8/2/2019 La nueva poltica industrial espaola: innovacin, economas externas y productividad(Es)/The new Spanish industri

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Fc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf sg pfcntgc gn afcvg lg cpmym cgstc trcns`a`n `nlustr`cf y sg smst`gng smirg unc nug-vc amnagpa`n lgf emi`grnm lg fc gamnmkc. Fcnugvc gstruaturc lg fc Clk`n`strca`n Agntrcf lgf Gs-tclm jc amkpmrtclm fc rgaupgrca`n lgf K`n`stgr`mlg @nlustr`c pcrc l`sgcr y gogautcr fs gstrctge`cs lglgscrrmffm `nlustr`cf (3).

Gf pcpgf lg fc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf amns`stg gn emigrncrgstg acki`m prmluat`vm y, s`neufcrkgntg, cat`vcr prm-agsms qug pgrk`tcn `nargkgntcr sustcna`cfkgntg fcprmluat`v`lcl. Amkm jc sgcfclm fc Amk`s`n Gurm-pgc (9227), fc iugnc scful lg fc `nlustr`c kcnuhca-turgrc gs `nl`spgnscifg pcrc gf arga`k`gntm gamn-k`am. Gn gf acsm lg Gspcc, clgks, gs ngagscr`mkgomrcr fc amkpgt`t`v`lcl gxtgr`mr, y gffm gx`eg un ercngshugrzm lg clcptca`n lgf sgatmr `nlustr`cf, qugcpmrtc cfrglglmr lg trgs aucrtcs pcrtgs lg nugstrcacpca`lcl gxpmrtclmrc. Gn fc nugvc huna`n lg prm-luaa`n gs ngagscr`c unc kcymr `ntgns`lcl lgf ac-p`tcf, unc aucf`h`aca`n lgf hgatmr trcicom clcptclc

c fcs nugvcs ngags`lclgs lg fc gamnmkc lgf am-nma`gk`gntm y, fcst iut nmt fgcst, unc kcymr prmlua-t`v`lcl tmtcf lg fms hcatmrgs. Fc nugvc pmft`ac `nlus-tr`cf sg l`r`eg lg hmrkc kuy gspga`cf jca`c fccat`vca`n lg gstc prmluat`v`lcl tmtcf lg fms hcatm-rgs, hmtcfga`gnlm fc `nnmvca`n.

Gf miogtm lg gstg crtaufm gs `lgnt`h`acr fcs acrcatgrs-t`acs hunlckgntcfgs lg fc nugvc pmft`ac `nlustr`cfgspcmfc. Gn pr`kgr fuecr, sg gstul`c su `nsgra`n gnfms prmerckcs lg rghmrkcs lg fc Wn`n Gurmpgc y lgGspcc. C amnt`nuca`n sg `lgnt`h`acn fcs icsgs tg-r`acs y s`neufcrkgntg fcs nma`mngs lg `nnmvca`n sm-irg fcs qug sg l`sgc unc pcrtg rgfgvcntg lg fc nug-vc gs tr ct ge `c , y a km sg cl mptc un c nu gvcgstruaturc lg emi`grnm clcptclc c fc k`skc. H`ncf-kgntg, sg prgsgntcn cfeuncs lg fcs nugvcs pmft`acs`nlustr`cfgs gspgah`acs gntrg fcs qug lgstcacn gf ercngshugrzm h`ncna`grm lg cpmym c fc @+L+` amkm gs gfprmerckc AGN@\, fc nugvc gstrctge`c lg cpmym c fc`nnmvca`n lg fcs Rykgs cerupclcs gn l`str`tms `n-

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Gn gstg crtaufm sg prgsgntcn lg kcngrc s`ntt`ac fms hunlckgntms gamnk`ams lg fc nug-vc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf gspcmfc. Nms gnamntrckms gn un prmagsm lg trcns`a`n `nlustr`cf, lgacki`m lg nugstrc huna`n lg prmluaa`n jca`c un nugvm kmlgfm gn gf qug gf amnma`-k`gntm y fc `nnmvca`n t`gngn, pcrc gf amnountm lg sgatmrgs prmluat`vms, un pcpgf lga`s`vm.

OMCN \YWFFN

Qgargtcr`m Egngrcf lg @nlustr`c.K`n`stgr`m lg @nlustr`c, \ur`skm y Amkgra`m.

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lustr`cfgs m afustgrs, fcs lgnmk`nclcs Cerupca`mngslg Gkprgscs @nnmvclmrcs (CG@) y catuca`mngs gn nug-vcs pmft`acs sgatmr`cfgs amkm fcs lgr`vclcs lg fc l`-rgat`vc lg D`mtm (pfcngs nca`mncfgs lg cs`enca`n lggk`s`n).

NGAGQ@LCL LG WNC NWGXC RMF\@AC @NLWQ\Y@CF?GF GN\MYNM GWYMRGM P EFMICF

Fc ngags`lcl lg l`spmngr lg unc pmft`ac nlustr`cf gs-pgah`ac sureg, gn pr`kgr fuecr, lg fc amnv`aa`n lg fcgx`stgna`c lg ercnlgs y cagfgrclcs trcnshmrkca`mngsm kutca`mngs qug chgatcn c fc kcymr pcrtg lg cat`-v`lclgs nlustr`cfgs gn tmlm gf pfcngtc? acki`c fc gs-truaturc lg fms kgraclms y sg cagfgrc fc `ntgerca`ngn ercnlgs rgcs gamnk`acs m amkgra`cfgs4 y ack-i`c fc ncturcfgzc lgf prmluatm, lgf prmagsm, lg fc mr-ecn`zca`n lg fc gkprgsc y lg fcs hmrkcs lg amkgr-a`cf`zca`n, egngrnlmsg unc nugvc gamnmkc

icsclc gn gf amnma`k`gntm. Fc `nnmvca`n gs c pr`n-a`p`ms lgf s`efm ZZ@ kmtmr lg gstcs trcnshmrkca`mngs.Jmy, ks qug gn fms t`gkpms lg Qajukpgtgr, gf ercntgr`am lg fc `nnmvca`n, sg pmng lg rgf`gvg fc ngag-s`lcl lg l`spmngr lg gstrctge`cs qug, juygnlm lg n-tgrvgna`mn`skms trcsnmajclms, sgpcn rgsmfvgr fms k-pmrtcntgs hcffms lg kgraclm qug suiycagn gn fmsprmagsms lg egngrca`n, clmpa`n y l`hus`n lg fc `n-nmvca`n, m chrmntcr lgtgrk`nclms ghgatms qug sg lg-r`vcn lg fcs kpmrtcntgs kutca`mngs nlustr`cfgs.

