INTRODUCCIÓN A LAS CAUSAS DE LA DISPUTA TERRITORIAL ENTRE EL IMPERIO DEL BRASIL Y REPÚBLICA DEL...

8/3/2019 INTRODUCCIN A LAS CAUSAS DE LA DISPUTA TERRITORIAL ENTRE EL IMPERIO DEL BRASIL Y REPBLICA DEL PARA

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HNZTFJ\BBHN C ICR BC\RCR JL IC JHR[\ZCZLTTHZFTHCI LNZTL LI HG[LTHF JLI DTCRHI x IC

TL[DIHBC JLI [CTCM\CX

MTHQQHL GCTMCTLZ IFMCN MGLQ RCNA\TAFLJ\CTJF @HTF@HZF NCOCXCGC TFACR

CR\NBHN ' 4;33

ZLTBLT LNB\LNZTF HNZLTNCBHFNCI JL @HRZFTHC RFDTL ICR F[LTCBHFNLR DIHBCRJ\TCNZL IC M\LTTC JL IC ZTH[IL CIHCNQC

BCG[F MTCNJL) GR) DTCRHI


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TLR\GLN1 HNZTFJ\BBHN C ICR BC\RCR JL IC JHR[\ZC ZLTTHZFTHCI LNZTL LIHG[LTHF JLI DTCRHI x IC TL[DIHBC JLI [CTCM\CX

Li ulhnzhrhr jl gctqf jli cf 30=4) R| Cizlqc Hg{lthci ic [thnblrc Tlmlnzl Hqcdli jl Dtcrhi rliicdc bfnr| ehtgc ln li [cicbhf jl Tf jl Acnlhtf) li Ztczcjf cbftjcjf bfn li [ctcm|cx {ft r| {ilnh{fzlnbhcthf) lilp{lthglnzcjf jh{ifgzhbf Aff Gc|tbhf ]cnjltilx) Dctn jl Bfzlmh{l.

Rl blttcdc cr |nc ictmc `hrzfthc) jl gr jl ztlr rhmifr jl jhr{|zcr lnztl ic Bftfnc Lr{cfic x ic[ftz|m|lrc {thgltf? x lnztl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx x li Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhi jlr{|r) {ft mtcn {ctzl jlifr zltthzfthfr bfnfbhjfr bfgf M|cht l Hzcz) s|l zcnzf {ft a|rzfr zz|ifr bfgf {ft li {thnbh{hf tfgcnf jli|zh {frrhjlzhr h|thr zcnzcr ulblr hnufbcjf {ft icr Bftzlr jl Ihrdfc x Tf jl Acnlhtf) `cn {ltzlnlbhjfrhlg{tl c ifr jfghnhfr lr{cfilr jl ic Mfdltncbhn jli [ctcm|cx (x M|cht x r| bfnzhn|cbhn a|tjhbchnjl{lnjhlnzl) ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx.

Icr bi|r|icr jli Ztczcjf Rlbtlzf jl ic Zth{il Cihcnqc fb|izcdcn lp {tfelrf ic tl{ctzhbhn zltthzfthci jli[ctcm|cx) g|zhinjfif ci lpztlgf jl jlactif bfgf |n cnlpf f c{njhbl) b|xf {tf{rhzf ({|lrzf {ftlrbthzf ln ic ilztc jli Ztczcjf nf rl iilu zfzciglnzl c bcdf mtcbhcr c icr jhr{|zcr jlnztf jl ic ghrgcCihcnqc lnztl r|r gcxftlr rfbhfr (ic Ctmlnzhnc x li Dtcrhi? ci eciif ecuftcdil jli [tlrhjlnzl jl ifrLrzcjfr \nhjfr jl Cgthbc) T|z`lteftj Dhtb`ctj @cxlr ln r| ic|jf ctdhztci lnztl li [ctcm|cx x icCtmlnzhnc? x c ic jlelnrc jl r| zltthzfthf tlcihqcjc {ft li [ctcm|cx ln ic n|lucglnzl rcnmthlnzc M|lttcjli B`cbf s|l z|uf s|l lnetlnzct c |n zfjcuc jdhi [ctcm|cx bfnztc Dfihuhc lnztl ifr cfr 3824'382


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HNZTFJ\BBHN

Zlnhlnjf ln b|lnzc ic cg{ihz|j jli zlgc cncihqcjf) li {tlrlnzl ztcdcaf nf frct r|{ltct icr b|cnzhfrcrhnulrzhmcbhfnlr xc tlcihqcjcr rfdtl li zlgc) nh d|rbct {tlrlnzct ci ilbzft n|lucr ultjcjlr cbltbc jl iclr{hnfrc tlicbhn lnztl icr Bftfncr jl Lr{cc x [ftz|mci {thgltf? x lnztl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx x liHg{lthf jli Dtcrhi jlr{|r) rfdtl ic jlgctbcbhn jl r|r etfnzltcr) i|lmf s|l lrzcr |nhjcjlr ifmtctcn r|rtlr{lbzhucr lgcnbh{cbhfnlr jl icr {fzlnbhcr hdthbcr.

Ln lrzc bfg{hicbhn rl cncihqct ic lufi|bhn jl ic etfnzltc i|rf'lr{cfic ln Cgthbc jli R|t jlrjl icrD|icrHnzlt Bflzltc Dtluhr) Ghnft) Lphghcl Jlufzhfnhr x J|j|g Rhs|hjlg jli [c{c Cilacnjtf UH c ecuftjl ifr Tlxlr Bczihbfr ln 3:82) li Ztczcjf jl Zftjlrhiicr jl 3:8:) ic bfifnhqcbhn lr{cfic lnR|jcgthbc) ifr lalr jl lp{cnrhn ln li zltthzfthf jli Tf jl ic [iczc jlrjl Ic Cr|nbhn) li jlrcttfiiflbfnghbf x rfbhci bfifnhci jl ic [tfuhnbhc jli [ctcm|cx x M|cht ln tlicbhn ci zlgc lrz|jhcjf) lijlrcttfiif jl icr Ghrhfnlr Alr|zhbcr jli [ctcm|cx) icr Bc{hzcncr Mlnltcilr x ic lp{cnrhn {ftz|m|lrc c{ctzht jl icr hnb|trhfnlr dcnjlhtcnzlr) li Ztczcjf jl Gcjthj jl 3=


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N\LUF G\NJF) N\LUCR JHR[\ZCR ZLTTHZFTHCILR

G|b`cr rfn icr ultrhfnlr rfdtl ifr gfzhufr s|l iiluctfn c icr Bftfncr jl [ftz|mci x Bcrzhiic c nculmctgctlr ilacnfr x jlrbfnfbhjfr. Ic jhrb|rhn jl ic ultcbhjcj jli fthmln jl ifr gfzhufr nf bfttlr{fnjl ci{tlrlnzl ztcdcaf) c|ns|l nfr cztlulgfr c rfrzlnlt s|l ln ic jhultrhjcj jl tcqfnlr) tlrcizc ic mtcn bcttltc{ft jfghnct ifr gctlr x bfns|hrzct zltthzfthfr x ncbhfnlr {ctc li bfgltbhf) i|lmf jl ic bcjc jlBfnrzcnzhnf{ic ln gcnfr jl ifr z|tbfr fzfgcnfr ln 3:


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Li fdalzhuf {thgcthf lrzcdc jhthmhjf c lnbfnztct li bcghnf gr bftzf {ctc iilmct c icr Hnjhcr) x ghlnztcrBfin c{|nzcdc r| dta|ic ci flrzl) ifr i|rhzcnfr rlm|htcn dftjlcnjf ic bfrzc cethbcnc `crzc iilmct c icHnjhc {ft li Fbcnf njhbf x bfnzcbzct Mfc x Ociofzc. C|ns|l icr zlftcr jli mlnfur) s|hln zcgdhn`cdc {crcjf {ft ic glnbhfncjc Lrbfic jl Rcmtr ltcn bfttlbzcr) nf `cdc jlrb|dhltzf |n n|luf bcghnfc icr Hnjhcr {ft li Flrzl) {|lr jlrbfnfbc s|l ln gljhf jl lrl ztcxlbzf rl `ciicdc zfjf |n N|lufG|njf) ic e|z|tc Cgthbc.

[ltf c gljhjc s|l icr bftfncr hdthbcr cjlicnzcdcn n|lufr jlrb|dthghlnzfr) ltc nlblrcthf hnzlt{tlzct ifr{tfdilgcr a|thrjhbbhfncilr jl lnzfnblr) x ifr s|l lrzcdcn {ft {tlrlnzctrl i|lmf) {ctc luhzct bfneihbzfr.[ctc liif) lr nlblrcthf tlb|ttht ci Jltlb`f Tfgcnf) {|lr ln r|r nftgcr rl lnb|lnztc mtcn {ctzl jl ifrcnzlbljlnzlr ln dcrl c ifr b|cilr icr bftfncr hdthbcr `cdtcn jl bhglnzct r|r ilmhricbhfnlr ln zltthzfthfrjl |iztcgct. Zcnzf {ctc ic Bftfnc [ftz|m|lrc bfgf {ctc ic jl Bcrzhiic) li Jltlb`f Tfgcnf bfnrzhz|c |ne|njcglnzf hg{ftzcnzl tlr{lbzf c ifr zz|ifr a|tjhbfr s|l {fjtcn hnufbctrl ln b|lrzhfnlr zltthzfthcilr. Cr| ulq) li {fjlt zlg{ftci jli {fnzhehbcjf rl bfnbldc bfgf |nc gfncts|c |nhultrci ln zcnzf ifr {c{crltcn `ltljltfr x uhbcthfr jl Bthrzf? {ft liif zlncn {fzlrzcj rfdtl bthrzhcnfr l hnehlilr.

[tlucilbc ln ifr a|thrzcr jl ic bftfnc jl Bcrzhiic jl ehnlr jli rhmif PU rfdtl ic dcrl jl ic ztcjhbhnbcnfnhrzc gljhluci s|l `cdcn eftg|icjf ln li rhmif PHHH @frzhlnrhr x C|m|rzhn|r Zth|g{`|r' litlbfnfbhghlnzf jl ic c|zfthjcj zlg{ftci jli [c{c {ctc bfneltht jltlb`fr a|thrjhbbhfncilr ln ifr zltthzfthfrjlrb|dhltzfr. Ic {fzlrzcj |nhultrci jli [c{c hg{ihbcdc ecb|izcjlr {ctc fzftmct jfncbhfnlr zltthzfthcilrbfnztc ic fdihmcbhn) {ft ifr lrzcjfr dlnlehbhcthfr) jl lg{tlnjlt ln ifr lr{cbhfr bfnbljhjfr icrc{frzihbcr ghrhfnlr jl lucnmlihqcbhn.

Ln gczlthc jl a|rzfr zz|ifr) ic Bftfnc [ftz|m|lrc zcgdhn culnzcacdc c r| ulbhnc) {|lr bcrh gljhfrhmif cnzlr jl ic iilmcjc jl Bfin c Cgthbc) ln 3:


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Li nculmcnzl mlnfur Bthrzdci Bfin

Li jfghnhf a|thrjhbbhfnci rfdtl li mt|{f jl hricr x Zhlttc Ehtgl s|l ic bfnzhn|hjcj jl ic lp{cnrhn|iztcgcthnc {ltghzc hnbft{ftct) s|ljcdc ilmhzhgcjf cs| {ilncglnzl {ft li {fjlt zlg{ftci s|l icrBftfncr jl [ftz|mci x Bcrzhiic tlbfnfbcn ci R|gf [fnzehbl. [ltf ifr e|njcglnzfr a|tjhbfr s|l{tlzlnjcn rfrzlnlt ic ilmhzhghjcj jl ifr jltlb`fr lpbi|rhufr rfdtl icr zhlttcr jlrb|dhltzcr x{ctzhb|ictglnzl ln cs|liicr c jlrb|dtht) nf lnbfnztctfn |nhultrci bfnrlnrf. Ln {thglt i|mct ln ic {tf{hcLr{cc) jfnjl ifr a|thrzcr jhrhjlnzlr fdalzctfn ic c|zfthjcj jl ic Rcnzc Rljl {ctc fzftmct zz|ifr a|tjhbfrrfdtl {frlrhfnlr zltthzfthcilr) {|lr icr {tlttfmczhucr {fnzhehbhcr rfdtl li lr{cbhf hnjhcnf rif {fjcncibcnqct li gdhzf jl ic lucnmlihqcbhn) x ln rlm|njf i|mct) ifr zz|ifr lrmthghjfr {ft ifr tlxlr jl[ftz|mci x Bcrzhiic e|njcjfr ln icr d|icr {c{cilr nf e|ltfn cbl{zcjfr {ft fztfr tlhnfr bfgf Etcnbhc lHnmiczlttc) s|l ulcn ln liifr |n hnrzt|glnzf a|tjhbf bfn li s|l hnzlnzcdcn a|rzhehbct li gfnf{fihf jl icrzhlttcr c jlrb|dtht) difs|lcnjf jl lrl gfjf icr {frhdhihjcjlr jl r|r lg{tlrcr jl lp{cnrhn. [ltf lrl{tfdilgc {fjc lr{ltct) {|lr li bfneihbzf jldc tlrfiultrl {thgltf lnztl ifr {thnbh{cilr hnzltlrcjfr)Bcrzhiic x [ftz|mci.

