud hgstgknud l` sdnukh` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s+ L` dkoudst` hd brgl hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` sd ldv`kt` dktrd dl 2: y dl 22 hd brgl, dshdogr, h`s `ktds hdl prgedr hdb`td prdsghdkog`l `l qud ka `sgstgÿ Lÿpdz

Abr`har+ Z`r` dstd eaedkta, dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka y` f` sgha abmdta hduk` nr`k acdksgv` par p`rtd hd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s hdl prg y hdl p k=dl tde` Ofòf`lò`s%Ofàvdz y` f` gepòt`ha pracukhèdktd dk lasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk y tèbgçk hdshd çstas sd f` orgtgo`ha gksgstdktdedktd Lÿpdz Abr`har par su kdn`tgv` sgstgr l prgedr hdb`td+

Dl sakhda hd Rdcare` pl`ktd` v`rgas gkhgo`hards p`r` dv`lu`r dl ge pòta hd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s, l` e`yar` hd dstas gkhgo`hards oae prudb`k qud l` pablògÿk rdprudb` Lÿpdz Abr`har par las tde`s kdn`tgvas dk las qud sd vga gkvaluor`ha+

Nrào` VGGG

dso`lasOà Lÿpz Abà l ma l ps Ca

“oll` ofòf`lò`―, ±o s q sa l seÿ a l qÿ vaas1

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 20 hd `brgl, 2::3+

Nrào` VGS

d s apÿ, ±Lÿpz Abà s` a a pla p`` l p`s1




062

@ oùs` hd dst` sdrgd hd tde`s kdn`tgvas las rdof`zas ` Lÿpdz Abr`har ùedkt`k sgnkgo`tgvèdktd, egdktr`s qud las hd O`lhdrÿk hgsegkuydk, oaea sd pudhd prdog`r dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra=

Oà 2?rof`za las o`às pso`ls &e`za%`bl'

±Za o`l las o`às o` va``1

E`za @bl

Rabdrta E`hr`za ?6 ??

Lÿpdz Abr`har 03 2?Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 0? 0:


Dl oèbga eàs sgnkgo`tgva ds dl vudloa hd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds,Lÿpdz Abr`har pgdrhd sdgs puktas y Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk n`k` sgdtd, oak dstdgktdroèbga hd prdcdrdkog`s dl p`kgst` hdspl`z` l pdrrdhgst` hdl prgedr

lun`r+Oà 28

Zco`s loa`ls las o`às pso`ls

E`za @bl

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ?0$ ?6$

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har 80$ ?4$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 24$ 2?$

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 0$ 2+3$

Rabdrta Oèp` 0$ :+3

Ka rdngstr`has 0$ 0+2$




06?

Nrào` VS

Sloa l`s pco`s loa`ls l` s` `p`

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, ? hd e`ya, 2::3+

Dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s p`r` l` oaepasgogÿk hd l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`hasdl vudloa dldotar`l pasgogak` l p`k oak uk` sÿlgh` vdkt`m` e`yar l 0:$sabrd l` obt=

Oà 24Zco`s loa`ls las o`às pàs

E`za @bl

p k ?8$ 8:$

prhptOakvdrndkog` ?4$ 27$

prgpvde 26$ 2>$

`sho 0$ 2+4$

k` 2$ 0+>$


L` dkoudst` eudstr` qud l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dstà pdrhgdkha prdcdrdkog`s dktrd las dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds y O`lhdrÿk dstàsue`kha puktas dk dstd sdotar+



068

Oà 23dl vaa las ps

Zrdcdrdkog`s hd las dldotards qud ka sd ghdktgo`k oa a las pàs

E`za @bl

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har 86$ ?6$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 27$ ?>$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 04$ 04$


Dl dstuhga hd Rdcare` tèbgçk eudstr` qud l` tr`kscdrdkog hd vatashd Lÿpdz Abr`har O`lhdrÿk sd dstà rd`lgz`kha dk l`s rdngakds kartd yodktra hdl p`s=

Oà 80Zco`s loa`ls l`s cs as l p`s

O`às ka Oa Aoo Oa _

E`za @bl E`za @bl E`za @bl E`za @bl

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ?>$ 4:$ 82$ 83$ 24$ ??$ 24$ 2>$

Lÿpdz Abr`har ??$ 2?$ 2>$ 26$ 44$ 8?$ ?6$ ?7$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 26$ 22$ 26$ 22$ 03$ 06$ ?4$ ?2$


O`bd kat`r qud pràotgoèdktd tah`s l`s dkoudst`s rd`lgz`h`s kdshd `brgl &rdngstr`h`s dk dl gcd' eudstr`k dstd oèbga ‟eatgv`ha par dltde` Ofàvdz‟ dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ Dk ndkdr`l, las rdspaks`

blds hd l`s dkoudst`s tèbgçk oagkoghdk dk qud dl tde` Ofàvdz%ofòf`%lò`s ds l` prgkogp`l v`rg`bld qud dxplgo` dl vudloa dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s+



064

Zrgedr hdb`td hd o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds=atr` dt`p` hd hdsn`std p`r` èla

@hdeàs hd l` `v`l`kof` hdl tde` Ofàvdz, dk `brgl y e`ya, l`s oè

p``s hd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za lanr`k gktrahuogr ` l` `ndkh` pýblgoàtras tde`s kdn`tgvas p`r` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, las eàs hdstò`has sak= 0' dk brgl, l` gk`sgstdkog` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka l prgedr hdb`td y, 2' dk e`ya, saog`r oak spats l` ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak`lnukas nr`vds gkoghdktds hd vgaldkog` &dl o`sa @tdkoa' qud òaktdodkdk dstd eds+

Mukta oak dl tde` Ofàvdz sd hds`rrall`k atras `t`quds edhgàtgoas `l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 dk dstd sdktgha, hgofa tde` sÿla cud dl

prgedr p`sa hdl oègka qud dlgngÿ dl p`k p`r` qudbr`kt`r l` o`khgh`tur` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ Zdra tèbgçk f`y qud rdoakaodr qud lnukashd dstas `t`quds ka tdk`k sustdkta y cudrak oaktr`prahuodktds parqudcudrak hdkukog`has oaea o`luekg`s par las prgkogp`lds edhgas+ Zar dmdepla, dl h` 02 hd brgl dl prdsghdktd hdl p k, E`kudl Dspgka, us` uko`sa cèasa hd uk` hdtdkogÿk hd k`roatrò`ktds p`r` oulp`r, sgk kgknýk dldedkta, ` l` oèp`ð` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har hdl tràoa hd dstupdcògdktds+0:

Abvgèdktd, tèbgçk f`y qud rdoakaodr qud l` egse` obt gkourrgÿ

dk oaktr`hgoogakds qud hgdrak l` apartukgh`h ` las deb`tds dk las edhgas+ L`s eàs abvg`s cudrak l`s èplgèdktd haouedkt`h`s y hgcukhgh`s par las spats hdl prg y p k= l` oaktr`hgoogÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har quddk l` prdoèp`` acrdo` f`st` 0: hdb`tds y dk l` oèp`` y` sÿla odptÿ uka9 dl rdolèa sadz `l prdsghdktd Cax &¡oàll`td ofòf`lò`!'+++

Zdra `hdeàs hd l` o`lgh`h hd las `t`quds tèbgçk sd pudhd ogt`r lò`ktgh`h hd çstas dk oaktr` hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd l` obt, puds dst`s ortgo`s sd vdrgo`k hdshd hgcdrdktds crdktds= dl prdsghdktd Cax llè`kha l`

oaktgkugh`h y l rdof`za hdl papulgsea dk sus hgsoursas oatghg`kas9 lasou`tra o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds orgtgo`kha `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka9 lasspats hd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za hdkast`kha l` usdkog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl hdb`td9 las spats hdl prdsghdktd Cax dlang`kha sus prapgas lanras y

0: Dk sktdsgs, dl dmçrogta hdtuva dk Oèpdofd uk `vgÿk o`rn`ha oak 4+4 takdl`h`s hd oao`k` qud pravdk` hd Sdkdzudl`+ Z`r`ldlèdktd, dk atra apdr`tgva l` @ndkog` Cdhdr`l hdGkvdstgnògakds hdtuva dk dl `drapudrta hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa ` uk depld`ha hdl nhc oak

trds iglas hd oao`k`+ E`kudl Dspgka `saogÿ las has o`sas qud dr`k hgstgktas y `mdkas ` l`rdspaks`bglgh`h hdl nhc, p`r` `sdnur`r qud Ofàvdz f`b` dkvg`ha l`s 4+4 takdl`h`s hd oao`k` p`r` k`kog`r l` oèp`ð` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ L` edktgr` dr` t`k `bsurh` qud dl egseaLÿpdz Hÿrgn` hdso`lgoÿ hd gkedhg`ta l` ousògÿk+



063

llè`kha ` e`ktdkdr dl egsea rueba9 las deprds`rgas llè`kha ` sustr`b`m`hards ` vat`r par l` oaktgkugh`h+++

Dk l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hd `brgl ou`kha tah`v` sd prdsdkt`k doashdl tde` Ofàvdz, tèbgçk sd gktdksgo`k l`s oråtgo`s ` Lÿpdz Abr`har

par su kdn`tgv` sgstgr l prgedr hdb`td+ @ tr`vçs hd spats, hd hgsoursashd paltgoas y pracdsgak`lds hd l` oaeukgoògÿk+++ Ds atra pdrgaha hd pracukha hdsn`std p`r` l` oèp`` hd l` obt+ @ukqud p`r` l`s sde`k`s prdvg`s `l hdb`td y` tah`s l`s dkoudst`s eudstr`k uk vgrtu`l dep`td dktrd O`lhdrÿk y Lÿpdz Abr`har, dstd ýltgea kgdn` l` vdrògh`h hd tah`sl`s dkoudst`s y e`ktgdkd su hdogsgÿk hd ka sgstgr l hdb`td=

@l rdukgrsd oak gktdnr`ktds hd l` @saogògÿk hd @o`hçegoas H`kgdl Oasa Sglldn`s hd Dl Oaldnga hd Eçxgoa, dl `spgr`ktd hd las p`rtghas hd l`

Rdvaluogÿk Hdeaoràtgo`, hdl Xr`b`ma y Oakvdrndkog` hgma qud dspdr`hur`ktd dst` sde`k` las `t`quds hdrgv`has hdl hdb`td par “l` sgll` vò`―Y+++U Oaksghdrÿ qud sus `hvdrs`rgas `rnuedkt`ràk qud ka sd prdsdktÿ `ldkoudktra hdl e`rtds parqud tuva egdha y parqud tgdkd `suktas pdkhgdktds la ou`l, sastuva, ds c`lsa, puds su gk`sgstdkog` abdhdod ` su dstr`tdng` hd oèp`` Y+++U Dl t`b`squda dstgeÿ qud dk l`s dkoudst`s pastdrgards `l hdb`td sd e`kdm`rà uk` b`m` dk su papul`rgh`h, la ou`l ka ld

prdaoup`, puds çl oaktgku`rà su oèp`` oak l` ndktd y ka edhg`ktd lèdro`hatdokg` &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Egldkga Hg`rga, 28 hd `brgl, 2::3'+

Hdshd l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hd brgl, t`kta dl p`k oaea dl prg òas`koak spats ` Lÿpdz Abr`har par su kdn`tgv` hd `sgstgr `l hdb`td+ @ pds`r hd dlla, dk dstd pdrgaha, dl o`khgh`ta hd l` obt e`ktgdkd las egseasspats qud us` hdshd dl prgkogpga hd su oèp``9 ds hdogr, kgvdl publgogt`rga ka sd h` rdspudst` las t`quds hdl p k y prg+

_pat “sab `sso` Lÿpz Abà l b`―

Ge`ndk hdl Àkndl hd l` Gkhdpdkhdkog` hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa dk hgbuma hdarhdk`har Saz dk acc= Las nabgdrkas pdrrdhgst`s ou`hruplgo`rak l` hduh` dk dlhc+ Hd00 >:: egllakds hd pdsas 8? 4:: egllakds hd pdsas+ Oak r`zÿk LÿpdzAbr`har ka qugdrd hdb`tgr+ Ge`ndk hdl Àkndl hd l` Gkhdpdkhdkog` qud sd o`d ` pdh`zasXdxta dsorgta dk ge`ndk y vaz dk acc= Zdra ±Oÿea sò`r Eçxgoa hdl`ktd sgkhduh`1

Saz dk acc= ¡Sd dl hdb`td! ¡Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk td la v` hdogr!Xgtula dsorgta= Zrgedr hdb`tdE`rtds 24 hd brgl, 6=?: ZE &far` odktra'



06>

_g ò`sa v`ld l` pdk` edkogak`r qud dl nhc oaegdkz` uk` oèp`` publgogt`rg` p`r` hdcdkhdr su hegkgstrògÿk hd las `t`quds qud dstà sucrgdkha par l`s oèp``s+ L` e`yar` hd sus spats sÿla rds`lt`k l`sabr`s hd nabgdrka y dl eàs ol`rèdktd hdcdksgva ds dl “spat hd las rra

ods―+ _gk deb`rna, dstd spat ka oakcrakt` hgrdotèdktd l`s ortgo`s qudsd fòdk `l nhc, ds euy bstròta y ka hdsegdktd oak ol rgh`h l`s r`hgo`lds ortgo`s hd l`s qud ds sumdta, par la ou`l ka lanr` hdtdkdr dl `luh hdortgo`s l` hegkgstrògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+00

_pat “ las aos l nhc―

Saz dk acc=Dl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l tuval` gkgog`tgv` hd rdhgstrgbugr dl

prdsupudsta hd l` oguh`h p`r` rd`lgz`r eàs abr`s dk bdkdoga hd tahas

Ge`ndk hd eaktakds hd rraz, lòàe`r` sd hdspl`z` dkcao`kha o`hèaktÿk, l` oàe`r` dkcao` eaktakdshd rraz oak las sgnugdktds ldtrdras=Abr`s vg`ldsRddstruoturògÿk hdl OdktraFgstÿrgoaEdtrabýs

Saz dk acc=@ dst` gkgog`tgv` euofas ld qugdrdk

vdr dl kdnrgta dk dl rraz

Dktr` uk` e`ka ou`hra, las hdhasfurn`k dk dl eaktÿk qud tgdkd dl

ldtrdraFaspgt`lds

Saz dk acc=Pud ka td vdkh`k edktgr`s

Las hdhas furn`k dk dl eaktÿk oak dlldtrdra= Zdksgakds Tkgvdrs`lds p`r`@hultas E`yards+++ Las hdhas furn`kdk dl eaktÿk oak dl ldtrdra _drvgogaEçhgoa y edhgoèdktas nr`tugtas

Saz dk acc y ldtrdra= L`s oas`s bgdk pdks`h`s sgdeprd h`ràk hd qud f`bl`r

Rýbrgo` Dsouha hdl Nabgdrka hdlHgstrgta Cdhdr`l

Lÿpdz Abr`har edkasprdog` l`s ortgo`s par su gk`sgstdkog l hdb`tdy tr`t` hd e`ktdkdr las tde`s hd su `ndkh` dk las edhgas+ Hd fdofa, lanr` edtdr `lnukas tde`s dk l` `ndkh` pýblgo`, pdra sak dcedras y ka

00 Dstd spat us` ldtrdras qud ka sd hgstgknudk ol`rèdktd y oaea l` oàe`r` las dkcaoèuy brdvdedktd ka sd `lo`kz`k ` lddr, cud f`st` qud dstuhgèas dl spat hdtdkgdkha l`s geàndkds qud puhd lddrlas+



066

`cdot`k l`s oèp``s hd sus `hvdrs`rgas9 dk oèbga, dl hdb`td y su gk`sgstdkog` sd vudlvdk tde`s odktr`lds p`r` las edhgas=

W` fgod uk oudrha= ka ld vay rdspakhdr l oguh`h`ka prdsghdktd, ka edvay oakcrakt`r, tdkna qud f`bl`r far` euy cudrtd dstay dk eg tgdrr` ydstay euy oaktdkta, ka vay ` dktr`r dk dsd mudna, ka vay ` rdspakhdr `t`quds kg oudstgakègdktas, parqud `hdeàs kg fòd c`lt`+ Wa lds qugdrahdogr qud y` c`lt`k 2 edsds y ukas h`s p`r` l` dldoogÿk y tdkdeas 0:

puktas `rrgb` dk l`s dkoudst`s, dk tah`s l`s dkoudst`s ±p`r` quç kas vèas pdld`r, vdrh`h qud ka1 @s v` sdr far`, ear y p`z &èla, 07 hd`brgl, 2::3, Oukhuòàk'+

Oaea sg cudr` pao` oas`, l` orgsgs hd ge`ndk qud vgv` dk las h`s prd

vgas l hdb`td, Lÿpdz Abr`har sd oakcrakt` oak l` prdks`+ Las h`s 2: y20 las rdpartds hd l` prdks` dsorgt` oaksgnk`k qud Lÿpdz Abr`har dv`hdrdspakhdr ou`lqugdr prdnukt` y `rnuedkt` qud dstà dk uk` “fudln` hdol`r`tgv`― &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 20 hd brgl, 2::3'+

Dl 24 hd `brgl, h` hdl hdb`td, sd rdýkd oak l` Oakcdrdkog` Dpgsoap`lEdxgo`k`, l` çlgtd hd l` Gnldsg` o`tÿlgo`+ Hdspuçs hdl dvdkta sd f`b`

pranrè`ha uk` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, pdra dst`rdukgÿk oak las pdrgahgst`s ds o`kodl`h` par su dqugpa hd oèp``+ Dksu pranrè L` atr` vdrsgÿk, Lÿpdz Abr`har mustgo` sus òogakds= gk`sgstdkog` `l prgedr hdb`td, edkasprdog`r ` las edhgas, hdso`lgo`r l`sdkoudst`s+++

Egr`, la hdl hdb`td y la hd l`s dkoudst`s ds p`rtd hd l` prap`n`kh`, fays`ldk uk`s dkoudst`s, ya lds hgna ` l` ndktd qud ka sd prdaoupdk, ka dsds` l` rd`lgh`h, çst` ds prap`n`kh`, a sd`, f`y pdrgÿhgoas, dl Rdcare` sgdeprd f` eastr`ha sgep`t`s par dl o`khgh`ta hdl p`k, y` kas la fgogdrak dk kavgdebrd, sò`rak atr` dkoudst` gnu`l, ludna rdotgo`rak, y far` hd kudva, y` dstàk h`kha has puktas `rrgb` `l o`khgh`ta hdl p`k Y+++UMukta `l hdb`td, s, ds taha uk e`kdma hd edro`hatdokg` p`r` vdr sg oakcukhdk l` ndktd Y+++U Wa ld hgna l` ndktd, dstèas hgdz puktas rrgb` dkl`s dkoudst`s, hgdz puktas `rrgb`, y ya ka hgna edktgr`s &èla, L` atr`vdrsgÿk 24 hd brgl 2::3'

Ze b` las o`às pso`ls

Tk` sde`k` `ktds hdl hdb`td l`s oèp``s hdl p`k y prg prapakdkqud dk dl dsodk`rga hakhd sd odldbr` dl hdb`td sd hdmd vò` l` sgll` oarrdspakhgdktd Lÿpdz Abr`har p`r` dxfgbgr su usdkog`, dl gcd òdpt`+



067

Dl hdb`td sd odldbr` dl 24 hd brgl hd 2::3 l`s 2:=?: dk dl arlh Xr`hd Odktdr hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa+ _d tr`ksegtgÿ par dl o`k`l 4 hd Xdldvgs` y dl o`k`l > hd Xdldvgsgÿk @ztdo`+ Las tde`s hd hgsousgÿk cudrak=Zaltgo` Fòdkh`rg`, Zaltgo` Dkdrnçtgo`, Zaltgo` L`bar`l, Oaeb`td l`

Zabrdz` y Hds`rralla _aog`l y Hds`rralla _ustdkt`bld+ Z`rtgogp`rak dk dldkoudktra Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Rabdrta E`hr`za, Z`trgog` Edro`ha y Ra bdrta Oèp`+ L` oakhuotar` hdl hdb`td dxplgoÿ qud @khrçs E`kudl Lÿ pdz Abr`har cud gkvgt`ha `l hdb`td pdra hdoghgÿ ka sgstgr+

Dl r`tgkn praedhga hdl hdb`td ds hd 0?+3 puktas sg sd sue` dl r`tgkn hd > puktas lanr`ha dk o`k`l 4 hd Xdldvgs` y dl hd 4+3 puktas lanr`ha dkdl o`k`l > hd tv @ztdo`+ Ds hdogr, dl hdb`td tuva uk pýblgoa hd 3+6 egllakds hd tdldvghdktds, sg sd tae` dk oudkt` qud o`h` pukta hd r`tgkn dqugv`ld ` edhga egllÿk hd pdrsak`s+ Egdktr`s qud l`s tdldkavdl`s qudsd tr`ksegtgdrak dk dl egsea far`rga lo`kz`rak sus khgods tr`hgogak`lds= 26+3, L` cd` eàs bdll` dk dl o`k`l 2 hd Xdldvgs` y9 07+0, @ear dkoustahg` dk dl o`k`l 0? hd tv @ztdo`+ Ds hdogr, dl hdb`td cud dl dvdktaqud tuva edkar uhgdkog` dk las o`k`lds hd tdldvgsgÿk bgdrt`+

Nrào` VSG

R`tgkn l b` y las paè`s l esea faà

Cudktd Egldkga Hg`rga, 23 hd brgl, 2::3+



07:

@ pds`r hd taha dlla, p`r` las o`khgh`tas rdprdsdktÿ l` apartukgh`hhd h`rsd ` oakaodr ` tr`vçs hd l` tv dk far`rgas hd nr`khds uhgdkog`sy hd e`kdr` nr`tugt`+ Dl hdb`td sd oakstgtuyÿ oaea dl tde` odktr`l hd

paltgo` dk l`s ýltge`s sde`k`s hd `brgl p`r` las edhgas hd oaeukgo`

ogÿk9 dk dstd sdktgha, `l s`lgr hd hdb`td, dl prgkogp`l oasta paltgoa p`r`Lÿpdz Abr`har oaksgstgÿ dk s`lgr, kudvèdktd, hd las edhgas+

L`s dstr`tdng`s hdl prgedr hdb`td

Dl tde` qud eàs hdstò`rak las edhgas `k`lgz`has cud l` oakcraktògÿk dktrd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za9 `hdeàs hd l` hdkukog` hd uk` dv`sgÿkhd gepudstas hd E`hr`za, l` ou`l cud prdsdkt`h` par Rabdrta Oèp`+E`hr`za cud euy ortgoa oak las e`nras rdsult`has doakÿegoas y paltgoas hdl prdsghdktd Cax, s oaea oak las puktas asouras hd l` tr`ydotarg` hd O`lhdrÿk+ _gk deb`rna, O`lhdrÿk lanrÿ rdspakhdr ràpghèdktd `l`s òusògakds, orgtgo`r dl dkrgqudogegdkta gkdxplgo`bld hd E`hr`za y

prdsdkt`r, `hdeàs, sus prapudst`s tr`hgogak`lds= deplda, dst`bglgh`heòradoakÿego`+++

Z`r` `k`lgz`r dl hdb`td sd rd`lgzÿ uk sdkoglla `kàlgsgs hd hgsoursa= 0'oakt`r dl tgpa hd hgsoursa qud sd prdsdkt`b` dk o`h` uk` hd l`s gktdrvdk

ogakds &prapudst`s a ortgo`s'9 2' hdspuçs sd fgza uk kàlgsgs hd las turkashd f`bl` sabrd las `t`quds qud sd susogt`k dktrd las o`khgh`tas p`rèastr`r qugçk cud dl vdkodhar dk l` oaktgdkh` rnuedkt`tgv`+

O`lhdrÿk prgargz` l`s prapudst`s

L` e`yar p`rtd hd l`s p`rtgogpògakds hd O`lhdrÿk cudrak hd pra

pudst`s= haod hd trdod gktdrvdkogakds+ Dk sdnukha lun`r, sd dkoudktr`kl`s ortgo`s E`hr`za y l prg9 dk ogkoa p`rtgogpògakds orgtgo` dspdoåoèdktd E`hr`za y dk trds p`rtgogpògakds, orgtgo` l prg+ Rdsult` abvga qud dst`s ortgo`s sd prdsdkt`k p`r` oaktr`rrdst`r las t`quds hd E`hr`za dk dl hdb`td+

Eg oakolusgÿk ds qud O`lhdrÿk rdfuyd l` oakcraktògÿk parqud= 0' kads dl qud gkgog` l` hdso`lgoògÿk9 2' ka tgdkd l` gkgog`tgv` dk l` oråtgo`fòg` las atras, eàs bgdk sued uk` pastur` rdòtgv` y dl dmd hd su p`rtgogpògÿk sak l`s prapudst`s9 y ?' dk euof`s ao`sgakds, sabrd taha dk l`

p`rtd k`l hdl hdb`td, O`lhdrÿk ka rdspakhd ` las `t`quds hd E`hr`za+Atr` ogroukst`kog` qud pdregtd `l o`khgh`ta p`kgst` dvgt`r l` luofòudrpa ` oudrpa oak E`hr`za ds qud oudkt` oak Rabdrta Oèp` oaea



070

`lg`ha p`r` `tò`r ` E`hr`za+ O`lhdrÿk sd hdhgo` ` dxpakdr sus pra pudst`s hd nabgdrka, egdktr`s qud Rabdrta Oèp` ds qugdk prapgk` las prgkogp`lds nalpds E`hr`za+

Zar ýltgea, oaea dl rdsta hd las oaktdkhgdktds, O`lhdrÿk tèpaoa brgk

h` euof` `tdkogÿk ` l` ùsdkog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, pdra så la hdso`lgo`dk has p`rtgogpògakds y dk atr`s has, fòd ortgo`s ndkçrgo`s b`ma l` care` hd l` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std9 dk uk` ao`sgÿk, hdeàs, orgtgo` l nhc+

E`hr`za= l` edmar hdcdks` ds dl `t`qud

Dk hgdz hd sus trdod gktdrvdkogakds, E`hr`za fòd ortgo`s l` hegkgstrògÿk cdhdr`l, ukqud o`sg kuko` edkogak` Cax par su kaebrd9 dksgdtd gktdrvdkogakds hdso`lgo` l` tr`ydotarg` hd O`lhdrÿk+ Dk kudvd hdsus trdod gktdrvdkogakds rd`lgz` prapudst`s hd nabgdrka+ Dk has gktdrvdkogakds fòd ortgo`s ` l` gzqugdrh` y l` hdrdof` p`r` sundrgr qud dlodktra ds l` edmar apogÿk+ Dk has gktdrvdkogakds òus` qud RabdrtaOèp` ds uk “p`tga― hd O`lhdrÿk+

Z`ty Edro`ha rdoand l` b`khdr` hd l` gzqugdrh`

Egdktr`s qud l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd Rabdrta Oèp` cud katargèdktdortgo` oak l` o`khgh`tur` hd E`hr`za, Z`trgog` Edro`ha sd hdslgkhÿ hdlas t`quds y rd`lgzÿ dl tr`hgogak`l hg`nkÿstgoa y l`s prapudst`s hd l` gzqugdrh`+ Ka kas p`rdod o`su`l qud hdshd dstd hdb`td Edro`ha gkordedkt` sgnkgo`tgvèdktd sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+

Dk ùsdkog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har cud l` o`khgh`t` qud rdoangÿ l` b`khdr` hd l` gzqugdrh`= las nr`vds prablde`s hd hdsgnu`lh`h hd l` pabl`

ogÿk9 l` luof` par las hdrdofas hd l`s egkar`s9 dl rdspdta ` l` hgvdrsgh`h+++ gkolusa, pl`ktd` `lnukas tde`s dspgkasas oaea l` prapudst` hdhdspdk`lgzògÿk hdl `barta+ _u fakdstgh`h, su tr`ydotarg`, su òdrt`h`

p`rtgogpògÿk eatgv`rak qud sus trds oaktdkhgdktds dk `lnýk eaedktahdl hdb`td ld brgkh`r`k uk rdoakaogegdkta+ Rdoakaogegdktas qud sdr`kus`has par las publgogst`s hd Edro`ha p`r` prahuogr uk spat +

Las turkas hd f`bl` dk las `t`quds hd las o`khgh`tas

Dk su prgedr` gktdrvdkogÿk, E`hr`za prdsdkt` dl dmd hd la qud sdràsu p`rtgogpògÿk, uk` pracukh` ortgo` hd l` `hegkgstrògÿk hd Cax, uk`



072

oråtgo` hdl praydota hd gzqugdrh` y hdl praydota hd hdrdof`, p`r` mustgo`r uk vgr`md fòg` dl odktra oak dl prg+ Dk dst` sktdsgs sÿla c`lt`r`k las`t`quds O`lhdrÿk= “Eçxgoa dstà l rdvçs= Xaha la qud hdbdr` hd f`bdr gha fòg` `rrgb`, deplda, s`l`rga, oaepdtgtgvgh`h, f` gha fòg` `b`ma+ W

la qud hdbdr` hd f`bdr gha fòg` b`ma, gksdnurgh`h, gepudstas, prdogashd n`salgk`s y t`rgc`s hd luz, f`k gha fòg` `rrgb`― &Rabdrta E`hr`za,24 hd brgl, 2::3, arlh Xr`hd Odktdr'+

Dk su prdsdktògÿk O`lhdrÿk orgtgo` Lÿpdz Abr`har parqud ka sgstgÿ `l hdb`td+ Rdspakhd ` E`hr`za= dl k`roatràoa cud pravao`ha par las >: às hd oarrupogÿk hdl prg+ W prdsdkt` l` tdsgs olàsgo` hd su oè

p`` hd oaktr`std= “La qud vèas ` hdoghgr dl 2 hd mulga v` sdr dktrd dldeplda a l` hduh`, dktrd l` dst`bglgh`h a l`s orgsgs doakÿego`s, dktrd l`tr`ksp`rdkog` y l`s e`kas lgepg`s a l` oarrupogÿk, dktrd l` ukgh`h hdlas edxgo`kas a l` hgvgsgÿk― &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, 24 hd `brgl, 2::3 ârlhXr`hd Odktdr'+

E`hr`za hdso`lgo` ` Oèp` par sdr uk dkvg`ha hd O`lhdrÿk y `hvgdrtd qud ka la tae`rà dk oudkt`+ @hvgdrtd O`lhdrÿk qud las o`sas hdoarrupogÿk hdl nabgdrka p`kgst` rdogdktds sak b`st`ktd cèasas= “O`redk _dnur` qud e`kdmÿ dl Cakhdk, las rdoursas hd ^gle`+++―+ Dk su sgnugdktd gktdrvdkogÿk, E`hr`za òus` ` O`lhdrÿk hd qudrdr pakdr ge

pudstas ` edhgogk`s y `lgedktas+ Hdso`lgo` l` prapudst` hd rdcare`

so`l hd O`lhdrÿk parqud prdtdkhd “oabr`rld edkas ` las qud eàs n`k`k y oabr`rld eàs las qud edkas tgdkdk―+

O`lhdrÿk rdspakhd qud ka prdtdkhd nr`v`r `lgedktas y edhgogk`s+@ous` qud, dk oèbga, ou`kha E`hr`za dr` hgput`ha, `prabÿ uk` ldy

p`r` nr`v`r edhgogk`s y `lgedktas9 `hdeàs, `sdnur` O`lhdrÿk, dk uk`dktrdvgst` rdogdktd, E`hr`za praedtgÿ valvdr ` nr`v`r edhgogk`s y `lgedktas+

E`hr`za vudlvd tò`r, rdspdota l tde` hd paltgo` dkdrnçtgo` org

tgo` l` `hegkgstrògÿk hd Cax parqud “oaea kuko` Zdedx f` tdkgha gknrdsas par las dxodhdktds pdtraldras dk su fgstarg`, y dstà qudbr`h`+―_d`l` qud dk dstd crò`sa dstà gkvaluor`ha O`lhdrÿk parqud dr` dl tgtul`r hdl rèa+ Dl p`kgst` ka ld rdspakhd dk su sgnugdktd gktdrvdkogÿk,

Dk su sgnugdktd turka, E`hr`za orgtgo` l` tr`ydotarg` hd O`lhdrÿk parqud= 0' ou`kha O`lhdrÿk dr` hgput`ha y ld tao`b` vat`r l` rdcare`dkdrnçtgo` dk 0772, dstuva usdktd9 2' ou`kha dl prdsghdktd ]dhglla pra

pusa uk` rdcare` dkdrnçtgo`, dl p k, oak O`lhdrÿk oaea prdsghdktd, sdapusa ` l` rdcare`9 ?' oaea _dordt`rga hd Dkdrn`, O`lhdrÿk ds hdspdhgha ` las aofa edsds, `hdeàs dk su pdrgaha ùedkt`k las prdogas hdn`salgk`, n`s y dkdrn` dlçotrgo`+



07?

Dk dstd eaedkta ortgoa p`r` O`lhdrÿk, Oèp` dktr` ` debdstgr È`hr`za y hdkukog` qud dl o`khgh`ta hdl prg f` dv`hgha dl p`na hd ge

pudstas hdshd kds hd 2::? f`st` kds hd 2::4+ @re` qud dktrdn`rà `l` prdks` uk dxpdhgdktd oak l`s hdol rògakds so`lds hd E`hr`za qud

oaeprudb`k l` dv`sgÿk hd gepudstas+E`hr`za hdso`lgo` ` Oèp` par sdr sÿla uk “p`tgða― hdl p`kgst`+Gksgstd dk qud O`lhdrÿk prdtdkhd nr`v`r `lgedktas y edhgogk`s, `soaea prgv`tgz`r Zdedx+

O`lhdrÿk grakgz` sabrd l` hdkukog` hd dv`sgÿk so`l prdsdkt`h` par Oèp` y nrdn` atras prdsuktas o`sas hd dv`sgÿk hd gepudstas hd E`hr`za+ O`lhdrÿk tèbgçk rdspakhd qud sg dk dl pdrgaha hd Cax ka sdrd`lgzÿ uk` rdcare` dkdrnçtgo` cud parqud E`hr`za, dk o`lgh`h hd prdsghdktd hdl prg, ka l` prabÿ+

E`hr`za rdspakhd qud ds c`ls` l` òusògÿk hd dv`sgÿk so`l y hdvudlvd l` òusògÿk ` O`lhdrÿk= “Dk oèbga, tý dk B`kabr`s td ùta

prdst`std eàs hd trds egllakds dk t`k sÿla sdgs edsds y l k`l la tuvgstdqud rdnrds`r, ka parqud tdkn`s l`s e`kas lgepg`s, sgka parqud td `n`rr`rak oak l`s e`kas dk l` e`s`―+ E`hr`za us` dl rdogdktd o`sa hd l`rdprdsgÿk dk _go`rts` p`r` gksgstgr dk qud dl nabgdrka hd Cax, dk vdz hdhg`lan`r rdprged las tr`b`m hards+

O`lhdrÿk eudstr` l` dsorgtur` hd su o`s` p`r` hdsedktgr ` E`hr`za,

sastgdkd qud su o`s` l` oaeprÿ oak uk orçhgta hdl B`koa gxd, ka oak ukorçhgta hd B`kabr`s+ O`lhdrÿk edkogak` qud f` ùtargz`ha `l gcd p`r`qud rdvgsdk su p`trgeakga, par ýltgea, rdvgr` ` E`hr`za “eg p`trgeakga dstà care`ha fakdstèdktd+ Tstdh ka pudhd hdogr la egsea hdlsuya―+

E`hr`za valvdrà ` orgtgo`r ` O`lhdrÿk, pdra çstd y` ka rdspakhdrà `las `t`quds+ O`lhdrÿk odrr`rà su p`rtgogpògÿk oak l` tdsgs odktr`l hd lòèp`` hd oaktr`std+ E`hr`za oulegk`rà oak uk` pracukh` ortgo` `

l` hegkgstrògÿk caxgst`+

_`lhas hdl prgedr hdb`td prdsghdkog`l

Oaea sd pudhd prdog`r, dl hdb`td sd oakvgrtgÿ dk uk rd`lgty sfaw, dkdl qud sd pusa prudb` l` otuògÿk hd las o`khgh`tas ktd l`s oàe`r`s+Las o`khgh`tas sd dktrdk`rak p`r` su otuògÿk, hgsd`rak su p`rtgogpògÿk, su ge`ndk, su hgsoursa, sus rdspudst`s+++ Xaha sd oakvgrtgÿ dk ukàbr` hd td`tra tdldvgsgva, uk dspdotàoula+ Dl pashdb`td, t`k gepart`ktda eàs qud dl hdb`td, tèbgçk hdpdkhd hdl e`kdma hd edhgas+ Ds hdogr, dldoa hdl hdb`td dk las edhgas ds gepart`ktd parqud egdktr`s dl pýblgoa



078

hdl hdb`td ds dso`sa &par sdr uk dvdkta dspdog`lgz`ha y hd l`rn` hurògÿk', dl pýblgoa hdl pashdb`td ds eplga, parqud tahas las edhgas acrdodk uk` sktdsgs pdrgahstgo` hdl hdb`td+

Dk dl hdb`td, las p`rtgogp`ktds `pdk`s edkogak`rak l` ùsdkog` hd

Lÿpdz Abr`har, dk dstd sdktgha, p`r` dstd o`khgh`ta, `p`rdktdedktd, l`gk`sgstdkog` `l hdb`td ka cud t`k nr`vd dk s egse`+ Eàs bgdk cud ukàpartukgh`h hdspdrhgog`h` y, dk oaktr` p`rtgh`, uk` apartukgh`h p`r`qud las atras o`khgh`tas ordogdr`k+

Cud uk` nr`k apartukgh`h p`r` las oaksghdr`has n`k`hards hdl hd b`td, Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk y Z`trgog` Edro`ha, qugdkds rdeakt`rak dk l`sdkoudst`s hdspuçs hdl hdb`td+ Dl ordogegdkta hd èbas o`khgh`tas cudortgoa p`r` l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har par hgcdrdktds r`zakds+Zrgedra, p`rdktdedktd dl nr`k n`k`har cud O`lhdrÿk parqud dk dl hdb`td dr` dl o`khgh`ta qud tdk` dl lghdr`zna dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s, par t`kta,dr` dl qud eàs o`pgt`l paltgoa dxpak`+ @l s`lgr gkhdekd a, gkolusa, n`k`har, lanrÿ eastr`r uk` ge`ndk pracdsgak`l `ktd dl pýblgoa, nròg`s `dstd rdl`tgva çxgta lldnÿ supdr`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l`s dkoudst`s pastdrgards `l hdb`td+

Dk sdnukha lun`r, dl ordogegdkta hd Z`trgog` Edro`ha cud euy kdn`tgva p`r` Lÿpdz Abr`har parqud l` o`khgh`tur` hd l` gzqugdrhgst` abtdk` vatas hd uk sdotar `ck `l pdrrdhgst`+ Dk ùsdkog` hd çstd, Z`trgog`

Edro`ha cud l` ýkgo` qud suegÿ oak fakdstgh`h y v`lar &oaea oarrds pakh` su tr`ydotarg` hd òtgvgst` hd hdrdofas fue`kas' l`s prapudst`str`hgogak`lds hd l` gzqugdrh` sgk l`s rdsdrv`s qud f`st` dktakods f`bè`kgcdst`ha dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ Egdktr`s qud dk las tde`s palçegoas Lÿpdz Abr`har sd eastr`b` gkhdkgha, Z`ty Edro`ha `sueå` l`s

prapudst`s hd l` gzqugdrh` sgk l` prdaoupògÿk hd pdrhdr vatas= hdspdk`lgzògÿk hdl `barta, ldn`lgzògÿk hd l`s hran`s bl`kh`s+++

Atra dldedkta qud p`rdod f`bdr `cdot`ha sdrgèdktd l` oèp`` hd

Lÿpdz Abr`har cud l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` qud abtuva par su ùsdkog`dk dl hdb`td+ X`kta `ktds oaea hdspuçs hdl hdb`td rdogbgÿ euof`s ortgo`s hd l`s pdrsak`lgh`hds qud sd dxprds`k dk las edhgas, `s oaea par las spats dk las qud dl p k dvghdkogÿ l` ùsdkog` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, a gkolusa l` `saogÿ oak tde`s kdn`tgvas p`r` l` obt+ _g oaebgkèasl` ùsdkog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk edhgas oak l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` qudsucrgÿ su oèp`` par dstd tde`, rdsult` oaeprdksgbld qud dk l`s dkoudst`s pastdrgards l hdb`td cudr` rdb`s`ha par O`lhdrÿk+

F`y qud e`tgz`r qud Lÿpdz Abr`har hdoghgÿ ka `sgstgr `l prgedr hd b`td dk dkdra y cdbrdra, ou`kha çl tdk` 0: puktas hd vdkt`m` dk l`s dkoudst`s+ Dk dsd eaedkta p`rdo` pruhdktd, sgstgr uk hdb`td geplgo`b``rrgdsn`r euofa oèbga hd k`h`+ _gk deb`rna, p`r` dl 23 hd brgl dst`



074

vdkt`m` f`b` hds`p`rdogha+ Dk dst` kudv` ogroukst`kog`, ùsdkt`rsd hdlhdb`td cud uk såebala hd l` gkdxgbglgh`h hd l` oèp`ð` hd LÿpdzAbr`har, hd l` gko`pògh`h hd oèbg`r hd tàotgo` ou`kha dl dsodk`rgaf`b` oèbg`ha r`hgo`ledktd+

O`lhdrÿk cud oaksghdr`ha par las edhgas y l`s dkoudst`s oaea dltrgukc`har hdl prgedr hdb`td+ Dk oèbga, E`hr`za cud oaksghdr`haoaea dl pdrhdhar par l` hdkukog` qud ld fgza Oèp` y par lnukas drrards dsoçkgoas, par dmdepla, ou`kha sd ld o`d uk` fam` hd puktds l sudlasd `nòf` p`r` rdoandrl` y hds`p`rdod eaedktàkdèdktd hd l` p`kt`ll`+ Ka abst`ktd, t`kta O`lhdrÿk oaea E`hr`za hgcukhdk spats dk lasqud sd `suedk oaea las n`k`hards hdl hdb`td+ Hd dstd eaedkta tè

bgçk hdstò` uk gktdlgndktd spat pashdb`td hd Z`trgog` Edro`ha, hakhd prdsdkt` las eaedktas dk las ou`lds las atras trds o`khgh`tas brgkh`kuk rdoakaogegdkta ` l` l`bar hd “Z`ty Edro`ha―, hd e`kdr` qud dl spat sungdrd qud l` gzqugdrhgst` cud l` n`k`har` hdl hdb`td+

Zdra la eàs gepart`ktd ds qud pràotgoèdktd tah`s l`s dkoudst`seudstr`k uk vudloa dldotar`l= O`lhdrÿk rdb`s` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ @ p`rtgr hd dstd eaedkta O`lhdrÿk oaegdkz` ` eastr`r uk` òtgtuh trgukc`lgst` dk su oèp`` oatghg`k`+ Dl h` 2> hd brgl odldbr` su trgukca dk dlhdb`td y o`kt` dl “Eara hd ouep`s―, uk` o`kogÿk tr`hgogak`l edxgo`k`qud rdl`t` oaea uk o`b`lla n`k` uk` o`rrdr` oaktr` tahas las prakÿstg

oas+ Dl ?0 hd brgl O`lhdrÿk rd`lgz` uk trgukc`l ota eultgtuhgk`rga dk l`Zl`z` hd Xaras Eçxgoa y pastdrgaredktd us` l`s geàndkds p`r` uk spat +@hdeàs hd taha, l` oèp`` kdn`tgv` oaktr` Lÿpdz Abr`har sd e`ktgdkd9 dk sus spats hdl pashdb`td, dl p`k hgcukhd ortgo`s ` l` ùsdkog` hdldx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka dk dl hdb`td+

Dk dstd eaedkta dk qud tah`s l`s dkoudst`s eudstr`k uk vudloadldotar`l, Lÿpdz Abr`har vudlvd ` kdn`r dl kudva dsodk`rga= hdso`lgo`` las edhgas, ` tah`s l`s dkoudst`s y e`ktgdkd su dstr`tdng` hd edhgas

hdl gkgoga hd oèp``+ Dk vdz hd oèbg`r su dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` sgnud`past`kha l` dstr`tdng` hd prasdlgtgsea hgrdota, qud sus sgep`tgz`ktds oakvdkz`k ` las gkhdogsas=

Hgodk dk l` r`hga y dk l` tdldvgsgÿk qud y` kas dstàk `lo`kz`kha, gkolusakas lo`kz`rak, pdra ka ds ogdrta9 tdkna uk`s prudb`s hd qud dstèas 0:

puktas `rrgb` hd las atras o`khgh`tas+ Ka ld f`k qugt`ha kg uk` plue` `kudstra n`lla+

Sdkna tèbgçk ` pdhgrlds `paya ` ustdhds, vdkna ` pdhgrlds su oaktrg buogÿk, eàs qud k`h` su p`rtgogpògÿk, y ka ds hgkdra9 sgka qud f`nèasoèp``, dktrd tahas, hdshd `b`ma, qud ustdhds kas `yuhdk ` oakvdkodr ` eàs ndktd, ` cèglg`rds, ègnas ` oaep`dras, parqud kas dstàk qud



073

rgdkha pl`st`r oak edks`mds hd r`hga y hd tdldvgsgÿk y l` edmar oèp``ds l` hd b`ma, l` qud fòd l` ndktd9 y ya ka vay pdhgr hgkdra nrupas hdgktdrdsds ord`has p`r` oaktr`rrdst`rlds ` dllas sus oèp``s hd r`hga ytdldvgsgÿk & ela, 26 hd brgl, 2::3, Fu`yòaoatl`'+

Xahas las dstr`tdn`s hdl prh sgnudk dl mudna hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, kdn`r l`s dkoudst`s, orgtgo`r ` las edhgas+++ Dl 26 hd `brgl, dk dl sdka hdl gcd, dl rdprdsdkt`ktd hdl prh hdkukog` uk` e`kgpulògÿk hd l`s dkoudst`s9 dl

prablde` hd cakha ds qud l`s o`s`s dkoudst`har`s sak gkhdpdkhgdktdshdl gcd y, ùkqud sd hdeastr`r` uk` e`kgpulògÿk hd las dstuhgas, dstdÿrn`ka ka pahr` hdtdkdrl`s+

_gk deb`rna, dl prablde` hd cakha ds qud tah`s l`s dkoudst`s ord

blds hd las ýltgeas h`s hd `brgl y l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hd e`ya eudstr`k uk vudloa dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds= O`lhdrÿk f` rdb`s`ha `Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dktrd l`s prgkogp`lds dkoudst`s qud eudstr`k dstd oè

bga sd pudhd ogt`r ` l` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy, l` hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`, l`hdl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l+++ Dl ?: hd `brgl dk Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r las tde`s odktr`lds sak dl hdb`td, dl oèbga hd prdcdrdkog`s y l` kdn`tgv` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka odpt`r l`s dkoudst`s+

Dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h`, qud f` dst`ha mun`kha c`var hd l` oèp`

` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, tèbgçk hds`rrall` uk` dxgtas` acdksgv` oaktr`l`s o`s`s dkoudst`har`s+ L` Mark`h` lanr` sò`r l` luz l` care` oarpar`tgv` dk qud sd arn`kgz`k l`s `ndkog`s dkoudst`har`s ` tr`vçs hd l`@saogògÿk Edxgo`k` hd @ndkog`s hd Gkvdstgnògak hd Edro`ha y Apgkgÿk Zýblgo` & e`g'+

Dstd pdrgÿhgoa tèbgçk pakd dk dvghdkog` lnuk`s edktgr`s `nr`ktds hd las dkoudst`hards eàs rdoakaoghas hdl p`s+ Dk l` kat`dktrdvgst`

publgo`h` dl 4 hd mukga par M`ged @vglçs, dxfgbd l`s oaktr`hgoogakds hdRay Oèpas, hgrdotar hd l` deprds` Egtacsiy &@vglçs, 4 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dk dst` dktrdvgst` Ray Oèpas sdnur` qud ka tr`b`m` p`r` l` prdsghdkog`, pdra ludna dl rdpartdra eudstr` ` uk` deprds` dkoudst`har` dkou

bgdrt` &hdl egsea Ray Oèpas' qud s còtur` p`r` l` prdsghdkog`+ L` prdnukt` abvg` qud rdst` `l vdr dst`s oaktr`hgoogakds ds= sg las dkoudst`hards egdktdk sabrd sus oaktr`tas hd tr`b`ma, ±par quç ka f`br`k hdedktgr dk sus dkoudst`s1+++ L` rdspudst` abvg` sdr` qud ùk ou`kha `lnukas hd las nr`khds dkoudst`hards hdl p`s cudrak dxfgbghas egktgdkha dk oudstgakds sdoukh`rg`s, ka orda qud sd trdv`k edktgr t`k càogl

edktd dk sus dkoudst`s, puds dxgstdk euofas oaktralds hd sus dstuhgasqud gepasgbglgt`k c`lsd`r las rdsult`has+



07>

Dl ? hd e`ya Lÿpdz Abr`har `nrdn` kudvas h`tas ` su vdrsgÿk hdloaeplat, òus` ` Rèÿk Euðaz, mdcd hd l` Aogk` hd l` Zrdsghdkog`

p`r` l` Gkkavògÿk Nubdrkèdkt`l, hd sdr dl rdspaks`bld hd la qud çlhdkaegk` “nudrr` suog`―=

Xèbgçk ds dl qud tgdkd taha uk dqugpa, uk `p`r`ta p`r` llè`r par tdlçcaka ` las oguh`h`kas hd supudst`s dkoudst`s hdshd l`s qud prdnukt`k=“±Tstdh par qugçk v` ` vat`r1―, y sg oaktdst`k qud par @khrçs E`kudl,gkedhg`tèdktd ld rdspakhdk= “±Tstdh s`bd qud hdmÿ dkhduh`h` l` oguh`h y ustdh ka s`bd qud ds uk papulgst` y uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa1―+Xaha dsa sd e`kdm` hdshd l` Zrdsghdkog` &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l,8 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Ds dk dstd pdrgaha hd dxtr`va hdl o`khgh`ta y hd su oèp`` qud lnukas hd las edhgas hd gzqugdrh` eàs gepart`ktds oaegdkz`k orgtgo`r l`s c`ll`s dstruotur`lds hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+Tk rdpart`md hd l` rdvgst` Zraodsa &Lgzàrr`n`, ?: hd brgl, 2::3' hdstò`qud uka hd las prablde`s odktr`lds hd l` oèp`` hd l` obt ds qud dlo`khgh`ta ka tgdkd oaktr`pdsas, çl egsea hgrgnd l` oèp``, ka las dstr`tdn`s+ Dl rdpart`md oakoluyd qud uka hd las prgkogp`lds prablde`s ds

qud ou`kha dl o`khgh`ta dstà dmdout`kha l`s oogakds, ka tgdkd tgdepa p`r` `k`lgz`r= “ds t`l l` vdlaogh`h hd l` oèp`` qud sÿla f`y tgdepa p`r`dmdout`r+ @lnugdk hgstgkta hdbd tdkdr l` o`bdz` cr` p`r` pdks`r dk quçsd v` ` hdogr+++― &ghde'+

@p`rdktdedktd dl çxgta hdl hds`cudra tuva uk dcdota pdrvdrsa p`r`Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog lds+ Dl hds`cudra f`b` pasgogak`ha ` Lÿpdz Abr`har oaea uk dstr`tdn` paltgoa ndkg`l, uk cudr`hd sdrgd, hd e`kdr` qud hur`ktd l` oèp`` k`hgd sd `trdv` ` rdb`tgr

sus hdogsgakds, dsta ds, sd qudhÿ sgk dstr`tdn`s, sgk oaktr`pdsas dk l`far` hdogsgv` hd l`s oèp``s+ Dsta dxplgo` dl crò`sa hd las dstr`tdn`s palåtgoas hd su dqugpa, oaea Zarrga Euðaz Ldha, E`kudl Oèòfa_als y Rgo`rha Eakrd`l+ Dl t`ldkta hd tahas dllas cud `kul`ha dk lòèp`` par dl çxgta hdl dstr`tdn` hdl hds`cudra+

@hdeàs, Lÿpdz Abr`har ka oakt`b` dk su dqugpa hd oèp`` oakdstr`tdn`s p`r` dl e`kdma hd edhgas, kg sgqugdr` publgogst`s gepart`ktds+ @bukh`b`k las gktdldotu`lds, lÿsacas y fue`kgst`s, gkolusa palåtgoas `vdz`has dk l` palåtgo` dldotar`l, oaea Zarrga Euðaz Ldha, E`kudl Oèòfa _als y Rgo`rha Eakrd`l, pdra c`lt`rak dstr`tdn`s hdedhgas+ Dst` nr`vd ùsdkog` tr`t`rak hd suplgrl` oak l` tr`hgogak`l pu

blgogst` hdl prh, l` `ndkog` “Xdrd _truoi y @saog`has―+ Z`r` e`ya, hds



076

puçs hd qud l` oèp`` f` pdrhgha las 0: puktas hd vdkt`m` par las nal pds edhgàtgoas, ds abvga qud dst` `ndkog` publgogt`rg` f` crò`s`ha&ghde'+

Oà 26gvsÿ spats las o`às pso`ls l 4 e`ya2::3 &soà pasa l pe b` o`às

pso`ls'

O`à gvsÿ spats

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ( ?87 4:3 7>0+::

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har (002 :3> 336+::

Rabdrta E`hr`za (22: 0>7 ?27+::

Rabdrta Oèp` (20 730 :83+::

Z`trgog` Edro`ha (02 ?63 8>>+::

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 6 hd e`ya, 2::3+

Sloa l`s pco`s loa`lspasas `l pe b`

L` dkoudst` pashdb`td hd Egtacsiy sd ldv`kt` dktrd dl 26 hd brgl y dl2 hd e`ya, hd e`kdr` qud pdregtd oakaodr dl dcdota qud f` tdkgha dl

prgedr hdb`td prdsghdkog`l dk dl pýblgoa dldotar+L` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy oakre` qud O`lhdrÿk f` hdspl`z`ha Lÿ

pdz Abr`har dk l`s apgkgakds pasgtgv`s hd l` pablògÿk, dl p`kgst` tdk` dke`rza 26+0$ y far` tgdkd ??$+ Dk oèbga, Lÿpdz Abr`har tdk` ?2+?$y `far` lanr` 27$ hd l`s apgkgakds pasgtgv`s+ La eàs sgnkgo`tgva ds dlvudloa dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s qud ubgo` ` O`lhdrÿk dk dl prgedr lun`r y rdldn` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har `l sdnukha+ @ukqud l` hgcdrdkog` ds hd sÿla uk

pukta ` c`var hdl prgedra, la sgnkgo`tgva ds l` oaebgkògÿk dk l` qudLÿpdz Abr`har pgdrhd ou`tra puktas y O`lhdrÿk n`k` ou`tra puktas+ Atrah`ta sgnkgo`tgva ds qud Z`trgog` Edro`ha n`k` has puktas dxtr`s hds

puçs hd su dxgtas` òtuògÿk dk dl hdb`td+



077

Oà 27Zco`s loa`ls las o`às pso`ls

E`za @bl

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ?0 ?4

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har ?6 ?8

Rabdrta E`hr`za 27 2>

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 0 ?

Rabdrta Oèp` 0 0

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, ? hd e`ya, 2::3+

@far` Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ds dl qud n`k` dk o`sg tahas las gkhgo`hardssaogahdeanràoas, pdra tgdkd su cart`ldz` dk las dldotards faebrds, lashd e`yar dsoal`rgh`h, las hd e`yards gknrdsas, las qud vat`rak par Caxdk dl 2::: y las qud f`k rdogbgha oarrdas dldotrÿkgoas oak prap`n`kh`

paltgo`+ Dk dl kartd hdl p`s, O`lhdrÿk ordod ` oast` hd E`hr`za+ LÿpdzAbr`har e`ktgdkd su cart`ldz` dk las vat`ktds hd e`yar dh`h, las hd l`

Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa+++Dk dl kgvdl hd las p`rtghas tèbgçk sd rdngstr` dl vudloa hd prdcdrdkog`s dk c`var hdl p k+ L` ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst` hd las qud prddrdk l p k ordod 8 puktas &hd 0> ` 20'9 l` hd las qud prddrdk `l prg o`d tèbgçk 8

puktas &hd 28 2:'9 l` hd las qud apt`k par dl prh sd e`ktgdkd gnu`l &0? puktas'+ Dl parodkt`md hd dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds sd dldv` f`st` sueàxgea fgstÿrgoa hd l` oaktgdkh` 80$+ Ou`kha sd prdnukt` sg rd`lgz`ràk vata hgcdrdkog`ha y ka par p`rtgha, 43$ hdol`r` qud vat`rà ` taha dl

p`rtgha, ?0$ par hgcdrdktds p`rtghas y 0?$ ka s`bd+Dl rdpasgogakègdkta hdl p k sd eudstr` ol`rèdktd dk l`s prdcdrdk

og`s qud rdogbdk las o`khgh`tas ` hgput`has hd las p`rtghas, hd e`rza ``brgl, dl p`k p`s` hd ?? ` ?6$9 dl prh b`m` hd 27 23$ y dl prg tèbgçk

b`m` hd ?> ??$ dk sus prdcdrdkog`s+Las kudvas p`rtghas tèbgçk ùedkt`k sgnkgo`tgvèdktd su kgvdl

hd oakaogegdkta dktrd l` pablògÿk, `far` sak oakaoghas par > hd o`h`0: oguh`h`kas+ Z`trgog` Edro`ha p`s` hd sdr oakaogh` par dl 86$ dke`rza l >:$ hd dldotards dk brgl y Rabdrta Oèp` p`s` hd sdr oakaog

ha par 84 l 32$ hd oguh`h`kas+



2::

Oà ?:Zrdcdrdkog`s hd oudrha l`s v`rg`blds saogahdeanrào`s

Zco` cov` cof rae` èLa Aas ta`l

_a Faebrd ?7$ 24$ ?8$ 2$ 0::$Eumdr ?8$ 2>$ ?8$ 4$ 0::$

d`

Hd 06 ` 27 às ?>$ 23$ ??$ 8$ 0::$

Hd ?: ` 87 às ?7$ 2>$ ?:$ 8$ 0::$

Hd 4: y eàs às ?0$ 28$ 80$ 8$ 0::$

dsoal``

Zrge`rg` ??$ ?0$ ?8$ 2$ 0::$

_doukh`rg` ?>$ 27$ 27$ 4$ 0::$

Zrdp`r`targ` ?4$ 2?$ ?3$ 3$ 0::$

Tkgvdrsgh`h y eàs 88$ 20$ ?2$ ?$ 0::$

rÿ

Kartd 88$ ?>$ 0>$ 2$ 0::$

Odktra ?6$ 28$ ?0$ >$ 0::$

_ur 2?$ 8:$ ?>$ :$ 0::$

Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa 2>$ 0:$ 3:$ ?$ 0::$

tpa lao`l`

Trb`ka ?>$ 2?$ ?4$ 4$ 0::$

Rur`l ??$ 8:$ 28$ ?$ 0::$

Saa 2:::

Sgodktd Cax 47$ 0:$ 2>$ 8$ 0::$

Cr`kogsoa L`b`stgh` >$ 33$ 22$ 4$ 0::$

Ouùftçeao Oàrhdk`s 3$ ?$ 63$ 4$ 0::$

Zà lnaba

> dst`has hdl prg Kartd 82$ ?7$ 0>$ 2$ 0::$

0: dst`has hdl prg Odktra_ur ?2$ 2?$ ?7$ 3$ 0::$

7 dst`has hdl p`k 88$ 24$ 23$ 4$ 0::$

4 dst`has hdl prh 2>$ 08$ 4>$ 2$ 0::$

F` oba%e`ls oapap```loa`l

_ f` rdogbgha 87$ 0?$ ?8$ 8$ 0::$

Ka f` rdogbgha ?4$ 2>$ ?8$ 8$ 0::$

kòa`l

Kav:4 ?0$ ?2$ ?>$ 3$ 0::$

Hgo:4 ?2$ ??$ ?4$ 0$ 0::$

Dkd:3 ?0$ 27$ ?7$ 0$ 0::$

Cdb:3 ?:$ 2>$ ?7$ 8$ 0::$

E`r:3 ?0$ 27$ ?6$ ?$ 0::$@br:3 ?4$ 2>$ ?8$ 8$ 0::$

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, ? hd e`ya, 2::3+



2:2

L` dkoudst` hdl Nrupa Rdcare` prapakd v`rgas gkhgo`hards p`r`dv`lu`r sg l`s apgkgakds c`var`blds ` Lÿpdz Abr`har f`k o`ha ` l` p`r hd sus prdcdrdkog`s+ L` rdspudst` hd l` pablògÿk ds oaktukhdktd, o`sgtahas las gkhgo`hards sd`l`k qud l` budk` ge`ndk hd çstd f` o`ha euy

par hdb`ma hd l` hd O`lhdrÿk9 abvgèdktd, l` pdar ge`ndk sgnud sgdkhal` hd E`hr`za+Las dktrdvgst`has `sdnur`k qud dktrd oakaoghas y ègnas sd f`bl`

hdsc`var`bldedktd dk prgedr lun`r hd E`hr`za &?4$'9 dk sdnukha hdLÿpdz Abr`har &?0$' y9 dk tdrodra hd O`lhdrÿk &7$'+ _d oaksghdr` qudl` oèp`` eàs `nrdsgv` ds l` hd E`hr`za &?4$'9 hdspuçs l` hd LÿpdzAbr`har &?2$', y par ýltgea O`lhdrÿk &02$'+ Ou`kha sd prdnukt` ±Pugçksudld oulp`r ` las atras par las prablde`s hdl p`s1, kudvèdktd dl prgedra ds E`hr`za ??$9 dl sdnukha Lÿpdz Abr`har 24$ y9 dl tdrodraO`lhdrÿk, 02 par ogdkta+

Dk dst` dkoudst` pasthdb`td O`lhdrÿk ds dl qud e`ktgdkd uk` ge`ndkeàs c`var`bld+ Zar dmdepla, ou`kha prdnukt`k= ±Pugçk tgdkd l` o`pògh`h p`r` nabdrk`r edmar dl p`s1, las dktrdvgst`has c`vardodk ` O`lhdrÿk ??$9 Lÿpdz Abr`har 24$, y E`hr`za 03 par ogdkta+

Kare`ledktd dk tahas las gkhgo`hards E`hr`za ds qugdk tgdkd pdar rdputògÿk, pdra dk `lnukas hd dllas Lÿpdz Abr`har y` f` o`ha eàsqud E`hr`za, par dmdepla, ou`kha sd prdnukt` ±Pugçk ds dl eàs `nrd

sgva1, Lÿpdz Abr`har ?4$9 E`hr`za 26$9 O`lhdrÿk 08$+ ±Pugçk tdkhr` paltgo`s papulgst`s1, Lÿpdz Abr`har ?4$9 E`hr`za 06$9 O`lhdrÿk 00 par ogdkta+

Rdsult` sgnkgo`tgva qud Lÿpdz Abr`har f`y` p`s`ha hd sdr dl o`khgh`ta oak uk` ge`ndk eàs pasgtgv` ` sdr uka hd las qud tgdkdk uk` ge`ndk eàs kdn`tgv`+ Dl ýkgoa còtar qud f` oèbg`ha dk dstas edsds cud lòèp`` hd oaktr`std hdl p`k, l` ou`l `tòÿ sgstdeàtgoèdktd l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Oà ?2±Pç s la q es f` fofa s oèp``1

Zrapudst`shd nabgdrka

Ortgo`s las atraso`khgh`tas

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ?3$ 8?$

Lÿpdz Abr`har 27$ 4:$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 2?$ 4>$




2:?

Nrào` VSGG

±Pç s la q es f` fofa ss oèp``s1


L`s e`yards v`rgògakds rdngak`lds sd rdngstr`k dk dl odktraaooghdktd, hakhd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk subd > puktas y Lÿpdz Abr`har b`m` 0:,`s oaea dk dl sur, hakhd èbas sd hgsput`k dl lghdr`zna rdngak`l+++&Nrupa Rdcare`, ? hd e`ya, 2::3'+

Lÿpz Abà so` s s`` eo`

@ pds`r hd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har pýblgoèdktd kgdn` dl vudloa dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds qud rdngstr`k tah`s l`s dkoudst`s, dk las prgedras h`s hd e`ya gkgog` uk` rddstruoturògÿk hd l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo`hd su oèp``+ @far` s buso`rà dktr`r ` las edhgas brgkh`kha dktrdvgst`s y oak uk` oèp`` publgogt`rg` eàs `nrdsgv`, l` ou`l hgcukhgrà,

gkolusa, spats kdn`tgvas sabrd O`lhdrÿk+ Ka abst`ktd, e`ktdkhrà l` cart`ldz` hd l` dstr`tdng` tgdrr`, uk` gktdks` eavglgzògÿk papul`r+Las vaodras hd l` oèp`` y dl egsea o`khgh`ta, `s oaea v`rgas

rdpartds hd prdks` &Rèas, > hd e`ya, 2::3', eudstr`k qud ` prgkog pgas hd e`ya sd rddstruotur` l` dstr`tdng` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Hd `far`dk hdl`ktd Lÿpdz Abr`har hdhgo`rà eàs tgdepa las edhgas, brgkh`ràdktrdvgst`s dk pranrè`s hd lta r`tgkn y, sabrd taha, acrdodrà kuedras`s dktrdvgst`s ` las edhgas rdngak`lds+ Zar dmdepla, dl h` 3 hd e`ya

brgkh` aofa dktrdvgst`s hd r`hga dk uk sÿla h` ` su p`sa par Nu`h`l`m`r`+ Xèbgçk oaegdkz` brgkh`r dktrdvgst`s las pranrè`s tdldvgsgvashd e`yar r`tgkn, oaea Dl ogroa hd Braza, dl o`k`l eusgo`l etv +++ &ghde'+



2:8

L` kudv` dstr`tdng` prdvç qud las lhdrds p`rtghgst`s hd l` obt y susvaodras dktrdk eàs dk dl hdb`td hd las tde`s oayuktur`lds, p`r` la ou`latra nrupa hd `ltas cukogak`rgas hdl nhc &oaea Olùhg` _fdgkbùe'rdkukog`k sus o`rnas y sd gkoarpar`k l` oèp``+ Dktrd las vaodras

qud sd gkoarpar`k `l hdb`td hg`rga sd dkoudktr`k paltgoas hd nr`k tr`ydotarg` oaea Zarrga Euðaz Ldha, rdspaks`bld hdl Oaksdma Oaksultgva9 Faròga Hu`rtd, rdprdsdkt`ktd ktd dl gcd9 Ldakdl Oat` Eaktà, lhdr kògak`l hdl prh9 Ndr`rha Cdrkàkhdz Kara`, vaodra hdl prh9 las hgput`has Gktg Euaz y Z`bla Nÿedz9 `s oaea dl hgrgndktd o`pgt`lgka hdlprh, E`rt B`trds+

Xèbgçk sd oaktr`tÿ uk orçhgta par 4: egllakds hd pdsas p`r` oaktr`t`r eàs spats, dspdog`ledktd sd hgcukhgràk las hd rdspudst` l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hdl p`k &ghde'+

@ sdedm`kz` hd sus hvdrs`rgas, l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har tè bgçk gkst`l` o`ll odktdrs dk tahas las dst`has hdl p`s p`r` gkvgt`r ` l`ndktd ` vat`r par l` obt edhg`ktd llè`h`s tdldcÿkgo`s &_`ýl, 28 hde`ya, 2::3'+

Dl rdl`kzègdkta hd l` oèp`ð` ds `kukog`ha aog`ledktd dl 03 hde`ya dk dl gkcare`tgva dstdl`r hd Xdldvgs`= Dl Katgogdra, dk uk` dktrdvgst` oak dl oakhuotar Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`+ Dk dstd dspòga, LÿpdzAbr`har `kukog` uk rdl`kzègdkta hd l` oèp``, eàs prdsdkog` dk

edhgas, “oak dktrdvgst`s y spats p`r` ol`r`r o`luekg`s qud ld dkhas` dlp`k―+ _gk deb`rna, oaktgku`rà oak las rdoarrghas “` r`s hd tgdrr`―, y `legsea tgdepa gkordedkt`rà su prdsdkog` dk tdldvgsgÿk, par edhga hddktrdvgst`s y spats+

Gksgstd dk qud sd e`ktgdkd dk prgedr lun`r y qud las edhgas fòdkeuofa dsoàkh`la oak sus drrards pdra ka oak las hd las `hvdrs`rgas=“@f ka, ol`ra+ Tka oaedtd drrards, s, oaea las oaedtdk dllas, k`h` eàsqud las kudstras las e`nkgo`k, tgdkd euofa doa― & ela, Dl Katgogdra,

03 hd e`ya, 2::3'+@l k`l hd l` dktrdvgst`, hd e`kdr` `prdt`h`, dkvå` uk s`luha ` lasgktdnr`ktds hd l` _dldoogÿk Edxgo`k` hd cutbal qud v`k oègka l eukhg`l hd @lde`kg`+ Lÿpdz Abr`har sd katÿ carz`ha dkvg`kha s`luhas l`sdldoogÿk y eàs tr`t`kha hd lanr`r uk dcdota edhgàtgoa+ @ l` vdz, dstds`luha carz`ha oaktr`st` oak l` òtgtuh hd O`lhdrÿk, qugdk dsd egseah` f`b` òuhgha `l dktrdkègdkta hd l` sdldoogÿk hd cýtbal, p`r` fòdr rakh` oak dllas y tae`rsd catas, dvdkta qud cud oubgdrta par tahas lasedhgas+++

L` rddstruoturògÿk hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ka supakd ukoèbga dspdotòul`r, oaea suodhgÿ oak l` rddstruoturògÿk qud rd`lgzÿO`lhdrÿk9 puds dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, ` pds`r hd praedtdr eàs prdsdk



2:4

og` dk edhgas e`ktgdkd uk` hgst`kog` ortgo` oak las pdrgahgst`s+ Gkolusatah`v` sd rdngstr`k euof`s qudm s hd las pdrgahgst`s sabrd l` gko`pògh`h hd çstd p`r` brgkh`r dktrdvgst`s ` las edhgas kògak`lds, y` ka hgnèas las rdngak`lds+

@ k hd oudkt`s, dl o`khgh`ta sd rdsgstd mun`r uk p`pdl eàs edhgàtgoa y oaktgkuèdktd sd qudm` hdl pdsa qud tgdkdk las edhgas= “Ka pahdeas vgvgr dk uk eukha hakhd haegkd l` tdldvgsgÿk, ds hdogr, qud vgvèas dk l` rdpýblgo` hd l` tdldvgsgÿk― &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 0 hd

mukga, 2::3'+Dl nr`k prablde` hd qud l` oèp`` edhgàtgo` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har

cudr` hdogdktd, dr` qud oaepdtå` oak uk` oèp`ð` edhgàtgo` hd O`lhdrÿk euy supdrgar ou`ktgt`tgv` y ou`lgt`tgvèdktd+ Dl dldedkta eàssgnkgo`tgva hd l` oèp`ð` p`kgst` ds qud su publgogh`h lanr`b` saog`r sus spats kdn`tgvas oak las tde`s kdn`tgvas qud eàs cdot`rak l` oè

p`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl edmar dmdepla ds dl o`sa hd l` sgkdrng` lanr`h` dktrd las prgedras spats kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk oak dltde` Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s, uka hd las eàs gepart`ktds hd l` oèp``9atra o`sa cud l` publgogh`h `saog`h` oak l` ùsdkog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl prgedr hdb`td prdsghdkog`l+

@hdeàs, Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk munÿ pldkèdktd gkoghgr dk l` ndkh` oakuk` brgll`ktd òtuògÿk hd paltgo` dspdotàoula+ Z`r` dlla sdnu` `l pgd

hd l` ldtr` las prgkogpgas bàsgoas hdl e`ridtgkn= otu`r crdktd l` oàe`r`, pas`r p`r` l`s catas, buso`r oogakds dspdotòul`rds, dsodk`s dk eavgegdkta p`r` dl vghda, cr`sds ratukh`s &saukh bgtds'+++ @ l` edkar pravaoògÿk dl o`khgh`ta eastr`b` sus hatds hd o`kt`ktd y òtar, `ktd

mÿvdkds, lb`glds, eumdrds+++Dl 2: hd e`rza O`lhdrÿk mudn` uk p`rtgha hd cutbal9 dk dl p`rtgha sd

dkcrdkt` su dqugpa hd oèp`` &rdcarz`ha oak las oèpdakds eukhg`lds hd l` sub 0>' oaktr` las rdpartdras qud oubrdk l` oèp``9 dk dl ol

e`x hdl p`rtgha dl o`khgh`ta tgr` uk pdk`ltg y edtd nal+++ Hur`ktd susrdoarrghas oatghg`kas mudn` e`kdm`r vdfoulas hd taha tgpa p`r` pas`r `ktd l`s oàe`r`s= ou`trgeata, tr`gldr, tròtar, eataogoldt`, t`xg+++ Dl ?0 hd`brgl, dk uk rdoarrgha par uk edro`ha papul`r, òtý` oaea uk oaedrog`ktd depum`kha uk o`rrgta hd o`rn`+ Dl 6 hd `brgl dk atra edro`ha

mudn` sdr uk o`rkgodra+++@hdeàs O`lhdrÿk sgstd euofas hd las pranrè`s tdldvgsgvas hd e`

yar r`tgkn= Dl ogroa hd Braza, Sdkt`kd`kha, Atra ralla, dl o`k`l hd eýsgo` etv &27 hd e`ya'+++ Dl 20 hd e`rza dk dl pranrè` hd hdpartds hdXdldvgs` L` mun`h`, sd pakd l` oègsdt` hd l` sdldoogÿk oaea eudstr`hd paya+ Dl 20 hd e`ya dk dl prgkogp`l pranrè` hd hdpartds hd Xdldvgs` ds dktrdvgst`ha sabrd su pranrè` hd praeaogÿk hdl hdpartd+ Dl > hd



2:3

`brgl `sgstd `l cara Dspòga 2::3 , arn`kgz`ha par Xdldvgs`+ Dk oèbga,Lÿpdz Abr`har sÿla `sgstd ` `lnukas hd dstas pranrè`s, y hdsprdog` `l` e`yar`9 hd còta, rdkukog` ` p`rtgogp`r dk las hd e`yar r`tgkn oaeaAtra ralla y Sdkt`kd`kha+ @p`rdktdedktd dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka `sgstd

` las pranrè`s hakhd las oakhuotards tgdkdk uk` lgògÿk hd gzqugdrh`&Dl ogroa hd Braza, @kge`l kaoturka+++'+@hdeàs, oaea y` sd f`b` sd`l`ha, Lÿpdz Abr`har kg sgqugdr` oubrd

l` `ndkh` hd prdsdktògakds dk `lnukas hd las nr`khds caras hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl, ka `sgstd ` l`s rdukgakds deprds`rg`lds, kg re` las òudrhasqud ld prapakdk arn`kgzògakds ogvglds+++ Zar dmdepla, dl 7 hd e`ya, Lÿ

pdz Abr`har ds dl ýkgoa o`khgh`ta qud ka sgstd ` re`r dl òudrha oakl` arn`kgzògÿk Eçxgoa Tkgha Oaktr` l` Hdlgkoudkog`+ @p`rdktdedktd,dk vdz hd buso`r oogakds gkkav`har`s hd vghdapaltgo` oaea dl rdsta hdo`khgh`tas, dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka hdsprdog` las dcdotas edhgàtgoas yrd`lgz` uk` oèp`` qud rdoudrh` las vgdmas tgdepas hdl prg+

Atra pukta cudrtd hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ds su o`pògh`h hd rds pudst` `ktd l` ndkh` pýblgo` kògak`l+ @ktd ou`lqugdr `t`qud rdspakhdràpghèdktd dk las edhgas+ Dk Dl Katgogdra hd Xdldvgs`, ds uk` oakst`ktd qud sd oaksgnkd l` rdòogÿk hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ` ou`lqugdr òusògÿk, gkolusa sd ld prgvgldng` dk l` tae` hd pasgogÿk rdspdota ` lashgvdrsas dvdktas hd l` vgh` kògak`l, p`rtgogpògakds qud ka sd absd

qug`k l rdsta hd o`khgh`tas+ Zar dmdepla, dl 0: hd e`rza, Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`ldd uk oaeukgo`ha hd l` o`s` hd oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk sabrd dlraepgegdkta hd l`s kdnaogògakds p`r` l` arn`kgzògÿk hd las hdb`tds9dl h` 08 hd cdbrdra ou`kha dst`ll` dl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa, Dl

Katgogdra oaksgnk` l` rdòogÿk hd O`lhdrÿk sabrd dl dsoàkh`la9 dl h` 04hd e`ya, sd prdsdktÿ l` rdòogÿk hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ` l` hdogsgÿk hdl

prdsghdktd dst`haukghdksd Busf hd dkvg`r ` l` Nu`rhg` Kògak`l ` l`craktdr` oak Eçxgoa+++

@p`rtd hd dst`s rdòogakds, dk dl sdnedkta hd l`s oèp``s sd valv`` prdsdkt`r l` `ndkh` hd òtgvgh`hds hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, hd l` egse`care` qud sd prdsdkt`b` l` `ndkh` hdl rdsta hd las o`khgh`tas+ La ge

part`ktd `qu ds qud ` Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk sd ld absdqug`b`k has p`rtgogpògakds y l rdsta hd las o`khgh`tas uk`, pdra, sabrd taha, sd eastr`b` lo`khgh`ta oaea uk òtar o`p`z hd rdspakhdr ` las rdtas hd l` `ndkh`

pýblgo` kògak`l+Atra hd las rdoursas qud praeudvd gktdksèdktd l` oèp`` hd O`l

hdrÿk ds dl rdsp`lha hd pdrsak`mds papul`rds+ Euofas pdrsak`mds cèasas oatghg`kèdktd brgkh`k su `paya ` O`lhdrÿk hd e`kdr` pýblgo` ydsta sd hgcukhd dk sus spats, s oaea dk l`s katgog`s hd las pdrgahgst`s+++

Kg qud hdogr hd l` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd dstrdll`s hd l` c`ràkhul`, hdpartgst`s



2:>

edxgo`kas gktdrkògak`lds y f`st` pdrsak`lgh`hds oçldbrds hd l` vgh`saog`l qud `pay`k l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+

Dktrd las rtgst`s qud p`rdodk dk sus dvdktas ya ld brgkh`k su payahdstò`k= Ofdspgrgta y Clargkh` Edz`, l` _akar` _`kt`kdr`, dl o`kt`ktd

Zdpd @nugl`r, las Iuebg` Igkns, Zdhra Cdrkàkhdz, l` _akar` Hgkègt`,dl Zalgvaz+++ Dktrd las hdpartgst`s qud la pay`k pýblgoèdktd p`rdodk=Grghg` y Aso`r _`l`z`r &edh`llgst`s alepgoas hd t`d iwak ha'9 dl vdlaogst` @ldm`khra Oàrhdk`s9 las dx cutbalgst`s hd l` sdldoogÿk kògak`l E`kudl Kdnrdtd, O`rlas Fdreasglla, @hrgàk Ofàvdz, @lbdrta N`ro` @spd9dl dx tdkgst` Lda L`v`lld+++ Edrdodk uk` edkogÿk dspdog`l las spats hdcutbal qud cudrak tr`ksegtghas hur`ktd las p`rtghas hd l` sdldoogÿkedxgo`k` dk l` Oap` Eukhg`l, puds dk dstas kukogas lnukas sdldoogak`has oaea Olùhga _uàrdz, Rgo`rha Asarga y Igiåk Caksdo` ld brgkh`rak su `paya+++

@ukqud O`lhdrÿk eudstr` edkas `payas hd ogdktåoas d gktdldotu`lds, `lnukas hd dllas s ld acrdodk pýblgoèdktd su vata, par dmdepla=E`rga Ealgk`, prdega Kÿbdl hd quego`, dl padt` Faedra @rghmgs+++

Dl dqugpa hd oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ds dspdog`ledktd ord`tgva p`r` pranrè`r òtgvgh`hds p`r` las mÿvdkds= dl ? hd e`rza, l` oèp`` rdn`l` gkvgtògakds `l ogkd9 dl 08 hd e`rza dk l` pàngk` wdb sd oudln` uk vghdamudna dk dl qud O`lhdrÿk luof` oaktr` `kge`lds c`ktàstgoas oaea dl

Zdmdl`n`rta y E`hr`zùrga9 hdshd kds hd e`ya, dl dqugpa hd oèp`ðàrn`kgz` dst`s dk hgsoatdo`s & Blud Z`rty' p`r` praeavdr dl vata+++

L` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk cud euy ord`tgv` p`r` gepòt`r dk edhgas`p`rtd hd las tr`hgogak`lds, par dmdepla, l`s dkoudst` hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy hd `brgl e`ro` qud l` pablògÿk qud f`b` rdogbgha oarrdas dldotrÿkgoas prdcdr` ` O`lhdrÿk+

@ukqud l`s trds oèp``s prgkogp`lds cudrak gkkav`har`s p`r` dlusa hd l`s kudv`s tdokalan`s l` eàs ord`tgv` cud l` hd O`lhdrÿk+ Zuds

l`s trds oèp``s ka sÿla hgsd`rak pàngk`s wdb, sgka tèbgçk e`glgkn hd prap`n`kh` kdnr`, blans+++ @hdeàs l`s oèp``s rdourrdktdedktdus`rak edks`mds ses p`r` hgcukhgr prap`n`kh`+ _d rd`lgz`rak sgstde`shd `pudst`s par gktdrkdt+++

Las etgkds hdl p k dk l` e`yar` hd ao`sgakds sd hgsd`k oaea ukdspdotàoula p`r` las `sgstdktds+ Zar dmdepla, hur`ktd l` ngr` hd O`lhdrÿk par dl Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa las etgkds sak èdkgz`has par `rtgst`seuy papul`rds= _akar` _`kt`kdr`, B`kh` E`nudy, @e`kh` Egnudl yHgdna Sdrh`nudr+++ Dk las etgkds sd rdp`rtdk rdn`las ` l` eultgtuh, sdrgc`k `p`r`tas dldotrahaeçstgoas d gkolusa ùtas kudvas+++ oaea sd pudhd vdr, ds uk` oèp`` qud hdrraof` rdoursas+



2:6

B`t`ll` oèp`l hd spats kdn`tgvas prdvg` `l sdnukha hdb`td

Dk las prgedras h`s hd e`ya, l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oaegdkz` uk` acdksgv` hd spats kdn`tgvas oaktr` l` o`khgh`tur` hd O`lhdrÿk+

Dst` oèp`` kdn`tgv` hd l` obt rdogbd prakt` rdspudst` par p`rtd hd lòèp`` hdl p k+ Dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds, l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hd l` oè p`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ràpghèdktd ds kdutr`lgz`h` oak spats hd rdspudst`s hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+

Dl 8 hd e`ya l` obt hgcukhd uk spat dk dl qud òus`k `l p`k hd kaf`bdr ord`ha uk sala deplda dk taha dl sdxdkga, dk oèbga, `rnuedkt`k, Lÿpdz Abr`har f`br` ord`ha 6:: ::: depldas+ Dl > hd e`ya dl p k rdspakhd oak uk spat dk dl ou`l sd `re` qud ds uk` edktgr` qud dl dxMdcd hd Nabgdrka fubgdr` ord`ha 6:: ::: depldas, dl spat rdoupdr` l`cr`sd= “Lÿpdz Abr`har ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+

Çst` ds l` tÿkgo` hd l`s sde`k`s prdvg`s `l sdnukha hdb`td, l`s hasoèp``s puktdr`s sd trdkz`k dk uk` b`t`ll` hd praeaogak`lds kdn`tgvas+ Kudvèdktd sd hdeudstr` l` supdrgargh`h dstr`tçngo` hd l` oèp`` hdl p`k, puds pràotgoèdktd tahas las spats kdn`tgvas hd l` obt sakrdspakhghas par dl p k+ @hdeàs dl p`k lanr` hgcukhgr `lnukas praea%ogak`lds qud kudvèdktd e`ro`k l` `ndkh` pýblgo` &sabrd taha dl spat Xl`lp`k', pdra çstas ka rdogbdk uk` rdspudst` dcdotgv` par p`rtd hd l`

oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+Dk dstd pdrgaha hd tr`ksgogÿk hd l`s oèp``s, dl praeaogak`l kdn`

tgva hdl p`k qud tuva e`yar gepòta cud dl hdkaegk`ha spat Xl`lp`kdl`bar`ha par dl p k+ Dstd spat pravdof` dl olge` hd vgaldkog` qud f`k

prahuogha `lnukas oakgotas saog`lds+ L` oakcraktògÿk qud h` pgd `lspat cud uk dkcrdktègdkta hd oèpdsgkas oaeukdras hd _`k _`lv`har @tdkoa oak l` palgo`, qud aourrd dl ? hd e`ya hd 2::3+ Dl eatk sd oakvgrtgÿ dk uk rd`lgty sfaw hd l` vgaldkog` dk dl eaedkta dk qud l`s oàe`

r`s hd l`s has nr`khds tdldvgsar`s tr`ksegtgdrak dk vgva dl brut`l dkcrdktègdkta+ Dl 8 hd e`ya l` oakcraktògÿk tdregk` oak uk` s`knrgdkt`rdprdsgÿk hd las pabl`hards qud f`b`k oaeb`tgha l` palgo`+