Fc nlustr`c s`eug aukpfgnlm un rmf gsgna`cf gn gf lg-scrrmffm gamnk`am. Gs ngagscr`m rgv`scr fc v`goc tgs`s fc Amf`n Afcrd, sgen fc aucf sg lcrc unc l`nk`-

ac `ngxmrcifg qug ffgvcrc c fcs gamnmkcs, gn uncpr`kgrc gtcpc, c rglua`r gf pgsm lg fc cer`aufturc, fug-em lg fc `nlustr`c y un fuecr pcrc fms sgrv`a`ms, amn uncamnl`a`n? qug sg ntgns`h`qugn gn aclc unc lg gffcssus cat`v`lclgs lgnscs lg amnma`k`gntm.

Fc `nlustr`c s`eug prmtcemn`zcnlm lg kcngrc lgstc-aclc gf prmagsm lg efmicf`zca`n, y s`eug aukpf`gn-lm un pcpgf agntrcf gn fc gamnmkc gurmpgc. Gn fcWn`n Gurmpgc, fc nlustr`c kcn uhcaturgrc gkpfgc l`-rgatskgntg ks lg 1< k`ffmngs lg pgrsmncs, qug eg-ngrcn gf 92% lgf R@I y cpmrtcn gf 57% lg fcs gxpmrtc-a`mngs. Clgks, fc `nlustr`c t`gng ghgatms lg crrcstrgkuy supgr`mrgs c fms sgrv`a`ms, gn pcrt`aufcr gn fms amn-sukms `ntgrkgl`ms. Fc prmergs`vc gxtgrncf`zca`n lgsgrv`a`ms lgslg fcs gkprgscs nlustr`cfgs gx`eg qug tm-lm cnf`s`s gamnk`am smirg gf pgsm lg fc `nlustr`c gnfcs gamnmkcs amntgkpmrngcs ngags`tg lgf`k`tcr gfpgrkgtrm nlustr`cf lg kcngrc amrrgatc (9).

Gn amnsgaugna`c, nhgr`r lg fc l`sk`nua`n rgfct`vc lgfgkpfgm `nlustr`cf unc lgaclgna`c lg fc `nlustr`camnst`tuyg unc gnmrkg s`kpf`h`aca`n. Fc gstrgtge`c `n-lustr`cf gn kmtmrgs gurmpgms, amkm Hrcna`c y Cfg-kcn`c, pmstufc fc prmergs`vc gspga`cf`zca`n gn sga-tmrgs `nlustr`cfgs `ntgns`vms gn amnma`k`gntm. Fc

gspga`cf`zca`n gn sgatmrgs lg icoc `ntgns`lcl tga-nmfe`ac amkpmrts unc kgnmr prmpgns`n `nnmvc-lmrc. Qg prmpmngn gstrctge`cs icsclcs gn fc hmac-f`zca`n gn sgatmrgs lg gamnmkc lgf amnma`k`gntmcftm m prmerckcs amn un hugrtg amkpmngntg tganm-fe`am. Gstc gstrctge`c hmacf`zclmrc yc hug sgeu`lcgn su lc pmr Ocpn y Gstclms Wn`lms, y gst lgtrs lgf

lgscrrmffm lg nugvcs tganmfmecs amkm fcs \@As, fci`mtganmfmec m fc ncnmtganmfmec (1).

Gf l`censt`am lg fc Amk`s`n Gurmpgc (9227) s`tc lgnugvm c fc nlustr`c amkm gf sgatmr arua`cf pcrc fc rg-aupgrca`n lg fc amkpgt`t`v`lcl gurmpgc. Fc nugvcamk`s`n jc prmpugstm hmrkcfkgntg rgaupgrcr fc pm-ft`ac `nlustr`cf. Gn fms nugvms prmerckcs lg caa`npcrc amnargtcr fc gstrctge`c lg F`simc sg h`ocrmn am-km pr`mr`lclgs egngrcfgs? 3) jcagr lg Gurmpc unc zm-nc ks ctrcat`vc pcrc fc nvgrs`n y gf gkpfgm4 9) pm-ngr gf amnma`k`gntm y fc `nnmvca`n cf sgrv`a`m lgfarga`k`gntm gurmpgm, y 1) lgh`n`r pmft`acs qug pgrk`-

tcn c fcs gkprgscs argcr gkpfgms ks nukgrmsms ykgomr acf`h`aclms. Fc Amk`s`n (9227, p. 1) prmpmng`kpfgkgntcr unc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf qug tgnec amkmpr`mr`lcl argcr fcs amnl`a`mngs hcvmrcifgs cf lgsc-rrmffm lg gkprgscs y lg fc nnmvca`n amn fc h`ncf`lcllg jcagr lg fc WG unc zmnc ctrcat`vc pcrc fcs `nvgr-s`mngs `nlustr`cfgs y fc argca`n lg gkpfgm (

8/2/2019 La nueva poltica industrial espaola: innovacin, economas externas y productividad(Es)/The new Spanish industri

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kgntm sg gst supgrcnlm ckpf`ckgntg (19% gntrg922< y 9227).GF RNY amntgkpfc s`gtg gogs hunlckgntcfgs?

3. Yghugrzm lg fc Gstci`f`lcl Kcarmgamnk`ac y Rrg-supugstcr`c.

9. Rfcn Gstrcte`am lg @nhrcgstruaturcs y \rcnspmrtg, yRrmerckc CEWC.

1.Cukgntm y kgomrc lgf acp`tcf jukcnm.

8/2/2019 La nueva poltica industrial espaola: innovacin, economas externas y productividad(Es)/The new Spanish industri

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egngrca`n lg rgnl`k`gntms arga`gntgs pmr kgl`mlg lms vcs hunlckgntcfgs?

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Hmrtcfga`k`gntm lg fcs vgntcocs lgr`vclcs lg fc gs-acfc (gamnmkcs f`eclcs c fc l`kgns`n gkprgscr`cf)(31).

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Hmrtcfga`k`gntm lg fcs vgntcocs lgr`vclcs lgf gn-tmrnm? rgnl`k`gntms arga`gntgs csma`clms c fc amn-agntrca`n gspca`cf lg pgqugcs y kgl`cncs gk-prgscs `nnmvclmrcs (Igactt`n`, 3050).