Ifr i|rhzcnfr bfnzcdcn bfn fztc lrztczlmhc {ctc bfnztcttlrzct ic a|mcjc. @cdhlnjf `lb`f ucilt r|rjltlb`fr rfdtl ifr zltthzfthfr jlrb|dhltzfr bfn ic dlnjhbhn {c{ci) gci {fjtcn {fnlt ln j|jc f czcbct r|c|zfthjcj {ctc jlihghzct lrzcr b|lrzhfnlr) x {ft zcnzf) hnzlihmlnzlglnzl {tlehthltfn rlnzctrl c bfnultrctbfn r| ulbhnf bcrzliicnf rfdtl bfnjhbhfnlr gr a|rzcr ln ic jhuhrhn jli g|njf. E|l cr s|l c{lncr |ncf jlr{|r) ncbh li {thglt jfb|glnzf dhiczltci lnztl Lr{cc x [ftz|mci s|l celbz jhtlbzcglnzl icr{frhbhfnlr |iztcgcthncr x jltlb`fr a|thrjhbbhfncilr jl cgdcr {fzlnbhcr hdthbcr ln Cgthbc) x{ctzhb|ictglnzl c icr tlmhfnlr fdalzf jl lrz|jhf1 li Ztczcjf jl Zftjlrhiicr jl 3:8:.

LI ZTCZCJF JL ZFTJLRHIICR JL 3:8:. ZTCNRMTLRHFNLR x JLBCJLNBHC

Cnzlr jl ic ehtgc jl {cq lnztl Ciefnrf U x ifr Tlxlr Bczihbfr ln ic uhiic {ftz|m|lrc jl Cibfucr ln3:=8) icr tlicbhfnlr lnztl ifr tlhnfr hdthbfr nf ltcn {ctc ncjc cghrzfrcr. [ltf cs|liic ehtgc jl {cq rhtuhjl laltbhbhf jl lnzlnjhghlnzf fdihmcjf lnztl icr Bftfncr) x jlgfrzt icr ulnzcacr jl iilmct c |n cb|ltjf.Ln lrc f{ftz|nhjcj) `cdc s|ljcjf mctcnzhqcjc ic rfdltcnc bcrzliicnc rfdtl icr hricr Bcncthcr) ghlnztcrs|l tlcehtgcdc ic {ftz|m|lrc rfdtl icr jl Gcjlhtc) Cqftlr) Bcdf Ultjl x ic bfrzc cethbcnc.

I|lmf jl ic bfnblrhn jli [c{c Cilacnjtf UH ln 3:82 c ecuft jl ifr Tlxlr Bczihbfr) s|l rhmnhehb |ndcijl jl cm|c etc {ctc ifr {ftz|m|lrlr) ifr bcrzliicnfr rcdcn s|l ifr i|rhzcnfr nf jctcn li dtcqf c zftbltbfn zcnzc ecbhihjcj. Jlr{|r jl zfjf) {lnrcdcn ifr {ftz|m|lrlr) li nhbf gthzf jl r|r ulbhnfr `cdc rhjf

jct btjhzf c icr lpblnzthbhjcjlr jl |n nculmcnzl mlnfur s|l {fbf cnzlr ilr `cdc fetlbhjf r|r rltuhbhfr){ltf cn cr z|uhltfn s|l rcdftlct lrl ztcmf cgctmf {ctc bfnrlm|ht r|r fdalzhufr.

[ftz|m|lrlr x bcrzliicnfr rl rlnzctfn c jhrb|zht rfdtl |n n|luf Ztczcjf s|l e|lrl gr ls|hzczhuf xls|hihdtcjf {ctc ifr hnzltlrlr jl cgdfr) {ltghzhlrl li jlrb|dthghlnzf x bfns|hrzc jl ucrzfr zltthzfthfrhnlp{iftcjfr) x bcjc |nf fdz|uhlrl {ctc r icr mcncnbhcr s|l ic tlcihqcbhn jl zcn mtcnjlr lg{tlrcrrhmnhehbctc) rhn nlblrhjcj jl lnztct ln lrzthilr jhr{|zcr b|cnjf li zltthzfthf ln b|lrzhn) ln r| gcxft{ctzl jlrbfnfbhjf) {fjtc tlr|izct ln ncjc. Ifr {cbzfr rl tlbfmhltfn ln li Ztczcjf jl Zftjlrhiicr) ehtgcjfln lrc ifbcihjcj uciihrfilzcnc li = jl a|nhf jl 3:8:. [ft {ctzl jl ifr Tlxlr Bczihbfr ehtgctfn Lnths|lLnts|lq jl M|qgn) M|zhlttl jl Btjlncr x li jfbzft Etcnbhrbf Gcijfncjf? ghlnztcr s|l {ft li icjf


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{ftz|m|r if `hbhltfn T|x jl Rf|rc) r| `haf A|cn jl Rf|rc x Cthcr jl Cigcjcnc. Rl eha |n {icqf jl bhlnjcr {ctc r| tczhehbcbhn {ft ifr tlr{lbzhufr gfnctbcr? ifr Tlxlr Bczihbfr if tletlnjctfn li 4 jl a|ihf jllrl cf ln Ctucif) x A|cn HH jl [ftz|mci if `hqf li < jl rl{zhlgdtl ln Rlzdci. Li Ztczcjf hnjhbcdc s|lrl rfihbhzctc ic bfnehtgcbhn jl ic Rcnzc Rljl) {ltf zcgdhn lrzh{|icdc bictcglnzl s|l nhnm|nc jl icr{ctzlr {fjtc rlt jhr{lnrcjc jl r| b|g{ihghlnzf cilmcnjf gfz| {tf{hf {c{ci. Li [c{c Cilacnjtf UHn|nbc bfnehtg li Ztczcjf x `|df s|l lr{ltct c s|l A|ihf HH if `hbhlrl {ft gljhf jl ic D|ic Lc s|cl {tfdfnf {cbhr ln 3


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C|ns|l li Ztczcjf jl Zftjlrhiicr culnzcacdc c icr D|icr ln {tlbhrhn) nf lrz|uf calnf c jhrb|rhfnlr lhnzlt{tlzcbhfnlr jhultrcr. Cr) ic {thgltc f{hnhn lr{cfic rfdtl ic {frhbhn jl ic inlc jli ztczcjf e|l icjli bczcin Ac|gl Elttlt ln 3:8


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hg{tlbhrhn jl ifr hnrzt|glnzfr jl ic {fbc (lnzfnblr {ctc rlcict icr ifnmhz|jlr f glthjhcnfr rl `cbcnbib|ifr c{tfphgczhufr ln ifr b|cilr li tlb|trf gr c{tf{hcjf rfic rlt ic bfttljltc? x tlbhn c gljhcjfrjli rhmif PUHHH Hnmiczlttc jlrcttfii {tlbhrfr btfnmtcefr (btfnglztf jl @ctthrfn hnulnzcjf ln 3=5


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IC BFIFNHQCBHN LR[CFIC LN R\JCGTHBC x LN LI TF JL IC [ICZC. ICBC[HZ\ICBHN JL JFN [LJTF JL GLNJFQC

Ln li cf 3


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(bfgf ic fetlbhjc c Ghm|li jl @lttltc) Cibcijl jl [cg{ifnc) ic Bftfnc jl Bcrzhiic hnrhrzht ln s|l liTf jl ic [iczc eftgc {ctzl jl r|r jfghnhfr x zfg icr jldhjcr {tlbc|bhfnlr) bfgf ic ftjln jcjc ln 3


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Li [ctcm|cx rl `cdc bfnrzhz|hjf ln |nc uc jl cbblrf c [fzfr c tcq jl icr lnztcjcr jl ifr cr|nblnfr`cbhc B`ctbcr) if s|l lp{ihbc icr hnzlteltlnbhcr x tlbicgfr jli {thglt Mfdltncjft Mlnltci jli Dtcrhi)Zfg jl Rf|rc) s|hln c {ctzht jli cf 3


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mfdltnct nh ttlaht |n rfif mfultncjft {ft rlt {tfuhnhcr zcn cn{ilcr Lr {tfuhnhc s|l rl {|ljl jhuhjhtln ztlr mfultnchfnlr

Fztf {tfxlbzf {tlrlnzcjf x czthd|jf c Gctzn jli Dctbf Blnzlnltc `cbhc 3


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ftjln {ft Tlci Bj|ic jli 35 jl gctqf jl 35;0 jhthmhjc c @ltncnjcthcr) s|l ifr alr|hzcr rl jhthmhltcn ci[ctcn) ci M|cxt f [hnltc x c ic tlmhn jl ifr hnjhfr m|cxo|tlr) jfnjl s|ljctcn lphghjfr jli rltuhbhfjl lnbfghlnjc. Cr) cjlgr jl icr bcdlbltcr lr{cficr ln li M|cht1 Bh|jcj Tlci x Uhiictthbc) b|xfrlrzcdilbhghlnzfr xc rl `cdcn crlnzcjf x jfnjl {thgltcglnzl rl jhthmhltfn ifr ghrhfnltfr) rl hnhbhc |nn|luf {tfblrf jl lucnmlihqcbhn x e|njcbhn jl tlj|bbhfnlr) rhn {tlbljlnzlr ln ic `hrzfthc |nhultrci.

Li gfzhuf s|l lnetlnzctc c cr|nblnfr x alr|hzcr ln li [ctcm|cx lr{cfi? x s|l jli icjf {ftz|m|rzcgdhn lnetlnzctc c {c|ihrzcr x alr|hzcr ltc li ghrgf1 ic lp{ifzcbhn jl ic gcnf jl fdtc hnjmlnc {ftgljhf jl icr lnbfghlnjcr ifr {thgltfr) x jl ic lrbicuhqcbhn ifr rlm|njfr. \nc bctzc elb`cjc li 4; jlnfuhlgdtl jl 3533 lnuhcjc {ft li {cjtl Cnzfnhf T|hq jl Gfnzfxc tlulic ic tlcihjcj rfbhci jl ic {fbc)cjlgr jli {tfe|njf `|gcnhrgf jl lrzl rcbltjfzl1 @hafr) nfrfztfr rfgfr ncbhjfr ln lrzc zhlttc) x{cthlnzlr u|lrztfr1 {ft zcnzf) `lgfr jl {tfb|tct u|lrztf dhln. Btlljnfr c nfrfztfr) x nf c lrzfr Bctcxr)s|l rfn Lr{cfilr jl Lr{cc) {fts|l cii nf `cx Hnjhfr) nh rcdln if s|l ilr b|g{il {ctc r| d|ln rlt.Nfrfztfr rh. Liifr s|hltln s|l ucxhr c ic [icqc jl ic Bh|jcj) x s|l fr cis|hihr bfgf bcuciifr ci s|ls|hrhltl cis|hictfr. [ft lrrf ghtcj if s|l s|ltlhr) {|lr jl lrzl gfjf culhr jl ztcdcact g|b`f. Lizthd|zf) s|l culhr jl {cmct) lr bfrc g|x {lrcjc? x rhlnjf ufrfztfr zcn {fdtlr) jl jfnjl il culhr jlrcbct6 Lnzfnblr ifr Lnbfglnjltfr fr gfilrzctn gcr {ft li zthd|zf) s|cnjf c`ftc rl bfnzlnzcn bfnu|lrztf ztcdcaf. Ifr [cjtlr jl ic Bfg{cc) s|l rl if `cn cbfnrlacjf) dhln rl bfnfbl {ft cs| if s|l frs|hltln) x if ghlrgf jldlhr btllt jli Uhrhzcjft) s|l if `c ftjlncjf.