Dl 4 hd e`ya, O`lhdrÿk pravdof` dl ebgdktd pýblgoa hd rdpuls` fòg`l` vgaldkog`, p`r` rdspaks`bglgz`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd l` b`rb`rgd parqud“dk atr`s ao`sgakds Lÿpdz Abr`har f` mustgo`ha l` vgaldkog`― &CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk, Dl Katgogdra, 4 hd e`ya, 2::3'+ Dl > hd e`ya, dl dx Mdcd hd Na

bgdrka `hvgdrtd qud ka rdspakhdrà ` O`lhdrÿk parqud su `reògÿk “dsuk` vuln`rgh`h―+ Dl 6 hd e`ya E`hr`za tèbgçk ous`rà las p`rtghas hdlòbthd dst`r gkvaluor`has oak las oaeukdras “vgaldktas― hd @tdkoa+ Dklas h`s sgnugdktds, E`hr`za gksgstgrà dk su òusògÿk9 ` oèbga, LÿpdzAbr`har e`ktgdkd su pasgogÿk, “ka rdspakhdrç vuln`rgh`hds―+



2:7

Zar ýltgea, dl 00 hd e`ya l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk hgcukhd uk spat tgpa kat` ram`, dk dl qud sd dxfgbdk oudrpas hdstraz`has y sd e`kgpulùk hgsoursa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har p`r` `p`rdkt`r qud çl f` mustgo`ha dsdtgpa hd vgaldkog`+ Dl praeaogak`l tae` uk hgsoursa dk dl qud Lÿpdz

Abr`har, dk uk` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks`, tr`t` hd dxplgo`r o`sas fgstÿrgoashd lgkofègdktas y dxtr`dk uk sdnedkta hdsoaktdxtu`lgz`ha9 oak dstè`kgpulògÿk, sd fòd orddr qud Lÿpdz Abr`har mustgo` l` vgaldkog`+

_pat “tl`lp`―

Saz ge`

Saz dk acc=

Lÿpdz Abr`har mustgo` l` b`rb`rgd yqud sd raep` l` ldy

Geàndkds hd uk` oakcraktògÿk

vgaldkt` dktrd l` palgo` y oèpdsgkasdk X`b`soaLdtrdra, Xae` hd pazas pdtraldrasdk X`b`soa dko`bdz`h` par LÿpdzAbr`har

Saz dk acc=

Dsta hgma tr`s uk lgkofègdkta

Ge`ndk hd has o`hàvdrds oaln`khahd uk` dstruotur` edtàlgo`+++Ldtrdra= Lgkofègdkta dk Xl`lp`k

2::0=Saz dk acc=

L` ldoogÿk ds “oak l`s tr`hgogakds hdl pudbla, oak sus orddkog`s+++ v`ld eàska edtdrsd―

Ge`ndk barras` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ou`hra f`bl`kha &ldtrdra= Rudh` hd

prdks` 2> hd mulga 2::0'_`ld uk` p`ngk` hd pdrgÿhgoa hakhdsd ldd uk dko`bdz`ha= Mustgo` èla lgkofègdkta

Geàndkds hd pdrsak`s qud nalpd`ko`hàvdrdsLdtrdra= Lgkofègdkta dk Xlàfuò&2::8'

Saz dk acc=

Lÿpdz Abr`har ds uk pdlgnra p`rÈçxgoa

Ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har _`ld uk ldtrdra dkoge`= LÿpdzAbr`har ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa



20:

Dl spat Xl`lp`k ds uk` dxodldktd eudstr` hdl t`ldkta y hd las dxodsas` las qud lldn`rak las publgogst`s hd O`lhdrÿk+02 F`y qud hegr`r dl tr`

b`ma hd gkvdstgnògÿk, puds nr`k p`rtd hd l` gkcareògÿk prdsdkt`h` dsvdrhgo`, pdra sd us` p`r` lldn`r ` oakolusgakds sgk sustdkta+ Ds ogdrta

qud Lÿpdz Abr`har dko`bdzÿ eavgegdktas saog`lds qud lldn`rak ` oakcraktògakds oak l` palgo` dk l`s tae`s hd pazas pdtraldras9 tèbgçk dsogdrta qud hdspuçs hdl tràngoa lgkofègdkta hd Xl`lp`k, Lÿpdz Abr`har `suegÿ uk` pastur` oakcus` d gkolusa ds ogdrta qud dxprdsÿ l`s p`l`br`squd ld `trgbuydk dk dl spat &“L` ldoogÿk ds “oak l`s tr`hgogakds hdl pud

bla, oak sus orddkog`s+++ v`ld eàs ka edtdrsd―'+ Xèbgçk sak vdrhgo`sl`s brut`lds geàndkds qud prdsdkt` dl spat sabrd dl lgkofègdkta hdXl`lp`k, s oaea l`s hdl lgkofègdkta hd Xlàfuò+ Zdra taha dstd rsdk`l hd gkcareògÿk sd usÿ p`r` `re`r `lna qud hdkgtgvèdktd ka drògdrta= qud Lÿpdz Abr`har f`bå` mustgo`ha dxprdsèdktd uk lgkofègdkta+

L` dxprdsgÿk hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka dstà us`h` cudr` hd oaktdxta ydke`ro`h` dk uk hgsoursa qud argdkt` ` pdks`r qud dcdotgvèdktd Lÿ

pdz Abr`har fòd uk` `palan` hd l` vgaldkog`+ _gk deb`rna, las fdofaska rdsp`lh`k dst` vdrsgÿk+ L` fgstarg` vdrhgo` ds qud hdspuçs hdl lgkofègdkta hd Xl`lp`k, Lÿpdz Abr`har acrdogÿ su tr`hgogak`l oakcdrdkog` e``kdr`+ Dk dst` oakcdrdkog gktdktÿ dxplgo`r ktrapalÿngoèdktd

v`rgas o`sas fgstÿrgoas dk las ou`lds `lnuk`s pdrsak`s qud `nrdhgdrakl`s oastuebrds hd uk pabl`ha rdsult`rak lgkof`h`s+ Tka hd dstas o`sasds dl lgkofègdkta hd Xl`lp`k, hakhd l` pablògÿk `sdsgkÿ ` uk l`hrÿkqud cud hdsoubgdrta ou`kha rab`b` uk tdepla+ Dk dstd oaktdxta, LÿpdzAbr`har gktdkt` uk` gktdrprdtògÿk hd tgpa “`ktrapalÿngo`― hdl oaepartègdkta hd l` pablògÿk, su gktdrprdtògÿk pudhd sdr odpt`h` a rdof`z`h`9 pdra hdkgtgvèdktd ka sd pudhd `sdnur`r qud dst` dxplgoògÿk“`ktrapalÿngo`― f`y` mustgo`ha las lgkofègdktas+ Hd còta, l` palgo`

hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l deprdkhd l` gkvdstgnògÿk pdk`l oarrdspakhgdktd p`r` o`stgn`r ` las rdspaks`blds+Atra sase` hdl spat ds nrdn`r l` sdoudkog` hd o`sas l`s geàndkds

hdl lgkofègdkta hd Xlàfuò, sabrd dl ou`l Lÿpdz Abr`har ka tuva gktdrvdkogÿk kg gktdrprdtògÿk lnuk`, pdra qud dk l` sdoudkog` hd geànd

02 Ka ds uk` `reògÿk prapg` qud dl spat tdrngvdrs`b` y e`kgpul`b`, sgka qud cud lòakolusgÿk ` l` qud lldnÿ dl gcd p`r` prafgbgr dl spat Xl`lp`k+ Zar atr` p`rtd, hdba rdoarh`r

qud l` e`yar` hd edhgas prdstgng`has tgdkdk oaea paltgo` dk sus oÿhgnas hd çtgo` ka dxfg bgr o`hàvdrds, euofa edkas o`hàvdrds hdstraz`has, oaea fò`k `lnukas spats hdl p`k hd bgha l gepòta kdn`tgva qud dsta tgdkd dk dl pýblgoa+ Rdspdota ` dst`s prafgbgogakds, sd pudhd vdr dl E`ku`l hdl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Z`ås+



200

kds y oak l` nr`vd geputògÿk qud y` sd f`b` fdofa, fòd `p`rdodr `Lÿpdz Abr`har oaea uk palandt` hd tahas las lgkofègdktas+ Hdsnròg`hèdktd orda qud dl spat Xl`lp`k ds euy do`z parqud las edhgas dkdsd eaedkta f`b`k s`tur`ha dl ebgdktd oak las ýltgeas o`sas hd vga

ldkog` &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 26 hd e`ya, 2::3'+ Dl p k `pravdof` dstdoaktdxta p`r` oulp`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd tah` l` vgaldkog` qud at` dkdl ebgdktd+

Zar t`kta, dl spat Xl`lp`k sgnud l` lkd` hdl hgsoursa eàs `nrdsgva hdl` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+ Kuedras`s tae`s hd o`hàvdrds hdstraz`has

p`r` e`kgpul`r l` gkcareògÿk+++ p`rdodk atra hd las nr`vds dxodsas hdl` oèp`` p`kgst`+ Lèdkt`bldedktd, dstas dxodsas hd l` oèp``hd O`lhdrÿk sd oakmun`k oak l` gko`pògh`h hd l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har p`r` rdspakhdr las t`quds+

X`kta Lÿpdz Abr`har oaea sus vaodras kgdn`k dk sus hdol`rògakds` l` prdks` l` vdrsgÿk hdl spat Xl`lp`k, pdra ka prdsdkt`k sgqugdr` uk

praeaogak`l hd rdspudst`+ Hd còta, l` otgtuh ndkçrgo` hdl o`khgh`ta dska hdb`tgr sabrd dstd tde` parqud ld p`rdod uk` “vuln`rgh`h― l` òusògÿk+ Dl 06 hd e`ya dl prh hdkukog` `ktd dl gcd qud dl spat Xl`lp`kegdktd, puds sd f` tdrngvdrs`ha l` hdol`rògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dxgndk `l gcd qud prafb` dl praeaogak`l+ Cgk`ledktd, dl gcd oakodhd l` r`zÿk l` obt y prafbd dl spat dl 22 hd e`ya9 dk ogdrt` care` y` ds t`rhd,

puds dl praeaogak`l y` f` tdkgha dl tgdepa suogdktd hd pranrèògÿk+Z`r`ldlèdktd, atras dvdktas rde`ro`k dl ebgdktd hd vgaldkog`+ Dl 00

hd e`ya uk nrupa hd pdrrdhgst`s rdvgdkt` uk egtgk hd O`lhdrÿk dk X` b`soa+ Dl hgrgndktd hdl p k, E`kudl Dspgka, `pravdof` p`r` oulp`r `Lÿpdz Abr`har hd l` rdydrt`, `re` qud l` e`kgcdstògÿk vgaldkt` hdlas oarrdlgngak`rgas hdl pdrrdhgst` oakre` qud “Lÿpdz Abr`har ds uk

pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+ Dl 03 hd e`ya, Hdedtra _ahg, dl o`khgh`ta hdlp`k ` l` Mdc`tur` hd nhc tèbgçk us` spats dk las qud p`rdodk kuedra

s`s tae`s hd o`hàvdrds p`r` oulp`r l` hegkgstrògÿk hdl prh &qud dstuva dko`bdz`h` par Lÿpdz Abr`har' hd l` hdlgkoudkog` urb`k`+

_pat “_a o` s`―

Saz ge`

Pud tdrrgbld ds vgvgr oak egdha,egdha ou`kha s`ld uka l` o`lld

uk` o`lld asour`, oaea dst`, y` b`st`hd edktgr`s, dk dstas ou`tra as kaf` f`bgha kgknýk v`kod+

_ahg oègk` dk uk` o`lld asour`s,f`bl`kha l` oàe`r`

Ldtrdra= _ahgZ`r` dl Nabgdrka hdl H+C+



202

L` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa ds uk` hd l`soguh`hds eàs gksdnur`s hdl eukha

_doudkog` hd Geàndkds= o`hàvdr tgr`ha dk dl sudla oubgdrta par uk`sàb`k`9 pdrgtas cardksds o`rn`kha uko`hàvdr dk uk latd b`lha9 hgbuma

cardksd hd uk oudrpa dk dl sudla9 pgdsoak z`p`tastdkgs hd uk o`hàvdr9ge`ndk hdl o`hàvdr oubgdrta par uk`sàb`k` cudr` hd uk bus9 uk o`squgllahd b`l` dk dl sudla hdktra hd ukoroula hd tgz`9 z`p`ta hdktra hd ukoroula hd tgz`9 e`ka dks`knrdkt`h`dk dl sudla oak uk` ll`vd hd ùta9o`hàvdr tgr`ha dk dl sudla oubgdrta

par uk` sàb`k`9 catÿnr`ca cardksdsò`kha catas hd uk sdsgk`ta,

Hd ogdk hdlgtas qud sd oaedtdk dk lòguh`h, salèdktd uk hdlgkoudktdò`b` dk l` oàrodl, atr`s oguh`hds dkdl eukha f`k rdsudlta dl prablde` hdl` gksdnurgh`h, ±par quç ka la vèas` rdsalvdr kasatras dk l` Oguh`h hdEçxgoa1

Olasd up hdl rastra hd _ahg egdktr`sf`bl`

Xae` hd _ahg egdktr`s f`bl`

La qud kdodsgtèas ds qud lashdlgkoudktds dstçk dk l` oàrodl, la qudkdodsgtèas ds uk` palgo` hd

prgedr`, pracdsgak`l, bgdk p`n`h`+_akgha hd uk` sgrdk` hd p`trull`

Apdr`tgva palgogòa hd tr`sl`ha hd ukhdlgkoudktd, palgo`s oarrdkoubrgdkha l`s dsp`lh`s hdlhdlgkoudktd9 nrupa hd palgo`s oak

p`trull`s dk uk` `vdkgh`9 olasd up hduk` edtr`ll`har`9

Tk` palgo` qud dstç hd kudstra l`haka hdl l`ha hd las hdlgkoudktds+

Dst` oguh`h ds kudstr`, sg ka l`s`lvèas ` hÿkhd kas vèas+

Olasd up hd _ahg_ahg sgnud oègk`kha par l` o`lld

asour`, h` l` dsp`lh` l` oàe`r` ysgnud oègk`kha

Lana dk vaz acc y dk ldtrdra= _ahgs`bd, qugdrd y pudhd

Lana dk vaz acc y dk ldtrdra= _ahgs`bd, qugdrd y pudhd

Zar dl atra b`kha, dk l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, l` sdrgd hd spats kdn`tgvas qud tuvgdrak eàs gepòta cudrak `qudllas dk las qud sd òus`b` ` O`lhdrÿk hd f`bdr `prab`ha dl Cab`pra`+ Dl 0> hd e`ya l` oè

p`` hd l` obt hgcukhd has spats sabrd dl tde` hdl Cab`pra`, dk dllas sdrdlògak` ` O`lhdrÿk oak dl cèasa pl`k hd rdso`td qud t`kta oastÿ `l

p`s y qud t`ktas crùhds dkoubrgÿ+



20?

_pat “Cab`pa` 0―

Saz ge`

Gkcare`tgva Ka+ 0 Gkcare`tgva Ka+ 0

Oakre`ha O`lhdrÿk Oÿeplgod hdlprg+ Hà, eàs hd uk egllÿk hddepldas pdrhghas

Cata hd O`lhdrÿk, b`ma uk ldtrdrahgod Cab`pra`, mukta l` cata ukldtrdra=Oakre`ha= O`lhdrÿk oÿeplgod hdl prg+Hà= Eàs hd 0 ::: ::: hd depldas

pdrhghas

O`lhdrÿk, oak tus e`kas suog`sre`std mukta `l prg dl crùhd eàsnr`khd hd l` fgstarg`, dl Cab`pra`

Ge`ndk hd uk p`pdl, p`rdodk hase`kas, l` e`ka hdrdof` re` dl p`pdl+Dkoge` hdl p`pdl f`y uk ldtrdra=CAB@ZRA@

Dkoubrgstd las qud kas rab`rak yh``std eàs hd uk egllÿk hdtr`b`m`hards hdspdhghas sgk pgdh`h

Xrds pdrsak`s vdstgh`s oak tr`md, sd`br`z`k y sd o`ro`md`kdx`ndr`hèdktdGe`ndk hd uk faebrd hulta euyòa dk e`kn`s hd oègs`, eumdr `prdtàkhasd l`s edmgll`s oak l`se`kas+++

W kas tr`ds dl oudkta hdl depldaou`kha tgdkds odra dk depldasord`has

Olasd up hd atra faebrd oak b`rb` hdv`rgas h`s,Cata hd O`lhdrÿk oak uk ldtrdra`rrgb`= E`kas suog`s+ L` cata sdoakvgdrtd dk uk kýedra : oak uk

ldtrdraE`kas suog`s:Dk depldas ord`has

Ldtrdra= Hgput`has y sdk`hards hdlprh



208

_pat “Cab`pa` 2―

Saz ge`

Gkcare`tgv` Ka+ 2 Gkcare`tgv` Ka+ 2

O`lhdrÿk, oak tus e`kas suog`sre`std mukta `l prg dl crùhd hd l`fgstarg`,

Ge`ndk hd uk` e`ka hdrdof`re`kha uk haouedktaLdtrdra dkoge` hdl p`pdl y e`ka=Cab`pra`@p`rdod ge`ndk hd rastra hdO`lhdrÿk dkoge` hdl p`pdl

Dl Cab`pra`, 02: ::: egllakds hdhÿl`rds hd hduh`

Kas praedtgstd mustgog`+

Ge`ndk hd O`lhdrÿk dxfgbgdkha uk p`pdlLdtrdra02: ::: ::: :::+::Egllakds hd hÿl`rds

O`lhdrÿk ou`hra=_dnugrdeas oak l`s uhgtarg`s p`r`qud ka sÿla sd o`stgnud lasrdspaks`blds sgka qud hdvudlv`k dlhgkdra

O`lhdrÿk hd pgd tràs hd uk dsorgtarga,la `kqud`k has b`khdr`s hd Eçxgoaf`bl`=

W sgnuds dkoubrgdkha las oulp`bldsy ka td gepart`rak las eàs hd ukegllÿk hd tr`b`m`hards hdspdhghas sgk

pgdh`h

Xrds pdrsak`s vdstgh`s oak tr`md,sd br`z`k y sd o`ro`md`kdx`ndr`hèdktdGe`ndk hd uk faebrd hulta euyòa oak pl`ydr` hd tgr`ktds, eumdr `prdtàkhasd l`s edmgll`s oak l`se`kas+++

O`lhdrÿk, drds euy edktgrasa Ge`ndk hd atra faebrd oak b`rb`

hd v`rgas h`s,Ldtrdra= O`lhdrÿk drds euyedktgrasa

Ldtrdra= Hgput`has y sdk`hardshdl prh

_gk deb`rna, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk, h`s hdspuçs &20 hd e`ya', hgcukhd uk spat hd rdspudst` ` las spats Cab`pra`+ Dk dst` rdspudst` sdhdeudstr`k l`s geprdogsgakds y h`tas c`lsas hdl spat Cab`pra` hdl prh+F`y qud òl`r`r qud sg bgdk dl praeaogak`l hdl prh hdkukog`b` uk fdofa hdl p`s`ha &l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd O`lhdrÿk, dk o`lgh`h hd hgrgndktd hdl



204

p`k, dk l` `prabògÿk hdl Cab`pra`',0? l` care` dk qud sd fò` l` ousògÿk dr` b`st`ktd hdogdktd d, gkolusa, rdourrå` ` `lnukas h`tas drrÿkdas+ Dl h`ta c`lsa eàs dvghdktd hd dstd praeaogak`l dr` l` ousògÿk hdqud O`lhdrÿk f`bå` re`ha dl Cab`pra`, p`r` la ou`l, l` ge`ndk hd tv

eastr`b` uk` e`ka re`kha uk haouedkta+ Dl spat hd rdspudst` hdkukog`b` qud O`lhdrÿk kuko` reÿ dl Cab`pra` &puds ka dr` cukogak`rga kg rdprdsdkt`ktd papul`r' y qud l` o`luekg` hdl prh dr` hde`sg`haabvg`, puds dk l` ge`ndk p`rdoå` uk` e`ka hdrdof` re`kha uk haouedkta, ou`kha O`lhdrÿk ds zurha+

@ pds`r hd taha, las spats Cab`pra` p`rdodk h`r dk dl bl`koa, par laou`l dl p`k gkgog` l` gepunkògÿk ldn`l hd dstas spats, lanr`kha qud dl2? hd e`ya, dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk&Xrgcd' arhdkd ` l` obt o`kodl`r l` sdrgd hd spats sabrd dl Cab`pra`+

L`s oèp``s O`lÿ y Lÿpz Abà s `lz`

Dk l`s ýltge`s sde`k`s hd e`ya Lÿpdz Abr`har oaedkzÿ ` tdkdr eàs prdsdktògakds dk edhgas d gkgogÿ uk` oèp`` hd publgogh`h kdn`tgv`+ Dk dl atra b`kha, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ka odhgÿ uk àpgod dksu oèp`` kdn`tgv`, oak dlla èb`s sd kdutr`lgz`rak dktrd s hdshd l`

sdnukh` qugkodk` hd e`ya f`st` dl 3 hd mukga, cdof` hd l` odldbrògÿkhdl sdnukha hdb`td+

Zrudb` hd dsta cudrak las rdsult`has hdl dstuhga hd publgogh`h hd DlTkgvdrs`l+ Dl dstuhga eudstr` qud dk l` sde`k` hdl 2> hd e`ya `l 2 hd

mukga O`lhdrÿk dranÿ ?: 6?? 387 pdsas9 Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dstd egsea pdrgaha dranÿ 22 >0> 3>8 pdsas9 Rabdrta E`hr`za p`nÿ 2: 30: 386 pdsas+ @ukqud dl rdpartd hdl oasta qud l`s oèp``s f`b`k p`n`ha hdshd dkdra f`st` e`ya sdnu` eastr`kha uk n`sta euy supdrgar hd O`l

hdrÿk, dk l`s ýltge`s sde`k`s hd e`ya èbas o`khgh`tas puktdrasoaktr`t`rak sue`s sgegl`rds hd publgogh`h+

0? Dk 0776, O`lhdrÿk hdcdkhgÿ dl gp`b, sgk kgknuk` oaksghdrògÿk p`r` gkvdstgn`r las crùhds b`ko`rgas, oak dl `rnuedkta hd hdcdkhdr ` las `farr`hards= “Dl gkstgtuta qud dstèas

prapakgdkha, y oak dl qud f`s dst`ha hd oudrha, tgdkd qud sdr uk` gkst`kog` egxt`, oak cuk

ogak`rgas rdspaks`blds hd l` Fògdkh` pýblgo`, y tdkdeas qud pòt`r qugçkds v`k ` sdr, pdradl ÿrn`ka hd hgrdoogÿk ka dst`r` dk sus e`kas, sgka dk l`s hd trds oguh`h`kas gkhdpdkhgdktdsy atras qud tdkn`k dl pahdr dk dst` e`tdrg` dspdog`lgz`h`― &_`lhgdrk` y Sdkdn`s, 27 hd aotu

brd, 0776'



203

Oà ??gvsÿ pblo`` las o`às

pso`ls l 4 ma 2::3&dsoà pva l sa b` pso`l'

O`à gvsÿ spats

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk (842 ?:> :74+63

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har (060 0?7 7:6+0?

Rabdrta E`hr`za (27: 2>0 ?82+40

Rabdrta Oèp` (24 48? 334+8:

Z`trgog` Edro`ha (23 :?6 77?+27

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 4 hd mukga, 2::3+

Dl 28 hd e`ya dl Xrgcd prafbd dl spat Ofàvdz y atras `kukogas kdn`tgvas hdl p`k9 ds hdogr, o`sg trds edsds hdspuçs hd qud dstas `kukogas sdf`b`k prdsdkt`ha dk tdldvgsgÿk y r`hga+ @ pds`r hd qud dl gcd las f`b`hdm`ha p`s`r, dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk oarrgnd `l gcd y ld

arhdk` qud las praeaogak`lds “o`luekgasas― hdl p k sd`k prafgbghas+_gk deb`rna, dstd trgukca sÿla ds sgebÿlgoa, puds p`r` dktakods las spats vdt`has y` ka dstàk dk usa par r`zakds hd edro`hatdokg` y f`k sghasustgtughas par atras praeaogak`lds kdn tgvas hdl egsea oartd+

@hdeàs l` oakhdk` sÿla qudh` oaksgnk`h` oaea uk` katgog` hd t`kt`s dk las edhgas, ds hdogr, ka sd oakvgdrtd dk katgog` qud cart`ldzo` lòèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Hd fdofa, dst` oèp`` kg sgqugdr` hgcukhd dstd trgukca par edhga hd spats u atras rdoursas+ Dk oèbga, dl p`k

gepldedkt` uk` dstr`tdng` euy stut`, dk ou`kta ld prafbdk uk kukogakdn`tgva la o`kodl`, pdra la sustgtuyd par atra hdl egsea tgpa, ou`kha ldvudlvdk o`kodl`r dl kudva spat , la vudlvdk sustgtugr par atra+++

Hd e`kdr` sgegl`r, dl 2 hd mukga dl gcd eult` l p k parqud gkvgtÿ `ldxprdsghdktd hd Dsp``, Masç E`r` @zk`r, ` `pay`r ` O`lhdrÿk+ Zdragnu`l qud l`s atr`s s`kogakds, dst` edhgh` pràotgoèdktd ka tgdkd hgcusgÿk dk las edhgas+



20>

Dkoudst`s hd las ýltgeas hå`s hd e`ya= dep`td prdvga `l sa b`

L` dkoudst` hd e`ya hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy sd ldv`kt` dktrd dl 2? y dl

26 hd e`ya, pràotgoèdktd dk dl egsea pdrgaha qud l` hd Rdcare`, lòu`l sd ldv`kt` dktrd dl 07 y dl 20 hd e`ya pdra sd publgo` dl 28 hd e`ya+@eb`s rdngstr`k uk` o`h` hd uk pukta dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk,`hdeàs dk l` hd Rdcare` sd rdngstr` uk ùedkta hd has puktas hd Lÿ

pdz Abr`har+ @eb`s tdkhdkog`s sd oakmun`k p`r` eastr`r dl rdnrdsa hdldx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka l` oaktgdkh`+

Ray Oèpas, hgrdotar hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy, oaksghdr` qud dstdoèbga sd argngk` parqud dk e`ya Lÿpdz Abr`har hds`rrallÿ e`yar

prdsdkog` dk las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk d gepldedktÿ uk` oèp``hd publgogh`h kdn`tgv` oaktr` O`lhdrÿk+

@ukqud l`s dstgeògakds hd èb`s dkoudst`s hgsordp`k rdspdota `l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hd las has o`khgh`tas, eb`s oagkoghdk dk l`sasoglògakds hd l`s tdkhdkog`s hd vata, oaea sd pudhd `prdog`r dk l` sgnugdktd t`bl`+

Oà ?8Zco`s loa`ls las o`às pso`ls

&e`za%e`ya'

E`za @bl Zasb`- E`ya

rcae` Eacsiy rcae` rcae` Eacsiy rcae` Eacsiy

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ?0$ ?0$ ?6$ 8:$ ?4$ ?7$ ?8$

Lÿpdz Abr`har 80$ ?6$ ?4$ ??$ ?8$ ?4$ ?8$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 24$ 27$ 2?$ 22$ 2>$ 22$ 26$

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 0$ 0$ 2+3$ 2+?$ ?$ 2+?$ ?$

Rabdrta Oèp` 0$ 0$ :+3 0+2$ 0$ 0+2$ 0$

- Egtacsiy ldv`kt` su dkoudst` hd pashdb`td hdl 26 hd `brgl `l 2 hd e`ya, oagkoghd oak l`dkoudst` hd Rdcare` hd pashdb`td ldv`kt`h` hdl 26 `l ?: hd `brgl, pdra publgo`h` dl ? hde`ya+Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds hd e`rza ` e`ya 2::3 y Nrupa Rdcar%e`, dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds hd e`rza ` e`ya 2::3+

L` dkoudst` hd Rdcare` gksgstd dk qud dst`s asoglògakds hdl dldotar`ha pravgdkdk hdl sdotar hd dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds, puds ` kds hde`ya Lÿpdz Abr`har rdoabr` ou`tra puktas dktrd las gkhdpdkhgdktds y



206

O`lhdrÿk pgdrhd has9 `p`rdktdedktd, çstd sdr` dl eatgva hdl rdnrdsa hdLÿpdz Abr`har ` l` oaktgdkh`+ Dsta tèbgçk p`rdod dst`r rdlògak`haoak l` kudv` oèp`` edhgàtgo` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, ds hdogr, lasgkhdpdkhgdktds vudlvdk ` sdr `tr`has parqud l` oèp`` hd l` obt hd

s`rrall` eàs prdsdkog` dk edhgas+ Dsta oakre`rå` qud las gkhdpdkhgdktds sd argdkt`k bàsgoèdktd par l` oèp`` hd edhgas, ka par dl prasdlgtgsea hgrdota hd l`s oèp``s+

Oà ?4dl vaa las ps & Rdcare`'

E`za @bl ? E`ya 28 E`ya

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har 86$ ?6$ ?3$ 8:$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 27$ ?>$ 82$ 8:$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 28 hd e`ya 2::3+

Dst`s tdkhdkog`s kas lldv`k ` pdks`r qud l` oaepasgogÿk hdl vata hdLÿpdz Abr`har sgnud t`h` las gkhdpdkhgdktds, las ou`lds sak las eàsoèbg`ktds9 dk dl vata hura, O`lhdrÿk supdr` `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka,oaea sd pudhd `prdog`r dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà ?3dl vaa vall-

Saa a Saa vall

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 22$ 0>$

Lÿpdz Abr`har 03$ 07$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 0>$ 4$

- Hdl tat`l hd paya o`h` o`khgh`ta, çst`s sak sus praparogakds hd vataCudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 28 hd e`ya, 2::3+

Dl rdpasgogakègdkta hd Lÿpdz Abr`har tèbgçk dstà rdlògak`haoak dl ùedkta hd apgkgakds pasgtgv`s fòg` su o`khgh`tur`+ @far` rdoupdr` tdrrdka dk l`s o`ròtdrstgo`s pasgtgv`s, dk oèbga, O`lhdrÿk oa

egdkz` hqugrgr o`ròtdrstgo`s kdn`tgv`s+ Dk l` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy,Lÿpdz Abr`har rdb`s` ` O`lhdrÿk dk l`s apgkgakds pasgtgv`s &27 y 2>$rdspdotgvèdktd'+ @ebas dep`t`k dk l`s kdn`tgv`s &22 y 07$ rdspdotgvèdktd'+ La egsea p`s` dk dl kgvdl hd rdof`za las o`khgh`tas, ebas



207

abtgdkdk uk` praparogÿk sgegl`r= O`lhdrÿk 2?$ y Lÿpdz Abr`har 28 par ogdkta+

Oà ?>

Zapl`ÿea@bl ? E`ya 28 E`ya

C`va`bl hsc`va`bl C`va`bl hsc`va`bl C`va`bl hsc`va`bl

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 8>$ 06$ 8>$ 04$ 86$ 07$

Lÿpdz Abr`har 82$ ?:$ ?6$ 2>$ 82$ 27$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 27$ ?4$ 2>$ ?8$ 26$ ?6$

Z`ty Edro`ha 00$ 23$ 22$ 22$ 22$ 2>$

Rabdrta Oèp` 04$ 24$ 00$ 23$ 0?$ ?:$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 28 hd e`ya 2::3+

Dl rdnrdsa hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har eatgv` qud sd gkordedktd l` ghdktgoògÿk oak dl prh, dl ou`l p`s` hd 0? ` 03$ hd `brgl è`ya+ X ebgçk sd rdngstr` uk` o`h` hd las oguh`h`kas qud ka sd ghdktgo`k oak las p`rtghas &hdl 88 `l 8:$ hd `brgl ` e`ya' &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 27 hd e`ya, 2::3'+

@ k`lds hd e`ya sd dquglgbr`k las pdrlds saogahdeanràoas hd lashas oaepdtghards puktdras, t`kta O`lhdrÿk oaea Lÿpdz Abr`har rdog

bdk par gnu`l vata cdedkgka oaea e`soulgka+ Dl prgedra sgnud sgdkha dleàs cudrtd dk dl vata hd las mÿvdkds, dk las qud tgdkdk dstuhgas ukgvdrsgt`rgas dk l` zak` kartd hdl p`s, s oaea dk dl odktra9 pgdrhd vatas dktrdlas qud sÿla tgdkdk dstuhgas hd prge`rg`+ E`hr`za sd gnu`l` oak LÿpdzAbr`har dk l` ndktd hd 4: às a eàs+ E`hr`za tgdkd su cart`ldz` dk dlvata rur`l, dk oèbga, las puktdras sd hgsput`k l`s zak`s urb`k`s+ Dl dx

Mdcd hd Nabgdrka e`ktgdkd dl lghdr`zna dk l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa y dk l`zak` sur hdl p`s &ghde'+Las gkhgo`hards sabrd l` dxpasgogÿk l` publgogh`h sd e`ktgdkdk o`sg

gnu`l qud l prgkogpga hd l` oaktgdkh`, ?7$ re` qud l` publgogh`h qudeàs f` vgsta dk l` tdldvgsgÿk a dsouof`ha dk l` r`hga ds l` hd RabdrtaE`hr`za, sdnugha par 28$ hd O`lhdrÿk y 20$ hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &ghde'+

_gk deb`rna, pds`r hd qud las dktrdvgst`has sdnur`k qud l` publgogh`h hdl prg ds l` eàs vgst` a dsouof`h`, 26$ oaksghdr` qud O`lhdrÿkds dl qud f` fdofa edmar oèp``, egdktr`s qud `l 2?$ ld nust` eàs l`hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y sÿla 03$ prddrd l` hd E`hr`za &Nrupa Rdcare`,28 hd e`ya, 2::3'+



22:

Atra h`ta gepart`ktd ds qud l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog lds sak oakaogh`s par 72$ hd l` pablògÿk, egdktr`s qud sÿla 43$ s`bd qud tèbgçkf`brà dldoogÿk hd hgput`has, `s oaea 88$ dstà oaksogdktd hd qud sddldngràk ` las sdk`hards+ Dsta kas hdeudstr` qud l` oèp`` prdsghdk

og`l ds l` hdogsgv` hd l` oaktgdkh`, l` pdrsak`lgzògÿk hd l`s oèp``s dsdvghdktd &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 28 hd e`ya, 2::3'+

Lÿpdz Abr`har e`ktgdkd uk` hgst`kog` ortgo` oak las edhgas

@ pds`r hdl rdl`kzègdkta hd su oèp``, tah`v` dxgstdk euofasrdpartds hd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har sgnud hdsprdog`kha las edhgas, ds hdogr, la fòd hdshd dl gkgoga hd l` oèp`ð` f`st` dl k`l+ Dl 2 hd e`ya`re` qud f`y “uk oara hd oaeukgo`hards, a sd`, uk oara hd oaksgnk`dk oaktr` hd kasatras+++ Hdshd ludna ka dstay f`bl`kha hd qud tahas las

pdrgahgst`s, tahas las oaeukgo`hards dstàk dk oaktr` hd kasatras, pdrads k`tur`l, la vda kare`l, hd qud taedk p`rtgha― &Lÿpdz Abr`har, DlTkgvdrs`l, 2 hd mukga 2::3'+

Dl 2 hd mukga las rdpartdras qud oubrdk l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har fòdk uk` “fudln` hd egorÿcakas― dk sd`l hd pratdst` parqud dl o`khgh`ta ka lds h` dktrdvgst`s &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, ? hd mukga,

2::3'+

Rdbdlgÿk hd rdpartdras+ Egorÿcakas y nr`b`har`s dk dl pgsa+ Ds l` pratdst`hd las pdrgahgst`s par l` òtgtuh hdl o`khgh`ta+ Çl eahgoÿ su dstr`tdng` hdoèp`` “` r`s hd tgdrr`― y l` oèbgÿ par uk` hd edn`fdrtz, akh` oart` y

b`kh` `kof`, tr`vçs hd uk` suodsgÿk hd dktrdvgst`s dk r`hga y tdldvgsgÿkdk edhgas lao`lds+ &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, ? hd mukga, 2::3'+

@hdeàs ka sd òdro` ` tahas las pranrè`s hd edhgas, ` hgcdrdkog`hd sus `hvdrs`rgas, ka sd prdsdkt` dk las pranrè`s hd e`yar r`tgkn+Lÿpdz Abr`har kuko` odptÿ pýblgoèdktd qud las rdsult`has hd l`s dkoudst`s ld cudr`k `hvdrsas9 fòd su rdl`kzègdkta us`kha eàs edhgas,

pdra f`bl`kha dk oaktr` hd dllas=

Kudstr` `pudst`, kudstr` sudrtd, kudstr` cd, hgodk las oaeukgoÿlanas, lasdstr`tdn`s, parqud `far` taha ds edro`hatdokg`, publgogh`h, hgodk dstàdqugvao`h` tý dstr`tdng`, tgdkds qud oèbg`r+ Ka, parqud p`r` oèbg`r

sgnkgo` dktrdn`rkas, sgnkgo` tr`gogak`r kudstr` oùs`, vèas ` sdnugr `s, ds prdcdrgbld qud ya vdkn` ` @edo` ` pdhgrlds ` tahas qud kas `yuhdk ` oakvdkodr ` eàs ndktd, qud f`nèas l` oèp`` hdshd `b`ma ydktrd tahas y dsa vdkna & ela, 8 hd mukga, 2::3, @edo`, M`lgsoa'+



220

_gk deb`rna, hå`s `ktds hdl hdb`td, Lÿpdz Abr`har gktdksgo` suoèp`` publgogt`rg`+ Dl ?: hd e`ya, hgcukhd uk spat “dk o`hdk` kògak`l―9 ds hdogr, uk eaedkta dk dl qud sd dkl`z`k o`sg tah`s l`s o`hdk`shd tdldvgsgÿk y r`hga kògak`l p`r` tr`ksegtgr dl `kukoga+ Dstd praea

ogak`l cud oakaogha oaea dl spat hdl kudva eahdla doakÿegoa+ Dk çstd,Lÿpdz Abr`har fòd uk` prapudst` doakÿego` idykdsg`k`= dl nabgdrka praparogak`r` subsghgas ` qugdkds abtgdkdk s`l`rgas edkards ` 7 ::: pdsas p`r` ùedkt`r las gknrdsas hd l` pablògÿk eàs pabrd, oak dllaùedkt`r` dl oaksuea y, oaksdoudktdedktd, sd gkordedkt`r` l` prahuoogÿk+ Tk h` hdspuçs, E`hr`za fòd uk pl`ktdègdkta sgegl`r, ùedkt`r dl gknrdsa hd las eàs pabrds p`r` dstgeul`r l` prahuoogÿk+

L` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk rdspakhd oak uk spat dk dl qud sd rghgoulgz`k las praydotas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y sd ld gkvdkt`k `lnukas qud ka f`

prapudsta9 oakoluydkha qud oak dsas praydotas, Lÿpdz Abr`har fukhgr` l` doakae` hdl p`s+

_pat “seà`―

Ge`ndk= Tk` e`ka fòd oudkt`s dk uk` sue`har`+++ s`ldk ldtrdras hd oalar rama, hduh`, eàs hduh`, eàs hduh`+++Saz dk acc qud gegt` ` l` vaz hd Lÿpdz Abr`har=

Dl n`s, l` n`salgk`, dl hgdsdl y l` luz, l`s Gsl`s E`r`s oaea odktra rdord`tgva,has trdkdogtas b`l` p`r` qud sd v`y`k hd bròdras, f y sd ed o`b` hd aourrgr qud k`hgd p`nud gepudstas+++ Ge`ndk hd l` sue`har` s`ld dl tgoidt hd las n`stasSaz dk acc qud rdolè` Lÿpdz Abr`har=Euy bgdk, sak uk egllÿk hd egllakds p`s`hgta, ±dk dcdotgva a ` orçhgta1 Ge`ndk hd l` sue`har` s`ld dl tgoidt hd las n`stas, sabrd dl tgoidt `p`rdod ukldtrdra rama 0 :?:,:02,:::,:::

Saz qud gegt` Lÿpdz Abr`har Ka puds, dk hduh`, dk hduh`, qud p`nud dl pudbla+++ Ge`ndk `p`rdod uk e`p` hd Eçxgoa dk è`rglla sabrd dl ldtrdra rama y lò`loul`har`, dl e`p` sd raepd dk pdh`zas

Saz hd laoutar dk acc=Dl hdspglc`rra hd Lÿpdz Abr`har la p`n`rèas euy o`ra tahas las edxgo`kas,¡ka vatds par atr` orgsgs!



222

L` oèp`` “` r`s hd tgdrr`― ka hga rdsult`has

Atr` v`rg`bld qud sd hdbd hdso`rt`r p`r` dxplgo`r dl vudloa hd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds rdngstr`ha dk l` sdnukh` dt`p`, ds l` oèp`` hd

prasdlgtgsea hgrdota, puds `far` sd gkvgrtgdrak l`s tdkhdkog`s hd l` prgedr` dt`p`+ Dk l` sdnukh` dt`p`, Lÿpdz Abr`har ds dl qud eàs dvdktasrd`lgz` sdnýk dl oaktda hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`+ _g sd oaksghdr` l` sdnukh` dt`p` dktrd dl 0 hd e`rza `l 3 hd mukga tdkhrdeas qud sd gkvgdrtd l`tdkhdkog` qud sd f`b` absdrv`ha dk l` prgedr` dt`p`+ Dk l` sdnukh`dt`p`, Lÿpdz Abr`har arn`kgz` 263 dvdktas, O`lhdrÿk 07: y E`hr`za232+

Dk l` prgedr` dt`p` dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka dr` dl qud edkas dvdktasrd`lgz`b` pdra dl qud sd e`ktdk` ` l` `lz` dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ Dk oèbga, dk l` sdnukh` dt`p` ds dl qud rd`lgz` eàs dvdktas pýblgoas pdra sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds v`k dk pgo`h`+ Dsta ds dspdog`ledktd kat`bld dk las edsds hd e`rza y brgl ou`kha sd rdngstr` l` brusoò`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 dk dstas hasedsds dl o`khgh`ta hd l` obt rd`lgz` o`sg eàs hd 4:$ hd dvdktas qudO`lhdrÿk, su prgkogp`l `hvdrs`rga, pdra dk dstas has edsds pgdrhd las 0:

puktas hd vdkt`m` qud tdk` dk l`s dkoudst`s sabrd O`lhdrÿk+ Hdl 0 hde`rza `l ?: hd `brgl, dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` rdngstr` 064 dvdktas hd Lÿ

pdz Abr`har, egdktr`s qud O`lhdrÿk sÿla rd`lgz` 02?+Zar t`kta, dstd oaktda kudvèdktd kas sungdrd qud ka cud l` oèp``

tgdrr` l` qud hdtdregkÿ dl brusoa oèbga hd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ L`dxplgoògÿk sd tgdkd qud buso`r dk l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd l`s oèp``s, puds l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hd l` obt sd e`ktuva past`kha cudrtd par l` oèp`` tgdrr`, hd fdofa gkordedktÿ kat`bldedktd su tr`b`madk dstd spdota+

L` ngr` hd Cax oaepldedkt` l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk

Dk dl 2::3, Cax hds`rrall` uk` nr`k otgvgh`h gkùnur`kha abr`s par taha dl p`s, dx`lt`kha dl `v`kod qud sd rdngstrÿ dk su sdxdkga, orgtgo`kha las nabgdrkas hdl p`s`ha y prdvgkgdkha oaktr` dl hds`strd qud supakhr` oèbg`r dl eahdla doakÿegoa+ Tk rdpart`md hd L` Rdvgst` &Raof`,4 hd mukga, 2::3' dxfgbd l` gktdks` ngr` hd Cax par taha dl p`s, Cax vgsgtÿ “37 pl`z`s hdl gktdrgar hd l` Rdpýblgo`, 04 eàs qud dk dl egsea l`psahdl à p`s`ha―+ Rdoarrgÿ l`s prgkogp`lds oguh`hds hd Eçxgoa gkùnur`kha faspgt`lds, trèas o`rrdtdras, pudktds y f`st` uk` edn`bgblgatdo`kògak`l+



22?

F`st` dl 20 hd e`ya, ýltgea h` dk qud tdk` pdregtgha publgogt`r abr`s, Cax e`ktgdkd su `prdt`h` `ndkh` hd prdsdktògÿk hd abr`s, dkdstd ýltgea h` prdsdkt` dl praydota hd l` fghradlçotrgo` Dl O`mÿk, l` prds` eàs nr`khd y èbgogas` hd su nabgdrka, y oaksghdr`h` oaea uka hd

las 0: praydotas hd gkndkgdr` eàs gepart`ktds hdl eukha+ Dk tah`s p`rtds rdpdt` las egseas edks`mds, dl nr`k `v`kod hd su sdxdkga, dl hds`strd hd las nabgdrkas ktdrgards y l` o`tàstracd qud supakhr` oèbg`r dl eahdla doakÿegoa+++

Cax `tòÿ las dst`has hd e`yar hdksgh`h dldotar`l= vgsgtÿ dk sgdtdao`sgakds dl Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa hakhd sd oakodktr`k eàs hd kudvd egllakds hd vat`ktds9 ogkoa vdods Sdròruz, oak o`sg ogkoa egllakds hddldotards, y ou`tra vdods eàs M`lgsoa, uk` hd l`s rdngakds oak e`yar kýedra hd dep`hrak`has hdl p`s+ Xèbgçk vgsgtÿ v`rgas dst`has hdlsur+ Dst` ngr` oaktr`st`b` oak l` hdl à `ktdrgar, ou`kha, par dmdepla,sÿla vgsgtÿ trds vdods dl Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa+ &Raof` 4 hd mukga 2::3'

Oà ?6n`s l ps Ca

&l 07 a l 22 e`ya 2::3Ca vsÿ 37 lao`l`s l` rpýblo`'

Las es vsàs&pa ýea `s'2::4

Las es vsàs&pa ýea `s'2::3

8 Sdròruz > Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa

? M`lgsoa 4 Sdròruz

? _akar` 8 M`lgsoa

? Egofaòàk 8 Nu`k`mu`ta? Nu`k`mu`ta ? Nudrrdra

? A`xò`

03 ta`l 23 ta`l

Dk las dst`has hd Eçxgoa, Sdròruz y M`lgsoa sd oakodktrò`sg ?:$ hdl p`hrÿk dldotar`lCudktd= Raof`, 4 hd mukga, 2::3+

_g ` dst` gktdks` ngr` `nrdnèas l` ngn`ktdso` oèp`` publgogt`rg`sabrd l`s abr`s hdl sdxdkga y las pranrè`s saog`lds, tdkhrdeas eàs dld



228

edktas p`r` oaeprdkhdr par quç `l k`l hd l` oèp`ð` oakstgtuogak`l,Cax lanrÿ uka hd sus edmards kgvdlds hd odptògÿk oaea prdsghdktd+

Oà ?7

O`lgoògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Sgodktd Cax

O`lgoògÿk praedhga

2::0 2::2 2::? 2::8 2::4 2::3

> 3+8 3+> 3+3 3+6 3+7

Nrào` VSGGG

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3,83,4

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3,6 3,6

3,6

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3

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c d b r

% : 0

` b r g % : 0

m u k g %

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n a s

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% : 0

h g o g %

: 0

c d b r

% : 2

` b r g % : 2

m u k g %

: 2

n a s

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a o t u

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h g o g %

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c d b r

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` b r g % : 8

m u k g %

: 8

n a s

% : 8

a o t u

% : 8

h g o g %

: 8

c d b r

% : 4

` b r g % : 4

m u k g %

: 4

n a s

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c d b r

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` b r g % : 3


@hdeàs, v`rgas rdpart`mds hdsoubrdk uk` oarrdlògÿk dktrd l`s ngr`s

hd O`lhdrÿk y l`s ngr`s hd Cax gkùnur`kha abr`s+ Zar dmdepla, dk las prgedras edsds hd l` oèp`` O`lhdrÿk vgsgt` las dst`has hakhd dl p`k tgdkd oakodktr`h` su b`sd dldotar`l9 dk dstas edsds Cax vgsgt` las atrasdst`has= Fgh`lna, Sdròruz, Egofaòàk Ofg`p`s, Zudbl`, Oèpdofd,Nudrrdra, A`xò` y Xl`xo`l` &Raof`, 4 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Zdra hd dkdra e`rza hd dstd a, Cax ka sÿla rdoarrgÿ, oak dl edks`md hdtdear l p`s`ha, las dst`has qud hdm`b` uk l`ha O`lhdrÿk, sgka qud fò`

doa, oak nr`k p`sgÿk, ` l` oèp`` hdl p`kgst`+ Hur`ktd l` gkùnurògÿkhd Zudrta Ofg`p`s, dl 7 hd cdbrdra, sd rdrgÿ l “lghdr`zna y p`sgÿk― hd l`ndktd dk ds` rdngÿk egedtgz`kha dl “S`lar y p`sgÿk par Eçxgoa― qud rdz`b`, dktakods, l` prap`n`kh` p`kgst` &ghde'+



224

Dk las sgnugdktds edsds O`lhdrÿk `sgstgÿ ` dst`has hakhd y` f`b`dst`ha Cax+ Dk `lnukas hd dllas òuh` ` rdoandr dl bdkdplàogta oak làbr` hd Cax+ Zar dmdepla, dl 04 hd e`ya, Cax rd`lgzÿ uk` ngr` par Ofg`

p`s gkùnur`kha abr`s9 ou`tra h`s hdspuçs, dl 07 hd e`ya, O`lhdrÿk

`rrgb` ` Xuxtl` Nutgçrrdz, Ofg`p`s, p`r` dx`lt`r las `v`kods lanr`hasoak Cax= “L` bgdkvdkgh` cud o`luras`, y ` budk dktdkhdhar pao`s p`l` br`s+ ‖@sdnurÿ qud kgknýk atra prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo` sd f`bòaepraedtgha, ld f`b` edtgha t`kta dscudrza dk `paya `l dst`ha hdOfg`p`s+++‗― &ghde'+

Dk cdbrdra, Cax vgsgt` Ofgfu`fu` ogkoa h`s `ktds qud O`lhdrÿk9 è bas oagkoghdk dk dl Dst`ha hd Eçxgoa y ludna O`lhdrÿk vgsgt` v`rgasdst`has hdl kartd+ Dk e`rza, O`lhdrÿk gktdksgo` sus vgsgt`s l kartd hdl

p`ås y l k`l rdoarrd dst`has hd edkas prdsdkog` p`kgst` oaea Nudrrdra, Egofaòàk y ]ò`tdo`s+ Dk dstd eds Cax tgdkhd dktgh`hds oak cudrtd prdsdkog` pdrrdhgst` y prggst` oaea Nudrrdra, Ofg`p`s, X`b`soa yA`xò`+ Dk e`ya vgsgt`k las egseas dst`has oaea _`k Lugs Zatas,Pudrçt`ra, B`m` O`lgcarkg`, Sdròruz y Ofg`p`s oak `pdk`s `lnukash`s hd hgcdrdkog`+

Dl rdpart`md oakoluyd dk qud l` prgkogp`l l`bar hd Cax cud sgstgr l`srdngakds e`rngk`h`s par l` oèp`` p`kgst`, oak dlla l` oèp`` hdO`lhdrÿk lanr`b` rdcarz`r su prdsdkog` dk taha dl p`s9 dspdog`ledktd

dk lun`rds hakhd dl o`khgh`ta hdl p`k ka tdk` euof`s dxpdot`tgv`s hduk` vatògÿk oapgas` &ghde'+

_` `p` oèp`` raba E``za

_dnukh` dt`p`, oaktgký`k las oakgotas gktdrkas dk dl prg

L` oèp`` hd E`hr`za sgnud sgdkha gktdks` y bgdk dmdout`h` dk dl pl`ka edhgàtgoa+ @ edkuha sd rddstruotur` buso`kha eàs doòg`+ Dlo`khgh`ta brgkh` kuedras`s dktrdvgst`s tahas las h`s, tgdkd uk budke`kdma hd l` ndkh`, h` nalpds edhgàtgoas+++ _gk deb`rna, l` o`khgh`tur` sd sgnud hdsn`st`kha par las kuedrasas oakgotas gktdrkas hdl prg, sg` dlla sd sue` dl hdsprdstgnga hd E`hr`za y hdl p`rtgha, càogledktd sddxplgo` par quç sd f` qudh`ha rdz`n`ha dk l` oaktgdkh`, oakk`ha uktdrodr lun`r, cudr` hd l` vdrh`hdr` oaepdtdkog` par l` prdsghdkog`+

Las tde`s kdn`tgvas eàs gepart`ktds hd dst` sdnukh` dt`p` sak hdhas tgpas= 0' oakgotas par las praodsas hd sdldoogÿk gktdrk`9 2' hgvdrsaslhdrds y uk nr`k kýedra hd eglgt`ktds rdst`k su `paya ` E`hr`za p`r`

brgkhàrsdla sus `hvdrs`rgas+



223

Las oakgotas par dl rdp`rta hd l`s o`khgh`tur`s

Dk kgknýk praodsa dldotar`l `ktdrgar, dl prg f`b` sucrgha t`kta hdsn`std par las praodsas hd sdldoogÿk hd o`khgh`tas+ Kuko` f`b`k sucrg

ha t`kt`s dsogsgakds hur`ktd uk` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l+ @p`rdktdedktdl` oèp`` hd E`hr`za p`hdogÿ dl dcdota hd L` o`rn`h` dk sdktgha gkvdrsa, ds hdogr, dl p`rtgha sucrgÿ dsogsgakds hd euofas lhdrds qud s`lgdrak buso`kha edmards fargzaktds dk l`s oèp``s hd O`lhdrÿk y LÿpdzAbr`har+

H`ha qud l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za p`rdo` hdstgk`h` `l crò`sa, l`sdso`s`s apartukgh`hds hd las lhdrds prggst`s, p`r` abtdkdr uk o`rna, sdodktr`b`k dk l`s o`khgh`tur`s, par dstd eatgva sd hds`rrallÿ uk` cudrtdluof` gktdstgk` qud arÿ pýblgoèdktd+ Zar dlla, ou`kha sd gktdnr`rakl`s lgst`s, euofas gepart`ktds lhdrds qud f`b`k sgha dxolughas sd gktdnr`rak `l p`k a ` l` obt hakhd lds brgkh`rak o`khgh`tur`s, dktrd dstas o`sas dstàk dl hd Dhu`rha @khr`hd, @lcaksa Hur`za, Hgÿhara O`rr`soa+++

Dk atras o`sas, las lhdrds hdspl`z`has s`batd`rak l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za+ Zar dmdepla, dl 2? hd e`rza, dl o`khgh`ta ` nabdrk`har par dl dst`ha hd Nu`k`mu`ta, gktgla Sdn`, rdkukog` su o`khgh`tur` oaea pratdst` par l` care` dk qud sd dl`barÿ l` lgst` hd o`khgh`tas l oaknrdsa+ Dl

8 hd brgl, Deglga Ofu`yccdt, lhdr hd l` cròogÿk prggst` hd l` Oàe`r` hdHgput`has, èdk`z` oak rdkukog`r `l p`rtgha par su hdsòudrha oak l`hdsgnkògÿk hd las o`khgh`tas hdl prg `l Oaknrdsa hd l` Tkgÿk+

Dk oaksdoudkog`, euofas lhdrds hdspl`z`has hd l`s o`khgh`tur`soaedkz`rak ` degnr`r `l p k y prh, `hdeàs, hd `yuh`r ` dstas p`rtghas` cart`ldodrsd dk `lnuk`s hd l`s rdngakds hakhd tdk`k nr`vds hdbglgh`hds+ Abvgèdktd l` degnrògÿk ka ds gkhgsorgegk`h`, las prggst`s hdoartd eàs kdalgbdr`l sd rdcung`k dk dl p`k &Hgÿhara O`rr`soa, R`c`dl

Eardka S`lld+++', egdktr`s qud las prggst`s hd l` vgdm` nu`rhg` sd sue`k`l prh &Rabdrta Sdn` N`lgk`, lhdr hdl sgkhgo`ta kògak`l hdl gess9Dhu`rha @khr`hd, dx vaodra hdl odk hdl prg9 Sotar N`kh`rgll` O`rr`soa, lhdr hd l` oko dk _gk`la`+++'+

X`kta las apdr`hards hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &E`kudl Oèòfa _als'oaea las hd O`lhdrÿk &Masdk` Sàzqudz Eat`' hds`rrall`k dstr`tdng`shd oaaptògÿk hd las prgkogp`lds tràkscun`s prggst`s p`r` cart`ldodr sus

p`rtghas dk l`s rdngakds hakhd çstas tgdkdk pao` prdsdkog`+ @lnukas rd partds hd prdks` eudstr`k uk` hdsb`kh`h` hd eglgt`ktds y lhdrds rdngak`lds=



22>

Eàs hd ? ::: p`rtgh`rgas hd hgcdrdktds dst`has y 34 hgrgndktds prggst`s,ouy` eglgt`kog` praedhg` las 24 às, f`k `b`khak`ha dl trgoalar+

Dk Pudrçt`ra, 0 4:: eglgt`ktds prggst`s qude`rak sus ordhdkog`lds y`kukog`rak su s`lgh` hdl p`rtgha dl 3 hd e`rza, dko`bdz`has par las hgrgndktds Rèÿk E`l`nÿk y Mu`k _`lgk`s, hd las eukgogpgas hd Zdhra Dsoabdha y Oalÿk+

@pdk`s has h`s hdspuçs, 8:: prggst`s hd Xl`maeuloa, M`lgsoa, `kukog`rak su hdsdrogÿk &Nudrrdra, 2 hd brgl, 2::3'+

@hdeàs hd las lhdrds y eglgt`ktds hdl prg qud degnr`k `l p k y prh sd dkoudktr` l` nr`k dsogsgÿk qud oakcareÿ uk nrupa hdl sktd &dl `Dlb` Dstfdr' p`r` oakcare`r dl Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz`, oaedkz`kha

par dl o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l Rabdrta Oèp` y tah` l` dstruotur` hddstd p`rtgha=

Dk Eaktdrrdy, lhdrds e`ngstdrg`lds prdsdkt`rak egl o`rt`s hd rdkukog`dl 00 hd e`rza, y dxprds`rak su paya l Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz`+

@ktds, 4: lhdrds hdl sktd dk dl p`s tèbgçk f`b`k `b`khak`ha l`sl`s hdl trgoalar oak dl `rnuedkta hd qud dr`k oakst`ktds las `t`qudsoaktr` dllas par p`rtd hd las prggst`s qud `pay`k l` o`khgh`tur` hd E`hr`za+

@hgogak`ledktd, l` cròogÿk p`rlèdkt`rg` hdl prg dk _`k Làz`ra f` pdrhgha 2? hgput`has cdhdr`lds ‟hd las ou`lds, 06 sak hdl sktd ‟, qugdkdsrdkukog`rak tr`s òus`r qud dl o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l hdl prg tgdkd sdoudstr`ha l trgoalar &ghde'+

Las prgedras edsds hd oèp`` las edhgas gkcare`rak sabrd l`s pdre`kdktds punk`s par dl rdp`rta hd l`s o`khgh`tur`s+ Dk v`rg`s ao`sgakds E`hr`za tgdkd qud o`kodl`r su ngr` par lnukas dst`has hdbgha

qud las oakgotas rdngak`lds par l`s o`khgh`tur`s sak euy gktdksas y pak`k dk pdlgnra su oèp``+ Zar dmdepla, hdbgha ` dstd tgpa hd oakgotas, dl 0: hd e`rza, E`hr`za suspdkhd su ngr` par M`lgsoa9 dl 28 hde`rza suspdkhd l` ngr` par Eardlas y dl ?0 hd e`rza o`kodl` l` ngr` par X`b`soa+

Dl eaedkta eàs ortgoa hd l` hgsput` par l`s o`khgh`tur`s ds ou`khasd prdsdkt`k l`s lgst`s hdkgtgv`s+ Dl 6 hd brgl, dk l` sdsgÿk hdl OaksdmaZaltgoa Kògak`l hdl prg, ou`kha sd prdsdkt`k l`s lgst`s hdkgtgv`s dst`ll` uk` dso`kh`las` rdbdlgÿk hd uk nrupa hd lhdrds prggst`s oaktr` l`hdsgnkògÿk hd o`khgh`tas+

E`hr`za tgdkd qud gktdrvdkgr dk l` sde`k` sgnugdktd y las èakdst` pýblgoèdktd p`r` tdregk`r oak l` rdbdlgÿk+ Dl o`khgh`ta sd gepakd



226

pdra qudh`k euofas hgsghdktds qud gepunk`ràk ldn`ledktd l`s lgst`segdktr`s qud atras degnr`ràk ` l`s oèp``s hd sus `hvdrs`rgas+ Hdfdofa, dl 22 hd brgl, dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk &tdpmc' `kul` l`s cÿreul`s hd o`khgh`tas ` sdk`hards hdl prg dk

ogkoa dst`has+ Las hgsghdktds e`ktdkhràk uk` gepunkògÿk ldn`l hd l`so`khgh`tur`s qud ablgn`rà l ohd hdl prg ` oarrdngr l`s cÿreul`s hur`ktdv`rg`s sde`k`s+

Atr` hd l`s sdoudl s ds qud las edhgas dxfgbdk las oakgotas hd euofas hd las o`khgh`tas prggst`s+ Zar dmdepla, dl ?: hd `brgl, las edhgasrds`lt`k l` tae` hd pratdst`, oaea o`khgh`ta, hdl lhdr hdl sgkhgo`ta pdtraldra O`rlas Raedra Hdsofèps qugdk cud rdspaks`bld hdl hdsva hdcakhas hdl sgkhgo`ta pdtraldra ` l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hdl prg dk dlà 2:::+ Dl o`sa cud oakaogha oaea dl Zdedxn`td+

Lhdrds prggst`s s`batd`k l` oèp`` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za

Dl atra tde` kdn`tgva qud hdsn`st` l` oèp`` dk dst` dt`p` sak lasou`hras hd prgedr kgvdl hdl p`rtgha, qud pýblgoèdktd llè`k vat`r par las `hvdrs`rgas hd E`hr`za+ Hdshd dl 06 hd e`rza oaegdkz` ` ndst`rsduk` hdsb`kh`h` hdl nrupa hd tdokÿor`t`s hdl prg+ @lnukas hd dllas cud

rak sdordt`rgas hdl n`bgkdtd hdl prdsghdktd Drkdsta ]dhglla+ Dl prgedradk s`lgr p`r` gktdnr`rsd l p k ds Hgÿhara O`rr`soa, qugdk cud nabdrk`har hd A`xò` y _dordt`rga hd Nabdrkògÿk dk dl sdxdkga hd ]dhglla+

L` hgvgsgÿk sd pralakn`rà hur`ktd o`sg uk eds+ Dl 06 hd e`ya, v`rgasgepart`ktds ou`hras hdol`r`rak ` las edhgas dst`r odro` ghdalÿngoèdktd hdl p`k, sgk deb`rna, ka rdkukog`ràk `l prg, sak= O`rlas Rugz_òrgstàk dx sdordt`rga hd Oaeukgoògakds9 Lus Xçlldz, dx sdordt`rgahd Dkdrn`9 Mdsýs Rdyds Fdralds, dx deb`m`har, y Ndk`ra Barrdna, dx

prdsghdktd kògak`l hdl prg+ @lnukas atras tdokÿor`t`s hd dstd gepart`ktd oroula &oaea Masç E`r` Oÿrhab` Eaktay`, qugdk cud tgtul`r hdl` aogk` hd l` Zrdsghdkog` dk dl sdxdkga hd _`lgk`s' tèbgçk llè`ràk

pýblgoèdktd ` vat`r par O`lhdrÿk sgk s`lgr hdl prg &Rabdrta E`hr`za, L` Mark`h`, ? hd mukga, 2::3'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, uk gepart`ktd nrupa hd lhdrds prggst`s hd l` vgdm`nu`rhg` llè`ràk vat`r par Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dktrd çstas sd dkoudktr`klas sdk`hards E`kudl B`rtldtt H`z y Aso`r O`ktÿk+ Dl prgedra f`b`sgha prdsghdktd kògak`l hdl prg y _dordt`rga hd Nabdrkògÿk oak dl

prdsghdktd O`rlas _`lgk`s &Rabdrta E`hr`za, L` Mark`h`, 24 hd e`ya,2::3'+



227

Dl 27 hd e`ya, dl odk hdl prg sd pl`ktd` l` dxpulsgÿk hd las lhdrds prggst`s qud dstàk llè`kha ` vat`r par las `hvdrs`rgas hd E`hr`za9 pdra l` purn` hd lhdrds hgsghdktds sd hdtgdkd parqud l`s dldoogakds sakgkegkdktds y uk oakgota gktdrka eàs sÿla hdsn`st`rå` ` l` oèp`ð`

&Rabdrta E`hr`za, L` Mark`h`, 2: hd e`ya, 2::3'+

Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` sdnukh` dt`p`

Dk dst` dt`p` sd rdngstr`rak euofas atras tde`s kdn`tgvas edkastr`sodkhdktds, pdra qud hdsn`st`rak l` oèp`` oatghg`kèdktd, dktrdlas eàs cèasas hdstò`k las sgnugdktds+

Dl 04 hd e`rza+ Dl dx nabdrk`har hd Nudrrdra Rdkç Muàrdz, qugdkcuknd oaea oaarhgk`har hd oèp`` dk l` rdngÿk hd Nudrrdra, rdkukog` ` l` oèp``, puds sd f` vgsta `cdot`ha par dl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr

prdogasa+ Ou`kha dr` nabdrk`har rd`lgzÿ kdnaogas p`rdktdedktd glogtas oak Ièdl Kògc, deprds`rga gkvaluor`ha dk dl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr

prdogasa &Rabdrta E`hr`za, Rdcare`, 03 hd e`rza, 2::3'+Dl 22 hd e`rza+ Dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` publgo` uk rdpart`md qud hd

eudstr` qud has faegogh`s dst`b`k cukogak`kha oaea apdr`hards paltgoas hd l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za dk uk` rdngÿk hd A`xò`+ Dk dl pdrgÿhg

oa sd eudstr`k catas hdl orgedk y catas hd E`hr`za oak las `sdsgkas&Rabdrta E`hr`za, Rdcare`, 2? hd e`rza, 2::3'+

Dl 23 hd e`rza+ Dk uk egtgk dk l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, E`hr`za oae p`rtd dl prdsghgue oak l` lghdrds` hd oaedrog`ktds èbul`ktds hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l, @ldm`khr` B`rrgas+ Fò pdk`s ukas h`s qud l` lghdrds`f`b` s`lgha hd l` oàrodl par o`rnas hd `sdsgk`ta &Rabdrta E`hr`za, DlTkgvdrs`l, 24 hd e`rza, 2::3'+

Dl 24 hd `brgl+ Hur`ktd dl prgedr hdb`td hd o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`

lds, dl o`khgh`ta Rabdrta Oèp` prdsdkt` dvghdkog`s hd qud E`hr`zaka f` p`n`ha gepudstas hur`ktd v`rgas as+Dl 0: hd e`ya, E`hr`za gktdrruepd sýbgtèdktd su ngr` p`r` sdr gk

nrds`ha hd dedrndkog` dk uk faspgt`l hakhd pdre`kdod trds far`s+ Oarrdk rueards hd qud f` sucrgha uk gkc`rta, pdra k`ledktd E`hr`zas`ld l p`sa gkcare`kha qud sd utaedhgoÿ, la ou`l ld pravaoÿ uk` orgsgsn`stragktdstgk`l+



2?:

Gktdks` oèp`` edhgàtgo`

Las tde`s kdn`tgvas fgogdrak hdsluogr euofa l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za+ Pugzà dk rd`lgh`h euofas hd dllas dr`k gkdvgt`blds, oaea l` luof`

par dl rdp`rta hd l`s o`khgh`tur`s y l`s oaksgnugdktds dsogsgakds+ Zdra,`l e`rndk hd dsta, l` oèp`` eastrÿ uk` gepart`ktd pl`kdògÿk y dmdouogÿk dk su dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo`+ Dl sdnugegdkta hd edhgas `part``bukh`ktd gkcareògÿk qud hdeudstr` dl budk e`kdma hd l` ndkh` pý

blgo` qud tuva l` oèp``+Dk prgedr lun`r f`y qud gksgstgr qud, l ubgo`rsd dk uk tdrodr lun`r dk

l`s dkoudst`s, dr` hgcogl qud las edhgas tae`r`k dk oudkt` las tde`s hdsu ndkh`+ _gk deb`rna, dk sus eaedktas eàs dxgtasas, E`hr`za lanr`gktrahuogr lnukas tde`s ` l` ndkh` qud cdot`k sus hvdrs`rgas, par dmdepla= dl 06 hd e`ya, su `lg`ha Marnd Deglga Nakzàldz, hgrgndktd hdlpvde, hdkukog` qud dl prdsghdktd Cax la prdsgakÿ p`r` qud su p`rtghadktr`r` l` oèp`` hdl p`k y ka l` hdl prg+

Hdspuçs hdl prgedr hdb`td, ou`kha tah`s l`s dkoudst`s e`ro`k qudO`lhdrÿk f` supdr`ha Lÿpdz Abr`har, E`hr`za oèbg` hd hvdrs`rgay dkcao` sus b`tdr`s oaktr` l` hupl` O`lhdrÿkCax+ Gkolusa lldn` ` pra

pakdr `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka uk pòta p`r` oaktr`rrdst`r ` l` oèp`Ò`lhdrÿkCax+ Dl 07 hd e`ya prapakd `l prh uk` `lg`kz` paltgo` p`r`

hdtdkdr l` “dldoogÿk hd Dst`ha― qud, `sdnur`, prdp`r`k Cax y dl p`k+++@l h` sgnugdktd deprdkhd uk` “b`t`ll` ldn`l― p`r` dvgt`r l` “dldoogÿk hdDst`ha―+

@hdeàs, dl o`khgh`ta tdk` budk`s rdòogakds `l `barh`r l` prabldeàtgo` hd l` paltgo` kògak`l+ Dk `suktas ol`vds lanrÿ e`ktdkdr uk`

pastur` douàkged qud p`rdo` sgktakgz`r oak l`s hde`kh`s hd l` oguh`h`kå`9 sabrd taha, lanr`b` oalao`rsd oaea edhg`har dktrd dl oakgota

pdre`kdktd hd sus `hvdrs`rgas, par dmdepla= dl 0: hd `brgl oakhdk` dl

spat hdl p`k qud sd burl` hd l` dsorgtar` Dldk` Zakg`tawsi`9 dl 20 hd`brgl oakhdk` l` rdprdsgÿk d gko`pògh`h hdl nabgdrka hd Cax par dl o`sa_go`rts`9 dl 00 hd e`ya oakhdk` l nrupa hd pdrrdhgst`s qud rdvdkt`rakuk egtgk hd O`lhdrÿk9 dl 23 hd e`ya rdspakhd ` Cax qud l` rdcare` egnr`targ` prapudst` dk DT ka ds suogdktd, puds ýk sd e`ktgdkd l` eglgt`rgzògÿk hd l` craktdr`9 dl ? hd mukga rdprdkhd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s hdsus oaktrgko`ktds parqud, `sdnur`, l` ndktd y` “dst` euy o`ks`h` hdlofaqud y dl dsoàkh`la―+++

@l gnu`l qud fò`k sus oaktdkhgdktds, E`hr`za `pravdofÿ `lnukastde`s oakcusas p`r` hdso`lgo`r ` sus `hvdrs`rgas= dl 22 hd e`rza sdsue` ` l` oarrgdktd hd oakhdk` hd l` prdsukt` gkmdrdkog` hdl prdsghdktdFuna Ofàvdz dk bdkdoga hd l` oèp`ð` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 dl 6 hd



2?0

e`ya `pravdof` dl dpgsahga hd vgaldkog` dk @tdkoa p`r` rdspaks`bglgz`r dstd ýltgea+++

Xèbgçk dk dl rubra hd l`s rdlògakds pýblgo`s oak las edhgas, lòèp`` hd E`hr`za ds ord`tgv` dk euofas `spdotas, par dmdepla, `

edkuha, dk l`s nr`khds oguh`hds, sd dktrdvgst` pdrsak`ledktd oak lashudas, hgrdotgvas y rdprdsdkt`ktds hd edhgas lao`lds, la ou`l `yuh` `qud ld brgkhdk uk` edmar oabdrtur`+ Las pdrgÿhgoas rdsd`k dstd tgpa hddkoudktras dl 7, 2? y 23 hd e`rza+

Hd gnu`l e`kdr`, ds dl o`khgh`ta qud eàs `sgstd ` las caras hd l` saogdh`h ogvgl, la ou`l ld rdprdsdkt` euof`s n`k`kog`s, puds lanr` uhgtargas hd l` eàs `lt` o`lgh`h sgk kdodsgh`h hd gkvdrtgr dk lanstgo`+ Zdra,sabrd taha, dstd tgpa hd dvdktas sak euy gepart`ktds p`r` las edhgas, laou`l rdprdsdkt` uk` nr`k oabdrtur` p`r` l` oèp`` hdl o`khgh`ta+

Dktrd l`s rdukgakds dk l`s qud p`rtgogp` hdstò`k= Rdukgÿk hd b`kqudras &28 hd e`rza'9 Rdukgÿk hd l` `saogògÿk hd publgogst`s &2> e`rza'9 Rdukgÿk hd l` Oàe`r` Xdldoaeukgoògakds par O`bld &?: hd e`rza'9 Oàe`r` Kògak`l hd Oaedrog`ktds Zrdst`hards hd _drvgogas &:2 hd`brgl'9 dl ? hd `brgl tgdkd has prdsdktògakds, oak dl Oaksdma Edxgo`kahd @suktas Gktdrkògak`lds, `s oaea oak dl Oaksdma Dmdoutgva hd De

prds`s Nlab`lds9 Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`l &20 hd `brgl'9 60@sèbld` hdl Oaksdma Dpgsoap`l Edxgo`ka &2> hd `brgl'9 rdotards hd

Gkstgtuogakds Z`rtgoul`rds &2> hd `brgl'9 @saogògÿk Kògak`l hd Kat`rgas Zýblgoas &3 hd e`ya'9 sgstd p`r` re`r dl oakvdkga hd Eçxgoa Tkgha Oaktr` l` Hdlgkoudkog` &6 hd e`ya'9 Dkoudktra oak gkvdrsgakgst`s,arn`kgz`ha par Xfd Doakaegst &7 hd e`ya'9 Arn`kgzògÿk Zar Eçxgoa&7 hd e`ya'9 @saogògÿk Edxgo`k` hd Gkstgtuogakds hd _dnuras &22 hde`ya'9 dkoudktra oak rdotards `kugds &2 hd mukga'+

@otgvgh`hds gkkav`har`s hd vghdapaltgo`

L` oèp`` hd E`hr`za tèbgçk sd o`ròtdrgzÿ par rdourrgr otgvgh`hds lýhgo`s p`r` qud l` oèp`` cudr` eàs `tròtgv`+ Dl rdoursa eàsoaeýk oaksgstd dk oakvdrtgr las etgkds dk dspdotàoulas oak eýsgo`,`rtgst`s cèasas+++ par dmdepla= dl 2: hd e`ya Kò`sg` y Kò`r`kh`,

pdrsak`mds hdl pranrè` tdldvgsgva L` far` pgoa `kge`k dl egtgk9 dl 23hd e`ya fòd la egsea Xdrd l` sdordt`rg`, pdrsak`md hdl pranrè` hdtv, L` Ardm 9 dl 3 hd e`ya sd arn`kgz` uk dkoudktra oak mÿvdkds dk uk`hgsoatdo` hakhd dl o`khgh`ta sgeul` tao`r l` nugt`rr` dlçotrgo` y sd us`k

mgknlds hd oèp`` o`kt`has par uk nrupa hd r`p9 dl 24 hd e`ya edkgz` dl egtgk dl _ýpdr _faw hd las Sàzqudz9 dl 07 hd brgl fòd la prapga dl



2?2

nrupa eusgo`l Zatra+++ Dk atr`s ao`sgakds dl o`khgh`ta òtý` p`r` l`soàe`r`s, par dmdepla, dl ?: hd e`rza p`rtgogp` dk uk` o`b`ln`t` oakn`k`hdras+ Dl 00 hd `brgl ds dktrdvgst`ha ` barha hd uk` pdsdr` &uk vdfoula hd tr`kspartd pýblgoa hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa'+

E`hr`za tèbgçk rdogbd dl `paya hd pdrsak`mds cèasas, ùkqud lè`yar` hd dllas y` sak kog`kas y sÿla dr`k sgebÿlgoas p`r` l`s ndkdrògakds hd `hultas e`yards+ Zar dmdepla, dl 8 hd mukga la òaep``k lasdx baxd`hards Rubçk, dl Zý`s Algv`rds y R`ýl, dl R`tÿk Eò`s9 dl dxe`rofgst` R`ýl Nakzàldz+++ Dl 28 hd e`ya sd fòd òaep``r dk dl prd%sghgue hdl egtgk par l` e`hrd hdl cutbalgst` edxgo`ka eàs cèasa hdleaedkta, R`c`dl Eàrqudz+++

Nrào` VGV

R`tgkn Clp O`lÿ y raba E``za Atra Ralla

Cudktd= Egldkga hg`rga, 2? hd e`rza 2::3

@l gnu`l qud O`lhdrÿk, E`hr`za `sgstd ` euofas pranrè`s pdrgahstgoas d, gkolusa, ` pranrè`s hd tdldvgsgÿk qud ka sak gkcare`tgvassgka eàs bgdk hd dspdotàoula, las ou`lds tgdkdk `ltas r`tgkns+ Zar dmde

pla, `sgstd `l pranrè` oÿegoa Atra ralla dl h` 20 hd e`rza+ Dl 2? hde`ya p`rtgogp` dk dl pranrè` e`tgk`l hd dktrdtdkgegdkta hd tv @ztdo`Sdkn` l` ldnrå`9 dl 27 hd e`ya sgstd atra pranrè` e`tgk`l hd dktrdtdkgegdkta hd Xdldvgs`, Fay+ Dl > hd brgl, sgstd Dspòga 2::3, dvdkta



2??

edhgàtgoa muvdkgl arn`kgz`ha par Xdldvgs`+ Dl 0 hd mukga ds dktrdvgst`hadk l` o`hdk` hd eýsgo` muvdkgl etv+ Dk tv @ztdo` hds`rrall` uk` nr`k

prdsdkog`, dk kuedras`s ao`sgakds ds dktrdvgst`ha par M`vgdr @l`tarrd,oakhuotar hdl katgog`rga dstdl`r Fdofas9 Lup` Oguh`h`k` rdngstr` dk

trdvgst`s dl 28 hd e`rza9 dl 0: hd e`ya9 dl 04 hd e`ya9 dl 06 hd e`ya+++Dk dst` o`hdk` tdldvgsgv` tèbgçk p`rtgogp` dk atr`s degsgakds oaea dl22 hd e`ya, dk L` dktrdvgst` oak @k` ^gkaour9 oak Marnd N`rr`lh` dkdl pranrè` @ qugdk oarrdspakh`, tèbgçk dl 22 hd e`ya+++ Oak dl prdtdxta hd uk supudsta rdl`kzègdkta, dl ?: hd e`ya ds dktrdvgst`ha dk Dl

Katgogdra, dl gkcare`tgva dstdl`r hd Xdldvgs`+

Dstr`tdng` hd e`ridtgkn

Dk dst` vdrtgdktd publgogt`rg` o`bd hdstò`r qud dk las prgedras h`shd e`rza, E`hr`za cud dl prgedra dk hgcukhgr praeaogak`lds kdn tgvasqud `tò`b`k l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk dspdog`l cud gepart`ktd dl spat qud eastr`b` l` oaktr`hgoogÿk hd çstd sabrd las hdb`tds+ Dl`kukoga hdeastr`b` qud ou`kha Lÿpdz Abr`har dr` prdo`khgh`ta pra

pusa f`st` 0: hdb`tds, pdra dk dl gkgoga hd l`s oèp``s, ou`kha dr` dlo`khgh`ta puktdra, sd kdn`b` ` hdb`tgr+

@hdeàs, oaea y` ds oastuebrd, su dqugpa prahuod `kukogas p`rò`h` sgtuògÿk qud vgvd dl p`s+ Dk sde`k` s`kt` prahuod uka hakhd llè` ` l` rddxgÿk dspgrgtu`l, dspdog`ledktd ` sus `hvdrs`rgas qud “sgde

prd sd dstàk tò`kha―+ Dl 0: hd e`ya rd`lgz`k uk kukoga p`r` cdlgogt`r `l`s e`hrds dk su h`+ H`s `ktds hdl prgedr hdb`td l` oèp`` hgcukhd

praeaogak`lds hakhd hdkukog` qud l` hegkgstrògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Caxka oueplgÿ sus praeds`s, çstd sdrà dl dmd hd su prdsdktògÿk dk dl hdb`td+Dl 0 hd e`ya prahuod spats p`r` cdlgogt`r ` las tr`b`m`hards+++

Hdktra hd dst` vdrtgdktd tèbgçk sd hdsoubrd qud las spats hd E`hr`zasak las eàs dl`bar`has, las qud gkvgdrtdk eàs dk l` prahuoogÿk+ Dsta sdhdsoubrd parqud sus praeaogak`lds rdourrdk eàs tçokgo`s ogkde`tanrào`s, ` hgcdrdkog` hd las hd atras o`khgh`tas qud sak eàs sgeplds, us`kedkas geàndkds, edkas dcdotas dspdog`lds, edkas otards+++

Dk l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hd e`ya, E`hr`za vudlvd oaktr`t`r O`rlas @l`zrìg+ Dl publgogst` rdnrds` musta dk l` dt`p` hd prdp`rògÿk hdlhdb`td+ @l`zrìg hvgdrtd qud y` dst`b` tr`b`m`kha p`r` las hgput`has hdl` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa &`pe', hd e`kdr` qud `l rdnrds`r oak E`hr`zasÿla sd ukgo`rak l`s has oèp`ð`s p`r` tdkdr eàs sgkdrng`+ Hd fdofa,l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za `hapt`rà dl dslan`k hd las hgput`has hd l`@lg`kz`= “Xd v` gr euy bgdk― &_atdla, 0? hd e`ya, 2::4'+



2?8

@l`zrìg oakre` qud `far` l` dstr`tdng` hd E`hr`za ds alvgh`rsdhd las rgv`lds d gr ` cakha par las gkhdogsas, dsta geplgo` ka dktr`r dk l`nudrr` hd spats kdn`tgvas+ Las praeaogak`lds hd l` `pe f`bl`ràk eàshd l`s kdodsgh`hds hd l` ndktd qud hd l`s vgrtuhds hd E`hr`za+ X ebgçk

prdtdkhd rdnrds`r `l vdrh`hdra E`hr`za, “dl faebrd cudrtd, dl hura, quds`bd nabdrk`r, la qud kdodsgt` dl p`s― &ghde'+

_`lhas hd l` sdnukh` dt`p`

L` sdnukh` dt`p` cud uk pdrgaha hdogsgva dk l`s oèp``s+ Dk çst`l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hgdrak uk vudloa hd 06: nr`has+ Dk l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hd e`rza Lÿpdz Abr`har tdk` `praxge`hèdktd 0:

puktas hd vdkt`m` dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds, pdra p`r` l` prgedr`qugkodk` hd `brgl ka sÿla f`b` pdrhgha dst` vdkt`m` sgka qud O`lhdrÿkla f`b` rdb`s`ha+ L` rdspudst` hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ` lòèp`` kdn`tgv` hdl p`k sd prdsdkt`rà f`st` l` sdnukh` sde`k` hde`ya9 dsta sgnkgo` qud Lÿpdz Abr`har odhgÿ l` gkgog`tgv` l` oèp`ð`hd O`lhdrÿk hur`ktd has l`rnas edsds+