Fc ckpf`ca`n lg fms kgraclms lgr`vclc lgf prmag-sm lg efmicf`zca`n chgatc c fc prmluaa`n `nlustr`cfhmrtcfga`gnlm fc gspga`cf`zca`n prmluat`vc y egng-rcnlm rgnl`k`gntms arga`gntgs. C kcymr l`kgns`nlg fms kgraclms kcymr tgnlgna`c c fc amnagntrc-a`n y cpcr`a`n lg gamnmkcs lg gsacfc m lg eckcqug lgsgkimacn gn fc ckpf`ca`n lg fc prmlua-a`n `nlustr`cf y fc rgluaa`n lg amstgs. \rcl`a`mncf-

kgntg sg jc amntgkpfclm gf prmagsm sfm lgslg fcvgrt`gntg lg fc ercn gkprgsc, suircycnlm fc tgn-lgna`c c fc amnagntrca`n lg fc prmluaa`n gn ercn-lgs gkprgscs trcnsnca`mncfgs. Q`n gkicrem, gn fcslms ft`kcs laclcs sg jc suircyclm fc gx`stgna`clg prmagsms nlustr`cfgs icsclms gn pgqugcs y kg-l`cncs gkprgscs qug rgspmnlgn c fcs nugvcs amn-l`a`mngs lg ckpf`ca`n lg fms kgraclms lg kcng-rc l`st`ntc. Fms l`str`tms `nlustr`cfgs kcrsjcff`cnmsgxpf`aclms pmr Igactt`n` (3050 y 9228) m fms afustgrscncf`zclms pmr Rmrtgr (3002) amns`eugn lcr unc rgs-pugstc pms`t`vc c fms rgtms lg fc efmicf`zca`n, egng-rcnlm gamnmkcs gxtgrncs c fc gkprgsc pgrm `ntgr-ncs cf sgatmr m tgrr`tmr`m gn gf qug mpgrcn.

Gstc l`st`na`n gs hunlckgntcf pcrc amkprgnlgr fcnugvc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf. Rmr unc pcrtg, fcs lgsvgntc-ocs `n`a`cfgs lgr`vclcs lg fc gspga`cf`zca`n prmluat`-vc gn sgatmrgs lg gsacsc ntgns`lcl lg amnma`k`gn-tm, m lgr`vclcs lg fc gsacsc l`kgns`n prmluat`vc,puglgn amkpgnscrsg pmr kgl`m lg fc cat`vca`n lgprmagsms nnmvclmrgs gn gntmrnms tgrr`tmr`cfgs (3

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gf t`gkpm. Clgks, gs un hgnkgnm pmfcr`zclm gn gfgspca`m y gn gf t`gkpm, qug sg lgscrrmffc gn un lg-tgrk`nclm t`pm lg gstruaturc gkprgscr`cf? ercnlgsgkprgscs m `nhrcgstruaturcs a`gnth`am-tganmfe`acs(fcimrctmr`ms) lg ercn tckcm. \mlc gstc amnagp-a`n ffgvc c `nstrukgntms lg pmft`ac `nlustr`cf vmfac-lms smirg gsg t`pm lg ercnlgs gstruaturcs, qug tck-i`n (amkm un hctuk ngv`tcifg, pmr fcs gamnmkcslg gsacfc) smn fcs `ngful`ifgkgntg v`atmr`mscs gn gfkunlm gamnk`am (ercnlgs jmfl`nes y trusts, gn unamntgxtm lg gstruaturcs lg kgraclm kmnmpmf`stcs ymf`empmf`stcs) (3:).

Fc kqu`nc lg nnmvcr lg Icukmf. Gn fms ft`kms

cms jc ar`stcf`zclm gn gf ki`tm tgr`am un amn-agptm lg `nnmvca`n gntgnl`lc amkm un prmagsmpgrkcngntg, rgaurrgntg y amnt`num (Icukmf, 9229).Qg v`naufc c gntmrnms amkpgt`t`vms, lg gamnmkcefmicf`zclc, gn gf qug fc `nnmvca`n gs amnl`t`m s`ngquc nmn pcrc fc prmp`c supgrv`vgna`c lg fc gkprg-sc. Gn gstg gnhmqug, gn gf qug gf arga`k`gntm c fcrempfczm lgpgnlg lg fc argca`n y l`hus`n lg nugvmsamnma`k`gntms (Ymkgr, 30:8), fcs Rykg nm sg amna`-ign amkm kgrcs rgagptmrcs lg `nnmvca`n lg fcsercnlgs gkprgscs, s`nm amkm pmtgntgs egngrclmrgsy ckpf`h`aclmrgs lg `nnmvca`n aucnlm gstn s`tuc-lcs gn fms gntmrnms cprmp`clms.

Fc `nnmvca`n gn fms l`str`tms `nlustr`cfgs kcrsjc-ff`cnms lg Igactt`n`. Fc tgragrc vc jca`c fc nnmvca`nsg pfcntgc c pcrt`r lg un gnhmqug lg fc nnmvca`n f`-eclm nm tcntm c fc gkprgsc s`neufcr s`nm cf gntmrnmsma`mgamnk`am gn gf qug stc mpgrc. Qg trctc lg fc`nnmvca`n gn gf l`str`tm nlustr`cf kcrsjcff`cnm (30).Lgslg h`ncfgs lg fc laclc lg fms sgtgntc, fc nma`nlg l`str`tm `nlustr`cf sg `ntrmluag gn gf cnf`s`s gam-nk`am, lg fc kcnm lgf prmhgsmr Igactt`n` (92). Gf rg-gnaugntrm amn gf amnagptm kcrsjcff`cnm lg l`str`tm `n-lustr`cf (Kcrsjcff, 3:02) gst gstrgajckgntg v`naufclmc unc pugstc gn vcfmr lg un vgatmr sma`mgamnk`am,

fc ctkshgrc nlustr`cf gx`stgntg gn lgtgrk`nclcs a`u-lclgs lg icsg `nlustr`cf, y tgmr`zclc yc gn fms Rr`na`-p`ms lg gamnmkc lg Kcrsjcff.

Gn gstc amnagpa`n, fcs Rykgs, qug amkp`tgn gnun tgrr`tmr`m fmacf`zclm, smn prmtcemn`stcs pr`na`pcfgslgf prmagsm `nnmvclmr. Gn un amntgxtm lg lgs-amkpmn`i`f`lcl lg fms prmagsms prmluat`vms, unl`str`tm `nlustr`cf gst amnst`tu`lm pmr un amnountmckpf`m lg pgqugcs y kgl`cncs gkprgscs qug,amkp`t`gnlm y amfcimrcnlm cf k`skm t`gkpm, amn-s`eugn mitgngr rgnl`k`gntms arga`gntgs, gn un gn-tmrnm lg gamnmkc ci`grtc (93). Gn gstms gntmrnms sgprmluagn ghgatms lg lgsimrlck`gntm (sp`ffmvgrs)

tganmfe`ams y nm tganmfe`ams lg uncs gkprgscssmirg mtrcs, lg hmrkc l`rgatc m c trcvs lg fcs l`s-t`ntcs hcsgs gspga`cf`zclcs lgf prmagsm prmluat`-vm(99). Gf rgsuftclm gs unc rp`lc y gh`a`gntg l`hus `nlg fcs `nnmvca`mngs lg prmluatm y lg prmagsm, y fcrgtrmcf`kgntca`n amnt`nuc lg nnmvca`mngs (hggl-icad) (91).