[ctcs|cthc f [ctcm|cx ln 3524 x icr Ghrhfnlr

Icr tlj|bbhfnlr jl m|cho|tlr x cdh{fnlr `cdcn rhjf lg{tlnjhjcr c{lncr e|njcjc ic [tfuhnbhc Alr|zhbcjli [ctcm|cx ci fztf icjf jl Cr|nbhn lnztl ifr tfr [hibfgcxf x Bfne|rf {ft li alr|hzc cr|nblnf Tfs|lMfnqilq jl Rcnzcbt|q jfnjl e|njctfn N|lrztc Rlftc Rcnzc Gctc jl ifr Tlxlr Gcmfr ln 353; x ictlj|bbhn jl M|cr|zhnm| ln 3532. Xc ln li rhmif PUHHH e|njctcn Rcn Eltncnjf jli Tf Nlmtf ln 3=


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lrzc tlmhn rl e|njctfn ln 3524 icr ghrhfnlr jl Rcn Afr jli Xocth) nmlilr jli Zct|czx) Lnbctncbhn xC{rzfilr Rcn [ljtf x Rcn [cdif. Zfjcr e|ltfn jlrzt|hjcr {ft ifr dcnjlhtcnzlr lrl ghrgf cf) x ifrhnjmlncr rfdtluhuhlnzlr tlj|bhjfr ln jfr n|lucr ghrhfnlr1 Rcn Hmncbhf x N|lrztc Rlftc jl El jli Zct(f Zctlkxh. Ln 35:8 rl r|eth |nc n|luc hnucrhn {ft if s|l cgdcr tlj|bbhfnlr e|ltfn ztcricjcjcr c |nn|luf i|mct iicgcjf Cm|ctcncgdx) c fthiicr jli tf Cs|hjcdn) c |nc jhrzcnbhc tlr{lzcdil jli tf[ctcm|cx {ctc luhzct ifr czcs|lr jl m|cxo|tlr x gdcxlr. Ln 35


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Gc{c jl icr Bc{hzcncr @ltljhzcthcr jli Dtcrhi.Fdrtulrl ic inlc jl jlgctbcbhn

Ic Uhiic jl Rf [c|if nf {crcdc jl rlt |n {ls|lf {fdicjf ln ic glrlzc jl [htczhnhnm) r|dftjhncjchnhbhciglnzl c ic Bc{hzcnc jl Rf Uhblnzl x c ic b|ci t{hjcglnzl il tfd {tfzcmfnhrgf {ft ifr mtcnjlrifmtfr cibcnqcjfr s|l il ucihltfn zftnctrl ln n|luc bcdlqc jl ic Bc{hzcnc ln 3503. Cn cr) x {lrl c s|lr| hnei|lnbhc c {thnbh{hfr jl 3=;; xc ic lthmc bfgf ic gcxft |nhjcj zltthzfthci jlnztf jli Dtcrhi) rif lnli cf 3=33 rltc lilucjc c ic bczlmftc jl bh|jcj. @fx) bfn g|b`f ftm|iif jl r|r ftmlnlr) zcnzf icdcnjltc bfgf li lrb|jf jl ic bh|jcj tl{tfj|bln ic Bt|q jl ic Ftjlg jl Bthrzf) zcnzcr ulblr |zhihqcjc lnicr Lnztcjcr) cr bfgf li ilgc nfn j|bft j|bf) s|l rhmnhehbc1 nf rfx bfnj|bhjf) bfnj|qbf. Jlrjl r|e|njcbhn) li 4< jl lnltf jl 3


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bfgf icr Dcnjlhtcr x cn ifr Gfnlr cg{ihctfn icr etfnzltcr {ftz|m|lrcr ln eftgc rhrzlgzhbc) dcaf icr{tlbhrcr hnrzt|bbhfnlr jl Ihrdfc.

Dcnjlhtcnzlr {c|ihrzcr

Icr Dcnjlhtcr s|l gr hnei|xltfn rfdtl ic qfnc ln ihzhmhf rhn i|mct c j|jcr e|ltfn icr jl Cnzfnhf Tc{frfZcuctlr) rhn lgdctmf) xc ln 35;5 Gcn|li [tlzf lg{tlnjc r| t|gdf ci r|t) ci etlnzl jl |nc jl icr

{thgltcr lp{ljhbhfnlr {c|ihrzcr jl c{tlrcghlnzf) {lrl c ic {tf`hdhbhn Tlci jli cf 3


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thdltcr jli Tf jl ic [iczc) cjlgr jl icr bh|jcjlr jl Dcjcafq) Cibnzctc) Uhmf x Dcxfnc. Ln lrzlbfnzlpzf jl m|lttc jl r|blrhn) ic bftfnc lr{cfic jlrhmn n|luf mfdltncjft jl D|lnfr Chtlr c Ucijr lHnbin) x tlr{lbzf jl ic a|thrjhbbhn jl ic Bfifnhc jli Rcbtcglnzf il nfzhehb s|l rif bfttlr{fnjc c[ftz|mci li zltthzfthf tlbfnfbhjf ln li Ztczcjf [tfuhrhfnci jl 3503. Li b|g{ihghlnzf jl lrzc hnrzt|bbhnjctc i|mct c ic m|lttc ln li Tf jl ic [iczc. Ucijr l Hnbin rhzh ic {icqc) s|l e|l lucb|cjc {ft ifr{ftz|m|lrlr) x {lnlzt ln liic bfn li latbhzf tlci li 35 jl gctqf jl 3=;


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LI ZTCZCJF JL GCJTHJ JL 3=


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Li `hrzfthcjft ctmlnzhnf [ljtf jl Cnmlihr) ln li {tflghf s|l `cbl rfdtl ic {|dihbcbhn bfglnzcjc jliztczcjf ln li cf 302= ln D|lnfr Chtlr bthzhbc li jlrbfnfbhghlnzf jl ifr zltthzfthfr c rlt jlgctbcjfr) xcehtgc s|l1 ln ulq jl jlact lrzc b|lrzhn hnzcbzc ln gcnfr jl ifr ecb|izczhufr) ic cbfglzhltfnjh{ifgzhbcglnzl ifr {ilnh{fzlnbhcthfr) x ehactfn ifr {|nzfr jhtlbzftlr jl ic inlc jl jlgctbcbhn) rhnzlnlt nfzhbhcr bfttlbzcr jl icr ifbcihjcjlr? cr lr) s|l rl ls|hufbctfn ln ucthfr jlzciilr) s|l `hbhltfnhg{tcbzhbcdil ic lalb|bhn jli ztczcjf.

Li nhbf gctbf lthmhjf ln li Gczf Mtfrrf rltc li ecgfrf Gctbf jli Ac|t s|l jhuhjc icr {frlrhfnlrlr{cficr jl icr {ftz|m|lrcr ln li Cizf [ctcm|cx ln ic dfbc jli tf Ac|t. Lrzl `hzf) c|ns|l e|l gctbcjfln 3=


22/53

jl s|l ic t|{z|tc bfn [ftz|mci ltc |n `lb`f hnghnlnzl) x rl {tl{ct {ctc ic m|lttc. Lnuh lr{cr cBfifnhc x lrztlb` r| difs|lf) bc{z|t ifr ncufr s|l bfnzhn|cdcn ztcehbcnjf hilmciglnzl) x rfihbhz cGcjthj ghi rfijcjfr bfn cd|njcnzlr {ltztlb`fr x ctzhiiltc {ctc jlelnjltrl jl |n {frhdil czcs|l cnmif'{ftz|m|r.

E|l hnzhi ic {tfzlrzc jli bfnjl jl Dfdcjhiic (uhttlx jl Dtcrhi s|l `cdc rhjf {ft g|b`fr cfr mfdltncjftjl ic Bfifnhc x r| cilmczf jl s|l icr zhlttcr s|l fb|{cdcn ifr {ftz|m|lrlr ltcn {tf{hljcj jl [ftz|mci.Jlrjl r| iilmcjc ci Tf jl ic [iczc) ic cbzhz|j jl Bluciifr e|l bictcglnzl cmtlrhuc) x bfglnq bfn r|rcglncqcr c ifr {ftz|m|lrlr bfn cnzlthfthjcj ci hnhbhf jl ic m|lttc jl Lr{cc bfnztc [ftz|mci) s|lbfglnq ln lnltf jl 3=54.

Li jlrb|dthghlnzf x lp{ifzcbhn jl ghncr jl ftf x {hljtcr {tlbhfrcr ln ic cbz|ci Ghncr Mltchr) s|ltluhzcihqctfn li {|ltzf jl Tf jl Acnlhtf ci {|nzf jl zftnctic ic bh|jcj gr {fdicjc jli Dtcrhi `hbhltfns|l ic Bftfnc [ftz|m|lrc rl jlbhjhltc {ft bcgdhct ic bc{hzci jl Rciucjft c ic bh|jcj jl Rcn Rldcrzhn jlTf jl Acnlhtf ln 3=52. Lrzc ztcnreltlnbhc ftjlncjc {ft [fgdci hg{ihbctc li jlr{icqcghlnzf jli lallbfnghbf jlrjl li ilacnf nftjlrzl c ic z|td|ilnzc tlmhn r|jlrzl x g|b`f gr bltbc jl ifr izhgfrgfuhghlnzfr tlmhrztcjfr ln li Tf jl ic [iczc) zftncnjf c [ftz|mci {thgltf) x ci Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhijlr{|r ln |nf jl ifr {tfzcmfnhrzcr `hrzthbfr jl ic tlmhn) b|xc hnei|lnbhc rl zftnctc jlbhrhuc ln ifr|blrhuf x jfnjl `ctc ulbhnjcthf bfn ifr jlgr {crlr `hr{cnf{cticnzlr.

Li Gcts|r jl [fgdci bfn ic gljciic jl ic Ftjlg jl Bthrzf

Ufiuhlnjf ci lrblncthf jl icr Ghrhfnlr) x {lrl c s|l li zcdiltf c{ctlnzlglnzl rl cbfgfjcdcecuftlbhlnjf ic hgcmln jl ic Bfg{cc jl Alrr {ft r|r c|phihfr c ecuft jl ic Bftfnc Lr{cfic ln icjlelnrc jl r|r hnzltlrlr) Bctifr HHH ifr lp{|irc jl zfjfr ifr jfghnhfr lr{cfilr ln 3=5= jlacnjf ln |nbcicghzfrf lrzcjf jl hnjlelnrhn r|r zhlttcr ln icr Ghrhfnlr Fthlnzcilr. Li Uhttlx jl Dtcrhi nfgdt cDf`g hnr{lbzft mlnltci jl zfjcr icr e|ltqcr ctgcjcr {ftz|m|lrcr) b|xfr r|dftjhncjfr `cdcn ulnbhjf cicr e|ltqcr lr{cficr jl Utzhq ln 3==: x 3==5) cnzlr jl ic btlcbhn jli uhttlhnczf. Jl zci gfjf) ic

hg{ftzcnzl tlmhn s|l li Ztczcjf jl [ctr `cdc cja|jhbcjf c Lr{cc e|l bfns|hrzcjc nzlmtcglnzl {ftifr i|rhzcnfr. Rhn lgdctmf) ln lrl lnzfnblr Mtcn Dtlzcc {crcdc {ft |n gfglnzf jhebhi jldhjf c icm|lttc jl ic hnjl{lnjlnbhc nftzlcglthbcnc) x Bctifr HHH c{tfulb` ic bhtb|nrzcnbhc ecuftcdil jl s|l rzcnf {fjc c|phihct c [ftz|mci) {ctc tlrfiult li bfneihbzf jl ic Bfifnhc jli Rcbtcglnzf x Tf Mtcnjl. Icf{ftz|nhjcj nf ltc {ctc jlr{ltjhbhctrl) xc s|l c {lrct jl icr nlmfbhcbhfnlr lnzcdicjcr bfn Gcjthj) jlrjlIhrdfc li ghnhrztf [fgdci bfnzhn|cdc jcnjf hnrzt|bbhfnlr {ctc fb|{ct li zltthzfthf lr{cfi ln ic Cgthbcglthjhfnci. N|lucglnzl) {|lr) ifr {tfdilgcr jli Tf jl ic [iczc cglncqcdcn bfn `cblt lrzciict |ncm|lttc. [ft zci gfzhuf) ctm|glnzcnjf ic hg{tfbljlnbhc jl ic lp{cnrhn {ftz|m|lrc) Lr{cc hnufb icrmctcnzcr jli Ztczcjf jl [ctr jl 3=52 x rl crlm|t li c{fxf jl Etcnbhc) c ic ulq s|l ifr dthznhbfr nfzlncn gr tlgljhf s|l rlt nl|ztcilr) cdrftdhjfr {ft ic r|dilucbhn jl r|r bfifnhcr.