Ka sd pudhd f`bl`r hd uk còtar `gsl`ha qud dxplgqud dstd vudloadldotar`l, sgka hd uk` o`hdk` hd òaktdogegdktas qud oagkoghgdrak p`r`

lanr`r dstd rdsult`ha= l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s hd E`hr`za y O`lhdrÿk9 lasdrrards hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, t`lds oaea su pldgta oak dl prdsghdktd Cax ysu gk`sgstdkog` `l hdb`td9 dl `pravdofègdkta ÿptgea hd dlla par p`rtdhd sus `hvdrs`rgas9 l` gep`sgbglgh`h hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har `ktd las brgll`ktds `t`quds edhgàtgoas hd sus `hvdrs`rgas9 l` gksgnkgo`ktd dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 l` ablgou` oèp`` hdl

prdsghdktd Cax9 dl usa prap`n`khstgoa y olgdktdl`r hd las pranrè`s saog`lds hdl nabgdrka cdhdr`l+++

Zdra ka tahas dstas còtards cudrak cartugtas, euofas hd dllas cudrak pl`kd`has, rdspakh`k ` uk kudva pl`ktdègdkta dstr`tçngoa hd l` oè p`` prdsghdkog`l hdl p k9 atras cudrak prahuota hd uk` hdogdktd dstr`tdng` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har qud edkasprdog`b` l` oèp`` dk edhgas+

Hdspuçs hd dstas has l`rnas edsds hd `hvdrsgh`hds k`ledktd lòèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har rdòogak`, pdra l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk kaodhd+ Dk las prgedras h`s hd mukga, ebas o`khgh`tas y` mudn`k oak l`segse`s o`rt`s= oèp``s kdn`tgv`s, uk` nr`k prdsdkog` dk las edhgas+++Dk dst`s oakhgogakds hd dep`td dktrd l`s has oèp``s dl hdb`td praedt` sdr euy gepart`ktd, sabrd taha parqud hdspuçs hd çstd y` ka rdst`b` euofa tgdepa l`s oèp``s+



2?4

tdrodr` dt`p` hd L`s oèp`ð`s

dl sa b` las o`às pso`ls

Lÿpdz Abr`har f`b` sgha rdòga ` hdb`tgr hdshd dl gkgoga hd l` oè p``, hd fdofa rdfusÿ p`rtgogp`r dk dl prgedr hdb`td9 sgk deb`rna, suoèp`` cud l` eàs òtgv` dk l` hgcusgÿk hdl sdnukha hdb`td+ _u dqugpahd oèp`` kukogÿ qud gkst`l`r`k p`kt`ll`s dk l`s pl`z`s pýblgo`s p`r`qud l` ndktd puhgdr` vdr dl hdb`td+ Xèbgçk us`rak spats hd tdldvgsgÿk y

publgogh`h geprds` p`r` hgcukhgr dl dvdkta+ &_`ýl, 24 hd e`ya 2::3'Dl hdb`td sd rd`lgzÿ dl 3 hd mukga dk dl ârlh Xr`hd Odktdr hd l` Ogu

h`h hd Eçxgoa9 oaedkzÿ l`s 2:=?: y tdregkÿ l`s 22=?:, sd tr`ksegtgÿdk dl o`k`l 4 hd Xdldvgs` y dk dl o`k`l > hd tv @ztdo`+ Z`rtgogp`rak dk dlhdb`td las ogkoa o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds+ Dl pranrè` dk tdldvgsgÿktuva uk praedhga hd 06 puktas hd r`tgkn, b`st`ktd lta sg sd p`rtd hd qudds uk dvdkta paltgoa qud ka sudld `tr`dr euofa pýblgoa y qud cud uk

pranrè` hd has far`s+ Dk dl o`k`l 4 hd Xdldvgs` abtuva uk r`tgkn hd 0: puktas y dk dl o`k`l > hd tv @ztdo` abtuva 6 puktas+ Dstd r`tgkn dqugv`ld ` uk pýblgoa tdldvghdktd hd 7 egllakds hd pdrsak`s+ Dl hdb`td, par t`kta y` ka qudhÿ t`k ldmas hd las pranrè`s hd e`yar r`tgkn oaea cudrak l`s tdldkavdl`s qud oaepgtgdrak dk dl egsea far`rga= L` cd` eàs

bdll` rdngstrÿ 23+2 puktas hd r`tgkn y L` vdrh`h aoult` abtuva 22+4 puktas & L` Rdvgst`, 02 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Nrào` VV

R`tgkn l sa b` las o`às pso`ls

Cudktd= Egldkga Hg`rga, 6 hd mukga, 2::3+



2?3

L`s dstr`tdng`s hd las o`khgh`tas

Z`r` dv`lu`r dl hdb`td sd f` rd`lgz`ha uk sdkoglla dmdrogoga hd kàlgsgshd hgsoursa+ _d oakt`bglgz` quç tgpa hd hgsoursa us`k las o`khgh`tas dk

o`h` uk` hd sus p`rtgogpògakds9 sd hgstgknudk has tgpas prgkogp`lds hdhgsoursa= ortgo`s y prapudst`s+ Hdspuçs sd k`lgz`k las turkas hd f`bl` p`r` hdsoubrgr qugdk sd hdcdkhgÿ y tòÿ oak eàs çxgta+

_d pudhd absdrv`r qud l`s dstr`tdng`s hd oèp`` hd las has prgkogp`lds oaktdkhgdktds sd dsodkgo`k dk dl e`roa hdl hdb`td= Lÿpdz Abr`har sd hdhgo` ` orgtgo`r dl eahdla doakÿegoa vgndktd y ` prapakdr uk kudvaeahdla, ds l` dstr`tdng` hdl oèbga9 O`lhdrÿk pl`ktd` qud dldngr ` LÿpdzAbr`har oakhuod hgrdotèdktd `l hds`strd doakÿegoa egdktr`s qud dldngr l p k oakhuogrà l çxgta hdl p`s, ds l` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std+

Dl hdb`td sd vd haegk`ha par l` hgsousgÿk qud sd dst`bldod dktrd Lÿ pdz Abr`har y O`lhdrÿk+ Oaea E`hr`za ka dktr` ` l` oakcraktògÿk oaklas has prgkogp`lds oaktdkhgdktds s`ld par oaepldta hdl kýolda hrèàtgoa hd l` dsodk`+ Kg Lÿpdz Abr`har kg O`lhdrÿk `tgdkhdk ` E`hr`za,euofa edkas ` Z`ty Edro`ha a ` Rabdrta Oèp`+

Dl dmd hgsoursgva hd E`hr`za cud l` ortgo` `l nabgdrka hd Cax, dksus haod p`rtgogpògakds orgtgo` l` hegkgstrògÿk cdhdr`l+ Dk aofa hd sus

p`rtgogpògakds tèbgçk prdsdkt` prapudst`s hd nabgdrka y, par ýltgea,

dk trds ao`sgakds orgtgo` l` oakcraktògÿk hd sus prgkogp`lds hvdrs`rgas p`r` ubgo`rsd oaea l` apogÿk hd odktra, dl musta edhga, dktrd èbas9 `lk`l hd l` oèp`ð` çst` ds l` tÿkgo` hd su hgsoursa+

Dl dmd hgsoursgva hd l`s haod gktdrvdkogakds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ds l` ortgo` hdl eahdla doakÿegoa òtu`l y l` prapudst` hd uk kudva eahdla+@ous` qud dl kudva eahdla prgvgldng` ` las rgoas y hgsorgegk` ` las pa

brds+ _u prgedr` gktdrvdkogÿk sgktdtgz` dl dmd hd su hgsoursa dk dl hdb`td=

F`y has praydotas hgstgktas y oaktr`pudstas hd kògÿk, f`y uk praydotaqud hddkhdk kudstras `hvdrs`rgas, qud dk dsdkog` sgnkgo` eàs hd laegsea+++ Kasatras sastdkdeas qud f`y qud oèbg`r l` òtu`l paltgo`doakÿego`, parqud ka f` cukogak`ha, ka f` f`bgha ordogegdkta hd l` doakae`, ka sd f`k ndkdr`ha depldas+ Xdkdeas tèbgçk qud tdregk`r oaklas prgvgldngas, par dmdepla, las hd edra `rrgb`, las gkuydktds ka p`n`kgepudstas, p`n`k gepudstas las gktdnr`ktds hd l`s ol`sds edhg`s y dl

pudbla r`sa, pdra ka las hd rrgb`+Xdkdeas tèbgçk qud dst`bldodr uk` oakvgvdkog` saog`l eàs fue`k`

y eàs gnu`lgt`rg`, ka ds pasgbld qud ukas ou`ktas la tdkn`k taha y lè`yar` o`rdzo` f`st` hd la eàs gkhgspdks`bld &èla, 2½ Hdb`td hd laso`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga, 2::3'+



2?>

L` p`rtgogpògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl hdb`td ds b`st`ktd hdogdktd hdshd dl pukta hd vgst` tçokgoa+ Hdkat` uk` e`l` prdp`rògÿk hdldvdkta y uk` cr`ko` gko`pògh`h p`r` hdb`tgr+ Dktrd sus prgkogp`ldsdrrards sd dkoudktr`k= ' trds hd sus p`rtgogpògakds sak oart`h`s par l`

oaarhgk`har` hdl hdb`td parqud sd f` dxodhgha hd tgdepa9 dk v`rg`s ao`sgakds ka hdsegdktd l`s òusògakds qud ld fòd O`lhdrÿk y dk atr`sao`sgakds oaktr``rnuedkt` hd uk` e`kdr` oakcus`9 par ýltgea, l`s ortgo`s qud rd`lgz` O`lhdrÿk sak càogledktd hdsedktgh`s par çstd+

Dk oèbga, O`lhdrÿk lanr` uk` prdsdktògÿk dxgtas`, hdeudstr` uk` budk` prdp`rògÿk hdl dvdkta y uk` nr`k o`pògh`h p`r` hdb`tgr+ Ts` 00hd sus haod gktdrvdkogakds p`r` pl`ktd`r sus prapudst`s+ Dk sgdtd hd sus

p`rtgogpògakds fòd òusògakds hgrdot`s ` Lÿpdz Abr`har y dk hasao`sgakds eàs la orgtgo` dk bstròta oak l` cÿreul` olàsgo` hd l` oèp`` hd oaktr`std9 dk trds ao`sgakds rdspakhd las t`quds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y dk uk` ao`sgÿk rdspakhd ortgo`s hd E`hr`za+ @hdeàs O`lhdrÿksd eudstr` oak nr`k o`pògh`h p`r` hdb`tgr, puds rdspakhd l`s ortgo`sy sd h` tgdepa p`r` oakcrakt`r `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, pdra, ` l` vdz, kahdm` hd pl`ktd`r sus prapudst`s+

Las turkas hd f`bl`, `t`quds y oaktr``t`quds hd las o`khgh`tas

L` prgedr` òusògÿk qud fòd O`lhdrÿk ds qud Lÿpdz Abr`har “lanrÿ qud l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa sd oakvgrtgdr` dk l` eàs gksdnur` hd taha dl p`s y, `l egsea tgdepa, dk l` dktgh`h oak eàs oarrupogÿk dk tahaEçxgoa―+

Dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka ka hdsegdktd hgrdotèdktd dst` prgedr ousògÿk, sgka qud rdspakhd oak uk `rnuedkta hd `kbalanå`+ Dk vdz hdhdsedktgr qud l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa ds l` eàs gksdnur` hdl p`s sungdrd

qud l` `reògÿk ka ds ogdrt` parqud v` n`k`kha dk l`s dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds+ Atra rnuedkta hd kbalanå` qud acrdod ds qud sg ka fgzaeàs cud par oulp` hd l` hegkgstrògÿk cdhdr`l dko`bdz`h` par Cax+

Dk l` sdnukh` p`rtgogpògÿk, O`lhdrÿk hdkukog` l`s oaktr`hgoogakdshd Lÿpdz Abr`har= dstd o`khgh`ta rdoakaod l`s dkoudst`s dk dl hc parqud `f ld h`k dl trgukca, pdra ka dk dl rdsta hdl p`s parqud la ubgo`kdk sdnukha lun`r9 Lÿpdz Abr`har tèpaoa rdoakaod qud dst`s dkoudst`s hgodk qud >?$ hd las f`bgt`ktds hdl hc “oaksghdr`k qud dl prabldeèàs nr`vd hd dst` oguh`h ds l` gksdnurgh`h pýblgo` y l` e`yar` hddllas oaksghdr`k qud f` depdar`ha hd las ýltgeas ogkoa às ` l` cdof`―+ Dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdka ka rdspakhd ` dst` ortgo` dk su sgnugdktd

p`rtgogpògÿk+



2?6

Zastdrgaredktd, Lÿpdz Abr`har sd qudm` hd qud l` hegkgstrògÿk hdCax la dstuva fastglgz`kha oak dl hds`cudra y qud la egsea f` fdofa lòèp`` kdn`tgv` hdl p`k+

@ dst` ortgo` ndkçrgo`, O`lhdrÿk oaktr``tò` oak l` tdsgs olàsgo` hd l`

oèp`` hd oaktr`std, dk l` dldoogÿk dxgstdk has `ltdrk`tgv`s= dl çxgtadoakÿegoa, paltgoa y saog`l rdprdsdkt`ha par dl p k a dl hds`strd doakÿegoa, paltgoa y saog`l qud pravao`r` Lÿpdz Abr`har=

Dcdotgvèdktd, dl 2 hd mulga vèas ` hdoghgr dktrd has praydotas+ Tkaqud ya prapakna, qud dstà b`s`ha dk l` sdks`tdz, dk l` dst`bglgh`h, dk l`cudrz` hd l` ldy, dk l` prgargh`h hdl deplda+

W atra dl qud rdprdsdkt` dl o`khgh`ta hdl prh, qud ka sÿla ds e`l praydota par sus rdsult`has dk dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l+ Egrdk= hdmÿ l hc oaea l`

oguh`h eàs dkhduh`h`, l` eàs gksdnur` hdl p`s, l` dktgh`h oak e`yar oarrupogÿk hd taha Eçxgoa, oak l` t`s` eàs `lt` hd hdsdeplda y oak l`t`s` hd ordogegdkta eàs b`m` hdl p`s &co, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas `l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Lÿpdz Abr`har rdspakhd qud ds uk` edktgr` qud çl f`y` dkhduh`ha` l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa=

L` _dordt`r` hd Fògdkh` tgdkd las h`tas qud ou`kha ya cug Mdcd hd Na

bgdrka cud ou`kha ordogÿ edkas l` hduh` dk l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa dk ?:às & ela, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga,2::3'+

Dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka oaktr``tò` ous`kha l p`k hd f`bdr prab`ha dl Cab`pra`=

Zdra sg f`blèas hd hduh`, hduh`, la qud sd hgod hduh`, cud dl Cab`pra`,qud dllas `prab`rak p`r` rdso`t`r ` las hd `rrgb`, gkolughas tèbgçk p`

kgst`s+ _d oakvgrtgdrak hduh`s prgv`h`s hd ukas ou`ktas dk hduh` pýblgo`, 02: ::: egllakds hd hÿl`rds+++ & ela, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas `l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga, 2::3'+

O`lhdrÿk rdspakhd qud ds edktgr` qud dl Cab`pra` f`y` sgha uk pra blde` ndkdr`ha par dl p`k, “kg tèpaoa la reç kg la `prabç, ustdh las`bd, la f` rdoakaogha pýblgoèdktd d gkolusa la f` publgo`ha dk su lg

bra―+ @hdeàs ous` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd qudrdr s`batd`r l` doakae` hd

l` ndktd=Egdktd ustdh, par quç ka ld hgod l` ndktd qud sg sd hdsoakaod dl paya las `farr`hards, tahas las tdldvghdktds pdrhdr`k gkedhg`tèdktd sus



2?7

`farras dk dl b`koa y dktr`rèas atr` orgsgs doakÿego` oaea l`s qud ustdh ld nust`k &co, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Zar ýltgea, O`lhdrÿk òus` qud las vdrh`hdras rdspaks`blds hdl Ca b`pra` `far` dstàk dk dl dqugpa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har=

Zarqud oakordtèdktd ustdh pastulÿ ` @rtura Kýdz, dl oaarhgk`har hdlas hgput`has hdl prg dk ds` çpao` qud çl s hdcdkhgÿ, `prabÿ y vatÿ dlCab`pra` y far` ds o`khgh`ta sdk`har hdl prh par X`b`soa, su dst`ha,

par ogdrta &co, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga,2::3'+

@ tah`s dst`s òusògakds Lÿpdz Abr`har ka rdspakhd, `lnuk`s hddll`s, oaea l` hd @rtura Kudz, sak oaepldtèdktd odrtdr`s, atr`s saksase`s, puds dk rd`lgh`h dl p`k, mukta oak dl prg, `prabÿ l` apdrògÿkhdl Cab`pra` dk dl oaknrdsa y dk dsd eaedkta Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk dr` prdsghdktd hdl p`k, ds hdogr, dr` rdspaks`bld hd hdsgnk`r l oaarhgk`har hdl` b`ko`h` dk dl Oaknrdsa+++ _g ò`sa v`ld edkogak`r uk` rdòogÿk b`st`ktd oakcus` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, dk las eaedktas dk qud su gktdrvdkogÿk sdrà oart`h` hdbgha `l tgdepa= “y` f` sgha hde`sg`ha bdkdoga

p`r` ukas ou`ktas, y dl Cab`pra` ds dsa, y ludna vay tr`t`r dstd `suktaoak Cdlgpd+++―O`lhdrÿk orgtgo` l` apògh`h hd l`s oudkt`s pýblgo`s hdlnhc y l` supuds

t` oaktr`hgoogÿk hd l` prapudst` hd ùstdrgh`h hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, pudssu dktakods “ofacdr― tdk` uk s`l`rga dxodsgva+

Dk eg nabgdrka ka v` ` f`bdr hdgoaegsas kg o`mgt`s egstdrgas`s, oaeal`s hdl sdnukha pgsa, hakhd las oguh`h`kas ka pudhdk s`bdr oÿea sd`sgnk`rak l`s abr`s, kg ouàkta oast`rak, y qud ka kas vdkn`k oak dl oudk

ta hd l` ùstdrgh`h dl dx mdcd hd nabgdrka ou`kha su ofacdr Kgoalàs Ealgkdha, n`k`b` >: ::: pdsas y f`st` su fgma dstà dk uk` dsoudl` dk Dst`hasTkghas hakhd n`st` f`st` uk egllÿk hd pdsas l a &co, 2½ Hdb`td hd laso`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga, 2::3'+

O`lhdrÿk rdeòf` l` oaktr`hgoogÿk hd l` prapudst` hd ùstdrgh`h hdLÿpdz Abr`har oak atr` hdkukog`= “dl otu`l prdsghdktd hdl prh, LdakdlOat`, ou`kha dr` nabdrk`har hd B`m O`lgcarkg` _ur n`k`b` uk s`l`rga

hd 24: ::: pdsas l eds, dl eàs lta dk euofas p`sds hdl eukha―+ Kgknuk` hd l`s trds òusògakds rdogbdk rdspudst` par p`rtd hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har, ukqud dk rd`lgh`h rdprdsdkt`b`k o`sas b`st`ktd hgcukhghas y has hd dllas hdsedktghas+ Dk prgedr lun`r, l` ortgo` hd l` apògh`h



28:

hdl nhc dst`b` bgdk sustdkt`h`, puds dl nhc cud hd las paoas nabgdrkasqud ka `prab`rak ldyds hd tr`ksp`rdkog` pýblgo`+ _gk deb`rna, l`s atr`sòusògakds dr`k par oaepldta gkcukh`h`s+ Dl `lta s`l`rga hdl “ofacdr―hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd mustgo`b` parqud tdkå` atra o`rna, oaarhgk`har hd

lanstgo` hdl nhc+ Egdktr`s qud dl o`sa hd Ldakdl Oat` dr` par oaepldta c`lsa, `l h` sgnugdktd hdl hdb`td, Ldakdl Oat` dk uk` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks` eastr`r` rdogbas b`ko`rgas qud hdeastr`b`k qud dl sudlha praedhga qud abtuva oaea nabdrk`ktd `sodkhgÿ ` 6> ::: pdsas edksu`lds+

Zar ýltgea, Lÿpdz Abr`har, p`r` oaktr``tò`r, hdkukog` qud HgdnaFglhdbr`kha ]`v`l` &ou`ha hd O`lhdrÿk' f` abtdkgha n`k`kog`s prahuota hdl tràoa hd gkudkog`s qud `cdot`k `l egsea Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+@hdeàs, hgod Lÿpdz Abr`har, çstd egsea “Ou`ha gkoÿeaha― dv`hdgepudstas=

K`h` eàs p`r` hdogr qud vay ` dktrdn`r uk dxpdhgdktd hakhd dl ou`hahd Cdlgpd, Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha, tgdkd uk` deprds` qud ld tr`b`m` `l nabgdrka, qud f` rdogbgha oaktr`tas prdogsèdktd hd l` sdordt`r`, edmar hgofahdl sdotar dkdrnçtgoa ou`kha Cdlgpd cud sdordt`rga, tuva gknrdsas par 2 4::egllakds y ka p`nÿ gepudstas &èla, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas ` l`

prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga, 2::3'+

O`lhdrÿk hdsegdktd eb`s ousògakds, tràoa hd gkudkog`s y dv`sgÿk hd gepudstas=

Kudvèdktd egdktd ustdh, sdar Lÿpdz Abr`har+ O`tdnÿrgoèdktd kgdna la qud ustdh hgod+ B ma eg e`kh`ta dk l` _dordt`r` hd Dkdrn` kg uksala oaktr`ta cud atarn`ha hgsordogak`l a dk las tçregkas hd l` prapg`rdnlèdktògÿk ` `lnýk p`rgdktd ea+ W, par sg ustdh ka la s`bd, ou`lqugdr deprds` qud rd`lgz` lgogtògakds oak dl sdrvgoga pýblgoa kdodsgt`

tdkdr dk rdnl` sus gepudstas+ Hd t`l e`kdr` qud egdktd ustdh y egdktd`hdeàs dk dl gknrdsa= 2 4:: egllakds hd pdsas, kg sa`kha+ Fàn`sdl`

budk` &co, 2½ Hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog`, 3 hd mukga,2::3'+

Dl argndk hdl tde` Dl ouð`ha gkoÿeaha

_dnýk Rgo`rha Eakrd`l, l` dstr`tdng` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl hdb`tddr` ka paldegz`r, ka pdld`r oak O`lhdrÿk, oak dl abmdtgva hd hdeastr`r qud ka dr` dl faebrd gr`sogbld, ùtargt`rga, qud l` publgogh`h p`kgst`f`b` hgbum`ha+ @hdeàs, `sdnur` Rgo`rha Eakrd`l, l` oèp`` hdl dx



280

Mdcd hd Nabgdrka f`b` prdp`r`ha uk` cudrtd acdksgv` pashdb`td oak l`ghd` hd qud= “Dk l` çpao` eahdrk` ka gepart` t`kta dl hdb`td+ La cukhèdkt`l y la eàs gepart`ktd dk las praodsas dldotar`lds eahdrkas dsdl pashdb`td+++― &Nakzàldz y Eaktds, 2::3'+

L` dstr`tdng` pashdb`td oaedkzÿ `pdk`s tdregk`ha dl dvdkta+ MdsýsArtdn` y Rgo`rha Eakrd`l s`lgdrak ` las p`sgllas hdl ârlh Xr`hd Odktdr p`r` h`r dktrdvgst`s y oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks` ` las pdrgahgst`s+ Dklas h`s sgnugdktds, las rdprdsdkt`ktds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har lanr`r`k apò`r las hd O`lhdrÿk dk l`s eds`s rdhakh`s hdl pashdb`td, Zarrga Euaz Ldha, Olùhg` _fdgkbùe, Z`bla Nÿedz+++ L` dstr`tdng` pashdb`tdhdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka tèbgçk oaktdeplÿ uk` eavglgzògÿk ` kgvdlkògak`l hd las eglgt`ktds y sgep`tgz`ktds p`r` hgcukhgr dl çxgta hdl o`khgh`ta &Nakzàldz y Eaktds, 2::3'+

Zdra la eàs gepart`ktd hdl pashdb td cud l` hgcusgÿk hdl dxpdhgdktdhd Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l`, p`rtgr hd dktakods oakaogha par las edhgas oaea dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+ Hgluogh`r sg dstd deprds`rga y CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk gkourrgdrak dk glogtas rdsult`r` hgcogl hd `barh`r dk dstd lg

bra, puds rdqugdrd uk dstuhga ldn`l euy pracukha+ La ýkgoa qud ed gktdrds` eastr`r ds l` care` dk qud dst` hdkukog` sd oakvgrtgÿ dk dl tde`kdn`tgva eàs gepart`ktd hdl ýltgea eds hd oèp``+

_d rdtae`k l`s òusògakds sabrd dl o`sa qud cudrak publgo`h`s dk dl

rdpart`md hd l rdvgst` Zraodsa kýedra 0484 &Lgzàrr`n`, 00 hd mukga, 2::3'+Dk dstd rdpart`md sd oakcrakt`k l`s òusògakds oak l` hdcdks` hdl de

prds`rga Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha, sgk deb`rna, h`h` l` oaepldmgh`h hdl o`saldn`l, dst` gkvdstgnògÿk ka `v`l` l`s òusògakds kg l` hdcdks`, sÿla sdlgegt`rà ` dxpakdr l` tr`sodkhdkog` edhgàtgo` hd dstd tde` p`r` eastr`r oaea rdòogak`rak l`s oèp``s+

Oaea dk atras hd las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp``, dlargndk hdl o`sa hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha p`rdod argngk`rsd dk v`rg`s gkcar

eògakds hd l` prdks`, dspdoåoèdktd hdl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h`+ Dl 2:hd brgl, eds y edhga ktds hd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har rdvdl`r` dl tde` dk dlsdnukha hdb`td prdsghdkog l, dstd pdrgÿhgoa publgo` uk rdpart`md dk dlqud sd hgvuln` qud dl nabgdrka cdhdr`l f` atarn`ha uk` nr`k o`ktgh`h hdoaktr`tas l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha, l` ou`l dr` hgrgngh` par Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l`, ou`ha hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+ L` cudktd hd l` gkcareògÿk ds dl rdprdsdkt`ktd hdl prh dk dl gcd, ds hdogr, cud uk egdebra hdldqugpa hd oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, qugdk praparogakÿ l` prgegog` `

L` Mark`h`=

@ydr, ludna hd qud l` rdprdsdktògÿk hdl prh dk dl gcd gkgogÿ uk` gkvdstgnògÿk p`r` hdtdregk`r l`s oakhgogakds hd las oaktr`tas hd Aròld y las



282

vkoulas oak Fglhdbr`kha, `l oakaodrsd qud Hgdna ]`v`l` ds dl hgrdotar hd l` deprds` y dsta pahr` oakstgtugr uk` `kae`l` ldn l par su p`rdktdsoa oak dl o`khgh`ta ` l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo` hdl p k &Eçkhdzdt l+, 2: hd brgl, 2::3'+

Dk rd`lgh`h, l` kat` sÿla edkogak` hd p`sa las oaktr`tas qud l`s de prds`s pýblgo`s f`k atarn`ha `l ou`ha hd O`lhdrÿk, dst` prgedr` kat` pdrgahstgo` sd odktr` dk l` hdkukog` hd qud, l` deprds` Aròld, uk saogahd Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha, ds l` qud pravdd l` b`sd hd h`tas qud sd depld`

p`r` dl Zranrè` hd Rdsult`has Dldotar`lds Zrdlgegk`rds &prdp' qudapdr` p`r` dl gcd dl h` hd l`s dldoogakds &Eçkhdz dt `l+, 2: hd `brgl,2::3'+

Hd eaha e`rngk`l, dl rdpart`md gkcare` qud atr`s sdordt`r`s hdl na bgdrka cdhdr`l f`k oaktr`t`ha las sdrvgogas hd l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha,t`lds oaea l` _dordt`r` hd Doakae`, l` _dordt`r` hd Dhuoògÿk Zý

blgo`, l` _dordt`r` hd Fògdkh`, l` _dordt`r` hd Rdoursas K`tur`lds9Zdtrÿldas Edxgo`kas y l` ocd &ghde'+

Zastdrgaredktd, dk atra rdpart`md publgo`ha dl 0? hd e`ya, sd gkcare` qud l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha “abtuva ou`tra oaktr`tas ‟dktrd 2::? y2::4‟ p`r` dl`bar`r dl edo`kgsea par dl ou`l l` _dordt`r` hd Hds`rralla _aog`l &_dhdsal' e`kdm` las p`hrakds oak l` gkcareògÿk hdt`ll`h`

hd 80+7 egllakds hd edxgo`kas gkolughas dk las pranrè`s hd oaeb`td l` pabrdz`, oaea Apartukgh`hds, y l` ubgoògÿk ndanrào` hd l`s ldofdr`s hd Lgoaks`― &Eçkhdz y N`rhua, 0? hd e`ya, 2::3'+

@ukqud dk dstas rdpart`mds ýk ka sd e`kdm`k l`s prgkogp`lds ousògakds &tràoa hd gkudkog`s y dv`sgÿk so`l' qud sustdkt`rà l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, y` sd oaegdkz` ` pravddr l` gkcareògÿk qud sustdkt`rà dl o`sa= oaktr`tas aog`lds atarn`has ` l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha+

dl pasb`, aeà pa l e` l Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha

Tk h` hdspuçs hdl hdb`td, pdk`s p`s`ha dl edhgah`, dk uk` oakcdrdkog` hd prdks`, Olùhg` _fdgkbùe eudstr` dl dxpdhgdktd hdl o`saHgdna Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l`+ Oak b`sd dk kuedrasas h`tas hdkukogÿ prdsuktas glåogtas oaea tràoa hd gkudkog`s y dv`sgÿk so`l+ Hgdna Fglhd

br`kha ]`v`l` ds fdre`ka hd E`rn`rgt` ]`v`l`, l` dspas` hd Cdlgpd

O`lhdrÿk+ L` oèp`` hd lòbt

òusÿ qud hur`ktd dl sdxdkga hd Cax, l`deprds` hd sactw`rd Fglhdbr`kha ordogÿ nròg`s `l tràoa hd gkudkog`s `l nr`ha hd abtdkdr n`k`kog`s par 2 4:: egllakds hd pdsas dk dlsdxdkga+ Dktrd las h`tas qud part`k las ous`hards dstàk=



28?

0+ Dl 03 hd sdptgdebrd hd 2::?, 08 h`s hdspuçs hd qud O`lhdrÿk suegdr` dl o`rna hd _dordt`rga hd Dkdrn`, l` deprds` Fghdbr`kha_+@+ hd O+S+, hd l` qud ds saoga y rdprdsdkt`ktd Hgdna ]`v`l`, abtuva uk oaktr`ta par 23: >34 pdsas oak dl Oaksdma Kògak`l hd

Ogdkog` y Xdokalan` &Oakòyt'+2+ Dl 24 hd sdptgdebrd, dst` oaep`` oakordtÿ uk kudva kdnaoga,`far` par 0 >72 032 pdsas, oak l` _dordt`r` hd Doakae`+ Dktrd dlrdngstra aog`l hd dstd oaktr`ta y l` tae` hd pasdsgÿk hd CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk dk dl n`bgkdtd p`s`rak salèdktd 2? h`s+

?+ Dk Zdedx, l` deprds` Edt` H`t` ‟oaepr`h` par Fglhdbr`kha dlegsea a‟ rdkavÿ uk p`r hd oaktr`tas par 0 277 ::: pdsas+

8+ Dxgstdk 8> oaktr`tas ` c`var hd Fglhdbr`kha y Edt` H`t` hdktrahdl nabgdrka cdhdr`l, hd las ou`lds 00 sd `prab`rak hur`ktd l` ndstgÿk hd O`lhdrÿk dk l` _dordt`r` hd Dkdrn`+

4+ Z`rtd hd l`s n`k`kog`s hd dstas prdsuktas glogtas puhgdrak lldn`r `l` dspas` hd O`lhdrÿk, puds E`rn`rgt` dr` saog` &oak dl 0:$ hd l`sòogakds' hd l` deprds` Fghdbr`kha+

3+ L` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas haouedktÿ dk su hdkukog` pý blgo` qud Fglhdbr`kha _+@+ hd O+S+ oaeprÿ dk 2::? l` oaep`Èdt` H`t` y hd dst` e`kdr` puha gktrahuogrsd par uk` v` ltdrk`` l`s lgogtògakds y oaepr`s dk dl nabgdrka cdhdr`l+ Dk dl sgstde`

nubdrkèdkt`l Oaepr`kdt p`rdodk 0: oaktr`tas atarn`has sgeultàkdèdktd ` Edt` H`t` dl > hd kavgdebrd hd 2::?, has edsds you`tra h`s hdspuçs hd qud O`lhdrÿk `suegdr` oaea _dordt`rgahd Dkdrn`+ _d tr`t` hd `hmuhgoògakds hgrdot`s hd Zdedx par ukeakta tat`l hd 0 277 :>3 pdsas+ Zdedx hdpdkhd hd l` _dordt`r`hd Dkdrn` qud hgrgn` O`lhdrÿk &Lgzàrr`n`, 00 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, l` hdkukog` hd dv`sgÿk so`l sd sustdkt`b` dk l` oak

tr`hgoogÿk qud dxgstå` dktrd l`s hdol`rògakds so`lds hd l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha y l`s n`k`kog`s qud dst` deprds` hgcukh` dk su pàngk` hd Gktdrkdt+ Dk l`s hdol`rògakds so`lds hd gknrdsas hd Fglhdbr`kha _+@+ hdO+S+, l _gstde` hd @hegkgstrògÿk Xrgbut`rga &s`t', l` oaep`` rdpartÿ gknrdsas par 0 >:7 egllakds hd pdsas hd 2::2 ` 2::4+ Zdra sdnýk l`

pàngk` wdb hd dst` deprds`, dk dstd egsea pdrgaha sus n`k`kog`s `lo`kz`rak 2 8>4 egllakds hd pdsas+ L` obt hdkukogÿ qud Fglhdbr`khaf`bå` rdpart`ha `l soa `lrdhdhar hd 6:: egllakds hd pdsas edkas hdlas qud n`kÿ &ghde'+

Zar ýltgea, Olùhg` _fdgkbùe oudstgak`b`= ±oÿea ds pasgbld qud dlhuda hd uk` deprds` t`k pahdras`, oak t`kt`s n`k`kog`s `ku`lds, rd

partd `l soa gknrdsas qud v`k hd las 2: ::: ` las 88 ::: pdsas1 &ghde'+



288

Dl egsea h` dk qud Olùhg` _fdgkbùe prdsdkt` dl o`sa hdl Ouð`hagkoÿeaha, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk gepldedkt` uk apdr`tgva hd oaktralhd hàs+ X`kta dl h` > hd mukga, ou`kha sd prdsdkt` l` hdkukog`, oaeadk las h`s sgnugdktds, O`lhdrÿk y su ou`ha Hgdna ]`v`l` sd vudlo`k `

las edhgas p`r` òl`r`r y hdsedktgr l`s òusògakds hd tràoa hd gkudkog`s y dv`sgÿk so`l+ X ebgçk las egdebras hdl “ou`rta hd nudrr`―s`ldk las edhgas p`r` hdsedktgr l`s òusògakds+

_gk deb`rna, dk uk` hd sus oaep`rdodkog`s hd tdldvgsgÿk, Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha odpt` qud ou`kha Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk dr` sdordt`rga hd Dkdrn`,dk 2::?, Zdedx ld atarnÿ uk oaktr`ta par aofa egllakds hd pdsas+ Dstdrdoakaogegdkta pýblgoa hd uk `p`rdktd glogta &qud O`lhdrÿk f`y` oakodhgha oaktr`tas ` uk cèglg`r' sdrà rdtae`ha par `lnukas hd las spats eàs dxgtasas hd l` obt=

_pat l oà oÿeaa

Saz dk acc= O`lhdrÿk hgma=O`lhdrÿk ou`hra= B`ma eg e`kh`ta dk l` _dordt`r` hd Dkdrn`, kg uk salaoaktr`ta cud atarn`ha hgsordogak`l a dk tçregkas hd l` prapg` rdnlèdktògÿk `lnýk p`rgdktd ea+

Saz dk acc= Dllas mustgo`k uk` sal` deprds`, pdra f`y 06 eàs qud tgdkdkoaktr`tas egllak`rgas y l`s qugdrdk aoult`r, par dsa dl Ou`ha gkoÿeaha la

pusa dk dvghdkog`+ Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l` ` ou`hra= Dk Zdtrÿldas Edxgo`kas tuvgeas uk gknrdsa hd2: egllakds hd pdsas dk dl 2::8, dk dl pdrgaha qud dstuva Cdlgpd, hd dsas 2:egllakds oarrdspakhdr`k 6 egllakds y edhga+Saz dk acc= Sdrgco`la dk www+prh+arn+ex

L`s hdpdkhdkog`s aog`lds ous`h`s par l` obt hd odldbr`r oaktr`tasglogtas oak l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha rdòogak`rak ràpghèdktd p`r`hdslgkh`r Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk hd ou`lqugdr rdspaks`bglgh`h ldn`l+ Zdedx hdslgkhÿ `l o`khgh`ta dk edkas hd 28 far`s hdspuçs hdl hdb`td+ Zdra oaktr`rga `l hdslgkhd hd l` p`r`dst`t`l, Hgdna ]`v`l` rdoakaogÿ qud dk kavgdebrd hd 2::?, dst`kha O`lhdrÿk ` o`rna hd l` _dkdr, abtuva 0:oaktr`tas par 0 277 ::: pdsas dk Zdedx &ghde'+

Atr` hd l`s hdpdkhdkog`s qud rdòogakÿ hd gkedhg`ta p`r` hdslgkh`r `l o`khgh`ta p`kgst` cud l` _dhdsal+ Zar su p`rtd, l` _dordt`r` hd Dkdrn` hdsegktgÿ f`bdr odldbr`ha oaktr`tas oak l` deprds` Fglhdbr`khahur`ktd dl pdrgaha dk qud l` hgrgngÿ O`lhdrÿk+ La egsea fgza l` oaep`



284

` hd dldotrgogh`h dst`t`l+ Xèbgçk dl gp`b hdkukogÿ oaea c`ls`s l`sòusògakds hd f`bdr brgkh`ha oaktr`tas glogtas Fglhdbr`kha &ghde'+

Dl h` 6 hd mukga, O`lhdrÿk rdtÿ ` Lÿpdz Abr`har p`r` qud prdsdkt`r` prudb`s hd las supudstas oaktr`tas glogtas sgnk`has ` Hgdna Fglhdbr`k

ha+ Dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka rdspakhd qud dkvg`rà o`m`s hd gkcareògÿk p`r` hdeastr`r dl o`sa hd oarrupogÿk hd Hgdna ]`v`l`+ Dl h` 7 hd mukga`lnukas hd las oaarhgk`hards hd l` oèp`` hd l` obt dktrdn`k o`m`s

pràotgoèdktd vò s l` o`s` hd oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+ L`s o`m`s oaktdk`k bàsgoèdktd `lnukas sabrds y `lnukas hgsoas oaepòtas oak l`sdvghdkog`s qud y` f`b` prdsdkt`ha Olùhg` _fdgkbùe+ Las egdebrashd l` o`s` hd oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk hdkukog`rak l` burl` qud su

pak` l` dktrdn` hd v`rg`s o`m`s, pràotgoèdktd vò`s, oak l`s supudst`sdvghdkog`s hdl o`sa Fglhdbr`kha+ L` hdkukog` l` prdsdkt`rak dk uk spat +

_pat “o`m`s vo`s Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha―

Saz ge`

Saz dk acc= @far` sg qud LÿpdzAbr`har sd ld o`yÿ dl td`trgta oak dstahd l`s ousògakds l ou`ha hdCdlgpd+

Z`kt`ll` kdnr` oak uk ldtrdra bl`koa=@ Lÿpdz Abr`har sd ld o`yÿ dl td`trgtaGe`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har

Saz dk acc= Sdrà ustdh+Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk la rdtÿ=Saz O`lhdrÿk= Ld hay 28 far`s p`r`qud dxfgb` uk sala oaktr`ta

O`lhdrÿk Ou`hra f`bl` y ndstgoul`

Saz dk acc= Lÿpdz Abr`har sdoaepraedtgÿ prdsdkt`r l`s prudb`s

_doudkog`= oaarhgk`hards hd lòèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oègk`kha oak l`s o`m`s hd o`rtÿk

Saz dk acc= W lldn`rak euy v`lgdktdsoak trds supudst`s o`m`s hddvghdkog`s, pdra dst`b`k

pràotgoèdktd vò`s

Oaarhgk`hards hd oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har hgsoutdk y pdld`k oakoaarhgk`hards hd oèp`` hdO`lhdrÿk

Saz dk acc= Ka tgdkdk prudb`s+ Tkkat`rga pýblgoa oakreÿ quddcdotgvèdktd ka sd dktrdn`b`kgknýk haouedkta re`ha par dl

sdar Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+

Fam`s oak sdllas y tdxta

Ge`ndk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak ldtrdradkoge`= ¡Lÿpdz Abr`har egdktd!

Saz dk acc= ¡Lÿpdz Abr`har egdktd!



283

Dl 7 hd mukga, l` _dordt`r` hd Fògdkh` y Orçhgta Zýblgoa &sfop' hdkukogÿ qud l`s hdol`rògakds hd gepudstas prdsdkt`h`s par l` obt f`

bå`k sgha ltr`h`s par cukogak`rgas hdl Nabgdrka hdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l&nhc', eatgva par dl ou`l prdsdkt`r`k uk` hdkukog` oaktr` dstas cuk

ogak`rgas qud f`bå`k us`ha gkcareògÿk oakhdkog`l p`r` hdso`lgo`r uk deprds`rga & L` Mark`h`, 2: hd mukga, 2::3'+ Dl nhc rdspakhgÿ qudoa`hyuv`r` dk l` gkvdstgnògÿk, pdra qud l`s òusògakds hd l` sfop dr`k gkmust`s, puds `ýk ka oakolu` l` gkvdstgnògÿk+ Dk dstd oaktdxta l`òusògÿk hd l` sfop tuva uk dcdota oaktr`prahuodktd, puds l` e`yar`hd edhgas oaeprdkhgÿ qud l`s hdol`rògakds so`lds hd Fglhdbr`khadr`k rd`lds, la ou`l h`b` e`yar ùtdktgogh`h ` l` hdkukog`+

Cgk`ledktd, dl 0: hd mukga, O`lhdrÿk y su dqugpa hd oèp`` sd hdslgkh`k hdl tde`, sdnur`kha qud ka oarrdspakhd dllas hdcdkhdr Hgdna ]`v`l`, `hdeàs hd qud dstd egsea deprds`rga y` f` prdsdkt`ha

prudb`s hd su gkaodkog`=

Say oakodktr`red dk l`s prapudst`s uk` vdz qud dstd sukta f` qudh`ha ol`r`ha y uk` vdz qud l` apgkgÿk pýblgo` v` oabr`rlds las edktgrasas dl oasta hd sus edktgr`s+

Ka ds eg p`pdl kg hdcdkhdrla kg tèpaoa oakhdk`rla, sgepld y sdkogllèdktd çl tdkhrà, y` hd fdofa f` h`ha, eplg`s dxplgoògakds dk l` apg

kgÿk pýblgo` d gkolusa f` ouhgha las trgbuk`lds p`r` hdcdkhdr las hdrdofas hd l` deprds` qud rdprdsdkt` &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 00 hd mukga, 2::3'+

_gk deb`rna, p`r` l` obt `ýk sdrà dl tde` odktr`l dk las sgnugdktdsh`s+ Dl 00 hd mukga, dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h` publgo` kudv`s hdkukog`shd prdsukt`s gldn`lgh`hds hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha=

Dl o`sa Fglhdbr`kha la pdrsgnugÿ ` l` oguh`h hd Eçrgh`+ Dl Hg`rga hd

Wuo`tàk publgoÿ uk` o`rt` re`h` par Masç Oàrhdk`s, hd M`lgsoa, dk l`qud ous` l ou`ha hdl p`kgst` “hd dv`sar hdl gepudsta sabrd prahuotashdl tr`b`ma, y` qud ` sus depld`has las tgdkd oaea oaapdr`tgvgst`s+

“Xr`b`mç oak ds`s pdrsak`s, qugdkds ` l` far` qud qugsgdrak oarrgdrak` tahas sus depld`has sgk h`rlds kgknýk ogkoa, y` qud ldn`rak qud çrèas saogas― &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, L` Mark`h`, 00 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Lÿpdz Abr`har hegkgstr`rà dl tde` hur`ktd ukas h`s eàs+ Dl 00 hd mukga `hvgdrtd ` su `hvdrs`rga qud dl o`sa ka sd tdregk` oak uk sgepldhdslgkhd, sgka qud sd hdbdk òl`r`r l`s grrdnul`rgh`hds hdl deprds`rga+Xèbgçk rdt` ` l` _dordt`r` hd Fògdkh` ` qud gkvdstgnud ka sÿla hdhÿkhd s`lgÿ l` ltrògÿk hd l`s hdol`rògakds hd Fglhdbr`kha, sgka tè



28>

bgçk dl o`sa hdl tràoa hd gkudkog`s y l` hdsvgògÿk hd gepudstas+ Zastdrgaredktd eastr`rà uk` hde`kh` ldn`l qud rd`lgzÿ dl nabgdrka hd K`y`rgt oaktr` l` deprds` Fglhdbr`kha par dl gkoueplgegdkta hd ukoaktr`ta hd sdrvgogas &]èar`, 06 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dl h` 08 hd mukga l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har prdsdkt` uk spat dk“o`hdk` kògak`l― dk dl qud rd`lgz`k uk `kàlgsgs hd uk` supudst` trè`hd oarrupogÿk p`r` dxplat`r dl dr`rga, dk dll f`br`k p`rtgogp`ha= MasçE`h`rg`n`, prdsghdktd hd l` @saogògÿk hd B`kqudras9 Rabdrta Fdrkàkhdz, dx huda hd B`kèdx9 Hgdna Cdrkàkhdz hd Odv`llas, sdk`har hdlp`k y ban`ha hd las b`kqudras, y Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha+

_pat “as Cab`pa` Flbà―

Saz ge`

Saz dk acc= Dl crùhd hd l` fgstarg`, dlCab`pra`+

Dk prgedr pl`ka uk hg`nrè` hd umaoak ou`tra catas olasd up dk l`sdsqugk`s, dk dl odktra CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk+ L`s catas hd l`s dsqugk`soarrdspakhdk `= Rabdrta Fdrkàkhdz,Hgdna Cdrkàkhdz hd Odv`llas, HgdnaFglhdbr`kha ]`v`l`9 Masç E`h`rg`n`

Saz dk acc= Zrgedra, dl p`k y dl prg la`prab`rak+ O`lhdrÿk dr` prdsghdktdhdl p`k y td sdnurÿ=

@p`rdod uk` cata hd O`lhdrÿk y uko`rpdt` qud hgod O`lhdrÿk, l` o`rpdt`dstà ratul`h` oak dl lana hdl p`k y dlkaebrd Cab`pra`+

O`lhdrÿk ou`hra= “Fdeas prdp`r`ha uk` saluogÿk rdspaks`bld d

gktdnr`l `l prablde` hdl Cab`pra`―

Dk l` o`rpdt` p`rdodk las h`tas=Zrdsghdktd hdl p`k

Oaeplgogh`h prgp`k 02:,:::egllakds hd hÿl`rds hd hduh`Saz dk acc= Rdsult`ha= 02: :::egllakds hd hÿl`rds hd hduh` y lasoulp`blds qudh`rak gepukds+

Saz dk acc= _dnukha+ Dl qud cudr` prdsghdktd hd las b`kqudras dk lòrgsgs hdl Cab`pra`, Masç E`h`rg`n`ds saoga hd l` cèglg` ]`v`lÒ`lhdrÿk

@p`rdod cata hd Masç E`h`rg`nÒ`rpdt` oak dl kaebrd= MasçE`h`rg`n`+ O`rpdt` ratul`h` oaklana hd @saogògÿk hd B`kqudras yldtrdra prdsghdktd b`kqudras+



286

Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha ou`hra= Dk dl pdrgaha qud dstuva Cdlgpd hd dsas 2:egllakds hd pdsas ld oarrdspakhdr`k6 egllakds y edhga+

@p`rdod cata hd Hgdna Fglhdb`rkhaO`rpdt` oak dl kaebrd Hgdna ]`v`l`@p`rdodk h`tas=

‟(2 4:: Egllakds

‟_dxdkga= O`lhdrÿk ‟06 deprds`s ‟2::4 (:+:: GEZTD_XA_

Saz dk acc= Rdsult`ha, eàs hd has eglegllakds hd pdsas dk oaktr`tas dk sdgsàs, 06 deprds`s qud dk dl 2::4

p`n`rak odra gepudstas

_d qudh` l` ge`ndk hd HgdnaFglhdbr`kha oak l` o`rpdt` hd sush`tas

Saz dk acc= Xdrodra+ Rabdrta

Fdrkàkhdz, bdkdog`rga hdlCab`pra`, vdkhgÿ su b`koa dk haodegl qugkgdktas egllakds hd hÿl`rds yka p`nÿ gepudstas

@p`rdod cata Rabdrta Fdrkàkhdz

O`rpdt` oak dl kaebrd RabdrtaFdrkàkhdz, l` o`rpdt` dstà e`ro`hòak dl lana hdl pdrgÿhgoa= Rdcare`, >hd nasta 2::0@p`rdodk las sgnugdktds h`tas=

‟Bdkdog`rga hdl Cab`pra` ‟(02 4:: egllakds hd hÿl`rds ‟KA Z@NA GEZTD_XA_

Saz dk acc= Ou`rta+ Hgdna Cdrkàkhdzhd Odv`llas, hdcdkhgÿ oaealgodkog`ha las b`kqudras hdlCab`pra` y f` fdofa gkkuedr`bldskdnaogas c`vardogçkhasd hd lasgepudstas qud tu p`n`s+

@p`rdod cata hd Hgdna Cdrkàkhdz hdOdv`llasO`rpdt` oak lana hdl Oaknrdsa hd l`Tkgÿk

‟(0 2:: egllakds hd pdsas gv` ‟Mugogas vs+ _dordt`r` hd l` Rdcare`@nr`rg`

‟_dk`har pahdrasa

Saz dk acc= Xahas dk dl p`k dstàk hd

òudrha dk subgrtd dl gv` dk`lgedktas y edhgogk`s, dl hgkdra hdlas gepudstas y` ka lds lo`kz`

Ge`ndk= Hg`nrè` oak l`s ogkoa

catas, b`ma l`s o`rpdt`s oak laskaebrds hd las gkvaluor`hasLdtrdra= gv` dk edhgogk`s y`lgedktas

O`lhdrÿk ou`hra= L` cèglg` eàs pabrd vèas hdogr qud p`n`r` egl pdsas eàs hd gv`+

O`lhdrÿk sdkt`ha dk uk dsorgtargaf`bl` l` oàe`r`=

Egl pdsas eàs, pdra dstd 2 hd mulga tý pudhds oèbg`r l` fgstarg` Z`ngk` bl`ko` oak ldtrdraDstd 2 hd mulga tý pudhds oèbg`r l`fgstarg`



287

Zar ýltgea, dl 04 hd mukga Lÿpdz Abr`har oakvao` ` O`lhdrÿk ` tdregk`r l` oakcraktògÿk y prgvgldng`r dl hdb`td hd l`s prapudst`s dk laqud rdst` hd l` oèp``+ O`lhdrÿk ld dxgnd qud dk prgedr lun`r sd hgsoulpd par l`s ousògakds su ou`ha p`r` tdregk`r l` oakcraktògÿk, la

ou`l, abvgèdktd, ka cruotgo`+

L` oaktràcdksgv` hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk

@hdeàs hd hdsedktgr l` hdkukog` hd glogtas hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha,dl dqugpa hd oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk oaktr``tò` hdkukog`kha prdsuktashdsvas y l`v`ha hd hgkdra dk l` `hegkgstrògÿk hdl nhc p`r` k`kog`r l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Dl 08 hd mukga, dl p`k hdkukog` `ktd l` pnr qud lnukas cukogak`rgasrd`lgz`rak oaktr`tas uk sabrdprdoga p`r` hdsvg`r rdoursas l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dktrd las cukogak`rgas ous`has sd ogt` Olùhg`_fdgkbùe, E`rodla Dbr`rh+++ Dk dl Oaknrdsa tèbgçk sd vdrgo` ukhdb`td dktrd hgput`has p`kgst`s y hgput`has pdrrdhgst`s par las prdsuktas o`sas hd oarrupogÿk, las pdrrdhgst`s deb`tdk oak dl o`sa hdl Ouð`hagkoÿeaha y las p`kgst`s oak l` hdkukog` hd hdsvas hdl nhc ` l` oèp`` hd l` obt+

Dl h` 2?, dl p`k prdsdkt` sus prudb`s hdl prdsukta hdsva y l`v`hahd hgkdra hdl nhc9 ous`k qud sd hdsvg`rak 4:: egllakds l` oèp`` hdLÿpdz Abr`har+ Olùhg` _fdgbùe hdsegdktd l`s òusògakds parqudl`s prdsukt`s dvghdkog`s sak p`pdlds sgk re`s kg kaebrds kg lanas kgr`stra gkorgegk`targa `lnuka+

@ k hd oudkt`s, las edhgas ka prdst`rak euof` `tdkogÿk ` dst` hdkukog`, puds l`s prdsukt`s dvghdkog`s ka part`b`k dldedktas p`r` ous`r las oal`bar`hards hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+++ Euofas k`lgst`s hdkukog`

rak qud sÿla sd tr`t`b` hd uk` oartgk` hd fuea p`r` hdsvg`r l` tdkogÿkhdl o`sa dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+ Egnudl Àkndl Nr`k`has Of`p`, uka hdlas pdrgahgst`sgkvdstgn`hards eàs gepart`ktds hdl p`s, oakoluyd qudl` hdkukog` hd las p`kgst`s dr` tat`ledktd oaktr`hgotarg`, puds qugdkf`bå` rdvgs`ha dl k`kogègdkta hd l`s abr`s & far` hdkukog`h`s' f`bå`sgha dl egsea O`lhdrÿk y sus suodsards ‟tèbgçk p`kgst`s‟ dk B`ka

br`s9 dstas cukogak`rgas p`kgst`s, dk su eaedkta f`b`k `prab`ha, sgkkgknýk rdolèa hd par edhga, dl dmdrogoga k`kogdra hd l`s abr`s far`gepunk`h`s &Nr`k`has Of`p`, 2::3'+

Atr` hdkukog` sgk cukhèdkta cud l` hd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har ka sdf`b` nr`hu`ha y, par t`kta, ka dr` lgodkog`ha+ Dl 0? hd mukga, NdreàkE`rtkdz Oàz`rds, dl rdprdsdkt`ktd hdl p k `ktd dl gcd, hdkukogÿ qud dl



24:

dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka ka sd f`b` nr`hu`ha y qud f`b` rd`lgz`ha sus dstuhgas ukgvdrsgt`rgas hur`ktd 04 as+ Oaea dl egsea rdotar hd l` ukè hdsegktgÿ l` dspdogd y sd `part`rak l`s prudb`s oarrdspakhgdktds9 Ndreàk E`rtåkdz k`ledktd pghgÿ hgsoulp`s+

Z`r` cartuk` hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk, dk l` sdnukh` qugkodk` hd mukga sd hds`rrall`k dvdktas qud hdspl`z`k dl gktdrçs par l`s oèp``s+Dl dvdkta eàs gepart`ktd ds l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd l` sdldoogÿk kògak`l hdcutbal dk dl Oèpdak`ta Eukhg`l hd @lde`kg` p`rtgr hdl 02 hd mukga+Atra tde` qud oabr` rdldv`kog ds l` r`hgo`lgzògÿk hdl oakgota e`ngstdrg`l dk A`xò` p`rtgr hdl 08 hd mukga+ Dk dstd h`, l` palgo` hd A`xò`hds`lam` vgaldktèdktd ` las e`dstras qud e`ktdk`k uk pl`ktÿk dk dlOdktra Fgstÿrgoa, la ou`l eatgv` uk` r`hgo`lgzògÿk hdl eavgegdkta+Dst` eavglgzògÿk pràotgoèdktd p`r`lgz`rà l` vgh` paltgo` y doakÿego` hd l` oguh`h hd A`xò`+

Dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha p`s` ` sdnukha pl`ka hd l` gkcareògÿk dk tahas las edhgas+ L` obt tr`t`rà hd e`ktdkdr vgndktd dl tde`,gksgstgrà oak spats y kudv`s hdkukog`s+ _gk deb`rna, hdspuçs hd sdr dltde` odktr`l hd l` ndkh` paltgoa dldotar`l, p`s` ` uk sdnukha pl`ka+

Dxgstdk v`rgas gkhgo`hards hd l` gepart`kog` qud tuva dl dsoàkh`lahdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha= par uk` p`rtd l` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd rdòogakds par

p`rtd hd tah`s l`s oèp``s ` hgofa dsoàkh`la9 las `prdsur`has oaeukg

o`has hd l`s deprds`s pýblgo`s gkvaluor`h`s p`r` hdslgkh`r `l o`khgh`ta9 pdra dl eàs sgnkgo`tgva sak l`s dkoudst`s qud eudstr`k uk` o`åh` hd l`s prdcdrdkog s dldotar`lds hd O`lhdrÿk hdspuçs hdl hdb`td+

Lÿpz Abà vlv l` l`s pco`s loa`ls

Dk l` tdrodr` dt`p` sd hgstgknudk has eaedktas ol rèdktd= dl pashdb`td y las ogdrrds hd oèp``+ X`kta Egtacsiy oaea Rdcare` rd`lgz`k has dkoudst`s dk mukga qud lanr`k o`pt`r l`s tdkhdkog`s hd l` prgedr` c`sd+ L`s prgedr`s dkoudst`s hd mukga hd èb`s deprds`s acrdodkuk` ge`ndk hdl èbgdktd qud rdgk` dk dl pashdb`td, l` hd Egtacsiy sdldv`kt` dktrd dl 6 y dl 00 hd mukga &l` publgo` dl 0? hd mukga'9 l` hd Rdcar%e` sd ldv`kt` dktrd dl 7 y dl 00 hd mukga &l` publgo` dl h` 08'+ Egtacsiyrd`lgz` su sdnukh` dkoudst` hdl 04 `l 07 hd mukga &l` publgo` dl 22 hd mukga' y Rdcare` hdl 0> `l 07 hd mukga &l` publgo` dl 2? hd mukga'+ L` dldoogÿk sd rd`lgz`rà f`st` dl 2 hd mulga, hd e`kdr` qud l`s ýltge`s dkoudst`shd dst`s has deprds`s ka lanr`k o`pt`r dl eaedkta k`l hd l`s oèp``s+ L` ldngsl ogÿk dldotar`l ka pdregtd hgcukhgr dkoudst`s dk las 6 h`s



240

prdvgas ` l` dldoogÿk, par dlla, l`s dkoudst`har`s ka lanr`k o`pt`r dl ogdrrd hd l`s oèp``s+

Dk l` dv`luògÿk hdl hdb`td prdsghdkog`l qud fòd l` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy, l` e`yar` hd gkhgo`hards c`vardod ` Lÿpdz Abr`har= cud dl eàs

ordbld, sgepàtgoa+++ Dk `lnukas hd las gkhgo`hards eàs rdldv`ktds, l`hgst`kog` dktrd Lÿpdz Abr`har y O`lhdrÿk ds gksgnkgo`ktd9 par dmde pla, sabrd qugçk n`kÿ dl hdb`td dstàk pràotgoèdktd dep`t`has= LÿpdzAbr`har 27 y O`lhdrÿk 26$+ _abrd qugçk cud dl eàs nrasdra= O`lhdrÿk?0 y Lÿpdz Abr`har ?:$+ Dk oakolusgÿk, sdnýk Egtacsiy, las dldotardsoaksghdr`k qud dl hdb`td qudhÿ dep`t`ha dktrd èbas, hd e`kdr` quddl hdb`td ka pudhd dxplgo`rkas dl oèbga dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s+

Zar atr` p`rtd, l` dkoudst` hd Rdcare` oaksghdr` ` O`lhdrÿk dl n`k`har hdl hdb`td, 24$ hd las dktrdvgst`has oaksghdr` qud O`lhdrÿk n`kÿ dlhdb`td oaktr` sÿla 04$ qud oakodhd dl trgukca ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Ds hdogr, èb`s dkoudst`s oagkoghdk dk qud dl hdb`td ka cud l` oùs` hd lò`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hd O`lhdrÿk kg hdl ùedkta hd l`s

prdcdrdkog s hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+ Dk l` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy, l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd gkordedkt`k dk uk pukta &lldn` ` ?4$' yl`s hd O`lhdrÿk o`dk dk has &b`m` ` ?2$'+ Dk l` dkoudst` hd Rdcare`, O`lhdrÿk pgdrhd ou`tra puktas &qudh` dk ?4$' y Lÿpdz Abr`har n`k`has &lldn` ` ?>$'9 oak la ou`l l` oaktgdkh` rdngstr` uk kudva vudloa

dldotar`l, `far` dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka rdnrds` `l lghdr`zna pdra l` hgcdrdkog` ds ekge`, dk eb`s dkoudst`s l` hgcdrdkog dktrd las has o`khgh`tas o`sg ds gnu`l qud dl kgvdl hd drrar hd l` dkoudst`+++ Ds hdogr, laso`khgh`tas lldn`k uk “dep`td tçokgoa― dk eb`s dkoudst`s+

Oaea y` sd hgma, dl hdb`td ka dxplgo` l` rdoaepasgogÿk hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s, hd e`kdr` qud sd tgdkd qud buso`r l` oùs` dk dl pashdb`td+@s, dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha ds l` ýkgo` v`rg`bld gepart`ktd qudsd susogt` dk l` oèp`` hur`ktd dl ldv`ktègdkta hd l`s dkoudst`s9 ds

l` ýkgo` v`rg`bld qud `yuh` ` dxplgo`r dl oèbga hd l`s prdcdrdkog`sdldotar`lds+ Çst` tèbgçk ds l` oakolusgÿk hd las hgrdotards hd èb`sdkoudst`har`s &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0? hd mukga, 2::3, Nrupa Rdcare`,08 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Las rdspaks`blds hd l` dkoudst` hd Rdcare` oaksghdr`k euy prab` bld qud l` o`h` hd O`lhdrÿk sd hdb` ` l` hgcusgÿk hdl o`sa hdl Ouð`hagkoÿeaha dk las edhgas+ Z`r` oaeprab`r l` gkudkog` hd dstd o`sa dklas dldotards prdnukt`k sg “Lÿpdz Abr`har tgdkd l` r`zÿk dk sus òusògakds a sÿla ds uk `t`qud sgk cukhèdktas―+ Dl ?8$ oaksghdr` qud dsuk `t`qud sgk cukhèdktas y ??$ qud Lÿpdz Abr`har tgdkd l` r`zÿk,atra ??$ ka s`bd &Nrupa Rdcare`, 2? hd mukga, 2::3'+ Oaksult` Egtacsiy &22 hd mukga, 2::3' dk l` dv`luògÿk hd l`s prapudst`s prdnukt`=



242

±Pugçk hd las o`khgh`tas tdkhr` cèglg`rds gkoÿeahas1 ?:$ òus` Ò`lhdrÿk9 22$ E`hr`za, y 0?$ Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Kudvèdktd dl sdotar ol`vd p`r` dstd vudloa dldotar`l p`rdod sdr dl hd las gkhdpdkhgdktds,l` e`yar` hd çstas f` hdm`ha hd `pay`r ` O`lhdrÿk p`r` c`vardodr kud

vèdktd Lÿpdz Abr`har=Oà 8:

dl vaa las psZrdcdrdkog`s hd las dldotards qud ka sd ghdktgo`k

oa las pàs paloas

E`za @bl ? E`ya 28 E`ya 08 Ma 2? Ma

@khrçs E`kudlLÿpdz Abr`har 86$ ?6$ ?3$ 8:$ 8:$ 88$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 27$ ?>$ 82$ 8:$ ??$ ?2$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 2? hd mukga, 2::3+

Dk eb`s dkoudst`s, l` o`h` dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk sd oae p`` hd l` o`h` hd apgkgakds c`var`blds ` su o`khgh`tur`, `s oaea dkdl ordogegdkta hd apgkgakds hdsc`var`blds, oaea sd pudhd prdog`r dk dl

sgnugdktd ou`hra+ Dk l` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy, Lÿpdz Abr`har tèbgçkoaegdkz` ` rdvdrtgr sus apgkgakds kdn`tgv`s y ` ùedkt`r l`s pasgtgv`s&Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0? hd mukga, 2::3'+

Oà 80Zapl`ÿea

28 e`ya 08 ma

C`va`bl hsc`va`bl C`va`bl hsc`va`bl

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 86$ 07$ 88$ 20$

Lÿpdz Abr`har 82$ 27$ 8:$ 23$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 26$ ?6$ 27$ ?2$

Z`ty Edro`ha 22$ 2>$ 2?$ 2?$

Rabdrta Oèp` 0?$ ?:$ 0?$ 2:$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, dkoudst`s hdl 28 hd e`ya y 08 hd mukga, 2::3+

@ktd l` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hdl o`khgh`ta hdl p k, tèbgçk o`dkl`s prdcdrdkog`s hd sus o`khgh`tas ` hgput`has+ Dk oèbga, dl parodkt`md



24?

hd oguh`h`kas qud sd hdol`r`k pdrrdhgst`s subd f`st` 2?$ y ` dso`sashå`s hd l` oaktgdkh` las qud ka sd ghdktgo`k oak uk p`rtgha b`m`k ` ?3$&Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 22 hd mukga, 2::3'+ Zar dlla, dk l` dldoogÿk hd las hg

put`has kudvèdktd sd prakastgo` uk` oàe`r` hgvghgh` dk tdrogas+

X`kta dl p`k oaea dl prh gkordedkt`k sgnkgo`tgvèdktd sus rdof`zas par l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s9 ka abst`ktd, dl prg sgnud sgdkha dl eàsrdof`z`ha+ @ pds`r hd taha, dk euofas gkhgo`hards O`lhdrÿk `ýk oaksdrv` uk edmar pasgogakègdkta qud Lÿpdz Abr`har9 dk `lnukas gkhgo`hards sd gkordedkt` dl rdof`za ` dstd ýltgea, oaea sd pudhd `prdog`r dkdl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà 43Saa oa`

±Za ol las o`às o` va``1E`ya ? E`ya 28 Ma 08 Ma 2?

Rabdrta E`hr`za ?6$ ?8$ ?:$ ?:$


28$ 22$ 2?$ 24$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 0:$ 0?$ 03$ 08$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, dkoudst`s hdl 08 y 2? hd mukga hd 2::3+

Atra dmdepla hd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har tah`v` ds dv`lu`ha kdn`tgvèdktd, sd eudstr` dk l` dkoudst` hdl 08 hd mukga hd Rdcare`, ou`kha

prdnukt` ±Ouàl hd las o`khgh`tas ordd qud sdr` dl eàs prab`bld hd kaòdpt`r las rdsult`has hd l` dldoogÿk sg dstas ka ld c`vardodk1, ?4$ ous`` Lÿpdz Abr`har9 22$ ` E`hr`za9 07$ ` O`lhdrÿk+ Dk l` prdnukt`±Pugçk f` sgha dl eàs nrdsgva1 Gkolusa sd absdrv` uk uedkta hdl parodkt`md hd pdrsak`s qud òus`k hd `nrdsgvgh`h `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrkardspdota e`ya, dsta ds dxplgo`bld par l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s+

Oà 8?±Pç f` sa l es `sva1

E`ya 28 Ma 08

Lÿpdz Abr`har ?4$ 8:$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 08$ 28$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 26$ 04$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 08 hd mukga, 2::3+



248

Dk oakolusgÿk, l`s `prdogògakds sabrd las o`khgh`tas ka e`ro`k uk`tdkhdkog` ol`r`, sak prahuota hd tdkhdkog`s oruz`h`s y hd qud pràotgoèdktd v`k dep`t`has dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s+

Dep`t`k dk l`s dkoudst`s f`st` dl ýltgea eaedkta

L`s ýltge`s dkoudst`s hd Egtacsiy &04 `l 07 hd mukga' y Rdcare` &0>`l 07 hd mukga' oakodhdk uk` vdkt`m` gksgnkgo`ktd ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+Egtacsiy oakodhd trds puktas hd vdkt`m` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har, parodkt`md`pdk`s supdrgar l e`rndk hd drrar hd has puktas+ Dk l` dkoudst` hd Rd%

care` l` vdkt`m` hd has puktas &` c`var hd èla' ds gkcdrgar `l kgvdl hddrrar hd l` dkoudst`, par la ou`l, las rdspaks`blds hd dstd dstuhga f`bl`khd uk dep`td tçokgoa+ @hdeàs l`s dkoudst`s sd ldv`kt`k o`sg 04 h`s`ktds hd l` dldoogÿk, hd e`kdr` qud ka rddm`k dl olge` hd apgkgÿk prdvga hdl ogdrrd hd l`s oèp``s+

Nrào` VVG

Asolòas l`s pco`s loa`ls&Oasl` Eacsiy'

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 22 hd mukga, 2::3+

:

4

0:

04

2:

24

?:

?4

8:84

D k d r a

C d b r d

r a E

r z a

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E y a

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244

Oà 88Zco`s loa`ls ` l` oèp``

pso`l 2::3

dosà`s da Cba E`za @bl E`ya- Ma-

@çs E`lLÿpz Abà

Egtacsiy ?7$ ?7$ ?6$ ?8$ ?8$ ?4$

?3$

Rdcare` ?7$ ?6$ 80$ ?4$ ??$ ?>$

?4$ ?3$

Clp O`lÿ

Egtacsiy ?0$ ?:$ ?0$ ?4$ ?8$ ?2$

??$

Rdcare` ?:$ ?0$ ?0$ ?6$ 8:$ ?4$

?7$ ?8$

raba E``za Egtacsiy 27$ 26$ 27$ 2>$ 26$ 26$

2>$

Rdcare` 26$ 27$ 24$ 2?$ 22$ 2?$

22$ 24$

Z`yEoà

Egtacsiy 0$ 0$ 0$ ?$ ?$ 8$

?$

Rdcare` 2$ 0$ 0$ ?$ 8$ ?$

2$ ?$

raba Oèp` Egtacsiy :$ 2$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$

0$

Rdcare` 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$0$

0$0$

- Dk e`ya y mukga Rdcare` ldv`ktÿ has dkoudst`s y dk mukga Egtacsiy fgza la egsea+Cudktd= Dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds hd dkdra ` mukga, 2::3+ Oaksult` Egtacsiy y Nrupa Rdcare`+



243

_dnýk l` ýltge` dkoudst` prddldotar`l hd Egtacsiy, Lÿpdz Abr`har f` rdb`s`ha O`lhdrÿk dk l`s budk`s apgkgakds, hdeàs hd qud dstd ýltgea y` rdngstr` uk sust`ktgva gkordedkta hd e`l`s apgkgakds, oaea sd

pudhd `prdog`r dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà 84Oaaoea y apÿ o`às

27 E`ya 22 Ma

B` E`l` B` E`l`

Lÿpdz Abr`har 27$ 22$ ?0$ 26$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 2>$ 07$ 23$ 23$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 06$ 8:$ 2:$ 8:$

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, dkoudst`s hdl 27 e`ya y 22 hd mukga 2::3+

Dk l` sdnukh` dkoudst` hd mukga hd Egtacsiy sd eudstr` qud l` oè p`` tèbgçk sgrvgÿ p`r` qud las has p`rtghas qud lghdr`k l` oaktgdkh`ùedkt`r`k sus rdof`zas, dl p`k ùedkt` has puktas hd dkdra mukga y

dl prh ou`tra, dl prg hgsegkuyd has+ Ray Oèpas sungdrd qud dsta ds ukrdsult`ha lÿngoa hd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 22 hd

mukga, 2::3'+ Dst` dkoudst` e`ro` qud, hdeàs hd las p`rtghas, tèbgçklas has o`khgh`tas puktdras gkordedkt`k sus rdof`zas+ @ukqud dl uedkta hd dktrdvgst`has qud rdof`z`k l` o`khgh`tur` hd O`lhdrÿk ds dl eàssgnkgo`tgva &hd 2? 23$ hd e`ya mukga', Lÿpdz Abr`har ýk rdngstrèàs rdof`zas qud O`lhdrÿk &27$'+

Dk l` ýltge` dkoudst` hd Rdcare`, las oaarhgk`hards oakoluydk qud

las has lhdrds hd l` oaktgdkh` f`k hgvgha `l dldotar`ha dk “palas ndanràoas, ghdalÿngoas y saogadoakÿegoas hd paya―+ Las h`tas hd l` ýltge` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy tèbgçk oarrabar`k dst` gktdrprdtògÿk+

L` cart`ldz` hd l` b`sd dldotar`l hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd dkoudktr` dklas dldotards hd l` zak` edtrapalgt`k` hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, sus `lrdhdhards y dl sur hdl p`s9 las qud tgdkdk uk` pastur` ghdalÿngo` hd gzqugdrh`9 dl dstr`ta hd gknrdsas eàs b`mas9 las hd e`yar dh`h+++ Dk oè

bga, l` cart`ldz` hd O`lhdrÿk sd dkoudktr` dk las dldotards hd l` zak`kartd y odktra aooghdktd hdl p`ås9 las qud sd ghdktgo`k oak l` hdrdof`9las mÿvdkds y las qud tgdkdk ltas gknrdsas+



24>

Oà 83B`ss `paya

Za ` O`lÿ E``za èLa

0627 ?3$ 24$ ??$

?:87 ?4$ 2?$ ?>$

4: ÿ eàs ?:$ 27$ ?6$

Za soal``

Bàsgo` 26$ ?3$ ??$

Edhg` ?8$ 22$ ?6$

_updrgar 83$ 00$ ?3$

Za vl sa es`l

7 2:: pdsas a eàs 86$ 08$ ?2$

6 4:: ` 7 077 pdsas ?6$ 07$ ?6$

8 ::: ` 4 877 pdsas ?>$ 20$ ?>$

2 ::: ` ? 777 pdsas ?2$ 26$ ??$

Edkas hd 2 ::: pdsas 24$ ?:$ ?7$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, 2? hd mukga, 2::3+

L` hdogsgÿk hd vata y l` publgogh`h

Ou`kha sd prdnukt`k l`s r`zakds hdl vata las dktrdvgst`has, euof`srdspudst`s p`rdodk cudrtdedktd gkugh`s par l`s oèp`ð`s kdn`tgv`s+Dk dstd sdktgha, dk l` sdnukh` dkoudst` hd mukga hd Rdcare` hdstò`kl`s sgnugdktds r`zakds p`r` ka vat`r par Lÿpdz Abr`har= parqud “sdrùk pdlgnra p`r` dl p`s― &0?$'9 y “par la qud sd f` hgofa hd çl dk l`s oè

p``s― &08$'+ S`ld l` pdk` rdoarh`r qud l` prgedr` arògÿk oakstgtuyd l`rýbrgo` eàs cèas` hd las spats kdn`tgvas hdl p`k= “Lÿpdz Abr`har dsuk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+ Dk dl o`sa hd O`lhdrÿk hdstò`k l`s r`zakds p`r` ka vat`r par dl= “parqud ka sd vgdrak las oèbgas― &20$' y “parqud dsoarrupta― &00$'+ Kudvèdktd l` prgedr` arògÿk dr` uka hd las tde`sodktr`lds hd l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za y Lÿpdz Abr`har9 l` sdnukh` cr`sdrdedear` dl rdogdktd o`sa hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+



246

Hdshd atr` pdrspdotgv`, l` prgedr` dkoudst` hd mukga hd Egtacsiydv`lý` l` `saogògÿk hd las o`khgh`tas oak l`s hgstgkt`s prapudst`s hdoèp`ð`, las rdsult`has sak euy sgnkgo`tgvas, puds oaktr`hgodk lasrdpartds hd publgogh`h y l`s dv`luògakds qud l`s dkoudst`s f`b`k fd

ofa ktdrgaredktd &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0? hd mukga, 2::3'+Dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds, Lÿpdz Abr`har ds dl qud rdogbd l` edmar ghdktgoògÿk pasgtgv` oak l`s prgkogp`lds prapudst`s hd oèp`ð`+ Las dktrdvgst`has ghdktgo`k ol`rèdktd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak sus prapudst`sodktr`lds hd oèp``= “oaeb`td ` l` pabrdz`― y “`yuh`r ` l` ndktd―+ Dkdl rdsta hd prapudst`s dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka tèbgçk rdogbd l`s edmardso`lgoògakds hd las trds o`khgh`tas &ghde'+ Zar ýltgea, o`bd rds`lt`r la`ktdrgaredktd oaedkt`ha, qud dl ýkgoa tde` kdn`tgva &“Xdkhr` cèglg`rds gkoÿeahas―' sd `saog` ` O`lhdrÿk parqud rdoudrh` dl eatd qud l`

publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hdl pashdb`td `trgbuyÿ ` su p`rgdktd paltgoa= Ouð`%ha gkoÿeaha &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0? hd mukga 2::3'+

Dl o`sa eàs p`r`hÿmgoa ds qud las dktrdvgst`has ghdktgo`k ` èbas puktdras, hd gnu`l e`kdr`, oak l` prapudst` hdl deplda & ebas abtgdkdk ?0$'+ Dsta ` pds`r hd qud, hdshd e`rza, O`lhdrÿk `haptÿ oaea sueatd hd oèp``= “Dl prdsghdktd hdl deplda―+ O`bd rdoarh`r qud dk`brgl, ou`kha l` o`khgh`tur` hd O`lhdrÿk gb` `l `lz`, dk l` dkoudst` hdEgtacsiy pastdrgar `l prgedr hdb`td &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, ? hd e`ya' l`

e`yarå` hd las dktrdvgst`has ghdktgo`b` ` O`lhdrÿk oak l` p`l`br` de plda &?4$'9 ` Lÿpdz Abr`har 2?$ y9 ` E`hr`za 2:$+ Zdra oaea y` sdhgma, dk l` dkoudst` hd mukga hd Egtacsiy, l` pablògÿk ghdktgoÿ ` Lÿ

pdz Abr`har oak dst` prapudst`, sgk gepart`rlds qud O`lhdrÿk sd fubgdr` `trgbugha dst` gkgog`tgv` edhg`ktd l` publgogh`h+ Dk oakolusgÿk, dldxodsgva n`sta publgogt`rga p`r` pasgogak`r ` O`lhdrÿk oaea dl “prdsghdktd hdl deplda― ka p`rdod lanr`r su oaedtgha, l` ndktd ka apt` par dstd o`khgh`ta parqud l` publgogh`h hd “prdsghdktd hdl deplda― ld f`y`

oakvdkogha+Xèbgçk f`y qud rdoarh`r qud dk l` prgedr` dkoudst` hd e`ya hd Rdcare`, las dktrdvgst`has hdo`k qud l` publgogh`h qud eàs sd vd` adsouof`b` dr` l` hd E`hr`za &?7$', sdnugh` par l` hd O`lhdrÿk &28$' yLÿpdz Abr`har &20$'+ _gk deb`rna, oaksghdr`b`k qud l` edmar oèp`` dr` l` hd O`lhdrÿk &2>$', la ou`l rdsult` oaeprdksgbld parqud l`s

prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk gb`k `l `lz`9 ld sdnu` Lÿpdz Abr`har 2?$ yeàs rdz`n`ha qudh`b` E`hr`za &03$'+

Ka p`rdod uk` oagkoghdkog` qud `far`, dk mukga, dst` dv`luògÿk pasgtgv` hd l`s prapudst`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd lanrd musta dk dl eaedktadk qud rdpukt`k sus prdcdrdkog s y l`s apgkgakds pasgtgv`s sabrd su o`khgh`tur` &nròg`s l tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha'+ Pud l`s prapudst`s hd



247

èla sd`k l`s edmards dv`lu`h`s dk dstd eaedkta, par prgedr` vdz dkl` oèp`` &` pds`r hd qud l` oèp`` publgogt`rg` hd O`lhdrÿk cud euysupdrgar dk rdoursas y dstr`tdng`', ds oaeprdksgbld parqud l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, dk dstd eaedkta, v`k ` l` `lz`+ Zar t`kta, dstas

h`tas lldv`k ` pdks`r qud las dktrdvgst`has gktdrprdt`k l` publgogh`h ` p`rtgr hd su hdogsgÿk hd vata y ka l rdvçs+ Dst` dv`luògÿk hd l` publgogh`h `yuh` ` hdso`rt`r ` l` publgogh`h pasgtgv` oaea uk còtar hdogsgvahd l` dldoogÿk9 dk oèbga, l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` `saog`h` ` las nr`khdstde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` ndkh` sg p`rdod sdr hdogsgv`+

Oà 8>±Oa ol las o`às1

Clp

O`lÿrabaE``za

@çs E`lLÿpz Abà

k_ ! kO tAt@L

F`brà eàs depldas ?0$ 2?$ ?0$ 03$ 0::$

F`brà eàs sdnurgh`h pýblgo`

27$ 23$ 27$ 0>$ 0::$

Oaeb`tgr` eàs dl

k`roaedkuhda2>$ 24$ 26$ 2:$ 0::$

F`br` eàs arhdk dk dlnabgdrka

26$ 28$ ?0$ 06$ 0::$

F`br` eàs pasgbglgh`hhd qud l` sgtuògÿkdoakÿego` edmard

27$ 2?$ ?2$ 03$ 0::$

Oaeb`tgr` edmar l` pabrdz`

23$ 22$ ?>$ 03$ 0::$

@yuh`r` eàs ` l` ndktd 23$ 22$ ?6$ 04$ 0::$

Ts`r` l` prdsghdkog` p`r` bdkdoga prapga

2?$ ??$ 07$ 24$ 0::$

Xdkhr` cèglg`rdsgkoÿeahas

?:$ 22$ 0?$ ?3$ 0::$

Dst`r` `bgdrta ` l`sapgkgakds ortgo`s

23$ 2:$ 26$ 23$ 0::$

_dr` eàs rdspdtuasa hd

l` ldy

23$ 20$ 26$ 24$ 0::$

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 0? hd mukga, 2::3+



23:

Las ogdrrds hd oèp``

Oak dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha, Lÿpdz Abr`har kudvèdktd tae`l` gkgog`tgv` y O`lhdrÿk p`s` ` uk` pasgogÿk rdòtgv` dk dl e`kdma hd l`

`ndkh`9 taha dl pdrgaha hdl pashdb`td qudhÿ haegk`ha par dl tde` hdlOuð`ha gkoÿeaha, pdra çstd hdm` l`s prgedr`s pl`k`s l k`lgz`r l` prgedr` qugkodk` hd mukga+

L`s dkoudst`s y las dstuhgas hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha eudstr`k qud làcdksgv` hd l` obt lanrÿ oalao`r hgofa tde` dk l`s prgedr`s pl`k`s hdo`sg tahas las edhgas+ Z`r`hÿmgoèdktd, dsta ka sd tr`huma dk uk` o`h`dspdotòul`r hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk, oaea f`b` suodhgha ` lòèp`` hd l` obt oak dl tde` Ofàvdz+

Dsta sd dxplgo` parqud dk e`rza y `brgl, ou`kha l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk `tòÿ ` l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak dl tde` Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s, l` oèp`` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka ka gepldedktÿ uk`dstr`tdng` hd oaktral hd hàs9 hd còta, pràotgoèdktd ka rdspakhgÿ `l`s òusògakds sgka f`st` has edsds hdspuçs, dk e`ya, ou`kha y` f`

b` pdrhgha l` vdkt`m` hd 0: puktas+ Dk oèbga, dk dl o`sa hdl Ouð`hagkoÿeaha, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk rdspakhgÿ dl egsea h` qud sd prdsdktÿ dl dxpdhgdktd d gepldedkt`rak uk` dstr`tdng` hd oaktral hd hàsdogdktd, taha dl dqugpa hd oèp`ð` sd valoÿ ` las edhgas, brgkh`rak

dktrdvgst`s dk tahas las pranrè`s, hgcukhgdrak spats, dl nabgdrka cdhdr`l degtgÿ oaeukgo`has aog`lds, oaktr``tò`rak oak atr`s òusògakds+++ @hdeàs, dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha sd `nat` dk l` prgedr`qugkodk` hd mukga, ds hdogr, hur` `praxge`hèdktd hgdz h`s9 dk oè

bga, l` e`l` ròf` hd l` oèp`` hd èla oak las tde`s hd Ofàvdz y hdl prgedr hdb`td, hur`rak `praxge`hèdktd has edsds+

L` sdnukh` qugkodk` hd mukga, l` ýltge` hd l` oèp``, dstuvgdrakhaegk`h`s par dl tde` hd las ogdrrds hd oèp`` hd las o`khgh`tas+ Dk

dstd pdrgaha k`l y` ka sd prdsdkt` uk tde` qud haegkd l` ndkh` palåtgoa dldotar`l, oaea suodhgÿ oak las tde`s hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa, dlOfàvdz%ofòf`lò`s a dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+