@nnmvca`n c trcvs lg gkprgscs trcatmrcs gn gfsgnt`lm lg Rgrrmux y lg Omrl` Nclcf. Gstg gnhmqugamkpfgkgntcr`m lg fms cntgr`mrgs, rgs`lg gn fc ut`f`-zca`n lg fms ghgatms lg crrcstrg qug sg lgr`vcn lgfc prgsgna`c lg ercnlgs gkprgscs trcatmrcs, gk-prgscs s`neufcrgs qug t`rcn lg fc `nnmvca`n lgfamnountm lg gkprgscs lg un tgrr`tmr`m (9

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WNC NWGXC GQ\YWA\WYC LG EMI@GYNM RCYC WNCNWGXC GQ\YC\GE@C @NNMXCLMYC

Fc nugvc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf, qug sg hunlckgntc gnunc nma`n lg `nnmvca`n pfurcf amkm fc jcstc cqu`nl`aclc, gx`eg clcptcr su mrecn`zca`n c l`ajc pfu-

rcf`lcl lg gnhmqugs. Gntrg fms acki`ms mrecn`zct`vmsqug sg jcn prmlua`lm pcrc clcptcrsg c fc nugvc gs-trctge`c lgigkms lgstcacr, gn pr`kgr fuecr, fc argc-a`n lg unc nugvc Qgargtcrc Egngrcf lg @nlustr`c(QE@), qug `ntgerc fc nugvc L`rgaa`n Egngrcf lg Lg-scrrmffm @nlustr`cf (LEL@) (`nsar`tc amn cntgr`mr`lcl c fcL`rgaa`n Egngrcf lg Rmft`ac \ganmfe`ac lgf K`n`s-tgr`m lg A`gna`c y \ganmfmec), fc L`rgaa`n Egngrcflg fc Rykg (LERykg) (clsar`tc cntgs cf K`n`stgr`m lgGamnmkc y Jca`gnlc) y gf Agntrm pcrc gf Lgscrrmffm\ganmfe`am @nlustr`cf (AL\@) (cntgs clsar`tm cf KAy\)?

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Gn fc LERykg sg jcn `ntgerclm unc pcrtg rgfgvcn-tg lg fcs pmft`acs lg `nnmvca`n l`r`e`lcs c Rykgs. Gnpcrt`aufcr, fc v`s`n lg fc `nnmvca`n gn un sgnt`lm lgl`str`tm `nlustr`cf gx`ec s`tucr unc pcrtg s`en`h`act`vc lgl`ajcs pmft`acs (s`neufcrkgntg fcs icsclcs gn gf cpm-ym c fc tganmfmec) gn gstc L`rgaa`n Egngrcf. Gn amn-sgaugna`c pmft`acs amkm fcs lg cpmym c fc `nnmvc-a`n y c fc tganmfmec c trcvs lg Agntrms \ganmfe`amssg clsar`ign c gstc L`rgaa`n Egngrcf, gn fc qug tck-i`n rgs`lg fc Gkprgsc Nca`mncf lg @nnmvca`n. Cs, gfnugvm Rfcn lg Hmkgntm Gkprgscr`cf, gn su vgrt`gntg Ry-kg, y fc gstrctge`c lg cpmym c fc hmrkca`n y lgsc-rrmffm lg fcs Cerupca`mngs lg Gkprgscs @nnmvclmrcs(CG@) sg l`r`egn lgslg gstc l`rgaa`n egngrcf.

9| Gn acki`m, fc gstrctge`c lg cpmym y amnsmf`lca`nlg ercnlgs prmerckcs lg lg `nvgst`eca`n y lgsc-rrmffm hmacf`zclms gn ercnlgs gkprgscs, lg gst`rpgsajukpgtgr`cnc, sg jc vgr`h`aclm lgslg gf AL\@, gn-t`lcl gkprgscr`cf clsar`tc c fc QE@. Gf prmerckc AG-N@\ sg egst`mnc lgslg gstc `nst`tua`n. Fc nugvc pmf-t`ac cgrmnut`ac tcki`n sg egst`mnc lgslg gstc`nst`tua`n, cs amkm fcs pmft`acs gspca`cfgs. Gf AL\@vc ks cff. Gs unc gnt`lcl pif`ac gkprgscr`cf lg-l`aclc c gfgvcr gf n`vgf tganmfe`am lg fc gkprgscgspcmfc gn egngrcf kgl`cntg fc h`ncna`ca`n lgprmygatms lg @+L gkprgscr`cf, fc prmkma`n y egst`nlg fc pcrt`a`pca`n lg fcs k`skcs gn prmerckcs `n-tgrnca`mncfgs lg ammpgrca`n tganmfe`ac, gf cpmymc fc trcnshgrgna`c lg tganmfmec gn gf ki`tm gk-prgscr`cf y fc argca`n y amnsmf`lca`n lg gkprgscslg icsg tganmfe`ac. Qu gnhmqug gs nm sgatmr`cf.

1|

Gntrg fms `nstrukgntms lgl`aclms cf cpmym c fc gs-trctge`c icukmf`cnc lg nnmvca`n lgigkms lgstc-acr fms lg acratgr h`sacf. Gn pcrt`aufcr, fc gk`s`n lgfms `nhmrkgs v`naufcntgs pcrc gf K`n`stgr`m lg Gamnm-kc y Jca`gnlc sg ffgvc c acim lgslg fc L`rgaa`nEgngrcf lg Lgscrrmffm @nlustr`cf y amnst`tuyg un gogk-pfm lgstcaclm lg pmft`ac nlustr`cf lg cpmym c fc n-nmvca`n.

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181 >G` 91

Hmkgntcr fc argca`n lg nugvcs gkprgscs y gfarga`k`gntm gkprgscr`cf? cyulc c fc h`ncna`ca`n lgfcs Rykgs c trcvs lgf @AM amn unc fngc lmtclc amn5.222 k`ffmngs lg gurms cnucfgs, cyulc c fc supgrv`-vgna`c lg gkprgscs gn sus pr`kgrms cms, argca`nlg unc fngc @AM lg h`ncna`ca`n lg arga`k`gntmgkprgscr`cf y rgluaa`n y s`kpf`h`aca`n lgf `kpugs-

tm smirg sma`glclgs.