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Li ghnhrztf [fgdci lrzhg|icdc ic lp{cnrhn i|rhzcnc ln li Tf jl ic [iczc. Ifr {ftz|m|lrlr c{tfulb`ctfnic hnjlelnrhn jl ifr hnjhfr jl icr Ghrhfnlr) x lpzlnjhltfn r|r {frlrhfnlr jlrjl li \t|m|cx ci [ctcm|cx.\nc {t|ldc iczlnzl jl liif lr li bfneihbzf r|rbhzcjf ln Hmczhg) jfnjl ifr {ftz|m|lrlr d|rbcdcn hnrzcictrlln eftgc bicnjlrzhnc jlrjl li cf 3=5= ln s|l rl zhlnln nfzhbhcr jli crlnzcghlnzf jl Nfrrc Rln`ftc jfr[tcqltlr jl Hmczhg) ci nftzl jl Rcn Hrhjtf jli B|t|m|czx ln [ctcm|cx. Li mfdltncjft jli [ctcm|cxBctifr Gft{`x cbz|ctc bfn mtcn jh{ifgcbhc x bc|zlic) m|ctjcnjf li jldhjf b|hjcjf jl ic {tlrbth{bhns|l il {tf`hdc c ifr mfdltncjftlr zfgct icr ctgcr ln zcilr bcrfr) x tlcihq |n hnzltbcgdhf l{hrzfict bfnli alel jl ic {fdicbhn) Aff Gctzhnr Dcttfr) s|l frzlnzcdc ifr zz|ifr jl Bc{hzn Gcxft) Tlmlnzl xBfgcnjcnzl jl ic lp{ljhbhn x jfnjl {|jf bfg{tfdctrl s|l tlcihqcdc |nc Lnztcjc {ft ftjln jliBc{hzn Mlnltci I|hr Cnzfnhf jl Rf|rc Dfzli`f Gf|tf.

Gft{`x `cdc lnuhcjf ci Zlnhlnzl Mlnltci jl B|t|m|czx) Afr Mfnqilq Ulactcnf c hnr{lbbhfnct lii|mct) x jldh etlnct c ifr i|mctlfr s|hlnlr s|ltcn a|nzctrl {ctc {crct ln {ltrfnc c lb`ct lrzfrecnecttfnlr c ifr cnz{fjcr) {|lr nf bfnulnbhltfn r|r lpb|rcr jl s|l lrzcdcn lr{ltcnjf li et|zf jl r|rb`cbctlfr cnzlr jl bfnzhn|ct uhcal. Jl `lb`f) ic rhz|cbhn rl ufiuc zlnrc ci tlbhdhtrl nfzhbhcr jl iceftzhehbcbhn jl ic {fdicbhn) {ft if s|l Gft{`x lphml lp{ihbcbhfnlr ci xc glnbhfncjf mfdltncjft jl Rf[c|if) I|hr Cnzfnhf jl Rf|rc Dfzli`f Gf|tf) `cbhlnjf nfzct s|l {ft ic cn|icbhn jli ztczcjf jl ighzlrjl 3=


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JL RCN HIJLEFNRF JL 3=== C IC HNJL[LNJLNBHC JLI [CTCM\CX

Cnzl ifr izhgfr cbfnzlbhghlnzfr fb|tthjfr ln li [ctcm|cx x ln li Tf jl ic [iczc) s|l jlrczctfn ucthfrlnetlnzcghlnzfr lnztl lr{cfilr x {ftz|m|lrlr ln {ilnc lzc{c jl nlmfbhcbhn ln ic {lnnr|ic hdthbc)ehnciglnzl) ln Gcjthj rl bfnuhnf li Ztczcjf jl Rcn Hijlefnrf li 3 jl fbz|dtl jl 3=== s|l zlnjtc |nchg{ftzcnbhc e|njcglnzci {ctc ehact icr etfnzltcr jl cgdfr hg{lthfr) ci glnfr ln ifr {|nzfr gr rlnrhdilr)x s|l `cdcn rhjf fdalzf {thnbh{ci jli bfneihbzf. Ifr {ftz|m|lrlr s|ljcdcn lihghncjfr jl icr thdltcr jliTf jl ic [iczc x ic Bfifnhc jli Rcbtcglnzf ufiuh c ic rfdltcnc jl Lr{cc) s|l ehnciglnzl bljh c[ftz|mci icr Ghrhfnlr Fthlnzcilr x icr zhlttcr rfdtl icr gtmlnlr jli tf Xcb|dx) Tf Mtcnjl) M|cxt xGczf Mtfrrf. Bctifr HHH lp{hjh ic Tlci Hnrzt|bbhn jli 5 jl a|nhf jl 3==0) jhbzcjc bfn ic c{tfdcbhn jlicr bftzlr jl Gcjthj x Ihrdfc) {ft ic b|ci |nc bfghrhn ghpzc jldc ztcricjctrl c Cgthbc {ctc ehact icretfnzltcr x {fnlt ehn jl lrzc gcnltc c ic rlb|ict jhr{|zc lnztl ifr jfr tlhnfr. Rhn lgdctmf) rfif jfrbfghrhfnlr ztcdcactfn bfna|nzcglnzl x li tlr|izcjf ehnci e|l g|x jlehbhlnzl.

[ctc ic ehacbhn jl ighzlr ln li [ctcm|cx) ic Bftfnc Lr{cfic lnuhctc ln 3=03 ci lghnlnzl bctzmtcef)hnmlnhltf) lp{iftcjft) cnztf{ifmf) ncz|tcihrzc x ghihzct Eihp Etcnbhrbf Afr [ljtf jl Cqctc x [ltltcbfgf |nf jl ifr bfghrcthfr lnbctmcjfr jl ehact ifr ighzlr `hr{cnf'i|rhzcnfr ln li [ctcm|cx? x ln 3=0: cigcthnf A|cn Etcnbhrbf Cm|httl) bfgf alel jl ic b|ctzc {ctzhjc jlgctbcjftc. Lrzfr jfr jlgctbcjftlrjlrcttfiictcn |nc {tfehb|c icdft bhlnzehbc x jlactcn |n ilmcjf hnuci|cdil (rfdtl zfjf Cqctc {ctcjlzltghnct ic lpcbzhz|j jl ifr ighzlr lnztl Lr{cc x [ftz|mci ln lrzc {ctzl jl ic Cgthbc Glthjhfnci) xs|l bfdtcn gcxft hg{ftzcnbhc jlrjl li gfglnzf ln s|l rltc li izhgf ztczcjf uhmlnzl lnztl cgdcrbftfncr ci gfglnzf jli lrzciihjf jl ic M|lttc jl ic Zth{il Cihcnqc ln 305:. Ifr fztfr bfghrcthfrlr{cfilr s|l hnzhiglnzl cm|ctjctfn ic iilmcjc jl r|r bfnztc{ctzhjcr {ftz|m|lrcr e|ltfn Gcn|liCnzfnhf Eiftlr x Jhlmf jl Ciulct.

[icnf jl Cr|nbhn licdftcjf {ft Eihp jl Cqctc c ehnlr jli rhmif PUHHH

Ln if s|l tlr{lbzc c ic ehacbhn jl ighzlr ln li [ctcm|cx) jlrjl li {|nzf jl uhrzc bctzfmtehbf) ifr ighzlrehacjfr ln Rcn Hijlefnrf nf jheltcn jl if cbftjcjf ln li Ztczcjf jl Gcjthj) {|lr if lrzcdilbhjf ln lrzlztczcjf ln ifr ctzb|ifr U x UH rl tl{tfj|bc {tbzhbcglnzl ln eftgc hnzlmtci ln ifr ctzb|ifr UHHH x HP jlRcn Hijlefnrf) bfgf rl {fjt c{tlbhct c bfnzhn|cbhn1

Ctzb|if UHHH1 S|ljcnjf xc rlcicjcr icr {ltzlnlnbhcr jl cgdcr Bftfncr `crzc ic lnztcjc jli [ls|ht f[l{ht'm|cq ln li \t|m|cx) rl `cn bfnulnhjf ifr Cizfr Bfnztcxlnzlr ln s|l ic inlc jhuhrfthc rlm|htcm|cr ctthdc jl jhb`f [l{ht `crzc r| fthmln {thnbh{ci) x jlrjl lrzl {ft if gr cizf jli zlttlnf) dcaf icrtlmicr jcjcr ln li ctzb|if UH? bfnzhn|ct c lnbfnztct icr bftthlnzlr jli Tf Rcn Cnzfnhf) s|l jlrlgdfbcln li Mtcnjl jl B|thzhd) s|l {ft fztf nfgdtl iicgcn Hm|cq? rhm|hlnjf lrzl) cm|cr cdcaf) `crzc r|


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lnztcjc ln li [ctcn {ft r| thdltc fthlnzci) x bfnzhn|cnjf lnzfnblr) cm|cr ctthdc jli ghrgf [ctcn)`crzc jfnjl rl il a|nzc li tf Hm|tlx {ft r| thdltc fbbhjlnzci. Ctzb|if HP1Jlrjl ic dfbc f lnztcjc jli Hm|tlx rlm|ht ic tcxc) cm|cr ctthdc jl lrzl) `crzc r| fthmln {thnbh{ci? x jlrjl i rl zhtct |nc inlctlbzc {ft if gr cizf jli zlttlnf) bfn cttlmif c if {cbzcjf ln li bhzcjf ctzb|if UH) `crzc `ciict icbcdlbltc f ultzhlnzl {thnbh{ci jli tf gr ulbhnf c jhb`c inlc) s|l jlrcml ln li [ctcm|cx {ft r|thdltc fthlnzci) s|l zci ulq rlt li s|l iicgcn Bftthlnzlr. X lnzfnblr dcact ic tcxc {ft icr cm|cr jl lrzltf `crzc r| lnztcjc ln li ghrgf [ctcm|cx) jlrjl b|xc dfbc r|dht {ft li bcnci {thnbh{ci s|l jlac lrzltf ln zhlg{f rlbf) x rlm|ht {ft r|r cm|cr `crzc lnbfnztct ifr {cnzcnfr s|l eftgc li tf) iicgcjfr icIcm|nc jl ifr Pctcxlr) x cztculrct lrzc icm|nc `crzc ic dfbc jli Ac|t.

[|lrzf s|l li ztcdcaf jl jlgctbcbhn hnhbhcjf i|lmf jli Ztczcjf jl Gcjthj `cdc s|ljcjf hnbfnbi|rf {ftifr lnetlnzcghlnzfr s|l rl r|bljhltfn) Eihp jl Cqctc if ufiuh c tluhrct x cncihqct) `ciicnjf |nrhnngltf jl lttftlr) ifr b|cilr lp{ihbc bfn g|b`c bicthjcj x rlnzhjf) gr cn bfnrhjltcnjf s|l hnbi|rfln L|tf{c r| {tlrzhmhf ltc xc g|x tlbfnfbhjf) zftnnjfrl bildtl c r| tlmtlrf {ft r|r fdtcr {|dihbcjcrln [ctr) lnztl liicr1 Lrrchr r|t i`hrzfhtl ncz|tliil jlr S|cjt|{jlr (30;3 x r| fdtc gclrztc Ufxcmlrjcnr iCgths|l gthjhfncil) {ct jfn Eihp jl Cqctc (30;8 ln b|cztf ufiglnlr.