_gk deb`rna, rdsult` abvga qud l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hdl p k hds`rrall` uk` nr`k prdsdkog` dk edhgas dk l`s sde`k`s prdvg`s l`s dldoogakds, ka sÿla rdb`s`k ` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk o`ktgh`h yo`lgh`h, sgka tèbgçk dk dstr`tdng`, parqud dktr`k l` b`t`ll` k`l lnukas nrupas deprds`rg`lds gepart`ktds &ood y Odlghdrf', las ou`lds, t`kta oak hdol`rògakds, oaea oak uk` oèp`` hd spats kdn`tgvas dk l`tdldvgsgÿk, oakcrakt`k ` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+



230

O oèp`` raba E``za

Oaea f`b` fdofa dk l`s sde`k`s prdvg`s `l hdb`td, E`hr`za e`ktgdkd su dstr`tdng` hd ubgo`rsd hgsoursgvèdktd oaea dl musta edhga dk

trd la qud çl llè`b` “l` gzqugdrh` r`hgo`l y l` dxtrde` hdrdof`―, l` tdrodr` apogÿk dktrd “dl papulgsea hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y dl kdalgbdr`lgseahd O`lhdrÿk― &Nakzàldz y Eaktds, 02 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dk l` pràotgo`, l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za qudh` hdspl`z`h` par oae pldta hd l` b`t`ll` qud sd dst`bldod dktrd Lÿpdz Abr`har y O`lhdrÿk hdshd dl pashdb`td+ S`rgas hd las oakgotas gktdrkas qud f`k dst`ha s`batd`kha tah` l` oèp`ð` hd E`hr`za sd e`ktgdkdk f`st` dl k`l, par dmdepla= las luof`s gktdstgk`s dk `lnuk`s rdngakds hd cudrtd gkudkog`

prggst` edre`k las vatas hd E`hr`za y, dk l`s ýltge`s sde`k`s hd oè p``, euofas hd las lhdrds prggst`s eàs gepart`ktds sdnugràk rdtgr`khasu paya E`hr`za p`r` brgkh`rla pýblgoèdktd O`lhdrÿk a LÿpdzAbr`har+ Ds hdogr, E`hr`za ka lldn` ` ùedkt`r sus dxpdot`tgv`s hdvata, oùs` hd las oakgotas gktdrkas qud f` tdkgha hdshd dl gkgoga f`st` dl k hd l` oèp`ð`+

_gk lun`r ` huh` dl tde` kdn`tgva eàs gepart`ktd hdl prg hur`ktd dl pdrgaha hd ogdrrds hd oèp`` oaegdkz` dl 08 hd mukga, ou`kha l`s cudrz`s hd sdnurgh`h hdl nabgdrka hdl dst`ha hd A`xò` hds`lam`krdprgedk

` las e`dstras qud tdk`k uk oèpèdkta dk dl Odktra Fgstÿrgoa hd lòguh`h+ @ p`rtgr hd dstd eaedkta dl eavgegdkta e`ngstdrg`l hgsghdktdsd r`hgo`lgz` y oèbg` hd sdktgha+

@ktds hd l` rdprdsgÿk sd f`b` hds`rrall`ha oaea uka hd las tr`hgogak`lds eavgegdktas e`ngstdrg`lds qud rdgvgkhgo`b`k edmar`s s`l`rg`lds yoaktròtu`lds hd las pracdsards hd dhuoògÿk bàsgo`, pdra hdspuçs hdlhds`lamardprdsgÿk, dl eavgegdkta dxgnd l` hgegsgÿk hdl nabdrk`har hdargndk prggst`, Tlgsds Rugz+ Z`r` gepuls`r dstd kudva rdolèa, las e`ds

tras sd vdk rdcarz`has par uk nrupa hd gzqugdrh` hdkaegk`ha @sèbld`Zapul`r hd las Zudblas hd A`xò` & ppa' y dstd rdkav`ha eavgegdktahgsghdktd tae` dl Odktra Fgstÿrgoa hd l` oguh`h hd A`xò` y hds`rrallùk` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd eavglgzògakds qud dstr`knul`k paltgo` y doakÿegoèdktd l` oguh`h+

@ukqud dl oakgota ka sd dxtgdkhd kg ` l` rdngÿk kg `l p`ås, tgdkd uk`nr`k geplgoògÿk p`r` l` pdrspdotgv` dldotar`l, puds dstd dst`ha dr` l`

prgkogp`l rdsdrv` dldotar`l hdl prg9 `hdeàs dl nabdrk`har hdl dst`ha,Tlgsds Rugz, dr` uka hd las prgkogp`lds payas hd l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za+ Dl oakgota ds t`k oråtgoa qud ablgn` ` E`hr`za ` o`kodl`r su ngr`

par A`xò` dl h` 07 hd mukga+



232

Atra gepart`ktd tde` kdn`tgva hd o`ràotdr rdngak`l ds l` hdkukog` pdrgahstgo` qud òus` ` @rtura ]èar`, o`khgh`ta hdl prg `l nabgdrkahd M`lgsoa, hd tdkdr våkoulas oak dl k`roatràoa+ @l gnu`l qud dk dl o`sa hdA`xò`, M`lgsoa sd f`bå` pdrl`ha oaea uk` gepart`ktd rdsdrv` hd va

tas p`r` E`hr`za nròg`s ` l` papul`rgh`h hd @rtura ]èar`, pdraou`kha sd hdkukog`k las kdxas hd dstd o`khgh`ta oak dl k`roatràoa sdo`dk l`s dxpdot`tgv`s hdl prg dk dl dst`ha+

Z`r` dl pdrgaha hd ogdrrds hd oèp`` y` sd f`k prahuogha o`sg tah`sl`s hdsdrogakds gepart`ktds hdl prg, pdra las nrupas eàs sgnkgo`tgvas,oaea dl hd tdokÿor`t`szdhgllgst`s, e`ktgdkdk uk` gktdrlaouogÿk pýblgo`

p`r` llè`r ` las prggst`s ` rd`lgz`r uk “vata ýtgl―+ Zar dmdepla, dstd nru pa hd tdokÿor`t`szdhgllgst`s `p`rdod dl 07 hd mukga dk l` prdsdktògÿkhdl lgbra hd O`lhdrÿk p`r` pay`r l o`khgh`ta p`kgst`+

L` hdsdrogÿk eàs gepart`ktd hd dst`s ýltge`s sde`k`s ds l` hd Gs``sNakzàldz Oudv`s, hgrgndktd hd l` Oakcdhdrògÿk Rdvaluogak`rg` hdAbrdras y Oèpdsgkas &orao', l` sdnukh` odktr`l abrdr` eàs gepart`ktd hdl p`s+ Dl 22 hd mukga, dstd hgrgndktd llè` ` sus `nrdeg`has `fòdr “vata ýtgl― par Lÿpdz Abr`har+ _gk deb`rna, par atr` p`rtd, dloèbga hd b`khdr` ka lldvÿ dstd lhdr ` rdkukog`r ` l` o`khgh`tur` plurgkaegk`l l _dk`ha qud ld f`b` sgnk`ha dl prg+

Dk dstd pdrgaha hd ogdrrds hd oèp``, rdsultÿ p`r`hÿmgoa qud `lnu

kas nrupas paltgoas mdkas l`s trds prgkogp`lds cudrz`s oèbg`r`k suslgògakds palåtgo`s p`r` `pay`r ` E`hr`za, dspdoåoèdktd, dl 0> hd

mukga dl hgrgndktd hdl p`so, Gnkòga Grys _`laeÿk, rdtgr` su paya Z`tyEdro`ha, o`khgh`t` prdsghdkog`l hd su p`rtgha, p`r` brgkhàrsdla ` E`hr`za+ Xèbgçk Sotar Nakzàldz Xarrds, edmar oakaogha oaea dl “Haotar _geg―, hdolgk` su pgktardso` “o`khgh`tur`― dxtràog`l dk bdkdogahd E`hr`za+08

Oak dst`s tdkhdkog`s oruz`h`s, ` c`var y dk oaktr`, E`hr`za rd`lgz`

ogdrrds dspdotòul`rds oak nr`khds oakodktrògakds e`sgv`s, dktrd l`squd hdstò`k l`s rd`lgz`h`s dk las has ýltgeas h`s hd oèp``= dl 2> hd mukga dk dl Eakuedkta ` l` Rdvaluogÿk dk l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa rdukgÿ` eàs hd 2: ::: sgep`tgz`ktds y dl 26 hd mukga dk Sdròruz oakvaoÿ`praxge`hèdktd 6: ::: pdrsak`s+

@hdeàs, dk las ýltgeas h`s, l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za rd`lgzÿ dxfgbgogakds hd cudrz` p`r` hdeastr`r qud l` e`qugk`rg` oarpar`tgv` sdnu`vgndktd+ Dl 00 hd mukga E`hr`za tae` pratdst` 0 26: ::: egl praeata

08 Sotar Nakzàldz Xarrds dr` huda hd l` o`hdk` hd prahuotas c`reòçutgoas eàs gepart`ktd hdl p`ås9 sd f`bå` pastul`ha dxtràog`ledktd oak sus prapgas rdoursas, sgk kgknýk

p`rtgha qud la `pay`r`, fgza oèp`` sgk rdngstra, pdra dk dl ogdrrd hdolgkÿ par E`hr`za+



23?

rds hdl vata v` tdldoaeukgoògakds ` l`s rdprdsdktògakds prggst`s hdtaha dl p`s &Rabdrta E`hr`za, Egldkga, 00 hd mukga, 2::3'+ _u dqugpahd oèp`` o`loul` qud dl o`khgh`ta vgsgtÿ 283 eukgogpgas y uk` hgst`kog` hd 2?6 087 iglÿedtras dk sdgs edsds &Rabdrta E`hr`za, L` Mar%

k`h`, 27 hd mukga, 2::3'+Zar dkoge` hd taha, l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za dk las edhgas cud uk`hd l`s eàs gktdks`s, qugzà t`kta oaea l` hd O`lhdrÿk9 hd sdnura, euysupdrgar l` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Z`r` glustr`r l` gktdksgh`h hd l` oèp``, v`ld ogt`r qud dl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l &_è`kgdna, 7 mukga, 2::3'+o`loul` qud t`k sÿla dk las has h`s pastdrgards l hdb`td E`hr`za brgkhÿ 02? dktrdvgst`s ` r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk+

@hdeàs, p`r` dstd pdrgaha, E`hr`za oaktÿ oak l` hgrdoogÿk edhgàtgo` hd O`rlas @l`zrìg, qugdk e`ktuva uk` nr`k gkvdrsgÿk dk l` prahuoogÿk hd spats+ Zar ogt`r uk dmdepla hdl kgvdl hd gkvdrsgÿk, uk rdpart`md ogt`qud dk o`h` ao`sgÿk &hd trds' qud l` oèp`` oèbga hd dstr`tdng`, dlprg n`stÿ 8:: egllakds hd pdsas &Rabdrta E`hr`za, L` Mark`h`, 2? hd

mukga, 2::3'+ Ka abst`ktd dstas `ltas kgvdlds hd gkvdrsgÿk, dl 03 hd mukga,@l`zrìg `hvgdrtd qud l`s ýltge`s sde`k`s ùedkt`rà su prdsdkog` dklas edhgas+

O oèp`` Clp O`lÿ

Dl ogdrrd hd oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ds dl qud tgdkd e`yar prdsdkog` dklas edhgas, sdnýk las rdpartds hd publgogh`h, sgk deb`rna, tèbgçk hds`rrall` nr`khds oakodktrògakds papul`rds+ Dk dst` ýltge` dt`p` O`lhdrÿk odldbr` ogdrrds hd oèp`` dk l`s o`pgt`lds hd las dst`has y lanr`l`s e`yards oakodktrògakds hd sgep`tgz`ktds hd tah` su oèp``+ L`segse`s oakodktrògakds sak utglgz`h`s p`r` spats9 par dmdepla, dl eàs

hdstò`ha ds dl ogdrrd hd oèp`` dk dl Dst`hga @ztdo` dl haegkna 24 hd mukga, lun`r dk dl qud oaknrdnÿ ` `praxge`hèdktd 02: ::: pdrsak`s,sdnýk l` prdks`+ Dk las h`s sgnugdktds dstd ogdrrd, dl eàs eultgtuhgk`rgahd l` oèp``, sdrà hgcukhgha v` spats+

Tk` lkd` hgsoursgv` gepart`ktd dk dl ogdrrd hd oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿkds dl llè`ha las prggst`s p`r` qud “ka hdspdrhgogdk su vata― y ld yuhdk ` vdkodr ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk dst` dstr`tdng` euofas lhdrds hdlprg, dspdog`ledktd dl nrupa hd zdhgllgst`stdokÿor`t`s, la `pay`k oatghg`kèdktd, dktrd dllas hdstò`k Hgÿhara O`rr`soa, Ndk`ra Barrdna+++Çst` ds uk` oakst`ktd hd su hgsoursa oatghg`ka dk l`s oakodktrògakds

papul`rds, l`s dktrdvgst`s, l`s oakcdrdkog`s hd prdks`+++ Zdra dst` lkd`hgsoursgv` tèbgçk sd prdsdkt` dk las spats, dk las ou`lds O`lhdrÿk ll`



238

e` ` las prggst`s ` fòdr “vata ýtgl―+ Dl h` 28 O`lhdrÿk v` hd ngr` par Fdreasglla, _akar`, uk dst`ha nabdrk`ha par Dhu`rha Baurs, uk prggst` oakcrakt`ha oak E`hr`za+ Dk dst` pl`z` O`lhdrÿk gkvgt` las prggst`s` fòdr “vata ýtgl― p`r` n`k`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har= “@s qud ya pgha ` _a

kar`, las prggst`s hd _akar`, sd las hgna fueglhdedktd qud ed dofdk lè`ka, qud ed `yuhdk ` `sdnur`r dl trgukca faln`ha dk l` prdsghdkog`―&co, Fdreasglla, 2? hd mukga, 2::3'+

Zdra, sabrd taha, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk sgnud sgdkha l` eàs ord`tgv` dk dl pl`ka edhgàtgoa+ Dktrd l`s òogakds gkkav`har`s hd `lta gepòta hdstò`k las spats ‟qud sd prdsdkt`k dk las mudnas hd l` sdldoogÿk kògak`l‟ oak mun`hards y dx mun`hards hd l` sdldoogÿk kògak`l+ Xèbgçkoaktr`t` `kukogas euy argngk`lds, puds, par dmdepla, dl ýltgea h` hdl`s oèp``s &26 hd mukga' hur`ktd l` tdldkavdl` L` cd` eàs bdll` &dl

pranrè` hd e`yar r`tgkn hd l` tv', dl oaedhg`ktd Zaofala, dk edhgahd l` tdldkavdl`, sd hdtgdkd salgogt`r dl vata c`var hd O`lhdrÿk+

Las egseas oaarhgk`hards hd l` oèp`` hvgdrtdk qud f`k pranrè`ha dl pùt`md eàs gktdksa hd spats p`r` dstd pdrgaha k`l+ @rturaN`ro` Zartglla, sdordt`rga hd dldoogakds hdl p k, `hvgdrtd l` gepart`kog` hdl pùt`md eàs `lta p`r` dl k`l hd l` oaktgdkh`, puds çstas sak “lasedks`mds oak las qud sd qudh` l` ndktd y` p`r` gr ` l` o`sgll`― &Xdfdràk,07 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds, l` publgogh`h hdl p`kgst` e`ktgdkd l` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std+ Zar uk l`ha, dl o`khgh`ta oakvao` ` vat`r par dl edmar

praydota doakÿegoa, par dl o`khgh`ta eàs prdp`r`ha d gkolusa, dk ao`sgakds, sungdrd qud vat`r par su `hvdrs`rga pravao`r` uk` orgsgs+++ Zdra,

par atr` p`rtd, dl p`k dl`bar` praeaogak`lds kdn`tgvas, o`t`strast`s, p`r` èdk`z`r oak uk` orgsgs doakÿego` dk o`sa hd qud n`kd èla+

Oà 86gvsÿ pblo` rà

y tv las o`às pso`ls

O`à 0> l 2? ma h` 26 ma @oelà oèp``

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ( 82 622 >?6+:: ( 30> 0:7 6>?+:: (362 :0? :78+::

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har ( 2? 67? 3:7+:: ( 27: :4:?63+:: (274 3>> >63+::

Rabdrta E`hr`za (03 ?23 3:>+:: (842 767 062+:: (4?8 007 760+::

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda, Dl Tkgvdrs`l, > hd mulga, 2::3+



234

Dk las spats k`lds hd l` oèp`ð` kdn`tgv` sd gksgstd dk qud l`s pdr sak`s pdrhdràk taha su p`trgeakga sg Lÿpdz Abr`har lldn` l` prdsghdkog`+ Dk çstas hdstò` uka dk dl qud uk p`hrd hd cèglg` dktr` su o`s` ysus `p`r`tas dldotrahaeçstgoas depgdz`k ` hds`p`rdodr, egdktr`s uk`

vaz, qud sgeul` sdr l` hdl p`hrd hd cèglg` pdks`kha, hgod=Zar k, kas fgogeas hd kudstr` o`s`, oaofd, l`v`har`, rdcrgndr`har, Lÿ

pdz Abr`har v` dkhduh`r ` Eçxgoa las gktdrdsds qud p`na v`k ` subgr+++ Ka las vay ` pdrhdr, ka vay ` pdrhdr eg p`trgeakga oaea la pdrhgdrakegs p`pàs, ya ka qugdra uk` orgsgs p`r` egs fgmas, ya vay vat`r par Cdlg

pd O`lhdrÿk+

Dk atra spat hd dst` sdrgd sd ous` qud dl p`s gr` l` b`ko`rrat` oak

Lÿpdz Abr`har+ _d dx`ndr`k sus praeds`s f`st` lldv`rl`s l rghoula9 dkdstd spat , sd hgod qud dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka f` praedtgha qud las sdrvgogas qud prdst` dl Dst`ha sdràk nr`tugtas, la ou`l kuko` cud praedtgha

par dl pdrrdhgst`=

_pat “C`―

Saz dk acc=

Lÿpdz Abr`har qugdrd oakstrugr uk p`rqud hd hgvdrsgakds dk l`s Gsl`sE`r`s, has trdkds b`l`+++ y sdnýk çlsdràk nr`tgs dl n`s, l` n`salgk`, dl hgdsdly l` luz+++

Olasd up hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ou`hra

Ge`ndk çrd` hd uk p`rqud hdhgvdrsgakdsXae`s hd las mudnas edoàkgoas dk dlZ`rqud hd hgvdrsgakds&_akghas hd l` cdrg` hd cakha'

Saz dk acc=_us c`kt`s`s oast`ràk egldshd egllakds

Ge`ndk hd uk` v` dk l` eakt`` rus`,sd tae` hdshd uk o`rrgta y l` tae` v`subgdkha l` oudst`+++

±Oÿea l`s v` p`n`r1

Saz dk acc=Oaea la fgza dk dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l,oak hduh` y eàs hduh`

Ge`ndk hd l` v` qud oaktgký``sodkhgdkha dl o`rrgta, p`rdod ldtrdrasabrd l` v`=HDTH@ ) HDTH@

Saz dk acc=Zahr`s pdrhdr tu o`s`, tu deplda,

pahr`s pdrhdrla taha+++

L` ge`ndk hdl o`rrgta hd l` eakt``rus` o`d `bruptèdktd&Nrgtas hd l` ndktd'Z`kt`ll` asour` `sfd` oak luz

Rýbrgo`= O`khgh`tas hdl Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l l _dk`ha hd l` Rdpýblgo`



233

O`lhdrÿk, par atr` p`rtd, hgcukhd edks`mds dk o`hdk` kògak`l par tdldvgsgÿk y r`hga dk las far`rgas hd e`yar ùhgdkog`, t`l oaea y` f`

b` fdofa Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl prgedr `kukoga dk o`hdk` kògak`l hdO`lhdrÿk sd hgcukhd dl 04 hd mukga, dl spat sgnud l` lkd` hd l` oèp``

hd oaktr`std, èdk`z`r oak uk` orgsgs dk o`sa hd qud n`kd LÿpdzAbr`har y praedtdr uk sdxdkga hd çxgta doakÿegoa dk o`sa hd qudn`kd dl p`k=

Dl prh prapakd dkhduh`r ` Eçxgoa, oaea y` fgza dk dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`ly oaea la fgogdrak nabgdrkas qud kas lldv`rak ` l`s pdards orgsgs doakÿego`s+ Fay tý v`s ` hdoghgr dktrd dl deplda y l` dst`bglgh`h, qud ya tdn`r`ktgza, a l` hduh` y l` orgsgs qud prapakd dl prh &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, 04hd mukga, 2::3, Edks`md dk o`hdk` kògak`l'+

Dl sdnukha edks`md dk o`hdk` kògak`l sd hgcukhd dl 26 hd mukga dkdl far`rga hd e`yar r`tgkn, ` uk`s far`s hd qud tdregkd dl pl`za aog`lhd l`s oèp`ð`s+ Dl edks`md sd prdsdkt` y` sgk hdso`lgoògakds ` Lÿ

pdz Abr`har y dk uk taka eàs prapasgtgva=

@egn`s y ègnas=Xah` eg vgh` fd sa`ha oak uk Eçxgoa hgstgkta y edmar+ Fd sa`ha y

luof`ha par uk Eçxgoa sdnura y lgepga, hakhd kudstras fgmas pudh`k mun`r, dstuhg`r, sdr cdlgods9 uk Eçxgoa musta qud payd l`s cèglg`s p`r`qud s`ln`k hd l` pabrdz`, y par dsa vay ` `brgr l`s pudrt`s hd l` dhuoògÿk, hd l` s`luh, hd las sdrvgogas+ _abrd taha `brgrç l` pudrt` hdl tr`b`ma,

parqud l` pabrdz` sd our` oak deplda+ Say sdr uk prdsghdktd rdspaks` bld oak l` doakae`, oak dl edhga èbgdktd y, sabrd taha, ed f`rç rds paks`bld hd l` sdnurgh`h hd l`s o`llds p`r` kudstras fgmas+ Oakazoa bgdklas prablde`s hdl p`s y sç oÿea rdsalvdrlas+ Xdkna l`s e`kas lgepg`s ydstay prdp`r`ha p`r` sdr prdsghdktd hd Eçxgoa, dl prdsghdktd hdl deplda+

Dstd haegkna, l` far` hd vat`r, pgdks` dk tus fgmas &Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, 26hd mukga, 2::3, Edks`md dk o`hdk` kògak`l'+

Las rdpartds hd l` prdks` hdstò`k qud O`lhdrÿk dk las ýltgeas h`sgkolusa lldn` prgvgldng`r l` prdsdkog` dk edhgas par dkoge` hd l`s oakodktrògakds papul`rds+ Dl 22 hd mukga hdhgoÿ l` e`yar p`rtd hdl h` `

brgkh`r dktrdvgst`s y ` prahuogr spats+ Dl h` 2? hd mukga dk Ofgfu`fu`rd`lgz` uk ogdrrd sug nçkdrgs, ka ds dl egtgk tr`hgogak`l sgka qud dstà oakhuogha par ou`tra oakhuotards hd tdldvgsgÿk `ktd sÿla 6:: sgep`tgz`ktds+ Dl h` 07 hd mukga prdsdkt` su edearg` hd oèp`` dk vdrsgÿk hdlgbra llè`ha Dl fgma hdsabdhgdktd9 dvdkta l qud sgstd dl nrupa hd paltgoas prggst`s tdokÿor`t`s qud sd f`k sue`ha ` llè`r `l vata ýtgl dk su



23>

c`var, dktrd dllas hdstò`k Ndk`ra Barrdna y Hgÿhara O`rr`soa9 tè bgçk `lnukas `rtgst`s cèasas= dl padt` Faedra @rghmgs, dl tdkar Cdrk`kha hd l` Ear`+++

Xah`s l`s dvghdkog s `pukt`k ` qud O`lhdrÿk hds`rrall`b` uk` prd

sdkog` dk edhgas eàs gepart`ktd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har+ X k sÿla p`r` ogt`r uk dmdepla, dl sgtga Lup` Oguh`h`k` dk l` tdrodr` dt`p` hd l` oèp``, ds hdogr, hdshd dl h` 3 hd mukga, hdspuçs hdl hdb`td, f`st` dl 26 hd

mukga, rdngstr` ?? dktrdvgst`s oakodhgh`s ` edhgas par O`lhdrÿk9 LÿpdzAbr`har rdngstr` sÿla 06 dktrdvgst`s ` edhgas9 par ýltgea, E`hr`za rdngstr` 2> dktrdvgst`s ` edhgas+ @ukqud dl sgtga luhgha ka rd`lgzÿ uk sdnugegdkta dxfùstgva, su eudstr` p`rdod sdr rdprdsdkt`tgv` hd l` gktdksgh`h qud tuvgdrak l`s oèp``s+

Xèbgçk dk l` vdrtgdktd hd l` paltgo` dspdotàoula, O`lhdrÿk lanr` uknr`k k`l+ Euofas rtgst`s, hdpartgst`s y ndktd hd l` c`ràkhul` ld brgkh`su `paya, la òaep``k dk sus etgkds y f`st` nr`b`k spats p`r` `pay`rla, dktrd las pdrsak`mds eàs hdstò`has sd dkoudktr`k las oaedhg`ktds Ofdspgrgta y Clargkh` Edz`+ Atras pdrsak`mds hdstò`has sak dl tardra Dl Nld`sak, dl ùtar hd bdst sdlldrs Egnudl Àkndl Oarkdma, las dxcutbalgst`s O`rlas Fdreasglla, @hrgàk Ofàvdz+++

@ous`k `l p k hd us`r dl p`hrÿk dldotar`l p`r` l` oèp``

Tka hd las ýltgeas tde`s kdn`tgvas qud sucrgÿ l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk cud uk` òusògÿk hd qud l oèp`` fò` uk e`l usa hdl p`hrÿkdldotar`l+ Dl 23 hd mukga, l` pdrgahgst` O`redk @rgstdnug, hur`ktd su

pranrè` hd r`hga, rdogbgÿ uk` hdkukog` hd qud dl p`k tdk` ` hgspasgogÿk hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk dl p`hrÿk dldotar`l, ou`kha dstd rdoursahdb` sdr hdstgk`ha p`r` atra dcdota+

O`redk @rgstdnug rdl`t` dk vgva, hur`ktd su pranrè` hd r`hga, las p`sas qud ld gkhgo` dl hdkukog`ktd= dktr` ` l` pàngk` wdb hd l` oèp``hd O`lhdrÿk y oak dl p`sswarh Fglhdbr`kha 00> lanr` òodhdr `l p`hrÿk+ Dstd praodhgegdkta p`rdo` hdeastr`r qud dl p`hrÿk dldotar`l dst`b` sgdkha utglgz`ha par las egdebras hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk p`r`sus òtgvgh`hds prasdlgtgst`s, la ou`l dst`b` prafgbgha par l` ldy, puds dlgcd sÿla lds f`bå` dktrdn`ha dl p`hrÿk p`r` oarrabar`r l` hdlgh`h hd lash`tas, ka p`r` su usa p`rtghgst`+

Oak b`sd dk l` dxpdrgdkog hd l` pdrgahgst` O`redk @rgstdnug, dl 23hd mukga dl prh hde`kh` `l gcd qud gkvdstgnud dl usa p`rtghgst` hdl p`hrÿk par p`rtd hdl p k+ Dl 2> hd mukga, dl gcd `kukog` qud sd f` gkgog`hauk` gkvdstgnògÿk sabrd dstd o`sa+ Las oaarhgk`hards hd l` oèp``



236

prdsghdkog`l hdl p k hdsegdktdk l` òusògÿk y `sdnur`k qud dstàkus`kha dl p`hrÿk sÿla p`r` las kds qud pdregtd l` ldy+

O oèp`` Lÿpz AbàLÿpdz Abr`har lldn` las ogdrrds hd oèp`` oak l` ducarg` hdl çxgta

lanr`ha oak dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+ @ukqud hdshd dl rdl`kzègdkta hd su oèp`ð` y` f` lanr`ha uk` prdsdkog` sgnkgo`tgv` dk l`tdldvgsgÿk y l` r`hga, l` oèp`` tah`v` p`rdod odktr`h` dk l`s eavglgzògakds e`sgv`s y rdngstr` l`s oakodktrògakds eàs kuedras`s hd tahadl praodsa, par dmdepla, l` prdks` o`loul` rdukgakds hd 4: ::: pdrsak`s dl0> hd mukga, dk Sgll`fdreas`, X`b`soa9 dl 24 hd mukga, odro` hd 4: :::

pdrsak`s dk @o`puloa9 dl 23 hd mukga, 8: ::: pdrsak`s dk Eardlg` y9 dlogdrrd dspdotòul`r, dktrd 2:: ::: y ?:: ::: pdrsak`s dk dl ]ÿo`la hd lÒguh`h hd Eçxgoa+

Dk dstd ýltgea egtgk hd oèp`` fòd uk rdoudkta hd su oèp`` “`r`s hd tgdrr`―9 oaea y` sd puktÿ, dstas rdoudktas rdedear`k l`s vgdm`soèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hdl prg, hakhd dl o`khgh`ta prdsue` f`bdr rdoarrgha las rgkoakds eàs `ldm`has hdl p`s p`r` oakaodr sus kdodsgh`hds9 Lÿpdz Abr`har `p`rdktdedktd sgnud dl egsea dsqude`=

Hur`ktd 0: edsds, dktrd prdoèp`` y oèp``, rdoarrgeas 08: :::iglÿedtras hd o`rrdtdr` p`r` lldn`r ` pudblas y oguh`hds hd tah`s l`s rdngakds hd Eçxgoa, odldbrèas 360 etgkds y kas rdukgeas oak ? 4:: :::

pdrsak`s &Lÿpdz Abr`har, 26 hd mukga, 2::3, ]ÿo`la hd l` Oguh`h hdEçxgoa'+

@ hgcdrdkog` hd O`lhdrÿk, Lÿpdz Abr`har ka lanr` euofas dcdotas

dspdotòul`rds dk su oèp`` edhgàtgo`+ _g ò`sa sd pudhd edkogak`r qud vudlvd hgcukhgr uk gkcaedrog`l hd edhg` far` dk o`hdk` kògak`l l`s 2?=?: hdl 26 hd mukga, ds hdogr, dk l` ýltge` edhg` far` hd las tgdepasaog`lds hd l` oèp`ð`+ _gk deb`rna, dstd pranrè` y` ka sd ubgo` dk lasfar`rgas hd e`yar r`tgkn y ds b`st`ktd l`rna p`r` sdr uk prahuota publgogt`rga, par la ou`l la vudlvd paoa tròtgva p`r` l`s nr`khds uhgdkog`s+

Xèbgçk sd pudhd rds`lt`r qud egdktr`s l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk sdgktdksgoÿ dk l` ýltge`s sde`k`s hd oèp`ð`, l` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har rdngstrÿ vòåas sgnkgo`tgvas+ Zar dmdepla, dl 2> hd mukga, pdkýltgea hå`hd oèp``, Lÿpdz Abr`har o`kodl` l` vgsgt` ` A`xò` ` oùs` hdl oakgota e`ngstdrg`l qud vgvd l` dktgh`h+ Hdbgha ` dst` o`kodlògÿk, dk dsdh` sÿla sd rd`lgz` uk` odrdeakg` dso`sèdktd oakourrgh` &oak uk`s hd



237

odk`s hd pdrsak`s' y hd b`ma gepòta dk las edhgas+ Xçokgoèdktd cuduk h` hd hdso`ksa p`r` l` oèp`` dk uk eaedkta dk dl qud l`s dkoudst`s oaksghdr`b`k uk dep`td dktrd las lhdrds+

@ hgcdrdkog` hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk, l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`

har rdogbd `payas hd las `rtgst`s d gktdldotu`lds qud sak cèasas dk l`çlgtd oultur`l hdl p`s, pdra ka dktrd dl oguh`h`ka praedhga+ Dktrd dstas`payas hdstò`k las òtards hd ogkd y tv, Fçotar Bakgll`, E`r` Rama yHègàk @loàz`r9 s oaea las fdre`kas Hdeg`k y Bruka Bgofgr+ @hdeàs, dstas pdrsak`mds sÿla `p`rdodk dk dl l`rna rdpart`md publgogt`rgaqud ogdrr` l` oèp``, ka dk las spats qud sd tr`ksegtgdrak dk las far`rgas hd e`yar r`tgkn+

Atr` òogÿk qud eudstr` dl pdrl hd l` oèp`ð` cud uk hdspldn`ha publgo`ha dk dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h`, dk dstd tdxta uk nrupa hd gktdldotu`lds y rtgst`s llè`k vat`r par Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dktrd dstas pdrsak`

mds pýblgoas hdstò`k `lnukas hd las ogdktåoas, `rtgst`s, pdks`hards yòtgvgst`s hd hdrdofas fue`kas eàs gepart`ktds hdl p`s, t`lds oaeaDldk` Zakg`tawsi`, O`rlas Eaksgvàgs, Rdkç Hruoidr Oalk, LardkzaEdydr, Egnudl Àkndl Nr`k`has Of`p`, Deglga O`rb`llgha, Masç LugsOudv`s, Ras`rga Gb`rr` hd Zgdhr`+++

F`y qud gksgstgr, dst`s pdrsak`lgh`hds rdprdsdkt`k nur`s pýblgo`soak euofa rdoakaogegdkta dktrd l`s çlgtds9 hdeàs dl edhga hd hgcusgÿk

dldngha &dl pdrgÿhgoa hd gzqugdrh` eàs gepart`ktd hdl p`s, pdra oak uktgr`md hd `pdk`s hdodk`s hd eglds hd dmdepl`rds', sd hgrgnd prgkogp`ledktd l sdotar hd gzqugdrh` hd l` çlgtd kògak`l ka l`s e`s`s hd dldotards, par dlla su dcdota p`rdod ekgea dk dl p`hrÿk dldotar`l & L` Mark`h`,22 hd mukga, 2::3'+

O`sg sabr` gksgstgr qud l`s oèp``s oaepdtgtgv`s &oaea cud l` oè p`` hd O`lhdrÿk' dxfgbdk ` l`s pdrsak`lgh`hds qud las `pay`k dk lasedhgas hd nr`khds ùhgdkog`s, oaea l` tdldvgsgÿk y l` r`hga9 sabrd taha

dk uk p`s hakhd o`sg tah` l` pablògÿk sd gkcare` par r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk, hakhd las pdrgÿhgoas sÿla ogroul`k dktrd l`s çlgtds+Hd l` egse` e`kdr`, p`rdod paoa gepart`ktd qud Lÿpdz Abr`har dk

l`s ýltge`s sde`k`s llèd dk sus etgkds ` las prggst`s gkoakcareds `fòdr uk “vata ýtgl― p`r` sò`r l` hdrdof` hdl nabgdrka+ Kudvèdktd dl

prablde` ds qud dstd llè`ha sÿla la fòd dk sus hgsoursas ka dk lasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk, hd e`kdr` qud l`s llè`h`s ` las prggst`s sdqudh`k dk sus oakodktrògakds &hakhd, abvgèdktd, ka f`y prggst`s'+ _gò`sa, v`ld l` pdk` edkogak`r qud dl òta eàs dspdotòul`r hd dstd pdrgaha p`r` tr`dr dl vata ýtgl cud l` `hfdsgÿk hdl hgrgndktd kògak`l hd lòrao, Gs``s Nakzàldz, qugdk rdtgrÿ su paya E`hr`za p`r` brgkh`rla` Lÿpdz Abr`har+



2>0

Wa la qud oaksghdra ds qud y` ld tao` `l pudbla, y` cud suogdktd, y` b`st` hd qud ukas ou`ktas k`h` eàs sd bdkdogdk hd las bgdkds kògak`lds y hd la qud pdrtdkdod ` tahas las edxgo`kas &èla, L` atr` vdrsgÿk,3 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Abvgèdktd `l p`k ka ld oakvdk` qud dl vata sd pal`rgz`r` par ol`sds, puds l` e`yar` hd l` pablògÿk edxgo`k` ds pabrd y parqud dl p k fgstÿrgoèdktd f` tdkgha l` ge`ndk hd dst`r saog`ha las deprds`rgas,` l`s ol`sds `lt`s, ` l` hdrdof`+ Z`r` oaktr`rrdst`r l` pal`rgzògÿk hdlvata, O`lhdrÿk sd prdsdktÿ oaea uk` pdrsak` oaeýk y oarrgdktd, hdargndk pabrd, hd dxtròogÿk papul`r+ _u ldknu`md y oaepartègdkta sdedm`b` dl hd l`s pdrsak`s hd ol`sd b`m`= su hgsoursa sgdeprd dst` s`lpgo`ha hd cr`sds papul`rds, o`kt` oarrghas, mudn` cutbal+++ Las nrupas y`saogògakds hd oartd papul`r oarpar`tgz`has par dl p k y l` _dhdsal laòangdrak dk kuedrasas dvdktas, nròg`s ` dsta O`lhdrÿk &`l gnu`l qudLÿpdz Abr`har' oatghg`kèdktd sd hgscr`zÿ hd gkhndk`, usÿ rap` papul`r rdngak`l, utglgzÿ p`l`br`s hd ldknu`s gkhndk`s, oaegÿ oaegh` o`lld

mdr`, sd egedtgzÿ oak dl faebrd hd l` o`lld+++@p`rdktdedktd, l` pal`rgzògÿk ka sgrvgÿ p`r` eavglgz`r las pabrds,

pdra, sgk lun`r ` huh`, sg lanrÿ eavglgz`r ` l`s ol`sds `lt`s dk oaktr` hdLÿpdz Abr`har+ Euofas deprds`rgas y pdrsak`lgh`hds hd l`s ol`sds `l

t`s eastr`rak uk` pracukh` `kge`hvdrsgÿk ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hdshd dlgkgoga hd l` oèp`` y uk` ol`r` sgep`t` par l` o`khgh`tur` hd CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk+ Hd e`kdr` qud, ` la l`rna hd tah` l` oèp`` dstas sdotardshd l`s ol`sds `lt`s rd`lgz`rak `bgdrta prasdlgtgsea ` c`var hd O`lhdrÿk ydk oaktr` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka+

L` prdks` publgoÿ euof` gkcareògÿk oak dvghdkog`s hd l` oèp``satdrr`h` qud dst`b`k rd`lgz`kha kuedrasas deprds`rgas, par dmdepla,dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`, dl h` 3 hd e`rza publgo` l` o`rt` qud dl deprds`

rga Dkrgqud Oappdl Luidk dkv` sus tr`b`m`hards salgogtàkhalds dl vata p`r` O`lhdrÿk y hdso`lgo`kha ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ @hdeàs dxgstdk euofas rdpartds pdrgahstgoas y hd akn qud hdsorgbdk l` otgtuh hd kuedrasas deprds`rgas qud pghgdrak ` sus tr`b`m`hards, hd vgv` vaz y par dsorgta, dl vata p`r` O`lhdrÿk y dk oaktr` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har=

Las nr`khds gkhustrg`lds y oaedrog ktds, b`kqudras y atras gepart`ktds prahuotards hd sdrvgogas `nrup`has dk dl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprd

s`rg`l &ood' e`kh`k sus tr`b`m`hards dl edks`md hd qud hdbdk vat`r par dl o`khgh`ta “qud ka f`n` oèbgas brusoas― kg “pakn` dk pdlgnra l` dst` bglgh`h doakÿego`―, “qud ordd depldas y tdkn` e`ka hur` oaktr` l` gksdnurgh`h―, dk ol`r` `lusgÿk ` O`lhdrÿk &O`rr`soa, 24 hd mukga, 2::3'+



2>2

L` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har tèbgçk prapgogÿ dl hgst`kogègdktaoak las deprds`rgas+ Dl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka hds`grÿ y hdso`lgoÿ lascaras deprds`rg`lds las qud cud gkvgt`ha oaea o`khgh`ta, gkolusa o`kodlÿ su p`rtgogpògÿk dk lnukas dvdktas las qud f`b` praedtgha sgs

tgr+ Dk oèbga, O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za òuhgdrak ` euofas hd dstas caras, par la edkas ` las prgkogp`lds+Tk rdpart`md hdl pdrgÿhgoa Egldkga &O`stra, 4 hd mukga, 2::3' eudstr`

dl pracukha hdsdkoudktra hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak las deprds`rgas+ Dkdstd rdpart`md, dl prdsghdktd hdl Oaksdma Edxgo`ka hd Faebrds hd Kdnaogas, N`stÿk @zoàrr`n`, la orgtgo` parqud cud dl ýkgoa o`khgh`ta qudhur`ktd l` oèp`` ka sd rdukgÿ oak las arn`kgseas deprds`rg`lds+ @l

bdrta Kýdz Dstdv`, prdsghdktd hd l` Oakcdhdrògÿk Z`trak`l hd l` Rd pýblgo` Edxgo`k` pl`ktd` qud l` `nrupògÿk _aogdh`h dk Eavgegdktacareulÿ uk oudstgak`rga hd 06 prdnukt`s ` tahas las o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds l` ou`l tahas rdspakhgdrak, dxodpta Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Zar su p`rtd dl prdsghdktd hd l` Oakcdhdrògÿk hd Oàe`r`s Kògak`lds hd Oaedroga, Lugs @ktakga E`fbub, tèbgçk lèdkt` qud l` oè

p`` prdsghdkog`l hd l` obt f`y` sgha l` ýkgo` oak l` qud ka tuvgdrakòdroègdkta+ @hdeàs orgtgo` dl praydota hd Lÿpdz Abr`har parqud oakcrakt` l`s prapudst`s hd hds`rralla doakÿegoa qud prapakdk las deprds`rgas &O`stra, 4 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Odro` hdl k`l hd l` oèp`ð`, hur`ktd dl hdb`td, dk uka hd las eaedktas dstdl`rds hd l` oèp``, Lÿpdz Abr`har orgtgoÿ l`s ol`sds lt`sdk ndkdr`l= “Xdkdeas tèbgçk qud tdregk`r oak las prgvgldngas, par dmdepla, las hd edra `rrgb`, las gkuydktds ka p`n`k gepudstas, p`n`kgepudstas las gktdnr`ktds hd l`s ol`sds edhg`s y dl pudbla r`sa, pdra kalas hd rrgb`―+

Dstd hdslgz cud `pravdof`ha par las hgrgndktds deprds`rg`lds eàsodro`kas `l p k p`r` raepdr l`kz`s oak Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl 6 hd mukga,

Masç Lugs B`rr`z`, hgrgndktd hdl ood, hdsegdktd `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrkay `sdnur` qud, dk rd`lgh`h, l`s deprds`s `part`k 32$ hd las gepudstashdl p`s &Nr`k`has Of`p`, 2::3'+

Zastdrgaredktd, dl 0? hd mukga, @lbdrta Cdrkàkhdz N`rz`, prdsghdktdhd l` Oàe`r` hd l` Gkhustrg` hd l` Xr`kscareògÿk &O`gktr`', rdspakhgÿdk uk taka eàs nrdsgva l`s ousògakds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har= “Dl deprds`rga l qud rdprdsdkt` O`gktr` ds uk deprds`rg`ha hdrdofa qud p`n` ge

pudstas, ofudoas sak las qud tr`` dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l sgk p`n`r gepudstas, dsas sak las ofudoas, las qud ka p`n`k gepudstas―+ @hdeàs edk`zÿoak uk` fudln` hd gepudstas, dk o`sa hd qud n`k`r` Lÿpdz Abr`har, sg dlo`khgh`ta ka rdoakao` qud las deprds`rgas part`b`k dl 32$ hd las ge

pudstas qud sd rdoùh`b`k &Nakzàldz, 08 hd mukga, 2::3'+



2>?

Hdspuçs hd dst`s ortgo`s, dl 07 hd mukga, Lÿpdz Abr`har oèbg` suòtgtuh y oaegdkz` hdogr ` las deprds`rgas qud rdspdt`rà su l`bar y lds

pghd uk vata hd oak`kz`=

Pud tdkn`k oak`kz`+ Ka sd v` hds`t`r l` gkògÿk+ Zar sdktgha oaeýkf`brà dst`bglgh`h eòradoakÿego` y ka sd v` ` dkhduh`r l` kògÿk+ Pudvèas ` sdr rdspdtuasas hd l` ùtakae` hdl B`koa hd Eçxgoa y qud kasd gkordedkt`ràk las gepudstas dk tçregkas rd`lds kg sd ord`ràk atraskudvas &Lÿpdz Abr`har, 07 hd mukga, 2::3, L` Mark`h '+

Dk las h`s sgnugdktds, Lÿpdz Abr`har gksgstd dk acrdodr las deprds`rgas uk` òtgtuh hd hgàlana y pdrtur`+ _gk deb`rna, dl h` 07 hd mukga,dl ood oaegdkz` uk` oèp`` hd spats qud orgtgo` l` prapudst` hdl oè

bga hd eahdla doakÿegoa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

_pat “ood v`lòÿ―

Saz ge`

Saz dk acc prdnukt` `l kga=±_ak tuyas dsas vdgktd pdsas1

Ge`ndk= Kga sdkt`ha dk l`s hdl pÿrtgoa hd ukò`s`, dl kga dstà o`rgog`kha uk bglldtd+

Dl kgða rdspakhd sakrgdkha=_g ds eg bglldtd, vdgktd e`kh`has, vdgktd pdsas L` vaz dk acc hd faebrd e`hura ld prdnukt`=W sg td hgna qud f`y uk` hdv`luògÿk y qud tus vdgktd pdsas y` sÿla v`ldk hgdzDl kgða rdspakhd sakrgdkha egdktr`s dksdð` dl bglldtd l` oàe`r`=Ed dstàs egktgdkha, ±vdrhà1 @qu hgod vdgktd pdsas, ed dstàs braed`kha

Saz dk acc= Ka td p`rdod e`r`vgllasa qudkudstras fgmas y` ka dktgdkh`kla qud kasatras sucrgeas t`kt`svdods, dsta ds prahuota hd hgdzàs hd dst`bglgh`h doakÿego`,`past`rld lna hgstgkta dsrdtraodhdr, hdcdkhèas la qudfdeas lanr`ha+++

Ge`ndk= Dl kga nu`rh` su bglldtd dk dl z`p`ta, mudn` oak uk oaofd y s`ld hd l` pudrt` hd lò`s` mun`kha oak uk b`lÿk hd cutbal, hdspuçstae` uk` bgogoldt` y sd `ldm` sabrd dll`+++

Saz y lana= Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`l



2>8

H`s hdspuçs has arn`kgseas subsghg`rgas hd l` Oap`redx, ds hdogr,deprds`rg`lds y `kds `l p`k, oaedkz`rak uk` oèp`` dk dl taka hdlas spats eàs `nrdsgvas hdl p k dk oaktr` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 dst`s saogògakds dr`k Oaepraegsa Mavdk y dl Odktra hd Lghdr`zna y Hds`rra

lla Fue`ka &Odlghdrf'+ Las spats hd dst`s saogògakds utglgz`k lnuk`shd l`s pdards `laouogakds hd Ofàvdz p`r` eastr`rla oaea uk laoa pdlgnrasa, uk hgot`har+++ y oak ds`s geàndkds lldn`k ` l` oakolusgÿk hd qudEçxgoa ka kdodsgt` uk nabdrk`ktd laoa oaea Ofàvdz9 ùkqud ka f`

bl`k dxprdsèdktd hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, l` rdcdrdkog` ds abvg` parqud lasspats y dl hgsoursa hdl p`k f`k `saog`ha `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka oak dl

prdsghdktd Ofàvdz+

_pats “odLghdrf, I`l`sfiac―

ge` Saz

Funa Of`vdz ou`hraGe`ndk hd cusglds I`l`sfkgiacs,geàndkds hd eultgtuh nrgt`kha+++ lòàe`r` sgnud uk` eumdr e`hur` oakukgcared eglgt`r

Funa Of`vdz ` ou`hra hgod=

W` dstàk lldn`kha l`s i`l`sfkgiacs¡p`r` re`r puds kudstra pudbla!

Ge`ndk hd uk` l` hd pdrsak`s, lòàe`r` rdoarrd l` l` hd pdrsak`s, sdhdtgdkd dk uk faebrd e`hura hd ldktdsGe`ndk dl faebrd e`hura hd ldktdssò` su ordhdkog`l hd dldotar

Saz dk acc=Dk Eçxgoa ka kdodsgt`s us`r re`s

p`r` hdcdkhdr tus ghd`s,

Dktr` lanas hd Oaepraegsa Mavdk yOdlghdrfLdtrdra= Àre`td hd v`lar y vat`

Saz dk acc=_ÿla tgdkds qud vat`r, àre`td hd v`lar yvat`

_pat “odLghdrf n` `seço`―< fttp=!!yautubd+oae!w`tof1v5aosX00c QplW#KR;

ge` Saz

Funa Ofàvdz ou`hraGeàndkds hd salh`has oarrgdkha,

geàndkds hd ndktd dk rdvudlt`surb`k`s, euofdhuebrds, n`sds,oakcraktògakds+++ geàndkds vgaldkt`s

Funa Ofàvdz ` ou`hra hgod=

S`yàeakas prdp`r`kha p`r` l` nudrr``sgeçtrgo`, saog`lgsea a eudrtd



2>4

Olasd up hd uk` sdar` mavdk, b`m lègr`h` y sd e`s`md` dl oudlla+++ sò` uk

p`pdl y dsorgbd dk çl

Saz dk acc=Dk Eçxgoa ka kdodsgt`s eargr p`r`hdkgr tu cutura, sÿla tgdkds qud vat`r,àre`td hd v`lar y vat`

Lanas hd Oaepraegsa Mavdk yOdlghdrf

Saz dk acc= Àre`td hd v`lar y vat`

Oaea sd pudhd `prdog`r dk las spats hd las nrupas deprds`rg`lds, kasd edkogak` `bgdrtèdktd ` Lÿpdz Abr`har, puds las deprds`rgas tdk`k prafgbgha oaktr`t`r spats p`r` bdkdog`r a pdrmuhgo`r uk` oèp``+++ Dl Oÿhgna Cdhdr`l hd Gkstgtuogakds y Zraodhgegdktas Dldotar`lds&Oapd', dk su `rtåoula 86 cròogÿk 0`+, dxprdsèdktd prafåbd ` las p`r

tgoul`rds oaktr`t`r spats=

0+ Ds hdrdofa dxolusgva hd las p`rtghas paltgoas oaktr`t`r tgdepas dkr`hga y tdldvgsgÿk p`r` hgcukhgr edks`mds argdkt`has ` l` abtdkogÿk hdlvata hur`ktd l`s oèp``s dldotar`lds, oakcared ` l`s kare`s y praodhgegdktas qud sd dst`bldodk dk dl prdsdktd rtoula &oacgpd, 2::4'+Y+++U

0?+ Dk kgknýk o`sa sd pdregtgrà l` oaktr`tògÿk hd prap`n`kh` dk r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk dk c`var a dk oaktr` hd `lnýk p`rtgha paltgoa a o`khgh`

ta par p`rtd hd tdrodras &oacgpd, 2::4'+

Zar dstd eatgva, las deprds`rgas kgdn`k dl o`ràotdr p`rtghgst` hd lòèp`` hd spats+ Dl hgrgndktd hdl ood, Masç Lugs B`rr`z`, `hvdrt`=“Ka dstèas oaòogak`kha kg oaòogak`rdeas dl vata ` c`var a dk oaktr` hd lnýk p`rtgha+ Ka hdbd f`bdr prdaoupògÿk parqud saeas p`rtghgst`s― &Zdhrdra, 27 hd mukga, 2::3'+ Zar dstd eatgva, hdol`r`k qud suoèp`` ka ds hd prasdlgtgsea c`var hd uk o`khgh`ta, sgka uk` oèp`

` hd praeaogÿk hdl vata+_gk deb`rna, su abmdtgva dldotar`l ds gkhgsoutgbld+ Egdktr`s dl dmdhgsoursgva hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ds dl oèbga hd eahdla doakÿegoa, lasoaedrog`lds hdl ood `hvgdrtdk ` las dldotards qud uk oèbga hd eahdladoakÿegoa oakhuogr` orgsgs oaea l`s hdl p`s`ha &l` egse` ousògÿkqud fòdk las spats hdl p k'+ Egdktr`s qud dl p`k òus` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd sdr utargt`rga oaea Ofàvdz, dl Odlghdrf us` l`s pdards geàndkdshd Ofàvdz p`r` sundrgr qud uk hgot`har pahr` lldn`r ` nabdrk`r Eçxgoa+ Ds hdogr, las `kukogas hd las deprds`rgas tgdkdk dl egsea sdktghaqud las spats hdl p`k+

Dk dst` ýltge` dt`p`, las oaedrog`lds hdl p`k dstàk prdnur`kha ukdsodk`rga o`t`strÿoa dk o`sa hd qud n`kd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dstas pra



2>3

eaogak`lds `sdnur`k qud sg çstd o`khgh`ta n`k`, pravao`r` orgsgs doakÿego`s oaea l` hd 0762 oak Masç Lÿpdz Zartglla a l` hd 0778 oak O`rlas_`lgk`s+++ Hd e`kdr` qud l` ndktd qud f` oaepr`ha bgdkds ` orçhgta pahr` pdrhdr taha, gkolusa sus o`s`s y sus `p`r`tas dldotrahaeçstgoas+++

“t`l oaea suodhgÿ dk l` orgsgs hd 0778―+ @ pds`r hd l` prafgbgogÿk dxprds` hdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk &tdpmc', lnukas spats kdn`tgvas hdl p`k f`k vudlta ` us`r dl dslan`k “LÿpdzAbr`har ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+ Las p`kgst`s gkolusa f`k vudlta `tr`ksegtgr dl prgegndkga spat Ofàvdz qud dl tdpmc f`b` prafgbgha+ Dkdstd oaktdxta, las edks`mds o`t`strast`s hdl ood y Odlghdrf sd dktgdkhdk pdrcdotèdktd+ L` oèp`` kdn`tgv` hdl p k sgktakgz` pdrcdotèdktd oak l` oèp`` hdl ood y Odlghdrf9 las tde`s, las oaktdkghas y dlsdktgha hd las edks`mds sak las egseas9 la ýkgoa qud aegtdk las spats deprds`rg`lds ds dl kaebrd hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

_pat “l p`k sab Lÿpz Zalla―

Saz ge`

±Tk Kudva eahdla doakÿegoa1, LÿpdzZartglla fgza l`s egse`s prapudst`s, dlrdsult`ha cud uk` orgsgs hd 0: as+

Ge`ndk hd uk` tdldvgsgÿk oak b`rr`s hdoalardsGe`ndk hd l` tdldvgsgÿk oak nur` hdLÿpdz Zartglla oak b`kh` prdsghdkog`l,`tràs hd l` tdldvgsgÿk f`y l` part`h` hduk pdrgÿhgoa Kavdh`hds, LÿpdzZartglla llar`++

O`rlas _`lgk`s tèbgçk prapusa laegsea, dl rdsult`ha cud l` pdar orgsgsdk l` fgstarg` hd Eçxgoa

Z`kt`ll` hd tdldvgsgÿk, p`rdod _`lgk`s,l` p`kt`ll` sd pakd dk kdnra oak ldtr`s

bl`ko`s= L` pdar orgsgs edxgo`k`

Zart`h` hd pdrgÿhgoa Egldkga= èla `plgo`rà eahdla doakÿegoa hd _`lgk`s

Fay Lÿpdz Abr`har l`s prdsdkt` oaeauk kudva eahdla doakÿegoa,

prapudst`s qud dkhduh`k, qud pravao`k gkògÿk y hdsdeplda

Z`kt`ll` hd tdldvgsgÿk, p`rdod LÿpdzAbr`har dk su kukoga hdl kudvaeahdla doakÿegoaGe`ndk asour` hd uk faebrd oaknugt`rr` dkcrdktd hd uk` e`kt` hd

pratdst`, ge`ndk hd uk mavdk y ukòfgo` dk edhga rur`l, ge`ndk hd uk`

cèglg`, p`hrd, e`hrd, fgmas dk prgedr pl`ka, sdnukha pl`ka fgldr` hd o`s`s hdoakmukta f`bgtògak`l



2>>

Zahr`s pdrhdr l` o`s` qud oaepr`std orçhgta oak t`kta dscudrza, pahr`s

pdrhdr tu tr`b`ma

Ge`ndk hd uk faebrd oak su fgma,ge`ndk hd uk` p`rdm` oak uk` kg`

Ka vatds par atr` orgsgs E`p` hdl p`s dk e`rglla sd raepd y

`p`rdod l` p`l`br` orgsgs

Ldtrdra= O`khgh`tas Hgput`has par dl Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l

Dl 28 hd mukga dk Nu`h`l`m`r`, Lÿpdz Abr`har hdso`lgo` ` las de prds`rgas qud f`k dktr`ha ` l` oèp`` p`r` `tò`rla=

Hgodk qud o`sg sd v` o`b`r dl eukha sg ya n`ka l` prdsghdkog`, pdra ka

p`s` k`h`, “¡l` `ldnr` dstà par lldn`r!―+++ Ou`kha ods`rak las `plùsas,rdo`loÿ qud kg sgqugdr` sd tr`t` hd deprds`rgas, sgka hd trò`ktds hd gkudkog`s qud ka qugdrdk pdrhdr sus bdkdogas, las oaktr`tas hdshd tah`sl`s hdpdkhdkog`s pýblgo`s, oaea las atarn`has `l fdre`ka hd l` dspas`hd O`lhdrÿk &Lÿpdz Abr`har, L` Mark`h`, 24 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dk las h`s sgnugdktds, las has ýltgeas hd l` oèp``, sd burl`rà hd l`“oèp`` hd egdha― hdl p`k y las deprds`rgas, pdra far` sg ous` hgrdotèdktd las gktdnr`ktds hdl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`l+

L` oèp`` qud tr`d `far` dl ood dstà hdeastr`kha qud dstàk euy kdrvgasas y euy hdsdspdr`has, oak dst` oèp`` hd qud say uk pdlgnra p`rÈçxgoa, pdra ka lds v` cukogak`r+ Ka sak deprds`rgas, sak trò`ktds hdgkudkog`s las qud dstàk gepuls`kha ds` oèp`ð`, k`h` eàs qud ka tgdkd kg o`sa edkogak`rlas= sak las qud f`k fdofa munasas kdnaogas, sakhdlgkoudktds hd oudlla bl`koa, trò`ktds hd gkudkog`s, las qud kaqugdrdk qud l`s oas`s oèbgdk vdrh`hdrèdktd dk kudstra p`s+++ pdra y`v` ` lldn`r dl tgdepa y l` far`, dl 2 hd mulga, vèas ` oèbg`r `l p`s+

±Puç egdha pudhd tdkdr dl pudbla hd Eçxgoa1 ±@ paoa la v`k dsp`kt`r oak dl pdt`td hdl eudrta1 ¡Ty, quç egdha! Egrdk oaea dstay tdebl`kha&Lÿpdz Abr`har, L` Mark`h`, 2> hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dl 2> hd mukga, l` prdsghdkog` hdl Oaksdma Ndkdr`l hdl Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l &gcd' salgogtÿ l` Hgrdoogÿk Ndkdr`l hd R`hga, Xdldvgsgÿk yOgkde`tanr`c`, hd l` _dordt`r` hd Nabdrkògÿk qud gktdrvgkgdr` p`r`gktdrruepgr l` tr`ksegsgÿk dk tdldvgsgÿk hd las kukogas oaktr`t`has par dl Odlghdrf, parqud pah`k ndkdr`r oaòogÿk y prdsgÿk ` las dldotards&]àr`td y Fdrrdr`, 26 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Dl prdsghdktd hdl Oaksdma Ndkdr`l hdl gcd tèbgçk gkvgtÿ l ood ` ods`r l` tr`ksegsgÿk hd las spats qud supudstèdktd us`b`k p`r` “praea



2>6

vdr dl vata― dl h` dk qud oakolu`k l`s oèp``s+ Dl prdsghdktd hdl ood,Masç Lugs B`rr`z`, dk uk oaeukgo`ha odpt` l` rdoaedkhògÿk=

Hd l` egse` care` dk qud dmdrodeas kudstra hdrdofa p`r` dxprds`r l`s

tdsgs y dl sdktgegdkta hdl deprds`rg`ha kògak`l dk tarka `l rueba doakÿegoa hdl p`s, dl arn`kgsea, ` gkvgtògÿk dxprds` hdl prdsghdktd hdlgcd, f` hdoghgha suspdkhdr ` p`rtgr hd dst` cdof` l` tr`ksegsgÿk hd lasspats hd r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk dk las qud sd dx`lt` dl v`lar qud tgdkd dl sastdkgegdkta hd l` dst`bglgh`h doakÿego` &Zdhrdra, 27 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Oaea sd pudhd absdrv`r las spats hdl ood hdm`k hd tr`ksegtgrsd `loakolugr l` oèp`ð` dldotar`l, la ou`l pakd hd e`kgdsta su o`ràotdr

prasdlgtgst`, sg sÿla tuvgdr`k oaea abmdtgva l` praeaogÿk hdl vata, fu

bgdr`k pahgha sdnugr f`st` dl h` hd l` dldoogÿk+Hdspuçs hd l` dldoogÿk, dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l oakre`rå` qud l` oè

p`` hdl ood oakstgtuyÿ uk` gktdrvdkogÿk gldn`l dk l` oaktgdkh` dldotar`l, dl hgotèdk hdl Xrgcd hgot`=

Zar oaksgnugdktd, l f`bdr qudh`ha hdeastr`ha, prgedra, dl fdofa hd f` bdrsd hgcukhgha dk r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk has praeaogak`lds dk c`var hd hascudrz`s paltgo`s &Z`rtgha Rdvaluogak`rga Gkstgtuogak`l y Z`rtgha @oogÿk

Kògak`l' y dk oaktr` hd atr` &l` Oa`lgogÿk Zar dl Bgdk hd Xahas' y hd suo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l y, sdnukha, `l f`bdr qudh`ha hdeastr`ha quddl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`l oaktr`tÿ t`lds praeaogak`lds+++ sdòtu`lgz` uk` vgalògÿk+++ Hgof` vgalògÿk ` la hgspudsta dk dl OÿhgnaDldotar`l Cdhdr`l oakstgtuyd uk` grrdnul`rgh`h qud vgal` las prgkogpgasoakstgtuogak`lds hd gnu`lh`h dk l` oaktgdkh` y hd ldn`lgh`h dldotar`l dst`bldoghas dk dl `rtoula 80, pàrr`ca sdnukha, cròogakds GG y GGG, hd lÒakstgtuogÿk cdhdr`l &tdpmc, 2::3'+

Las ýleas alps eoas `s `s l`s looas

L`s oèp``s tdregk`k ldn`ledktd dl h` 26 hd mukga y l`s dldoogakds sd rd`lgz`k dl 2 hd mulga+ @ p`rtgr hdl 26 hd mukga las o`khgh`tas y` ka

pudhdk rd`lgz`r òtas pýblgoas hd prasdlgtgsea y las edhgas y` ka hdbdkhgcukhgr gkcareògÿk kg publgogh`h hd o`ràotdr p`rtghgst`+ _gk deb`rna,dktrd dl 26 hd mukga y dl 2 hd mulga sd prdsdkt`k v`rg`s katgog`s rdldv`ktdsdk las edhgas qud prdtdkhdk gkugr dk dl praodsa dldotar`l9 ka kas p`rdod o`su`l qud dst`s katgog s tr`tdk hd `cdot`r kdn`tgvèdktd ` l`s oè

p``s hd las has prgkogp`lds apasgtards, Lÿpdz Abr`har y E`hr`za+ Laso`sas qud sd us`ràk sak sgnkgo`tgvas p`r` eastr`r oaea cukogak` dl



2>7

subsgstde` hd oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` dk Eçxgoa, p`r` eastr`r dl prat`nakgsea hd las edhgas dk l`s oèp``s, `s oaea l` care` dk qudsd us`k las tde`s kdn`tgvas p`r` gkoghgr dk l` `ndkh`+ Las o`sas qud sdhdsorgbgràk sak= 0' dl fòida hd l` pàngk` wdb hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz

Abr`har y9 2' dl `rrdsta hdl dx prdsghdktd Lugs Dofdvdrr`+04

Zar ýltgea,sd oaedkt`rà uk` hdkukog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sabrd l`s trèp`s qud sd mun`rak hdtràs hdl dsodk`rga dk las h`s prdvgas ` l` mark`h` dldotar`l,dsta hdeastr`r` l` pracukhgh`h hd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s+

Fòid`k l` pàngk` wdb hd Lÿpdz Abr`har

Dl ?: hd mukga, has h`s `ktds hd l` dldoogÿk, dk l` pàngk` wdb hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har `p`rdogÿ uk` o`rt` qud llè`b` ` l` rdsgstdkog` ogvgl p`r` dl? hd mulga+ Dl prh hdkukogÿ qud l` o`rt` f`b` sgha gktrahuogh` dk l` pàngk` par uk fòidr + _gk deb`rna, has katgog`rgas hd r`hga qud hur`ktd lòèp`` sd f`b`k pasgogak`ha dk oaktr` hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd LÿpdzAbr`har `pravdof`rak l` vgalògÿk hd l` sdnurgh`h hd dst` pàngk` wdb

p`r` hdso`lgo`r kudvèdktd ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ _d sdnugrà l` hdsorgpogÿk hdl o`sa publgo`ha dk uk rdpart`md hdl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h` &Fdrrdr`, 0 hd mulga, 2::3'+

Dl prgedra dk us`r dst` gktraegsgÿk cud Zdhra Cdrrgz hd Oak, oakhuotar hdl katgog`rga hd Ge`ndk gkcare`tgv`9 hdspuçs fgza la prapga ßso`r E`rga Bdtdt`, oakhuotar hd Oýpul` deprds`rg`l, dk R`hga Cÿreul`9èbas us`rak l` o`rt` p`r` ous`r Lÿpdz Abr`har hd vgaldkt`r dl praodsa dldotar`l+ Zaoa lds gepartÿ, ` èbas oakhuotards, qud dl prh gkedhg`tèdktd gkcare`r` qud sd tr`t`b` hd uk` egsgv` c`ls` y qud prdsdkt`r` uk` hdkukog` par l` e`kgpulògÿk hd su pàngk` wdb+ Xèbgçk

Katgedx, l` `ndkog` katgogas` hdl nabgdrka cdhdr`l, `s oaea l` pàngk`

04 Ka bukh`rdeas dk dl pdkasa o`sa hdl usa dldotar`l hd l` eudrtd hd l` e`hrd hdl prdsghdktd Sgodktd Cax dl h` ?: hd mukga9 pdra v`ld l` pdk` òl`r`r qud dstd o`sa cud utglgz`ha par las o`khgh`tas dk las edhgas+ Zar uk` p`rtd, O`lhdrÿk pravdof` p`r` p`sd`r oak Cax hur`ktddl cukdr`l y s`lgr dk las edhgas, pdra dl h`ta ol`vd ds qud las trds o`khgh`tas &O`lhdrÿk, LÿpdzAbr`har y E`hr`za' dkv`k o`rt`s hd oakhaldkog`s ` las prgkogp`lds katgog`rgas tdldvgsgvas&Dl Katgogdra, hd Xdldvgs` y Fdofas, hd tv @ztdo`'+ L` hdhuoogÿk abvg` ds qud sg sÿla fubgdr`k qudrgha dxprds`r sus oakhaldkog`s la fubgdr`k fdofa hd e`kdr` prgv`h` oak dl prdsghdk

td Cax, oaea fgza tah` l` ol`sd paltgo`+ Ka cud `s, las o`khgh`tas dkvg`rak sus o`rt`s hdoakhaldkog` ` las katgogdras dl ?: hd mukga+ Dst` òtgtuh hdsdspdr`h` hd las trds o`khgh`tas

par `p`rdodr dk tdldvgsgÿk, ùk dk uk o`sa t`k pdkasa, kas eudstr` dl v`lar qud oakodh`k `sus p`rtgogpògakds dk las edhgas l k`l hd l` oaktgdkh`+



26:

wdb hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` hgcukhgdrak l` o`rt` oaea sg cudr` ogdrt` dkl`s prgedr`s far`s hd su p`rgogÿk+

Dl ?: hd mukga ` l`s >=83 hd l` e``k`, dl oakhuotar Cdrrgz hd Oakldyÿ dl oaktdkgha hd l` prdsukt` o`rt` hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, cdof`h`

dl ? hd mulga=

@egnas y ègn`s, dstàk oaedtgdkha uk `trapdlla dk oaktr` YsgoU hd las`v`kods hdeaoràtgoas oaksdnughas oak t`kta sòrgoga par dl pudbla hdEçxgoa+ Dl nabgdrka y l` hdrdof` v`k ` hdspam`red hdl o`rna qud hdeaoràtgoèdktd, ldn`l y ldntgeèdktd ed atarn`rak las edxgo`kas dl h`hd `ydr dk l`s urk`s Y+++U ¡Ka ègn`s y ègnas, oaep`dras y oaep``s!@l nabgdrka y ` l` hdrdof` lds prdaoup` qud dl praydota qud dstèas ge

puls`kha, oak euofas edxgo`kas, sd lldvd ` l` pràotgo`, dk bdkdoga hd

l` e`yar` hd l` ndktd Y+++U Xdkdeas qud òtu`r oak euof` gktdlgndkog`,hdogsgÿk y r`pghdz+ Xdkdeas l` e`yar` y oaedkz`rdeas hd gkedhg`tauk eavgegdkta pdre`kdktd hd rdsgstdkog` ogvgl f`st` qud sd rdoakazo`kudstr` vgotarg`+ _`lnèas muktas ` l`s o`llds y dxgmèas dl rdspdta `kudstra vata+ _`lnèas, ka tdkdeas tgdepa qud pdrhdr &ghde'+

Cdrrgz hd Oak fgza uk l`rna oaedkt`rga y oakoluyÿ qud dl t`b`squda “`sued uk` hdrrat` d gkvgt` tahas rdòogak`r oak uk` e`rof` og

vgl― &ghde'+@ l`s 6=:2 sd sueÿ l` hgcusgÿk hd l` c`ls` o`rt` ßso`r E`rga Bdtdt`,

dl oakhuotar `sdnurÿ qud dr`= “nr`vsgea+++ hd dsta f`blèas `ydr, hddvgt`r qud uk p`rtgha paltgoa oaegdkod hdsvgrtu`r las rdsult`has hd l`dldoogÿk YoakU l` edof` hd l` baeb` hd l` hdsgkcareògÿk―+ @hdeàsßso`r E`rga Bdtdt` dktrdvgstÿ `l oaksdmdra hdl gcd Sgrnglga @khr`hd,qugdk v`lghÿ l` o`rt`+ L` gktdrvdkogÿk hdl oaksdmdra rdsultÿ b`st`ktd`rrgdsn`h` h`ha qud dl cukogak`rga care`b` p`rtd hdl ÿrn`ka dldotar`l+

@ l`s 6=2?, dl vaodra hdl prh hdsegktgÿ l` egsgv` dk dl egsea katgogdrahd R`hga Cÿreul`9 òusÿ qud dr` uk` “pravaoògÿk― y `hvgrtgÿ qud gktdrpakhr` uk` hde`kh` pdk`l+

Cdrrgz hd Oak dktrdvgstÿ ` Mu`k Ealgk`r Faro`sgt`s, hd l` o`s` hdoèp`ð` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, qugdk oakodhgÿ dl “bdkdoga hd l` huh`―`l vaodra pdrrdhgst`, pdra, hd tah`s e`kdr`s, oakoluyÿ= “lèdkt`bldedktd, l` o`rt` tgdkd ogdrt` ordhgbglgh`h+ Ka sdr` l` prgedr` vdz qudLÿpdz Abr`har qugsgdr` sò`r ` l` ndktd ` l` o`lld p`r` hdcdkhdrla ` çl ysus gktdrdsds pdrsak`lds― &ghde'+

Cdrrgz hd Oak kdnÿ dl hdrdofa hd rçplgo` Olùhg` _fdgkbùe, vaodr` hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, qugdk salgogtÿ gktdrvdkgr p`r` hdsedktgr l` o`rt`+ Dl oakhuotar hdso`lgoÿ ` l` vaodr` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har



260

oaea uk` “eumdr ka rdspaks`bld― y l` rdtÿ= “_ç qud ed dstàs dsouof`kha par dl tdlçcaka, Olùhg`9 td taea tu hdol`rògÿk y l` p`sa l grd, pdraka td vay h`r eàs cara, kg eàs pasgbglgh`h hd hg`lan`r oakegna9 ka edla hgdrak ustdhds, ya tèpaoa sd las hay― &ghde'+

Dl rdsta hd katgogdras hdl dspdotra r`hgacÿkgoa oaedkz`rak ` gkcare`r qud sd tr`t`b` hd uk fòida hd l` pàngk`, E`rtk Dspgkaz`, dk dlo`k`l 76+4 y, pastdrgaredktd Masç Nutgçrrdz Sgvÿ, dk Eakgtar, rdcrdkh`rak l`s dxplgoògakds hdl prh+ Ka abst`ktd, ßso`r E`rga Bdtdt` sgnugÿ`v`l`kha l` o`rt` y dk dstd sdktgha dktrdvgstÿ ` H`vgh Zdkofyk`, vaodrahd l` oèp`` hd E`hr`za, qugdk `sdnurÿ= “pakd hd oudrpa dktdra l`òtgtuh pdre`kdktd hdl o`khgh`ta hd dstd p`rtgha―+ Cgk`ledktd, dl rdstahd las dspògas gkcare`tgvas r`hgacÿkgoas y l`s pàngk`s dldotrÿkgo`s`suegr`k l` dxplgoògÿk hdl prh &ghde'+

Dl `rrdsta hdl dx prdsghdktd Lugs Dofdvdrr`

Dl ?: hd mukga, uk e`ngstr`ha cdhdr`l, Masç Àkndl E`tt`r Algv`, arhdkÿ dl rrdsta haegoglg`rga hdl dx prdsghdktd Lugs Dofdvdrr` Àlv`rdz par l` e`t`kz` dstuhg`ktgl hdl 2 hd aotubrd hd 0736+ Dl mudz hdtdregkÿ qudf`bå` dldedktas suogdktds p`r` oaksghdr`r ` Dofdvdrrå` oaea prab`

bld rdspaks`bld hdl hdlgta hd ndkaoghga+ Dr` l` prgedr` vdz qud sd arhdk`b` l` prdfdksgÿk hd uk dx Zrdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo` y tèbgçk dr` l`

prgedr` vdz qud sd gkgog`b` uk mugoga dk Eçxgoa par ndkaoghga9 tah`sdst`s dxodpogakds ` t`k sÿla has h`s hd l`s dldoogakds, p`rdo`k hde`sg`h`s oagkoghdkog`s &B`r`m`s dt l+, 0 hd mulga, 2::3'+

H`vgh Zdkofyk`, vaodra hd l` oèp`` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za, oaksghdrÿ qud sÿla dr` uk nalpd edhgàtgoa 86 far`s hd l`s dldoogakds=

Ds uk nalpd edhgàtgoa oak dl qud tr`t`k hd hgstr`dr l` `tdkogÿk d gkoghgr dk dl vata hd las oguh`h`kas dl 2 hd mulga+ Ds lèdkt`bld, ds ktghdeaoràtgoa, raepd oak ou`lqugdr pasgbglgh`h hd òudrhas, hd hgàlana, hd oakstrugr l`s oakhgogakds p`r` qud dl p`s `v`kod+++ Ka tgdkd kgknýk sdktghaoak l` gep`rtgogÿk hd mustgog`, ds burha y oarrgdktd, ds oaofgka &@nugrrd,0 hd mulga , 2::3'+

L` oakreògÿk hd qud sÿla dr` uk nalpd edhgàtgoa vdkhrå` oak lò`kodlògÿk hd l` arhdk hd prdfdksgÿk hdspuçs hd l`s dldoogakds9 y` sgk

l` prdsgÿk dldotar`l, dl mugoga valvdr` su ldkta oursa kare`l+



262

Dl praydota hd dxprapgògÿk hd Xdldvgs`

Has h`s `ktds hd l`s dldoogakds Lÿpdz Abr`har sd rdukgÿ oak las hgrdotgvas hd Xdldvgs`+ @f, Deglga @zoàrr`n` Md`k ld oaktÿ Lÿpdz Abr`

har qud f`b` rdogbgha gkcareògÿk hd qud sg çl n`k`b` l` prdsghdkog`,dxprapg`r` Xdldvgs`+ Dst` fgstarg` ds rdl`t`h` uk à hdspuçs hd l`sdldoogakds dk l`s edearg`s hd oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &2::>'+ Dk dllgbra rdl`t` qud dl ?: hd mukga @zoàrr`n` Md`k dktrdnÿ oaea prudb` `èla uk praydota hd hdordta dxprapg`targa=

Ed dktrdnÿ dl tdxta hd uk hdordta dxprapg`targa qud supudstèdktd ya prdsdkt`r` `l Oaknrdsa dl 2 hd hgogdebrd hd 2::3, ds hdogr, `l h` sgnugdktd hd eg tae` hd pratdst` oaea prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo`+ Dl ha

ouedkta, qud par ogdrta qudhÿ dk eg pahdr, dst` b`st`ktd bgdk fdofa parqud sd rdhòtÿ prdogsèdktd p`r` sdr ordbld+ Ka sÿla oudkt` oak tah`l` cukhèdktògÿk ldn`l, sgka qud hdt`ll` l` r`zÿk saog`l hd o`h` uk` hdl`s deprds`s hdl oaksaroga, lna qud ya egsea hdsoakao` &Lÿpdz Abr`har, 2::>'+

Dl dx o`khgh`ta hd l` obt oakoluyd “o`sg pahr` `sdnur`r qud puha f` bdr sgha c`brgo`ha par dl Ogsdk a par dl dqugpa odro`ka ` O`lhdrÿk aCax9 gkolusa, oak l` oal`barògÿk hd `lnukas cukogak`rgas hd l` egse`

tdldvgsar`―+

Las slàs l` looÿ pso`l

Las rdsult`has dldotar`lds sak gepart`ktds p`r` oaeprdkhdr l`s oè p``s y dl subsgstde` hd oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+ H`ha qud dst` gkvdstgnògÿk ds uk `kàlgsgs hd oèp``, ka uka dldotar`l, sd dv`lu`ràk las rd

sult`has sÿla p`r` vdr qud kas hgodk hdl subsgstde` hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, dk dspdog`l hdl pýblgoa dldotar+ Ka sd prdtdkhd dktr`r `l kàlgsgshdl oakgota pasdldotar`l, puds s`ld hdl tde` hd l` gkvdstgnògÿk+

_d tae`k las rdsult`has aog`lds, ds hdogr, las “Rdsult`has hdl oÿe puta k`l hdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk―&gcd, 2::>'+ Zastdrgaredktd sd `k`lgz`ràk l`s dkoudst`s hd s`lgh` hdlNrupa Rdcare` y l` hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy

Oaea sd pudhd absdrv`r dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra y dk l` nrào`, dltrgukca hd O`lhdrÿk cud euy `prdt`ha, abtuva salèdktd 2?? 6?0 vataseàs qud Lÿpdz Abr`har, ds hdogr n`kÿ par uk` hgcdrdkog` hd :+43 par ogdkta+ Z`rtgogpÿ o`sg 3:$ hd l` pablògÿk rdngstr`h` dk dl p`hrÿk dldotar`l &46+22 par ogdkta'+



26?

Oà 87rslàs l`s dlooas Zso`ls 2::3

Zà Saòÿ $

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 08 703 72> ?4+67

@khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har 08 36? :73 ?4+??

Rabdrta E`hr`za 7 2?> ::: 22+2?

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 0 028 26: 2+>0

Rabdrta Oèp` ?7> 44: +73

O`khgh`ta ka rdngstr`has 276 2:8 +>2

Kulas 7:: ?>? 2+0>

Xat`l 80 44> 8?: 0::

Lgst` Kaegk`l >0 ?>8 ?>?