@nargkgntcr fc acpca`lcl lg `nnmvca`n y fctrcnshgrgna`c lg amnma`k`gntm? c trcvs lgf cpmym cfc h`ncna`ca`n lg agntrms tganmfe`ams, gf Rrmerc-kc @nnmgkprgsc, gf prmerckc lg cpmym c afustgrs`nnmvclmrgs m fc rgluaa`n lg fcs aumtcs gkprgsc-r`cfgs c fc Qgeur`lcl Qma`cf c fcs Rykgs pcrc trcic-oclmrgs gn cat`v`lclgs lg @+L.

@ntgrnca`mncf`zca`n? hmkgntm lgf gspr`tu gxpmrtc-lmr. Fngc @AM-@AGZ Cprgnl`gnlm c Gxpmrtcr, pm-tgna`ca`n lg fc fngc @AM pcrc ntgrnca`mncf`zca`n,

rgv`s`n lg fms `nstrukgntms h`ncna`grms c fc gxpmrtc-a`n pcrc cagracrfms c fcs Rykgs (HCL, AMH@LGQ, H@GZ,gta.) y cpmym c fc `nvgrs`n gn acp`tcf jukcnm pcrcfc gkprgsc gxpmrtclmrc.

Q`kpf`h`aca`n clk`n`strct`vc? ckpf`cr fc rgl lgRuntms lg Csgsmrck`gntm g @n`a`m lg \rck`tca`n, gx-tgnlgr gf Agntrm lg @nhmrkca`n y Ygl lg Argca`nlg Gkprgscs (A@YAG), `namrpmrca`n lg nugvms tr-k`tgs cf Lmaukgntm n`am Gfgatrn`am (LWG) m prg-sgntca`n tgfgkt`ac lg lmaukgntms pif`ams nm-tcr`cfgs gfgatrn`ams gn fms rge`strms kgracnt`fgs.

Cerupca`mngs lg Gkprgscs @nnmvclmrcs (CG@). C pcr-

t`r lg fc nma`n lg l`str`tm nlustr`cf kcrsjcff`cnm, lgs-lg gf K`n`stgr`m lg @nlustr`c sg gst jc lgscrrmffclm unc`n`a`ct`vc pcrc pmtgna`cr fcs CG@ gx`stgntgs gn Gspcc. FcMrlgn K`n`stgr`cf, puif`aclc gf 93 lg cemstm lg 9228,lgh`ng fcs icsgs smirg fcs qug sg rgeufcn fcs CG@, gf r-e`kgn lg cyulcs y fc egst`n lg kgl`lcs lg cpmymc gstcs nugvcs h`eurcs gkprgscr`cfgs. Qg lgh`ngn amkmCG@ (9:), fc amki`ncan gn un gspca`m egmerh`am msgatmr nlustr`cf amnargtm lg gkprgscs, agntrms lg hmr-kca`n y un`lclgs lg `nvgst`eca`n, pif`ams m pr`vc-lms, `nvmfuarclms gn prmagsms lg `ntgracki`m amfc-imrct`vm, l`r`e`lms c mitgngr vgntcocs y/m igngh`a`mslgr`vclms lg fc gogaua`n lg prmygatms amnountms lg

acratgr nnmvclmr (90). Gf K@\PA, c trcvs lgf AL\@, jcgstcifga`lm amn gstms h`ngs, un re`kgn lg cargl`tc-a`n y cyulcs pcrc fcs CG@, qug hmkgntcg su lgscrrm-ffm y smstgn`i`f`lcl, cs amkm pcrc y mpt`k`zcr fcs hr-kufcs lg cpmym pif`am lgst`nclcs c h`ncna`cr fmsprmygatms nnmvclmrgs amn prmygaa`n efmicf qug hmr-kufgn gstcs cerupca`mngs. Gf miogt`vm gs qug gstcs CG@cs gstruaturclcs cfacnagn unc kcsc art`ac tcf qugpgrk`tc csgeurcr su amkpgt`t`v`lcl y v`s`i`f`lcl `ntgr-nca`mncfgs, y sg gspgrc qug gstn hmrkclcs kcymr`tc-r`ckgntg pmr Rykgs, cs amkm pmr ercnlgs gkprgscs,amn hugrtg `kpfcntca`n tgrr`tmr`cf `ntgrgsclcs gn hmrtc-fgagr fc aclgnc prmluat`vc gn fc qug pcrt`a`pcn.

Lgslg gf puntm lg v`stc lg fc ammrl`nca`n, sg prg-tgnlg qug gstc nugvc pmft`ac sg cpmyg gn fc cat`v`-lcl lg fcs cegna`cs cutmnk`acs m fmacfgs. Fc am-mrl`nca`n amn fcs Amkun`lclgs Cutnmkcs sgr lgunc ercn kpmrtcna`c pcrc amnsgeu`r qug fcs CG@ hrua-t`h`qugn y sg gxt`gnlcn. Cf k`skm t`gkpm, fc `n`a`ct`vcsg gst ammrl`ncnlm amn pmft`acs gurmpgcs amkm fcs

lg fms Hmnlms Gstruaturcfgs (12), gn pcrt`aufcr, gf nug-vm Hmnlm \ganmfe`am, auym kmntcntg gs ut`f`zclmpmr gf AL\@ pcrc h`ncna`cr fcs cyulcs c fcs CG@. y gf X@@Rrmerckc Kcram lg @nvgst`eca`n, amn fc h`ncf`lcl lgqug fcs CG@ puglcn mptcr ha`fkgntg c fc h`ncna`ca`nlg gstms prmerckcs. \cki`n sg prgv qug gn fmsprmerckcs lgf K@\PA fc pgrtgngna`c c unc CG@ na`lcpms`t`vckgntg gn su vcfmrca`n.

Misrvgsg qug gn gstg nugvm `nstrukgntm sg hmkgn-tc fc `nnmvca`n y, cf k`skm t`gkpm, fcs gamnmkcsgxtgrncs prmp`cs lg fms l`str`tms `nlustr`cfgs y fms afus-tgrs. Gs un `nstrukgntm clcptclm gspga`cfkgntg c

fcs ngags`lclgs lg fcs Rykgs.