Lrzcz|c jl Eihp jl Cqctc ln Dctblifnc

R|r Glgfthcr rfdtl li Lrzcjf T|tci jli Tf jl ic [iczc ln 30;3) fdtc {rz|gc {|dihbcjc {ft r| rfdthnfjfn Cm|rzn jl Cqctc) Gcts|r jl Nhddhcnf x Bcdciiltf jl ic Ftjln Tlci jl Bctifr HHH ln Gcjthj) ln licf 30:=) bfnzhlnl icr cnfzcbhfnlr rfdtl ifr ighzlr lr{cfilr x {ftz|m|lrlr ln li Cizf [ctcn x ln liCizf [ctcm|cx) x bfnrhjltcnjf ic hg{ftzcnbhc uhzci s|l ic hnzlt{tlzcbhn jl Cqctc rhmnhehbc {ctc lrzlztcdcaf) tl{tfj|bhgfr hnzlmtciglnzl ic S|hnzc x Rlrzc (rlpzc Jhr{|zc s|l {|dihbc ln r| ihdtf1

S\HNZC JHR[\ZC

2=. I|lmf s|l iilm ci Thf jl ic [iczc li izhgf ztczcjf jl ihghzlr jl 3===) il jhf cs|li uhttlx illt cidthmcjhlt jfn Afr B|rzfjhf jl Rcc) x Ecthc. Lrzl ltc {ftz|m|r) x `cdhc rhjf bfghrcthf {thnbh{ci {ft icbftzl jl Ihrdfc ln ic jlgctbcbhn jl ighzlr jli ztczcjf jli cf jl 3=


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20. Hg{|rf jl zfjf n|lrztf uhtlx) x lrzl hnrzcnbhc r|xc) lrbthdh n|lrztc bftzl rfihbhzcnjf) nf rfifs|l ln lrzl izhgf ztczcjf rl ulthehbcrl ic r|drzhz|bhn cjf{zcjc ln li jli cf jl


27/53

zcgdhn s|l lrz|uhlrl g|b`f gcr ci Nftzl. If {tf{hf jhmf jli Xm|tlx jli izhgf ztczcjf) s|l ln lrzl{|nzf lr bf{hc jli cnzlthft.

::. D|rs| {|lr ci Xm|tlx gcr ci Nftzl) if glnfr fztf thf s|l z|uhlrl icr bhtb|nrzcnbhcr s|l jldczlnlt li Xm|tlx rlmn li gc{c x ic hnrzt|bbhn cbftjcjcr {ctc li ztczcjf jl 3=


28/53

nl|ztf) if rlt rhlg{tl {ft gcircnf) x {ft g|x jhrzcnzl jl fztfr lrzcdilbhghlnzfr rhn etcnbcbfg|nhbcbhn {ft thfr.


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Fbbhjlnzl jli thf [ctcm|cx) s|l lr li nhbf {ctcml s|l nf rl hn|njc ln ic btlbhlnzl {lthjhbc jli thf) icb|ci rl hnztfj|bl {ft li B`cbf jl gfjf) s|l nf {|ljl ic {tfuhnbhc jli [ctcm|cx) bfg|nhbct bfn ic jlB`hs|hzfr rhnf {ft gct ci Nftzl jl Bfhgdtc. [ft bfnrhm|hlnzl li e|ltzl jl Dftdfn nf {|ljl iilnct lifdalzf nh rltuht jl ncjc) x jldl cdcnjfnctrl {ft li ctzb|if PUHHH jli ztczcjf ci ghrgf zhlg{f s|l ifr{ftz|m|lrlr `cmcn if ghrgf bfn ifr bhzcjfr r|xfr. Jldh `cdltrl jcjf ic bfghrhn ci mfdltncjft jlRcnzc Bt|q) s|l ltc li nhbf s|l {fjthc `cblt ifr lrzcdilbhghlnzfr s|l li rlft Eifthjcdicnbc s|ltc){|lr c|ns|l li jl B`hs|hzfr lrz gcr bltbc) r|r r|djhzfr rfn hnjhfr tlj|bhjfr) s|l b|crh rfn n|ifr lngczlthc jl cbzhuhjcj x uhmft.

Ic S|hnzc Jhr{|zc rl tlehltl c ifr ighzlr jli [ctcm|cx ci Nftlrzl) rhm|hlnjf li b|trf jli Cizf [ctcn)b|xf gctbf hnj|dhzcdil if |dhbc ln li tf Xcm|ct f Xuxn`lgc f Gfnhbl (Xm|tlx rlmn li Ztczcjf) {ftrlt rzl li s|l rl ca|rzc c icr bctcbzltrzhbcr rlcicjcr ln icr hnrzt|bbhfnlr jcjcr {ft cgdcr bftfncr x {ftlrzct c ic ciz|tc jli tf s|l iicgcn Bftthlnzlr (C{c? ghlnztcr s|l ic Rlpzc Jhr{|zc rl tlehltl ci ighzlrl{zlnzthfnci jli [ctcm|cx ln r| jhuhrfthc bfn li Gczf Mtfrrf) b|xf gctbf hnj|dhzcdil lr li Ac|t (nhbf`hzf bfnrlnr|cjf rlmn rl uhf. Cqctc `cbl `hnbc{h ln ic uhficbhn jli ztczcjf {ft {ctzl jl ic Bftfnc[ftz|m|lrc ci e|njct Bfhgdtc x Cid|s|lts|l ln zltthzfthf lr{cfi rlmn li Ztczcjf. Jli ztcdcaf jl Cqctcrl rhtuhltfn ifr gr lghnlnzlr bctzmtcefr jl ic {fbc) zci bfgf rl ult ln ifr gc{cr s|l ln jhrzhnzcrelb`cr) zfjcr {frzlthftlr c Rcn Hijlefnrf) s|l jlrjl ehnlr jli rhmif PUHHH `crzc ic rlm|njc ghzcj jli rhmifPHP e|ltfn {|dihbcjfr {ft li g|njf bhlnzehbf) x li ghrgf Ceefnrf JkLrbtcmnfiil Zc|ncx) c|zfthjcjhttle|zcdil ln btb|ifr `hrzthbfr dtcrhilfr ln r| Lnrchf jl Bctzc Mltci jcr Dcnjlhtcr [c|ihrzcr ln 3844bhzc c Cqctc bfgf |nc jl r|r {thnbh{cilr e|lnzlr bfnr|izcjcr.

Rhm|hlnjf bfn ifr bfglnzcthfr tlcihqcjfr {ft Cqctc ln r| Rlpzc Jhr{|zc) x cncihqcnjf ifrcbfnzlbhghlnzfr jl ic {fbc ulgfr s|l bfneftgl c icr hnrzt|bbhfnlr jli Uhttlx jli Tf jl ic [iczc x dcafli gcnjczf jli lnzfnblr Mfdltncjft jli [ctcm|cx Jfn Afcs|n Cir x Dt) lnztl 3=84 x 3=8: rlbfnrzt|htcn ifr e|ltzlr jl Dftdn rfdtl ic gctmln fbbhjlnzci jli tf [ctcm|cx) x jl Rcn Bctifr jli C{crfdtl li tf `fgnhgf) cgdfr ci nftzl jl Cr|nbhn. C|ns|l icr hnb|trhfnlr jl hnjhfr ltcn |nc{tlfb|{cbhn etlb|lnzl {ctc ifr {fdicjftlr jli nftzl jli [ctcm|cx) ic ltlbbhn jl ifr e|ltzlr tlr{fnjl ce|ltzlr gfzhufr mlf{fizhbfr jl cehcnqcghlnzf x laltbhbhf jl ic rfdltcnc lr{cfic ln ic tlmhn) s|l xc`cdc rhjf uhficjc {ft ic ltlbbhn jl Bfhgdtc x Cid|s|lts|l. Ln li cf 30;3 rhlnjf Mfdltncjft jli[ctcm|cx Jfn Iqctf jl Thultc) rl ftmcnhq |nc lp{ljhbhn bfn rhlzl d|s|lr c ulic c ic etfnzltc nftzl) cehn jl lp{|irct c ifr {ftz|m|lrlr s|l rl `cdcn lrzcdilbhjf ln Bfhgdtc jlnztf jli zltthzfthf lr{cfi. [lrlc icr e|ltzlr zftglnzcr s|l jlrzt|xltfn mtcn {ctzl jl ic eifzhiic) j|tcnzl n|lul jcr rl bcfnl li e|ltzl jlBfhgdtc bfn lrzthilr tlr|izcjfr x rhn bfnrlm|ht jlrcifactifr. Thultc z|uf s|l ufiult c Cr|nbhn bfn icrgcnfr ucbcr x rhn ic zctlc tlcihqcjc.

Jfn Dltnctjf jl Ulicrbf x @|hjfdtf r|bljh c Thultc x il e|l cmtlmcjc ic [tfuhnbhc jl Ghrhfnlr bfn ifr2; [|ldifr jl hnjhfr m|ctcnlr x zc{r jli [ctcn x \t|m|cx) if s|l hg{ihbc s|l ci gfglnzf jl ichnjl{lnjlnbhc {ctcm|cxc) rhlnjf Ulicrbf mfdltncjft jli [ctcm|cx x jl icr Ghrhfnlr) ltc lrl li zltthzfthf a|thrjhbbhfnci s|l il bfttlr{fnjc {ft jltlb`f x s|l ln li e|z|tf hg{ihbctc |nc jhr{|zc bfn icBfneljltcbhn Ctmlnzhnc. Li gcnjczf jli izhgf Mfdltncjft jli [ctcm|cx cnzlr jl ic Hnjl{lnjlnbhcNcbhfnci bfdtc hg{ftzcnbhc ln gczlthc jl ifr ighzlr jli [ctcm|cx rhm|hlnjf ic tlmic jli |zh {frrhjlzhra|thr jl 303;) {ft ic b|ci icr [tfuhnbhcr gcnzlncn ifr zltthzfthfr ncz|tcilr s|l rl `ciicdcn dcaf r|gcnjczf f a|thrjhbbhn hngljhczcglnzl cnzlr jl ic lgcnbh{cbhn jl ifr {crlr jli Tlhnf Lr{cfi.

IFR LTTFTLR @HRZFTHFMTEHBFR DTCRHILFR RFDTL IC R\[\LRZC CN\ICBHNJLI ZTCZCJF JL RCN HIJLEFNRF JL 3===

G|b`cr rfn icr e|lnzlr s|l ln eftgc tlb|ttlnzl glnbhfncn ic r|{|lrzc cn|icbhn jli Ztczcjf jl Rcn

Hijlefnrf {ft li Ztczcjf jl Dcjcafq jl 30;3. @lgfr cjultzhjf lrzl lttft ln `hrzfthcjftlr jl ic zciic jlCnzfnhf jl Uhcnnc jl Gfnhq Dcnjlhtc) ln r| fdtc F Lp{cnrhfnhrgf Dtcrhilhtf) x bhzcjf {ft ucthfr`hrzfthcjftlr lnztl ifr s|l jlrzcbc Etcnbhrbf Jftczhfzf ln r| dlrz rliilt Gcijhzc M|lttc. Ln lrzlrlnzhjf) ic `hrzfthfmtcec dtcrhilc rl g|lrztc g|x bfne|rc) {|lrzf s|l s|hlnlr rfrzhlnln lrzc zlrhr) icrgr jl icr ulblr rl ihghzcn c cehtgct s|l li Ztczcjf jl Dcjcafq cn|i li Ztczcjf jl Rcn Hijlefnrfufiuhlnjf ic rhz|cbhn c ic cnzlthft cbftjcjc ln li Ztczcjf jl Gcjthj.

Jlrjl li {|nzf jl uhrzc jli Jltlb`f Hnzltncbhfnci [dihbf) lrzc cehtgcbhn bctlbl zfzciglnzl jl r|rzlnzfa|tjhbf x ucihjlq {tbzhbc) {ft ucthfr gfzhufr1


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3 Bfgf `lgfr uhrzf) li Ztczcjf jl Gcjthj f jl [ltg|zc jl 3=


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: Cn bfnrhjltcnjf uihjc ic `h{zlrhr jl ic cn|icbhn jl Rcn Hijlefnrf {ft gljhf jli Ztczcjf jlDcjcafq) ifr ighzlr nf {|ljln tlztfztcltrl c ifr lrzcdilbhjfr ln li Ztczcjf jl Gcjthj) jlrjl ligfglnzf ln s|l rzl e|l jlbictcjf n|if {ft li Ztczcjf jl Li [ctjf) jldhlnjf ln lrl bcrfufiultrl c if lrzcdilbhjf ln Zftjlrhiicr.