Cudktd= gcd, Dldoogÿk hd prdsghdktd hd las Dst`has Tkghas Edxgo`kas+ Rdsult`has hdl oÿeputa k`l hdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk

@ukqud ds dl kgvdl hd p`rtgogpògÿk eàs b`ma hd l`s ýltge`s has hço`h`s dk uk`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds, ds b`st`ktd òdpt`bld sg sd oaksghdr` qud l`s dldoogakds ldngsl`tgv`s gktdredhg`s edkuha sÿla lanr`k dl8:$ hd p`rtgogpògÿk+ Dst` `lt` p`rtgogpògÿk p`rdod oaktr`hdogr l` gktdrprdtògÿk ndkdr`l hd qud l`s oèp``s ltèdktd kdn`tgv`s hdsgkodktgv`k dl vata+ Zar atr` p`rtd, l` p`rtgogpògÿk bdkdogÿ eàs `l o`khgh`tahdl p`k qud l hd l` obt, y` qud abtuva uk` vdkt`m` oaksghdr`bld dk > hddst`s 0: dktgh`hds hd e`yar p`rtgogpògÿk &Rdyds, 2::3'+



268

Nrào` VVGG

rslàs looas pso`ls 2::3

Cudktd= gcd, Dldoogÿk hd prdsghdktd hd las Dst`has Tkghas Edxgo`kas+ Rdsult`has hdloÿeputa k`l hdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk+

O`lhdrÿk @ELA E`hr`za Edro`ha Oèp` Ka rdngs Kulas

:

2+4

4

>+4

0:

02+4

04

0>+4

2:

22+4

24

2>+4

?:

?2+4

?4

?>+4

Eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` dk dl praodsa dldotar`l hd 2::3

Dk l`s dldoogakds hdl à 2::3 p`k y obt abtgdkdk vatògakds euy

supdrgards ` sus b`sds dldotar`lds+ Oaea y` sd `puktÿ dk dl `kàlgsgs hdoèp``, dl vata hura hdl p k sd dstge`b` dk 3+? egllakds hd vatas, pdradk l`s prdsghdkog`lds lanrÿ 08 703 72> vatas, ds hdogr, abtuva o`sg trdsvdods su vata hura+ Dl o`sa hd l` obt ds euofa eàs sgnkgo`tgva+ Dlvata hura hdl prh sd dstge`b` dk ?+6 egllakds hd vatas y dk l` vatògÿkabtuva 08 36? :73 vatas, ds hdogr o`sg ou`tra vdods su vata hura+ L` nr`khgcdrdkog` hd vatas dxtr`s qud abtgdkdk èbas sÿla sd pudhdk dxplgo`r

par uk` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k`+ Ds ogdrta qud dl p`k tèbgçk abtuva

uk nr`k vata hd su kudva `p`r`ta oarpar`tgva olgdktdl`r, pdra ds hgcoglhd orddr qud dstd lldnud sdr t`k nr`khd oaea dl hdl prg qud abtuva uk`vatògÿk euofa edkar, ds hdogr, dl kudva `p`r`ta olgdktdl`r hdl p`k ka

p`rdod sdr dl còtar hdogsgva p`r` uk` vatògÿk t`k `lt`+ Dk dl o`sa hdlprh sÿla sd pahr` f`bl`r hd uk p`r`ta olgdktdl`r dk l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, par la ou`l ds `ýk edkas còtgbld qud dstd dldedkta dxplgqud su `lt`vatògÿk abtdkgh`+

Dk oakolusgÿk, l` b`sds dldotar`lds hdl p k y prh sak rdhuogh`s, par laou`l sus `lt`s vatògakds ka pudhdk sdr dxplgo`h`s par l` b`sd dldotar`l,tèpaoa par dl olgdktdlgsea, euofa edkas dk dl o`sa hdl prh+ L` ýkgo`dxplgoògÿk vg`bld ds l` eavglgzògÿk hd oguh`h`kas sgk hdkgogÿk ghdalÿngo`, las llè`has gkhdpdkhgdktds &sgk ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst`' y dl hd



264

kaegk`ha “vata su`vd― &oak b`m` ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst`'+ Çst` ds uk` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` qud sd vdrgo` sÿla dk l`s prdsghdkog`lds, puds dk l`sldngsl tgv`s l` p`rtgogpògÿk o`d r`hgo`ledktd9 par dmdepla, dk l`s gktdredhg`s hd 2::? l` p`rtgogpògÿk o`yÿ f`st` dl 8:$ hdl p`hrÿk dldotar`l+

L` hgcdrdkog` hd l` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` hdl a 2::3, rdspdota l`hdl a 2:::, ds qud dk dl 2::3 l` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` sd prdsdktÿ dkuk` tdkhdkog` oruz`h`, uk` oarrgdktd ` c`var hdl p k y atr` ` c`var hd lòbt+ Dk oèbga, dk dl 2::: pràotgoèdktd tah` l` eavglgzògÿk cud sÿla c`var hdl p k, o`sg tahas las gkhdpdkhgdktds vat`rak c`var hdl p k+

Dl p`s hgvghgha dk kartd y sur

_g sd absdrv` dk uk e`p` las dst`has dk las qud n`k`k las o`khgh`tas,

sd pudhd absdrv`r oÿea dl p`s sd hgvghgÿ rdngak`ledktd par sus prdcdrdkog`s9 l` ldotur` abvg` ds qud O`lhdrÿk n`k` dk dl kartd y Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl sur+ Tk` ldotur` eàs ough`has` rdvdl` qud O`lhdrÿk abtgdkd l`vgotarg` dk 03 dktgh`hds, o`sg tah`s dll`s hdl kartd a hdl odktra aooghdktdhdl p`s, dxodpta Zudbl` &odktra sur' y Wuo`tàk &sur'+ Egdktr`s qud Lÿ

pdz Abr`har trgukc` dk 04 dktgh`hds y dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l, o`sg tah`s sdubgo`k dk l`s rdngakds odktra sur y dk dl sur hdl p`s, oak sÿla trds dxodpogakds dk dl kartd= B`m` O`lgcarkg` _ur, K`y`rgt y ]ò`tdo`s+

Nrào` VVGGGrslàs dlooas Zso`ls 2::3

Cudktd= gcd, dldoogÿk hd prdsghdktd hd las dst`has ukghas edxgo`kas+



263

Rdsult`has hdl oÿeputa k`l hdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk

Dk dl e`p` tèbgçk sd pudhd absdrv`r ol`rèdktd qud O`lhdrÿk n`k`

dk rdngakds hd e`yar hgedksgÿk ndanrào` y Lÿpdz Abr`har dk rdngakds hd e`yar hdksgh`h pablògak`l &Rdyds, 2::3'+ Dl gkvdstgn`har Mu`kRdyds hdl Oèpglla &2::3' hdsoubrd qud l` cudrtd oaepdtdkog` qud sd`hvgdrtd kgvdl kògak`l l p`s`r ` l`s hgstgkt`s rdngakds pgdrhd gktdksgh`h9 l`s has prgkogp`lds apogakds paltgo`s n`k`rak par la ndkdr`l oak

b`st`ktd vdkt`m` dk l`s hgcdrdktds rdngakds+ O`lhdrÿk sd ubgo` par dkoge` hd su praedhga kògak`l &?4+67' dk 03 dst`has y dk atras 03 par hd

b`ma hd çl+ Lÿpdz Abr`har sd oalao` dk 08 par dkoge` hd su praedhgakògak`l &?4+?0' y dk las rdst`ktds par hdb`ma+

Xèbgçk sd `hvgdrtd uk` oakodktrògÿk hdl vata, O`lhdrÿk abtgdkd34$ hd su vatògÿk hd 0: dktgh`hds, egdktr`s qud Lÿpdz Abr`har abtgdkd 33$ hd kudvd dktgh`hds+ Dsta hdeudstr` uk` nr`k cudrz` rdngak`l hdl`s cudrz`s p`rtgh`rg`s, pdra tèbgçk hdbglgh`h hd l` dstruotur` kògak`lhd las p`rtghas+ @ebas p`rtghas ka f`k lo`kz`ha hgvdrsgo`r su vata` la l`rna hdl tdrrgtarga kògak`l &Rdyds, 2::3'+

Atr` ldotur` hd dst` hgvgsgÿk rdngak`l ds qud O`lhdrÿk n`k` dk lasdst`has hd e`yar hgkègsea doakÿegoa, qud sak las dst`has hdl kartd

hd l` Rdpýblgo`, egdktr`s qud dlprh

n`k` dk las dst`has hdl sur, qudtr`hgogak`ledktd sak oakaoghas par las e`yards khgods hd pabrdz` hdsu pablògÿk &oak dxodpogÿk hdl hc hakhd sus f`bgt`ktds rdngstr`k ltaskgvdlds hd vgh` dk praedhga'+

Dl prg o`d `l tdrodr lun`r

L` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog l hd 2::3 tèbgçk e`ro` uk fgta dk l` fgstarg`

par l` hdolgkògÿk hdl prg+ Hdshd fò` hço`h`s dl dmd hd l` oakcraktògÿk dldotar`l f`b` sgha dktrd dl prg y las p`rtghas hd apasgogÿk+ Dk l`dldoogÿk hd 2::3, dl dmd hd l` luof` dldotar`l sd dst`bldod dktrd l` gzqugdrh` y l` hdrdof`+++ Dk kgknýk dst`ha, euofa edkas dk dl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l,n`kÿ Rabdrta E`hr`za+ @hdeàs E`hr`za qudhÿ dk tdrodr lun`r dk 0>dst`has, aofa hd dllas nabdrk`has par dl p`k a dl prh, pdra atras kudvdnabdrk`has par dl prg &ghde'+

_dnýk l` dkoudst` hd s`lgh` hdl Nrupa Rdcare`, E`hr`za sÿla e`ktuva cudrz` dk l`s zak`s rur`lds, dk l`s ou`lds abtuva dl 26$, pdra gkolusa dk dst`s zak`s pdrhgÿ, puds Lÿpdz Abr`har abtuva ?3$ dk dll`s+@hdeàs E`hr`za sd hdsplaeÿ dk l` p`rtd urb`k`, musta hakhd vgvd lè`yar p`rtd hd l` pablògÿk hdl p`s+



26>

Rdyds hdl Oèpglla &2::3' edkogak` v`rgas h`tas p`r` sustdkt`r qudfuba uk vata hgcdrdkog`ha+ Dl h`ta eàs abvga ds qud las p`rtghas ka lanr`k rdpdtgr las trgukcas hd sus o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog lds dk l`s dldoogakds ldngsl`tgv`s9 sd prdsdkt` 6+>8$ hd vata hgcdrdkog`ha dk l` dldoogÿk

hdl sdk`ha y 7+86$ hd vata hgcdrdkog`ha dk l` dldoogÿk hd hgput`has+Las p`rtghas qud pgdrhdk vatas sak dl p k, lòbt y dl p`so, las qud n`k`ksak dl prg y dl p`k`l+ Dsta sgnkgo`, abvgèdktd, qud las dldotards hdlprg y dl p`k`l fgogdrak “vata ýtgl― par Lÿpdz Abr`har y O`lhdrÿk+

@ p`rtgr hd uk` dkoudst` hd s`lgh` rd`lgz`h` par l` Tkgvdrsgh`h Edtrapalgt`k`, Rdyds hdl Oèpglla sustdkt` qud sÿla >3$ hd las dldotardsqud vat`rak par las o`khgh`tas ` hgput`has hd l` @lg`kz` Zar Eçxgoa,vatÿ par E`hr`za dk l` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`l9 7$ la fgza par O`lhdrÿky9 02$ par Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Egdktr`s qud las dldotards qud vat`rak par hgput`has hdl p`k`l, 2>$ vatÿ par O`lhdrÿk dk l` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`l90>$ la fgza par E`hr`za, y ?0$ par Lÿpdz Abr`har &ghde'+

Dl vata hgcdrdkog`ha y` sd f`b` prdsdkt`ha dk l`s dldoogakds hd2:::+ Xèbgçk dk l`s dldoogakds ldngsl`tgv`s cdhdr`lds hdl à 2::?+Rdspdota l a 2:::, dl p k tgdkd uk rdtraodsa dk l`s ldngsl`tgv`s, pudsdk dl 2::3 sÿla abtgdkd ?:+>?$ &pgdrhd o`sg 6 puktas rdspdota l 2:::'+

Dk l` oèp`` hd 2::3 dl vata hgcdrdkog`ha ds euy kat`bld dk l` `pt &prg' y l` obt &prh'+ Las hgput`has hd l` obt pgdrhdk 6$ rdspdota `l

o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l9 las sdk`hards o`sg 0: puktas+ Dk oèbga, las hg put`has y sdk`hards hdl prg n`k`k 8 puktas+ Xèbgçk las ldngsl`hardshdl p k pgdrhdk 2$ rdspdota ` su o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+

Oà 4:Saa coà looas 2::3

p`k prg &`pe' prh &obt'

Zrdsghdktd ?4+67$ 22+2?$ ?4+??$

Hgput`has ??+?7$ 26+20$ 26+77$

_dk`hards ??+44$ 26+:>$ 23+37$

Cudktd= gcd, Dst`hstgo` hd l`s dldoogakds cdhdr`lds hd Eçxgoa 2::3+

Zdrl hd las dldotards hd O`lhdrÿk y Lÿpdz Abr`har

L` dkoudst` hd s`lgh` hdl Nrupa Rdcare` sd`l` qud Lÿpdz Abr`har tgdkd su paya rdp`rtgha dk las hgcdrdktds nrupas hd dh`h, dk las hd hgcd



266

rdktds gknrdsas doakÿegoas, dk las qud hds`prudb`k l` ndstgÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax9 dk las qud oaksghdr`k qud l` sgtuògÿk doakÿego` depdarÿa sgnud gnu`l9 dk las qud sd oaksghdr`k hd gzqugdrh`9 dktrd las qud tgdkdkuk` ghdktgh`h pdrrdhgst`9 dktrd las qud pay`rak l` o`khgh`tur` hd Oàr

hdk`s dk dl 2:::, y dk dl vata gkhdpdkhgdktd+++ &Nrupa Rdcare`, ? hd mulga, 2::3'+_dnýk Rdcare`, dl prgkogp`l paya hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk pravgka hd las

vat`ktds hd ?: ` 87 às hd dh`h9 hd las qud oudkt`k oak uk kgvdl hd dsoal`rgh`h supdrgar9 hdl dldotar`ha urb`ka9 hd las nrupas hd e`yards gknrdsas9 hd las qud `prudb`k l` ndstgÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax9 hd las qudoaksghdr`k qud edmarÿ l` sgtuògÿk doakÿego`9 hd las qud sd oaksghdr`khd hdrdof`9 hd las qud tgdkdk uk` ghdktgh`h p`kgst`9 hd las qud pay`rak` Cax dk dl 2:::+++

Oà 40@s vaà p`` ps

O`lÿ E``za èLa Oèp` Eoà

_a

Faebrds ?3$ 22$ ?>$ 0$ 2$

Eumdrds ?6$ 2?$ 22$ 0$ 8$

d`

Hd 06 ` 27 ?6$ 20$ ?8$ 0$ 4$

Hd ?: ` 87 ?6$ 20$ ?4$ 0$ ?!

Hd 4: a eàs ?8$ 23$ ?>$ 0$ 0$

dsoal``

Bàsgo` ?8$ 27$ ??$ 0$ 2$

Edhg` ?>$ 20$ ?4$ 0$ 8$

_updrgar 82$ 08$ ?6$ 0$ 8$gsa

Edkas hd (2 ::: ?0$ ?:$ ?8$ 0$ ?$

Hd (2 ::: @ (? 777 ?2$ 28$ ?7$ 0$ ?$

Hd (8 ::: ` (3 877 ?3$ 20$ ?>$ 0$ 8$

Hd (3 4:: ` (7 077 8?$ 03$ ?3$ 0$ ?$

Hd (7 2:: a eàs 4:$ 08$ ?:$ 0$ 8$

tpa lao`l`

Trb`ka 8:$ 2:$ ?4$ 0$ 8$Rur`l ?0$ 26$ ?3$ 0$ 2$

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, ? hd mulga, 2::3+



267

Dk l` dkoudst` hd Egtacsiy, O`lhdrÿk oaksgnugÿ uk nr`k paya dk las mÿvdkds &ka t`kta oaea Cax dk dl 2:::', pdra oaep`rtd l`s prdcdrdkog`shd dstd sdotar oak Lÿpdz Abr`har+++ Las hd 4: as y eàs pay`rak prdcdrdktdedktd `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, pdra uk nr`k parodkt`md ka eastrÿ

dl sdktgha hd su vata &03$'+ Dl p`k ùedkt` su vatògÿk dk l` edhgh`qud las dldotards gkordedkt`k su dsoal rgh`h9 E`hr`za tgdkd l` rdlògÿkoaktr`rg`9 Lÿpdz Abr`har lanr` uk `paya rdp`rtgha dk tahas las sdotards dsoal`rds+ @ e`yards gknrdsas, las dldotards apt`k eàs par O`lhdrÿk9 E`hr`za tgdkd l` rdlògÿk oaktr`rg`+ Lÿpdz Abr`har lanr` su eàxgea `paya dk las nrupas hd : ` ? y hd ? ` > s`l`rgas ekgeas+ Las trdso`khgh`tas rdoandk l` e`yar p`rtd hd su vata dk las dstr`tas b`mas &Oaksult` Egtacsiy, ? hd mulga, 2::3'+ Zar t`kta, las pabrds ka sd valo`rak dk`paya hd èla, oaea dstd o`khgh`ta prdtdkh` oak su dmd dstr`tçngoa hdoèp``+

L`s hdkukog`s hd qud nr`khds nrupas hd pablògÿk pabrd cud gktdnr`h` ` las p`hrakds hd las pranrè`s saog`lds p`r` caedkt`r dl vatahdl p`k dkoudktr`k sustdkta dk l` dkoudst` hd Rdcare`+ Tk h`ta qud`p`rdktdedktd oarrabar` l` e`kgabr` olgdktdl`r hdl nabgdrka hd Cax dsqud l` e`yarå` hd las bdkdog`rgas hd pranrè`s saog`lds hdl nabgdrkacdhdr`l vat`rak par O`lhdrÿk, oaea sd `prdog` dk dl Ou`hra 42+

Oà 42@s vaà p`` ps


@pabòa pso`l

@prudb`k ` Cax 40$ 0>$ 23$ 0$ ?$

Hds`prudb`k ` Cax 6$ ?0$ 43$ 0$ ?$

dv`lòa oaÿeo`

Edmarÿ 3:$ 04$ 2:$ 0$ ?$

_gnud gnu`l ?:$ 28$ 8:$ 0$ ?$

Depdarÿ 02$ ?0$ 42$ 0$ 8$

Bdkdog`rgas hd las pranrè`s saog`lds

Hd Apartukgh`hds 80$ 23$ 27$ 0$ ?$

Hdl _dnura Zapul`r 88$ 24$ 23$ 0$ ?$



27:


gala`

Gzqugdrh` 06$ 03$ 32$ 0$ ?$

Odktra ?>$ 28$ ?0$ 0$ 4$

Hdrdof` 86$ 24$ 28$ 0$ 2$

Ghdktgoògak p`rtghgst`

Zrggst`s 00$ >8$ 02$ 0$ 2$

Z`kgst`s 67$ 8$ 4$ :$ 0$

Zdrrdhgst`s ?$ ?$ 7?$ :$ 0$

Kgknuka ?8$ 0:$ 8?$ 2$ 6$

Saa l 2:::

Sgodktd Cax 4>$ 6$ 27$ 0$ 8$

Cr`kogsoa L`b`stgh` 0?$ 38$ 07$ 0$ 2$

Ouùftçeao Oàrhdk`s >$ 8$ 66$ 0$ :$

Ka vatÿ ?3$ 07$ ?>$ 2$ 4$

Las rdknlakds ka sue`k 0::$ parqud ka sd eudstr` dl parodkt`md hd “O`khgh`tas ka rdngstr`has―+Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare`, ? hd mulga, 2::3+

Zar eatgvas oaea çstd, l` dstr`tdng` hd pal`rgzògÿk p`r` eavglgz`r dl vata hd las pabrds oaktr` dl vata hd las rgoas, pl`ktd`h` par Lÿpdz

Abr`har, ka cukogakÿ parqud las pabrds oarpar`tgz`has cudrak l` b`sdhdl vata hdl p k d gkolusa hdl prg+ Dk oèbga, l` dstr`tdng` hd pal`rgzògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har prapgogÿ l` dktr`h` hd deprds`rgas y sdotards hdol`sds `lt`s dk l` oèp``+ L` dstr`tdng` hd pal`rgzògÿk ka eavglgzÿ `las pabrds dk su c`var pdra s l`s ol`sds lt`s dk su oaktr`+

L` dkoudst` hd s`lgh` hd Egtacsiy pl`ktd` uk` p`r`ham`, las dldotardsqud ghdktgo`k `l hdsdeplda y l` pabrdz` oaea dl prgkogp`l prablde`hdl p`ås prddrdk Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Ds hdogr, O`lhdrÿk ka lanrÿ pasgogak`rsd oaea dl prdsghdktd hdl deplda ` pds`r hd qud dstd tde` dr` su dslan`k hd oèp`` pasgtgv` &“Dl prdsghdktd hdl deplda―'+ Zar t`kta, `p`rdktdedktd su publgogh`h pasgtgv` ka lanrÿ su oaedtgha &OaksultÈgtacsiy, ? hd mulga, 2::3'+

Oà 42 &oaòÿ'



270

Dk oèbga, ` O`lhdrÿk sd ld vd oaea dl o`khgh`ta qud oaeb`tgrèàs l` gksdnurgh`h, oak la ou`l n`kÿ vatas E`hr`za qud publgogt`rgèdktd sd f`b` ùtaprapudsta oaea dl o`khgh`ta qud luof`r` oaktr`dstd prablde`+ Ds hdogr, l` gkvdrsgÿk dk publgogh`h pasgtgv` hd E`hr`za

tèpaoa p`rdod lanr`r su oaedtgha+

L` odktr`lgh`h hd l` v`rg`bld doakÿego`

@ldm`khra Eardka, hgrdotar hd dstuhgas hd apgkgÿk hdl Nrupa Rdcare`, oak b`sd dk su dkoudst` hd s`lgh`, oakoluyd qud l` v`larògÿk sabrdl` e`rof` hd l` doakae` hdl p`s cud l` v`rg`bld qud tuva e`yar pdsa

p`r` dxplgo`r l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds, dk oaep`rògÿk oak dl rdstahd v`rg`blds tdst`h`s, oaea l` ghdalan`, las gknrdsas, l` `prabògÿk hdl

prdsghdktd Cax+++ &Eardka, 2::>'+Tk dstuhga hd rdnrdsgÿk eýltgpld dl`bar`ha par dl hgrdotar hd dstu

hgas hd apgkgÿk hdl Nrupa Rdcare` oakoluyd qud l` prab`bglgh`h hdvat`r par O`lhdrÿk dr` eàs `lt` dk las dktrdvgst`has qud oaksghdr`b`kqud l` doakae` gb` edmar, qud dk `qudllas qud oaksghdr`b`k qud l`doakae` dst`b` gnu`l a pdar+ Dk oaktr`std, l` prab`bglgh`h hd qud lasdktrdvgst`has vat`r`k par Lÿpdz Abr`har ùedkt`b` dk l` edhgh` qud

oaksghdr`b`k qud l` doakae` ka f`b` edmar`ha dk dl sdxdkga hd Cax+&ghde'+

L` sdnukh` v`rg`bld qud tgdkd e`yar o`pògh`h dxplgo`tgv` ds l`ghdktgoògÿk ghdalÿngo` hd las dktrdvgst`has+ L` v`rg`bld hd ol`sd saog`l ka lanr` sdr t`k sgnkgo`tgv` oaea l` hd las gknrdsas+

_dnýk Eardka, l`s dkoudst`s hdl Nrupa Rdcare` sd`l`k qud l` pa blògÿk oaksghdr`b` qud l` doakaeå` e`rof`b` edmar `l k`l hdl sdxdkga hdl prdsghdktd Cax &??$' qud oak l` ýltge` `hegkgstrògÿk prggst`

dk dl à 2::: &28$'+ @hdeàs, las qud oaksghdr`b`k qud l` doakae`dst`b` pdar dk dl 2::3 qud dk dl 2::: &0>$' dr`k edkas qud las qudhdo`k qud l` doakae` dst`b` pdar dk dl 2::: qud dk dl 2::3 &26$'+&ghde'+

Eardka oakoluyd qud l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk, qud praeav` l` oaktgkugh`h y l` dst`bglgh`h, tuva uk` budk` rdodpogÿk nròg`s `l ordogegdkta doakÿegoa qud sd lanrÿ has as ktds hd l` dldoogÿk &ghde'+



272

Oà 4?Zasbl` va` pa O`lÿ a pa Lÿpz Abà

l` looÿ pso`l 2::3, pa l` v`lòÿoaÿeo` y l`s os palo`s las loas

O`lÿ&p`k'

Lÿpz Abà&prh'

Dv`luògÿk rdtraspdotgv` hd l` doakaeå` kògak`l

Dstà euofa edmar &6$' +>4 +02

Dstà edmar &24$' +3: +28

Dstà gnu`l &86$' +?: +8?

Dstà pdar &7$' +20 +87

Dstà euofa pdar &6$' +0? +47

@prabògÿk hdl prdsghdktd

Cudrtd prabògÿk &2>$' +33 +07

La `prudb` &?7$' +83 +?8

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g` p`s`

p k +67 +74

prh +:? +7?

prg +00 +02

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27?

L` p``ÿmo` `pabòÿ l ps Ca

Dst` `prdogògÿk hd Eardka, qud “l` pablògÿk `prab`b` l` ndstgÿkdoakÿego` hdl prdsghdktd Cax―, oaktr`hgod `l rdsta hd dkoudst`s publg

o`h`s dk las edhgas+ Xah`s l`s dkoudst`s qud fd pahgha oaksult`r sabrdl` dv`luògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax eudstr`k uk` hds`prabògÿk oguh`h`k` hd l` prgedr` hegkgstrògÿk p`kgst`+ Dktrd l`s dkoudst`s eàs prdstgng`h`s dstàk l`s hd Oaksult` Egtacsiy y hdl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l, èb`soaktr`hgodk bgdrtèdktd l` apgkgÿk hd Eardka+ _dnýk dst`s dkoudst`s,l` ndktd dv`lu`b` kdn`tgvèdktd l` sgtuògÿk doakÿego` hdl p`s, l` sgtuògÿk doakÿego` pdrsak`l, dl rueba hdl p`s+++ pdra, p`r`hÿmgoèdktd,dv`lu`b`k pasgtgvèdktd l` pdrsak`lgh`h hdl prdsghdktd Cax+

Dk l` dkoudst` hd dv`luògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax publgo`h` par Egtacsiy dk dl eds hd e`ya, l` pablògÿk oaksghdr` qud su sgtuògÿk doakÿego` pdrsak`l dstà pdar qud dl à `ktdrgar 4?+7$ &pràotgoèdktd tahadl sdxdkga sd e`kgdst` dst` apgkgÿk', egdktr`s qud sÿla 88+3$ oaksghdr` qud dstà edmar+

Nrào` VVGS

Zopoÿ l` sòÿ oaÿeo` psa`l

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy, 26 hd e`ya, 2::3+

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278

Nrào` VVS

Zopoÿ l` sòÿ oaÿeo` l p`s


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@ oudr h a Hdsòudr ha

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ba oarrdota+

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reba l p`s


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Ds dl oarrdota Lldv` dl rueba dqugvao`ha

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274

Nrào` VVSGG

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@ oudr ha H dsòudr ha

L` dkoudst` hd Dl Tkgvdrs`l dk dl eds hd mukga rdcrdkh` dst` p`r`hÿ mgo` dv`luògÿk hdl p`s y hdl prdsghdktd Cax+ Ou`kha sd prdnukt` sgEçxgoa dstà pranrds`kha, 4:$ ordd qud dl p`s dstà dst`ko`ha9 dk rdtraodsa, 0?$ y9 pranrds`kha, ??$+ Ou`kha sd prdnukt` sg l`s oas`s f`kedmar`ha a depdar`ha, l`s apgkgakds sd hgvghdk= 83$ hgod qud f`k ed

mar`ha, 82$ qud f`k depdar`ha+ L` v`rg`bld qud p`rdod eàs sgnkgo`tgv` ds l` hds`prabògÿk hd l` ndstgÿk hd Cax dk dl e`kdma hd tahas las

prablde`s hdl p`s, oaea sd pudhd vdr dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra &Dl Tkg%

vdrs`l, 03 hd mukga, 2::3'+

Oà 48±@pb` a s`pb` l` cae` q l ps Ca e`m 1

@pb` hs`pb`

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Las prablde`s dk dl oèpa ?6$ 4:$

L` rdlògÿk oak dl Oaknrdsa ?2$ 4:$

Dl oaeb`td l` hdlgkoudkog` ?:$ 30$

Dl prablde` hdl hdsdeplda 26$ 38$

L`s ortgo`s fdof`s su dspas` 2>$ 4:$

Cudktd= Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 03 hd mukga, 2::3+



273

_gk deb`rna, ou`kha sd prdnukt` ` las dktrdvgst`has sg `prudb`k `l prdsghdktd Cax, kudvèdktd dl prdsghdktd s`ld `prab`ha+ Dk ndkdr`l,±ustdh `prudb` a hds`prudb` l` care` oaea Sgodktd Cax hdsdepd` dl

pudsta hd prdsghdktd1 @prudb` 34$9 hds`prudb` ?0$ &ghde'+

L`s dxplgoògakds ol`rèdktd gksuogdktds hd las dkoudst`hards sa brd dst` p`r`ham` kas fòdk pdks`r qud dstas tde`s ka pudhdk sdr rdsudltas par l`s dkoudst`s, sgka qud dk dstas o`sas sd tgdkd qud rdourrgr las dstuhgas ou`lgt`tgvas qud dxplgqudk l`s `p`rdktds oaktr`hgoogakds hdl` pablògÿk sabrd dstd tde`+ Kudvèdktd sd oakre`rå` qud l`s dkoudst`s pudhdk dxplar`r l` p`rtd supdrog`l pdra ka l` p`rtd pracukh`hd las dldotards+

L` s`` l p k cÿ l`s looas

Dk l` tdrodr` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s sd pusa ` prudb` l` o`pògh`hdstr`tçngo` hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+ Dk prgedr lun`r, hur`ktd dst` dt`p` y` ka cud l` oèp`` qud gktrahuma las nr`khdstde`s kdn`tgvas ` l` `ndkh` sgka l` qud las sucrgÿ, pdra lanrÿ rdspakhdr dxgtasèdktd `l rdta+++ Dk sdnukha lun`r, dk l`s has ýltge`s sde`k`s hdl` oèp`` sd rdpusa hds`rrall`kha uk` nr`k oèp`` kdn`tgv` qud la

nr` dquglgbr`r l`s cudrz`s oak l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+Dk prgedr lun`r, o`bd hdstò`r qud dl tde` kdn`tgva qud haegkÿ l`

prgedr` qugkodk` hd mukga cud Dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha, çstd cud dl tde`qud tuva e`yar tr`sodkhdkog` dk l` oèp`` hdl p`k y sd hds`rrallÿ `dso`s`s trds sde`k`s hd l`s dldoogakds+ Hdspuçs hd qud dl tde` Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s f`b` eatgv`ha dl fukhgegdkta hd l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har, sd ord` qud dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha lldv`r` O`lhdrÿk` pdrhdr l` dldoogÿk parqud dr` dl t`qud eàs cudrtd qud sucr` su o`khg

h`tur`, ` sÿla trds sde`k`s hd l` dldoogÿk9 `p`rdktdedktd ka tdkhr`tgdepa p`r` rdpakdrsd+ L`s dkoudst`s p`rdoå`k oakre`r dst`s dxpdot`tgv`s, l`s has dkoudst`s hd mukga hd Rdcare` y Egtacsiy sd`l`k ukrdpuktd hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s Lÿpdz Abr`har y uk` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s O`lhdrÿk+ @eb`s tdkhdkog`s oruz`h`s p`rdo`k prakastgo`r l` hdrrat` hdl o`khgh`ta p`kgst` y dl trgukca hdl pdrrdhgst`+ L` oèp`` hdLÿpdz Abr`har tdk` l` gkgog`tgv` y l` hd O`lhdrÿk sÿla pah` oaktral`r las hàs qud pravao`b` l` debdstgh` hd su `hvdrs`rga+

Zdra l`s dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds sÿla lo`kz`rak o`pt`r l`s tdkhdkog`s pashdb`td, ka l`s hdl ogdrrd hd l`s oèp``s+ @ pds`r hdl nr`k çxgtahdl tde` Dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha dk las edhgas, dsta ka lanrÿ fukhgr lòèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk oaea suodhgÿ ` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har



27>

oak dl tde` Ofàvdzofòf`lò`s+ Eudstr` hd dlla ds qud oak dl tde` hdlOuð`ha gkoÿeaha kg l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk sd hdsplae`k kg Lÿ

pdz Abr`har n`k` suogdktds puktas oaea p`r` hdspdn`rsd9 èb`s dkoudst`s sÿla e`ro`k uk` hgcdrdkog` ekge` dktrd ebas oaktdkhgdktds+

@l p`rdodr l` dstr`tdng` hd oaktral hd hàs hd l` oèp`` hd CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk cud dxgtas`+

Oà 44Oaep`òÿ os`s ma

y slàs loa`ls

O`às dosà`s Ma 0` Ma 2` dlooÿ

@çs E`lLÿpz Abà

Egtacsiy ?4$ ?3$ ?4+??$

Rdcare` ?>$ ?3$

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Rdcare` ?4$ ?8$

rabaE``za

Egtacsiy 26$ 2>$ 22+2?$

Rdcare` 2?$ 24$

Z`y Eoà Egtacsiy 8$ ?$ 2+>0$

Rdcare` ?$ ?$

raba Oèp` Egtacsiy 0$ 0$ +73$

Rdcare` 0$ 0$

Cudktd= Dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds hd mukga 2::3 hdl Nrupa Rdcare` y Oaksult` Egtacsiy9gcd, Dldoogÿk hd prdsghdktd hd las Dst`has Tkghas Edxgo`kas+ Rdsult`has hdl oÿeputa k`lhdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk

@hdeàs, dk l` sdnukh` qugkodk` hd mukga dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿ%eaha s`ld hd l` ndkh` par hgvdrsas eatgvas, ka sÿla las dldotar`lds+ Dk

prgedr lun`r, pgdrhd su `tròtgva oaea katgog` hdspuçs hd o`sg has sde`k`s, puds ka sd prdsdkt`k kudvas h`tas rdldv`ktds9 dk sdnukha lun`r,òaktdodk atras dvdktas qud `tr`dk l` `tdkogÿk hd las edhgas= l` gksurndkog` hd uk eavgegdkta e`ngstdrg`l dk A`xò` y l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd l`_dldoogÿk Edxgo`k` hd cutbal dk l` Oap` Eukhg`l+



276

Dk dl 2::3, l`s ýltge`s dkoudst`s prddldotar`lds eastr`b`k uk rdpuktdhd Lÿpdz Abr`har y uk` o`h` hd O`lhdrÿk, pdra dst`s tdkhdkog`s ka sde`ktuvgdrak f`st` l`s dldoogakds+ L` dxplgoògÿk eàs vg`bld hd dstd cdkÿedka ds qud l`s ýltge`s dkoudst`s hd Rdcare` y Egtacsiy sd ldv`kt`k

dktrd dl 04 y dl 07 hd mukga, pdra l` dldoogÿk sdrà o`sg 04 h`s hdspuçs, dl 2hd mulga+ Dk dstas ýltgeas 04 h`s `ýk suodhdk euofas òaktdogegdktasqud gkugràk dk l` dldoogÿk+ L` sdnukh` qugkodk` hd mukga dstà e`ro`h`

par dl tde` hd las ogdrrds hd oèp`` hd las o`khgh`tas, s oaea par l`nr`k oèp`` kdn`tgv` hdl p k y las deprds`rgas oaktr` Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Dk dst`s has ýltge`s sde`k`s l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk ka sÿla lanrèàs prdsdkog` dk las edhgas &par publgogh`h y dktrdvgst`s', sgka qud sdvd rdcarz`h` par l` oèp`` hd las deprds`rgas y `lnukas nalpds edhgàtgoas qud sd prdsdkt`k dk las h`s prdvgas l` oèp``= dl fòida hdl` pàngk` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har, l` arhdk hd `prdfdksgÿk oaktr` dl dx prdsghdktd Lugs Dofdvdrr`+++ Gkolusa, `p`rdktdedktd, l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har oaedtd lnukas drrards oruog`lds, par dmdepla, hdso`ks` dl pdkýltgea h` hd l` oèp``9 rd`lgz` dl ogdrrd eàs gepart`ktd hd oèp``dl ýltgea h` la ou`l ld rdprdsdkt` edkar hgcusgÿk+++ Xahas dstas gkoghdktds, qud dk uk` oèp`` kare`l sdr`k gktr`sodkhdktds, cudrak oruog`lds dk l` sgtuògÿk hd dep`td qud vgv`k l`s oèp``s+

@ k hd oudkt`s, dl trgukca hd O`lhdrÿk dk l`s dldoogakds p`rdod sdr uk` oaksdoudkog` lÿngo` hd l` supdrgargh`h dstr`tçngo` hd su oèp``+L` prgedr` prudb` hd dst` supdrgargh`h sd prdsdktÿ dk l` sdnukh` dt`p`,ou`kha dst` oèp`` lanrÿ rdb`s`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har oaktr` tahas las

prakÿstgoas+ L` ýltge` y hdkgtgv` prudb` hd dst` supdrgargh`h dstr`tçngo` sd prdsdktÿ dk l` tdrodr` dt`p` ou`kha sd e`ktuva odro` hdl prgedr lun`r ` pds`r hd las nr`vds `t`quds qud sucrgÿ dk l`s prgedr`s sde`k`shd mukga9 dk las ýltgeas h`s hd l` oèp`` lanr`r` rdeakt`r kudv`

edktd l`s tdkhdkog`s+

dL oaepartègdkta hd Las edhgas dk L`s oèp`ð`s hd 2::3

L` oab` las aoas

L` p`rtd k`l hdl `kàlgsgs hd oèp`ð` dv`lý` dl oaepartègdkta hdlas edhgas dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds+ Oaea y` sd hgma, tr`hgogak`ledktd l`s oèp``s pl`kd`k gktdrvdkgr dk las edhgas p`rtgr hd hasdstr`tdng`s prgkogp`lds= 0' oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h, y 2' praeavdr uk` budk` oabdrtur` pdrgahstgo`+ Z`r` lanr`r dl abmdtgva hd gepòt`r dk



277

l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds, dk dl 2::3 l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s hdl p k y l` hd l` `pe cudrak euy ord`tgv`s dk su e`kdma hd edhgas9 l` oèp`` hd l` obt cud paoa ord`tgv`+ Dstd p`rt`ha tr`t`rà hd eastr`r oÿea lòèp`` edhgàtgo` hdl p`k cud l` eàs dxgtas` ka sÿla par l`s gkkav`

ogakds dk dl e`kdma hd tdokalan`s, par su `pudst` fòg` l` vghdapaltgo`, par su nr`k gkvdrsgÿk dk edhgas+++, sgka, prgkogp`ledktd, par su e`kdma dstr`tçngoa hd l` ndkh`, parqud prahuma spats y tde`s qud, hdeàshd tdkdr uk` nr`k rdodpogÿk dk dl pýblgoa, gkoghgdrak dk l` ndkh` pýblgo` hdl pdrgahgsea+

Dk uk prgedr eaedkta sd dv`lý`k l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s ` p`rtgr hd las tr`hgogak`lds dstuhgas hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha qud rd`lgz` dl gcd yatr`s deprds`s qud rdourrdk ` dstas eçtahas+ Zdra dk uk sdnukha eaedkta sd eastr`ràk las rdsult`has hd uk dstuhga hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha qud prdtdkhd sdr gkkav`har, puds oaksghdr` v`rg`blds euy hgcdrdktds` l`s tr`hgogak`lds9 dstd dstuhga sd dkcao` dk las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvas qud `cdot`rak ` l`s oèp``s, hd e`kdr` qud las rdsult`has lanr`has oak dstd dkcaqud kas part`ràk uk dldedkta hdogsgva p`r` oae

prdkhdr l` rdlògÿk qud dst`bldogdrak l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s oak lasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+

Rdpartd k`l hd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hdl gcd

Dl abmdtgva odktr`l hd las dstuhgas sabrd l` oabdrtur` qud las edhgasfòdk hd l`s oèp``s ds hdsoubrgr sg dstas prgvgldng`k ` uk` oèp``dk p`rtgoul`r a brgkh`k oabdrtur`s dqugt`tgv`s ` las hgcdrdktds o`khgh`tas y p`rtghas+ Ds hdogr, p`r` brgkh`r oabdrtur`s dqugt`tgv`s hdbdk atarn`r ` las o`khgh`tas, dspògas dqugv`ldktds ` su cudrz` dldotar`l+ Dkoèbga, sd prdsupakd qud sg prgvgldng`k uk` oèp`` tr`t`k hd gkhuogr

`l dldotar ` vat`r par dst` careògÿk paltgo`+Dk Eçxgoa dst` tr`hgogÿk hd dstuhgas hd edhgas pravgdkd hd l` çpao`hdl rçngedk ùtargt`rga, ou`kha las edhgas prgvgldng`b`k ou`lgt`tgv` you`ktgt`tgvèdktd `l p`rtgha hd Dst`ha+ @l prg las edhgas oakodh`kdspògas euy par dkoge` hd su cudrz` dldotar`l, hd e`kdr` qud dstd sdsna hd las edhgas dr` euy càogl hd hdtdot`r oak dstuhgas ou`ktgt`tgvas hd`kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha+

L` e`yar p`rtd hd dstuhgas hd edhgas, sabrd taha las eàs gepart`ktds, qud sd fgogdrak f`st` l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3, rdoupdr`k dst` tr`hgogÿk+ Dl dstuhga eàs gepart`ktd y oak euofa dl eàs oastasa &oastÿ 8: egllakds hd pdsas, o`sg 8 egllakds hd hÿl`rds' qud sd rd`lgz`



?::

oak dstd dkcaqud ds dl dstuhga hd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha qud oaktr`t` dlGkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l &gcd'+

_d rdtae` dl rdpartd k`l hdl eakgtarda hd katgog`rgas hd r`hga y tv hdl gcd &2::3b' p`r` `k`lgz`r dl oaepartègdkta hd las edhgas dk l`s

oèp``s+ H`h` l` gepart`kog` y l`s o`ròtdrstgo`s tçokgo`s t`k dspdog`lgz`h`s hdl dstuhga, tr`t`rç hd sgktdtgz`rla rdoangdkha l` e`yar p`rtdhd l` gkcareògÿk qud prdsdkt` p`r` ka pdrhdr dl sdktgha hdl tdxta+ &gcd 2::3b'

Dl gcd oaktr`tÿ l` deprds` eultgkògak`l gbapd &Gkstgtuta Br`sgldahd Apgkgÿk Zýblgo` y Dst`hstgo`' p`r` qud rd`lgz`r` uk eakgtarda sabrddl tr`tègdkta hd l`s oèp``s dldotar`lds cdhdr`lds dk katgog`rgas yatras pranrè`s hd r`hga y tv+ Dl dstuhga oaksghdrÿ las pranrè`s hgcukhghas dktrd dl h` 07 hd dkdra f`st` dl ?: hd mukga hd 2::39 oaktde

plÿ 02: katgog`rgas y 20 pranrè`s hd tv, `s oaea 074 katgog`rgas y 00 pranrè`s hd r`hga, p`r` lanr`r uk tat`l hd ?8> dspògas katgogasas+Z`r` dstd tr`b`ma sd nr`b`rak y `k`lgz`rak odro` hd >> ::: far`s qudoaksgstgdrak dk eàs hd 28? >:: pgdz`s pdrgahstgo`s y sd ndkdr`rak eàshd 2: ::: hgstgktas rdpartds, vgsgblds p`r` las oguh`h`kas dk l` pàngk`hd Gktdrkdt hdl gcd+

Nrào` VVSGGG

ta`l eoas aas las aoàs ày lvsÿ eaaàs

Cudktd= gcd, @kàlgsgs ndkdr`l hd las rdsult`has hdl eakgtarda hd katgog`s+

?7+32:

8?+608

40+7:2

7+074

7+:38

23+74?

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: 0:+::: 2:+::: ?:+::: 8:+::: 4:+::: 3:+:::

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?:0

Hdl 07 hd dkdra `l ?: hd mukga hd 2::3, dk tahas las katgog`rgas hdr`hga y tdldvgsgÿk eakgtard`has dk dl p`s fuba uk tat`l hd 208,0:> edkogakds hd las p`rtghas y oa`lgogakds, `s oaea hdl Zraodsa Dldotar`l Cdhdr`l &pdc', a has a eàs hd las ktdrgards, egseas qud sd o`t`lan`rak oa

ea v`rgas+ Dl 23$ &48 >?>' hdl tat`l hd l`s edkogakds sd prdsdkt`rak dktdldvgsgÿk9 dl >8$ &047 ?>:' rdst`ktd, dk r`hga+ F`y qud gksgstgr dk qudùk ou`kha l` r`hga prahuod euofa eàs pranrè`s pdrgahstgoas, l` tdldvgsgÿk tgdkd nr`khds uhgdkog`s qud l` vudlvdk dl prgkogp`l abmdtgva hdl`s oèp``s+

Nrào` VVGV

Zao`m l a`l eoas aas las aoàseaaàs à y lvsÿ

hl 07 a l ?: ma 2::3


20$

22$

07$

8$

8$

0:$

2:$

24$

2:$

06$

8$

8$

0?$

08$

:$ 4$ 0:$ 04$ 2:$ 24$ ?:$

O Z B X

@ Z E

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XDLDSG_GëK

Edkogakds pasgtgv`s, kdn`tgv`s y kdutr`s

Dl 72$ &07> 08:' hd l`s 208 0:> edkogakds dk tahas las eakgtardasrd`lgz`has dk dl p`ås, cudrak ol`sgo`h`s hd òudrha ` las prgkogp`ldsnçkdras pdrgahstgoas= kat` gkcare`tgv`, rdpart`md, `kàlgsgs, dhgtarg`l aoråtgo` palåtgo` y orÿkgo`+ @hdeàs dst`s pgdz`s cudrak ol`sgo`h`s oaea

pasgtgv`s, kdn`tgv`s a kdutr`s+



?:2

Dl dstuhga oakoluyd qud las edhgas ka hds`rrall`rak uk sdsna hdogsgva o`lgo`kha a hdso`lgo`kha ` `lnuk` hd l`s oèp`ð`s+ L` e`yar

p`rtd hd l`s edkogakds &07> 08:' cudrak ol`sgo`h`s oaea kdutr`s &73$',lds sgnugdrak l`s kdn`tgv`s &?$' y l`s edkas cudrak l`s pasgtgv`s &0$'+

L`s 03 73> edkogakds rdst`ktds &6$' ka cudrak `k`lgz`h`s par l` de prds` oaktr`t`h` h`ha qud sd prahumdrak dk dspògas hd apgkgÿk, oaeasak eds` hd `kàlgsgs, dktrdvgst`, dkoudst`s, sakhdas y dstuhgas hd apgkgÿk, sàtgr` paltgo` y hdb`td+

Nrào` VVV

Zao`m eoas spòas apÿ aas lasaoàs à y lvsÿ eaaàs

hl 07 a l ?: ma 2::3




?:?

Nrào` VVVG

Zao`m eoas `v`s y pasv`s spoa l`seoas spòas aoasas aas las aoàs

à y lvsÿ eaaàs

hl 07 a l ?: ma 2::3


Xgdepa hdhgo`ha ` l`s edkogakds dk tahas las katgog`rgaseakgtard`has hdl p`s

Dl dstuhga `k`lgzÿ 22 40: 204 sdnukhas &3 242 far`s' hdhgo`has èdkogakds hd las p`rtghas y oa`lgogakds, `s oaea `l Zraodsa Dldotar`lCdhdr`l &pdc'9 `s oaea ` has a eàs hd las `ktdrgards, egseas qud sdo`t`lan`rak oaea v`rgas+



?:8

Nrào` VVVGG

_as eaaàs las pàs paloas a oa`loas las aoàs eaaàs à


:

2:::::

8:::::

3:::::

6:::::

0::::::

Dkdr a Cdbr dr a Er za @br gl Eya Mukga

Z@K OZBX @ZE ZK@ Z@_O

Eakgtarda hd las tgdepas hd tdldvgsgÿk

_ÿla 2:$ hdl tat`l hdl tgdepa hdhgo`ha las p`rtghas paltgoas a oa`lgogakds dk las katgog`rgas eakgtard`has sd prdsdktÿ dk tv+ Dk l` tv dl

tgdepa hdhgo`ha ` las p`rtghas paltgoas a oa`lgogakds dk las katgog`rgaseakgtard`has cud ùedkt`kha o`h` eds+ Hd `brgl ` mukga l` oabdrtur`katgogas` sd huplgoÿ hd 0>3 8:3 far`s edksu`lds+

@ la l`rna hd tah` l` oèp``, l` oabdrtur` hd las katgog rgas hd tdldvgsgÿk cud l` sgnugdktd= `' hdl tat`l hd sdnukhas hdhgo`has `l p`k, sdhdtdotÿ qud 2+40$ cudrak v`lar`has oaea kdn`tgvas, :+>7$ pasgtgvas y73+>:$ kdutras9 b' hdl tat`l hd sdnukhas hdhgo`has ` l` `pe, sd hdtdotÿqud 2+36$ cudrak v`lar`has oaea kdn`tgvas, :+73$ pasgtgvas y 73+?3$

kdutras, y o' hdl tat`l hd sdnukhas hdhgo`has ` l` obt, sd hdtdotÿ qud4+38$ cudrak v`lar`has oaea kdn`tgvas, :+38$ pasgtgvas y 7?+>2$ kdutras+ L` oakolusgÿk qud sd sungdrd ds qud uk ou`kha l` obt f`y` rdogbgha eàs edkogakds kdn`tgv`s, çst`s cudrak dso`s`s oaep`r`h`s oak l`skdutr`s+

Eakgtarda hd las tgdepas hd l` r`hga

L` e`yar p`rtd hdl dstuhga sd hdhgoÿ ` l` r`hga, 6:$ hdl tat`l hdtgdepa hdhgo`ha ` las p`rtghas paltgoas a oa`lgogakds dk las katgog`rgaseakgtard`has sd prdsdktÿ dk çst`+ Dl tgdepa hdhgo`ha las p`rtghas pa



?:4

ltgoas a oa`lgogakds dk las katgog`rgas eakgtard`has hd r`hga cud ùedkt`kha o`h` eds+ Dk praedhga, edksu`ledktd uedktÿ 2:4 far`s dltgdepa hdhgo`ha ` las tde`s hd p`rtghas paltgoas a oa`lgogakds+

L` oabdrtur` ` la l`rna hd tah` l` oèp`` sd prdsdktÿ hd l` e`kdr`

sgnugdktd= hdl tat`l hd sdnukhas hdhgo`has `l p`k, sd hdtdotÿ qud 3+>>$cudrak v`lar`has oaea kdn`tgvas, 0+8:$ pasgtgvas y 70+6?$ kdutras9hdl tat`l hd sdnukhas hdhgo`has ` l` `pe, sd hdtdotÿ qud 7+70$ cudrakv`lar`has oaea kdn`tgvas, 0+48$ pasgtgvas y 66+44$ kdutras9 hdl tat`lhd sdnukhas hdhgo`has l` obt, sd hdtdotÿ qud 08+?2$ cudrak v`lar`hasoaea kdn`tgvas, 2+04$ pasgtgvas y 6?+4?$ kdutras+ Oaea sd pudhd`prdog`r dk l` r`hga fuba uk sgnkgo`tgva uedkta hd edkogakds kdn`tgv`s p`r` l` obt dk oaep`rògÿk oak l`s hd tv &4+38$ dk tv y 08+?2$ dkr`hga'+ _abrd taha oaktr`st` oak l` o`ktgh`h hd edkogakds kdn`tgv`s qudsd atarn`rak `l p`k9 ds hdogr, dk r`hga y tv, ` l` obt sd atarnÿ eàs hdlhabld hd edkogakds kdn`tgv`s qud l p k+

Nrào` VVVGGG

_as oàs ` las pàs paloas a oa`loas las aoàs eaaàs à

hl 07 a l ?: ma 2::3


Las edhgas ka sdsn`rak l` gkcareògÿk sdnýk dl gcd

Hd ou`lqugdr e`kdr`, l` oakolusgÿk l` qud lldn` dl dstuhga hdl gcd dsqud las edhgas atarn`rak uk` oabdrtur` dqugt`tgv` ` l`s oèp``s hdl`s hgcdrdktds pl`t`care`s paltgo`s dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds+ Zar la edkashdshd dl pukta hd vgst` tr`hgogak`l= `sgnk`rak ` las p`rtghas dspògas



?:3

dqugv`ldktds ` su cudrz` dldotar`l9 l` e`yar` utglgz`rak paoas “mugogashd v`lar― p`r` sdsn`r ` c`var a dk oaktr` hd las o`khgh`tas, dtoçtdr`+

L` obt ds l` careògÿk qud rdogbd eàs edkogakds y tgdepa par p`rtdhd las katgog`rgas hd r`hga y tv9 sgk deb`rna, tèbgçk ds l` qud rdogbd

eàs edkogakds kdn`tgv`s, ukqud l` o`ktgh`h hd çst`s p`rdod paoa sgnkgo`tgv`+ L` o`ktgh`h hd edkogakds kdutr`s sak l` e`yarå` dk tahaslas p`rtghas, gkolugh` l` obt+ Zar t`kta, hdshd dl eakgtarda aog`l hdlgcd sd hdso`rt` qud las edhgas f`y`k gktdrvdkgha ` c`var a dk oaktr`,ou`ktgt`tgvèdktd a ou`lgt`tgvèdktd, hd lnuk` hd l`s careògakds paltgo`s qud oaepgtgdrak par l` prdsghdkog`+ Dk pao`s p`l`br`s, sdnýk dldstuhga hdl gcd, dl e`kdma hd l` gkcareògÿk dk las katgog`rgas hd r`hgay tv ka cud dl còtar qud pravaoÿ l`s asoglògakds dk l`s prdcdrdkog`sdldotar`lds+

Atras dstuhgas gkhdpdkhgdktds qud sd rd`lgz`rak oak uk dkcaqud sgegl`r & kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha tr`hgogak`l' tèbgçk lldn`rak ` dst` oakolusgÿk ndkdr`l, dktrd dllas o`bd ogt`r `l hd @lg`kz` Ovgo` &2::3`', qud yòudkt` uk` hço`h` rd`lgz`kha dstuhgas hd dstd tgpa+ Dst` akn oakoluydqud ` pds`r hd las dldedktas hd gkdqugh`h hd l` oaktgdkh`, las edhgasrd`lgz`rak uk` oabdrtur` dqugt`tgv` hd l`s oèp``s=

Las ldvds `v`kods dk l` oakstruoogÿk hd l` hdeaoròg` edxgo`k` euds

tr`k l` hgoatae` dktrd las òtards saog`lds y paltgoas, uk praodsa dkvudlta dk uk` hgkàego` hd vgaldkog` vdrb`l, gldn`lgh`h, gkmdrdkog` hdlDmdoutgva, l` “cudrtd hdbglgh`h― hdl gcd, l` hdsargdktògÿk `l dldotar`haukgh` ` las dxodsas dk las n`stas hd prdoèp``s y oèp``s, l` oaòogÿk hdl vata9 `l egsea tgdepa rddmÿ ogdrt` `pdrtur` edhgàtgo`, uk`

p`rtgogpògÿk dldotar`l eàs òtgv`, oaktukhdkog` dk l` `plgoògÿk hd l`ldngslògÿk, oaea edkogÿk dspdog`l dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk par rdsalvdr l`s oaktravdrsg`s oakstgtuogak`lds dk`qudllas tde`s dk las qud dl Oaksdma Ndkdr`l hdl gcd hdol`rÿ c`lt` hd

`trgbuogakds &@lg`kz` Ovgo`, 2::3`'+



?:>

Nrào` VVVGGG

Oalòÿ oas y pas sosa

Cudktd= @lg`kz` Ovgo`, 2::3`+

Dk l` nrào`, las tgpas hd hgsoursa sd oakodptu`lgz`rak hd l` sgnugdktd e`kdr`= Dv`luògakds, sd `k`lgz`rak mugogas hd v`lar hgvghgh`s dk c`var`blds a hdsc`var`blds9 Hgsu`sgakds, llè`has l` p`rtgogpògÿk dldotar`l+ Zrapudst`s, hd tgpa doakÿegoa, ghdalÿngoa, paltgoa y saog`l+ &ghde+'

L`s oakolusgakds hdl dstuhga hd @lg`kz` Oåvgo` tèbgçk kas oakr

e`k qud l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` y las tde`s kdn`tgvas cudrak dl tde`haegk`ktd hd l`s oèp``s= “Las Edhgas hd Oaeukgoògÿk odktr`raksu `tdkogÿk dk dl tgpa hd Dv`luògakds kdn`tgv`s y oakcraktògakds dktrd O`khgh`tas y Z`rtghas, l`s Zrapudst`s qudh`rak dk sdnukha tçregka― &@lg`kz` Ovgo`, 2::3`'+

Gksuogdkog`s hdl dstuhga hdl gcd

@ pds`r hd qud dl dstuhga oaktr`t`ha par dl gcd cud euy oastasa ydxtdksa, oaea sd`l`k euofas absdrv`hards &par dmdepla, @lg`kz` Ovgo`, 2::3`', p`rdktdedktd rdsultÿ gksuogdktd+



?:6

Dk prgedr lun`r, l` edtahalan` hdl dstuhga hd gbapd ka hdkd oak prdogsgÿk las orgtdrgas p`r` ol`sgo`r ` l`s pgdz`s dstuhg`h`s dk edkogakds pasgtgv`s, kdn`tgv`s a kdutr`s+ Z`r` ol`sgo`rl`s, sÿla hgod qud sdoaksghdr`k las

+++mugogas hd v`lar oak dl ou`l sd oakcrakt` a pay` pdrsak`l a gkstgtuogak`ledktd hd e`kdr` dspdoåo`, dxplåogt`, dk oaktr` a c`var hd uk o`khgh`ta, p`rtgha paltgoa a oa`lgogÿk, su oèp`` a sus pastur`s y pra

pudst`s paltgo`s+ Dk dstd pukta, hdbd oaksghdr`rsd qud uk mugoga hdv`lar ds la oaktr`rga hd uk mugoga hd fdofa= uk` reògÿk hd oaktdkghaka vdrgo`bld a oaktr`st`bld oak suodsas, qud pravgdkd hd uk` dv`luògÿk a prdogògÿk hd o`ràotdr pdrsak`l― &gcd, 2::3o'+

Oaea sd pudhd prdog`r, l` hdkgogÿk hd mugoga hd v`lar ds euy v`n`9rdegtd uk` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd dldedktas geprdogsas qud p`rdodk hd o`ràotdr submdtgva+ Zar la edkas atarn` hde`sg`h` lgbdrt`h l`s pdrsak`squd praods`k l` gkcareògÿk p`r` qud ol`sgqudk l`s edkogakds, hdpdkhgdkha hd sg dllas l`s oaksghdr`k e`ro`h`s par uk mugoga hd v`lar y qudl`s ol`sgqudk dk pasgtgv`s, kdn`tgv`s a kdutr`s, apgkgakds vdrgo`blds,hd o`ràotdr pdrsak`l, dtoçtdr`+

Z`r` las gkvdstgn`hards qud dstuhgèas l`s oèp``s, atra hdcdotahdl dstuhga oaksgstd dk qud l` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd gkcareògÿk `k`lgz`h`ka sd pudhd hgvghgr dk sdnedktas+ Zar uk` p`rtd, dl dstuhga acrdod uksgstde` dk dl qud sd pudhd dxtr`dr gkcareògÿk nlab`l hd nr`khds sdnedktas hd pranrè`s dstuhg`has+ Zar atr`, dl gcd dl`barÿ uk rdpartd k`l dxodsgvèdktd ndkdr`l, rdhuogha la qud fd prdsdkt`ha, pdra dk dstdrdpartd ka sd hds`nrdn`k sgqugdr` las sdnugegdktas hd l`s has nr`khdstdldvgsar`s+ Zar t`kta, oak dl sgstde`, dk dl edmar hd las o`sas, sd pudhdkoakaodr l` tdkhdkog`s ndkdr`lds, par dmdepla, hd las katgog`rgas hd tv hdl` deprds` Xdldvgs`, pdra ka hd las hgcdrdktds pranrè`s hd dst` deprd

s`+ Lanr`r rdpartds eàs dspdoåoas fubgdr` sgha euy gepart`ktd, puds p`r` las `k`lgst`s ka rdprdsdkt` la egsea l`s tdkhdkog`s hd las katgog`rgas hd edkar r`tgkn qud las pranrè`s dstdl`rds+

@ pds`r hd taha, oak dl sgstde` qugsd dv`lu`r nlab`ledktd tahas las prahuotas eakgtard`has, y dl rdsult`ha oakre` qud l`s edkogakds kdn`tgv`s y pasgtgv`s sak gksgnkgo`ktds dk oaep`rògÿk oak l`s kdutr`s,oaea sd `prdog` dk l` sgnugdktd nrào`=



?:7

Nrào` VVVS

Eoas a`ls pa v`laòÿ, o``s las pàspaloas las aoàs eaaàs, slà a`sl`s `s eaa``s paa l 07 a 2::3

`l ? mla 2::3

Xat`l hd edkogakds 28 ?:7+Cudktd= gbapd, Eakgtarda hd l` oabdrtur` hd las katgog`rgas+ <www+gcd+arn+ex;+

Las rdpartds hd publgogh`h eudstr`k uk` nr`k hdsgnu`lh`hdk l`s oèp``s

Atr` sdrgd hd dstuhgas hd edhgas euy gepart`ktd, cud dl eakgtarda hd publgogh`h hd l`s oèp``s+ Abvgèdktd dstas dstuhgas y` ka sd rd`lgz`k p`r` s`bdr sg l` oabdrtur` hd las edhgas ` l`s oèp``s dstuva sdsn`h`, puds l` oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h y` ka hdpdkhd hd las edhgas,sgka hd las p`rtghas+

_gk deb`rna, ds gepart`ktd rdso`t`r las rdsult`has hd dstas dstuhgas p`r` oaeprdkhdr l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd l`s oèp``s+ Kudvèdktddl dstuhga eàs dxtdksa y oastasa cud oaktr`t`ha par dl gcd ` l` deprds`gbapd+ Hd kudv` oudkt` sd f` apt`ha par sgktdtgz`r las rdsult`has hd dstddstuhga+ Zastdrgaredktd sd oaktr`st`ràk oak dl dstuhga qud rd`lgzÿ l`deprds` Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda+



?0:

Edtahalan`

Dl gcd rd`lgzÿ uk eakgtarda euy oaepldta sabrd l` publgogh`h hd l`soèp``s cdhdr`lds &hdl 07 hd dkdra l 26 hd mukga', sd rdvgs`rak praea

ogak`lds dk r`hga y tv, gksdrogakds dk prdks` y kukogas dspdotòul`rdsdk l` v` pýblgo` &gcd 2::3h'+ @ pds`r hd qud cud dl dstuhga eàs oaepldta qud sd rd`lgzÿ sabrd l` publgogh`h dk l`s oèp``s sÿla cud uk dstuhgaeudstr`l, qud ka oaktdepl`b` taha dl dspdotra hd `kukogas qud hgcukhgdrak las o`khgh`tas cdhdr`lds &las o`khgh`tas l` Zrdsghdkog`, l _dk`ha y l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has'+ @hdeàs hd las kukogas qud praeav`kuk o`khgh`ta dk p`rtgoul`r, dl dstuhga eakgtardÿ las “praeaogak`lds ndkçrgoas― qud praeav`k dl vata par v`rg`s o`khgh`tur`s hd uk p`rtgha aoa`lgogÿk+ H`h` l` gepart`kog` hdl dstuhga sd rdtae`rà l` e`yar p`rtdhd su gkcareògÿk+

Oakcusgÿk sabrd dl eakgtarda hd praeaogak`lds

Hur`ktd dl pdrgaha hd l`s oèp``s dl eakgtarda hdtdotÿ 082 ?46 praeaogak`lds dk tdldvgsgÿk, dqugv`ldktds ` ? :26 04? sdnukhas u 680far`s, hd las ou`lds 26$ oarrdspakhd ` praeaogak`lds hd o`khgh`tas `

prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo`, 02$ ` hgput`has, ?0$ ` sdk`hards y 27$ `ndkçrgoas+ L` oaktr`tògÿk hd praeaogak`lds hd las o`khgh`tas ` l` prdsghdkog` sdnýk dl gcd, sd pudhd vdr dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà 43Zaeaoa`ls oàs lvsÿ pa o`às ` Zs

hl 07 a l 26 ma 2::3

Zàs paloas a oa`loÿ kýea paeaoa`ls

tepa a`l laspaeaoa`ls

&sas'

Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p`k' 00 7:8 2>4 ?:7

@lg`kz` par Eçxgoa &`pe' 0: 824 2>3 ?00

Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &opbt' 03 ?03 ?07 044

Z`rtgha @ltdrk`tgv` _aog`lhdeÿor`t`y Oèpdsgk` &p`so'

2:3 8 6?:

Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &pk`' 0 848 27 :32Xat`l 8: ?:4 7:8 33>

Cudktd= gcd, 2::3`, Rdpartd k`l hd las eakgtardas hd praeaogak`lds+



?00

Las rdpartds p`rog`lds hdl gcd pravao`rak uk` oaktravdrsg` hur`ktdl` oèp``, puds sundr`k qud l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har f`b` sgha l` qud eàs spats oaktr`tÿ y, dk oaksdoudkog`, f`br` sgha l` oèp``qud eàs gkvgrtgÿ dk spats hd r`hga y tv, la ou`l, `p`rdktdedktd ka ds

ogdrta+03

Dk rd`lgh`h, ùkqud l` oèp`` hd l` obt fubgdr` oaktr`t`ha eàsspats, dk kýedras `bsalutas sd hdbd òl`r`r qud l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk oaktr`tÿ eàs kukogas ‟oak e`yards tgdepas hd pranrèògÿk‟ dklas far`rgas dstdl`rds hd l` tv, la ou`l sgnkgo` uk` gkvdrsgÿk eàs nr`khd qud dl hd l` obt+ Dsta sd hdeudstr` dk dl ýltgea gkcared p`rog`l prdsdkt`ha par dl egsea gcd+ Dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra absdrvdeas hdtdkghèdktd l` oaluek` hdl “Kýedra hd praeaogak`lds dk far`rga dstdl`r― hdl` tv kògak`l, dk dstd rubra Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ds dl qud eàs oaktr`tògakds rd`lgzÿ=

Oà 4>_eà` paeaoa`ls oàs pa o`às

` ps l` rpýblo`

_ue`targ` hd praeaogak`lds hdtdot`has par o`khgh`tas ` prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo`

kòa`l Lao`l

O`àkýea

paeaoa`ls

kýea paeaoa`ls

faàsl`

kýea paeaoa`ls

faàl`

kýea paeaoa`ls

faàsl`

kýea paeaoa`ls

faàl`

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 00 7:8 2 8>4 0 808 8 :24 ? 77:

Rabdrta E`hr`za 0: 824 0 408 2 0>0 ? :37 ? 3>0

@khrçs E`kudl

Lÿpdz Abr`har 03 ?03 2 2>0 2 ?43 8 ?>: > ?07

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 2:3 32 ?0 33 8>

Rabdrta Oèp` 0 848 ?62 >: 84> 484

ta`l 8: ?:4 3 >:8 3 :82 00 76> 04 4>2

03 Las spats sd oatgz`k hdpdkhgdkha hdl r`tgkn hdl pranrè` dk dl qud sd tr`ksegtdk9 dshdogr, hdpdkhgdkha hdl kýedra hd pdrsak`s gepòt`h`s oak las kukogas+ Hd e`kdr` qud, lasspats pranrè`has dk far`rgas dstdl`rds sak euofa eàs o`ras parqud tgdkdk eàs uhgdkog`+



?02

_ue`targ` hdl tgdepa tat`l hd praeaogak`lds hdtdot`has par o`khgh`tas prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo`

kòa`l Lao`l

O`à

tepa

sas

_as

faà sl`

_as

faà l`

_as

faà sl`

_as

faà l`

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 2>4 ?:7 36 :2> ?? ?78 6? 424 7: ?3?

Rabdrta E`hr`za 2>3 ?00 88 ?44 8> >32 64 326 76 433

@khrçs E`kudlLÿpdz ?07 044 82 ?>0 8: 00: 63 2>6 04: :?3

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 8 6?: 0 ?>: >0: 0 48: 0 20:

Rabdrta Oèp` 27 :32 > 38: 0 ?7? 7 08: 0: 667

ta`l 7:8 33> 038 02? 02? ?37 233 000 ?40 :38

Cudktd= gcd, 2::3h, rdpartd hd eakgtarda hd publgogh`h, mukga+

@ dsta f`y qud `nrdn`r qud las spats hd l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` qud`tò`b`k uk o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l dr`k oaktr`t`has par las p`rtghas+Ds hdogr, dstas spats kdn`tgvas ka sd trgbu`k l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds, sgka prgkogp`ledktd ` las p`rtghas &“spats ndkçrgoas―', d gkolusasd trgbu`k las o`khgh`tas hgput`has, s oaea las o`khgh`tas sdk`hards, kudvèdktd dk dstas rubras dl p k tdk` e`yar prdsdkog` qudl` oèp`` hd l` obt, oaea sd pudhd prdog`r dk las sgnugdktds ou`hras+

Oà 46Zaeaoa`ls oàs lvsÿ pa o`às pàs

&hl 07 a l 26 ma'

Zà Zaloa a Oa`loÿkýea

paeaoa`ls

tepa a`l las paeaoa`ls

&sas'Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p`k' 2 ?67 86 ?32

@lg`kz` par Eçxgoa & pe' 0? 48: 2>0 :2>

Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &obt' 0 834 ?0 :46

Z`rtgha @ltdrk`tgv` _aog`lhdeÿor`t`y Oèpdsgk` &p`so'

: :

Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &pk ' 26> 4 304

Xat`l 0> 360 ?43 :32

Cudktd= gcd, 2::3`, rdpartd k`l hd las eakgtardas hd praeaogak`lds+

Oà 4>`



?0?

Oà 47Zaeaoa`ls oàs lvsÿ pa o`às sàs

&hl 07 a l 26 ma'

Zà Zaloa a Oa`loÿ kýea paeaoa`ls

tepa a`l laspaeaoa`ls&sas'

Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p`k' 7 008 063 :7>

@lg`kz` par Eçxgoa & pe' 26 448 462 4>6

Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &obt' 2 383 4? 648

Z`rtgha @ltdrk`tgv` _aog`lhdeÿor`t`y Oèpdsgk` &p`so' : :

Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &pk`' ? 03? ? 20>

Xat`l 8? 8>> 664 >83

Cudktd= gcd, 2::3`, rdpartd k`l hd las eakgtardas hd praeaogak lds+

Oà 3:

Zaeaoa`ls çoas oàs lvsÿ&hl 07 a l 26 ma'

Zà Zaloa a Oa`loÿ kýea paeaoa`ls

tepa a`l las

paeaoa`ls&sas'

Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p`k' 08 073 274 3?4

@lg`kz` par Eçxgoa & pe' > >:4 060 667

Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &obt' 7 873 2:3 640

Z`rtgha @ltdrk`tgv` _aog`lhdeÿor`t` yOèpdsgk` &p`so'

463 08 437

Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &pk`' > 336 048 6:?

Z`rtgha Rdvaluogak`rga Gkstgtuogak`l &prg' ?73 0: >20

Z`rtgha hd l` Rdvaluogÿk Hdeaoràtgo` &prh' >:6 02 0?2

Z`rtgha Sdrhd Doalangst` hd Eçxgoa &pvde' 84 2 744

Oakvdrndkog` 74 2 02?Xat`l 8:674 660 3>6




?08

Atra dldedkta qud hdsegdktd l` vdrsgÿk hd qud l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har cud l` qud eàs gkvgrtgÿ dk spats ds dl eakgtarda hd l` r`hga+ Dkdstd tgpa hd edhgas, l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk cud l` qud oaktr`tÿ eàsspats+

Hdl 07 hd dkdra `l 26 hd mukga sd hdtdot`rak 432 088 praeaogak`ldsdk r`hga, dqugv`ldktds ` 00 ?46 607 sdnukhas a ? 044 far`s, hd las ou`lds82$ oarrdspakhd ` praeaogak`lds hd o`khgh`tas ` prdsghdktd hd l` Rd

pýblgo`, 0?$ hgput`has, 20$ sdk`hards y 24$ ndkçrgoas+

Oà 30Zaeaoa`ls oàs à pa o`às ps

&hl 07 a l 26 ma 2::3'

Zàs paloas a oa`loÿkýea

paeaoa`lstepa a`l las

paeaoa`ls

Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p`k' 0:3 73: 0 667 274

@lg`kz` par Eçxgoa & pe' 47 808 0 42: 347

Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &obt' 3: 80: 0 206 8?8

Z`rtgha @ltdrk`tgv` _aog`lhdeÿor`t`y Oèpdsgk` &p`so' ? 077 36 832

Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &pk ' ? ?36 33 77?

Xat`l 2?? ?40 8 >3? 68?




?04

Nrào` VVVSG

@oelà paeaoa`ls oàs à pa o`às` ps &07 a l 26 ma'


Zar atr` p`rtd, tèbgçk sd pudhd hdstò`r qud dk las “spats ndkçrgoas―hd r`hga dl p`k gkvgrtgÿ o`sg dl habld qud l` oèp`` hd l` obt+ Kudvèdktd f`y qud rdoarh`r qud l` e`yar` hd las spats hd publgogh`h kdn`tgv` p`s`b`k oaea “spats ndkçrgoas― y ka oaea hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l+

Oà 32Zaeaoa`ls çoas oàs à p`` o`` pà

a oa`loÿ &07 a l 26 ma'

Z`ghas palågoasa oa`lgogÿ

kýeda hdpaeaoga`lds

tgdepa a`lhd las paeaoga`lds

&sdnuhas'

Z`rtgha @oogÿk Kògak`l &p`k' 42 :84 0 :82>>4

@lg`kz` par Eçxgoa & pe' ?8 204 >:0 :26Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas &opbt' 27 7?3 38: 420

Z`rtgha @ltdrk`tgv` _aog`lhdeÿor`t` yOèpdsgk` &p`so'

6:7 03 070

Z`rtgha Kudv` @lg`kz` &pk`' 0? :84 234 ?30

Z`rtgha Rdvaluogak`rga Gkstgtuogak`l &prg' 8>: 7 00:

Z`rtgha hd l` Rdvaluogÿk Hdeaoràtgo` &prh' ? 8:? 87 4:6

Z`rtgha Sdrhd Doalangst` hd Eçxgoa &pvde' 027 0 626Xat`l 08: ?2>6 2 64: 402




?03

Dl rdpartd k`l hdl gcd eudstr` qud dk euofas atras prahuotas publgogt`rgas, l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hdl p k gkvgrtgÿ euofa eàs qud lòbt+Zar dmdepla, dk l` oaktr`tògÿk hd dspdotòul`rds qud sd hdspldn`rak dkl`s o`llds, dl p k oaktr`t` hgdz vdods eàs dspògas qud l` obt+

Oà 3?dspoòl`s oàs pa o`às ` Zs, pàs,

sàs y çoas p`` o`` pà a oa`loÿl 07 a l 26 ma 2::3

Zàpaloa a

oa`loÿ

O`às ps

O`às` pàs

O`às` sàs

nçoas ta`l

p k 0 067 0?8 23: 0?2 0 >04

o`pe 2 ?04 243 846 20? ? 282

opbt 02> 08 87 0?0 ?20

p`so : : : 3 3

pk` 032 2 4 28? 802

prh : : : 0 0

ZX : : : 6 6

Oakvdrndkog` : : : 0> 0>

ta`l ? >7? 8:3 >>2 >40 4 >22




?0>

O u ` h a 3 8

t l v s ÿ k + g k v s ÿ k s e ` h ` h l a s p a e a o a k ` l s h o ` h a s p a

o ` k h h ` a ` l ` p s h k o `

Z d r g a h a = 0 7 h d d k d r

a ` l 0 4 h d m u k g a h d 2 : : 3

g k v s ÿ k s e ` h `

O ` k h h ` a

d k

a

C b a

E ` z a

@ b l

E ` y a

M u k a

t a ` l

p ` k

C d l g p d O ` l

h d r ÿ k

( 2 4 7

3 0 4 3 2

( 3 ? 0 0 6 6 4 ?

( 8 0 3 8 0 4 7 :

( 8 0 4 7 0 8 4 7

( 2 0 6 ? 7 4 0 :

( 2 ? 2 0 ? 0 4 :

( 2 0 > : 7 3 : 0 8

@ l g ` k z ` p a r E ç x g o a

R a b d r t a E

` h r ` z a

( 2 4 ? 8 : 8 > >

( 3 7 3 : 4 2 : 6

( > ? : 0 0 3 ? ?

( 3 3 2 2 : 3 4 8

( 3 : 7 4 6 4 4 0

( 0 0 3 7 : 8 7 > >

( 8 0 2 : 8 0 4 : :

O a ` l g o g ÿ k

p a r d l B g d k h d X a h a s

` e l a

( 6 > 6 7 7 : ?

( 2 4 8 > 7 8 3 8

( 8 6 8 : 4 ? 4 4

( 8 8 ? 2 2 2 6 8

( 7 2 ? 7 2 > 0 2

( 4 > 7 6 > 4 > 0

( 2 > > 2 6 > 2 6 7

K u d v ` @ l g ` k z `

R a b d r t a O

` e p `

( 2 2

7 7 8 0 0

( 3 6 2 3 8 0 7

( 8 2 6 4 7 6 0

( 8 7 2 ? : :

( 2 > 4 6 4 4 ?

( 0 2 ? 7 ? 3 :

( 0 > 7 : 2 : 2 8

@ l t d r k ` t g v

`

Z ` t r g o g ` E

d r o ` h a

:

:

( 0 6 ? 3 > 6 8

( ? 3 0 > 4 4 6

( 4 4 2 3 : :

( 0 0 ? 6 6 2 7 8

( 0 > ? 7 4 2 ? 3

X a t ` l N d k d r ` l

( 3 2 0

2 0 ? 4 ?

( 0 3 4 : 2 7 7 8 8

( 0 3 7 0 6 0 ? 8 ?

( 0 4 3 2 8 8 0 8 4

( 0 > 6 4 : 0 7 2 3

( 2 0 : 3 8 ? ? 4 2

( 7 8 0 > 2 2 : 3 ?

C u d k t d = g c d , H

g o t ` e d k t d p m c , 2

: : 3 +



?06

O u ` h a 3 4

r ` h a + g k v s ÿ k s e ` h ` h l a s p a e a o a k ` l s h o ` h a s p a o `

k h h ` a ` l ` p s h k o

`

Z d r g a h a = 0 7 h d d k d r

a ` l 0 4 h d m u k g a h d 2 : : 3

O ` k h h ` a

d

k a

C b a

E ` z a

@ b l

E ` y a

M u k a

t a ` l

p ` k

C d l g p d O `

l h d r ÿ k

( 8 ?

? > 4 6 8 7

( 6 0 3 2 ? 4 3 : ( 8 3 4 0 2 6 0 8

( 3 8 6 ? ? 0 7 ?

( ? 8 : 6 6 0 8 8

( 4 : 4 4 4 > 8 8

( ? 2 : 7 6 7 ? : 8

@ l g ` k z ` p

a r E ç x g o a

R a b d r t a E

` h r ` z a

:

( 2 2 0 ? 3 6 0 7 ( ? 3 0 ? : 8 : 2

( 0 > 4 2 7 > 2 :

( ? 0 2 0 6 6 : :

( 0 > 7 4 : : 2 3

( 0 2 8 7 3 4 > 3 >

O a ` l g o g ÿ k

p a r d l B g d k h d X a h a s

` e l a

( 4

? 0 8 2 : 3

( 2 3 : > 6 8 3 ? ( ? 3 0 : 2 > 6 3

( 2 : : 6 : 8 6 3

( 2 0 8 : 3 0 ? 6

( 7 2 7 7 6 7 ?

( 0 0 6 2 6 0 7 > 8

K u d v ` @ l g ` k z `

R a b d r t a O

` e p `

( 0 ? 3 ? : >

( > 2 4 3 4 7 2

( 2 > 6 7 2 7 ?

( 2 : 8 8 : : 2

( 2 4 7 6 > 8 2

( 0 4 : 3 : 6 4

( 0 3 ? ? 0 : 2 0

@ l t d r k ` t g v `

Z ` t r g o g ` E

d r o ` h a

( 3 6 2 2

( 2 ? 7 7 6 2 ?

( ? 6 0 3 8 3 3

( 0 : 3 2 4 : 7

( 8 2 6 6 4 3 4

( 2 2 3 4 3 6 0

( 0 ? 6 ? 7 6 3 3

X a t ` l N d k

d r ` l

( 8 6

6 ? ? 0 6 8

( 0 ? 7 8 7 4 2 4 > ( 0 2 4 ? 4 0 > 3 ?