Lgf Rfcn lg Amnsmf`lca`n y Amkpgt`t`v`lcl lg fcRykg cf Rfcn @nnmGkprgsc. Jcstc h`ncf lgf cm 9228gstuvm gn v`emr gf Rfcn lg Amnsmf`lca`n y Amkpg-t`t`v`lcl lg fc Rykgs 9222-9228 (RAAR), auym miog-t`vm grcs fc `namrpmrca`n lg fcs nugvcs \@As gn fcsRykg y prmkmvgr fc nnmvca`n gn tan`acs gkprg-scr`cfgs cvcnzclcs, gntrg fcs qug lgstcacn gf l`sg-m, fcs rglgs `ntgrgkprgscr`cfgs lg Ammpgrca`n, fmss`stgkcs lg acf`lcl y fc `nnmvca`n lg prmagsms(Egst`n y Mrecn`zca`n lg fc Rykg). Gf RAAR jcamntclm amn un prgsupugstm efmicf lg unms 722k`ffmngs lg gurms y fc cprmica`n lg ks lg 3:.222

prmygatms. Gn f jcn pcrt`a`pclm agrac lg 9.222 mr-ecn`skms `ntgrkgl`ms (agntrms tganmfe`ams, csm-a`ca`mngs pctrmncfgs, AGG@s, akcrcs lg amkgra`m,gta.), c trcvs lg fms aucfgs jc hca`f`tclm cfen t`pmlg sgrv`a`m lg `nnmvca`n c acs` 922.222 gkprgscs.Su`nag Amkun`lclgs Cutnmkcs, clgks lgAgutc y Kgf`ffc, sg jcn v`stm igngh`a`clcs pmr gfRAAR.

\rcs gf RAAR, jc gntrclm gn v`emr gf Rfcn @nnmGkprg-sc 9225-9231, qug, amn un prgsupugstm cnucf lg 57k`ffmngs lg gurms, `ntrmlua`r nugvcs kgl`lcs pcrc`nagnt`vcr fc nnmvca`n, fc acf`lcl y fc egst`n cvcn-

zclc gn fcs Rykg. Gn pcrt`aufcr, gf Rfcn @nnmGkprgscprgtgnlg l`r`e`r fc cpf`aca`n lg rgaursms prgsupugs-tcr`ms jca`c gkprgscs amn vmaca`n lg arga`k`gn-tm y acpca`lcl lg egngrcr nnmvca`n. Fcs fngcs lgcatuca`n sg gnefmicn gn trgs erupms is`ams? @n-nmvca`n Mrecn`zct`vc y Egst`n Cvcnzclc, @nnmvc-a`n \ganmfe`ac y Acf`lcl, y Rrmygatms lg @nnmvc-a`n Amnsmra`clms, amntgkpfnlmsg gn tmlcs fcsfngcs fc `namrpmrca`n lg tganmfmecs cvcnzclcslg fc `nhmrkca`n y fc amkun`aca`n gn fms prmag-sms lg egst`n ntgrnms y gxtgrnms lg fc gkprgsc. Wncvgz ks fc `nnmvca`n gst gn gf agntrm lgf nugvmprmerckc.

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kmv`f`zcr rgaursms. Gstn mr`gntclms c pcrt`r lg fc gs-trctge`c igactt`n`cnc lg cpmym c fc @+L+` lgh`n`lcgn agntrms tganmfe`ams gspga`cf`zclms sgatmr`cf-kgntg y tgrr`tmr`cfkgntg.

RMF\@AC @NLWQ\Y@CF QGA\MY@CF

Clgks lg gstcs pmft`acs jmr`zmntcfgs lg cpmym cftgo`lm gkprgscr`cf, lgslg gf K@\PA tcki`n sg jcnpugstm gn prat`ac pmft`acs lg acratgr sgatmr`cfagntrclcs gn cqugffms sgatmrgs ks gxpugstms c fcamkpgtgna`c gxtgr`mr, gn fngc amn fc nugvc pmft`ac`nlustr`cf l`sgclc pmr fc Wn`n Gurmpgc. Gstms sgatm-rgs smn tcntm lg tganmfmec cftc amkm lg tganmfmeckgl`c y icoc. Cfeunms gogkpfms lg gstcs pmft`acssgatmr`cfgs fms gxprgsckms c amnt`nuca`n?

Qgatmrgs lg `ntgns`lcl tganmfe`ac cftc y kgl`c-cftc

Gf sgatmr lgf cutmkv`f egngrc gn Gspcc gf 0,3% lgfXcfmr Ccl`lm Irutm tmtcf lg fc `nlustr`c y cpmrtc197.222 gkpfgms l`rgatms. Nugstrm pcs gs gf tgragr hc-ir`acntg lg vgjaufms lg tur`skm lg Gurmpc y gf pr`-kgrm lg vgjaufms `nlustr`cfgs. Fc `nlustr`c lg amk-pmngntgs cpmrtc agrac lgf 82% lgf vcfmr lgfprmluatm, argc gf tr`pfg lg gkpfgm qug fc lg vgjau-fms y gs fc ks ckgnczclc pmr fc lgsfmacf`zca`n (19).Gf sgatmr gs kuy lgpgnl`gntg lg Gurmpc, pr`na`pcflgst`nm lg nugstrcs gxpmrtca`mngs (qug rgprgsgntcn gf:2% lg fc prmluaa`n). Fcs pfcntcs gspcmfcs pgrtg-ngagn c erupms kuft`nca`mncfgs, fm aucf amnl`a`mnc fcacpca`lcl lg lga`s`n lg fc nlustr`c, egngrc r`gsem

lg lgsfmacf`zca`n y argc lgpgnlgna`c tganmfe`aclgf gxtgr`mr, cunqug cpmrtg unc vgntcoc hunlckgntcf?fc gx`stgna`c lg unc mhgrtc ckpf`c y amkpfgoc qugcsgeurc gamnmkcs lg gsacfc y gamnmkcs lg eckcy hcvmrgag fc cpcr`a`n lg ghgatms sp`ff-mvgr.

Gntrg fcs pr`na`pcfgs kgl`lcs ffgvclcs c acim pmr gfK`n`stgr`m lg @nlustr`c, \ur`skm y Amkgra`m, lgst`nclcsc gstg sgatmr puglgn kgna`mncrsg?

Rcrt`a`pca`n cat`vc gn gf Erupm lg Cftm N`vgf ACYQ93, argclm gn gngrm lg 9227 pmr gf v`agprgs`lgntglg fc Amk`s`n Gurmpgc, E. Xgrjguegn, auym miogtmgs lgh`n`r unc sgnlc lg lgscrrmffm smstgn`ifg y lgamkpgt`t`v`lcl pcrc fc `nlustr`c lgf cutmkv`f gn fcWG. Gstg erupm rga`i` gf kcnlctm lg ghgatucr rgam-kgnlca`mngs gn gf amrtm, kgl`m y fcrem pfczm cagr-ac lgf kcram rgeufctmr`m y pmft`acs pif`acs pcrc gs-tg sgatmr, mr`gntclcs c nargkgntcr fc amkpgt`t`v`lclefmicf y fc egngrca`n lg gkpfgm, s`gkprg tgn`gnlmgn augntc fms rgqugr`k`gntms gn kctgr`c lg sgeur`-lcl y prmtgaa`n kgl`mcki`gntcf, c prga`ms csg-qu`ifgs pcrc fms amnsuk`lmrgs.