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`lb`f {ctc s|l jlacrln zcn hnjhmnf tl{tfdcjf gcnlaf f{|lrzf c zfjc ctgfnc x d|lnc el) bfnzhncnrhlg{tl g|nhbhfncnjf x {ltztlb`cnjf c lrfr hnjhfr dtdctfr) crlrhnfr x icjtfnlr) s|l nf uhuln rhnf jlibftrf) {ctc s|l rl cnhgln c n|lufr crcizfr l hnb|trhfnlr {ft li hnzltr s|l {|ljl tlr|izctilr x {ft`frzhihqct x gfilrzct ci [ctcm|cx jl lrzl gfjf hnjhtlbzf x jhrhg|icjf) {ltf xc dhln bfnfbhjf)culthm|cjf x jlgfrztcjf bfn `lb`fr {frhzhufr.

Li Jt. Afr Mcr{ct Tfjtm|lq jl Etcnbhc)Jhbzcjft R|{tlgf jl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx

Li R|{tlgf Jhbzcjft zcgdhn zlnc g|x bictfr ifr ighzlr rl{zlnzthfncilr jl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx){ltf {ft r| {fizhbc jl nf hnzltulnbhn x jl chricghlnzf) {tleltc gcnzlnltrl ci gctmln jl bfneihbzfr bfn{fzlnbhcr lpztcnaltcr. Ln |n fehbhf tlghzhjf c Dltnctjf Uliqs|lq) Bfgcnjcnzl jli E|ltzl Dftdn li 34jl gcxf jl 3043 gcnhelrzcdc1 lrzl rcihnct lrz ln n|lrztc {ltzlnlnbhc cr bfgf if lr zfjf li B`cbf

`crzc li tf Ac|t. Lrzf g|x dhln if rcdln ifr {ftz|m|lrlr {fts|l rlmn li Ztczcjf jl ighzlr ca|rzcjflnztl Lr{cc x [ftz|mci ln li rhmif {crcjf) lrzf lr) ln ghi rlzlbhlnzfr rlzlnzc x rhlzl) ic jhuhrfthc lnztlcgdcr ncbhfnlr jlrjl ic bcjc jli tf Bftthlnzlr) ci s|l nfrfztfr `lgfr iicgcjf n|lucglnzl tfZcb|ctx lr ic bcnci jli tf [ctcm|cx r|dhlnjf cm|c ctthdc x cztculrcnjf ic Icm|nc jl ifr Actcxlr`crzc li tf Ac|t) s|l jl ic dcnjc jli B`cbf bcl ln li ghrgf tf [ctcm|cx) {ft gcnltc s|l) cr li {tlrhjhf jl Bfhgdtc) bfgf ifr jlgr lrzcdilbhghlnzfr s|l zhlnln ifr {ftz|m|lrlr ci icjf jli B`cbf`crzc li Ac|t) lrzn bfnfbhjc x nfzfthcglnzl ln zltthzfthf s|l nf lr jl liifr) rhnf jl n|lrztc{ltzlnlnbhc. X cr lr s|l c ifr {thnbh{hfr rfif rl {|rhltfn ln Bfhgdtc {ft {ltghrf s|l rfihbhzctfn xbfnrhm|hltfn {ctc {fnlt cii |nc gltc m|ctjhc f uhmc hnzlthnc x {tfuhrhfnci) {ctc blict l hg{ljht s|lifr {cxcm|r e|lrln c tfdct x `cblt jcf c r|r {fdicbhfnlr jl B|xcd) {ltf ifr {ftz|m|lrlr rl e|ltfncii eftzhehbcnjf x cehtgcnjf r| lrzcdilbhghlnzf cr bfgf ln Cid|s|lts|l) {ft s|ljctrl ln lrfr i|mctlr)bfgf `crzc c`ftc rl `cn s|ljcjf.

Li = jl rl{zhlgdtl jl 3044 rl btlctc li Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhi) hnjl{lnjhlnzl ci Tlhnf jl [ftz|mci x i|lmf jl

|n dtlul {ltfjf jl cbfgfjcghlnzf) xc ln 304:) ic eicgcnzl Bftzl Hg{lthci jl Tf jl Acnlhtf nfgdt cCnzfnhf Gcnfli Bftthc jc Bcgctc bfgf cmlnzl bfgltbhci ln li [ctcm|cx. Bftthc iilm c Cr|nbhn x rlmcn ic bfnehcnqc jli Jt. Etcnbhc {tfglzhnjfil li tlbfnfbhghlnzf jl ic hnjl{lnjlnbhc {ft li Dtcrhi) |nztczcjf jl ighzlr zfgcnjf bfgf dcrl ci Ztczcjf jl Rcn Hijlefnrf) l hnbi|rf ztcghzct hnjlgnhqcbhfnlr{ft ifr czcs|lr hnjhfr hnr{htcjfr {ft Dtcrhi ln li nftzl. Cjlgr rl {tf{|rf bfnbtlzct |n bfnulnhf jl{tfuhrhn jl ctgcglnzfr bfgf rhmnf jl d|lnc el. Li etcbcrf jli jh{ifgzhbf dtcrhilf ln bfnbtlzctb|cis|hltc jl lrzcr {tfglrcr jlrdctcz icr {frhdhihjcjlr jl tlicbhfnlr gr lrztlb`cr lnztl ifr mfdhltnfrjl Cr|nbhn x Tf jl Acnlhtf.


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Etcnbhc `ctc n|lucr glnbhfnlr c ic b|lrzhn jl ighzlr bfn li Dtcrhi) bfgf ln li fehbhf s|l tlghzl c AfrCnzfnhf Rfrc) Bfgcnjcnzl jl E|ltzl Fihg{f (Dftdn li 3 jl cdthi jl 3045 cnzl li {ljhjf jl |n{ftz|m|r {ctc hnmtlrct ci [ctcm|cx1 lrzl Mfdhltnf nf `c etcns|lcjf {ltghrf {ctc s|l ifr{ftz|m|lrlr {|ljcn hnzltnctrl c ic Tl{dihbc {ft lrzl icjf) lr{lbhciglnzl lrzcnjf cn {lnjhlnzlr icrtlbicgcbhfnlr x s|lacr jl {ctzl jli [ctcm|cx) cr rfdtl ighzlr bfgf rfdtl ifr hnglnrfr tfdfr x{lta|hbhfr bc|rcjfr {ft ifr hnjhfr bfn li c|phihf jl ctgcr x g|nhbhfnlr jl ifr {ftz|m|lrlr) s|l gljhcnzllrzl dtdctf x lrbcnjcifrf ctdhzthf rl `cn lnths|lbhjf jl zfjc bicrl jl cnhgcilr s|l cnzlbljlnzlglnzlnf {frlcn nh zlncn jl jfnjl cjs|hthticr? x ln fbz|dtl jl 3040 ci ghrgf Bfgcnjcnzl jfnjllnj|tlbl cn gr r| {frz|tc ln tlicbhn c ifr {ftz|m|lrlr x n|lucglnzl `cdic jl ighzlr1 lrzfx dhlnjlrlnmccjf x lnzltcglnzl bfnulnbhjf jl ic gcihmnhjcj) ecirljcj x gcic el jl ifr {ftz|m|lrlr s|l nfzhtcn rhnf c lnztlzlnlt) jlgftct x et|rztct ghr a|rzrhgcr tlbicgcbhfnlr rfdtl ifr hnglnrfr jcfr)icztfbhnhfr x dctdcthjcjlr s|l `cn `lb`f x bc|rcjf c|phihcnjf c ifr hnjhfr {ctc lnths|lbltrl bfn lrzfrtfdfr) cr bfgf rfdtl ic fb|{cbhn jl zhlttcr s|l nf ilr {ltzlnlbln.

Ln 3028) |nc n|luc {tfglrc ltc tlcihqcjc ci R|{tlgf. C|m|rzf Ilultmlt) bfn li zz|if jl Bnr|i iilm cCr|nbhn jlrjl B|xcd x cbftj bfn li jhbzcjft |n cb|ltjf jl {cq x cx|jc jl ctgcglnzfr. J|tcnzl litlrzf jli mfdhltnf jli Jt. Etcnbhc nf rl gfjhehbctc ic {fizhbc lpzlthft {ctcm|cxc) eciilbhlnjf li R|{tlgfJhbzcjft li 4; jl rl{zhlgdtl jl 30:;. C r| g|ltzl) |nc r|blrhn jl mfi{lr jl lrzcjf rl jctcn `crzc lilrzcdilbhghlnzf jli Bfnr|icjf jl Gcthcnf Tfs|l Cifnrf x Bctifr Cnzfnhf I{lq. C {ctzht jl 30::s|ljctc rif rzl ci etlnzl bfn li zz|if jl [thglt [tlrhjlnzl Bfnrzhz|bhfnci jl ic Tl{dihbc jli[ctcm|cx) cdthlnjf cr |nc n|luc lzc{c ln ic uhjc hnjl{lnjhlnzl jl ic hnbh{hlnzl x {tr{ltc ncbhnm|ctcn.

IC TL[DIHBC JLI [CTCM\CX J\TCNZL LI MFDHLTNF JL JFN BCTIFR CNZFNHFI[LQ ETLNZL C ICR [TLZLNRHFNLR JLI HG[LTHF JLI DTCRHI. LRE\LTQFR

[CTCM\CXFR [CTC IC EHTGC JL \N ZTCZCJF JL IGHZLR

Jlrjl li crblnrf ci {fjlt jl Jfn Bctifr Cnzfnhf I{lq) ic uhjc {fizhbc) rfbhci x lbfnghbc jli[ctcm|cx n|nbc gr e|l ic ghrgc. Rh dhln lphrzln rlthfr jlztcbzftlr jl r| mfdhltnf) ncjhl {|ljl nlmcts|l li mtcn rcizf b|cihzczhuf s|l lrzcdc jcnjf li {cr nf {fjtc jctrl dcaf ic rfgdtc jl ic jhbzcj|tcetcnbhrzc. I{lq tleftg x gfjltnhq li Lrzcjf) cdth icr {|ltzcr jli bfgltbhf c {fzlnbhcr lpztcnaltcr xe|l tlbfnfbhjf {ft mtcn {ctzl jl liicr c hnrzcnbhcr jli Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhi) s|l rl c{|t ln rlt |nf jl ifr{thgltfr {crlr ln tlbfnfblt ic hnjl{lnjlnbhc {ctcm|cxc ln eftgc fehbhci) c|ns|l hg{ibhzcglnzl xc if`cdc `lb`f rlmn ic ghrgc nfzc jli {ilnh{fzlnbhcthf Cnzfnhf Afr [hglnzc D|lnf jli 3: jl rl{zhlgdtljl 30::) li ctzb|if {thgltf jli ztczcjf tlqcdc1 li Lg{ltcjft jli Dtcrhi) s|l zhlnl xc tlbfnfbhjc ic

hnjl{lnjlnbhc jl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx

Jfn Bctifr Cnzfnhf I{lq


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Cnzfnhf Afr [hglnzc D|lnf) Gcts|r jl Rf Uhblnzl bfnfbc g|x dhln ci [ctcm|cx. @cdc rhjf[tlrhjlnzl jl ic [tfuhnbhc jl Gczf Mtfrrf jl 3025 c 3020 x cnzl ic hnlrzcdhihjcj {fizhbc ln li [iczcjlrjl li crblnrf jl A|cn Gcn|li jl Tfrcr) rcdc s|l li [ctcm|cx ltc |nc gcmnehbc cizltnczhuc cnzl icnlblrhjcj jli Dtcrhi jl bfnzct bfn cihcjfr lrztczmhbfr) cjlgr jl cdtht |nc inlc jl bfg|nhbcbhn ei|uhci{ltgcnlnzl lnztl ic ilacnc {tfuhnbhc s|l {tlrhjh x Tf jl Acnlhtf. C|ns|l icr hnrzt|bbhfnlr jli mcdhnlzljl Rcn Bthrzdci `cdicdcn rif jl lnzcdict tlicbhfnlr jl cghrzcj x bfgltbhf) [hglnzc D|lnf rllpztcihghzctc ln r|r gcnjczfr x ehtgctc |n lpzlnrf Ztczcjf jl ztlhnzc x rlhr ctzb|ifr bfn li [ctcm|cx)s|l hnbi|c ic b|lrzhn jl ighzlr.