( 0 : 4 4 8 7 7 0 :

( 7 ? 3 : : ? 6 7

( 6 0 4 > > 8 2 7

( 4 7 8 8 : > 7 ? 2

C u d k t d = g c d , H

g o t ` e d k t d p m c , 2

: : 3 +



?07

Dstgeògÿk rd`lgz`h` par dl gcd sabrd dl n`sta hd l`s oèp``s

Dl gcd rd`lgzÿ uk` dstgeògÿk hdl oasta qud tuvgdrak las praeaogak`lds hd r`hga y tv hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds+ L` ou`l sd publgoÿ dk

dl hgotèdk qud dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk &tdpmc' rd`lgzÿ p`r` o`lgo`r l` dldoogÿk+ Dk dst` dv`luògÿk hdl gcd sd e`ktgdkd l` `p`rdktd oaktr`hgoogÿk qud y` sd f` sd`l`ha= ` pds`r hdqud l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hdl p k oaktr`tÿ e`yards tgdepas dk dlfar`rga dstdl`r hd l` tv n`stÿ edkas rdoursas qud l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hd l` obt+

Zar atr` p`rtd, dk dst` v`larògÿk dl gcd y` hdsoubrd uk` nr`k gkvdrsgÿk dk r`hga hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk, l` ou`l rdprdsdkt` eàs hdl ha

bld, dk dstd rubra, qud l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &Ou`hra 34'+_g sueèas las oastas hd las has ou`hras `ktdrgards tdkhrdeas qud

ùk dk dst` `prdogògÿk hdl gcd ‟b`st`ktd c`var`bld `l p`k ‟ l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hdl p`k f`br` sgha eàs o`r` qud l` oèp`` hd l` obt+_ue`kha las n`stas &t`k sÿla hd r`hga y tv' oaksghdr`has dk las ou`hras`ktdrgards tdkhrdeas l` sgnugdktd dstgeògÿk=

Oà 33dseòÿ l gcd sab `sas à y tv

l`s oèp``s pso`ls

O`à tv rà ta`l

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ( 20> :73 :08+:: (?2: 737 ?:8+:: (4?6 :34 ?06+::


(802 :80 4::+:: (028 734 >3>+:: (4?> ::> 23>+::

Rabdrta E`hr`za (2>> 26> 267+:: (006 260 7>8+:: (?74 437 23?+::

Cudktd= gcd, hgotèdk Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk, 2::3+

Rdpartd gkhdpdkhgdktd hd l` deprds` Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda

Oaea y` sd f` sdð`l`ha, dl rdpartd k`l hdl eakgtarda hd publgogh`h

hdl gcd &2::3`', gkhuma gktdrprdtògakds qud, `p`rdktdedktd, ka oarrds pakhå`k oak l` rd`lgh`h+ Dk dl rdpartd aog`l k`l hdl gcd &2::3`' sdo`loul` qud dl o`khgh`ta qud eàs spats hd tv oaktr`tÿ ds Lÿpdz Abr`har, sgk deb`rna, sd aegtd qud O`lhdrÿk ds dl qud eàs spats oalaoÿ dk



?2:

las far`rgas dstdl`rds hd l` tv+ @hdeàs, dl dstuhga aog`l tèbgçk gnkar` l` oèp`` hd publgogh`h kdn`tgv` parqud ka cud oaktr`t`h` par lòèp`` prdsghdkog`l, sgka par dl p`k9 par dstd eatgva, ka ds o`su`l quddk las spats ndkçrgoas dl p`k sd` dl qud rdngstr` eàs publgogh`h+ @ taha

dsta sd hdbd `nrdn`r qud dk l` r`hga, O`lhdrÿk ds dl qud oaktr`t` eàs publgogh`h+ Oak tahas dstas e`tgods, prakta sd lldn` ` l` oakolusgÿk hdqud dk rd`lgh`h l` gkvdrsgÿk hd O`lhdrÿk dk publgogh`h hdbgÿ sdr euofaeàs lt` qud l` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Dst` supdrgargh`h k`kogdr` hd l` oèp`ð` hd O`lhdrÿk sd pakd dkdvghdkog` dk uk eakgtarda hd publgogh`h dl`bar`ha par l` deprds` Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda qud cud publgo`ha par dl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l &Ear`lds, > hd mulga, 2::3'+

Dl Tkgvdrs`l salgogtÿ ` l` deprds` Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda uk sdnugegdkta hd las praeaogak`lds qud l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hgcukhgdrak dk l`s dstògakds hd r`hga y tv hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, Nu`h`l`

m`r` y Eaktdrrdy+ Ds hdogr, dstd eakgtarda sd dkcao` prgkogp`ledktd `l`s o`hdk`s kògak`lds, `s oaea l`s dstògakds hd las prgkogp`lds odktras urb`kas hdl p`s+ @ukqud dl dstuhga oaktdeplÿ dl pdrgaha hd l` prdoèp``, l` p`rtd eàs gepart`ktd cud l` oèp`` &hdl 07 hd dkdra f`st`dl 26 hd mukga'+ La sgnkgo`tgva hdl dstuhga &` hgcdrdkog` hdl dstuhga hdl

gcd' ds qud s oaksghdr` las far`rgas dk las ou`lds sd oalao`k las spats,oak la ou`l sd dxfgbdk l`s nr`khds gkvdrsgakds hd publgogh`h hd l`s oè

p``s hd O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za+Sdrgoògÿk Eakgtarda o`loulÿ dl oasta hd las oaktr`tas hd publgog

h`h hd oudrha l`s t`rgc`s pýblgo`s y sgk oaksghdr`r hdsoudktas kg atr`skdnaogògakds9 p`r` dlla taeÿ oaea rdcdrdkog` l`s t`rgc`s publgo`h`s dkdl t`rgc`rga hd edhgas Edhg` Sg`s` &ghde'+

L` deprds` oakt`bglgzÿ 2? ?6: spats tdldvgsgvas y 00> 6?6 `kukogas

r`hgacÿkgoas hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds &Ear`lds, 0 hd mulga, 2::3'+O`lhdrÿk utglgzÿ 2 22: kukogas prap`n`khstgoas dk su prdoèp``, hdl02 hd mulga `l 02 hd hgogdebrd hd 2::49 dk dstd pdrgaha f`br` n`st`ha

par la edkas (38 7:? 22:+>? dk spats hd r`hga y tv+ _gk deb`rna, sdr`dk l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hakhd n`st`r` dl e`yar prdsupudsta hd tahas las oaktdkhgdktds=

Hdl 07 hd dkdra `l 26 hd mukga, hgcukhgÿ 38 8:: `kukogas dk r`hga y tdld

vgsgÿk kògak`l, lao`l, y hd p`n`, par las qud f`br` dran`ha 30> 0:7 6>? pdsas, sdnýk t`rgc`s pýblgo`s &Ear`lds, > hd mulga, 2::3'+



?20

_ue`kha prdoèp`` y oèp``, l` deprds` hdsoubrd 33 32: spatshd O`lhdrÿk, las ou`lds rdprdsdkt`k uk` gkvdrsgÿk hd 362 :0? :78 pdsas+

Dl sdnukha lun`r dk n`stas hd publgogh`h la f`br` abtdkgha Rabdrta E`hr`za+ Dk su prdoèp`` ‟hdl 03 hd `nasta `l 00 hd hgogdebrd

hd 2::4‟ sd oakt`rak 0 726 `kukogas, qud rdprdsdkt`r`k uk` oasta hd60 0?: >77 pdsas+ Zastdrgaredktd dk l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l E`hr`zahgcukhgÿ ?7 >:8 spats qud f`brå`k sgnkgo`ha uk oasta hd 842 767 062

pdsas+ Hd e`kdr` qud sue`kha oèp`` y prdoèp``, E`hr`za f`bròaktr`t`ha 80 3?2 `kukogas qud rdprdsdkt`r`k uk n`sta hd 4?8 007 760

pdsas &Ear`lds, > hd mulga, 2::3'+Zar ýltgea, hd las trds oaktdkhgdktds prgkogp`lds, @khrçs E`kudl Lÿ

pdz Abr`har f`br` sgha dl o`khgh`ta qud edkas n`stÿ+ Hd dktr`h`, dk

su prdoèp`` sÿla oaktr`tÿ 6> spats tdldvgsgvas hdl 22 hd aotubrd l 0:hd hgogdebrd hdl a p`s`ha, par las qud f`br` p`n`ha 4 32> 8:: pdsas+_gk deb`rna, dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds y` oaktr`tÿ uk` o`ktgh`heàs sgnkgo`tgv`, ?0 03: spats, `s oaea 004 pranrè`s hd tdldvgsgÿk& L` atr` vdrsgÿk' qud sd tr`ksegtgdrak par tv @ztdo`, par taha dlla f`

br` lgqugh`ha 27: :4: ?63 pdsas+ _ue`kha prdoèp`` y oèp``, sdo`loul` qud f`br` gkvdrtgha 274 3>> >63 pdsas &ghde'+

Oà 60gvsÿ pblo` rày tv las o`às pso`ls

O`à Zoèp`` Oèp`òasoa`l

ta`l

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk (38 7:? 22:+>? (30> 0:7 6>?+2> (362 :0? :78+::

Rabdrta E`hr`za (60 0?: >77+:: (842 767 062+46 (4?8 007 760+::


(4 32> 8::+:: (27: :4: ?63+8> (274 3>> >63+::

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda, dk Ear`lds, > hd mulga, 2::3+



?22

Rdpartd k`kogdra hd l`s oèp`ð`s

Dl rdpartd k`kogdra hd l` oèp`ð` hdl p k dktrdn`ha `l ÿrn`ka hdso`lgzògÿk hdl gcd oaktr`hgod tah`s l`s dstgeògakds, ùk l` hdl prdsu

pudsta eàs b`ma qud ds l` hdl gcd, kg sd hgn` l` hdl rdpartd hd Sdrgoògÿky Eakgtarda qud kas p`rdod dl eàs rd`lgst` parqud sd b`s` dk t`rgc`s pýblgo`s y oaksghdr` dl oasta rd`l hd las spats oalao`has dk las far`rgas dstdl`rds+ Dk las rdpartds k`kogdras dktrdn`has l gcd, l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`lhdl p k `sdnur` qud cud l` oèp`` qud edkas rdoursas n`stÿ hd las trdsnr`khds p`rtghas &(24> 6?> 77:+::'9 ld sgnud l` obt &(?6? 302 02:+::'9 y par ýltgea, l` oèp`` hdl prg f`br` sgha l` eàs akdras` &(888 688 60:+::'+Dsta sd pudhd `prdog`r dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra=

Oà 36n`sas oelàs l`s oèp``s palo`s ps l`rpýblo` l 07 a l 26 ma 2::3 &els psas'

p`k o`pe opbt pk` p`so

Zrdks` &Z' 2 4:4+2? 2: >6>+3: 0 ?:8+32 0 02?+47 :

R`hga &R' 70 477+36 40 784+07 67 6:>+2? 2 308+80 0 >42+:8

Xdldvgsgÿk &X' 02> 2>3+42 278 766+>? 23> 76>+4 07 844+28 8 660+8>

Xat`l edhgas Z)R)X 220 ?60+88 ?3> >20+42 ?47 :77+?4 2? 07?+28 3 3??+40

@kukogasdspdotòul`rds &@D'

?: >82+:3 37 >68+?4 28 402+>> ? 200+2 :

_`l` hd Ogkd &_O' 2 732+>3 4 ::: : : :

Zàngk`s hd Gktdrkdt

&ZG'

2 >40+>8 2 ??6+74 : 02+0: :

Xat`l Zrap`n`kh`@D)_O)ZG

?3 843+44 >> 02?+27 28 402+>> ? 22?+27 :

N`sta oueul`haXat`l Edhgas ) Xat`lZrap`n`kh`

24> 6?>+77 888 688+60 ?6? 302+02 23 803+48 3 3??+40

Cudktd= gcd, 2::>d, Dqugh`h y tr`ksp`rdkog` dk l` oaktgdkh` dldotar`l+

Z`rdod oaktr`hgotarga qud l` oèp`` hdl p k, qud oaktr`tÿ eàs praeaogak`lds dk far`rgas dstdl`rds hd tv, eàs spats dk r`hga y qud cud l`sdnukh` oak eàs dspdotòul`rds dk l`s o`llds, f`y` sgha l` qud edkas



?2?

rdoursas n`stÿ hd las trds nr`khds p`rtghas+ Dl rdpartd k`kogdra quddktrdnÿ dl p`k `l ÿrn`ka hd so`lgzògÿk hdl gcd oaktr`hgod tah`s l`sdstgeògakds+ Ds hdogr, sdnýk Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda l` oèp`ð`

prdsghdkog`l hdl p`k f`br` oast`ha (30> 0:7 6>?+2>9 sdnýk l`s dstge`

ogakds hdl gcd, t`k sÿla l` publgogh`h hd r`hga y tv, f`br` oast`ha(4?6 :34 ?06+::, y par ýltgea, sdnýk dl rdpartd k`kogdra dktrdn`ha par l` oèp`` hdl p`k `l ÿrn`ka hd so`lgzògÿk hdl gcd, l` oèp`òastÿ (24> 6?> :::+77 gkoluydkha tahas las prahuotas publgogt`rgas, dshdogr, gkolughas las praeaogak`lds hd r`hga y tv+

Oà 37dseòas las `sas l`s oèp``s à y lvsÿ

dseòÿ lgcd-

dseòÿ Sdrgoògÿk y

Eaaa

rpask`kogdras

às palas pàs l

gcd--

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk (4?6 :34 ?06+:: (30> 0:7 6>?+2> (24> 6?> 77:+::

@khrçs E`kudl

Lÿpdz Abr`har (4?> ::> 23>+:: (262 ::: ?63+8> (?6? 302 02:+::

RabdrtaE`hr`za

(?74 437 23?+:: (842 767 062+46 (888 688 60:+::

-L` dstgeògÿk hdl gcd sÿla oaktdepl` dl prdsupudsta hd las praeaogak`lds hd r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk, ka dl rdsta hd prahuotas publgogt`rgas+--Las rdpartds k`kogdras oaktdepl`k las n`stas hd atras prahuotas publgogt`rgas p`rtd hdlas praeaogak`lds hd r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk+Cudktd= Hgotèdk tdpmc &2::3', Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda &> hd mulga 2::3', gcd 2::>d

Xèbgçk p`rdod oaktr`hgotarga qud l` oèp`` hd l` obt f`y` rdpart`ha o`sg 4:$ eàs hd prdsupudsta qud l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk pds`r hd qud l` obt oaktr`tÿ edkas praeaogak`lds dk far`rgas dstdl`rds hd l`tv, edkas praeaogak`lds hd r`hga y 0: vdods edkas dspdotòul`rds dkl`s o`llds qud l` oèp`` hdl p`k+

Dst`s oaktr`hgoogakds sÿla sak dxplgo`blds parqud= 0' l` oèp`` hdlp`k kudvèdktd aoultÿ su vdrh`hdra prdsupudsta9 ya 2' parqud l`s tdldvgsar`s y o`hdk`s hd r`hga kudvèdktd f`y`k `yuh`ha hdlgbdr`hèdktd `l p k acrdogçkhald publgogh`h euy b`r`t` y o`stgn`ha ` l`s oè

p``s hd sus `hvdrs`rgas oabràkhalds euy o`r` l` publgogh`h+



?28

@eb`s fgpÿtdsgs cudrak oaeprab`h`s hdspuçs hd l` oèp``+ L` prgedr` fgpÿtdsgs qudhÿ oaeprab`h` ou`kha dl gcd s`kogakÿ `l p`k &gnu`l qud las atras p`rtghas' parqud ka rdpartÿ euofas n`stas publgogt`rgas &_`lhgdrk` y Trrutg`, 07 hd e`ya, 2::>'+

Dk dl 2::3 ka cud l` prgedr` ao`sgÿk dk qud dl p`k aoult`b` su vdrh`hdra prdsupudsta+ Dk l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hdl à 2:::, Sgodktd Cax, dl o`khgh`ta p`kgst` qud n`kÿ l` oaktgdkh`, abtuva rdoursasglogtas hdl dxtr`kmdra tr`vçs hd uk` arn`kgzògÿk llè`h` las @egnas hdCax+ Dstas rdoursas glåogtas ka cudrak oakt`bglgz`has dk las rdpartds k`kogdras dktrdn`has l gcd, pdra as eàs t`rhd uk` gkvdstgnògÿk muhgog`l hdsoubrgr` l` rdh hd oarrupogÿk y dl p k sdr` s`kogak`ha par dl gcd &Z`str`k`, 2> hd mukga, 2::8'+

L` sdnukh` fgpÿtdsgs tèbgçk cud oaeprab`h`+ Dxgstdk v`rgas rd partds hdl p`k dktrdn`has l gcd hakhd sd hdeudstr` qud l`s tdldvgsar`sabsdqug`rak spats ` uk prdoga åkea &7 hÿl`rds par ukgh`h' l`s oèp``s hdl p k nròg`s l`s kdnaog ogakds rd`lgz`h`s par dl o`khgh`ta p`kgst` _`ktg`na Orddl+ F`y qud rdoarh`r qud dstd o`khgh`ta, edsds `ktds hdl`s oèp``s, ou`kha cukn` oaea _dordt`rga hd Nabdrkògÿk &dk dln`bgkdtd hdl prdsghdktd Cax', f`b` absdqug`ha oakodsgakds hd o`sgkas l`s tdldvgsar`s+++ &Eaktds y Oÿrhav`, 07 hd mukga, 2::3' &Xdfdràk y Nÿ

edz, 20 hd mukga, 2::3'+@hdeàs, ` dstd dxtràrhgk`rga n`sta hd oèp`` rd`lgz`ha par dl

p`k, f`brå` qud sue`r l` oèp`ð` hd las deprds`rgas l` ou`l bdkdogÿ`l o`khgh`ta p`kgst` oaea rdoakaogÿ dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk &tdpmc'+ Abvgèdktd, dl gcd tèpaoa oaksghdrÿlas spats hd las deprds`rgas9 sgk deb`rna, dl hgotèdk hdl Xrgbuk`lDldotar`l oakre` qud las spats hdl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`l`yuh`rak l p`k y cudrak gldn`lds=

@l f`bdr qudh`ha hdeastr`ha qud dl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`loaktr`tÿ t`lds praeaogak`lds Y+++U sd òtu`lgz` uk` vgalògÿk Y+++U Hgof`vgalògÿk ` la hgspudsta dk dl oÿhgna dldotar`l cdhdr`l oakstgtuyd uk`grrdnul`rgh`h qud vgal` las prgkogpgas oakstgtuogak lds hd gnu`lh`h dk lòaktgdkh` y hd ldn`lgh`h dldotar`l dst`bldoghas dk dl `rtoula 80, pàrr`casdnukha, cròogakds GG y GGG, hd l` Oakstgtuogÿk cdhdr`l &tdpmc, 2::3'+

Zar atr` p`rtd, dl hgotèdk hdl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l tèbgçk oakoluyÿqud l` gktdrvdkogÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax dk l` oaktgdkh` pusa dk rgdsna l`ldn`lgh`h hdl praodsa= “Dst` _`l` _updrgar ka p`s` par `lta qud l`s hdol`rògakds `k`lgz`h`s hdl prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo` Sgodktd Cax Pud



?24

O u ` h a > :

g k v s ÿ k k p u b l o h ` h h

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O ` k h h ` a

t l v s ÿ k k ` o a k ` l

t l v s ÿ k l a o

` l

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r ` h a

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t e p a

O a s a

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t e p a

O a s a

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t e p a

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h a r

2 , 4 4

>

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?

2 , 2

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( 0 : , 6 0 4 , :

4 ? + 2

?

0 , 3

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0 : = : 7 = 8 : ( 0 0

, 4 3 4 , 7

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3

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4

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:

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7

R ` h g a C u t u r a

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K H

K H

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( 0 2 , 2

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C u d k t d = D l ` b a r ` o g ÿ k p r a p g ` o a k b ` s d d k E a r ` l d

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: : 3 +



?23

s`h`, sd oakstgtuydrak dk uk rgdsna p`r` l` v`lghdz hd las oaegogas qudsd o`lgo`k dk dst` hdtdregkògÿk― &tdpmc, 2::3'+

Edsds hdspuçs hd l` dldoogÿk, dl egsea Sgodktd Cax sd uc`k`r` pý blgoèdktd hd f`bdr p`rtgogp`ha dk l` oèp`` dk oaktr` hd Lÿpdz

Abr`har=Wa tuvd eg prapga prablde` oak dl `lo`lhd hd l` Oguh`h hd Eçxgoa, @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har Y+++U tdk` uk hglde`= par uk l`ha, rdspdt`r làrhdk hdl mudz a par dl atra dl rdolèa hd Lÿpdz Abr`har hd qud su o`khgh`tur` ` l` prdsghdkog sd rdspdt`r`+ Cud uk` hdogsgÿk hgcogl y l` pdrh+ Çlabtuva f`st` 6:$ hdl rdsp`lha hd l` ndktd p`r` qud sd rdspdt`r` su hdrdofa ` p`rtgogp`r oaea o`khgh`ta ` l` prdsghdkog` Y+++U rdtgrèas dl mugoga

paltgoa y p`nud las oastas+Zdra 06 edsds hdspuçs abtuvd eg vgotarg`+ Dl h` hd l` dldoogÿk n`kÿ

dl o`khgh`ta hd eg p`rtgha+ ¡Ed hdsqugtç! &H`z, 2::>, p+ 00'+

L` oakolusgÿk sabrd dstd tde`, dktakods, ` hgcdrdkog` hd l`s vdrsgakds aptgegst`s qud t`kta f`bl`k hd l` dqugh`h dk l` “hdeaoròg` edxgo`k`―, ds qud dk dl 2::3 `ýk subsgst`k euof`s oakhgogakds hd gkdqugh`h d gkolusa hd gldn`lgh`h= tdldvgsar`s y o`hdk`s hd r`hga qud c`vardo`k` uk o`khgh`ta y pdrmuhgo`b`k ` atras oak las oaktr`tas hd publgogh`h9deprds`rgas qud gldn`ledktd oaktr`t`k publgogh`h p`r` oaepdtgr dk l`s

oèp``s9 olgdktdlgsea p`r` gkhuogr ` las dldotards9 gktdrvdkogÿk hdl prdsghdktd dk dl praodsa dldotar`l+++ F`y qud rde`ro`r qud dst`s oakolusgakds ka sÿla sak hd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk, sgka qud tèbgçk f`k sgha dx

prds`h`s par dl Xrgbuk`l Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l &tdpmc, 2::3', `s oaea par l`s akn qud supdrvgs`k dl praodsa dldotar`l t`lds oaea @lg`kz` Ovgo`&@lg`kz` Ovgo`, 2::3`'+

L` `` las e`s `vas Ka abst`ktd, dst` gkvdstgnògÿk pl`ktd` qud l` oabdrtur` hd l`s oè

p``s par p`rtd hd las pdrgahgst`s ds edkas gepart`ktd qud l` ndkh` hdlas tde`s kdn`tgvas dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds+

Hdshd dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd pl`ktd` qud las dstuhgas tr`hgogak`lds hd“`kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha― sak gksuogdktds p`r` hdtdot`r l`s tdkhdkog`sòtu`lds hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+ Dstas dstuhgas qud sgrvgdrak

p`r` hdtdot`r dl sdsna hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk hur`ktd dl pdrgahak`l hdl utargt`rgsea, dk l` otu`lgh`h y` ka part`k las dldedktas kdods`rgas parqud las edhgas f`k prdkhgha rd`lgz`r oabdrtur`s qud p`rdzo`k dqugt`tgv`s hdktra hd las kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha tr`hgogak`lds+



?2>

Zdra sabrd taha, dstas dstuhgas tr`hgogak`lds y` ka cukogak`k parqudòtu`ledktd la hdogsgva dk l` ndkh` katgogas` hd las edhgas y` ka ds lòabdrtur` hd l`s oèp``s hd las o`khgh`tas, sgka l` oabdrtur` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas qud cdot`k dst`s oèp``s+ Zar dmdepla, b`st` oak qud

uk edhga prgvgldngd las oakgotas hd uk p`rtgha p`r` hdsc`vardodr susoèp``s, pdra dk uk dstuhga hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha tr`hgogak`l ka sdlanr` rdngstr`r dstd sdsna kdn`tgva, puds ka sd oubrd hgrdotèdktd ` lòèp`` sgka sus lg`has+

Dst` gkvdstgnògÿk pastul` qud otu`ledktd, dk l` dr` hd l` vghdapaltgo`, la qud eàs sd hdbd v`lar`r ds dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh` y hd e`kdr`dspdog`l, l` `ndkh` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas9 p`r` hdtdot`r dsta sd rdqugdrdk dstuhgas hd edhgas gkkav`hards qud dv`lýdk dl e`kdma hd l` ndkh`y, sabrd taha, dl e`kdma hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas par p`rtd hd las edhgas+Las tde`s kdn`tgvas sak las dvdktas qud hdtdregk`k l` `tdkogÿk hd lasedhgas9 oakstgtuydk las rdoursas eàs gepart`ktds oak las qud mudn`klas edhgas p`r` gkugr dk dl rdsult`ha hd l`s dldoogakds+

Dk dstd `kàlgsgs hd l` oèp`` y` sd f` hdeastr`ha qud dxgstd uk`rdlògÿk dktrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas y l`s asoglògakds dk l`s prdcdrdkog`sdldotar`lds+ Zrudb` hd dlla cud l` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog s hd E`hr`zadk dkdra y cdbrdra par dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Nÿbdr Zrdogasa9 pdra, sabrdtaha, l` o`h` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk e`rza y `brgl par dl tde` kdn`tgva

Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s9 y par ýltgea, l` rdl`tgv` o`h` hd O`lhdrÿk dk mukga par dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+

Dk l`s sgnugdktds pàngk`s sd eastr`ràk las rdsult`has hd uk `kàlgsgshd oaktdkgha hd trds pdrgÿhgoas y uk sdnugegdkta hdl prgkogp`l gkcare`tgva hd Xdldvgs`, Dl Katgogdra9 dstd kàlgsgs sd dkcao` dv`lu`r l` care`dk qud las edhgas e`kdm`k l` ndkh`, hd e`kdr` dspdog`l las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`s oèp``s+

Oab` las e`s `vas las pÿoas

Edtahalan` hdl `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hdl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh`

Z`r` dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd rd`lgzÿ uk dstuhga hd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha, pdra ` hgcdrdkog` hd las dstuhgas tr`hgogak`lds ka sd dv`luÿ sg h`b`kdspògas sgegl`rds ` l`s oèp``s, tèpaoa sg l`s edkogakds sabrd l`soèp``s dr`k pasgtgv`s a kdn`tgv`s+ Las prgkogp`lds gkhgo`hards pra

pudstas dv`lý`k trds tgpas hd katgog`s= 0' prapudst`s hd las o`khgh`tas92' dstr`tdng`s hd l`s oèp``s9 ?' las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`s oèp``s+



?27

hd sdr uk` kat` oaepldt` a uk sdnedkta hd dll`, uk dko`bdz`ha, uk`llè`h`+++

Z`r` ol`sgo`r l`s ukgh`hds hd sdktgha sd utglgzÿ l` edtahalanå` hdOfrgstg`k Zl`ktgk &0776, p+ 000', qugdk hgod qud dl sdktgha hd uk` dxprd

sgÿk vdrb`l ka ds nrè`tgo`l sgka l` qud e`ro` l` hgrdoogÿk, l` gktdkogak`lgh`h fòg` hakhd sd hgrgnd dl dkukog`ha “dsa qud qugdra hdogr ds dsafòg` hakhd argdkta―+

L`s sgnkgoògakds, dktakods, ka dstàk hdktra hd l`s p`l`br`s lgtdr`lds, sgka dk las e`roas hgsoursgvas otgv`has par ds`s p`l`br`s y praydot`has sabrd l` oaktgkuògÿk hdl hgsoursa &Zl`ktgk, 0776, p+ 002'+ Dl sdktgha ka dstà argdkt`ha fòg` dl pdksègdkta a fòg` l` rd`lgh`h sgka fòg`l` oaktgkuògÿk hdl hgsoursa+ Oaeprdkhdr uk dkukog`ha ds sdr o`p`z hdo`pt`r su sdktgha, ds hdogr, l`s gktdkogakds qud dxprds` lgknüstgoèdktd,l`s oakolusgakds qud prdnur`+ Dk sue`, dl sdktgha, ds hdogr, l` gktdkogÿk,sd hdkd quå oaea l` oùs` k`l hdl dkukog`ha &gbgh +, pp+ 00>006'

Zar t`kta, sd oakt`rak y eghgdrak l`s ukgh`hds hd sdktgha dkoaktr`h`s dk l`s part`h`s hd las trds pdrgÿhgoas ktds ogt`has+ L`s ukgh`hds hdsdktgha sd ol`sgo`rak dk trds prgkogp`lds oudrpas tdeàtgoas= tde`s kdn`tgvas, prapudst`s hd oèp`` y eavgegdktas dstr`tçngoas hd l` oè

p``+Las tde`s kdn`tgvas sak las gkoghdktds qud hdsc`vardodk ` uk` oè

p`` y qud sak hgcukhghas par las edhgas+ Tsu`ledktd las egseas pdrgahgst`s utglgz`k hgcdrdktds dxprdsgakds earhòds, grÿkgo`s a cr`koèdktd ortgo`s, p`r` dxplgogt`r l` kdn`tgvgh`h hdl tde`+ Hd e`kdr` qudl` hgcusgÿk hd dstas tde`s supakd qud dl pýblgoa ùedkt`rà su rdof`zafòg` dst` oèp``+

L`s trds prgkogp`lds careògakds paltgo`s qud oaktdkh`k par l` prdsghdkog` rdngstr`rak tde`s kdn`tgvas gepart`ktds, par dmdepla, hdl p k sd pudhd ogt`r= dl prdsukta dkrgqudogegdkta glogta hd las fgmas hd l` prg

edr` hè`9 l`s hdol`rògakds hds`cartuk`h`s hdl prdsghdktd Cax9 dl prdsukta oaktubdrkga hd O`lhdrÿk oak su “ou`ha― Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha]`v`l`+++ Dktrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` obt hdstò`rak= dl gktdroèbgahd gksultas qud sastgdkd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak dl prdsghdktd Cax9 l` gk`sgstdkog` `l prgedr hdb`td9 l` prdsukt` gktdrvdkogÿk hdl prdsghdktd Ofàvdzdk l` oèp`` hd l` obt9 l` prabldeàtgo` saog`l y doakÿego` hdl nhc+++Zar ýltgea, dktrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hd l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa, sd dkoudktr`k= dl o`sa hd e`kgpulògÿk hd l` mustgog` rd`lgz`h`

par dl nabdrk`har E`rga E`rk9 dl o`sa hd dkrgqudogegdkta gkdxplgo` bld hdl dx nabdrk`har Eaktgdl9 l` punk` hd Dlb` Dstfdr Narhglla oakRabdrta E`hr`za9 l` luof` gktdrk` hdl prg par l`s o`khgh`tur`s+++



??:

L`s prapudst`s rddrdk ` las praydotas hd nabgdrka qud acrdodk laso`khgh`tas p`r` rdsalvdr l` prabldeàtgo` kògak`l+ W, par ýltgea, las ea%vgegdktas dstr`tçngoas hd oèp`ð` rddrdk uk nr`k kýedra hd otgvgh`hds hd las o`khgh`tas, òaktdogegdktas, hdol`rògakds qud hdsorgbdk

las eavgegdktas tàotgoas hd l`s oèp``s, par dmdepla, dk dstd p`rt`hasd oaksghdr`k= l`s rdcdrdkog`s l`s dstr`tdng`s hd oèp``9 l`s dkoudst`sy l`s oarrdspakhgdktds rdòogakds `ktd dstas dstuhgas9 l` care` dk qudlas o`khgh`tas e`kdm`k l` ndkh` sabrd las tde`s hd l` otu`lgh`h kògak`l9 l`s hdsorgpogakds qud sd fòdk sabrd dl oursa hd l`s oèp``s+++

_d dstuhgÿ dl pdrgaha dktrd dl 07 hd dkdra y dl 27 hd mukga, sd oakt`bglgz`rak 0487 ukgh`hds hd sdktgha+ Hd l`s ou`lds 786 sd oakt`bglgz`rakoaea edkogakds sabrd tde`s kdn`tgvas &30+2$'9 0?8 oaea prapudst`s&6+34$', y 83> oaea eavgegdktas dstr`tçngoas &?:+08$'+

Nrào` VVVSGG

tpa eoas l`s oèp``s pso`ls 2::3

Cudktd= @kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hdl Rdcare`, L` Mark`h` y Dl Tkgvdrs`l &Dspgka, 2::>'+

Oà >0Coo`s las e`s las s pÿoas

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`k 87:

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl `pe 242

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl obt 7?

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`k`pe 7?

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`kobt 4



??0

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`k`peobt 04

Zrapudst`s O`lhdrÿk ?7

Zrapudst`s Lÿpdz Abr`har 30

Zrapudst`s E`hr`za ?8

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s O`lhdrÿk 024

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s LÿpdzAbr`har 08?

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s E`hr`za >3

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s kdutr`lds 02?

Xat`l 0487


Hdktra hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`k sd oaksghdr`rak las qud `cdo

t`b`k `l o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk9 las qud `cdot`b`k `l prdsghdktd Cax y ` su `hegkgstrògÿk9 las qud `cdot`b`k ` l` prgedr`hè` y su cèglg`, `s oaea las qud `cdot`b`k `l p`rtgha y sus hgrgndktds+ F`y qud òl`r`r qud dktrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p k sd oaksghdrÿ` las hd l` hegkgstrògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax parqud, oaea dl prdsghdktdsd gkvaluorÿ dk l` oèp`` hdshd las prgedras h`s, tah`s sus otgvgh`hds, las çxgtas y crò`sas hd su hegkgstrògÿk, cudrak us`has oaea tde`s hd oèp`` par tahas las o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds+ Dk lnýk ea

edkta sd pdksÿ qud qugzà hdb` oaksghdr`rsd ka sÿla l`s edkogakdskdn`tgv`s qud rdogb` dl prdsghdktd y su hegkgstrògÿk sgka tèbgçk l`sedkogakds pasgtgv`s, pdra dlla geplgo`b` èplg`r dxodsgvèdktd dl dstuhga, sg sd oaksghdr`b`k edkogakds pasgtgv`s sabrd dl hds`rralla hd l``hegkgstrògÿk cdhdr`l tèbgçk hdbdr` fòdrsd sabrd l` hegkgstrògÿkhdl Hgstrgta Cdhdr`l, atra hd las nr`khds ndktds gkvaluor`has9 hd e`kdr` qud dl dstuhga sd valv` euy dxtdksa, gk`b`ro`bld+ @ pds`r hd taha,f`y qud gksgstgr, las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl prdsghdktd Cax ka sak l` e`yar` hd las qud `p`rdogdrak dk kudstra `kàlgsgs, sgka qud las haegk`ktdscudrak las tde`s hdl o`khgh`ta y dl p`rtgha, oaea sd eastr`r` eàs hdl`ktd+

Oà >0 &oaòÿ'



??2

Hd gnu`l e`kdr`, hdktra hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` obt y hd las hdl` `pe sd oaksghdr`rak ka sÿla las tde`s kdn`tgvas qud `cdot`b`k ` laso`khgh`tas, sgka tèbgçk ` sus rdspdotgvas p`rtghas, ` sus prgkogp`ldsnabdrk`ktds y paltgoas+

Dl prgkogp`l abmdtgva hd kudstra dstuhga ds dv`lu`r sg las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hdl p k &gkolugha dl prdsghdktd Cax y su `hegkgstrògÿk' cudrak supdrgards ` las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` obt+ Las dstuhgashdl gcd sd`l`k, par dmdepla, qud l` oèp`` qud eàs edkogakds kdn`tgv`s rdogbgÿ cud l` hd l` obt+ Dsta kas argdkt`b` ` pdks`r qud sgdkhaLÿpdz Abr`har dl prgkogp`l apasgtar, las edhgas rdpart`r` eàs tde`skdn`tgvas hd su oèp``, pdra dsta ka cud s dk las pdrgÿhgoas dstuhg`has, l` oèp`` qud eàs tde`s kdn`tgvas rdngstr` ds l` hdl p`k dk lg`kz` oak dl prdsghdktd Cax, 87: edkogakds hd tde`s kdn`tgvas &40+36$'9dk sdnukha lun`r sd dkoudktr` l` oèp`` hd l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoaoak 242 edkogakds hd tde`s kdn`tgvas &23+46$', y par ýltgea, dk uk ld

m`ksgea tdrodr lun`r las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` obt sÿla rdngstr`k 7?edkogakds &7+60$'+

Nrào` VVVSGGG

te`s `vas pa pàs l`s oèp``s pso`ls


Las tde`s kdn`tgvas oak eàs edkogakds dk las pdrgÿhgoas

Oaea y` sd sd`lÿ, dk tçregkas ndkdr`lds las trds pdrgÿhgoas `k`lgz`has atarn`rak eàs edkogakds ` las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p k+ _g sd`k`lgz` dl oaepartègdkta hd o`h` pdrgÿhgoa, dk p`rtgoul`r sd hdsoubrg



???

rà qud dst` tdkhdkog` ndkdr`l sd e`ktgdkd, ùkqud o`h` uka hd dstasedhgas dkc`tgz` eàs dk las oakgotas hd las p`rtghas qud oaktr`rå`k susgktdrdsds, hdstò` dl o`sa hdl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h` qud tr`hgogak`ledktd sd ubgo` ` l` gzqugdrh` dk dl dspdotra ghdalÿngoa+ Dstd edhga prgvgld

ng` las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`k9 dk oaktr`p`rtgh`, f`bl` euy paoa hdlas oakgotas hd l` obt+ @hdeàs, dk ndkdr`l, L` Mark`h` ds dl pdrgÿhgoaqud eàs prgvgldng` l`s edkogakds sabrd tde`s kdn`tgvas par dkoge` hdl`s prapudst`s y las eavgegdktas dstr`tçngoas+

Las atras has pdrgÿhgoas, Dl Tkgvdrs`l y Rdcare`, tèbgçk e`ktgdkdk dst`s tdkhdkog`s, ukqud oak atras e`tgods+ @ebas oubrdk eplgèdktd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`s trds nr`khds oèp``s9 `hdeàs DlTkgvdrs`l ds dl qud eàs dkc`tgz` dk l`s prapudst`s hd oèp`` y laseavgegdktas dstr`tçngoas, dk oèbga, Rdcare` sÿla dkc`tgz` dk las eavgegdktas dstr`tçngoas y las tde`s kdn`tgvas+ Xaha dsta sd pudhd `prdog`r pldkèdktd dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà >2Coo` e`s s las pop`ls pÿoas l p`s

L` Mark`h` Dl Tkgvdrs`l Rdcare`

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`k 2?3 040 0:?

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl prg 002 3? >3

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl obt 22 ?2 ?6

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`kprg 33 2: >

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`kobt : 4 :

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hdl p`kprgobt ? > 4

Zrapudst`s Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk 3 ?2 0Zrapudst`s Lÿpdz Abr`har 28 ?8 ?

Zrapudst`s Rabdrta E`hr`za 4 26 0

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s co 22 3> ?3

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s èla 8: >: ?2

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s rae` 28 86 8

Dstr`tdng`s y tàotgo`s kdutr`lds 23 >6 07

Xat`lds 463 3?4 ?24




??8

Kas gktdrds` k`lgz`r dk hdt`lld dl e`kdma hd las nr`khds tde`s hd l`soèp``s, las qud tuvgdrak eàs kat`s y qud, oaea y` sd `puktÿ dk dl`p`rt`ha hd `kàlgsgs hd l`s oèp``s, cudrak las qud tuvgdrak uk `ltagepòta dk l`s asoglògakds hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+

Dl tde` kdn`tgva qud rdogbd eàs edkogakds dk dl oakmukta hd las trds pdrgÿhgoas ds dl hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa &77 edkogakds', dk sdnukha lun`r sddkoudktr` dl hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha &40', dk tdrodra dl hd las Fdre`kas

Brgbgdso` &?7' y dk ýltgea lun`r sd dkoudktr` dl Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s&2?'+ Dstd ýltgea tde` ds dl qud rdogbd edkas edkogakds hd las ou`tranr`khds tde`s dk las pdrgÿhgoas= edkas hd l` ou`rt` p`rtd qud dl tde`kdn`tgva hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa y edkas hd l` egt`h hdl o`sa hdl Ouð`hagkoÿeaha+

Orda qud dk dl e`kdma hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas sd e`kgdst` l` tdkhdkog` dhgtarg`l hd las pdrgÿhgoas+ Zar dmdepla, L` Mark`h` qud tr`hgogak`ledktd dstà ghdktgo`ha oaea dl prgkogp`l pdrgÿhgoa hd gzqugdrh`hdl p`s ds dl qud ndkdr` eàs edkogakds sabrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdlp`k y prg= 44 edkogakds sabrd dl o`sa hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa9 ?2 hdl Ouð`%ha gkoÿeaha y 24 hd las Fdre`kas Brgbgdso`+ Dk oèbga, o`sg ds dl qudndkdr` edkas edkogakds hdl tde` kdn`tgva Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s &>edkogakds'+ @hdeàs, f`y uk eatgva dspdog`l par dl ou`l L` Mark`h` ndkdrÿ t`kt`s edkogakds sabrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa

y hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha, l` r`zÿk ds qud dstd pdrgÿhgoa cud qugdk gktrahuma dstas tde`s ` l` `ndkh` pýblgo`+ _gk deb`rna, dst` mustgoògÿk kasgrvd p`r` l` tdkogÿk qud brgkh`k l o`sa hd las Fdre`kas Brgbgdso`+

Oà >?Las e`s `vas q oba es eoas

las pÿoas

te`s `vas Eoas Dl Tkgvdrs`l

Eoas L` Mark`h`

Eoas Rdcare`

ta`l eoas

Dl Nabdr Zrdogasa 28 44 2: 77

Dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha 0? ?2 3 40

Las Fdre`kas Brgbgdso` 7 24 4 ?7

Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s 3 > 0: 2?




??4

L` nr`k o`ktgh`h hd edkogakds qud L` Mark`h` atarn` ` las tde`skdn`tgvas hdl p`k y prg sdsn`k kudstra dstuhga, p`rdogdr` qud las trds

pdrgÿhgoas c`vardogdrak l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 dk rd`lgh`h cud L` Mark`h` l` qud atarnÿ euof`s edkogakds ` las dsoàkh`las hdl p`k y

prg y pao`s las hd l` oèp`` hd l` obt+ @l e`rndk hd L` Mark`h`, lasatras edhgas eastr`rak uk` oabdrtur` eàs dquglgbr`h` ` las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`s trds prgkogp`lds oèp``s+

Dl Tkgvdrs`l pravdd uk kýedra hd edkogakds sgegl`r sabrd las tde`skdn`tgvas hdl p k y hdl prg &22 y 28, rdspdotgvèdktd', egdktr`s qud

pravdd pao`s edkogakds hdl tde` Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s &>'+ Dk oèbga,dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` oakodktr` eàs edkogakds dk dl o`sa hdl Nÿbdr

prdogasa &2:' dk sdnukha lun`r ubgo` las tde`s hdl p`k= dl Ouð`ha gk%oÿeaha &3' y las Fdre`kas Brgbgdso` &4' y9 dk tdrodr lun`r, o`sg gnu`lqud dl sdnukha, ubgo` l tde` Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s &0:' hd l` obt+

@kàlgsgs hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas dk Dl Katgogdra hd Xdldvgs`

Hur`ktd dl rçngedk utargt`rga, l` apasgogÿk y nr`k p`rtd hdl pýblgoatr`hgogak`ledktd f`b` orgtgo`ha qud l`s oabdrtur`s hd las edhgas hdoaeukgoògÿk dr`k gkdqugt`tgv`s, dk bdkdoga hdl p`rtgha dk dl pahdr+

Dk l` otu`lgh`h, oak uk p`rtgha hd hdrdof` dk l` prdsghdkog`, l` gzqugdrh` f` e`ktdkgha dstd rdolèa= las edhgas mudn`k ` hdcdkhdr `l p`rtghadk dl nabgdrka+ Dstd mugoga ` prgarg, sd gksgstd, p`rdod sdr uk rde`kdktdhdl utargt`rgsea, ou`kha las edhgas, prgkogp`ledktd l`s tdldvgsar`s, sdgktdnr`b`k `l pòta oarpar`tgva qud sustdkt`b` `l rçngedk+ Dk `qudll`çpao` l` sgktak` hd las edhgas oak dl rçngedk dr` dvghdktd y dl pýblgoae`ktdk` uk` ortgo` oakst`ktd fòg` dl p`pdl hd las edhgas+

Dst` ruptur` dktrd dl pýblgoa y las edhgas lldnÿ ` su e`yar dxprdsgÿk

dk l` hço`h` hd las kavdkt`s, ou`kha dl pýblgoadldotar oaedkzÿ ` pra parogak`r trgukcas dldotar`lds ` las p`rtghas hd apasgogÿk ` pds`r hd qudlas edhgas e`ktdk`k su pòta oarpar`tgva oak dl vgdma rçngedk+

Rat` l` ordhgbglgh`h hdl rçngedk utargt`rga y hd las edhgas, dl pòtaoarpar`tgva sd raepgÿ dk l` sdnukh` egt`h hd las às kavdkt`s, ou`kha las edhgas oaeprdkhgdrak qud dl rçngedk ùtargt`rga gb` ` pgqud yqud e`ktdkdr dl pòta oarpar`tgva lds rdsult`b` euy oastasa dk ordhgbglgh`h, r`tgkn d gknrdsas doakÿegoas+ Dk l` sdnukh` egt`h hd las àskavdkt`s las prgkogp`lds oaksarogas tdldvgsgvas `hapt`rak uk` e`yar hgst`kog` oak dl rçngedk ùtargt`rga qud sd fukh`+ Dk dst` çpao` las

prgkogp`lds edhgas hdl p`s `hapt`rak uk` lkd` dhgtarg`l gkhdpdkhgdktdd gkolusa, dk ao`sgakds, ortgo` fòg` dl rçngedk ùtargt`rga+ Dk dl à



??3

2::: dst` gkhdpdkhdkog` hd las edhgas sd rddm dk uk` oabdrtur` eàsdqugt`tgv` hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds &Dspgka, 2::3'

Dk dl 2::3, h`h` l` `lt` pal`rgzògÿk hd l`s oèp``s, euofas sdotards hd gzqugdrh` òus`rak kudvèdktd qud las prgkogp`lds edhgas

`pay`rak `l p`k+ Z`r` ol`r`r dstd pukta dk dst` gkvdstgnògÿk sd rd`lgzÿuk sdnugegdkta oatghg`ka hdl pranrè` katgogasa hd e`yar r`tgkn hd l`deprds` Xdldvgs` y hdl p`s= Dl Katgogdra, hgrgngha par Ma`quk LÿpdzHÿrgn`+

_d `hvgdrtd qud ka sd tuva l` o`pògh`h hd rd`lgz`r uk `kàlgsgs hdoaktdkgha dxfùstgva hd Dl Katgogdra, oaea s sd rd`lgzÿ oak las pdrgÿhgoas+ Oaea sd s`bd, uk sgepld `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd pdrgÿhgoas rdqugdrd uk dqugpa hd tr`b`ma y euofa tgdepa p`r` su rd`lgzògÿk, pdra

p`r` rd`lgz`r uk `kàlgsgs hd uk pranrè` tdldvgsgva sd eultgplgo` dl tr` b`ma par l` hgoult`h hd edhgr las tgdepas hd vghda+ _gk rdoursas p`r`rd`lgz`r dstd `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha dxfùstgva, sd aptÿ par fòdr ukaeàs dldedkt`l+

Dk prgedr lun`r, sd rd`lgzÿ uk` absdrvògÿk oatghg`k` hd tahas las pranrè`s qud sd tr`ksegtgdrak y sd dl`barÿ uk` hdsorgpogÿk hd las tde`s qud sd `barh`rak dk dl pranrè` &dl ou`l cud nr`b`ha', dspdog`ledktd hd l` oabdrtur` hd l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds+ @ p`rtgr hd dstdrdngstra dsorgta y dldotrÿkgoa, sd rd`lgzÿ uk `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha euy

sdkoglla9 sd oakt`bglgz`rak l`s ukgh`hds hd sdktgha &edkogakds' qud sd prdsdkt`rak sabrd las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvas qud `cdot`rak ` l`strds oèp``s eàs gepart`ktds+06

@ p`rtgr hd dst`s absdrvògakds oatghg`k`s sabrd Dl Katgogdra sdhdsoubrgÿ qud dstd pranrè` rdoand las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvasqud sd prdsdkt`rak dk l`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds+ @p`rdktdedktd l`cukogÿk hd Dl Katgogdra ka cud l` hd gktrahuogr las tde`s kdn`tgvas ` l``ndkh` pýblgo` &oaea fgza L` Mark`h`', sgk deb`rna, dstd pranrè`

cud dl qud lds hga e`yar rdsak`kog` hdbgha qud ds dl prahuota edhgàtgoa hd e`yar uhgdkog` hdl p`s+

06 Dk dstd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd Dl Katgogdra, ka sd puha oakt`bglgz`r l`s “prapudst`s―y las “eavgegdktas dstr`tdngoas hd oèp``― oaea sd fgza oak las pdrgÿhgoas+ Dl `kàlgsgs sddkcaoÿ ` las tde`s kdn`tgvas parqud dstas cudrak las tde`s ` las qud dl katgogdra hga e`yar rdldv`kog` hdshd dl sue`rga y las tgdepas `sgnk`has ` l`s oèp``s+



??>

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har

Z`r` absdrv`r nràoèdktd las hå`s y edsds dk qud sd prdsdkt`k eàskat`s hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas sd dl`bar`rak trds ou`hras, uka p`r` o`h`

o`khgh`ta+Dk dl ou`hra hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd pudhd prdog`r qud las prgkogp`ldstde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` sd prdsdkt`k dk dl sdnukha tdroga hd lòèp`ð` y sd e`ktgdkdk dk su `ndkh` f`st` dl k`l9 dxodpta dl tde` hdl` vgaldkt` luof` hd l`s “trgbus― hdl prhhc qud sÿla sd prdsdkt` dk las

prgedras h`s hd l` oèp``+Las ou`hras sÿla eudstr`k las h`s dk qud sd prdsdkt`k l`s edkoga

kds hd las hgcdrdktds tde`s kdn`tgvas9 p`r` absdrv`r dl dpgodktra hd dstas tde`s c`lt` s`bdr ou`kt`s edkogakds hd o`h` o`sa sd prdsdkt`k o`h`h`+ Hd dst` e`kdr`, las tde`s kdn`tgvas sd prdsdkt`k hd l` sgnugdktdcare`= ' Xrgbus hdl prhhc hgsput`k vgaldktèdktd las o`rnas &00 edkogakds dk dkdra'9 b' Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s &0?0 dk tat`l, 74 hd l`s edkogakds dktrd dl 04 hd e`rza y dl 26 hd brgl'9 o' @usdkog` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk prgedr hdb`td &0? edkogakds, 00 dktrd dl ? hd e`rza y dl 23 hd brgl'9h' Oakcraktògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak deprds`rgas &04 edkogakds, 08hd dll`s dk mukga'9 d' Kdnògÿk hd l`s dkoudst`s par l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har &> edkogakds dktrd las ýltgeas h`s hd brgl y prgedr` qugkod

k` hd e`ya'9 c' @fue`h` èdk`z` oak kudvas vghdadsoàkh`las &2:edkogakds, dktrd e`ya y mukga'9 n' òus`k ` Lÿpdz Abr`har hd fòdr uk` `palan` hd l` vgaldkog` &2 edkogakds dk e`ya'9 f' dl p`k hdkukogùk prdsukta hdsva hdl nhc ` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &8 edkogakds dk las ýltgeas h`s hd mukga'9 g' co hdkukog` qud Lÿpdz Abr`har dsgktaldr`ktd y dkv` sus hvdrs`rgas l “b`surdra hd l` fgstarg`― &2 edkogakds dk las ýltgeas h`s hd mukga'+++ m' Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas &2 edkogakds, uk` dk cdbrdra y atr` dl k hd mukga'+

Dk tat`l sd hdsoubrdk 2:7 edkogakds sabrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdLÿpdz Abr`har9 oaea y` sd hgma, l` e`yar` hd dll`s &070 edkogakds', sdubgo` hdspuçs hdl prgedr tdroga hd l` oèp``+ Dsta qugdrd hdogr qud70+?6$ hd l`s edkogakds sd ubgo` dk dl sdnukha y tdrodr tdroga hd lòèp``, ` s`bdr= 0?: edkogakds hdl tde` kdn`tgva Ofàvdz%ofòf`l`%o`s9 00 edkogakds sabrd l` usdkog` Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl prgedr hdb`td9> edkogakds sabrd l` kdnògÿk hd l`s dkoudst`s par l` oèp``9 08 edkogakds hd l` oakcraktògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak las deprds`rgas9 2:edkogakds sabrd l`s èdk`z`s hd @fue`h` sabrd kudvas vghdadsoàkh`las9 2 edkogakds sabrd l` palan` hd l` vgaldkog`9 8 edkogakds sabrduk prdsukta hdsva hdl nhc ` l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 2 sabrd dl“b`surdra hd l` fgstarg`―, y uk` hd “atras tde`s kdn`tgvas―+



??6

Oà >8Cof`s l`s q s ps` las e`s `vas

Lÿpz Abà

te`s `vas da E`za @bl E`ya Ma

Oakgotas gktdrkas trgbus prh

07, 2: y 24

OakgotaOfàvdzOfòf`lò`s

?, 0:, 04, 03,0>, 20, 22,2?, 28, 2>,26, 27 y ?:

?, 8, 4, 3, >,0:, 00, 02,

0?, 08, 06, 07,2:, 20, 23 y

26

?, 4, 00, 02,04, 03, 0>, 06,

2?, 28, 24,23, 23, 27,

?:, ?0

0, 2

@usdkog` dk prgedr hdb`td 0 y ? 00, 08, 06, 24

y 23

?

Oakcraktògÿk hd LÿpdzAbr`har oak deprds`rgas

4 3, >, 6, 2:,22, 23, 2>, 26

Kdnògÿk hd l`s dkoudst`s 23, 2>, 26 02 y 04

@edk`z` hd kudvasvghdadsoàkh`las

> 28 4, 3, >, 7, 2: y20

@ous`k èla hd fòdr “`palan` hd l` vgaldkog`― 4 y 22

@ous`k `l nhc hd hdsvg`r

rdoursas ` l` oèp`` hdLÿpdz Abr`har

22, 2? y 2>

èla dkv` ` sus hvdrs`rgas `l “B`surdrahd l` fgstarg`―

2: y 2?

Atras 2>

Cudktd= @kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd Dl Katgogdra &Dspgka, 2::>'

@ pds`r hd taha, sd pudhd absdrv`r qud l` e`yar p`rtd hd l`s edkogakds pravgdkd hdl tde` kdn`tgva Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s y, hd fdofa, l` e`yar p`rtd hd l`s edkogakds hd dstd tde` kdn`tgva sd ubgo` dk dl sdnukhatdroga hd l` oèp``, ds hdogr, 74 sd ubgo`k dktrd dl 04 hd e`rza y 26 hd`brgl9 dsta dqugv`ld `l 84+84$ hd l`s edkogakds sabrd tde`s kdn`tgvashd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

Oaea y` sd eastrÿ dk dl `kàlgsgs hd l`s oèp``s, pràotgoèdktd `tah`s l`s o`s`s dkoudst`har`s lds p`rdogÿ dvghdktd l` `saogògÿk hdl

tde` kdn`tgva Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s oak l` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`sdldotar`lds hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 l` r`zÿk ds abvg`, hgofa tde` tuva e`yar oabdrtur` dk las pranrè`s hd tv y r`hga, t`l oaea suodhgÿ dk Dl Katg%ogdra+



??7

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk

Las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd O`lhdrÿk sd ubgo`k `l prgkogpga y `l k`l hdl` oèp``, dk edhga hd l` oèp`` sd rdngstr`k paoas+ Dst` tdkhdkog`

sd pudhd vdr nràoèdktd dk dl ou`hra, las tde`s kdn`tgvas sd oakodktr`k `l prgkogpga &ýltge`s sde`k`s hd dkdra y eds hd cdbrdra' y `l k`l&ýltge`s sde`k`s hd e`ya y eds hd mukga'+

Oà >4Cof`s l`s q s ps` las e`s `vas

Clp O`lÿ

te`s

`vasda Cba E`za @bl E`ya Ma

Fdre`kasBrgbgdso`

2?, 24, 23 y2>

?, 6, 7, 02,08, 04, 03 y

2608 y 26 4

Cax= L`v`har`shd has p`t`s

6, 7, 02, 0? y03

Masç E`+ @zk`r `pay`

pýblgoèdktd `

co

20, 2? y 28 2

Cax= DT kasran`r` par tr`b`m`hards

2 y ?

Xr`ydotargàsour` hd co

24

Z`rtgogpògÿkhd co dkCab`pra`

24 y 23 4 y 22

Tsa gldn`l hdl p`hrÿkdldotar`l

23 y 2>

Ou`hagkoÿeaha

3, >, 6, 7 02,0?, 08, 04,03, 07, 20,22, 2? y 26

Atras tde`s

kdn`tgvas

08 > 07, 24 y 23 >

Cudktd= @kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd Dl Katgogdra &Dspgka, 2::>'+



?8:

L` tdkhdkog` sd oakre` ou`kha sd oudkt` dl kýedra hd edkogakdsqud sd prdsdkt`k dk o`h` h`+ Dk tat`l sd rdngstr`rak 026 edkogakds sa

brd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hdl p`k y dl prdsghdktd Cax, hgstrgbugh`s hd l` sgnugdktd e`kdr`= Oarrupogÿk hd las fdre`kas Brgbgdso`

&2? edkogakds, 20 hd dll`s dktrd dl 2? hd dkdra y dl 26 hd cdbrdra'9 Caxf`bl` hd l`s “L`v`har`s hd has p`t`s― &7 edkogakds dk cdbrdra'9 dl dx prdsghdktd hd Dsp``, Masç E`+ @zk`r, brgkh` su `paya pýblgoèdktd Ò`lhdrÿk &6 edkogakds dk cdbrdra'9 Cax `sdnur` qud dk 0: às las Dst`has Tkghas kas ran`ràk qud lds dkvgdeas tr`b`m`hards &8 edkogakdsdk e`rza'9 dk dl hdb`td E`hr`za hdkukog` las puktas asouras dk l` tr`ydotarg` hd O`lhdrÿk &4 edkogakds, dl 24 hd `brgl'9 hdkukog`s sabrd l`

p`rtgogpògÿk hd O`lhdrÿk dk dl Cab`pra` &4 edkogakds, 8 dktrd dl 24 hde`ya y dl 4 hd mukga'9 edkogakds sabrd dl usa gldn`l hdl p`hrÿk dldotar`l

par p`rtd hdl p`k &> edkogakds dktrd dl 23 y dl 2> hd mukga'9 30 edkogakds sabrd dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha dk dl eds hd mukga y9atras tde`s &3 edkogakds, 8 dktrd dl 07 hd e`ya y dl > hd mukga'+

Oaea sd pudhd absdrv`r, `l prgkogpga hd l` oèp`` sd rdngstr`k ?6edkogakds, dl dqugv`ldktd `l 27+36$ &20 hd Las Brgbgdso`9 7 hd l`s L`%v`har`s hd has p`t`s, y 6 hd l` p`rtgogpògÿk hd Masç E`r` @zk`r'+Egdktr`s qud l k`l hd l` oèp`ð` sd rdngstr`k >2 edkogakds, dl dqugv`ldktd l 43+24$ hdl tat`l &30 edkogakds sabrd dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha9 8

sabrd dl Cab`pra`9 > edkogakds sabrd dl usa gldn`l hdl p`hrÿk'+ Hd e`kdr` qud, dktrd l`s edkogakds hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hdl prgkogpga y l`shdl k`l hd l` oèp`ð`, sd dkoudktr` 64+7?$ hdl tat`l+

Atra h`ta gktdrds`ktd ds qud egdktr`s dk las pdrgÿhgoas dl o`sa hd lasfdre`kas Brgbgdso` cud euy gepart`ktd, Dl Katgogdra ka ld hga e`yar rdldv`kog` dstd tde` kdn`tgva+

Ka kas p`rdod o`su`l qud dl pdrgaha hd ordogegdkta hd l` oèp`` hdO`lhdrÿk oagkoghd oak l` ùsdkog` hd tde`s kdn`tgvas dk su oèp``9

dst` ogroukst`kog` sd prdsdkt` dk l` egt`h hd l` oèp``+ Dk dl `rr`kqud, su oèp`` sd vd cdot`h` par v`rgas tde`s kdn`tgvas gepart`ktds=l`s hdkukog`s hd oarrupogÿk hd las fdre`kas Brgbgdso`9 l` p`rtgogpògÿkhdl dx prdsghdktd hd Dsp``, Masç E`+ @zk`r9 Cax llè` l`s eumdrds “l`v`har`s hd has p`t`s―+++ Dk dstd pdrgaha, sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds sde`ktgdkdk dst`ko`h`s+

Dk l` sdnukh` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s, su o`khgh`tur` ka rdngstr` tde`s kdn`tgvas, pdra s lanr` gkvaluor`r dk çstas ` l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har+ @p`rdktdedktd, nròg`s taha dsta, sd rdngstr` dl e`yar ordogegdkta hd O`lhdrÿk y l` o`h` eàs bruso` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk l` tdrodr` dt`p`, ou`kha vudlvdk las tde`s kdn`tgvas ` l` `ndkh` hd oèp``hd O`lhdrÿk, kudvèdktd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hd dstd o`khgh`ta



?80

sd dst`ko`k y o`dk lgndrèdktd+ Dst`s asoglògakds sd pudhdk `prdog`r ol`rèdktd dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà >3

_ l ` fay c` l`s looas p`` Zs l` rpýblo`±Za ol pà a o`à va`` s1ulzà bal` y ` sel``!o`lol``

sab las va`s pab`blsZco` cov`

da Cba E`za @bl E`ya Ma 0` Ma 2`

Lÿpdz Abr`har ?7$ ?7$ ?6$ ?8$ ?8$ ?4$ ?3$

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ?0$ ?:$ ?0$ ?4$ ?8$ ?2$ ??$

Rabdrta E`hr`za 27$ 26$ 27$ 2>$ 26$ 26$ 2>$

Z`trgog` Edro`ha 0$ 0$ 0$ ?$ ?$ 8$ ?$

Rabdrta Oèp` :$ 2$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$

XAX@L 0::$ 0::$ 0::$ 0::$ 0::$ 0::$ 0::$

$ Ka hdol`r`k 04$ 04$ 07$ 04$ 04$ 04$ 0>$

$ Sat`ktds prab`blds 3?$ 3?$ 30$ 3:$ 32$ 3?$ 46$

Cudktd= Egtacsiy 26 hd mukga &Dspgka, 2::>'+

Xde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` oèp`` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za

Dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra hd E`hr`za ka sd pudhd `prdog`r ol`rèdktd

qud l` e`yar` hd edkogakds &62 hd 00?' pravgdkd hdl tde` kdn`tgvahaegk`ktd hd su oèp``= dl Nÿbdr prdogasa9 ds hdogr , >2+4$ hd susedkogakds pravgdkd hd dstd tde`+ Ka sd prdog` ol`rèdktd dk dl ou`hra

parqud l` e`yar` hd kat`s hd dstd dsoàkh`la sd oakodktr` dk l` sdnukh`qugkodk` hd cdbrdra &47 edkogakds', eds dk dl qud dst`ll` dl dsoàkh`la yoabr` e`yar gktdksgh`h9 dstd oudrpa hd edkogakds rdprdsdkt` >0$ hdl`s edkogakds hdl tde` y 42+20$ hd tah`s l`s edkogakds sabrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd E`hr`za+

Oaea y` sd oaedktÿ dk dl `kàlgsgs hd l`s oèp``s, l` cukogÿk hdlNÿbdr prdogasa cud l`str`r l` oèp`ð` hd E`hr`za p`r` oalao`rl` hdkgtgvèdktd dk uk tdrodr lun`r, cudr` hd l` oaepdtdkog` dktrd O`lhdrÿky Lÿpdz Abr`har+



?82

Oà >>Cof`s l`s q pò las e`s `vas

raba E``za

te`s `vas da Cba E`za @bl E`ya Ma

Nÿbdr prdogasa08, 04, 0>,2:, 20, 22,2?, 2> y 26

7, 0?, 08, 2?y 28

3, >, 06, 2:,20, 23 y 2>

8, 4, 03, 0> y28

Dsogsgakds hdlhdrds

2: y 20 ?:7,02,20, 2?

y 23

Oakgotas par l`sdldoogÿk hdo`khgh`tas

8, 4 y 3

Dv`sgÿk hdgepudstas rae`

24, 23 y 26 03

Oakcraktògÿk hdrae` oak Dlb`Dstfdr

> 22

rae` faspgt`lgz`ha par ùtaedhgoògÿk

26 0: y 02

Atras tde`skdn`tgvas

07 y 23 ? 2 20 ?:


Dl rdsta hd l`s edkogakds sd prdsdkt` hdspuçs hdl eds hd cdbrdra, pdradk ndkdr`l sd pudhd oakolugr qud dl tde` kdn`tgva hd E`hr`za qud e`

yar tdkogÿk tuva dk Dl Katgogdra cud dl hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa+ L`s edkogakds sd hgstrgbuydk hd l` sgnugdktd e`kdr`= O`sa dl Nÿbdr Zrdogasa &62edkogakds, 80 hd dll`s dk cdbrdra'9 Dsogsgakds hd lhdrds &0: edkogakds,> hd dll`s dk dl eds hd mukga'9 Oakgotas par l` sdldoogÿk hd o`khgh`tas&4 edkogakds dk las prgedras h`s hd `brgl'9 Dv`sgÿk hd gepudstas &4edkogakds dktrd dl 24 hd `brgl y dl 03 hd e`ya'9 Oakcraktògÿk hd E`hr`za oak Dlb` Dstfdr Narhglla &2 edkogakds, uk` dk dl > hd brgl y atr`dk dl 22 hd e`ya'9 E`hr`za faspgt`lgz`ha par utaedhgoògÿk &? edkogakds, dktrd dl 26 hd brgl y dl 02 hd e`ya'9 Oakgotas par hdsarn`kgzògÿkdk las dvdktas9 Atras tde`s &3 edkogakds= 2 dk dkdra, uk` dk cdbrdra,atr` dk e`rza, atr` dk brgl y uk` ýltge` dk e`ya'+



?8?

Las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`s oèp``s

Z`r` dv`lu`r l` oabdrtur` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas par p`rtd hd Dl Katg%ogdra, sd `k`lgz`k oak e`yar hdtdkgegdkta l`s ukgh`hds hd sdktgha qud

sd rd`lgz`rak sabrd las prgkogp`lds o`sas hd l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa &dlNÿbdr prdogasa', dl p k &dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha' y l` obt &dl Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s'+

_d dkoaktr`rak 62 edkogakds sabrd dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Nabdr prd%ogasa dktrd dl 08 hd cdbrdra y dl 28 hd e`ya+ Dl dpgodktra hd dstd o`sa sdrdngstr` dk l` sdnukh` qugkodk` hdl eds hd cdbrdra, ou`kha dst`ll` oakl` hgvulnògÿk hd l`s oakvdrsògakds dktrd dl Nÿbdr prdogasa, E`rgaE`rk, y dl deprds`rga Ièdl Kògc+ X`k sÿla dk dstas 04 h`s sd rdngstr`k 47 edkogakds, la qud dqugv`ld ` >0+74$+ Dl rdst`ktd sd hgstrgbugràdk las sgnugdktds edsds+

_abrd dl tde` kdn`tgva Ofòf`lò`s%Funa Ofàvdz sd dkoaktr`rak0?0 edkogakds dktrd dl ? hd e`rza y dl 2 hd mukga+ Hdl tde` hdl Ouð`hagkoÿeaha sd dkoaktr`rak 30 edkogakds dktrd dl 3 hd mukga y dl 26 hd mukga+ Z`rdod kare`l qud sd f`y`k rdngstr`ha eàs edkogakds hdl dsoàkh`la hdl Nÿbdr Zrdogasa y hdl Ofòf`lò`s%Funa Ofàvdz qud hdl Ouð`ha

Gkoÿeaha parqud las has prgedras sd prdsdkt`rak oak e`yar ktdlògÿkdk l` oèp``, egdktr`s qud dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha sd

prdsdktÿ f`st` dl ýltgea eds hd l` oèp``, egsea qud dst`ll` dl 3 hd mukga y sd e`ktgdkd oaea dl tde` dldotar`l eàs gepart`ktd f`st` dl 03hd mukga9 dk dstas 0: h`s sd prdsdkt`k 48 edkogakds, la ou`l dqugv`ld `66+42$ hd l`s edkogakds hd dstd tde`+ L`s sgdtd edkogakds rdst`ktds sd

prdsdkt`k dktrd dl 07 y dl 26 hd mukga+Atr` oakhgogak`ktd p`r` qud sd prdsdkt`r`k eàs edkogakds sabrd dl

tde` Ofòf`lò`s%Funa Ofàvdz ds qud dl p`k lanrÿ lgedkt`r dl tde`dk l` `ndkh` pýblgo` hur`ktd uk nr`k pdrgaha hd tgdepa, ld hga vgh`

`nrdn`kha katgog`s o`h` sde`k`+ Zar dmdepla, dl > hd e`rza dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Orÿkgo` publgo` uk rdpart`md sabrd l`s prdsukt`s oçlul`s balgv`rg`k`s qud `pay`k l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl 04 hd e`rzadst`ll` dl tde` kdn`tgva oak dl dx`brupta hd Lÿpdz Abr`har= “oàlldsdsdar prdsghdktd―+ Dl h` 06, dl p`k prdsdkt` las has spats eàs oçldbrdshd l` oèp`` kdn`tgv`, dl spat Ofàvdz y dl hd las t`bgquds+ Dl 20 hde`rza dl prdsghdktd hd Sdkdzudl`, Funa Ofàvdz sd qudm` sabrd dl usahd su ge`ndk dk dl spat hdl p`k+ Dl 22 hd e`rza l` cròogÿk hdl p`k,

mukta oak l` hdl prg, gktrahuod uk hdb`td dk l` Oàe`r` hd Hgput`has,`s oaea dk l` hd _dk`hards sabrd l` prdsukt` gktdrvdkogÿk hdl prdsghdktd vdkdzal`ka dk l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ @ taha dlla f`yqud `nrdn`r l`s hdol`rògakds hd las hgcdrdktds lhdrds paltgoas sabrd



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dstd tde` kdn`tgva, hdshd dl prdsghdktd y las lhdrds p`kgst`s, f`st` laslhdrds prggst`s+++ Oak taha dlla dl tde` sd e`ktdkhrà f`st` l` prgedr`qugkodk` hd brgl+

Dl dpgodktra hdl tde` kdn`tgva Funa Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s sd rdngstr`

dktrd l`s ultge`s sde`k`s hd e`rza y dl eds hd brgl= dktrd dl 04 hd e`rza y dl 26 hd brgl sd rdngstr`k 74 hd l`s 0?0 edkogakds, ds hdogr, >2+40$hd l`s edkogakds hd dstd tde` kdn`tgva+ Dk dl ? y dl 0: hd e`rza sd rdngstr` sÿla uk` kat` y l`s rdst`ktds ?8 sd prdsdkt`k dktrd e`ya y mukga+

Ka p`rdod o`su`l, dktakods, qud f`y` sgha hur`ktd dl dpgodktra hd dstdtde` &04 hd e`rza ` 26 hd `brgl' qud sd rdngstrd l` nr`vd o`h` hd l`s

prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds &0:$' hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+Las trds nr`khds tde`s kdn`tgvas sd oakvgdrtdk dk l`s kat`s hd “prg

edr` pl`k`― &dl sue`rga' hdl katgog`rga dk dl eaedkta dk dl qud dst`ll`k=oakstgtuydk l`s katgog`s prgkogp`lds hd l` degsgÿk+ Dstas tde`s sd prdsdkt`k dk dl sue`rga y pastdrgaredktd sd hds`rrall`k oaea l`s prgedr`sedkogakds hdl katgog`rga+ Ou`kha b`m`k su pdrl oaea katgog` p`s`k ùk sdnukha pl`ka y hdm k hd sdr l`s prgedr`s katgog`s, f`st` qud dk l`ssgnugdktds sde`k`s sÿla sd prdsdkt`k edkogakds dsparàhgo`s hd sdnugegdkta hdl tde` kdn`tgva+

@ k hd oudkt`s, kudstra kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd l` ndkh` hd tde`s

kdn`tgvas oakre` qud las trds nr`khds tde`s cudrak las eàs hgcukhghas par las edhgas+ Zar dstd eatgva sd dktgdkhd qud cudrak las qud eàsgepòt`rak dk l`s prdcdrdkog s dldotar`lds+ @ukqud dl arhdk hd l`s prgargh`hds hd l` `ndkh` hd tde`s kdn`tgvas dk Dl Katgogdra sd gkvgdrtd rds

pdota `l arhdk qud lldv`rak las pdrgÿhgoas èbas oagkoghdk dk qud cudrak las tde`s eàs tr`sodkhdktds hd l` oèp``+

X`kta las pdrgÿhgoas, oaea Dl Katgogdra, sd`l`k qud dl dpgodktra hddstas tde`s sd rdlògak` oak l`s asoglògakds hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ Dl dpgodktra hdl tde` Dl Nÿbdr prdogasa sd rdngstr` dk l` sdnukh`qugkodk` hd cdbrdra, musta ou`kha o`dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd E`hr`za+ Dldpgodktra hdl tde` Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s sd rdngstr` dktrd dl 04 hd e`rzay dl 26 hd `brgl, musta dk dl pdrgaha dk dl qud o`dk 0:$ hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl dpgodktra hdl tde` dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha sdrdngstr` hdshd l` sdnukh` sde`k` hd mukga f`st` l` tdrodr`, musta ou`khao`dk lgndrèdktd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd O`lhdrÿk+

Zar ýltgea, o`bd sd`l`r qud l` oabdrtur` hdl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Ou%ð`ha gkoÿeaha p`rdod eastr`r uk sdsna hd Dl Katgogdra ` c`var hdl p`k+Dl h` > hd mukga dst`ll` dstd tde` par l` prdsdktògÿk hdl dxpdhgdktd ò`rna hd Olùhg` _fdgkbùe, sgk deb`rna, p`r` Dl Katgogdra dl o`sa dsrdldn`ha uk sdnukha pl`ka y l` kat` prgkogp`l hdl hå` ds l` re` hd uk



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pòta hd ogvglgh`h dktrd las p`rtghas+07 @l h` sgnugdktd, l` kat` prgkogp`lhd Dl Katgogdra, t`kta dk dl sue`rga oaea dk dl pranrè`, ds l` oaktràcdksgv` hdl p`k `l tde` kdn`tgva, l` hdol`rògÿk hdl o`khgh`ta CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk sabrd dl tde`9 l` hdol`rògÿk hd l` oaarhgk`har` hd l` o`s` hd

oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk y9 dk tdrodr lun`r, sd prdsdkt` l` rdspudst`hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ` l` oaktràcdksgv` hdl p`k+ Zastdrgaredktd sd prdsdkt`k l`s hdol`rògakds hd Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l` y hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk+ Dk oakolusgÿk, las has prgedras h`s hdl tde` kdn`tgva sd rdldnÿl` acdksgv` hd l` obt y sd prgvgldngÿ l` oaktràcdksgv` hd l` oèp`` hdlp`k `l tde` kdn`tgva+

Dk dl tdrodr h` hdl tde` kdn`tgva p`rdod dquglgbr`rsd uk paoa eàs lòabdrtur` l`s oogakds hd l`s has oèp``s, ukqud dk dstd eaedkta

l`s òogakds dk s egse`s p`rdodk hdsc`vardodr ` l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har+ L` prgedr` llè`h` hdl sue`rga cud l` dktrdn` hd l`s prudb`shd las oaarhgk`hards hd l` oèp`` hd l` obt ` l` o`s` hd oèp`` hdlp`k+ L` sdnukh` llè`h` hdl pranrè` ds l` hde`kh` par hgcèògÿkqud gktdrpakd Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha oaktr` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ L` tdrodr` llè`h` hdl sue`rga ds l` ousògÿk hd l` sfop rdspdota qud l` gkcareògÿkhdl o`sa dl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha cud ltr`h` par dl nhc+ L` ou`rt` llè`h`ds l` rdspudst` hd l` vaodr` hd l` obt ` l` oèp`` hdl p k+

Oaea sd pudhd absdrv`r, dk dstd h` y` ka ds dl arhdk hd prdsdktògÿk hd las dvdktas sgka las dvdktas egseas las qud hdsòrdhgt`k làcdksgv` hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dl prgkogp`l òaktdogegdktahdl h` ds l` dktrdn` hd l`s prudb`s hdl o`sa par p`rtd hd las oaarhgk`hards hd oèp`` hd l` obt ` l` o`s` hd oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+ L` òtuògÿk hd las oaarhgk`hards hd l` oèp`` hd lòbt ds uk` pg`, dktrdn`kv`rg`s o`m`s hd supudst`s prudb`s, pdra l`s o`m`s dstàk pràotgoèdktd vò`s, sala sd dkoudktr`k ukas hgsoas oaepòtas y `lnuk`s pàngk`s ge

prds`s hd l` prdsdktògÿk hd Zawdr pagkt qud f`b` fdofa Olùhg`

_fdgkbùe dl h` ktdrgar+ Dk oèbga, par dl atra b`kha, l` o`s` hd oè p`` hdl p`k f` oaktr`t`ha ` uk kat`rga p`r` odrtgo`r l` gkdxgstdkog`hd prudb`s dk dl e`tdrg`l dktrdn`ha par l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+

07 S`ld l` pdk` òl`r`r qud dl tde` qud hdspl`z` `l hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha dr` euy gepart`ktd p`r` dl gkcare`tgva parqud dr` uk tde` qud Dl Katgogdra f`b` gktrahuogha ` l` `ndkh`

pýblgo`+ Dl h` `ktdrgar, has far`s hdspuçs hdl hdb`td prdsghdkog`l, Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`rd`lgzÿ uk` eds` hd `kàlgsgs sabrd dl hdb`td prdsghdkog`l+ Dk l` eds` las hgrgndktds hd las

p`rtghas sd oaepraedtgdrak ` re`r uk pòta hd ogvglgh`h, oaea dl ndstar hd dstd pòta ds dlhgrdotar hd Dl Katgogdra sd h` prgargh`h l` kat`+



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Dk las h`s sgnugdktds l`s prgkogp`lds edkogakds kudvèdktd sak lòaktràcdksgv` hdl p k `l o`sa hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+ _gk deb`rna, dkdstas h`s sgnugdktds dl tde` kdn`tgva oaegdkz` ` hdsv`kdodrsd+

@ pds`r hd dstd sdsna qud sd f` hdtdot`ha hdbdeas rdoakaodr qud `

k hd oudkt`s sd prdsdkt`rak las dldedktas odktr`lds hdl tde` kdn`tgva+@p`rdktdedktd dsa cud gepart`ktd p`r` qud hgofa tde` oabr`r` ùnd, puds dk dl rdsta hd las edhgas sd hds`rrallÿ uk` oarrgdktd ortgo` qud pusa dk m`qud ` l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+

Atras sdsnas dk l` oabdrtur` hd Dl Katgogdra

Dk l` absdrvògÿk oatghg`k` hdl pranrè` tèbgçk sd hdsoubrdk atrasdldedktas p`r` pdks`r qud dxgst` uk sdsna ` c`var hd l` oèp`` hdO`lhdrÿk+ Zar dmdepla, O`lhdrÿk cud dl prgedr o`khgh`ta dk sdr dktrdvgst`ha dk Dl Katgogdra, dsta suodhd dl 2? hd dkdra+ Zastdrgaredktd, dl 3hd e`rza, kudvèdktd vudlvd sdr dl prgedra dk uk` sdnukh` rakh` hddktrdvgst`s+ Abvgèdktd, p`r` tah`s dst`s hdogsgakds sd prdsdkt` uk`

mustgoògÿk, dk l` prgedr` rakh` sd hgod qud sd dktrdvgst`ràk ` las o`khgh`tas hd oudrha l` ktgnüdh`h hdl rdngstra hd las p`rtghas9 dk l` sdnukh` ao`sgÿk, sd mustgo` par sdr dl rdl`kzègdkta hd l` oèp`ð` hd

O`lhdrÿk+ Ds ol`ra qud ùk ou`kha f`y uk` mustgoògÿk p`r` c`vardodr ` O`lhdrÿk gnu`l sd fubgdr` pahgha gkvdkt`r uk` mustgoògÿk p`r` c`vardodr ` Lÿpdz Abr`har9 par dmdepla, sd ld fubgdr` pahgha dktrdvgst`r

prgedra ` çstd par sdr dl puktdra dk l`s dkoudst`s+++ Ka abst`ktd, dl sdsna eàs dvghdktd qud sd hdsoubrd ` c`var hd l` oè

p`` hd O`lhdrÿk cudrak las dspògas dxtr`s qud sd brgkh`b`k ` çst`, pdra ka `l rdsta hd l`s oèp``s+ Ds hdogr, dk kuedras`s ao`sgakds sd prdsdkt`b` l` rdòogÿk hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk ` prablde`s oatghg`kas hd l`

`ndkh` pýblgo` kògak`l cudr` hdl dspòga hd l` oabdrtur` hd l`s oèp``s9 sgk deb`rna, ka sd prdsdkt`b` l` rdòogÿk hd las atras o`khgh`tassabrd dstas tde`s+ Oak dst` apdrògÿk sd brgkh`b` uk dspòga dxtr` Ò`lhdrÿk, pdra, sabrd taha, ou`lgt`tgvèdktd sd ld pasgogak`b` oaea uko`khgh`ta o`p`z hd dkcrdkt`r l` prabldeàtgo` oatghg`k` hd l` ndkh` kògak`l+

@ hgcdrdkog` hd Dl Katgogdra sd absdrvÿ qud dk las pdrgÿhgoas, dspdog`ledktd dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, s sd prdsdkt`b` l` rdòogÿk hd las trds prgkog

p`lds o`khgh`tas las nr`khds dvdktas hd l` ndkh` pýblgo` kògak`l+Dstas dspògas dxtr`s qud brgkhÿ Dl Katgogdra ` O`lhdrÿk, sd hdsou

brgdrak= dl 08 hd cdbrdra ou`kha dst`ll` dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Nÿbdr Zrd%ogasa, Dl Katgogdra oaksgnk` l` rdòogÿk hd O`lhdrÿk `ktd dstd o`sa9 dl



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0> hd cdbrdra hur`ktd dl sdnedkta hd edkogakds sabrd dl tde` hdl Nÿ%bdr prdogasa, O`lhdrÿk dxgnd qud E`rga E`rk rdkukogd a qud sd` dx

puls`ha hdl o`rna9 dl 0: hd e`rza sd ldd uk oaeukgo`ha hd l` o`s` hdoèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk sabrd dl raepgegdkta hd l`s kdnaogògakds

p`r` l` arn`kgzògÿk hd las hdb`tds9 dl 2: hd e`rza sd prdsdkt` uk` kat`hd O`lhdrÿk mun`kha cutbal oaktr` las rdpartdras qud oubrdk l` oèp``9 dl 0: hd `brgl sd ldd uk oaeukgo`ha hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk dk dlou`l sd lèdkt` dl utargt`rgsea hd Lÿpdz Abr`har par ka qudrdr sgstgr `l prgedr hdb`td9 dl 7 hd e`ya O`lhdrÿk òus` qud dl _uboae`kh`ktdE`roas fòd dl tr`b`ma suoga hdl prh y qud èbas òtards pdrtdkdodk ùk` gzqugdrh` vgaldkt`9 dl h` 04 hd e`ya, Dl Katgogdra prdsdktÿ l` rdòogÿk hd O`lhdrÿk ` l` hdogsgÿk hdl prdsghdktd dst`haukghdksd Busf hddkvg`r ` l` Nu`rhg` Kògak`l ` l` craktdr` oak Eçxgoa9 dl 06 hd e`ya sdoaksgnk` l` rdòogÿk hd O`lhdrÿk ` l` oakstruoogÿk hd uk` v`ll` dk l`craktdr` EçxgoaDT+

Dl Katgogdra tuva uk sdsna ` c`var hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk

Oaea sd pudhd `prdog`r, hdshd euofas àknulas sd pudhd absdrv`r uk sdsna hd Dl Katgogdra dk c`var hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk+ ±Puç t`k

ta tr`b`ma fgza O`lhdrÿk p`r` s`lgr bdkdog`ha1 ±Dk rdlògakds pýblgo`s,oaktr`tas hd publgogh`h, `lg`kz`s paltgo`s oaea, par dmdepla, dl `paya` l Ldy Xdldvgs`+++1, y ±quç paoa tr`b`ma hd rdlògakds pýblgo`s, lg`kz`s

paltgo`s+++ fgza Lÿpdz Abr`har p`r` s`lgr pdrmuhgo`ha1Rdsult` hgcogl orddr qud tahas dstas sdsnas hdl prgkogp`l gkcare`tgva

hd Xdldvgs` sd`k gkoaksogdktds, pdra p`r` `re`r qud sak rdsult`ha hduk oaepraegsa oak dl p k sd tdkhr`k qud `part`r eàs dvghdkog`s+Oaea edkogak`k las ortgoas, ogdrtèdktd f`y hde`sg`has dldedktas

p`r` supakdr uk oaktubdrkga dktrd dl nabgdrka hd Cax y l`s tdldvgsar`s=dl prdsghdktd Cax cud eàs ndkdrasa qud las egseas prdsghdktds prggst`soak l`s tdldvgsar`s9 O`lhdrÿk `payÿ pýblgoèdktd l` `prabògÿk hd l`llè`h` Ldy Xdldvgs` &l` ou`l bdkdog`b` èplgèdktd ` las oaksarogastdldvgsgvas'9 _`ktg`na Orddl absdqugÿ oakodsgakds hd o`sgkas ` Xdldvgs`+++ Dk k, ` pds`r hd tah`s dst`s oakodsgakds y euof`s atr`s, ka sd

pduhd `sdnur`r qud las sdsnas hd Dl Katgogdra cudrak uk p`na ` las c`vards rdogbghas hd l` hegkgstrògÿk p`kgst`+

La ogdrta ds qud Lÿpdz Abr`har ds dl qud eàs edkogakds sabrd tde`s kdn`tgvas rdpart` kudstra dstuhga y ka sak edkogakds gkhgrdot`soaea dk dl o`sa hd l`s edkogakds sabrd dl prdsghdktd Cax+ Dsta qugdrdhdogr qud las drrards hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka abtuvgdrak eàs hgcusgÿk,



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ùkqud qugzà dsta tèbgçk sd eatgvÿ dk qud sus oaktrgko`ktds las hgcukhgdrak eplgèdktd y hd l` edmar e`kdr` pasgbld, oak hdol`rògakds`ktd las edhgas, spats dk las pranrè`s hd e`yar r`tgkn+++

@hdeàs dl sdsna hd Dl Katgogdra dk p`rtd sd dxplgo` parqud Lÿpdz

Abr`har dr` dl o`khgh`ta eàs vgsgbld, dr` dl puktdra hdshd fò` às+ Dlegsea dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, oaea uk` care` hd rdt`r ` sus `hvdrs`rgas, dgkolusa las edhgas, sd fò` llè`r “gkhdstruotgbld―+ _gk deb`rna, ka sdhdso`rt` qud las prgkogp`lds edhgas hdl p`s f`y`k apt`ha oaksogdktdedktd par dkcao`rsd ` las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd èla y ka ` las hd O`lhdrÿk9 `k hd oudkt`s dst` sÿla sdrå` l` låkd` dhgtarg`l hd Xdldvgs`+

Tka hd las h`tas eàs sgnkgo`tgvas p`r` `re`r dstd sdsna ds qud dltde` kdn`tgva qud lanr` eàs edkogakds hd tahas ds dl Ofàvdz%Ofòf`l`%o`s oak 0?0 edkogakds, dl sdnukha dl hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa oak 62 edkogakds y par ýltgea dl hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha oak 30 edkogakds+ Z`r` oae

prdkhdr l` hgedksgÿk hd dstd tde` kdn`tgva dk Dl Katgogdra, o`bd sd`l`r qud t`k sÿla l`s edkogakds hdl tde` Ofàvdzofòf`lò`s &0?0' sak supdrgards l oakmukta hd edkogakds hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd O`lhdrÿk &026'y l oakmukta hd edkogakds hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd E`hr`za &00?'+

Oà >6Eoas e`s `vas las s o`às Dl Katgogdra

kýea eoas

@çs E`l Lÿpz Abà

Funa Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s 0?0

Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas >6

Xat`l 2:7

kýea eoasClp O`lÿ Famas`

Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha 30

Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas 3>

Xat`l 026

raba E``za Zà

Nÿbdr Zrdogasa 62

Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas ?0Xat`l 00?