Misgrvctmr`ms @nlustr`cfgs. Qg argcrmn gn gf cm9227 lms misgrvctmr`ms lgf sgatmr lg cutmkma`n,

unm pcrc gf Qgatmr lg Hcir`acntgs lg Cutmkv`fgs yAck`mngs y mtrm pcrc gf Qgatmr Hcir`acntg lg Gqu`pmsy Amkpmngntgs pcrc Cutmkma`n, c trcvs lg fmsaucfgs sg prgtgnlg l`spmngr lg un l`censt`am clg-auclm lgf sgatmr y unc sgr`g lg prmpugstcs lg kg-l`lcs ngagscr`cs, qug sgrn tgn`lcs gn augntc gn fclgh`n`a`n lg pmft`acs `nlustr`cfgs huturcs, cf miogtm

lg hmkgntcr gf lgscrrmffm y kmlgrn`zca`n lg gstmssgatmrgs `nlustr`cfgs.

Gstms misgrvctmr`ms gstn hmrkclms pmr rgprgsgntcn-tgs lg fc Amnhglgrca`n Gspcmfc lg Mrecn`zca`mngsGkprgscr`cfgs (AGMG), fc Amnhglgrca`n Gspcmfc lgfc Rgqugc y Kgl`cnc Gkprgsc (AGRykg), fc Wn`nEgngrcf lg \rcicoclmrgs (WE\). Amk`s`mngs Mirgrcs(AAMM) y fc Hglgrca`n Gspcmfc lg Gnt`lclgs lg @n-nmvca`n y \ganmfmec (HGL@\), clgks lgf K@\PA, pc-rc hmkgntcr gf lgscrrmffm y kmlgrn`zca`n lg fms sga-tmrgs nlustr`cfgs gn gf ki`tm lg fc lgafcrca`n pcrcgf l`fmem sma`cf 922

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Gf s`stgkc mtmrecr c nugstrm pcs un pcpgf lg f`lg-rczem `ntgrnca`mncf gn gf rgc lg Misgrvca`n lg fc\`grrc pmr Qctf`tg, y sgr unc amntr`iua`n `kpmrtcn-tg c fc `n`a`ct`vc `ntgrnca`mncf lg ki`tm gurmpgmEKGQ (Efmicf Kmn`tmr`ne hmr Gnv`rmnkgnt cnl Qgau-r`ty), cs amkm c fc `n`a`ct`vc lg ki`tm kunl`cf EG-MQQ (Efmicf Gcrtj Misgrvct`mn Qystgk mh Qystgks),

qug iusacn fc amnt`nu`lcl lgf sgrv`a`m efmicf gv`-tcnlm fc lupf`aca`n `nngagscr`c lg acpca`lclgs.

Qgatmrgs lg `ntgns`lcl tganmfe`ac kgl`c-icoc y icoc

\gxt`f. Fc f`igrcf`zca`n lg fms `ntgracki`ms kunl`c-fgs y fc kcymr prgsgna`c lg Aj`nc jcn lclm fuecr cun arga`k`gntm cnucf lg fcs kpmrtca`mngs gspcm-fcs, supgr`mr cf 0% gn 9227, gspga`cfkgntg agntrc-lm gn fcs prgnlcs lg vgst`r (amnhgaa`n) amn un `n-argkgntm lgf 38%. Gf cukgntm lg fcs kpmrtca`mngsy gf gstcnack`gntm lg fcs gxpmrtca`mngs (+9%) jcnprmvmaclm un nugvm ramrl ngect`vm lg fc icfcn-zc amkgra`cf, s`tunlmfc gn un scflm lgh`a`tcr`m lgunms -

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181 >G` 95

Yg`nlustr`cf`zca`n

Gf K@\PA gs sgns`ifg tcki`n c fms prmagsms lg cous-tg y clcptca`n c nugvcs s`tuca`mngs qug sg prmlu-agn gn gf tgo`lm nlustr`cf. Rmr gffm, t`gng tcki`n c l`s-pms`a`n lg fcs gkprgscs un prmerckc auym miogt`vm

gs argcr fcs amnl`a`mngs qug pgrk`tcn fc rg`nlustr`c-f`zca`n lg fcs zmncs chgatclcs pmr prmagsms lg cous-tgs fcimrcfgs lg gkprgscs pif`acs m pr`vclcs, c trc-vs lg unc acpca`tca`n prmhgs`mncf y tan`ac lgsus rgaursms jukcnms, lg fc egngrca`n lg unc `n-hrcgstruaturc tan`ac g `nlustr`cf is`ac y lgf hmrtcfg-a`k`gntm lg fms kgacn`skms lg h`ncna`ca`n lg sutgo`lm `nlustr`cf.

Gstg prmerckc v`gng pmtgna`nlmsg gn fms lms ft`kmscms. Lgslg un puntm lg v`stc prgsupugstcr`m, gn 9225sg cs`encrn 985 k`ffmngs lg gurms pcrc 18: prmyga-tms gkprgscr`cfgs, fm qug supmng un `nargkgntm lgf1

8/2/2019 La nueva poltica industrial espaola: innovacin, economas externas y productividad(Es)/The new Spanish industri

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>G`1819:

\cki`n sg jc gxpugstm akm sg vc c fc isquglclg l`kgns`n pmr kgl`m lgf cpmym c fms Amnsmra`msGstrcte`ams Nca`mncfgs lg @nnmvca`n \ganmfe`ac(Rrmerckc AGN@\), qug amnst`tuyg un gogkpfm lgstc-aclm lg cpmym h`ncna`grm c fc argca`n lg ercnlgsprmygatms lg @+L+` `kpufsclms pmr ercnlgs gkprg-scs.

Cs`k`skm, sg jcn lgsar`tm cfeuncs kugstrcs lg ca-tuca`mngs gn sgatmrgs afcvg lg fc gamnmkc gspc-mfc, i`gn pmr su s`tuca`n amkpgt`t`vc amkm gs gfacsm lgf sgatmr tgxt`f m i`gn pmr su `kpmrtcna`c gs-trcte`ac, amkm maurrg amn fms sgatmrgs cgrmnut`amy lg cutmkma`n.

\mlcs fcs cntgr`mrgs catuca`mngs t`gngn vcr`ms lgnm-k`nclmrgs amkungs, gn aucntm c sus miogt`vms, gn-trg fms qug puglgn a`tcrsg?