Ic rhz|cbhn nf {fjc rlt glaft {ctc li [ctcm|cx. Li Ztczcjf crlm|tcdc |nc cihcnqc bfn li Dtcrhi) xlrzcdilbc bfnjhbhfnlr jl bfgltbhf) nculmcbhn jl ifr tfr) gljhjcr jl bfnztfi {ctc ghzhmct libfnztcdcnjf) lzb.) x if gr hg{ftzcnzl) rl ehactcn icr etfnzltcr zfgcnjf bfgf dcrl li Ztczcjf jl RcnHijlefnrf jl 3===. Li Dtcrhi zfjcuc mlrzhfnctc li tlbfnfbhghlnzf jl ic hnjl{lnjlnbhc {ctcm|cxc cnzl{fzlnbhcr lpztcnaltcr. Lrzl Ztczcjf) s|l jl rlt tczhehbcjf {ft R.G.H. `|dhltc jcjf |n mhtf `hrzthbf ln icrtlicbhfnlr dhiczltcilr jl n|lrztfr {crlr x g|x {frhdilglnzl `|dhltc luhzcjf ic M|lttc jl ic Zth{ilCihcnqc) nf lrzcdc ln bfnjhbhfnlr jl rlt tletlnjcjf {ft ic jh{ifgcbhc dtcrhilc zcn ebhiglnzl x rltctlb`cqcjf. [lrl c liif) ucthfr jl r|r ctzb|ifr rl b|g{ihltfn bfgf rh `|dhlrl lrzcjf ln {ilnc uhmlnbhc.

Li Jfbzft A|cn Cnjtr Mliix Gctznlq) bfnfbhjf jlr{|r bfgf li bh|jcjcnf jli [iczc {ft ifr mtcnjlrrltuhbhfr s|l {tlrzctc zcnzf ln D|lnfr Chtlr bfgf ln Gfnzluhjlf) `cdc tlzftncjf c r| [ctcm|cx nczcii|lmf jl {crct mtcn {ctzl jl r| uhjc lnztl cs|liicr bh|jcjlr. Iilmcdc ic `ftc ln s|l r|r d|lnfr fehbhfrjldcn rltuht c r| [czthc. Ic bc{cbhjcj jl Mliix {ctc iiluct cjlicnzl ghrhfnlr jl cizf u|lif nf lrzcdc lnj|jc) x {ft liif e|l li lrbfmhjf ln 30:5 {ft li [tlrhjlnzl I{lq {ctc tl{tlrlnzct c ic Tl{dihbc jli[ctcm|cx bfgf Lnbctmcjf jl Nlmfbhfr cnzl ic Bftzl Hg{lthci ln Tf jl Acnlhtf. C|ns|l Mliix ftmcnhqic Ilmcbhn [ctcm|cxc ln Tf jl Acnlhtf x c ztcur jl r| mlrzhn rl gczlthcihqctfn g|b`fr {tfxlbzfr jlLrzcjf) ic ghrhn {thnbh{ci jl nlmfbhct x ehnhs|hzct ic b|lrzhn jl ighzlr `cdc etcbcrcjf) x nf {ft bc|rcrhg{|zcdilr c i) {|lrzf s|l c {fbf jl cr|ght r|r e|nbhfnlr) {tlrlnz |n {tfxlbzf jl ztczcjf jl ighzlr lnlnltf jl 30:= s|l hnbi|rf bfnzlg{icdc ic nl|ztcihqcbhn jl ic qfnc lnztl ifr tfr C{c x Dicnbf) if s|lhg{ihbcdc |nc tln|nbhc mhmcnzlrbc c icr {tlzlnrhfnlr s|l {ft li Ztczcjf jl Rcn Hijlefnrf ilmzhgcglnzlbfttlr{fnjcn ci [ctcm|cx. \nc g|lrztc gr jl ic d|lnc el {ft ctthdct c |n cb|ltjf rczhrecbzfthf s|l liDtcrhi rl nlmctc c cbl{zct.

Cnzl lrzl tlur jh{ifgzhbf) li [ctcm|cx nfgdtctc n|luf Lnbctmcjf jl Nlmfbhfr cnzl ic Bftzl jl R.G.H.c Gcn|li Gftlhtc jl Bcrztf ln li cf 30:8) s|hln bfttltc ic ghrgc r|ltzl s|l Mliix ln if tliczhuf cighzlr. [ltf ghlnztcr ifr {ctcm|cxfr rl fb|{cdcn jli zlttlnf jh{ifgzhbf) ifr dtcrhilfr fb|{cdcn lizlttlnf ln bfneihbzf) {|lr ln lrl nzlthn rl ulthehbc ic uhficbhn jli rzcz|r s|f {ft {ctzl jli Dtcrhi) rhlnjf

s|l rdjhzfr jl R.C.H. fb|{ctfn zhlttcr bfg{tlnjhjcr ln gljhf jl ifr tfr C{c x Dicnbf) ghlnztcr s|lfztfr ucjlctfn li C{c. [ft r| {ctzl) ztf{cr dtcrhilcr e|njcdcn |n eftzn ln li i|mct bfnfbhjf bfgf [cnjl Cqbct. Li Ghnhrztf jl Tlicbhfnlr Lpzlthftlr jl [ctcm|cx Jfn Dlnhzf Uctlic {ltr|cjh ci Lnbctmcjfjl Nlmfbhfr jli Dtcrhi [ljtf jl Cibnzctc Dliilmctjl jl ic jlgftc ln ic ehtgc jl |n cb|ltjf jl ighzlr)c ic ulq s|l `cbl `hnbc{h ln ic nlblrhjcj jl jlrghihzcthqct li zltthzfthf bfg{tlnjhjf lnztl ifr tfr C{c xDicnbf.

Dliilmctjl rfrzhlnl s|l li tf Dicnbf nf lphrzl) x cnzl zci cehtgcbhn tlcihqcjc ln zfzci jlrbfnfbhghlnzfjl ic mlfmtcec {ft li Lnbctmcjf jl Nlmfbhfr jli Dtcrhi) Uctlic `cbl |n {ctnzlrhr {ctc tlelthtrl ci gc{c{|dihbcjf {ft li cightcnzl C|m|rzf Aff Gcn|li Ilultmlt) Dctn jl Glimcf) s|hln cjlgr jl rlt |ntlbfnfbhjf mlmtcef l `hrzfthcjft) bfnfbc bfgf g|x {fbfr li b|trf hnzlmtci jli tf [ctcm|cx. Uctlic if|zhihqcdc jl tleltlnbhc ln r| nfzc jli 4= jl a|ihf jl 30


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Bfnbl{bhn tlbhdh ftjln jl rlm|ht ic gctb`c x jct b|g{ihghlnzf c ic ghrhn. Ci iilmct rl b|tr |ncftjln ci alel jl ic {icqc s|hln tl{ihb s|l rl fdtl if s|l a|qmctl c r| cibcnbl . Rl {cr ci dfgdctjlfjli e|ltzl x i|lmf jli jlrlgdctbf x jl |nc `ftc jl i|b`c) ic m|ctnhbhn dtcrhilc rl tl{ilm.

Li [cn jl Cqbct rlmn jhd|af jli Bnli. J| Mtczx

Ic {cbhlnbhc {ctcm|cxc iilmctc c r| ehn c tcq jl icr jlrhnzlihmlnbhcr r|tmhjcr bfn li Lnbctmcjf jlNlmfbhfr jli Dtcrhi) Elih{l Afr [ltlhtc Ilci) s|l rlmn ifr jfb|glnzfr fehbhcilr) `cdtc ecizcjf litlr{lzf ci Rlft [tlrhjlnzl jl ic Tl{dihbc x {ft lrl gfzhuf il e|ltfn lnztlmcjcr r|r btljlnbhcilrjh{ifgzhbcr x rl jlrcz |n n|luf bfneihbzf jh{ifgzhbf bfn li Dtcrhi.

Li {tfdilgc rl hnhbh bfn ic {tlrlnzcbhn jl |n {tfxlbzf jl ztczcjf jl bfgltbhf x nculmcbhn bfn liDtcrhi {tlrlnzcjf {ft [ltlhtc Ilci c {thnbh{hfr jl 30


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Bftfnli Dltnctjhnf Dlq) ncz|tci jl ic Tl{dihbc) x ln li hnzlnzcjf ztcnr{ftzl jl ctgcr {ctc ic Tl{dihbc) rl tlzht rhn tlbhdht |nc tlr{|lrzc s|l {|rhlrl ci Mfdhltnf jl ic Tl{dihbc ln Lrzcjf jla|qmct x c{tlbhct ifr lgdctcqfr x fdrzb|ifr s|l `cdc jl {ctzl jli Mfdhltnf jl R.G.H. {ctc li ca|rzl xcttlmif jli ztczcjf jl ighzlr.

C {lrct jl zfjf R.L. li Rlft [tlrhjlnzl) iilucjf rhlg{tl jli jlrlf jl |n cttlmif) jhrhg|i zcn mtculrjlrchtlr x lrzcdilbh ln Tf jl Acnlhtf |nc n|luc Ilmcbhn ln 30


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{tlzlnrhfnlr hg{lthcilr. Li cightcnzl) cnzl ic cictgc ctmlnzhnc {ft ic {tlrlnbhc jl icr |nhjcjlr jl m|lttcjli Dtcrhi) cehtg s|l r| ghrhn ltc {cbehbc x nf `cdhlnjf lrzcjf jl dlihmltcnbhc bfn li [ctcm|cx) nfnlblrhzcdc ic ulnhc jl D|lnfr Chtlr nh jli mfdhltnf bfneljltcjf jl [ctcn) {ctc tlgfnzct li tf.

Nh rhs|hltc `cdc {crcjf g|b`f zhlg{f jli hnbhjlnzl jli ]czlt ]hzb` bfn ifr Lrzcjfr \nhjfr ln Hzc{ht)b|cnjf ic eifzc jl m|lttc hg{lthci iilmcdc c icr Ztlr Dfbcr. C|ns|l bfg{|lrzc jl ulhnzl nculr bfn grjl 34; dfbcr jl e|lmf) e|l cjultzhjf {ft icr jlelnrcr bfrzltcr jl [ctcm|cx s|l rficglnzl rltc tlbhdhjfln ghrhn {cbehbc x jl cb|ltjf c icr nftgcr jl lrzhif) c if s|l li cightcnzl Elttlhtc bfg|nhb ci ghnhrztfAfr Ecibn s|l ulnc tlulrzhjf jl {ilnh{fzlnbhcr x s|l lrzcdc jhr{|lrzf c jlact r| lrb|cjtc e|ltc jl icrcm|cr zltthzfthcilr.

Ecibn cjuhtzh c Elttlhtc s|l) {lrl c s|l zfjf li c{tlrzf dihbf jl ic ctgcjc c r| bctmf bfnrzhz|c |nchna|thc x |nc `|ghiicbhn c ic Tl{dihbc) li {tlrhjlnzl cbbljc c tlbhdhtif rhlg{tl x b|cnjf rl cuhnhltc cctthdct ln bfnjhbhfnlr {cbehbcr) bfgf bfttlr{fnjc c ic ghrhn s|l jlbc tl{tlrlnzct. $Rh {ft jlrmtcbhc{ctc cgdfr Lrzcjfr) U.L. nf s|hrhlrl {tlrzctrl c lrzl {crf bfnbhihczfthf) l hnrhrzl ln tlgfnzct li tf[ctcm|cx bfn r| e|ltqc ncuci) U.L. `cdt hnhbhcjf icr `frzhihjcjlr c ic Tl{dihbc....x bctmct bfn ictlr{fnrcdhihjcj jl cmtlrft mtcz|hzf x nf {tfufbcjf....$.

Elttlhtc cbbljh c ic cjultzlnbhc x tlgfnz li tf [ctcm|cx ln li d|s|l jl m|lttc Cgcqfncr) ln |n uhcalhnbhjlnzcjf x {fbf elihq jldhjf c s|l r| d|s|l nf lrzcdc {tl{ctcjf {ctc zcilr ztculrcr ei|uhcilr) nhbfnzcdc bfn d|lnfr {tbzhbfr s|l bfnfbhltcn c {tfe|njhjcj ic nculmcbhn {ft li tf [ctcm|cx. I|lmf jl{crct etlnzl c @|gchz rhn `cblt li rci|jf jl thmft) r|eth |nc uctcj|tc bltbc jl ic dfbc jli Dltglaf) s|lil fdihm) jlr{|r jl ictmc lr{ltc) c rfihbhzct c|phihf ci mfdhltnf jl Cr|nbhn. [|jf iilmct ci ehn c dftjfjl |nc ncul glnft) ic H{htcnmc x {tlrlnzct r|r {ilnh{fzlnbhcr ci [tlrhjlnzl I{lq. Rl `cdcn c{cmcjf ifrchtlr cttfmcnzlr jli hg{lz|frf cightcnzl jli Hg{lthf.