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@hdeàs, l` o`ktgh`h hd edkogakds sabrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har ds euy supdrgar l` o`ktgh`h hd edkogakds qud sd hdhgo` sus hvdrs`rgas= sd rdpart`k 2:7 edkogakds sabrd las dsoàkh`las hdl dxMdcd hd Nabgdrka, egdktr`s qud sÿla 026 hd l` hupl` O`lhdrÿkCax y 00?

hd E`hr`za+Zar atr` p`rtd, f`y qud hdstò`r dl sdsna dk dl e`kdma hdl tde` hdlOuð`ha gkoaeaha+ @ukqud ld h`k oabdrtur` &dl tde` sd e`ktgdkd f`st`dl ýltgea h` hd l` oèp``' prgvgldng`k l` hdcdks` hd O`lhdrÿk sabrd làcdksgv` hd l` obt, la ou`l ka suodhgÿ oak dl e`kdma hd las o`sas hd Lÿ

pdz Abr`har y E`hr`za+@s, f`y qud gksgstgr dk qud las tde`s kdn`tgvas sak gktrahuoghas par

las pdrgÿhgoas ` l` `ndkh` pýblgo`9 oak la ou`l sd hdeudstr` l` vgndkog`hdl pdrgahgsea hd gkvdstgnògÿk qud rd`lgz`k las pdrgÿhgoas, dspdog`l

edktd dl tr`b`ma hd gkvdstgnògÿk hd L` Mark`h`+ Dl o`sa hdl Nÿbdr prd%ogasa sd argngk` dk l` publgoògÿk qud fòd L` Mark`h`, hd las uhgas hdl`s oakvdrsògakds dktrd dl nabdrk`har E`rga E`rk y Ièdl Kògc &Bl`kofd, 08 hd cdbrdra, 2::3'+

Dl tde` kdn`tgva hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha tèbgçk sd prdnur` dk dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h` oak rdpart`mds sabrd las hgvdrsas oaktr`tas hddeprds`s pýblgo`s qud cudrak atarn`has ` Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l`&Eçkhdz dt l+, 2: hd brgl, 2::3'+

Dl tde` kdn`tgva hd l` prdsukt` p`rtgogpògÿk hd Funa Ofàvdz dk lòèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har cud gktrahuogha par dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Orÿkg%o` y lnuk`s ltrògakds publgo`h`s hdl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare`+ _gk deb`rna, oaea y` sd sd`lÿ, dk dstd o`sa las pdrgÿhgoas ka `part`rak dvghdkog`s d gkolusa, par dl oaktr`rga, sus hdkukog`s cudrak hdsedktgh`s par l`s gkvdstgnògakds pdrgahstgo`s y l`s hdl gcd+

Z`r` eastr`r oÿea l` e`yar` hd las drrards hd Lÿpdz Abr`har cudrak fàbgledktd us`has par sus `hvdrs`rgas p`r` hgcukhgrlas dk spats sddl`barÿ uk ou`hra dk dl qud sd eudstr` l` rdlògÿk dktrd las drrards hd

Lÿpdz Abr`har oak las `kukogas hd sus `hvdrs`rgas+ Dk l` sdrgd qud sd prdsdkt` dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra sd dxfgbd qud gkolusa `lnukas spats hdlp`k oulp`k `l dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka hd òaktdogegdktas dk las ou`lds katuva rdspaks`bglgh`h, t`l ds dl o`sa hdl spat Xl`lp`k y dl hd las t`bgquds+W` sd oaedkt`rak las rnuedktas hd dstd sase` dk dl kàlgsgs hd l` sdnukh` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s+

Dk oaktr`p`rtgh`, Lÿpdz Abr`har ka pravdof` l` e`yar` hd drrardshd sus `hvdrs`rgas p`r` fòdr spats9 sÿla las us` dk las o`sas hdl Cab`

pra` y dk dl hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+ F`y qud rdoarh`r qud tèbgçk O`lhdrÿk gkourrgÿ dk euofas drrards `nr`ktds hur`ktd l` oèp`ð`, pdradstas ka cudrak us`has par l` oèp`` hd l` obt, dktrd dstas ydrras,hdstò`k, par dmdepla= l` c`ls` ousògÿk hdl s`l`rga hd Ldakdl Oat` qud



?4:

fgza hur`ktd dl hdb`td, Oat` l` rdcut`r` oak dvghdkog s sÿla dk uk` oakcdrdkog hd prdks`9 l` pg` hd O`lhdrÿk dk l` dktrdvgst` oak Lÿpdz Hÿrgn` dl 0 hd e`rza, ou`kha òdpt` qud fò` la qud ld hgmdr`k sus `sdsardsoak t`l hd n`k`r, ka abtuva kgknuk` hgcusgÿk9 l` c`ls` ousògÿk hd qud

Lÿpdz Abr`har trgplgoÿ l` hduh` hdl nhc+++Oà >7

rlòÿ as Lÿpz Abà oa las spats ss vsàs

Cof`s das Lÿpz Abà Cof`s _pats

0 hd e`rza Dk dl gcd sd rdvdl` qud èla f`b` praedtgha 0: hdb`tds y far` sÿlaqugdrd uka

6 hd e`rza _pat hd E`hr`za, dxfgbd lòaktr`hgoogÿk dktrd las 0:hdb`tds qud praedtgÿ èla y dl

ýkgoa hdb`td qud òdpt` `far`04 hd e`rza èla rdorgegk` `l prdsghdktd=“Oàll`td Ofòf`lò`―

06 hd e`rza _pat Ofàvdz y _pat t`bgquds

23 hd brgl èla hdsòrdhgt` l`s dkoudst`s qudka la ubgo`k oaea dl lhdr

22 hd e`ya _pat @vdstruz

3 hd mukga èla dxprds` dk dl hdb`td qud “lashd edra `rrgb` ka p`n`k gepudstas―

07 hd mukga _pats ood y spats Odlghdrf

22 hd mukga èla `hvgdrtd qud Cax sd grà l b`surdra hd l` fgstarg` parqud ka ldoueplgÿ l pudbla

2> hd mukga _pat B`surdra hd l` fgstargèudstr` ` èla oaeagktaldr`ktd

4 hd e`ya Oakcraktògÿk vgaldkt` dktrd

pabl`hards hd @tdkoa y palgo`

00 hd e`ya _pat Xl`lp`k, dl p`k òus` `

èla hd fòdr “`palan` hd l`vgaldkog`―

Cudktd= _dnugegdkta hd edhgas &Dspgka, 2::>'+

Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r , dl trgukca hd l` paltgo` dspdotàoula

Atra dldedkta gepart`ktd p`r` pdks`r qud Xdldvgs` hds`rrall`b` ukòabdrtur` c`var`bld ` l` o`khgh`tur` hd O`lhdrÿk cud dl sdsna hdl pranrè` hd sàtgr` paltgo` Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r + Dstd pranrè` tgdkd su

argndk dk uk` sdrgd hd sidtofs paltgoas qud sd rd`lgz`b`k dk dl pranrèòÿegoa L` p`rahg` y dk `lnuk`s abr`s hd td`tra & L` E`rtf` hdl ]arra'qud s`tgrgz`b`k l` p`rdm` prdsghdkog`l Sgodktd CaxE`rtf` _`f`nýk+

Dk 2::8 las sidtofs `b`khak`k L` p`rahg` p`r` oakvdrtgrsd dk uk`dspdogd hd tdldkavdl` s`trgo` hd las òaktdogegdktas paltgoas hdl p`s+_d oakvgrtgÿ dk uk` degsgÿk sde`k`l qud hur`b` uk` far` &spats oaedrog`lds gkolughas'+ Zrakta sd dst`kh`rgzÿ oaea care`ta dl `barh`r las suodsas paltgoas hd l` sde`k` `ktdrgar, s lldnÿ ` l`s oèp``s prdsghdk

og`lds+ La gepart`ktd hd dstd pranrè` ds qud tdk` uk r`tgkn e`yar qud dl hd Dl Katgogdra y hd ou`lqugdr atra pranrè` gkcare`tgva hd l`tdldvgsgÿk, par la ou`l “l` ndktd la us`b` p`r` gkcare`rsd hd paltgo`―&Ealgk`, 03 hd aotubrd, 2::4'+



?40

Hd òudrha oak l` Dkoudst` Kògak`l dk Sgvgdkh` hd Z`rèdtr`, sgdtdhd o`h` hgdz edxgo`kas f`k vgsta dstd pranrè`, hd las ouàlds 33$ tgdkduk` apgkgÿk pasgtgv` hd çl y ýkgoèdktd ` 7$ ka ld `nr`h`+ Hd qugdkdsf`k vgsta dl pranrè`, >4$ oaksghdr` qud gkcare` euofa a `lna sabrdl`s oudstgakds paltgo`s kògak`lds+ Hd fdofa, l` ndktd qud la sgnud hgod

qud sd dktdr` eàs sabrd l` vgh` paltgo` hd Eçxgoa vgdkha Dl prgvgldngahd e`kh`r qud par las prapgas katgogdras hd tdldvgsgÿk &Artdn`, 03 hdaotubrd, 2::4'+

Dk aotubrd hd 2::4, dl prahuotar Rdyk`lha Lÿpdz dstge`b` qud dl pranrè` tdk` uk pýblgoa hd 2: egllakds hd dspdot`hards+ @ukqudoudst` orddr qud oakt`r` oak uk` ùhgdkog` t`k nr`khd, la sdnura dr`qud dl pranrè` supdr`b` dk r`tgkn ` tahas las pranrè`s gkcare`tgvasy paltgoas hd l` tv, oaea sd pudhd vdr dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra, hakhd sd

oaep`r` dl r`tgkn hd las katgog`rgas oak dl hd Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r yoak las pranrè`s hd e`yar r`tgkn hd o`h` tdldvgsar`+

Oà 6: R`tgkn paè`s cae`vas tlvs`

y tv @zo` 2::3-

tlvsa`! paè`

da Cba E`za @bl E`ya Ma

Dl Katgogdra&Xdldvgs`' 2:+7 03+7 07+7 07+0 2:+:&8+82'- KH

Dl prgvgldngahd e`kh`r &Xdldvgs`'

24+>&07+76'-

28+2&2:+28'-

22+?&06+20'-

06+:&08+66'-

07+?&KH'

&4+27'-

Zranrè` Xap&Xdldvgs`'

Rd`lgty sfaw B`gl`kha par

uk sudða8:+8

&24+>'-

Rd`lgty sfaw B`gl`kha par

uk sudða?6+3

&28+>?'-

Xdldkavdl` L` cd`

eàs bdll`24+:

&24+26'-

Xdldkavdl` L` cd`

eàs bdll`?0+6

&23+8>'-

Xdldkavdl` L` cd`

eàs bdll`26+4

&0:+>0'-

Xdldkavdl` L` cd`

eàs bdll`&0:+20'-

Fdofas hd l` Kaofd&tv @ztdo`'

&00+42'- &02+>3'- &08+74'- 24+0&07+42'-

28+4&?+66'-

&?+33'-

Zranrè` Xap&tv @ztdo`'

Xdldkavdl` @ear dkoustahg` &06+?7'-

Xdldkavdl` @ear dkoustahg` &07+44'-

Xdldkavdl` @ear dkoustahg &2?+22'-

Xdldkavdl` @ear dkoustahg`

2>+0&04+0?'-


?0+2&>+8'-


26+>0&3+60'-

- Dk dl ou`hra sd prdsdkt`k has hgcdrdktds edhgogakds hd r`tgkn l` qud sd dkoudktr` dktrd p`rçktdsgs pravgdkd hdl Xap Xdk hd pranrè`s hd e`yar r`tgkn publgo`ha par gbapd dk su pàngk` wdb+ Las gkhgo`hards qud ka sd dkoudktr`k dktrd p`rçktdsgs pravgdkdk hd l` rdvgst` KDA+ @ukqud rdprdsdkt`k hgcdrdktds tgpas hd r`tgkn, èbas tgpas hd gkhgo`hards sak oafdrdktds y sd oaepldedkt`k+Cudktd= Gkhgo`hards hd r`tgkn hd gbapd y Rdvgst` KDA &<www+gbapd+oae+ex y www+rdvgst`kda+oae;'+



?42

Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r tèbgçk c`vardogÿ l` o`khgh`tur`hd O`lhdrÿk

Hur`ktd dl pdrgaha hd l` oèp`` oakstgtuogak`l pràotgoèdktd dk

tah`s l`s degsgakds hdl Zrgvgldnga hd e`kh`r sgdeprd sd prdsdkt`b` `las trds prgkogp`lds o`khgh`tas, la oaeýk dr` uk` sàtgr` hd sus otgvgh`hds, s oaea hd las prgkogp`lds oaktdogegdktas paltgoas hd l` sde`k``ktdrgar+ _gk deb`rna, dk l`s çpao`s dk qud dst`ll`rak las prgkogp`ldstde`s kdn`tgvas dl pranrè` taeÿ oaea lkd` `rnuedkt`tgv` dstasòaktdogegdktas+

@ukqud ka sd rd`lgzÿ uk `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha prapgèdktd hgofa, dkl` absdrvògÿk hdl pranrè` sd hdsoubrgÿ uk sdsna euy abvga dk dl tr`tègdkta hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas= v`rg`s degsgakds hdl pranrè` tae`rak oaea tde` odktr`l las oakgotas hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &has degsgakdssabrd dl tde` Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s' d gkolusa las hd E`hr`za &has degsgakds sabrd dl tde` hdl Nÿbdr Zrdogasa', pdra kgknýk pranrè` taeÿodktr`ledktd las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd O`lhdrÿk+

Dl 2? hd dkdra, dl tde` `l qud sd hdhgo` e`yar tgdepa ds dl hd lasoakgotas vgaldktas dktrd l`s “trgbus hdl prhhc―+ Dl 2: hd cdbrdra tahadl pranrè` ngr` dk tarka l tde` hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa+ Dl 2> hd e`rza dltde` odktr`l hdl pranrè` ds dl tde` kdn`tgva hd Dl Zdmd &dl pdrsak`md

qud gegt` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har' oak l`s ofòf`lò`s y l` p`rtgogpògÿk hdOfàvdz dk l` oèp`` hd l` obt+ Dl 7 hd `brgl kudvèdktd dl tde` odktr`l hdl pranrè` sak l`s ofòf`lò`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk dstd pranrè` sd dsodkgo` uk` p`rahg` hdl Oudkta hd K`vgh`h hd Of`rlds Hgoidks, sdnýk dl ou`l Dl Zdmd ds vgsgt`ha par uk` c`kt`se`l ofòf`lò` qudld eudstr` su p`s`ha, prdsdktd y cutura haegk`ha par dl tde` hd l`sofòf`lò`s+

Hdspuçs hd qud dl pranrè` f` hdhgo`ha has degsgakds `l tde`

Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s, @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har, dk l` vgh` rd`l,rdorgegk` l pranrè` su sdsna y salgogt` qud hdk uk` oabdrtur` dqugt`tgv` y ka taedk p`rtgha dk l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l=

Wa `pravdofa `far` p`r` dkvg`rld uk edks`md, rdspdtuasa, `l huda hdXdldvgs`, Deglga @zoàrr`n`, y hdogrld hd qud vèas ` dst`r pdkhgdktdshd las oaktdkghas y qud las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk tgdkdk l` ablgnògÿkhd gkcare`r oak abmdtgvgh`h y oak pracdsgak`lgsea &Lÿpdz Abr`har, Rd%

care`, 00 hd brgl, 2::3'+



?4?

L` rdspudst` hdl pranrè` ds uk` kudv` burl` las rdpraofds hd Lÿ pdz Abr`har+ Dk dl pranrè` hdl 2? hd `brgl eudstr`k `l pdrsak`md DlZdmd dxodsgvèdktd prdaoup`ha par su p`rtgogpògÿk dk Dl prgvgldnga hde`kh`r + @hdeàs dl pdrsak`md O`ktg rdspakhd ` l` ortgo` hd Lÿpdz

Abr`har= “Hdbd tdkdr taldr`kog`, hdbd sdr rdspdtuasa, hdbd rdspdt`r l`lgbdrt`h hd dxprdsgÿk+++―Dl h` 03 hd `brgl kudvèdktd dl pranrè` tae` oaea lkd` `rnu

edkt`tgv` dl tde` hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa sgk kgknýk eatgva p`rdktd, pudsdk l` sde`k` `ktdrgar ka òaktdogÿ `lnýk dvdkta gepart`ktd qud rdvgvgdr` dl tde`+ @p`rdktdedktd, dstd o`ptula sÿla sgrvgÿ p`r` rdcut`r `Lÿpdz Abr`har, p`r` hdeastr`rld qud ka sÿla sd burl`b`k hd çl, sgkatèbgçk hd atras o`khgh`tas+

Zar ýltgea, dk mukga ou`kha dst`ll` dl tde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha yaoup` l`s prgedr`s pl`k`s hd tahas las edhgas, Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r ka hdhgo` uk sÿla pranrè` dstd tde` kdn`tgva, oaea dr` hd dspdr`rsd hdspuçs hd qud f`b`k hdhgo`ha has pranrè`s `l tde` hdl Nÿbdr

prdogasa y has eàs l o`sa Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s+ Dk dl pranrè` hdl 00hd mukga sd edkogak` t`kndkog`ledktd dl tde`, ou`kha sd dsodkgoùk` p`rahg` hdl hdb`td dktrd o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds+ Dk uk cr`nedkta hdl hdb`td sd rdtae` l` oakcraktògÿk qud sd vdrgoÿ dktrd O`lhdrÿky Lÿpdz Abr`har oak eatgva hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha+ Zastdrgaredktd dl

pdrsak`md Mdlgpd &dl gegt`har hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk' gksgstd dk qud l` hdkukog` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha ds uk` edktgr`+++ Ds hdogr, dl tde` sÿla sdtao` hd e`kdr` t`kndkog`l, kuko` sd tae` oaea dl tde` odktr`l hd uk`degsgÿk+

Dk l` sgnugdktd degsgÿk hdl pranrè`, dl 06 hd mukga, kudvèdktd sd prdsdkt` uk` edkogÿk, hd e`kdr` t`kndkog`l, sabrd dl Ouð`ha gkoÿea%ha, pdra tèpaoa dk dstd pranrè` dl tde` kdn`tgva hd l` oèp`` hdlp`k sd oakvgdrtd dk dl tde` odktr`l+ Hd còta dk dl pranrè` kuko` sd

prdsdktÿ uk pdrsak`md qud gegt`r` `l Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha, ` hgcdrdkog` hdtahas las pdrsak`mds kdn`tgvas kds Lÿpdz Abr`har &l`s ofòf`lò`s,dl prdsghdktd Ofàvdz+++' y hd las pdrsak`mds kdn`tgvas `kds ` E`hr`za&dl Nÿbdr prdogasa, Ièdl Kògc+++'+

L`s oèp``s eas ca osv`s l`s looas 2::3

Xr`hgogak`ledktd l` gzqugdrh` p`rtgh`rg` us` has h`tas cukhèdkt`lds p`r` hdso`lgo`r l subsgstde` edhgàtgoa+ Dl prgedra ds qud dl pýblgoa edxgo`ka hdpdkhd hd l` tv y dk edkar edhgh` hd l` r`hga, p`r` car



?44

qud sd rd`lgzÿ, oakre` qud o`h` edhga så hgcukhd prgkogp`ledktd lastde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`s oèp``s qud oaktr`r`k sus gktdrdsds9 sgk de

b`rna, ed p`rdod qud l` gkudkog` hd dstas tde`s dk dl pýblgoa dldotar ka ds t`k hgrdot` oaea sd ordd edkuha+

L`s gkudkog`s ka sak t`k hgrdot`s oaea ` vdods sd pgdks` par lòaepldmgh`h hdl subsgstde` edhgàtgoa+ Dk prgedr lun`r, l` e`yar` hdedhgas ka apt`k par `pay`r hdoghghèdktd uk` oèp`` dk cr`ko`hdsvdkt`m` hd l`s atr`s+ L` e`yar` hd edhgas gepart`ktds hdl p`ssak eàs a edkas plur`lds9 las prgkogp`lds edhgas sd hgstgknudk par oaktr`t`r ` uk` plur`lgh`h hd pdrsak`lgh`hds hd hgcdrdktds lgògakds

paltgo`s+ Gkolusa las edhgas eàs orgtgo`has par l` gzqugdrh` oaea Dl Katgogdra a dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` oudkt`k dktrd sus dhgtarg`lgst`s gktd

ldotu`lds hd tah`s l`s tdkhdkog`s, gkolugh`, hd e`kdr` kat`bld, l` gzqugdrh`+ Zar dmdepla dk dl 2::3, Dl Katgogdra oakt`b` oak gktdldotu`ldshd gzqugdrh` qud p`rtgogp`rak oaea `sdsards hd l` oèp`` hd LÿpdzAbr`har oaea= O`rlas Eaksgvàgs, Dldk` Zakg`tawsi`, Rdkd Hruoidr+++Dk dl pdrgÿhgoa Rdcare` hdstò`k l`s plue`s hd gktdldotu`lds hd gzqugdrh` qud tèbgçk cudrak sdsards hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oaea= LardkzaEdydr, Lugs Sgllara+++ @hdeàs ol`ra, hd `lnukas hd las gktdldotu`lds hdgzqugdrh` eàs cèasas oaea Egnudl Àkndl Nr`k`has Of`p`, Eò`rga

_ofdtgka+++Hds`cartuk`hèdktd, dst` hgvdrsgh`h ka bukh` dk las edhgas vgkoul`has ` l` gzqugdrh`, dktrd atr`s oas`s parqud las gktdldotu`lds eàs cèasas sak oaktr`t`has par las edhgas oak eàs rdoursas+ Zdra uk dk lasedhgas hd gzqugdrh` eàs tr`hgogak`lds oaea dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h` dsorgbdk gktdldotu`lds hd hgvdrs`s lgògakds, oaea _aldh`h La`dz` qudds l` gkvdstgn`har` eàs gepart`ktd sabrd l` fgstarg` hdl p`k9 dl lhdr

prggst` M`ged E`rtkdz Sdlaz9 dl dx nabdrk`har prggst` Nakz`la E`rtkdz Oarb`là+++ Xèbgçk dk Zraodsa, l` rdvgst` hd gzqugdrh` eàs gepart`ktd hdl p`s oakvgv` uk` plur`lgh`h hd paltgoas d gktdldotu`lds, dktrddllas, las p`kgst`s Mu`k Masç Fgkamas`, Ndreàk E`rtkdz Oàz`rds &rd

prdsdkt`ktd hdl p`k `ktd dl gcd'+++Hd dst` e`kdr`, sd pudhd sdnur`r qud las edhgas sak plur`lds par su

oaepasgogÿk gktdrk` &plur`lgh`h gktdrk`', s oaea par l` hgvdrsgh`h hdedhgas dxgstdktd &plur`lgh`h dxtdrk`', ds hdogr, par qud las f`y hd euyhgcdrdktds lgògakds ghdalÿngo`s+ Dst` plur`lgh`h hdl oèpa edhgàtgoandkdr` oarrgdktds oruz`h`s qud gepghdk qud uk sala edhga a uk` sal`tdkhdkog` &gzqugdrh` a hdrdof`' tdkn` uk` sabrdrrdprdsdktògÿk dk dldspòga pýblgoa+ Dsta qugdrd hdogr qud uk ou`kha fuba edhgas qud apt`rak `bgdrtèdktd par `pay`r ` l` o`khgh`tur` hdl p k, atras tèbgçk



?43

apt`rak par pay`r l` o`khgh`tur` hd l` obt, hd e`kdr` qud dktrd tahassd oaepdks`rak+20

Gkolusa o`bd edkogak`r l` p`r`ham` hd qud cudrak las pdrgÿhgoas, qudka tgdkdk nr`khds pýblgoas &oaea l` tv y l` r`hga', las qud gktrahumdrak

las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvas ` l` `ndkh` pýblgo`+ Hd fdofa, dl p`pdleàs hdstò`ha cud dl hd L` Mark`h`, puds dstd pdrgÿhgoa cud dl qud rdvdlÿ las o`sas hdl Nÿbdr prdogasa y hdl Ouð`ha Gkoÿeaha+ Zar atr` p`rtd, Rdcare` y L` Orÿkgo` cudrak las qud publgo`rak gkcareògÿk, e`lqud bgdk, hdl o`sa Ofàvdz%ofòf`lò`s+ Oak taha dsta, sd prdtdkhd rds`lt`r l` p`r`ham` hd qud cudrak las edhgas rdl`tgvèdktd pdqudas &sa

brd taha L` Mark`h`' las qud nug`rak ` las nr`khds dk dl e`kdma hd l``ndkh` pýblgo`+

Xèbgçk ds ogdrta qud las nr`khds tde`s kdn`tgvas sd prap`n`k par taha las edhgas y m`k l` `ndkh`+ _gk deb`rna, tahas las h`tas qud sdf`k pahgha rdo`b`r pukt`k hdsedktgr qud dsta sd tr`huzo` dk uk` gkudkog` hgrdot` dk dl pýblgoa dldotar+ L`s gkudkog`s sak edhg`h`s par euof`s r`zakds, l` plur`lgh`h hd las edhgas9 l` palgsdeg` hd las edks`

mds9 l` rdsgnkgoògÿk qud fòd dl rdodptar+++@ p`rtgr hdl `kàlgsgs hd l`s oèp``s y hdl `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha fd

rd`lgz`ha p`r` dst` gkvdstgnògÿk, sd oakoluyd qud ka sak las tde`s kdn`tgvas dk s egseas, ka ds l` o`ktgh`h hd tde`s kdn`tgvas la qud eàs

gkuyd dk dl pýblgoa dldotar, sgka l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` gktdnr`l9 dk lòu`l hdstò`, ogdrtèdktd dl e`kdma dstr`tçngoa hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas

par p`rtd hd l`s oèp``s+ Ds hdogr, ds l` dstr`tdng` hdl e`kdma hd l``ndkh` l` qud yuh` patdkog`r las tde`s kdn`tgvas mdkas y oaktral`r las hàs hd çstas dk l` prapg` oèp``+ Ka ds t`kta l` o`ktgh`h hd tde`s kdn`tgvas qud sd pudh` gktrahuogr dk l` `ndkh` dldotar`l, sgka lò`pògh`h dstr`tçngo` p`r` dl e`kdma hd l` ndkh` la qud brgkh` l`s e`yards apartukgh`hds+

Dk l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3, l` oèp`` edhgàtgo` eàsgepart`ktd cud l` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, `sgegsea cud l` qud e`kdmÿ l``ndkh` hd tde`s kdn`tgvas hd uk` e`kdr` eàs dxgtas`+ Dst` oèp`òaedkzÿ oak o`sg 0: puktas `b`ma dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ Dk dl

prgedr eds y edhga hd l` oèp`` su `ndkh` hd tde`s pasgtgvas &las

20 Las o`sas eàs cèasas cudrak has pdrgahgst`s hd l` r`hga qud mun`rak `bgdrtèdktd `c`var hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk y dk oaktr` hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Dk dl `kà

lgsgs hd l` oèp`` sd f` eastr`ha oaea, f`st` has h`s ktds hd l` dldoogÿk, Zdhra Cdrrgz HdOak &oakhuotar hd Ge`ndk Gkcare`tgv`' `s oaea ßso`r E`rga Bdtdt` &oakhuotar hd Oýpul`deprds`rg`l' mun`rak ` hdso`lgo`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har+ Zdra tèbgçk fuba edhgas ` c`var hdLÿpdz Abr`har oaea dl pdrgÿhgoa L` Mark`h`+



?4>

v`lards ear`lds' ka cruotgoÿ, par dl oaktr`rga, l` o`khgh`tur` rdtraodhgÿ dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s+ Dk dstd eaedkta, l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hdlp`k sd dkcrdkt`b` ` uk rdta oruog`l, dkcrdkt`r l` o`khgh`tur` hd LÿpdzAbr`har qud f`b` lghdr`ha l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds hdshd fò`

às, qud f`b` sapart`ha kuedrasas òasas dktrd las qud hdstòÿ dl praodsa hd hds`cudra+ Hdspuçs hdl crò`sa hd dstd òasa sgstdeàtgoaeuofas ord`k qud dst` o`khgh`tur` dr` gkvdkogbld, dl egsea LÿpdzAbr`har sd fò` llè`r “gkhdstruotgbld―+ Euofas paltgoas d gktdldotu`lds hd hgvdrs`s lgògakds ghdalÿngo`s dst`b`k t`k sdnuras hd qudLÿpdz Abr`har n`k`r` l`s dldoogakds qud sd f`b`k sue`ha su o`khgh`tur`, f`b`k gkstruedkt`ha L` o`rn`h` &b`kh w`nak'+

@l o`ba hd uk eds y edhga hd oèp`` l`s dkoudst`s e`ro`b`k uk praodsa hd oaksalghògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y uk rdtraodsa hd l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk9 ktd dst` sgtuògÿk dl o`khgh`ta p`kgst` taeÿ uk` hdogsgÿk oruog`l, oèbg`r tah` su dstr`tdng` hd oèp``+ Dk l` sdnukh` dt`

p` gepldedkt`rak uk` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std= par uk l`ha, hds`rrall`b`kuk` `nrdsgv` oèp`ð` kdn`tgv` qud hdso`lgo`b` ` Lÿpdz Abr`har y

par atra, prapak`k uk` oèp`` pasgtgv` oak “l`s vgrtuhds― hd O`lhdrÿk y hdl p`k+ _d prdtdkh` hgbum`r has palas= Lÿpdz Abr`har dk dl kdn`tgva y O`lhdrÿk dk dl pasgtgva+

Z`r` dst` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std tèbgçk `yuh`rak las drrards hd l`

oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har+ L` oèp`` hdl p k dxplatÿ pracukhèdktd dstas drrards oak uk` `stut` oèp`` kdn`tgv`+ X`kta oak spats kdn`tgvas oaea oak l` `hegkgstrògÿk hd tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l` `ndkh`

paltgoa dldotar`l sd pravaoÿ l` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har y uk lgndra ordogegdkta hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd O`lhdrÿk9 èb`s tdkhdkog`s sd oakmun`rak p`r` pravao`r uk vudloa dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+

L` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har ka rdòogakÿ ktd l` oèp`` kdn`tg

v` hdl p`k hur`ktd o`sg has edsds, cud f`st` l`s prgedr`s sde`k`s hde`ya qud oaedkz`rak ` oaktr``tò`r, pdra y` p`r` dktakods f`b`k pdrhgha su vdkt`m` y par prgedr` vdz dk às dst`b`k `b ma dk l`s prdcdrdkog` dldotar`lds+ Las dxtràrhgk`rgas rdsult`has hd l` dstr`tdng` hdoaktr`std hdl p k eastr`rak pldkgtuh dl nr`k gepòta qud pudhd tdkdr uk` `stut` dstr`tdng` hd oèp`` dk las edhgas y dk dl pýblgoa dldotar+L` vdrtgngkas` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har tèbgçk hdeudstr` las lo`kods kdn`tgvas qud uk` e`l` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas pudhdhds`rrall`r+ L` oaebgkògÿk hd ògdrtas y hd drrards hd èb`s dstr`tdng`s kas hdeudstr`k dl nr`k gepòta pasgtgva y kdn`tgva qud pudhdk tdkdr l` llè`h` oèp`` hd edhgas+



?46

Dk l` tdrodr` dt`p`, l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har lanrÿ gktrahuogr dltde` hdl Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha dk l` `ndkh` paltgoa dldotar`l+ Çstd cuddl tde` eàs kdn`tgva p`r` l` oèp`` hdl p k y sd prdsdktÿ ` sÿla uk`ssde`k`s hd l` dldoogÿk+ _gk deb`rna, l` oèp`` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk

lanrÿ gepldedkt`r uk` dstr`tdng` hd oaktral hd h`ðas euy dogdktd qudoaktuva l` o`h` hd sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ Dk dstd eaedkta, kudvèdktd sd hdeastrÿ l` nr`k o`pògh`h dstr`tçngo` hd l` oèp`` hdlp`k, ukqud far` dk uk` ogroukst`kog` tat`ledktd hgcdrdktd= dl e`kdmahd l` `ndkh` hd las prapgas tde`s kdn`tgvas p`r` oaktral`r las hàs+

Zar ýltgea, dk l`s sde`k`s prdvg`s ` l` dldoogÿk sd hds`rrall`rak v`rgas nalpds edhgàtgoas qud, cudr`k a ka prapgog`has par l` oèp`` hdlp`k, så bdkdog`rak eplgèdktd dstd p`rtgha= las deprds`rgas tò`rak l`s prapudst`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har9 uk fòidr gktdrvgka l` pàngk` hdèla y dsta cud dxplat`ha par `lnukas gepart`ktds katgog`rgas hd l`r`hga+++

Zar t`kta, orda qud ka sd hdbd f`bl`r edoàkgoèdktd hdl dcdota hdl`s oèp``s kg hdl dcdota hd las edhgas dk dl pýblgoa dldotar, sgka hd lòaepldmgh`h hd l`s rdlògakds qud sd hds`rrall`k dk dl oèpa hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+ Zuds gkolusa, uk` dstr`tdng` hd oèp``, par brgll`ktd qud sd`, tèbgçk hdpdkhd hd l`s oakhgogakds saogapaltgo`s hdl

p`s+ Dsta sd pudhd glustr`r oak l` oèp`` hdl prg dk dl 2::3, l` ou`l,

ùk ou`kha tuva uk` dstr`tdng` hd oèp`` odpt`bld, kuko` tuva oakhgogakds c`var`blds p`r` oaepdtgr oak las has lhdrds hd l` oaktgdkh`+

Dk oakolusgÿk, uk oak euofas e`tgods, orda qud dk dl praodsa dldotar`l hd 2::3 sd hdbd f`bl`r hd l` gkudkog` hd l`s oèp`ð`s edhgàtgo`seàs qud hd l` gkudkog` hd las edhgas+ Las rdsult`has hd kudstra dstuhga ed argdkt`k pdks`r qud l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd l`s oèp``s cuddl còtar hdogsgva hd l`s dldoogakds, p`r` lldn`r ` dst` oakolusgÿk sd f`khdso`rt`ha las prgkogp`lds còtards qud sak tr`hgogak`ledktd hdogsgvas

p`r` l` dldoogÿk= dl sdsna hd las edhgas ` c`var hd uk` oèp``9 las rdsult`has hd l` “oèp`` tgdrr`―9 l` ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst` hd las dldotards+++Cgk`ledktd sÿla qudhÿ l` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std hdl p k oaebgk`h` oakl` gkdogdktd oèp`ð` edhgàtgo` hd l` obt, çst` ds l` v`rg`bld qud pdregtd dxplgo`r hd edmar care` las rdsult`has hdl praodsa dldotar`l+ Dl còtar hdogsgva cud, dktakods, l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd l`s oèp``s, mustahakhd dl p`k tdk` su cart`ldz` y Lÿpdz Abr`har su t`lÿk hd @quglds+



?47

OAkOLu_gAkd_

L` `scaeòÿ l` oaeoòÿ palo` l`s oèp``spso`ls Eçoa &0778%2::3'

Dl oaktdxta hd l`s oèp``s

L`s rdlògakds dktrd paltgoas, edhgas y pýblgoa sd hds`rrall`k dk ukoaktdxta saogapalåtgoa qud gkuyd hdogsgvèdktd taha dl praodsa+ _d

pudhdk edkogak`r trds còtards hd dstd oaktdxta qud sak rdldv`ktds p`r`dxplgo`r las rdsult`has hd l`s trds ýltge`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds= 0'l` dv`luògÿk hd las oguh`h`kas sabrd dl nabgdrka dk turka, 2' l`s oakhgogakds dstruotur`lds qud còglgt`k l` gkudkog` hd las edhgas y l`s oè

p``s y ?' `lnuk`s ogroukst`kog`s saogapaltgo`s dxtràrhgk`rg`s oaeal`s orgsgs doakÿego`s a paltgo`s+

Oak rdspdota `l prgedr pukta, l` dv`luògÿk hdl nabgdrka, sd pudhdsd`l`r qud l` pablògÿk `l vat`r sd pl`ktd` l` apogÿk hd rdcrdkh`r `l

p`rtgha dk dl nabgdrka a oèbg`rla9 par dlla ds oaeýk qud l` apasgogÿkgksgst` dk pl`ktd`r l` dldoogÿk oak dstd sdktgha= dl oèbga+_abrd dl sdnukha pukta, l`s oakhgogakds dstruotur`lds hdl p`s qud

gkuydk kat`bldedktd dk l`s oèp`ð`s, pudhdk edkogak`rsd= `' l` pa brdz`, qud sd tr`huod dk uk b`ma kgvdl dhuo`tgva y b`m careògÿk paltgo`9 b' l` oakodktrògÿk eakapÿlgo` hd las prgkogp`lds edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk hd tv y r`hga &Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`', y9 o' dl rçngedk

prdsghdkog`lgst` qud oakodktr` dl pahdr dk dl Dmdoutgva+ Hd dst` e`kdr`,oaea dl dldotar`ha edxgo`ka o`rdod hd rdoursas doakÿegoas suogdktds, hd uk` budk` dhuoògÿk y hd careògÿk paltgo`, hdpdkhd hd l` gkcareògÿk ndkdr`h` par l` tv y l` r`hga dk l` çpao` hd oèp``s p`ràrgdkt`r su vata+ Zar atra l`ha, dl prdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo`, oak l` nr`k



?3:

o`ktgh`h hd rdoursas doakÿegoas qud e`kdm`, l` dstruotur` hd pahdr yl` eplg` oabdrtur` hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk, sd vudlvd uk ndktdeuy gkuydktd+

Dk tdrodr lun`r, f`y ogroukst`kog`s fgstÿrgo`s dxtràrhgk`rg`s qud gk

uydk hdogsgvèdktd dk l`s dldoogakds, oaea l`s orgsgs doakÿego`s asaogapaltgo`s y `lnuk`s eavglgzògakds saog`lds+ Hur`ktd l` llè`h`“tr`ksgogÿk edxgo`k`― aourrgdrak v`rgas hd dstas cdkÿedkas+ L`s oè

p``s hd 0766 y 0778 dstuvgdrak ol`rèdktd e`ro`h`s par orgsgs doakÿego`s y paltgo`s dk dl p`s= l`s hd 0766, par l` orgsgs doakÿego` y l` dsogsgÿk hdl prg9 l`s hd 0778, par l` orgsgs saogapaltgo`, oak l` grrupogÿkhdl dzlk y dl sdsgk`ta hd Oalasga+ Zar atra l`ha, hdshd 0766 sd oaegdkz` ` `prdog`r uk` gepart`ktd eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` `rtgoul`h` ` las

p`rtghas apasgtards, qud sd rddm`rà ol`rèdktd dk l` `ltdrk`kog` dk hgcdrdktds dst`has f`st` 0778, y pastdrgaredktd, dk 077>, dk dl trgukca hdl` apasgogÿk dk dl Oaknrdsa hd l` Tkgÿk y dk l` `ltdrk`kog` aourrgh`dk l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo` dk dl 2:::+

Oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd 0778

Çst`s cudrak l`s ýltge`s oaktral`h`s par dl rçngedk utargt`rga, ou`k

ha dl prg `pravdofÿ dxgtasèdktd uk` ogroukst`kog` dxtràrhgk`rg`= lòrgsgs saogapaltgo`+ Dk 0778, dl sgstde` paltgoa edxgo`ka vgv` uk` pracukh` orgsgs gkstgtuogak`l y l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds pusgdrak `

prudb` l` ldngtgegh`h hdl rçngedk+Hdspuçs hd l` òusògÿk hd crùhd e`sgva dk 0766, l`s sgnugdktds

dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds o`rdo`k hd ordhgbglgh`h hdktra y cudr` hdl p`s+ Hur`ktd su e`kh`ta, dl prdsghdktd _`lgk`s sd hdhgoÿ ` rdoakstrugr l` ldngtgegh`h pdrhgh` hdl sgstde` paltgoa+ Xuva ogdrta çxgta l hgcukhgr l`

ghd` hd qud Eçxgoa dst`b` gknrds`kha l`s doakae`s hd prgedr eukha oak dl gknrdsa hd Eçxgoa ` l` aohd y oak l` re` hdl Xr`t`ha hd Lg brd Oaedroga &tlo' oak Dst`has Tkghas y O`k`hà+ Zar atr` p`rtd, rdoakaogÿ trgukcas hdl p`k dk lnukas dst`has hdl p`s+ Cgk`ledktd, ordÿ uksgstde` olgdktdl`r e`sgva ` tr`vçs hd uk nr`k kýedra hd pranrè`s hd`sgstdkog saog`l p`r` l` ndktd pabrd+ Oak l` vdkt` hd nr`khds deprds`s

p`r`dst`t`lds, dl prdsghdktd lanrÿ uk nr`k prdsupudsta p`r` l` _dordt`r`hd Hds`rralla _aog`l &_dhdsal' qud `hegkgstr`b` l` e`yar` hd dstas

pranrè`s+ Ka dr` o`su`l qud dl prdsghdktd _`lgk`s fubgdr` hdsgnk`ha `Lus Hak`lha Oalasga, tgtul`r hd dst` sdordt`r`, oaea o`khgh`ta hdl prg ` l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo`+



?30

_gk deb`rna, dk dkdra hd 0778, l` grrupogÿk hd l` nudrrgll` z`p`tgst`&dzlk' eahgoÿ l`s dxpdot`tgv`s aptgegst`s hdl nabgdrka y l` saogdh`h+Zdra dl tr`kod eàs hura p`r` dl p`s sd prdsdktÿ dl 2? hd e`rza hd dsdà oak dl sdsgk`ta hd Lus Hak`lha Oalasga+ Dk dstd oaktdxta dl prdsg

hdktd _`lgk`s hdoghgÿ gkgog`r uk praodsa hd rdcare` dldotar`l qud rdcarz`r` l` ldngtgegh`h hdl sgstde` paltgoa, l` ou`l oakoluyÿ dxgtasèdktddk tçregkas ndkdr`lds, y pdregtgÿ l` arn`kgzògÿk hd dldoogakds ordblds`l atarn`r e`yards n`r`kt`s hd odrtdz` d gnu`lh`h p`r` l` apasgogÿk+

@ukqud l` eudrtd hd Oalasga raepgÿ dl vkoula hd l` oèp`` oak l`_dhdsal, dl ngn`ktdsoa `p`r`ta olgdktdl`r cukogakÿ do`zedktd p`r``pay`r ` Drkdsta ]dhglla, dl kudva o`khgh`ta hdl prg+ Dk dstd sdktgha, l`dstr`tdng` prggst` p`r` n`k`r l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 0778 cudl` arn`kgzògÿk hd uk` dstruotur` olgdktdl`r ` tr`vçs hd las pranrè`ssaog`lds cdhdr`lds+ @hdeàs, dk l` “oèp`ð` hd edhgas―, sd dxplatÿ dogdktdedktd dl olge` hd gksdnurgh`h eatgv`ha par dl `sdsgk`ta hd Oalasga y l` grrupogÿk hdl dzlk+ Dk dst` çpao`, las prgkogp`lds edhgas hdoaeukgoògÿk `ýk e`ktdk`k uk pòta oarpar`tgva oak dl rçngedk, laou`l sgnkgo`b` qud cukogak`b`k hdktra hd l` dstr`tdng` hd oèp`ð` hdlprg+ @ukqud dk dst` ao`sgÿk las edhgas brgkh`rak oabdrtur`s hd oè

p`` eàs dqugt`tgv`s p`r` l` apasgogÿk dk la ou`ktgt`tgva, dk la ou`lgt`tgva sd prgvgldngÿ `l o`khgh`ta hdl prg y sd hdso`lgoÿ cdfògdktdedktd `

las prgkogp`lds o`khgh`tas apasgtards+L` oaebgkògÿk hd tahas dstas còtards pdregtgdrak uk trgukca faln`

ha hdl prg= uk vata e`yargt`rga p`r` dl o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l, uk` e`yar` bsalut` dk dl oaknrdsa y l` p`rtgogpògÿk oguh`h`k` eàs lt` hd l`hço`h`+ L` cart`ldz` hdl rçngedk ùtargt`rga oaktr`st`b` pracukhèdktdoak l` hdbglgh`h gkstgtuogak`l hd las p`rtghas hd apasgogÿk= kg dl prh kg dlp k tdk`k uk` dstruotur` tdrrgtarg`l kògak`l9 tèpaoa pah`k e`ktdkdr uk` oèp`ð` hd edhgas dogdktd, pudsta qud sus rdoursas doakÿeg

oas dr`k kat`bldedktd gkcdrgards ` las hdl p`rtgha hd Dst`ha+ Dk oakolusgÿk, f`st` l`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds hd 0778, dl òtar hdtdregk`ktdhd l`s dldoogakds dr` dl rçngedk ùtargt`rga, ùkqud dk dst`s oèp``sy` sd vgsluebr` uk kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`+

Oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hdl 2:::

Dk dl 2:::, dl rçngedk utargt`rga y` ka puha oaktral`r las praodsasdldotar`lds parqud l`s oakhgogakds f`b`k oèbg`ha r`hgo`ledktd+ Lòrgsgs doakÿego` hd 07780774 òdldrÿ dl hdsorçhgta hdl rçngedk ùtargt`rga, la ou`l pravaoÿ qud eàs nubdrk`tur`s y l` egse` Oàe`r` hd



?32

Hgput`has o`ydr`k dk e`kas hd l` apasgogÿk+ Dl prdsghdktd Drkdsta ]dhglla f`bå` praeavgha uk` rdcare` dldotar`l qud cruotgoÿ dk ÿrn`kasdldotar`lds oguh`h`kgz`has, las ou`lds n`r`ktgz`b`k dldoogakds ordbldsy eàs dqugt`tgv`s+ L` saogdh`h ogvgl tdk` uk e`yar hds`rralla paltgoa

qud ld pdregt` ùedkt`r su eavglgzògÿk p`r` hdcdkhdr sus gktdrdsdsùk dk oaktr` hdl rçngedk utargt`rga+ Las prgkogp`lds edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk f`b`k rata dl pòta oarpar`tgva y, par prgedr` vdz dk l` fgstarg` hdl p`s, naz`b`k hd uk` gksÿlgt` gkhdpdkhdkog`+ L` apasgogÿk na

bdrk`b` dk euofas dst`has hdl p`s y tdk` uk` cart`ldz` gkstgtuogak`lqud sd tr`huo` dk uk` b`sd dldotar`l kògak`l, s oaea uk` nr`k o`pògh`h p`r` fòdr oèp``s oak las ýltgeas `v`kods hd l` tdokalan` hdedhgas+

Zar la ktdrgar, dk dl 2::: sd vdrgoÿ uk praodsa dldotar`l cukhògak`l= l`s oèp``s y l`s dldoogakds sd hds`rrall`rak, par prgedr` vdz, hdòudrha l`s rdnl`s hdl mudna hdeaoràtgoa+ _gk deb`rna, ukqud dl p`rtgha hd Dst`ha y` tdk` uk` nr`k o`rn` hd hdsorçhgta, `ýk oaksdrv`b`

b`st`ktds rdoursas p`r` hgsput`r l` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`l+ Hd e`kdr`qud dk dstd à oaktdkhgdrak has oèp``s oak cudrz`s dqugv`ldktds,

pdra hgcdrdktds care`s hd `paya+ Egdktr`s dl o`khgh`ta hdl prg tdk` dl`paya hd l` ngn`ktdso` b`sd olgdktdl`r lanr`h` oak las pranrè`s saog`lds hdl nabgdrka cdhdr`l, dl o`khgh`ta hdl p`k tdk` dl paya hd l` e`ya

r` hd l` saogdh`h, qud `spgr`b` ` uk oèbga paltgoa+Dk dst`s dldoogakds dl còtar hdogsgva cud l` `rtgoulògÿk hdl p k oak

l`s dxpdot`tgv`s hd oèbga hd l` e`yar` hd l` pablògÿk+ Dr`k t`k e`kgdst`s dst`s dxpdot`tgv`s qud l`s trds prgkogp`lds oèp`ð`s, gkolugh` l`hdl p`rtgha hd Dst`ha, tae`rak oaea dmd dstr`tçngoa hd oaeukgoògÿkl` ghd` hdl oèbga+

L` dstr`tdng` hd oèp`` hd Sgodktd Cax oakvdkogÿ ` l` saogdh`h hdqud dr` l` ýkgo` `ltdrk`tgv` hd oèbga paltgoa y qud dl p`rtgha hd Dst`

ha rdprdsdkt`b` l` oaktgkugh`h hdl vgdma rçngedk+ Z`r` trgukc`r, dstdo`khgh`ta rdogbgÿ dl paya ka sÿla hd l` rdhuogh` b`sd dldotar`l hdl p`k,sgka hd l` e`yar` hd dldotards gkhdpdkhgdktds d gkolusa hd uk nr`k sdotar hd gzqugdrh` qud degtgÿ uk “vata dstr`tçngoa― p`r` hdrrat`r l p`rtgha hd Dst`ha+

Oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hd 2::3

Dk 2::3 l`s oakhgogakds hdl oaktdxta saogapaltgoa dr`k c`var`blds p`r` las o`khgh`tas @khrçs E`kudl Lÿpdz Abr`har & ela' y CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk+ Dk oèbga, p`r` Rabdrta E`hr`za, dr`k euy hvdrs`s, puds



?3?

oak dl oèbga hd rçngedk su p`rtgha sdnu` gkedrsa dk uk praodsa hd pçrhgh` hd ldngtgegh`h, y sus låhdrds dst`b`k dkvudltas dk oakgotas gktdrkas qud h``rak su ordhgbglgh`h+

L`s oakhgogakds saog`lds dr`k oaepldtèdktd hgcdrdktds ` l`s hdl

2:::+ Egdktr`s qud dk qudl ða sd vdrgoÿ uk` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` qud luofÿ p`r` hdrrat`r `l rçngedk ùtargt`rga, dk 2::3 l` eavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` sd hgvghgÿ dktrd l`s has nr`khds cudrz`s paltgo`s qudf`b`k sgha apasgtar`s `l vgdma rçngedk &p`k y prh'+ Nròg`s ` dlla è

bas p`rtghas lanr`rak uk vgrtu`l dep`td dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+

Zrgedr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog l hd 2::3

Dl pdrgaha hd oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds dk Eçxgoa hur`b` paoa eàshd ogkoa edsds+ L` hd 2::3 pudhd hgvghgrsd dk trds dt`p`s+ Dk l` prgedr`, hdl 07 hd dkdra &care`l h` hd rr`kqud hd l`s oèp``s' f`st` prgkogpgas hd e`rza, dxgst` uk ol`ra haegkga hd èla9 e`kgcdst`ha dk dlùedkta hd sus prdcdrdkog`s prddldotar`lds+ Lldnÿ ` tdkdr odro` hd hgdz

puktas hd vdkt`m` sabrd dl o`khgh`ta eàs odro`ka, dk l`s dkoudst`s9 tdk` l` gkgog`tgv` dk l` ndkh` pýblgo`+ Dk oèbga, l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd susoaepdtghards sd dst`ko`b`k a rdtraodh`k+ Dk dl o`sa hd E`hr`za, su

oèp`ð` qudhÿ l`str`h` par uk` sdrgd hd oakgotas gktdrkas, dktrd lasqud hdstò` dl dsoàkh`la hdkaegk`ha Dl nÿbdr prdogasa, qud dst`llÿ dl08 hd cdbrdra+ Zar su p`rtd, Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, dk dl prgedr eds y edhga,odktrÿ su oèp`` publgogt`rg` dk las v`lards ear`lds, pdra ka tuva çxgta, y su o`khgh`tur` rdtraodhgÿ dk l`s prdcdrdkog s+

Hdshd as tràs, oaea Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, èla f`b` sapart`ha kuedrasas òasas, dktrd las qud hdstòÿ dl praodsa hd hds`cudra qud laoakvgrtgÿ dk dl paltgoa eàs papul`r hdl p`s+ Hdspuçs hdl crò`sa p`r`

hdsprdstgng`rla, l` ol`sd paltgo` y las edhgas ord`k qud l` o`khgh`tur` hdLÿpdz Abr`har dr` gkvdkogbld+ Zalåtgoas d gktdldotu`lds hd hgvdrs`s lgògakds ghdalÿngo`s dst`b`k t`k sdnuras hd qud n`k`r` l`s dldoogakdsqud sd f`b k sue`ha su o`khgh`tur`, sd f`b`k gkoarpar`ha l` o`r%n`h` &b`kh w`nak'+

@l o`ba hd eds y edhga hd oèp``, l`s dkoudst`s eastr`b`k uk` p`r`ham`= uk praodsa hd oaksalghògÿk hd Lÿpdz Abr`har pds`r hd qudsu prdsdkog` dk las edhgas dr` gksgnkgo`ktd+ Dk l` prgedr` dt`p` hd lòèp`` ka oakodh` dktrdvgst`s ` las edhgas, dk t`kta qud sus rgv`ldsoatghg`kèdktd atarn`b`k par la edkas sgdtd u aofa dktrdvgst`s dxolusgv`s ` las edhgas+ _gk deb`rna, ` pds`r hd qud dr`k las qud eàs tgdepa,hgkdra y dscudrza gkvdrt`k dk edhgas, O`lhdrÿk y E`hr`za sdnu`k rd



?38

traodhgdkha+ @ktd dst` sgtuògÿk dl o`khgh`ta p`kgst` taeÿ uk` hdogsgÿkoruog`l= oèbg`r tah` su dstr`tdng`, oak la ou`l hga gkgoga ` l` sdnukh`dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s+

Oà 0n`sa spats à y lvsÿ&l 07 a l ? e`za 2::3'

O`à n`sa a`l

èla ( 8? >34 384+2:

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk (068 826 472+32

Z`trgog` Edro`ha (? :84 >36+::

Rabdrta Oèp` (08 2:4 7>4+22

Rabdrta E`hr`za (>? 373 3?4+43

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, 3hd e`rza, 2::3+

Nrào` G

Zco`s loa`ls l` pe` `p`&pas pao`ls'

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare` &2::3`'+

:

0:

2:

?:

8:

4:

Dkdra Cdbrdra E`rza

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk

Rabdrta E`hr`zaLÿpdz Abr`har



?34

_dnukh` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hd 2::3

@l k`l hd l` prgedr` dt`p` oaedkzÿ ` hdstò`r l` gktdrvdkogÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax, qugdk salgogt`b` `l dldotar`ha rdcrdkh`r `l o`khgh`ta

hdl p`rtgha dk dl nabgdrka+ Dl prdsghdktd y su hegkgstrògÿk gktdrvgkgdrak, `hdeàs, p`r` hdkgnr`r ` èla+ Dl nabgdrka cdhdr`l oaktr`tÿ uk`dxtdks` oèp`` hd spats dk las prgkogp`lds edhgas hdl p`s p`r` hgcukhgr su abr` y llè`r ` l` oaktgkugh`h+ Dxgstdk euofas rdpartds hd qudhgvdrs`s sdordt`r`s hd Dst`ha &dspdog`ledktd l` _dhdsal' utglgz`rak rdoursas hd care` olgdktdl`r p`r` praeavdr dl vata p`kgst` &Rdvdlds,2::3'+ Dk cdbrdra sd publgoÿ uk rdpartd hd l` oèp`` publgogt`rg` hdl

prdsghdktd Cax qud s`tur`b`k l` r`hga y tv= tr`ksegt`k hg`rgèdktd4 7:: spats dk l` r`hga hd taha dl p`s y 2 ?:: `kukogas hd tdldvgsgÿk&Fdrkàkhdz, 2::3'+

Oà 2gvsÿ pa es las spats l` Zso`

&l 07 a `l 07 e`ya'

da Cba E`za @bl E`ya ta`l

Kýedrahd spats

6 868 >> 6:? 40 34> 043 00> 032 ?08 843 ?>4

Oastadk pdsas

(63 687 723 (882 034 78: (286 86? ?46 (4:4 :64 6:3 (82> 8:? >:3 (0 >:7 766 >?3

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda, dk Rdvdlds, 2::3+

Zdra l` prgkogp`l yuh` hd Cax l p`k cud lghdr`r l` oèp`` kdn`tgv`

dk l` prgedr` dt`p` y pravao`r ` Lÿpdz Abr`har, qugdk sd gkvaluorÿ dkuk` b`t`ll` pdrsak`l oaktr` dl prdsghdktd+ Oaea f`b` fdofa hur`ktd lasýltgeas as hd su nabgdrka, Cax pravdofÿ sus prdsdktògakds pýblgo`s

p`r` orgtgo`r l` pdrsak`lgh`h y prapudst`s hd èla+ Z`r` las ýltgeash`s hd cdbrdra, l` hgsousgÿk dktrd èbas lldn`r` ` sus e`yards kgvdldshd dstrghdkog`+ Dk dl eaedkta eàs ortgoa, prgkogpgas hd e`rza, dl o`khgh`ta apasgtar rdorgegk`r` l prdsghdktd dk taka grrdspdtuasa= “¡Oàlldsd sdar prdsghdktd! ¡Oàll`td ofòf`lò`!―+ Dl p`k dxplatÿ hd e`kdr`

dxtràrhgk`rg` dstas drrards oak uk` stut` oèp`` kdn`tgv`= oaep`rÿdl dx`brupta hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oak l` pdrsak`lgh`h hdl prdsghdktd vdkdzal`ka Funa Ofàvdz9 lanrÿ qud dst` oaep`rògÿk sd oakvgrtgdr` dk dltde` eàs gepart`ktd hd l` ndkh` hd e`rza y brgl+



?33

Dl dqugpa hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk `rnuedktÿ qud dr` uk` oèp`` hdoaktr`std= par uk l`ha, e`kh`b` uk edks`md kdn`tgva qud hdso`lgo`b`l` pdrsak`lgh`h hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka, dl dslan`k eàs cèasa hd dstasspats dr` “Lÿpdz Abr`har ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―9 par atra, dkvg`b`

uk edks`md pasgtgva dk dl qud sd dx`lt`b`k “l`s vgrtuhds― hd su o`khgh`ta, oak dl dslan`k “Dl prdsghdktd hdl deplda―+Dl dqugpa hdl dx Mdcd hd Nabgdrka ka rdspakhgÿ `l hds`ca9 ka gkstru

edktÿ uk oaktral hd h`ðas dogdktd `ktd dst` gepòt`ktd oèp`ð` kdn`tgv`+ Dl o`khgh`ta ka rdòogakÿ hur`ktd o`sg has edsds9 cud f`st` l`s

prgedr`s sde`k`s hd e`ya ou`kha oaedkzÿ ` oaktr``tò`r, pdra y` f` b` pdrhgha l` vdkt`m` hd 0: puktas y par prgedr` vdz dk has as dst`b``b`ma dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s+ Dk dst` dt`p`, O`lhdrÿk tuva l` gkgog`tgv` yhaegkÿ l` `ndkh`9 èla sd lgegtÿ ` rdòogak`r ` las deb`tds hdl p`k sgk pahdr kdutr`lgz`rlas+

Z`r` dst` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std yuh`rak kat`bldedktd las drrards hdLÿpdz Abr`har= su `nrg` hgsousgÿk oak Cax9 su gk`sgstdkog` `l prgedr hd b`td y9 l` gko`pògh`h p`r` dkcrdkt`r l` debdstgh` hdl p`k+ Oak spats gkorgegk`targas y l` `hegkgstrògÿk hd tde`s kdn`tgvas dk l` `ndkh`dldotar`l, dl p`k pravaoÿ l` o`h` hd èla9 `hdeàs lanrÿ uk lgndra rd

puktd hd l` o`khgh`tur` hd O`lhdrÿk9 èb`s tdkhdkog`s sd oakmun`rak p`r` h`r uk vudloa l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+

Nrào` GG

Sloa l`s pco`s loa`ls l` s` `p`

Cudktd= Nrupa Rdcare` &2::3b'+

:

0:

2:

?:

8:

4:

Dkdra Cdbrdra E`rza @brgl E`ya

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk

Rabdrta E`hr`za

Lÿpdz Abr`har



?3>

Las dxtràrhgk`rgas rdsult`has hd l` dstr`tdng` hd oaktr`std hdl p k eastr`rak ` pldkgtuh dl nr`k gepòta qud pudhd tdkdr uk` `stut` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas dk dl pýblgoa dldotar+ L` vdrtgngkas` o`h` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har tèbgçk hdeudstr` las `lo`kods kdn`tgvas

qud uk` e`l` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas pudhd hds`rrall`r+ L` oaebgkògÿkhd ògdrtas y drrards hd èb`s dstr`tdng`s edhgàtgo`s kas oaeprudb`kdl gepòta qud pudhdk tdkdr l`s oèp``s dk las edhgas y dk dl pýblgoadldotar+

Dl dstr`tdn` qud hgsdÿ l` oèp`` kdn`tgv` hd O`lhdrÿk cud Hgoi Earrgs, qugdk tèbgçk f`b` sgha dl prgkogp`l `sdsar hd l` oèp`` hdCax dk dl 2::: &Buoga y Nutgçrrdz, 2::4 y Aleas, 2::>'+ Dk su lgbra

Mudnas hd pahdr , Earrgs &2::2' hdsorgbd puktu`ledktd dl surngegdktahd l`s oèp``s kdn`tgv`s dk Dst`has Tkghas y l`s rdnl`s qud hdbd sdnugr dst` dstr`tdng`9 l` hdsorgpogÿk oagkoghd pldkèdktd oak l` oèp``hd O`lhdrÿk+

Xdrodr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l hd 2::3

Çst` sd ubgo` dktrd dl 3 hd mukga, hå` hdl sdnukha hdb`td y dl k hd l`soèp``s+ @l prgkogpga hd dst` dt`p`, l` obt gktrahuma dl dsoàkh`la hdl

Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha0 dk l` ndkh` paltgoa dldotar`l+ Çstd cud dl tde` eàskdn`tgva p`r` l` oèp`` hdl p`k y sd prdsdktÿ sÿla uk`s sde`k`s hdl` dldoogÿk+ _gk deb`rna, dl dqugpa hd O`lhdrÿk lanrÿ careul`r uk` dstr`tdng` dogdktd hd oaktral hd h`ðas qud oaktuva l` o`åh` hd sus prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ @hdeàs ` p`rtgr hdl 04 hd mukga las edhgas hdspl`z`rak su tdkogÿk atras tde`s oaea dl Oèpdak`ta Eukhg`l hd Cutbaly uk eavgegdkta e`ngstdrg`l qud taeÿ l` oguh`h hd A`xò`+

Kudvèdktd sd hdeastrÿ l` nr`k o`pògh`h p`r` dl e`kdma hd ed

hgas hd l` oèp`` hdl p`k+ Dk oèbga, l` `pudst` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har,n`k`r l` dldoogÿk oak uk` “dstr`tdng` tgdrr`― &oèp`` hd prasdlgtgseahgrdota', rdsultÿ `bsurh` dk uk p`s oaea Eçxgoa+ Ka sÿla dr` gepasg

bld qud èla oaktòt`r` ` las eàs hd >0 egllakds hd dldotards hdl p`hrÿk dk uk` ndanr`c` t`k dxtdks`, sgka qud `hdeàs dl vata gkhdpdkhgdktd, hakhd tdk` su cart`ldz` l gkgoga hd l` oèp``, hdpdkh` hd lasedhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+ Dk oèbga, uka hd las b`lu`rtds hdl p k dr`su gkvdrsgÿk dk publgogh`h, oaea sd hdeudstr` dk dl ou`hra ?+

0 L` obt dktrdnÿ ` las edhgas uk dxpdhgdktd p`r` haouedkt`r l` hdkukog` hd qud O`lhdrÿk, oaea tgtul`r hd l` _dordt`r` hd Dkdrn`, atarnÿ oaktr`tas deprds`s hd su Ouð`ha gk%oÿeaha Hgdna Fglhdbr`kha ]`v`l`+



?36

Oà ?gvsÿ pblo` rà y tv

las o`às pso`ls

O`à Zoèp`` Oèp`òasoa`l

ta`l

Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk (38 7:? 22:+>? (30> 0:7 6>?+2> (362 :0? :78+::

Rabdrta E`hr`za (60 0?: >77+:: (842 767 062+46 (4?8 007 760+::

Lÿpdz Abr`har (4 32> 8::+:: (27: :4: ?63+8> (274 3>> >63+::

Cudktd= Sdrgoògÿk y Eakgtarda, dk Ear`lds, > hd mulga, 2::3+

Dk l` vspdr` hd l`s dldoogakds, kgknuk` hd l`s oèp``s puktdr`slanrÿ uk ol`ra haegkga hd l` ndkh`9 eb`s luof`rak cdrazedktd tr`vçs hd publgogh`h kdn`tgv`+ @hdeàs, dk las h`s prdvgas ` l` dldoogÿk,`lnukas hd las prgkogp`lds nrupas deprds`rg`lds hdl p`s, prgkogp`ledktd dl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`l, hds`rrall`rak uk` gktdks` oè

p`` publgogt`rg` kdn`tgv` dk oaktr` hd èla+ L`s dkoudst`s prdvg`s `l`s dldoogakds eudstr`k uk vgrtu`l dep`td dktrd las has o`khgh`tas puk

tdras=Nrào` GGG

Asolòas l`s pco`s loa`ls

Cudktd= Oaksult` Egtacsiy &2::3'+

:4

0:042:24

?:?48:84

D k d r a

C d b r d

r a E

r z a

@ b r g l

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Lÿpdz

Abr`har

CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk

Rabdrta

E`hr`za



?37

Dl trgukca hd O`lhdrÿk cud euy `prdt`ha= abtuva salèdktd 2??,6?0vatas eàs qud Lÿpdz Abr`har, ds hdogr, n`kÿ par uk` hgcdrdkog` hd:+43$+ Dk l` dldoogÿk p`rtgogpÿ o`sg 3:$ hd l` pablògÿk rdngstr`h` dkdl p`hrÿk dldotar`l &46+22$'+ @ukqud ds dl kgvdl hd p`rtgogpògÿk eàs

b`ma hd l`s ýltge`s has hço`h`s p`r` uk`s dldoogakds prdsghdkog`lds, ds b`st`ktd òdpt`bld sg sd oaksghdr` qud l`s dldoogakds ldngsl`tgv`s gktdredhg`s usu`ledktd lanr`k 8:$ hd p`rtgogpògÿk+ Dst` lt` p`rtgogpògÿk

p`rdod oaktr`hdogr l` ghd` ndkdr`lgz`h` hd qud l`s oèp``s `ltèdktdkdn`tgv`s hds`lgdkt`k dl vata, puds sgk lun`r ` huh` dst`s cudrak l`soèp``s prdsghdkog`lds eàs kdn`tgv`s hd l` fgstarg`+

L`s tdkhdkog`s hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk

Dl abmdtgva hdl `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha sabrd dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh` kacud dkc`tgz`r qud las edhgas h`k eàs sdnugegdkta las tde`s kdn`tgvas,sgka dv`lu`r ouàl oèp`` rdsgktgÿ eàs dl gepòta hd dstas tde`s+ Gktdrds`b` absdrv`r l`s rdlògakds qud sd dst`bldo`k dktrd las tde`s kdn`tgvas, dl e`kdma hd l` ndkh` qud fò`k las edhgas y l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds+ _d oakreÿ qud o`h` edhga dkc`tgz` las tde`s kdn`tgvas hd l`soèp``s qud oaktr`r`k sus gktdrdsds+ Xdldvgs`, par dmdepla, c`vardogÿ

dk la ou`lgt`tgva l` oèp`` hd O`lhdrÿk y abstòulgzÿ l` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har &Dspgka, 2::>'+ _gk deb`rna, l` gkudkog` hd dstas tde`s kdn`tgvasdk dl pýblgoa dldotar ka cud hgrdot` sgka edhg`h` par hgvdrsas còtards+

Dsta sd hdbd ` l` oaepldmgh`h hdl subsgstde` edhgàtgoa+ Dk prgedr lun`r, dl dspdotra hd las edhgas ds plur`l+ L` e`yar` hd edhgas ka apt`

par `pay`r hdoghghèdktd uk` oèp`` dk hdeçrgta hd l`s atr`s, sgkaqud hds`rrall` uk` “plur`lgh`h gktdrk`―, puds sd hgstgknud par oaktr`t`r

pdrgahgst`s y dhgtarg`lgst`s hd hgcdrdktds lgògakds palåtgo`s+ Gkolusa

las prahuotas pdrgahstgoas eàs orgtgo`has par l` gzqugdrh` oaea Dl Ka%tgogdra a dl hg`rga Rdcare` f`k tdkgha dktrd sus dhgtarg`lgst`s ` gktdldotu`lds hd tah`s l`s tdkhdkog`s, gkolugh` hd e`kdr` kat`bld, l` gzqugdrh`+Zar dmdepla, dk 2::3, Dl Katgogdra oakt`b` oak gktdldotu`lds hd gzqugdrh` qud p`rtgogp`rak oaea `sdsards hd l` oèp`` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har oaea= O`rlas Eaksgvàgs, Dldk` Zakg`tawsi` y Rdkç Hruoidr+

@hdeàs, dl dspdotra hd las edhgas ds plur`l parqud dxgstdk prahuotashd euy hgcdrdktds lgògakds ghdalÿngo`s+ Dst` “plur`lgh`h dxtdrk`― hdloèpa edhgàtgoa ndkdr` oarrgdktds oruz`h`s qud gepghdk qud uk salaedhga a uk` sal` tdkhdkog` &gzqugdrh` a hdrdof`' tdkn` uk` fdndeak`dk dl dspòga pýblgoa+ Dk 2::3 l`s trds prgkogp`lds cudrz`s dldotar`ldsoakt`rak oak dl paya bgdrta hd lnukas edhgas p`r` sus oèp``s+



?>:

Oà 8Eoas e`s `vas

las s o`às Dl Katgogdra

te`s pa o`àkýea

eoas

@çs E`l Lÿpz Abà

Funa Ofàvdz%Ofòf`lò`s 0?0Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas >6Xat`l 2:7

Clp O`lÿ Famas`

Ouð`ha gkoÿeaha 30Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas 3>Xat`l 026

raba E``za Zà

Nÿbdr prdogasa 62Atras tde`s kdn`tgvas ?:Xat`l 002

Cudktd= Dl`barògÿk prapg` ` tr`vçs hdl `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd Dl Katgogdra hd Xdldvgs` &Dspgka, 2::>'+

Gkolusa o`bd edkogak`r l` p`r`ham` hd qud cudrak las pdrgÿhgoas, qudka tgdkdk nr`khds pýblgoas &oaea l` tdldvgsgÿk y l` r`hga', las qud gktrahumdrak las prgkogp`lds tde`s kdn`tgvas ` l` `ndkh` pýblgo`+ Hd fdofa,dl edhga eàs hdstò`ha dk l` oèp`` cud dl pdrgÿhgoa hd gzqugdrh` L`

Mark`h`, qud dxfgbgÿ pralgmèdktd `lnukas hd las dsoàkh`las eàs sak`has= “Dl nÿbdr prdogasa― y “Dl ouð`ha gkoÿeaha―+Las nr`khds tde`s kdn`tgvas sd prap`n`k par tahas las edhgas y

m`k l` `ndkh`+ _gk deb`rna, las h`tas rdo`b`has `pukt`k ` hdsedktgr qud dsta sd tr`huzo` dk uk` gkudkog hgrdot` dk dl pýblgoa dldotar+ L`sgkudkog`s sak edhg`h`s par euofas còtards, sabrd taha l`s qud tr`hgogak`ledktd prapakdk l`s tdar`s hd l` rdodpogÿk= l` plur`lgh`h hd lasedhgas, l` palgsdeg` hd las edks`mds, l` rdsgnkgoògÿk qud fòd dl rdodptar, dktrd atr`s &Arazoa, 0777'+ Zar dlla ds pasgbld `re`r qud ka dsl` o`ktgh`h hd tde`s kdn`tgvas la qud eàs gkuyd dk dl pýblgoa dldotar,sgka l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` gktdnr`l, dk l` ou`l hdstò` ogdrtèdktd dle`kdma hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas qud fòdk l`s oèp``s, pdra tèbgçk



?>0

Cudktd= @kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd las pdrgÿhgoas Rdcare`, L` Mark`h` y DlTkgvdrs`l &Dspgka, 2::>'+

l`s òogakds hd paltgo` dspdotàoula hd las o`khgh`tas y l` oaktr`tògÿkhd publgogh`h paltgo`+

Zar t`kta, ka sd hdbd f`bl`r edoàkgoèdktd hdl dcdota hd l`s oèp``s a hd las edhgas dk dl pýblgoa dldotar, sgka qud hdbd oaksghdr`rsd lòaepldmgh`h hd l`s rdlògakds hds`rrall`h`s dk dl oèpa hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`9 parqud, gkolusa, uk` dstr`tdng` hd oèp``, par brgll`ktd qud sd`, tèbgçk hdpdkhd hdl oaktdxta saogapaltgoa hdl p`s+ Dsta sd

pudhd glustr`r oak l` oèp`` hdl prg dk 2::3, l` ou`l ùk ou`kha tuvauk` dstr`tdng` òdpt`bld kuko` tuva oakhgogakds p`r` oaepdtgr oak laslhdrds hd l` oaktgdkh`+

Z`r` oakolugr qud l` dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` hd l`s oèp``s cud dl còtar eàs sgnkgo`tgva hd l`s dldoogakds sd hdso`rt`rak atras dldedktas,oaea dl sdsna hd las edhgas ` c`var hd uk` oèp``9 las rdsult`has hdl` “oèp`` tgdrr`―9 l` ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst` hd las dldotards, dktrd atras+Dk dstd sdktgha, dl òtar odktr`l hdl praodsa dldotar`l cudrak las paltgoas+ Oak dlla sd oaksalghÿ dl kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`qud y` sd f`b` e`kgcdst`ha dk dl 2:::+ @hdeàs, dk 2::3 y` ka fubaogroukst`kog`s dxtràrhgk`rg`s qud gkuydr`k hdogsgvèdktd dk dl praodsa, oaea uk` orgsgs a uk nr`k eavglgzògÿk saog`l+

Nrào` GS

te`s `vas pa pà l`s oèp``spso`ls las pÿoas



?>2

Las palåtgoas, òtards odktr`lds hd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo`

Dk l`s ýltge`s trds oaktgdkh`s prdsghdkog`lds, las paltgoas sd oakstgtuydrak oaea las otards eàs gepart`ktds hd l`s dldoogakds9 l`s dstr`td

ng`s hd oèp`ð` eàs dogdktds d gkkav`har`s cruotgo`rak dk trgukcasdldotar`lds+ Dk 0778 cud l` ýltge` vdz qud dl rçngedk ùtargt`rga lanrÿargdkt`r dl oursa hd uk` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog`l+ Dk dl 2:::, las paltgoas hdapasgogÿk hds`rrall`rak uk` dstr`tdng` p`r` o`t`lgz`r l`s dxpdot`tgv`shd oèbga hd l` oguh`h`k`+ _d hdbd e`tgz`r qud dk dstd o`sa tèbgçk dl

pýblgoa dldotar tuva l` o`pògh`h hd gkugr, pudsta qud dxgnå` uk oè bga paltgoa y la lanrÿ par edhga hdl p`k+ Dk 2::3 dl trgukca dldotar`l sdhdoghgÿ dk l` luof` hd l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s hdl p k y l` obt+

Zdrsak`lgzògÿk hd l`s oèp``s

Dk l`s ýltge`s has oèp``s sd f` dxòdrb`ha l` pdrsak`lgzògÿk hdl` palåtgo` y f` hgsegkugha l` gkudkog hd las p`rtghas+ Çst` ds l` rdnl`ndkdr`l oaksdoudktd oak l`s tdkhdkog`s hd l` vghdapaltgo` y l` edrgo`kgzògÿk9 sgk deb`rna, dxgstdk dspdogogh`hds kògak`lds qud gktdrvgdkdk dk dstd dsodk`rga+

X`kta Cax dk dl 2:::, oaea Lÿpdz Abr`har y Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk dk2::3, llè`rak bgdrtèdktd l dldotar`ha hd hdrdof`, gzqugdrh` d gkhd

pdkhgdktd ` vat`r par su pl`t`care`+ Dl abmdtgva dxplogta hd Cax y hdLÿpdz Abr`har ka dr` ghdalÿngoa, sgka atra eàs dldedkt`l= dl oèbga

paltgoa+ Las trds o`khgh`tas tuvgdrak çxgta p`r` oakcare`r uk o`tof `ll p`rty, puds ùedkt`rak su vatògÿk euy par dkoge` hd su b`sd dldotar`l9 p`r` lanr`rla dl còtar ol`vd cud dl vata gkhdpdkhgdktd, gkolusa lastrds o`khgh`tas ordogdrak oast` hdl tdrodr p`rtgha qud gb` rdz`n`ha dk

l` oaktgdkh` &dk dl 2::: dl prh y dk 2::3 dl prg'+Oarrdl`tgvèdktd sd pudhd `prdog`r atra cdkÿedka= uk nr`k sdotar &qugzà l` e`yarå` hd dldotards' y` ka sd ghdktgo` oak las p`rtghas palåtgoas+ Dst` tr`kscareògÿk p`rdod sdr l` prgkogp`l r`zÿk par la ou`l dst`sarn`kgzògakds paltgo`s hdbdk rdpl`ktd`r su dstr`tdng`= dk vdz hd buso`r uk dldotar`ha dl, hdbdk s`lgr ` oaepdtgr par dl dldotar`ha qud katgdkd hdkgogÿk p`rtghgst`+

L` oèp`` hd Cax sd o`ròtdrgzÿ par uk `lta kgvdl hd pdrsak`lgzògÿk+ L` dstr`tdng` hd e`ridtgkn praydotÿ uk` ge`ndk edsgàkgo` hdl“o`khgh`ta hdl oèbga― &Artgz, ogt`ha dk Xrdma, 2::0, p+ ?77'+ Xèbgçkl` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dstuva dxodsgvèdktd pdrsak`lgz`h`= su dstr`tdng`sd odktrÿ dk su lghdr`zna+ Dstd kgvdl hd pdrsak`lgzògÿk dxtrdea sd oak



?>?

vgrtgÿ dk su t`lÿk hd @quglds, puds ou`kha l` publgogh`h kdn`tgv` hdlp`k hdso`lgoÿ dst` oakodktrògÿk hd pahdr hd èla, l` oèp`` hddstd o`khgh`ta oaedkzÿ fukhgrsd+

Dk dl atra b`kha, `l prgkogpga hd l` oèp``, O`lhdrÿk tdk` hds`vd

kdkog`s oak dl hgrgndktd hd su p`rtgha, pdra dk dl eaedkta ol`vd hd l`rddstruoturògÿk hd l` dstr`tdng`, lanrÿ oakvdrtgrsd dk dl lhdr hdl p`rtgha y puha dko`bdz`r ` tahas las sdotards hd l` hdrdof` &y` ka sÿla hdlp`k'+

Atra h`ta gepart`ktd l rdspdota ds qud las o`khgh`tas n`k`hards hdl`s has ýltge`s oaktgdkh`s prdsghdkog`lds otu`b`k oaea lhdrds edhgàtgoas eàs qud oaea paltgoas tr`hgogak`lds+ Fò`k paltgo` dspdotàoula=oatghg`kèdktd sd las vd` h`kha “nalpds edhgàtgoas―, ds hdogr oogakdssgebÿlgo`s, p`r` tr`dr l` tdkogÿk hd l`s oàe`r`s= rdukgakds oak pdrsak`mds cèasas, òtgvgh`hds paoa oakvdkogak`lds, òtuògakds oak hgscròds+++ @hdeàs gkvdrt`k dk publgogh`h eàs qud sus oaktrgko`ktds+

L` oakolusgÿk abvg` ds qud l`s oèp``s f`k `hapt`ha las praodsastpgoas hd l` vghdapaltgo` y l` èdrgo`kgzògÿk= las p`rtghas sd f`ktr`kscare`ha dk o`tof `ll p`rtgds, tgdkhdk ` `b`khak`r las dxtrdeasghdalÿngoas y sd oarrdk fòg` dl odktra9 l`s oèp``s sd pdrsak`lgz`k9las paltgoas sd f`k vudlta lhdrds edhgàtgoas9 las edhgas sd f`k oakvdrtgha dk prat`nakgst`s hdl dspòga pýblgoa9 dl dldotar`ha `l pdrhdr su

lgògÿk p`rtghgst` sd f` oakvdrtgha dk pýblgoa+

Las edhgas= nrupas hd prdsgÿk gkhdpdkhgdktds

Oak l` o`h` hdl ùtargt`rgsea sd rddstruoturÿ par oaepldta dl subsgstde` hd edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk+ Las e`ss edhg` `b`khak`rak dl

pòta oarpar`tgva qud sustdkt`b`k oak dl vgdma rçngedk y sd oakvgrtgd

rak dk nrupas hd prdsgÿk gkhdpdkhgdktds+ @ pds`r hd l` fdndeak` hdXdldvgs` y tv @ztdo` dk tdldvgsgÿk bgdrt`, dl dspdotra hd las edhgas kògak`lds ds plur`l d gkolusa las prgkogp`lds prahuotas gkcare`tgvas tgdkdkuk` oaepasgogÿk gktdrk` hgvdrs`+ _d pudhd hdogr gkolusa qud, `l gnu`lqud dl eukha hd l` oultur` kògak`l, dl dspdotra hd edhgas tgdkd uk`nr`k gkudkog` hd las gktdldotu`lds hd gzqugdrh`+ Zdra la eàs gepart`ktd ds qud l` oabdrtur` hd l`s oèp`ð`s qud f`k fdofa las edhgas rddm`l` cudrz` dldotar`l hd las p`rtghas+ Dk l` gkvdstgnògÿk rd`lgz`h`, ` tr`vçs hd eakgtardas aog`lds d gkhdpdkhgdktds, `så oaea hdl `kàlgsgs hdoaktdkgha prapga &Dspgka, 2::>', dl rdsult`ha ds qud l` gkdqugt`tgvgh`hhdl praodsa ka pravgdkd hd l` oabdrtur` qud fòdk las edhgas+



?>8

Las dstuhgas hd edhgas hdeudstr`k qud dk las praodsas dldotar`ldshd 2::: y 2::3 las prahuotas katgogasas rdp`rtgdrak su `paya dktrd hgcdrdktds oèp``s9 `hdeàs las prgkogp`lds edhgas brgkh`rak oabdrtur`s eàs a edkas dqugt`tgv`s+ Dk dl ou`hra 4 sd pudhd prdog`r oÿea las

prgkogp`lds katgog`rgas hd Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo` dvaluogak`rak, hd oa bdrtur`s qud bdkdog`b`k `l prg dk 0766, ` oabdrtur`s qud rdprdsdkt`kl` cudrz` dldotar`l hd las trds nr`khds p`rtghas dk ebas as+

Oà 4Zso` las pàs las 2 pop`ls aoàs tv,

` l`s oèp``s, y ss slàs l`s `s,0766, 0778, 2::: y 2::3-

@a prg prh p`k

tv Saòÿ tv Saòÿ tv Saòÿ

0766 70+>0$ 4:$ ?+78$ ?0$ ?+86$ 0>$

0778 ?2+:0$ 86+>$ 07+?$ 03+3$ 03+37$ 24+7$

2::: 26+02$ ?3+00$ 2>+8$ 03+38$ ?:+8$ 82+42$

2::3 22$ 22+2?$ 20$ ?4+??$ 07$ ?4+67$

- Dk 0766 sd tae` las h`tas hdl Crdktd Hdeaoràtgoa Kògak`l &CHK', hdl ou`l sd care`r` dlprh+ Dk dl 2::: dl prh oaktdkhgÿ dk oa`lgogÿk oak atras p`rtghas b`ma l` cÿreul` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa, y dk 2::3, dk l` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas+ Zar su p`rtd dl prg, dk 2::3, oaepgtgÿ dk l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa+ Dl p`k, dk 2:::, la fgza b`ma l` cÿreul` @lg`kz` par dl Oèbga+Dl `kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hdl gcd, dk 2::3, ka hdsnlasÿ las rdsult`has hd l` oabdrtur` par lashgcdrdktds pranrè`s hd l` tv, par la ou`l las rdsult`has prdsdkt`has sd rddrdk l` oabdrtur` hd tahas las pranrè`s hd tv hdl p`s eakgtard`has par dl gcd+Cudktd= Dl`barògÿk prapg` oak b`sd dk las rdsult`has dldotar`lds hdl gcd &07762::3' y dl

`kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd @o`hdeg` Edxgo`k` hd Hdrdofas Fue`kas 0778 y 2:::, y Xrdma,2:::+

Hdshd ludna, las edhgas tgdkdk sdsnas9 ds gkdvgt`bld y dk ogdrt` care` ds su hdrdofa &l` llè`h` lkd` dhgtarg`l'9 dl prablde` ds qud ` edkuha la kgdn`k y vdkhdk l` ghd` hd qud ka tgdkdk prdcdrdkog`s ghdalÿngo`s+ Atra prablde`, eàs sdrga ýk, ds qud dl gcd ka hdtdotÿ t`lds sdsnasdk l`s ýltge`s oèp``s y hd e`kdr` grrdspaks`bld las ldngtgeÿ+

Dk 2::3, dl gcd dko`rnÿ uk dstuhga hd kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha tr`hgogak`l, qud edh` sÿla l` oabdrtur` hd l`s oèp``s, pdra ka dv`lu`b` dlgepòta hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas, kg sgqugdr` dl hd las “dsoàkh`las edhgà



?>4

tgoas―+ Dl eçtaha depld`ha dk dl `kàlgsgs sd eastrÿ absaldta+ L`s dkoudst`s hdeastr`rak qud l` ndkh` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas cud uk` hd l`sv`rg`blds eàs gkuydktds hd l`s oèp`ð`s, pdra dstas tde`s kdn`tgvaska cudrak dv`lu`has oaksgstdktdedktd par dl gcd+ Dktakods, ±par quç

hdspdrhgog`r o`sg ou`tra egllakds hd hÿl`rds dk uk `kàlgsgs gkýtgl1 @p`rdktdedktd ka lds gktdrds`b` t`kta hdtdot`r las sdsnas hd las edhgas,oaea oueplgr oak su p`pdl prdhdtdregk`ha y mustgo`r su òtuògÿk+Las oaksdmdras dldotar`lds sÿla sd prdaoup`rak par ldngtge`r l` dldoogÿky, hd p`sa, ` las edhgas+ Ka sd prdaoup`rak par praeavdr uk` dldoogÿkdqugt`tgv` sgka par oueplgr oak l`s care`s+ Zar dst` r`zÿk, dk kuedras`s ao`sgakds, dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l oarrgngÿ l` òtuògÿk hdl gcd+

Rd`ledktd fuba gkdqugt`tgvgh`h, dvghdkog`h` dk las dxodsgvas n`stas hd oèp``, dk dl e`qug`vçlgoa e`kdma hd l` ndkh` hd tde`s kdn`tgvas, dk l`s gldn`lds oèp``s hdl prdsghdktd Cax y hd las deprds`rgas+Dl Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l oakhdkÿ euof`s hd dst`s gldn`lgh`hds hur`ktd lòèp`ð`, pdra cud euy dkcàtgoa ou`kha o`lgoÿ l` dldoogÿk=

@l f`bdr qudh`ha hdeastr`ha qud dl Oaksdma Oaarhgk`har Deprds`rg`loaktr`tÿ t`lds praeaogak`lds Y+++U sd òtu`lgz` uk` vgalògÿk+++ Hgof` vgalògÿk la hgspudsta dk dl oÿhgna dldotar`l cdhdr`l oakstgtuyd uk` grrdnul`rgh`h qud vgal` las prgkogpgas oakstgtuogak`lds hd gnu`lh`h dk l` oaktgdkh` y hd ldn`lgh`h dldotar`l dst`bldoghas dk dl `rtoula 80, pàrr`casdnukha, cròogakds GG y GGG, hd l` Oakstgtuogÿk cdhdr`l+++ &tdpmc, 2::3'

Dst` _`l` _updrgar ka p`s` par `lta qud l`s hdol`rògakds `k`lgz`h`shdl Zrdsghdktd hd l` Rdpýblgo` Sgodktd Cax Puds`h`, sd oakstgtuydrak dkuk rgdsna p`r` l` v`lghdz hd las oaegogas qud sd o`lgo`k dk dst` hdtdr egkògÿk+ &tdpmc, 2::3'

Hdbd gksgstgrsd qud l` gkdqugt`tgvgh`h hdl praodsa dstuva eàs hdll`ha hd l`s oèp``s qud hd las edhgas+ @otu`ledktd dl dspdotra hd las

edhgas ds plur`l9 hgcogledktd `lnýk p`rtgha a nabdrk`ktd pahrà rdst` bldodr uk oaktral qud faeandkdgod paltgoèdktd ` las edhgas oaea lafò` dl rçngedk utargt`rga+

Atra tde` ds qud dk dl p`s l` prgeò` hd l` tdldvgsgÿk ds uk` vgdm`tr`hgogÿk hdl ùtargt`rgsea+ L` e`yar` hd l` pablògÿk qud ka tgdkd rdoursas doakÿegoas kg oultur` paltgo` p`r` oaksuegr pdrgÿhgoas, rdvgst`s, lgbras+++ hdshd fòd hço`h`s, sd f` oakstgtugha oaea uk` oaksueghar` oaepulsgv` hd tdldvgsgÿk &_dordt`r` hd Nabdrkògÿk, 2::0'+

_gk deb`rna, dl oaksuea tdldvgsgva dk l` òtu`lgh`h ds ou`lgt`tgvèdktd hgcdrdktd+ Hur`ktd dl rçngedk ùtargt`rga, las edhgas dldotrÿkgoas sÿla brgkh`b`k uk` oabdrtur` `l o`khgh`ta hdl prg oaea p`rtd hdlrgtu`l9 dk oèbga `far`, dk çstas sd dsodkgo` uk` vdrh`hdr` luof` par



?>3

oakvdkodr `l dldotar`ha+ Dl oar`zÿk hd l`s oèp``s dstà dk l`s òtgvgh`hds qud las o`khgh`tas pudhdk prdsdkt`r dk tdldvgsgÿk y r`hga= las katgog`rgas, hdb`tds, t`li sfaws, e`nògkds, pranrè`s oÿegoas+++ X`ktalas edhgas oaea las o`khgh`tas mudn`k ` oakvdrtgr l`s oèp``s dk uk

dspdotàoula, pdra oak dstd sfaw edhgàtgoa, l`s b`sds dldotar`lds y lasvat`ktds gkhdpdkhgdktds sd tr`kscare`k dk pýblgoa+Hdbgha ` qud dl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` sd oakstruyd

dk las edhgas, l`s oèp``s hgsd`k sus dstr`tdng`s p`r` dstd dspògavgrtu`l+ Dk 2::3, las has prgkogp`lds o`khgh`tas rdourrgdrak ` dstr`tdng`s euy hgsp`rds p`r` oakvdkodr l dldotar`ha= Lÿpdz Abr`har prgargzÿ uk` “dstr`tdng` tgdrr`―, uk` oèp`` hd prasdlgtgsea hgrdota sabrd l`dstr`tdng` hd edhgas9 dk oèbga, Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk prgargzÿ uk` dstr`tdng` hd edhgas sabrd dl prasdlgtgsea hgrdota+ Dl o`khgh`ta hdl p k hds`rrallÿ l` oèp`` kdn`tgv` eàs tr`sodkhdktd qud sd f` vgsta dk dl p`s,tèbgçk l`rhdÿ hd rdoursas dsoçkgoas p`r` h`r nalpds edhgàtgoas oatghg`kèdktd, ds hdogr, paltgo` dspdotàoula+

Zdra l` vghdapalåtgo` ka ds suogdktd p`r` hdoghgr uk` dldoogÿk, pudsl` rdlògÿk dktrd edhgas y paltgoas ds hde`sg`ha oaepldm`+ Zar dmde

pla, par uk` p`rtd, l` `hegkgstrògÿk caxgst` oakodhgÿ hde`sg`has prgvgldngas, `lnukas hd dllas gldn`lds, ` las has nr`khds oarpar`tgvas edhgàtgoas &rdhuoogÿk hd gepudstas, rdcrdkha ktgogp`ha hd l`s oakodsgakds,

pdregsas hd o`sgkas, l` llè`h Ldy Xdldvgs` qud oaksalgh`b` dl huapalga+++'+ Zar atr`, dl e`kdma hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas dk las edhgas cud uk`v`rg`bld hd nr`k gepòta dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds, la ou`l sd f`gktdrprdt`ha oaea uk` nr`k o`pògh`h hd gkudkog hd las edhgas sa

brd dl dldotar+ _gk deb`rna, dsta ýltgea cud hdsedktgha dk l` gkvdstgnògÿk par uk h`ta oruog`l= qugdkds gktrahumdrak las tde`s kdn`tgvas dk l``ndkh` pýblgo` cudrak las paltgoas ka las edhgas &Dspgka, 2::>'+ Lastde`s kdn`tgvas ka tuvgdrak uk gepòta hgrdota, sgka edhg`ha= e`kdm`

ha dstr`tçngoèdktd par l`s oèp``s+@uk ou`kha las paltgoas ‟hd l`s `hegkgstrògakds prggst`s y p`kgst`s‟ sd pay`rak sust`kog`ledktd dk las prgkogp`lds edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk, dsta ka sd tr`huma hgrdotèdktd dk rdkt`bglgh`h dldotar`l+ Eàs

bgdk l`s oèp``s edhgàtgo`s gktdnr`lds oakstgtuydrak dl còtar hd e`yar gepòta dk l` pablògÿk9 las dstr`tdn`s hd l`s oèp``s “us`rak― las edhgas+ Hd ou`lqugdr e`kdr`, `ktds oaea `far`, èbas sdotardss`ldk n`k`kha= las nabdrk`ktds atarn`k nr`khds prgvgldngas ` las edhgas, pdra abtgdkdk ` oèbga uk` oabdrtur` prgvgldng`h` hd sus oèp``s, `s oaea oaktr`tas hd publgogh`h dxtràrhgk`rgèdktd b`r`tas&Eaktds y Oÿrhav`, 2::3'+



?>>

Dl pýblgoa%dldotar sd eavglgz`

Oak b`sd dk l`s tdar`s hd l` rdodpogÿk sd dv`luÿ l` dxgstdkog` hd uk pýblgoa otgva qud rdsgnkgo` las edks`mds hd las edhgas &Arazoa, 0777'+

_d oaksghdr` qud f`y has h`tas cukhèdkt`lds p`r` prab`r l` fgpÿtdsgshdl pýblgoa otgva= 0' l` ordogdktd gkdst`bglgh`h hdl dldotar`ha y 2' hur`ktd l` tr`ksgogÿk surngdrak y sd hds`rrall`rak kuedras`s `nrupògakds ogvglds y arn`kgzògakds ka nubdrkèdkt`lds qud gepuls`rak dl oèbga+

Gkdst`bglgh`h hdl dldotar`ha

_d f` hdsgktdnr`ha l` nr`k b`sd dldotar`l hdl prg y, par atra l`ha, f`kordogha l`s b`sds hdl p`k y prh9 pdra dl praodsa eàs gepart`ktd ds lòakstgtuogÿk hd uk dldotar`ha gkdst`bld, gktdnr`ha par dl vata gkhdpdk%hgdktd &sgk ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst`' y dl vata su`vd a vata bl`kha &oak b`m`ghdktgh`h p`rtghgst`'+ Dstd vata gkdst`bld ds dl dl hd l` b`l`kz`9 dl abmdtgva prgargt`rga hd l`s oèp``s otu`lds+

L` gkdst`bglgh`h hdl dldotar`ha sd e`kgdst` ol`rèdktd dk l`s tdkhdkog`s hd l` vatògÿk, puds dl p k p`sÿ hd 7 083 680 vatas dk l` prdsghdkog`l hd 0778 ` 04 767 3?3 dk l` hdl 2:::+ Tk` asoglògÿk t`k nr`khd, dk

uk pdrgaha t`k oarta, sÿla ds dxplgo`bld par l` gkdst`bglgh`h hdl vata y lèavglgzògÿk oguh`h`k` qud hde`kh`b` l` `ltdrk`kog`+ Dk dl 2::3,tèbgçk sd rdngstrÿ uk` eavglgzògÿk qud sd e`kgcdstÿ dk l` lt` p`rtgog

pògÿk dldotar`l dk c`var hdl p`k y l` obt+ Zdra dst` eavglgzògÿk cudhgcus` parqud sd hds`rrallÿ dk has tdkhdkog`s oaktr`hgotarg`s qud lldvÿ` eb`s cudrz`s uk vgrtu`l dep`td dk l` dldoogÿk+

Dl ordogegdkta hdl vata gkhdpdkhgdktd ds uk h`ta odktr`l p`r` prab`r l` gkdst`bglgh`h hdl dldotar`ha+ Dk l` dldoogÿk hd 2::3, dl Nrupa Rdcar

e` &2::3o' o`loulÿ qud dstd tgpa hd vata sd hgvghgÿ dktrd las prgkogp`ldso`khgh`tas= èla abtuva 8?$ hdl vata gkhdpdkhgdktd9 Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk,?8$+ Dstd rdp`rta ` c`var hd Lÿpdz Abr`har sd oaepdksÿ oak l`s b`sdsdldotar`lds hd èb`s cudrz`s, nròg`s ` la ou`l O`lhdrÿk n`kÿ par uk`hgcdrdkog` hd :+43 par ogdkta+

@hdeàs hd las gkhdpdkhgdktds, dk las praodsas hdl 2::: y 2::3, tè bgçk gkuyÿ dl llè`ha vata dstr`tçngoa &hdkaegk`ha dk Eçxgoa vataýtgl'+ @ hgcdrdkog` hdl vata hura hd uk p`rtgha, dl vata bl`kha, dk ogroukst`kog`s dxtràrhgk`rg`s, pudhd oèbg`r su prdcdrdkog` p`rtghgst` dkv`s hd hdrrat`r uk o`khgh`ta qud ld eatgv` uk nr`k rdof`za9 dstd dldotar bl`kha degtd uk vata dstr`tçngoa+



?>6

Dk dl 2:::, l` ndktd degtgÿ uk vata dstr`tçngoa par Cax, pdra dk l`soèp``s lao`lds vatÿ par o`khgh`tas lao`lds ka p`kgst`s9 dstd cdkÿedka ds llè`ha vata hgcdrdkog`ha &splgt tgoidt vatgkn'+ Dk l` dldoogÿk hdloaknrdsa tèbgçk sd rdngstrÿ dl vata hgcdrdkog`ha+ Cax n`kÿ par uk`

vdkt`m` e`yar `l 3$, pdra dk l` vatògÿk par sdk`hards y hgput`has pràotgoèdktd dep`t`rak p`k y prg+ Las o`khgh`tas l` ldngsl`tur` hdlprh rdoupdr`rak 2$ hd su vatògÿk, l` egse` o`ktgh`h qud pdrhgÿ suo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+ Las hgput`has y sdk`hards hd l` @lg`kz` par dlOèbga &p`kpvde' pdrhgdrak o`sg has egllakds hd vatas rdspdota ` suo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l, oaea sd pudhd vdr dk dl sgnugdktd ou`hra+

Oà 3Saa coà l`s looas l a 2:::

Saas abas

Zrdsghdkog`l &Sgodktd Cax' 04 767 3?3

_dk`hards p`kpvde 08 076 :>?