Wn kcram amkn gn aucntm c fms rgtms c fms qug

sg gnhrgntc nugstrc `nlustr`c? fc efmicf`zca`n, gf r`gs-em lg lgsfmacf`zca`n, gf cemtck`gntm lg fcs vgntc-ocs gn amstgs, fc icoc prmluat`v`lcl m gf prglmk`n`mlg sgatmrgs pmam `ntgns`vms gn tganmfmec.

Gf hmkgntm lg fc `nnmvca`n amkm pr`na`pcf kmtmrlg fc amkpgt`t`v`lcl.

Fc ngags`lcl lg cukgntcr fc icsg tganmfe`ac lgfcs gkprgscs, amkm hugntg pr`na`pcf lg fc smstgn`i`-f`lcl huturc.

P, pmr ft`km, fc cyulc c egngrcr gamnmkcs gx-tgrncs c fcs Rykgs pmr kgl`m lg fc argca`n lg Ceru-

pca`mngs lg Gkprgscs @nnmvclmrcs (CG@) m gf cpmymc fc gstrctge`c icsclc gn agntrms tganmfe`ams, amnfc h`ncf`lcl lg rgsmfvgr fcs f`k`tca`mngs lgr`vclcs lgfc rglua`lc l`kgns`n gkprgscr`cf, cntgs kgna`m-nclcs, y cpmycr fc egngrca`n lg gamnmkcs gxtgr-ncs pmr kgl`m lg fc ammpgrca`n.

Lgslg gf K`n`stgr`m lg @nlustr`c, amnh`ckms gn qug gfamnountm lg catuca`mngs qug sg jcn crt`aufclm nmspgrk`tcn nm sfm kcntgngr, s`nm tcki`n supgrcr, fmsiugnms rgsuftclms gamnk`ams lg fms ft`kms cms,amnv`rt`gnlm fcs ckgnczcs lgf gntmrnm gn nugvcsmpmrtun`lclgs pcrc nugstrcs gkprgscs, lmtnlmfcslg fms ngagscr`ms `nstrukgntms pcrc lgscrrmffcr jci`-f`lclgs afcvg gn su amkpgt`t`v`lcl huturc. Gf cpmym cfc `nnmvca`n gn sus kft`pfgs hmrkcs y gf lgscrrmffmlg gamnmkcs gxtgrncs amkm fcs gxpugstcs lgignpgrk`t`r s`tucr c fc gamnmkc nlustr`cf gspcmfc gn fcsgnlc lg un arga`k`gntm smstgn`lm lg fc prmluat`v`-lcl, icsg smirg fc aucf amnstru`r nugvcs vgntcocsamkpgt`t`vcs.

NM\CQ

(3) Gf nugvm K`n`stgr`m lg @nlustr`c, \ur`skm y Amkgra`m (K@\PA) gs-t gnacreclm lg un ckpf`m amnountm lg pmft`acs qug chga-

tcn c fc prmluat`v`lcl, nafuygnlm fc gngrec y fc sma`glcl lgfc `nhmrkca`n.

(9) Rmr gogkpfm, gf afaufm rgcf`zclm pcrc fc gamnmkc hrcnagscgfgvc gf `kpcatm gamnk`am lg fc `nlustr`c cf

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FC NWGXC RMF\@AC @NLWQ\Y@CF GQRCMFC? @NNMXCA@N, GAMNMKCQ GZ\GYNCQ P RYMLWA\@X@LCL

gf rge`strm lg kcracs amkun`tcr`cs pgr ap`tc (pmr gna`kc lgtmlms fms ercnlgs pcsgs gurmpgms).

(31) Wnm lg fms puntms arua`cfgs lgf nugvm gntmrnm `nlustr`cf qugchgatcn c fc ercn gkprgsc rgs`lg gn fcs amnsgaugna`cs lg fccagfgrca`n lgf prmagsm lg efmicf`zca`n qug sg gst lcnlmgn fms ft`kms cms. Gn cfeunms lg fms sgatmrgs prmluat`vmschgatclms pmr l`ajm prmagsm amkm gf s`lgrre`am m gf cgrm-

nut`am fms kgacn`skms `nst`tua`mncfgs lg emi`grnm lg fcsgkprgscs tmlcvc gstn pgnsclms nm gn fc clcptca`n cfnugvm gntmrnm efmicf s`nm gn fc amnstruaa`n lgf kgraclm gu-rmpgm. Fc pmft`ac `nlustr`cf lgig gstcr kuy gspga`cfkgntg cftcntm lg fms acki`ms mrecn`zct`vms y gkprgscr`cfgs (prmagsmslg hus`n c MRCs), gv`tcnlm qug fc tgnlgna`c c fc amnagntrc-a`n nm l`sk`nuyc gf erclm lg amkpgtgna`c lg fms kgrac-lms.

(3

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O. \YWFFN

IGAC\\@N@ (9228)? Yghfgx`mngs gn tmrnm cf lgictg smirg fms l`s-tr`tms `nlustr`cfgs Amnhgrgna`c `ncueurcf lgf aursm Fms l`str`tms `n-lustr`cfgs gn Gurmpc, unc gxpgr`gna`c amkpcrclc Amnsmra` W@KRlg Icragfmnc Agntrg Grngst Ffuaj, 3: lg kcym 9228.

IGHHC, O.-F. (9227)? Rmur ung nmuvgffg pmf`t`qug `nlustr`gffg,37ocnv`gr 9227.

IGFF@N@, N. y K. FCNLCICQM (9227)? Fgcrn`ne cimut `nnmvct`mn`n Gurmpgs rge`mncf pmf`ay, oun`m 27.

IM@Z, Y. y O. \YWFFN (9228)? Dnmwfgleg, ngtwmrds mh a`t`gs cnlermwtj n rge`mncf uricn systgks gn prmagsm lg gl`a`n gnRcpgrs`n Yge`mncf Qa`gnag.

IWQMK, @.(9227)? L`censt`a lgf s`stgkc Y+L+` c Gurmpc, Gs-pcnyc ` Actcfunc, gn O. K. Xgecrc gt cf(9227)?Fc `nnmvca` tga-nmfe`ac, Qma`gtct, @nlstr`c ` \ganmfme`c, Amnsgff lGne`nygrs \a-n`as @nlustr`cfs lg Actcfunyc Amffge` Gne`nygrs @nlustr`cfs lgActcfunyc, Icragfmnc.

AMK@\ GAMNK@AM P QMA@CF GWYMRGM (9227)? Fms l`str`tms n-lustr`cfgs gurmpgms y fcs rglgs lg amnma`k`gntm. L`atckgn, AGQG15

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FC NWGXC RMF\@AC @NLWQ\Y@CF GQRCMFC? @NNMXCA@N, GAMNMKCQ GZ\GYNCQ P RYMLWA\@X@LCL

@nhmrkg smirg fc Rykg 922

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