Hgput`has p`kpvde 08 202 :?2

Cudktd= gcd, Dst`hstgo` hd l`s dldoogakds cdhdr`lds hd Eçxgoa, 2:::+

Dk 2::3 dl vata hgcdrdkog`ha ds euy kat`bld dk l` @lg`kz` par Eçxgoa y l` Oa`lgogÿk par dl Bgdk hd Xahas+ Las o`khgh`tas ` hgput`has hd çst` pdrhgdrak aofa puktas rdspdota ` su o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l9 las o`khgh`tas `l sdk`ha, o`sg 0:$+ Dk oèbga, las o`khgh`tas `hgput`has y sdk`hards par dl prg n`k`rak ou`tra puktas rdspdota ` suo`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+ Xèbgçk las hdl p`k pdrhgdrak 2$ rdspdota `su o`khgh`ta prdsghdkog`l+

Oà >Saa coà looas 2::3

p`k prg &`pe' prh &obt'

Zrdsghdktd ?4+67$ 22+2?$ ?4+??$

Hgput`has ??+?7$ 26+20$ 26+77$

_dk`hards ??+44$ 26+:>$ 23+37$

Cudktd= gcd, Dst`hstgo` hd l`s dldoogakds cdhdr`lds hd Eçxgoa, 2::3+



?>7

Zar atr` p`rtd, p`r` `pukt`l`r l` fgpÿtdsgs hdl pýblgoa òtgva, pudhdogt`rsd dl tdmgha `saog`tgva qud gepulsÿ l` tr`ksgogÿk+ Hdshd 0766 f`st`dl 2::: surngÿ y sd eavglgzÿ uk nr`k kýedra hd `nrupògakds ogvgldsqud praeav`k l` `ltdrk`kog`+ Dstd tdmgha tuva eýltgplds cukogakds dk dl

praodsa hd oèbga, hdshd dkoùz`r l` gks`tgscòogÿk oak lnuk`s paltgo`s hdl sgstde` oaea fgza Dl B`rzÿk, f`st` praour`r qud l`s dldoogakdssd hds`rrall`r`k dqugt`tgvèdktd, oaea prapusa @lg`kz` Ovgo` y euof`s atr`s nrupògakds+

L` tr`kscareògÿk hdl pýblgoa dldotar hdeudstr` qud dk dl kudva rçngedk paltgoa las oguh`h`kas tgdkdk uk p`pdl hdogsgva dk dl sgstde`

palåtgoa, puds `far` pudhd gkugr dk las palåtgoas &vå` dl vata' d gkolusadk las edhgas &v` dl r`tgkn y las åkhgods hd ordhgbglgh`h', la ou`l sgnkgo` qud l` ghdktgoògÿk oak uk p`rtgha y` ka ds dl còtar hdogsgva hd l`sdldoogakds oaea sundr` dl eahdla hd l` Tkgvdrsgh`h hd Eofgn`k+ @otu`ledktd l` b`sd dldotar`l hd las p`rtghas y` ka n`r`ktgz` dl trgukca9`far` dl còtar hdogsgva ds l` gkdst`bglgh`h+

@ktd dstd gkordedkta hd val`tglgh`h dldotar`l, las p`rtghas kdodsgt`k`hapt`r uk` dstr`tdng` hd o`tof `ll p`rtgds y las o`khgh`tas hdbdktr`kscare`rsd dk lhdrds edhgàtgoas p`r` n`k`r uk` dldoogÿk+ Dl p`rtgha oak e`yar çxgta dk dl e`kdma hd l` gkdst`bglgh`h dldotar`l f` sgha dlp`k+ Dk l`s has ýltge`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds, sus o`khgh`tas oa

edkz`rak oak las prakÿstgoas hd l`s dkoudst`s dk oaktr`= pdrh`k par o`sg hgdz puktas, pdra nròg`s ` sus dstr`tdng`s hd oèp`` &hgrgngh`s`l vata gkhdpdkhgdktd' tdregk`rak n`k`kha &_ofdrdr, 0777 y NrupaRdcare`, 2::3o'+

Dk oakolusgÿk, dl dldotar o`h` h` sd vudlvd eàs gkhdpdkhgdktd yoèbg`ktd &vata bl`kha', y edkas vata hura+ O`h` vdz hdpdkhd edkashdl dmd p`rtghasghdalan` y eàs hdl dmd oèp``so`khgh`tas+ Xaha dstakas eudstr` qud dl pýblgoadldotar qud ` edkuha ds hdsprdog`ha par su

gnkar`kog` hd l` palåtgo`, k hd oudkt`s dstà suegdkha uk p`pdl otgva, rdgktdrprdt`kha las edks`mds hd las edhgas y las paltgoas+Dk dstd sdktgha, sg ds qud f`y uk` r`zÿk p`r` f`bl`r hd uk v`kod hd

eaoràtgoa dk Eçxgoa ds prdogsèdktd çst`= dl pýblgoadldotar qud dk dlùtargt`rgsea suegÿ uk p`pdl p`sgva far` sd f` tr`kscare`ha y hds`rrall` uk` p`rtgogpògÿk eàs pracukh`, depum`kha ` las paltgoas &v` dlvata' y las edhgas &v` dl r`tgkn y las khgods hd ordhgbglgh`h'+ La ou`lka gepghd, ol`ra dstà, qud las edhgas y las paltgoas uk tdkn`k l` s`rtçk

par dl e`kna9 puds oaea y` fdeas eastr`ha, dk l` oèp`` hd 2::3 las p`kgst`s mukta oak dl huapalga tdldvgsgva, ùk tuvgdrak hde`sg`hasrdoursas p`r` gkugr dk dl pýblgoa dldotar+



?6:

dpåLana= L` oèp`ð` hd abè` y L` r dcare` dLdotar`L hd 2::>

Nçkdsgs hd l`s oèp`ð`s oaepdtgtgv`s

Las has ýltgeas nr`khds oaktdogegdktas qud pahrå`k eahgo`r sust`kog`ledktd dl dsodk`rga hd l`s oèp``s edxgo`k`s sak l` rdcare`dldotar`l hd 2::> y l` oèp`` hd Abè`+ Dl prgedr tde` sdrà hdogsgva

p`r` 2::7 y dl sdnukha qugzà dk dl l`rna pl`za9 hd còta, l` oèp`` hdAbè` y` rdprdsdkt` uk eahdla sdnugr p`r` l`s oèp``s otu`lds dklas p`sds hds`rrall`has+

Hdshd las as kavdkt`s sd f` vdkgha tr`kscare`kha dl dsodk`rga hdl`s oèp``s dldotar`lds, fdeas tr`ksgt`ha hd uk rçngedk ka plur`lgst`dk hakhd l`s oèp``s dr`k bàsgoèdktd tdstgeakg`lds ` uk rçngedk

plur`lgst` hakhd l`s oèp``s sak ltèdktd oaepdtgtgv`s+L`s oèp``s oaepdtgtgv`s cdhdr`lds dk Eçxgoa pràotgoèdktd oa

edkz`rak dk dl a 0766, o`sg dk l` ýltge` hço`h` hdl sgnla xx+ Zrahuota hd dstd rdtr`sa dk dl hds`rralla hd tdokalan` hd oèp``s, dk Eçxgoa`ýk sd dstàk care`kha l`s kudv`s ndkdrògakds hd dstr`tdn`s dldotar`lds kògak`lds+ Z`r` rdsalvdr dst` hdogdkog`, dl p k f` oaktr`t`ha dstr`tdn`s dxtr`kmdras dk sus has ýltge`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds+ Dk dl

à 2:::, dl nr`k dstr`tdn` hd l` oèp`` hd Sgodktd Cax cud dl dst`haukghdksd Hgoi Earrgs, pdra, `hdeàs, dk dl e`kdma oatghg`ka dst`b` dltdx`ka Rab @llyk &Buoga y Nutgçrrdz, 2::4'+ Dk l` oèp`` hd CdlgpdO`lhdrÿk, rdpgtgÿ Hgoi Earrgs oaea dl prgkogp`l dstr`tdn` pdra tèbgçkdstuva dl dspàl @ktakga _alà òaep``kha oatghg`kèdktd ` O`lhdrÿk &Aleas, 2::>'+

Gkolusa dl prg dk lnuk`s ao`sgakds lldnÿ oaktr`t`r sdsards dxtr`k mdras, dktrd dll`s hdstò`k l` oèp`` hd Cr`kogsoa L`b`stgh`, l` ou`l

oaktr`tÿ Mèds O`rvglld+ &Buoga y Nutgçrrdz, 2::4'+ Dk oèbga, dk l`soèp``s hdl prh ka sd f`k oakaogha dstr`tdn`s gepart`ktds, dxtr`kmdrasa kògak`lds+ Dl prh sd f` pdrl`ha oaea dl p`rtgha oak e`yar rdtr`sadk dl usa hd tdokalan` hd oèp``s+ L`s oèp``s prdsghdkog`lds hdLÿpdz Abr`har &2::3' y hd Ouùftçeao Oàrhdk`s &0778' kas hdeudstr`k dl tr`sa dk e`tdrg` hd tdokalan` hd oèp`` hd l` gzqugdrh` edxgo`k`+ @ hgcdrdkog` hd atras p`rtghas hd gzqugdrh` eahdrkas oaea dlpsad hd Dsp``, a dl Z`rtgha _aog`lgst` hd Ofgld, dl prh edxgo`ka f`crò`s`ha dk dl e`kdma hd las prgkogpgas bàsgoas hd l` tdokalan` hdoèp``+



?60

±L` rdcare` dldotar`l hd 2::> tr`kscare`rà dl dsodk`rga

hd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo`1

Zdra dl dsodk`rga hd l`s oèp``s qud y` sd f`b` dst`bglgz`ha dk l`s

has ýltge`s prdsghdkog`lds vudlvd ` sucrgr tr`kscareògakds gepart`ktds ` r`z hd l` rdcare` dldotar`l hd 2::>+ Oak dst` rdcare`, dl gcd sdoakstgtuyd oaea dl hegkgstr`har hd l` publgogh`h qud las p`rtghas paltgoas tr`ksegtgràk ` tr`vçs hd r`hga y tv, t`kta dk edhgas kògak`ldsoaea lao`lds+ Z`r` las p`rtghas, l`s gkstgtuogakds, l`s deprds`s d gkolusa

p`r` las p`rtgoul`rds qudhÿ prafgbgh` l` oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h hdoèp``, sÿla dl gcd tdkhrà dst` `trgbuogÿk &_dordt`r` hd Nabdrkògÿk,2::6'+

@rtoula 87+

4+ Dl Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l ds l` utargh`h ýkgo` p`r` l` hegkgstrògÿk hdl tgdepa qud oarrdspakh` l Dst`ha dk r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk hdstgk`ha las kds hdl prapga gkstgtuta y las hd atr`s utargh`hds dldotar`lds, `s oaea `l dmdrogoga hd l`s prdrran`tgv`s qud l` Oakstgtuogÿk y dstdOÿhgna atarn`k las p`rtghas dk dst` e`tdrg`+

3+ Dl Gkstgtuta n`r`ktgz`rà las p`rtghas paltgoas dl usa hd sus prdrran`tgv`s oakstgtuogak`lds dk r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk9 dst`bldodrà l`s pùt`s p`r`l` `sgnkògÿk hd las edks`mds qud tdkn`k hdrdofa ` hgcukhgr, t`kta hur`ktd las pdrgahas qud oaeprdkh`k las praodsas dldotar`lds, oaea cudr`hd dllas9 `tdkhdrà l`s qudm`s y hdkukog`s par l` vgalògÿk ` l`s kare`s`plgo`blds y hdtdregk`rà, dk su o`sa, l`s s`kogakds &ghde'+

Dsta geplgo` qud dl gcd tdkhrà qud dl`bar`r uk sgstde` p`r` hegkgstr`r l` publgogh`h hd l`s oèp``s dk tahas las edhgas hdl p`s, dk tahaslas far`rgas y pranrè`s qud salgogtdk las p`rtghas+++ Dsta supakd uk

nr`k dscudrza hd gkvdstgnògÿk p`r` oakaodr l`s ùhgdkog s hd las pranrè`s, sus r`tgkn, l`s àrd`s ndanrào`s dk hÿkhd sd tr`ksegtdk, dto+Xaha dlla oak dl k hd arn`kgz`r uk pùt`md publgogt`rga dqugt`tgva y hdòudrha las p`ràedtras qud dst`bldod l` ldy+

Dl gcd tèbgçk `hegkgstr`rà las “tgdepas aog`lds― qud las edhgastrgbut`k `l Dst`ha9 ds hdogr, oaktral`rà las “tgdepas aog`lds― qud tr`hgogak`ledktd dl nabgdrka atarn`b` ` las p`rtghas+

Oak l` `hegkgstrògÿk hd l` publgogh`h paltgo`, dl gcd tdkhrà e`yar o`pògh`h p`r` o`kodl`r las spats kdn`tgvas hd l`s oèp``s, gepdhgr lòaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h p`rtghgst` ` e`kas hd gkstgtuogakds prgv`h`s+++ Zahrà gkolusa arhdk`r las edhgas l` o`kodlògÿk hd kukogas qudoaktr`vdkn`k l` kudv` ldy dldotar`l+



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Dl ÿrn`ka dldotar`l tdkhrà qud gepldedkt`r uk sgstde` p`r` vdrgo`r qud las dspògas oaktr`t`has p`r` l` publgogh`h hd l`s oèp``s sd`krdspdt`has par las edhgas+ Dst`s kudv`s l`bards hd supdrvgsgÿk sd sue`ràk l`s qud y` rd`lgz`b`, oaea dr`k las kàlgsgs hd oaktdkgha hd las

katgog rgas hd r`hga y tv, las eakgtardas hd publgogh`h, dto+ Xaha dlla,oak dl abmdtgva hd qud las edhgas ouepl`k oak las prgkogpgas bàsgoas hdl` çtgo` pdrgahstgo`= abmdtgvgh`h, dqugh`h, rdspdta y oarrdspaks`bglgh`hdk dl tr`tègdkta hd l` gkcareògÿk paltgoa dldotar`l+

@ edhgh` qud dl gcd `hegkgstr` l` publgogh`h paltgo`, rdhuod sust`kog`ledktd dl k`kogègdkta pýblgoa y prgv`ha qud las p`rtghas rdogbå`k

p`r` sus oèp``s9 sd rdhuodk hràstgoèdktd las tapds hd oèp``+@hdeàs, dl gcd oaedkz`rà rdnul`r l`s prdoèp``s, t`kta l` hurògÿkhd çst`s, oaea las oastas y l` publgogh`h qud hgcukhdk+

Hdl eahdla hd oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h èdrgo`ka

`l eahdla dsp`ðal

@ktds hd l` rdcare` hd 2::>, las p`rtghas pah`k oaktr`t`r oastas`soèp``s hd publgogh`h dk las edhgas t`l oaea suodhd dk Dst`has Tkghas+ @far` las p`rtghas y` ka pahràk oaktr`t`r l` publgogh`h hd l` oè

p`` dk las edhgas, dl ýkgoa ùtargz`ha p`r` fòdrla sdrà dl gcd+ Dstdkudva eahdla hd oaktr`tògÿk hd publgogh`h ds sgegl`r `l eahdla hdDsp``+

H`ha qud l` publgogh`h paltgo` ds uk` hd l`s àrd`s dstr`tçngo`s hd l`soèp``s, hd e`kdr` utaeàtgo` tdkdeas qud prdnukt`rkas sg ±oak dst`rdcare` dldotar`l sd eahgo` pracukhèdktd dl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo 1 a ±ò`sa l`s eahgoògakds salèdktd qudh`k dk uk kgvdlsupdrog`l y dl dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo` qud sd f`bå` hds`

rrall`ha ktds hdl 2::> sd e`ktgdkd dk sus tçregkas ndkdr`lds1Dk dstd sdktgha, pudsta qud y` ka sd pahrà gkvdrtgr e`sgvèdktd dklas oaedrog`lds, l` dstr`tdng` hd oèp`` `far` eàs qud kuko` sdrà lòl`vd+ Pugzà dl àrd` eàs gepart`ktd sdràk l`s rdlògakds pýblgo`s p`r` dle`kdma hd l` `ndkh`+++ L`s tdldvgsar`s dst`ràk eàs òat`h`s y tdkhràkeàs dsteulas p`r` past`r par uk p`rtgha hdshd su pranrèògÿk+ Pugzà çst` ds l` r`zÿk par l` ou`l dl nabgdrka cdhdr`l hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk dkdl a 2::7 pranrèÿ o`sg has egl egllakds hd pdsas dk publgogh`h nu

bdrkèdkt`l p`r` oaepdks`r ` l`s tdldvgsar`s par l` pçrhgh` hd l` publgogh`h hd l`s oèp``s p`rtghgst`s &_`l`z`r d Fgh`lna, 2::7'+

@ukqud l`s saogdh`hds edxgo`k`, dspàl` y dst`haukghdksd sak pracukhèdktd hgcdrdktds, l`s oèp``s qud sd hds`rrall`k dk dstas trds



?6?

p`sds tgdkdk euofas r`snas sgegl`rds+ @p`rdktdedktd, las dcdotas hddst`s oèp``s dk las edhgas y dk dl pýblgoa tèbgçk sak p`rdoghas dklas trds o`sas9 çs` p`rdod sdr l` r`zÿk par l` ou`l las dstr`tdn`s dldotar`lds us`k dstr`tdng`s sgegl`rds dk las trds p`sds, ukqud ol`ra, l`s dstr`td

ng`s sd h`pt`k l`s dspdogogh`hds saogapalåtgo`s y doakÿego`s hd o`h` p`s+ Dst` o`pògh`h hd `h`ptògÿk `p`rdktdedktd ds uk` hd l`s ol`vdshdl çxgta hd las nr`khds dstr`tdn`s dldotar`lds edrgo`kas qud dstàk hgrgngdkha oèp``s dk taha dl eukha+

ds``s loa`ls E`hd gk us`

Dl praodsa dldotar`l hdl à 2::: tr`hgogak`ledktd sd oaksghdròaea dl pukta hd qugdbrd hd l` hdeaoròg` edxgo`k`+ Z`r`hÿmgoèdktd,l`s has nr`khds oèp``s qud sd hgsput`rak dl trgukca cudrak `sdsar`h`s par has hd las oaksultards dst`haukghdksds eàs cèasas hd taha dleukha= Hgoi Earrgs hgrgngÿ l` oèp`` hdl p k y Mèds O`rvglld oal`

barÿ dk l` oèp`` hdl prg+ @ktds hd dstd dkcrdktègdkta èbas oaksultards y` sd f`b`k dkcrdkt`ha dk kuedras`s ao`sgakds dk oèp``shd Dst`has Tkghas, s oaea dk atr`s p`rtds hdl pl`kdt`+

Hgoi Earrgs s`ltÿ l` cè` dk 07>> ou`kha cud dl dstr`tdn` prgkogp`l

hd l` oèp`` hd Bgll Olgktak, o`khgh`ta nabdrk`har hd @ri`ks`s+ Dk0772, `sdsarÿ `l prdsghdktd Ndarnd Busf qud buso`b` su rddldoogÿk dkl` prdsghdkog` hd las Dst`has Tkghas+ Dk dst` oaktgdkh`, dl prgkogp`lapasgtar dr` Bgll Olgktak, qugdk tdk` oaea dstr`tdn` dk mdcd ` MèdsO`rvglld+ @ukqud l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l sdr` n`k`h` par Olgktak y O`rvglld, dk 0773 Olgktak vudlvd oaktr`t`r ` Hgoi Earrgs p`r` su oèp``hd rddldoogÿk+

Hdspuçs hd l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l edxgo`k` hdl à 2:::, dstas

has oaksultards sd valvgdrak ` vdr l`s o`r`s dk l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`lhd 2::0 dk @rndktgk`= Hgoi Earrgs hdl l`ha hd Cdrk`kha hd l` Rý` yMèds O`rvglld hdl l`ha hd Dhu`rha Huf`lhd+ Xèbgçk sd pahr` ogt`r qud Mèds O`rvglld sdsarÿ dk 0770 l` dxgtas` oèp`` hd Bargs Wdltsgkdk Rusg` y dk 2::6 l` prge`rg` hd Fgll`ry Olgktak oaktr` Abè`+++

Dl çxgta hd çstas y hd atras oaksultards èdrgo`kas, `s oaea hd l`sdstr`tdng`s hd oèp`` e`hd gk us` f` hdeastr`ha l` fdndeak` hd l`tdokalan` dldotar`l dst`haukghdksd dk dl eukha+ Xèbgçk ds gepart`ktdqud l`s rdl`tgvèdktd “kudv`s hdeaoròg`s― l ka tdkdr uk` tr`hgogÿk hddldoogakds oaepdtgh`s tèpaoa sudldk tdkdr dqugpas hd dstr`tdn`sdldotar`lds t`k oaepdtgtgvas oaea las hd Dst`has Tkghas, r`zÿk par lòu`l dst`s kudv`s hdeaoròg`s hdbdk gepart`r tdokalan` y rdoursas



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fue`kas hd las p`sds qud tgdkdk uk` e`yar tr`hgogÿk hd dldoogakdsoaepdtgh`s+

Dk dstd oaktdxta, l`s gkvdstgnògakds sabrd l` tdokalan` hd oèp``squd sd hds`rrall` dk las p`sds eàs gkhustrg`lgz`has sak pracukhèdktd

rdldv`ktds p`r` praeavdr dl hds`rralla hd dstd oèpa hd dstuhga y hdtr`b`ma dk kudstra p`s+

B`ì Abè` y l ca l`s oèp``s Eçoa

Zudsta qud sd f` odrr`ha l` apogÿk hd uk` publgogh`h e`sgv` par r`hgay tdldvgsgÿk dk l`s oèp``s edxgo`k`s, `far` las o`khgh`tas tdkhràkqud buso`r kudv`s apartukgh`hds hd publgogh`h paltgo` qud ka dstçkoaktral`h`s par dl gcd+ Dktrd dll`s sd dkoudktr`k las pdrgÿhgoas y, sabrdtaha, dl Gktdrkdt, puds egdktr`s dstd ýltgea v` l` lz` dk taha dl eukha&Eçxgoa gkolugha' las pdrgÿhgoas geprdsas v`k ` l` b`m`+ Dl o`sa eàs sgnkgo`tgva hd dstd praodsa cud l` b`ko`rrat`, dk 2::6, hd `lnukas hd las

pdrgÿhgoas dst`haukghdksds eàs prdstgng`has, dk l` lgst` hdstò`rak= KdwWari Xgeds, Ofgo`na Xrgbukd, Las Àkndlds Xgeds, Egèg Fdr`lh +++

Zar t`kta, l s oèp``s tdkhràk qud rdourrgr ` publgogh`h cudr` hd l`r`hga y l` tdldvgsgÿk+ Musta dk dstd p`karè` ds qud hdstò` l` oèp`` hd

B`ròi Abè`, qugdk sustdktÿ l` cart`ldz` hd su oèp`` dk dl Gktdrkdt+Dk e`tdrg` hd oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, l` sdnukh` ndkdrògÿk hd Gk

tdrkdt &^db 2+:' f` rdvaluogak`ha l` dstr`tdng` hd l`s oèp``s9 dk ogdrt` edhgh` oaegdkz` ` tr`kscare`r l` dr` hd l` vghdapaltgo`+ Dl pukta hdqugdbrd ds dl trgukca hd l` oèp`` hd Abè` dk las Dst`has Tkghas+F`y qud e`tgz`r qud p`r` dlla sd oakmukt`rak uk` sdrgd hd ogroukst`kog`s gkçhgt`s, oaea= 0' Tk oaktdxta hd orgsgs doakÿego` y paltgo` hd lasDst`has Tkghas, orgsgs qud cdot`b`k t`kta l` vgh` gktdrk` oaea l` gktdr

kògak`l hd dstd p`s9 2' Tk o`rgseàtgoa lhdr craèdrgo`ka qud sgebalgz`b` dl oèbga ka sÿla paltgoa, sgka ndkdrògak`l d gkolusa oultur`l hdlas Dst`has Tkghas9 ?' Tk` oèp`` gkkav`har` qud rdvaluogakÿ l` dstr`tdng` paltgo` tr`hgogak`l, ds hdogr, cud l` prgedr oèp`` qud b`sÿ sucudrz` dk l` dk ^db 2+:+

Dxplgo`r tah`s dst`s ogroukst`kog`s h`r` e`tdrg`l p`r` uk lgbra, par `far` sÿla dxplgo`rdeas par quç l` oèp`` hd Abè` rdprdsdkt` uk`rdvaluogÿk p`r` l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, uk` kudv` care` hd fòdr oèp``s dk l` saogdh`h hd l` gkcareògÿk+ @ukqud dst` rdvaluogÿk y`dstà dk e`rof` dk Durap` y Dst`has Tkghas, dk @eçrgo` L`tgk` `ýkdstà ldmas hd dkodkhdr las eatards9 `l k`l hdl `rtåoula `k`lgz`rdeas l`

brdof` hgngt`l qud ýk kas e`rngk` hd dstd praodsa fgstÿrgoa+



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L` oèp`` hd Abè` ds l` prgedr` qud sd eakt` dk l` al` hd l` ^db 2+: y rdprdsdkt` uk` rdvaluogÿk parqud dl o`khgh`ta pdregtgÿ qud l`srdhds saog`lds fgogdr`k oèp`ð` cudr` hdl oaktral hd l` oèp`ð` aog`l+Egdktr`s qud dl dsodk`rga tr`hgogak`l hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` dst`

b` haegk`ha par las edhgas y paltgoas tr`hgogak`lds, dk l` oèp`` hdAbè`, las sgep`tgz`ktds sak las qud fgogdrak l` e`yar p`rtd hd l` oè p``+ X`kta dk Dst`has Tkghas oaea dk Durap` sd f`bl` hd qud l`soèp``s vgvdk uk` tr`ksgogÿk, l` e`yar` hd l`s oèp``s hd las p`sds hds`rrall`has dstàk b`s`h`s dk l` vghdapaltgo` pdra euof`s atr`soaegdkz`k ` argdkt`rsd fòg` l`s rdhds saog`lds hd Gktdrkdt+ Gkolusa,eàs llà hdl p`karè` hd l`s oèp``s, dk dl eaedkta otu`l, dl prdsghdktd Abè` dstà oaedkz`kha us`r dst`s rdhds saog`lds p`r` lanr`r dl`paya papul`r kdods`rga p`r` su pranrè` hd nabgdrka+

Hdm`r qud las sgep`tgz`ktds fgogdr`k oèp`` ` tr`vçs hd l`s rdhdssaog`lds cud uk nr`k rgdsna qud suegÿ Abè` parqud l` ndktd oaeýk yoarrgdktd ka oakaod las rgdsnas hdl tr`b`ma paltgoa+ Z`r` subs`k`r dst`hdbglgh`h, las dstr`tdn`s hd l` oèp`` dstuvgdrak dk pdre`kdktd oaktòta oak l`s rdhds saog`lds+ Tka hd las nr`khds dstr`tdn`s qud yuh`rak` arn`kgz`r dl tr`b`ma hd l`s rdhds saog`lds cud prdogsèdktd Ofrgs Funfds, uka hd las oacukh`hards hd Còdbaai+ Nròg`s ` dst` `rtgoulògÿkoak las ogbdrkùt`s, 3:$ hd las mÿvdkds vat`rak par dl o`khgh`ta `cra

èdrgo`ka+Dk l` pràotgo`, l`s rdhds saog`lds hdsbarh`rak ` las dstr`tdn`s hd l`

oèp`` d fgogdrak su prapg` oèp``, dsta eatgvÿ qud l` ndktd sd gkvaluor`r`, qud p`rtgogp`r` òtgvèdktd dk l`s t`rd`s hd l` oèp``, dk l`hgcusgÿk, dk dl prasdlgtgsea, dk l` rdoaldoogÿk hd hgkdra… Gkolusa euof`s hd l`s òogakds hd dst`s rdhds saog`lds, `l sdr dspaktàkd`s y cudr`hdl oaktral hd las dstr`tdn`s lldn`rak ` sdr paltgoèdktd gkoarrdot`s9çstd ds dl o`sa, par dmdepla, hd l` Abè` Ngrl, uk` dsoultur`l ofgo` qud

fò` oèp`` par B`ròi Abè` dkcukh`h` dk uk egkýsoula bgigkg `tr`vçs hd spats hd Wautubd+ @ pds`r hd dstas ydrras, dl nr`k ògdrta cudqud oak dst` dstr`tdng`, B`ròi Abè` lanrÿ hds`rrall`r uk eavgegdktasaog`l qud tdk` su oaluek` vdrtdbr`l dk l`s rdhds saog`lds hd Gktdrkdt+

@ tr`vçs hd l`s rdhds saog`lds hd Gktdrkdt &Còdbaai, Eyspòd, fg4,dto+' Abè` hds`rrallÿ rdhds hd sgep`tgz`ktds qud ld `yuh`rak dk l`skuedras`s otgvgh`hds hd l` oèp``, prgkogp`ledktd p`r`=

0+ Rdoaldot`r hgkdra dktrd pdqudas hak`ktds+ Dl 70$ hd las 38: egllakds hd hÿl`rds qud n`stÿ dk l`s prge`rg`s y l` oèp`` oakstgtuogak`l pravgka hd las pdqudas hak`ktds gktdrkùt`s+



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2+ Arn`kgz`r l` llè`h` “oèp`` tgdrr`―, ds hdogr, l` ngr` hdl o`khgh`ta dk las hgcdrdktds lun`rds= prdsdktògakds, etgkds, rdukgakds,dtoçtdr`+

?+ Oaeb`tgr paltgo` y ldn`ledktd l` “nudrr` suog`―+ Ds hdogr, sus rd

hds hd sgep`tgz`ktds sd dko`rn`rak hd hdcdkhdr `l o`khgh`ta hdl`s hgcèògakds qud sucrgÿ+ Lldn`rak gkolusa ` pdrsdnugr ldn`ledktd y dko`rodl`r qugdkds hgcè`b`k l o`khgh`ta+

8+ Hgcukhgr l`s prapudst`s y dl pdrl hdl o`khgh`ta vå` Wautubd, e`glgkn, Còdbaai, dto+ Z`r` dlla euofas hd las `rtgst`s eàs cèasashdl eukha ld brgkh`rak su `paya y o`kt`rak p`r` l` oèp``,

prgkogp`ledktd v` Wautubd+

Hd dst` e`kdr`, dk l` oèp`` prdsghdkog`l dst`haukghdksd, l`s rdhds saog`lds hd Gktdrkdt kudvèdktd hdsegktgdrak ` las `pao`lptgoasqud prdhdo`k dl `gslègdkta hd l`s kudv`s ndkdrògakds, l` saldh`h y dlgkhgvghu`lgsea hd las gktdrkùt`s+++ L` oèp`` hd Abè` hdeastrÿqud oak dst`s rdhds saog`lds sd pudhd eatgv`r gkolusa ` las mÿvdkds `

p`rtgogp`r paltgoèdktd+ F`y qud rdoarh`r qud hdshd ktds dk las p`sdshds`rrall`has hd Durap` y Dst`has Tkghas l`s rdhds saog`lds f`k sdrvgha ` las mÿvdkds p`r` rdlògak`rsd, arn`kgz`r dst`s, fòdr t`rd`s dsoal`rds, grtd`r, dto+ L` oèp`ð` hd Abè` tuva dl nr`k eçrgta hd nlutg

k`r dst`s rdhds saog`lds dk uk praydota paltgoa+Zdra dstd baae qud f`k tdkgha l`s rdhds saog`lds dk las p`sds hds`

rrall`has rde`ro` l` brdof` hgngt`l qud e`rngk` p`sds oaea Eçxgoa9 puds dk kudstra p`s dl Gktdrkdt sÿla ds uk `rtoula hd oaksuea p`r` l`sol`sds edhg`s `lt`s y `lt`s+ L` e`yar p`rtd hd l` pablògÿk ka tgdkd sgqugdr` oaeput`har` dk o`s`, euofa edkas Gktdrkdt+ Dk 2::> sÿla f`b2?+> egllakds hd gktdrkùt`s, ds hdogr o`sg 22$ hd l` pablògÿk edxgo`k` & egpog, 2::6'+ @ dsta f`br` qud `nrdn`r qud l` e`yar` hd gktdrk

ùt`s sak mÿvdkds y qud dstd sdotar hd l` pablògÿk rdngstr` uk `lta `bstdkogakgsea9 par dmdepla, dk 2::?, dk l` dldoogÿk hd hgput`has, o`sg>:$ hd las mÿvdkds dktrd 06 y ?8 as sd bstuva hd vat`r+

Dk dstd oaktdxta, dl Gktdrkdt hgcogledktd pahrà sdr l` nr`k fdrrègdkt` hd oèp`` qud t`kta sgrvgÿ ` Abè`+ @ hgcdrdkog` hd las dldotards hdDst`has Tkghas y Durap`, l` e`yar` hd las edxgo`kas ‟sgk oaeput`har`s kg euofa edkas Gktdrkdt‟ sudld sdr hdpdkhgdktd hd l` tdldvgsgÿk bgdrt`, haegk`h` par Xdldvgs` y tv @ztdo`+ Zdra `ýk dk dstd oaepldma oaktdxta, l` rdcare` dldotar`l hd 2::> ablgn`rà ` l`s oèp``s ` tr`ksgt`r hdl` fdndeak` hd l` tv y l` r`hga ` l` hgvdrsgoògÿk hd su acdrt` ` tr`vçshd atras edhgas ltdrk`tgvas qud f`k qudh`ha cudr` hd l` rdcare` dldotar`l= prdks`, Gktdrkdt, o`ll odktdrs, publgogh`h geprds`, dspdotòul`rds+++



?6>

Dl Gktdrkdt praedtd sdr uk` dxtràrhgk`rg` deprds` p`r` dl cutura,ùkqud ds hgcogl qud mudnud dstd p`pdl dk dl prdsdktd hd l`s oèp``sdk Eçxgoa+ Pugzà dstd edhga, fay dk h`, sgrv` p`r` pdkdtr`r dk l`s ol`sds edhg`s lt` y lt`9 qugzà dk dstas sdotards dl Gktdrkdt sgrv` p`r` rdoa

ldot`r cakhas, pdra hgcogledktd sdrvgrà p`r` lldn`r ` l`s e`s`s hd dldotards hd ol`sds b`m`s, dl sdotar e`yargt`rga hdl p`s+@ edhgh` qud dl p`s dvaluogakd hgngt`ledktd, l`s oèp``s sdràk

eàs gepart`ktds dk Gktdrkdt+ Zar `far` sd gepakd uk` dstr`tdng` hd hgvdrsgoògÿk dk las edhgas hd hgcusgÿk `ltdrk`tgvas+ @far` eàs qudkuko` l`s oèp``s rdqugdrdk l` nr`k l`bar hd las dstr`tdn`s qud hdbdk

pl`kd`r ` l` pdrcdoogÿk l` l`bar hd hgcusgÿk dk o`h` edhga, dk o`h` sdotar saog`l, dk o`h` rdngÿk ndanrào`+++ @far` eàs qud kuko` dl e`kdmahd l` `ndkh` pýblgo` par p`rtd hd l`s oèp``s y hd las edhgas sd oakstgtuyd dk dl dldedkta ol`vd hd l` dldoogÿk9 ktdrgaredktd y` dr` hdogsgva,

p`r` dlla sd uxglg`b` hd l` publgogh`h paltgo`9 `far` oak l`s rdstrgoogakds ` l` publgogh`h dk r`hga y tv, dl e`kdma hd l` `ndkh` qudh` oaea dlcòtar oruog`l hd l`s oèp``s+



?67

rdCdrdkOg@_ BgBLgAnràCgO@_W FdEdrAnràCgO@_

@o`hdeg` Edxgo`k` hd Hdrdofas Fue`kas &0778', L`s dldoogakds cdhdr`lds dk Eçxgoa sdnýk sdgs katgog`rgas hd Xdldvgsgÿk, Eçxgoa+

&2:::', L`s dldoogakds cdhdr`lds hd 2::: dk Eçxgoa+ @kàlgsgsou`lgt`tgva hd l` oabdrtur` y n`stas hd oèp`` dk tv, Eçxgoa+

@nugrrd, @lbdrta &0 hd mulga, 2::3', “Ds uk` e`rr`k`h`, prg―, dk Rdcar%e`, Eçxgoa+

ègpgog &2::6', “Dstuhga hd fàbgtas hd usu`rgas hd Gktdrkdt 2::>―, @sa

ogògÿk Edxgo`k` hd Gktdrkdt, <www+ègpgog+arn+exdstuhgas+pfp;+@lg`kz` Ovgo` &2::3`', “O`ldghasoapga oguh`h`ka+ Sgngl`kog` oguh`

h`k` hd las òtards paltgoas y saog`lds+ Tk` egr`h` hdshd y p`r` lòguh`h`k`― @lg`kz` Ovgo`, Eçxgoa+

&2::3b', Zrgedr rdsuedk dmdoutgva o`ldghasoapga oguh`h`ka,@lg`kz` Ovgo`+ Eçxgoa

@lv` hd l` _dlv`, @le` Ras` &2::2', “@v`kods hdl pahdr edhgàtgoa―, dk Rdvgst` Edxgo`k` hd Oaeukgoògÿk, kýe+ >3, à xv, kavgdebrd

hgogdebrd+@r`kh`, Mdsýs y @khrd` Bdodrrgl &3 hd mukga, 2::>', “Nalpd oaktukhdktd ` l` Ldy Xdldvgs`9 l` somk `kul` ou`tra `rtoulas eàs―, dk L` Mar%k`h`, Eçxgoa+

@rtura ]àr`td y Marnd Fdrrdr` &26 hd mukga, 2::3', “Oaksdma Ndkdr`l hdlgcd pghd qugt`r kukogas qud oaòogakdk―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

@vglçs, M`ged &24 hd `brgl, 2::4', “L` dkmukhg` `ktgcaxgst`, olèar dk dldks`ya hd l` e`rof` hd l` vgotarg`―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

&4 hd mukga, 2::3', “@hegtd Ray Oèpas qud dkoudst`s hd Egtacsiy ough`k l` ge`ndk hd Cax―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

B`llgk`s, Sotar y Mdsýs @r`kh` &22 hd e`ya, 2::>', “_g fuba prdsgÿk p`r``prab`r l` Ldy Xdldvgs`= Mgeçkdz Eò`s―, dk L` Mark`h , Eçxgoa+



?7:

B`r`m`s, @bdl dt `l+ &0 hd mulga, 2::3', “@rrdst`k ` Dofdvdrr`―, dk Rd% care`, Eçxgoa+

B`rqudt H`kgdl &07 cdbrdra, 2::3', “Pud hdk` èla l` gzqugdrh` qudqugdrd p`r` Eçxgoa, pghd l` Oap`redx―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+

Bùhrgll`rh, Md`k &0776', Oultur` y sgeulòra, B`rodlak`, I`grÿs+Bdodrrgl, @khrd` &8 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “_dhdsal sd euh` ` l` oèp``hd O`lhdrÿk―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

Bdruedk, S`ldrg` &22 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Xahas las prdsghdkog`blds vgal`rak l` trdnu`, oakoluyd dl gcd―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+

Bl`kofd, Zdtrgof &08 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “@l hdsoubgdrta l` gktrgn` oaktr`Lghg` Oòfa―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

Baurhgdu, Zgdrrd &2:::', _abrd l` tdldvgsgÿk, B`rodlak`, @k`nrè`+Buoga, E`roa y M`ged Nutgçrrdz &2::4', Has vgsgakds p`r` dl trgukca,

Eçxgoa, Dhgtarg`l Egnudl Àkndl Zarrý`+O`lhdrÿk, Cdlgpd &2::3', Dl fgma hdsabdhgdktd, kat`s dk oèp`ð`, Eçxg

oa, Kudva _gnla@nugl`r+&3 hd e`rza, 2::3, 06=0: frs+', “Oakhuogrç ` Eçxgoa `l e`yar

pranrè` hd gkvdrsgÿk y ndkdrògÿk hd depldas― &Hgsoursa dk dl rdl`kzègdkta hd su oèp`` dldotar`l'

&> hd e`rza, 2::3, 22=43 frs+', “Kudv` dt`p` hd oèp``= Dst`rç eàs odro`ka ` l` ndktd y oaktr`st`rç egs prapudst`s oak l`s hd

èla, qud kas lldv`r`k l` orgsgs― &Dktrdvgst` hd tdldvgsgÿk oak Ma`quk Lÿpdz Hÿrgn`'

&> hd e`rza, 2::3, 0:=02 frs+', “_d careÿ dk `lnukas sdotardshd l` saogdh`h, sabrd taha mÿvdkds, l` ge`ndk hd qud say oaksdrv`har―+ Dktrdvgst` oak Zdhra Cdrrgz hd Oak, dk R`hga Ge`ndk, Eçxgoa+

&04 hd e`rza, 2::3, :>=08 frs+', “YLÿpdz Abr`harU ds uk pdlgnra p`r` Eçxgoa―+ Dktrdvgst` hd r`hga oak Zdhra Cdrrgz, Ge`ndk Gk%

care`tgv`, Eçxgoa+

Oèpbdll, @nkus, Zfglgp D+ Oakvdrsd, ^`rrdk D+ Eglldr y Hak`lh D+_taids &0736', Xfd @edrgo`k vatdr, k brghnedkt , us`, Mafk ^gldy`kh _aks Gko+

O`kdl, E`r` Masç dt l+ &2::8', “L` oèp`` dk las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk―, dk Gse`dl Ordspa dt `l+, L`s oèp`ð`s dldotar`lds y susdcdotas dk l` hdogsgÿk hd vata, val+ GG, S`ldkog`, Xgr`kt la bl`kof+

O`par`l, Masç @ktakga &06 hd hgogdebrd, 2::4', “Dstruotur` prggst`= ka`lo`kz` p`r` n`k`r―, dk Sçrtgna, Eçxgoa+

O`rhasa, Sotar &22 hd e`rza, 2::>', “O`yÿ Eçxgoa hdl sçptgea `l lun`r 04 hdl eukha dk rdsdrv`s prab`h`s hd oruha―, dk L` Mark`h`,Eçxgoa+



?70

O`rr`soa, Marnd y @re`kha Nuzeàk &28 hd brgl, 2::4', “Oòdr` crustr`h`+++ f`st` far`―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0863, Eçxgoa+

O`rr`soa @r`gz`n`, Marnd &24 hd mukga, 2::3 ', “Dl `rgdtd deprds`rg`l―,Zraodsa, kýe+ 048>, Eçxgoa+

O`stra, R`ýl &4 hd mukga, 2::3', “Hdodpogak`k o`khgh`tas ` deprds`rgas―, Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+O`starg`hgs, Oarkdlgus &077>', Dl `v`kod hd l` gksgnkgo`kog`, Budkas

@grds, Duhdb`+Odrv`ktds, Mdsus` y Masç Ngl Aleas &23 hd mukga, 2::?', “Dl munasa kd

naoga dldotar`l―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0?70, Eçxgoa+&0: hd `brgl, 2::4', “W dl pl`k sd oueplgÿ―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+

0868, Eçxgoa+Odrv`ktds, Mdsus` &07 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Rgqudz` sgk k―, dk Zraodsa

kýe+ 0427, Eçxgoa+Oaegsgÿk hd Dldoogakds hdl Oaksdma Kògak`l hdl p`k &2::4', “@ot` hdl

oÿeputa hd l` dldoogÿk hdl o`khgh`ta ` l` Zrdsghdkog` hd l` Rdpýblgo`―, dk <www+p`k+arn+ex;+

Oaksult` Egtacsiy &0 hd `brgl, 2::4', “Rueba `l 2::3, vatas huras yvatas patdkog`lds p`r` las prgkogp`lds oaktdkhgdktds―, dk <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&?: hd brgl, 2::4', “Dl Hdshds`cudra, p`r` odrr`r dl o`ptula―,

dk <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+&?0 hd e`ya, 2::3', “Dv`luògÿk hd nabgdrka prdsghdktd Sg

odktd Cax Puds`h`―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;,Eçxgoa+

&07 hd dkdra, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdkog`hd Eçxgoa, dkdra hd 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&22 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdk

og` hd Eçxgoa, cdbrdra hd 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+&8 hd e`rza, 2::3', “Las hdb`tds prdsghdkog`lds―, dk <www+

oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+&2> hd e`rza, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdkog`

hd Eçxgoa, e`rza hd 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&0 hd `brgl, 2::3', “@prabògÿk hd e`kh`t`rgas, @eçrgo` y dleukha―, dk <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&? hd e`ya, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdkog`hd Eçxgoa, ? hd e`ya hd 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+



?72

&27 hd e`ya, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdkog`hd Eçxgoa, 27 hd e`ya hd 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&?0 hd e`ya, 2::3', “Dv`luògÿk hd nabgdrka prdsghdktd Sg

odktd Cax Puds`h`―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;,Eçxgoa+&0? hd mukga, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdkog`

hd Eçxgoa, 0? hd mukga 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&22 hd mukga, 2::3', “@s v`k+++ l` oaktgdkh` par l` prdsghdkog`hd Eçxgoa, 22 hd mukga 2::3―, dk Dl Katgogdra, <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&? hd mulga, 2::3', “2 hd mulga 2::3, `kàlgsgs hd l` dldoogÿk+ Dkoudst` hd s`lgh`―, dk <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&sdptgdebrd, 2::3', “Dl oakgota pasdldotar`l, s`lhas dk làpgkgÿk pýblgo`―, dk <www+oaksult`+oae+ex;, Eçxgoa+

Ordspa, Gse`dl dt `l+ &2::8', L`s oèp`ð`s dldotar`lds y sus dcdotas dkl` hdogsgÿk hd vata, val+ GG, S`ldkog`, Xgr`kt la bl`kof+

Hd Mdsýs Nakzàldz, Cdlgpd y Eaktds, Rahalca &02 hd mukga, 2::3', “Dlprg dk hdsvdkt`m` crdktd l` e`l` prdks`―, dk L` Rdvgst`, Eçxgoa+

Hd Mdsýs, Cdlgpd y Eaktds Rahalca &02 hd mukga, 2::3', “Dk dl prh las

nalpds las h` dl dqugpa―, dk L` Rdvgst`, Eçxgoa+H`z, Nlarg` Ldtgog` y H`kgdl Lgzàrr`n` &02 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “@tr`p`

ha dk l`s rdhds―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+0426, Eçxgoa+H`z, Nlarg` Ldtgog` &02 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Dl `ksg` l` kdodsgh`h+++―, dk

Zraodsa, kýe+ 0426, Eçxgoa+&07 hd e`rza, 2::3', “W dl pahdr hd l`s dkoudst`s+++―, dk Zraod%

sa, kýe+ 04??, Eçxgoa+&0? hd e`rza, 2::4', “L` còtur` hdl ‖hdordt`za‗―, dk Zraodsa,

kýe+ 086:, Eçxgoa+Dl Tkgvdrs`l &03 hd mukga, 2::3', “Dv`luògÿk hdl prdsghdktd SgodktdCax Puds`h`―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa

Dspgka, Ndreàk &2::3', Dl kudva dsodk`rga hd l`s oèp`ð`s prdsghdk%og`lds, Eçxgoa, Dhgogakds L` Mark`h`+

&2::>', “Dl kudva dsodk`rga hd l` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo` hd l`soèp``s prdsghdkog`lds dk Eçxgoa―, Xdsgs p`r` abtdkdr dl nr`ha hdhaotar par l` Tkgvdrsgh`h @utÿkae` hd B`rodlak`, B`rodlak`+<fttp=www+thx+o`tXHV:2270:6032603;+

Cdrry, Md`kE`ro dt `l+ &0772', Dl kudva dspòga pýblgoa, B`rodlak`,Ndhgs`+



?7?

Clards Rgoa, O`rlas &2::4', Ds l` dstr`tdng` dstýpgha, Eçxgoa, Kudva_gnla VVG+

Nakzàldz, Laurhds &08 hd mukga, 2::3', “Fudln` hd gepudstas sg èla n`k`, hgod l` gp―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+

Nr`k`has Of`p`, Egnudl Àkndl &06 hd mukga, 2::3', “Z`kgst`s= aegsasa edktgrasas―+ Gktdrçs pýblgoa, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0483, Eçxgoa+Nr`khg, Rabdrta &0774', Xdxta y oaktdxta dk las edhgas hd oaeukgo`%

ogÿk+ @kàlgsgs hd l` gkcareògÿk, publgogh`h, dktrdtdkgegdkta y suoaksuea, B`rodlak`, Basof+

&2::2', “Dl sgstde` hd las edhgas y dl sgstde` paltgoa―, dk hd%_gnkgs 2, L` oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo`, tr`kscareògakds hdl dspòga

pýblgoa+Nrupa Rdcare` &07 hd dkdra, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l

sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 07 hd dkdra hd 2::3―,Nrupa Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

&2: hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 2: hd cdbrdra hd 2::3―, NrupaRdcare`, Eçxgoa+

&03 hd e`rza, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 03 hd e`rza hd 2::3―, NrupaRdcare`, Eçxgoa+

&20 hd brgl, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 20 hd `brgl 2::3―, Nrupa Rdcare`,Eçxgoa+

&? hd e`ya, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl ? hd e`ya 2::3―, Nrupa Rdcare`,Eçxgoa+

&28 hd e`ya, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 28 hd e`ya 2::3―, Nrupa Rd

care`, Eçxgoa+&08 hd mukga, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 08 hd mukga 2::3―, Nrupa Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

&2? hd mukga, 2::3', “Rdpartd hd l` dkoudst` kògak`l sabrd prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds publgo`h` dl 2? hd mukga 2::3―, Nrupa Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

&? hd mulga, 2::3', “Dldoogakds 2::3, dkoudst` hd s`lgh`―, Nru pa Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

Nudrrdra, Olùhg` &2 hd brgl, 2::3' “Dkcrdkt` prg hdsb`kh`h`―, dk Rd% care`, Eçxgoa+



?78

Nutgçrrdz, E`rga y E`kudl Huràk &04 hd dkdra, 2::3', “Rueba ` LasZgkas―, dk Dkcaqud, Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

Mdksdk, Ilùs Brufk &077>', L` sdegÿtgo` saog`l hd l` oaeukgoògÿk hde`s`s, B`rodlak`, Basof O`s` Dhgtarg`l+

Fdrkàkhdz, Çrgi` &2? hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Eultgplgo` Cax ‖spats‗ dk2::4―, dk Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+Fdrkàkhdz, Àkndl &06 hd hgogdebrd, 2::4', “L` vgh` dk `zul, Cdlgpd

O`lhdrÿk―, dk Rdvgst` Sçrtgna, kýe+ 286+ Eçxgoa+Fdrkàkhdz @+ dt `l+ &08 hd e`ya, 2::3', “Las dstr`tdn`s hd Cdlgpd O`l

hdrÿk+ Tk` kudv` ndkdrògÿk hd paltgoas dkouebr` `l o`khgh`ta p`kgst`―, dk Sçrtgna, kýe+ 237, Eçxgoa+

Fdrrdr` Bdltràk, Olùhg` &04 hd e`rza, 2::3', “‖Z`r` qud vgvèas ed mar‗, dl kudva lde` hd O`lhdrÿk―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

&0 hd mulga, 2::3', “Oèp`` `ktg èla dk r`hga oak o`rt` c`ls` qud llè` l` rdsgstdkog`―, dk _àb`ha, L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l &0774' Rdsult`has dldotar`lds hd l`s oèp`%ð`s prdsghdkog`lds, dk <www+gcd+nab+ex;+

gcd &2:::', Cgk`kogègdkta pýblgoa egkgstr`ha p`rtghas paltgoas 2:::,dk <www+gcd+arn+ex;+

&2::4', Oÿhgna Cdhdr`l hd Gkstgtuogakds y ZraodhgegdktasDldotar`lds, gcd, <www+gcd+arn+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&2::3`', “Rdpartd k`l hd las eakgtardas hd praeaogak`lds, pdrgaha hdl 07 hd dkdra `l 26 hd mukga hd 2::3―, Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`lDldotar`l, <www+gcd+arn+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&2::3b', “@kàlgsgs ndkdr`l hd las rdsult`has hdl eakgtarda hdkatgog`s pdrgaha hdl 07 hd dkdra `l ?: hd mukga hd 2::3―, GkstgtutaCdhdr`l Dldotar`l, <www+gcd+arn+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&2::3o', “Edtahalan` hdl eakgtarda hd katgog`rgas y atras pranrè`s hd r`hga y tdldvgsgÿk, Gkstgtuta Cdhdr`l Dldotar`l―, dk

<www+gcd+arn+ex;, Eçxgoa+&2::3h', “Rdpartd hd eakgtarda hd publgogh`h, mukga, gcd―, dk<www+gcd+arn+ex;, Eçxgoa+

&2::>d', “Dqugh`h y tr`ksp`rdkog` dk l` oaktgdkh` dldotar`l―,gcd, <www+gcd+arn+ex;, Eçxgoa+

Gydkn`r, _f`kta y Hak`lh R+ Igkhdr &077?', Xdldvgsgÿk y apgkgÿk pýblg%o`, Eçxgoa, Ndrkgi`+

L` Mark`h` &2 hd e`rza, 2::8', “Tk vghda hdst`p` crùhd par ?: egllakds hd pdsas oaktr` dl nhc―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

&00 hd aotubrd, 2::4`', “Rdvdl` Xdldvgs` gkh`n`targ` oaktr` l`cèglg` Eaktgdl―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+



?74

&2::4b', @ku`rgas L` Mark`h` 2::4, Eçxgoa, Hdeas, hds`rralla hd edhgas, _+ @+

&27 hd dkdra, 2::3', “`l ka kdodsgt` eds`s p`r` rdsalvdr sus prablde`s= Cax―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

&26 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Xdregk` l` prgedr` dt`p` hd oèp```l crdktd dk o`sg tah`s l`s dkoudst`s―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+ L` Rdvgst` &02 hd mukga, 2::3', “Dl ou`ha, tde` hdl pashdb`td―, dk L`

Rdvgst`, supldedkta hdl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+&4 hd mukga, 2::3', dk O`ralgk` Raof` Edkao`l, “Dl sdxta o`k

hgh`ta―, L` Rdvgst`, supldedkta hdl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+Lgzàrr`n`, H`kgdl &06 hd mukga, 2::3', “Nalpd brut`l―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+

0483, Eçxgoa+Ll`kas, R`ýl y N`brgdl` Raedra &8 hd e`rza, 2::8', “Zdso`k dk òtas

hd oarrupogÿk ` Bdm`r`ka―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+L`z`rscdlh, Zùl C+, Bdrk`rh Bdrdlsak y F`zdl Nùhdt &0736', Xfd pdapld

ofagod, faw tfd vatdrs eìds up fgs egkh gk ` prdsghdktg`l dldotgak,us`, Oaluebg` Tkgvdrsgty Zrdss+

Lgkz Mu`k M+ &2:::', Xat`lgt rg`k `kh ùtfargt`rg`k rdngeds, Oalar`ha,us`, Lykkd Rgdkkdr Zublgsfdrs+

Lÿpdz Abr`har, @khrçs E`kudl &> hd e`rza, 2::3, 0:=0> frs+', “Zrapakd uk` paltgo` drakàutgo`+ L`s lkd`s edxgo`k`s sd f`ràk o`rna hdl

tr`kspartd `çrda haeçstgoa―+ &Hgsoursa dk l` rdukgÿk hdl _gkhgo`tahd @vgògÿk Gkhdpdkhdkog ' Eçxgoa+

&2::>', L` e`` kas rabÿ l` Zrdsghdkog`9 sÿla ld f`k qugt`hauk` plue` kudstra n`lla, Eçxgoa, Nrgm`lba+

E`kogkg, Zàla &0774', “@edrgo`kgzògÿk y eahdrkgzògÿk+ Brdvd fgstarg` hd l` oèp`` dldotar`l―, dk @ldm`khra Euaz @laksa y Mu`kGnkòga Raspgr &dhs+', Oaeukgoògÿk palåtgo`, E`hrgh, Dhgtarg`l Tkgvdrsgt`s, _+ @+

E`rtkdz _glv`, E`rga y Rabdrta _`lodha @qugka &077>', E`ku`l hdoèp`ð`, taeas G y GG, Eçxgoa, Oaksdma Kògak`l hd Ogdkog`s Zaltgo`s y @hegkgstrògÿk Zýblgo`+

Eçkhdz Artgz, @lcrdha &? hd `brgl, 2::3', “L` kudv` ldy hd r`hga y tv vgal` l` Oakstgtuogÿk= @rtd`n`―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

Eçkhdz, Dkrgqud, Rabdrta N`rhua y E`rg`k` Ofàvdz &2: hd `brgl,2::3', “Ou`ha hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk, lgn`ha `l pranrè` hd rdsult`has hdl gcd―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

Eçkhdz, Dkrgqud y Rabdrta N`rhua &0? hd e`ya, 2::3', “Ou`ha hdO`lhdrÿk e`kdmÿ p`hrakds saog`lds hd _dhdsal―, dk L` Mark`h`,Eçxgoa+



?73

Edla, @rdly &2? hd mukga, 2::3', “Lghdr` O`lhdrÿk prdsdkog` dk edhgas―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+

Egldkga Hg`rga &0? hd e`rza, 2::3', “Las deprds`rgas sd dstàk òdro`kha oak @khrçs E`kudl―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+

Ealgk` Rèrdz, X`kg` &03 hd aotubrd, 2::4', “Dl prgvgldnga hd e`k%h`r +++ dk las fan`rds edxgo`kas, Z`rahg` paltgo` dk Xdldvgs`―, dk E`%sgas`rd, kýe+ 8:6, L` Mark`h`+ Eçxgoa+

Eaktds, Rahalca y Çhn`r Oÿrhav` &07 hd mukga, 2::3', “N`kn`s y rdn`las p`r` las spgr`ktds―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

Eaktds, Rahalca &? hd brgl, 2::3', “Dl p`rta dk dl ou`rta hd nudrr`―, dk L` Rdvgst`, Eçxgoa+

&8 hd `brgl, 2::8', “L` trè` y l` trèp`―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+08?0, Eçxgoa+

Ear`lds, @lbdrta &04 hd e`ya, 2::3', “Lÿpdz Abr`har rdhabl` praeaogÿk―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa, p+ @0?+

&2> hd e`rza, 2::3', “B`m`k kýedra hd ‖spats‗ dk r`hga y tv+E`hr`za y O`lhdrÿk hgsegkuydk gktdksgh`h hd gepòtas―, dk Dl Tkg%vdrs`l, Eçxgoa, pp+ @2:+

&> hd mulga, 2::3', “O`h` vata par O`lhdrÿk oastÿ dk ‖spats‗(84+83―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

&0 hd mulga, 2::3', “O`khgh`tas depld`rak (0+8 bgllakds dk

‖spats‗―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+Eardka, @ldm`khra &2::>', “Xfd 2::3 Edxgo`k Zrdsghdkog`l Dldotgak=

Xfd Doakaey, Agl Rdvdkuds, kh Ghdalany―, dk Z_= Zalgtgo`l _ogdkod`kh Zalgtgos, kýe+ 8:, M`ku`ry, Oèbrghnd Tkgvdrsgty Zrdss+ Tkgtdh_t`tds ac @edrgo`+

Earldy, H`vgh &0773', Xdldvgsgÿk, ùhgdkog`s y dstuhgas oultur`lds, Budkas @grds, @earrartu Dhgtards+

Earlgka, Ldak`rha &0764', Oaea oèbg`k las rdnåedkds palåtgoas, E`

hrgh, Odktra hd Dstuhgas Oakstgtuogak`lds+Earrgs, Hgoi &2::?', Mudnas hd pahdr , Budkas @grds, Dhgtarg`l Dl@tdkda+

Euaz, @le` &27 hd mukga, 2::3', “Hgput`has hdl p k us`rak p`hrÿk hd`kog`kas p`r` gepuls`r ` O`lhdrÿk―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

Euaz@laksa @ldm`khra y Mu`k Gnkòga Raspgr &0777', Hdeaorògèdhgàtgo` y oèp`ð`s dldotar`lds, B`rodlak`, @rgdl Oaeukgoògÿk+

Kadlld Kdue`kk, Dlgs`bdtf &0774', L` dspgr`l hdl sgldkoga+ Apgkgÿk pýblgo`= kudstr` pgdl saog`l, B`rodlak`, Z`ghÿs+

Katgedx &03 hd e`rza, 2::3', “Ka f`y haouedktas qud prudbdk qudSdkdzudl` `pay` l prh= Mèds Ialbdk―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+



?7>

Aleas, Masç Ngl &06 hd e`rza, 2::>', “Hgoi Earrgs= gkmdrdkog` gepukd―,dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0464, Eçxgoa+

&?: hd `brgl, 2::3', “Dstr`tdn`s edrodk`rgas, sgk rgv`l―, dkZraodsa, kýe+ 04?7, Eçxgoa+

Aleas, Masç Ngl y M+ Mdsýs Dsqugvdl &0: hd sdptgdebrd, 2::3', “Hgoi, dlsuoga―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0446, Eçxgoa+Arazoa Nÿedz, Nuglldrea &2::8', “Las dstuhgas hd rdodpogÿk= hd uk

eaha hd gkvdstgn`r, ` uk` eah`, y hd `f ` euofa eahas―, dk Gktdr%tdxta, kýe+7+

Artdn`, @ktakga &03 hd aotubrd, 2::4', “Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r = ±kudv` care` hd gkcare`rsd1―, dk E`sgas`rd, kýe+ 8:6, L` Mark`h`+Eçxgoa+

Z`str`k`, H`kgdl` &2> hd mukga, 2::8', “Dl sdxdkga hd las dsoàkh`las, hdl`s ta`ll`s ` las mugogas hd hds`cudra―, dk E`sgas`rd, L` Mark`h`,Eçxgoa+

Zdrdz _glv`, Ogra &8 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “@bak`k qugkodk` ` egtgk hdèla―, dk Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

Zdhrdra, Cdrk`kha &mudvds 27 hd mukga, 2::3', “ood rdtgr` ‖spats‗ hd praeaogÿk hdl vata+ Dl abmdtgva, qud dl praodsa ka sd dkturbgd―, dk DlTkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

Zl`ktgk, Ofrgstg`k &0776', L` rnuedktògÿk, B`rodlak`, @rgdl Zròtgoue+

Rèas, Marnd &> hd e`ya, 2::3', “Rdargdkt`k dstr`tdng` dldotar`l hdèla―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

Rdcare` st`cc &00 hd brgl, 2::3', “_dnýk Lÿpdz Abr`har dl pranrè` hd p`rahg` paltgo` Dl prgvgldnga hd e`kh`r dstuva hdhgo`ha ` tr`t`r hd hdkast`rla―, dk Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

&04 `brgl, 2::3', “Dl dstuhga tèbgçk rdvdl` qud dk Eçxgoa pdre`kdod dl usa olgdktdl`r hd las pranrè`s hd Nabgdrka―, dk Rd% care`, Eçxgoa+

Rdcare` &00 hd e`rza, 2::3', “Eultgplgo` prdsghdkog` n`sta dk prap`n`kh`―, dk Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+Rdkùh, Orgstgk` &2> hd kavgdebrd, 2::3', “E`l`s kat`s p`r` Cax dk l`

Gbdra―, dk Hg`rga Eakgtar , Eçxgoa+Rdvdlds, Masç &2::3', L`s e`kas suog`s hdl p`k + Fgstarg` hd uk `tròa

eultgegllak`rga las eàs pabrds, Eçxgoa, Zl`kdt`+Raeàk, Masç @ktakga &0> hd hgogdebrd, 2::8', “I`cig`ka, qud dstdeas

`tar`has par ukas hgput`has kdogas= Cax―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+Raeàk, Masç @ktakga, I`rgk` @vglçs y Degr Algv`rds &> hd cdbrdra,

2::3', “Artdn`= Lÿpdz Abr`har kdodsgt` 0> egllakds hd vatas p`r`n`k`r―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+



?76

Raof` Edkao`l, O`ralgk` &4 hd mukga, 2::3', “Dl sdxta o`khgh`ta―, dk L` Rdvgst`, supldedkta hdl pdrgÿhgoa Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

_`l`z`r, Olùhg` y Marnd @rtura Fgh`lna &24 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Huplgo` Nabgdrka dl n`sta dk spats―, dk Rdcare`, Eçxgoa+

_`lhgdrk`, Ndarngk` y Mu`k E`kudl Sdkdn`s &27 hd aotubrd, 0776',“Rspgha hdb`td dktrd O`lhdrÿk y Lÿpdz Abr`har par dl Cab`pra`―,dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+

_`lhgdrk`, Ndarngk` y @laksa Trrutg` &07 hd e`ya, 2::>', “_d apakd dlp k ` tr`ksp`rdkt`r oaktr`tas hd oèp`` oak Xdldvgs`―, dk L` Mar%k`h`, Eçxgoa+

_è`kgdna, Cghdl &7 hd mukga, 2::3', “@p`rdogÿ l` ndktd dk _`k Orgstÿ b`l―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

_`rtarg, Ngav`kkg &0776', Faea Sghdks, E`hrgh, Xùrus+_`ýl Rahrnudz, Lglg` &28 hd e`ya, 2::3', “prh gkgog` oèp`` tdldcÿ

kgo` ‖hdcdksgv`‗―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+&24 hd e`ya, 2::3', “èla oakc` qud dk dl hdb`td sd ‖hdspd

n`rà‗ hd O`lhdrÿk―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+_dordt`r` hd Fògdkh` y Orçhgta Zýblgoa &2::4', “Gkcared sabrd l` sgtu`

ogÿk hd l`s k`kz`s pýblgo`s y l` hduh` pýblgo`―, dk sfop, Eçxgoa+_dordt`r` hd Nabdrkògÿk &2::0', “Dkoudst` Kògak`l hd Oultur` Zal

tgo` y Zràotgo`s Oguh`h`k`s 2::0―, _dordt`r` hd Nabdrkògÿk Hgrdo

ogÿk Ndkdr`l hd Hds`rralla Zaltgoa, Eçxgoa+&2::2', “@ l` apgkgÿk pýblgo`―, dk Rdvgst` Edxgo`k` hd Oaeu%

kgoògÿk, kýe+ >6, a xv, Eçxgoa+&08 hd dkdra, 2::6', “Oÿhgna Cdhdr`l hd Gkstgtuogakds y Zraod

hgegdktas Dldotar`lds―, dk Hg`rga Aog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk, Eçxgoa+_atdla, Z`trgog` &0? hd e`ya, 2::4', “S`k ` vdr ` Rabdrta oaea uk e`

hr`za―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+&2: hd e`rza, 2::3', “L` oèp`` hd E`hr`za, l` dstupghdz

eàs nr`khd―, dk Egldkga Hg`rga, Eçxgoa+Xdfdràk, Marnd &07 hd mukga, 2::3', “L`kz`rà eàs ‖spats‗ dk edhgas9`lgst` hdcdksards hdl sucr`nga―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

Xdfdràk, Marnd y Nÿedz, Rgo`rha &20 hd mukga, 2::3', “Orddl abtuva p`traogkgas p`r` ‖spats‗ hd o`khgh`tas―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

Xdlla H`z, O`rlas, &06 hd mukga, 2::3', “Las pldgtas, las òudrhas+++―@kàlgsgs, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0483, Eçxgoa+

tdpmc &2::3', “Hgotèdk rdl`tgva l oÿeputa k`l hd l` dldoogÿk hd prdsghdktd hd las Dst`has Tkghas Edxgo`kas, hdol`rògÿk hd v`lghdz hdl` dldoogÿk y hd prdsghdktd dldota―, Xrgbuk`l Dldotar`l hdl Zahdr Muhgog`l hd l` Cdhdrògÿk, Eçxgoa+ Dk <www+gcd+arn;+



?77

Xfaepsak, Mafk B+ &2::0', Dl Dsoàkh`la palåtgoa= pahdr y vgsgbglgh`h dk l` dr` hd las edhgas hd oaeukgoògÿk, B`rodlak`, Z`ghÿs+

Xarrds, @ldm`khra &27 hd dkdra, 2::3', “p`k= Sèas ` rdoupdr`r `ktgnuas sgep`tgz`ktds―, dk Dl Tkgvdrs`l, Eçxgoa+

S`rn`s, Ras` Dlvgr` &26 hd `brgl, 2::4', “‖Rdkukog`‗ Eòdha9 rdvgsgÿktat`l l dxpdhgdktd hd Lÿpdz Abr`har= Cax―, dk L` Mark`h`, Eçxgoa+Sdl`soa Tn`lhd, Dkrgqud &2::4', “Rdcrdkha `ktgogp`ha―, dk Rdvgst`

Edxgo`k` hd Oaeukgoògÿk, kýe+ 74, aotubrdhgogdebrd, Eçxgoa+Sgllègl Rahrnudz, Mdk`ra &2::0', Dl pahdr hdl r`tgkn, hd l` saogdh`h

palåtgo` ` l` saogdh`h edhgàtgo`, Eçxgoa, Zl`z` y M`kçs+&2? hd aotubrd, 2::4`', “E`kgpulògÿk gkcare`tgv`, kdnaoga

publgogt`rga―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0402, Eçxgoa+&2::4b', L` tdldvgsgÿk qud kas nabgdrk`+ Eahdla y dstruotur`

hdshd sus aråndkds, Eçxgoa, Nrgm`lba+&20 hd `nasta, 2::4o', “@past`har gkcartuk`ha―, dk Zraodsa,

kýe+ 04:?, Eçxgoa+&00 hd hgogdebrd, 2::4h', “Dl vdrh`hdra pahdr―, dk Zraodsa,

kýe+ 0407, Eçxgoa+Sgllègl, Mdk`ra &4 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Rdof`za `l olgdktdlgsea―, dk

Zraodsa, kýe+ 042>, Eçxgoa+&02 hd cdbrdra, 2::3', “Oaksdksa ` l` cudrz`―, dk Zraodsa,

kýe+ 0426, Eçxgoa+&08 hd mukga, 2::4', “Xdldvgs` oaedkz`rà O`sgka par tdldvg

sgÿk―, dk Zraodsa, Eçxgoa+âltak, Haegkgqud &0776`', “L` oaeukgoògÿk paltgo`, oakstruoogÿk

hd uk eahdla―, dk Md`kE`ro Cdrry, Haegkgqud âltak dt `l+, Dlkudva dspòga pýblgoa, B`rodlak`, Ndhgs`+

]èar` Brgoda, Zdhra &06 hd mukga, 2::3', “Dk K`y`rgt, pçsgeas `ktdodhdktds―, dk Zraodsa, kýe+ 0483, Eçxgoa+

]`v`l` Ram`s, Hg`k` &4 hd mukga, 2::3', “Apartukgh`hds= `nu` p`r` dlealgka p`kgst`―, dk L` rdvgst`, Eçxgoa+



8:0

åkhgOd

@NR@HDOGEGDKXA_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7

DL XRGTKCA HD L@ ZALåXGO@ D_ZDOXÀOTLA + + + + + + + + + + 00Xdar`s p`r` dl dstuhga hd l`s oèp``s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 06

Dstr`tdng` edtahalÿngo` + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?8

@KÀLG_G_ HD L@ O@EZ@ð@ ZRD_GHDKOG@L

EDVGO@K@ HD 2::3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 87 Dl dsodk`rga prdvga l`s oèp``s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 87

Dv`luògÿk hdl sdxdkga hdl prdsghdktd Cax + + + + + + + + + + + + + 87L`s b`sds dldotar`lds hd las trds nr`khds p`rtghas + + + + + + + 3 8

L`s dldoogakds prge`rg`s dk las trds prgkogp`lds p`rtghas + + 3> Zrgedr` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 63

Dstr`tdng` hd oèp`ð` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har + + + + + + + + + + + + + 6>Zrgedr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`ð` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har + + + + + + + + 7 3

Dstr`tdng` hd oèp`ð` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0:3Zrgedr` dt`p` oèp`ð` Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 002Dstr`tdng` hd l` oèp`ð` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za + + + + + + + + + + 0?2Zrgedr` dt`p` hd l` oèp`ð` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za + + + + + + 0 ? 3L`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds ka oèbg`kdk l` prgedr` dt`p` + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 08?

_dnukh` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 048_dnukh` dt`p` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk y @khrçs E`kudl

Lÿpdz Abr`har + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 048Oèbga hd dstr`tdng` hd l` oèp`ð` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk + + 048O`åh` hd l`s prdcdrdkog`s hd Lÿpdz Abr`har dk l` sdnukh` dt`p` + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 06:



8:2

Zrgedr hdb`td dktrd las o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds + + + + + + + 067Sudloa dk l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds pastdrgards`l prgedr hdb`td + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 077Lÿpdz Abr`har rddstruotur` su dstr`tdng` edhgàtgo` + + + + + 2 : 8

L`s oèp`ð`s hd O`lhdrÿk y Lÿpdz Abr`har sd kdutr`lgz`k + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 203Dkoudst`s hd las ýltgeas hå`s hd e`ya= dep`td prdvga`l sdnukha hdb`td + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 206_dnukh` dt`p` hd oèp`ð` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za + + + + + + + + 223

Xdrodr` dt`p` hd l`s oèp``s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2?3Dl sdnukha hdb`td hd las o`khgh`tas prdsghdkog`lds + + + + + + 2 ? 3Dl pashdb`td, haegk`ha par dl tde`hdl “Ou`ha gkoÿeaha― + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 28?Lÿpdz Abr`har vudlvd lghdr`r l`s prdcdrdkog`s dldotar`lds + + 240Ogdrrd hd oèp`ð` hd Rabdrta E`hr`za + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 232Ogdrrd hd oèp`ð` hd Cdlgpd O`lhdrÿk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 238Ogdrrd hd oèp`ð` hd Lÿpdz Abr`har + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 237Las deprds`rgas sd ukdk ` l` oèp`ð` kdn`tgvòaktr` Lÿpdz Abr`har + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2>0Las ýltgeas nalpds edhgàtgoas hå`s `ktdshd l`s dldoogakds + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2>7

Las rdsult`has hd l` dldoogÿk prdsghdkog l + + + + + + + + + + + + + 26?L` p`r`hÿmgo` `prabògÿk hdl prdsghdktd Cax + + + + + + + + + + + 278L` dstr`tdng` hdl p`k trgukcÿ dk l`s dldoogakds + + + + + + + + + + 2 7 >

Dl oaepartègdkta hd las edhgas dk l`s oèp``s hd 2::3 + + 277L` oabdrtur` hd las katgogdras + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 277L` `ndkh` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?23Oabdrtur` hd las tde`s kdn`tgvas dk las pdrgÿhgoas + + + + + + ? 2 >

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La República del Escándalo

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