Li cightcnzl Elttlhtc) tlcihq r| bfttlr{fnjhlnzl tlbicgcbhn {ft ifr cmtcuhfr hnelthjfr ci Hg{lthf {ft iclp{|irhn jl r| bfghrhfncjf [ltlhtc Ilci) x lphmc s|l ${ctc |nc tl{ctcbhn r|ehbhlnzl x lehbcq rlbfnbftjctc |n ca|rzl rczhrecbzfthf s|l {|rhltc ztghnf c lrzc jlrcmtcjcdil fb|ttlnbhc$ x {ctc hnzltr xrciucm|ctjc jli jlbftf jl R.G. li Lg{ltcjft) cbl{zctc |nc rciuc jl `fnft jl ulhnzhn bcfncqfr c icdcnjltc hg{lthci) hqcjc ln ic ncul dtcrhilc. Ic rciuc rl `hqf bfn ic rfilgnhjcj jli bcrf x e|l tlr{fnjhjc{ft hm|ci ngltf jl jhr{ctfr {ft ic ctzhiiltc jli H{htcnmc.

Rfi|bhfncjf li gcilnzlnjhjf jh{ifgzhbf bcdc c`ftc ztczct ifr mtculr {tfdilgcr jl nculmcbhn xighzlr) x {ctc liif nfgdt ci mlnltci Etcnbhrbf Rficnf I{lq) {ilnh{fzlnbhcthf {ctcm|cxf. Elttlhtc rlgcnz|uf ln ic jfbzthnc jl {frlrhn x ic ucihjlq jli |zh {frrhjlzhr a|thr) {lrl c s|l ic {frlrhn gr

cucnqcjc jli Dtcrhi ltc ic jl Bfhgdtc) ln li {ctcilif 38


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jl {crlr cghmfr x cn |n a|hbhf ctdhztci jl cim|nf jl liifr. Icr nlmfbhcbhfnlr rl jhltfn ln gctqf x cdthijl 30


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rltc |nc ulq gr uhficjf {ft li Dtcrhi bfn icr e|njcbhfnlr s|l tlcihqctc c {frzlthfth jl if cbftjcjf bfn[ctcn`fr. Lrzcr ztcnrmtlrhfnlr ci ztczcjf Dltmlr'[ctcn`fr bfgf ci {tfzfbfif ehtgcjf lnztl EtcnbhrbfRficnf I{lq x li Dctn jl Tf Dtcnbf rl gczlthcihqctcn bfn ic btlcbhn jl ic Bfifnhc Ghihzct jlGhtcnjc (30


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Lrzc M|lttc) s|l cnzl ic nf tlrfi|bhn jl ifr {tfdilgcr ihgztfelr bfn li [ctcm|cx e|l cnzhbh{cjc g|b`fcnzlr ln li [cticglnzf x ln ic Bftzl Hg{lthci jli Dtcrhi) ulnc rhlnjf cn|nbhcjc jlrjl s|l ln li cf 3022li {fizhbf [c|ihnf Afr Rfctlr jl Rf|qc rlnzlnbhctc s|l1 $Rfglnzl c m|lttc {fjltc) nf jlrczct) gcrluhzct lrcr jhehb|ijcjlr$. Ln lrl ghrgf rlnzhjf rl lp{tlr li lp{|ircjf jh{ifgzhbf dtcrhilf [ltlhtcIlci) bfnehtgcjf ln r|r glgfthcr c r| tlzhtf jli [ctcm|cx) ci zhlg{f s|l ucthfr rlbzftlr jl ic f{frhbhnjlbcn s|l1 $Rltc |nc ulilhjcj {|lthi s|ltlt czlttct bfn |n rhg|icbtf ci Mfdhltnf jli [ctcm|cx$.

Ln 30


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rlglacnzl6 Rh li [ctcm|cx zhlnl ln ctgcr 0);;; `fgdtlr jl latbhzf {ltgcnlnzl) jl ifr b|cilr 4);;;lrzn ln icr etfnzltcr) lr j|jfrf s|l nfrfztfr {fjcgfr cmtljhtif bfn glnfr jli jfdil. X nf zlnjtc ici|b`c |n zlcztf gcxft6. Nf rl rcdl s|l `lgfr `lthjf ln hm|cilr b|lrzhfnlr jl ighzlr x ln icnculmcbhn jli Cgcqfncr x Gcjlhtc ifr hnzltlrlr jl Dfihuhc6. Nf rl rcdl ehnciglnzl s|l ic rhz|cbhnnfr lr `fx jlrecuftcdil ln zfjf li Tf jl ic [iczc6. Zfjf cbfnrlac ln lrzl gfglnzf ic ztcnrcbbhn s|l{tf{fnmf dcaf ic tlr{fnrcdhihjcj hnjhuhj|ci jl gh ufzf. Jhal s|l {fjtcgfr `cblt ic m|lttc bfn ulnzcac)c|ns|l c g|b`f bfrzf? x icr bhtb|nrzcnbhcr cbz|cilr jli latbhzf x jl ic ctgcjc nf {ltghzln bfnrltuctlr{ltcnqcr ihrfnaltcr jl g|b`c r|ltzl ln li {thnbh{hf jl ic i|b`c. X cs| jldf zfbct ln li izhgf ctzb|ifjl icr hnzlt{licbhfnlr. Li Rt. Zcuctlr Dcrzfr bfnzhnc `cbhlnjf |nc ln|gltcbhn jl ifr d|s|lr jlm|lttc s|l {frll li hg{lthf x jl{iftc r| gci lrzcjf. Il hnzltt|g{l li {tlrhjlnzl r| jhrb|trf) {ltfjlr{|r cmtlmc li jh{|zcjf1 [ltjfnl U.L.? btlf s|l lrzfx ln ic gczlthc s|l rl jhrb|zl? s|hltf lpcghnctifr gljhfr jl s|l {|ljl jhr{fnlt li mfdhltnf ln li bcrf jl |nc m|lttc ei|uhci. U.L. rcdl s|l ln icm|lttc ei|uhci n|lrztf {thglt lgdctcqf lr ic eftzcilqc jl @|gchz? lrzc eftzcilqc lrz {ltelbzcglnzlm|ctnlbhjc jl ctzhiiltc jl mt|lrf bcihdtl? bfifbcjc ln |nc {ls|lc lilucbhn ln li i|mct ln s|l li tf`cbl |nc mtcn u|lizc) jlrbthdhlnjf |n bfjf) lp{fnl c ifr d|s|lr s|l {crcrln c rlt jlrzt|hjfrtlbhdhlnjf li e|lmf {ft ic {tfc) {ft li bfrzcjf x {ft ic {f{c. Nf lr {tfdcdil s|l |n d|s|l jl gcjltctlrhrzc zcn ebhiglnzl. B|i `c rhjf ic rfi|bhn s|l rl il `c fb|tthjf ci Rt. Ghnhrztf jl Gcthnc6. Ic jlc{ihbct ifr d|s|lr jl bftcqc c ic m|lttc ei|uhci. U.L. ul {ft if zcnzf s|l lrzfx {ltelbzcglnzl ln ic ftjlnjli jc. Li {tlrhjlnzl jl ic bgctc u|liul c hnzltt|g{ht ci jh{|zcjf) tlbfnuhnhnjfil {ft `cdltrl rcihjfe|ltc jli cr|nzf s|l `c gfzhucjf ic hnzlt{licbhn) x li Rt. Zcuctlr tlr{fnjl1 Nf s|hltf bfnztcthct cU.L.) ufx c bfnbi|ht. Btlf `cdltil jlgfrztcjf ci nfdil ghnhrztf jl nlmfbhfr lpztcnaltfr s|l nf lrzcgfr{tl{ctcjfr {ctc |nc m|lttc bfn li [ctcm|cx) s|l nf lr {frhdil c{lict c icr dczltcr jl bftcqc) s|l lr{tlbhrf eftg|ict |nc ztcnrcbbhn s|l ctgfnhbl ifr hnzltlrlr jl zfjfr rhn felnjlt ic jhmnhjcj jl ncjhl.[ltf rh li mfdhltnf {tlzlnjl {ltrhrzht ln |nc jhtlbbhn f{|lrzc) nf rl lnmcl bfn icr ecnzcrcr jln|lrztf {fjlt gctzhgf f jl n|lrztc mtcnjlqc ghihzct1 {hlnrl gcj|tcglnzl rfdtl icr zlg{lrzcjlr s|l rlilucnzcn cglncqcjftcr ln li `fthqfnzl. Ln bhtb|nrzcnbhcr zcn mtculr) li cf jl 30


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ohiglztfr) lpzlnjhnjfrl jlr{|r `crzc ic Icmfc jfr [czfr) etlnzl ci Tf Mtcnjl jl Rcn [ljtf)eftgcnjf ic etfnzltc flrzl x r|t jli Dtcrhi lnztl lrl {cr) ic Dcnjc Fthlnzci x Gfnzluhjlf.

C r| ulq) li Bftfnli jl Ctzhiiltc dlimc Cidltz If|hr @|dltz M`hrichn Gctdchr j| Mtczx (dctfn) s|lc{ctlbl ln fztcr fdtcr bfgf Cietljf J|mtczx f Dctn jl Mtczx e|l Rlbtlzcthf jl Lrzcjf ln ifrGhnhrzlthfr jl Tlicbhfnlr Lpzlthftlr x jl @cbhlnjc jl ic Tl{dihbc Ctmlnzhnc) x cghmf jl \ts|hqc) {ftif s|l bfnfbc g|x dhln ic tlmhn jli Tf jl ic [iczc. Cjlgr) r|r bfnfbhghlnzfr bhlnzehbfr il `hbhltfnGhlgdtf Bfttlr{fnrci jl ic Rfbhljcj Mlfmtehbc) jl ic Rfbhljcj Mlfimhbc) x Ghlgdtf bfttlr{fnrci{ctc ic bicrl jl icr bhlnbhcr jli Czlnlf jl icr Ctzlr jl [ctr) lzb. J| Mtczx e|l zcgdhn Bfglnjcjft jl icFtjlg jl Bthrzf x Fehbhci jl ic Ftjln Hg{lthci jl ic Tfrc jli Dtcrhi? Bcdciiltf jl ic Ftjln jl Ilf{fijfjl Dimhbc) jli m|hic Tfac jl [t|rhc) jl Bctifr HHH jl Lr{cc) lzb. Ln r| ihdtf Ic Tl{|dihs|l j|[ctcm|cx ljhzcjf ln Dt|rlicr x Ifnjtlr ln 3054 x ln lrl ghrgf cf ztcj|bhjc ci bcrzliicnf {ft liLnbctmcjf jl Nlmfbhfr jli [ctcm|cx ln [ctr) Jfn Bctifr Bciuf. J| Mtczx) tlehthnjfrl c icr etfnzltcrlnztl li [ctcm|cx x li Dtcrhi jlbc1 Lrzc inlc {ctlbl s|l jldl rlt ic s|l rlm|htc) jlrjl li tf [ctcn)li tf Xulnlgc `crzc r| e|lnzl) zfgcnjf jlr{|r icr ciz|tcr jl icr gfnzccr `crzc icr e|lnzlr jli tfDicnbf) ln icr gfnzccr jl Ncdhils|l (cbz|ci Nhfcb6) x rhm|hlnjf ln ehn lrzl `crzc r| lgdfbcj|tc ln litf [ctcm|cx1 lrc rltc ic etfnzltc lnztl ifr jfr mtcnjlr tfr [ctcn x [ctcm|cx? ln b|cnzf c ic jl ic{ctzl jli B`cbf x ci fthlnzl jli [ctcn) nf lphrzl nhnm|nc jhehb|izcj) {|lr jl |nc {ctzl rl `c bfnulnhjfln zfgct li tf Nlmtf) x jl fztc li ghrgf tf [ctcn) `crzc li tf mtcnjl jl B|thzhd. Li tf Hulnlhgc)hnjhbcjf {ctc etfnzltc jl ic {ctzl jli [ctcn) nf fetlbl {lta|hbhf cim|nf ci jltlb`f jli Dtcrhi) {|lr ifr[ftz|m|lrlr acgr `cn zlnhjf lrzcdilbhghlnzfr ci r|t) ghlnztcr s|l ifr Lr{cfilr bfns|hrzctfn xfb|{ctfn li M|cxt) s|l cibcnqcdc c ic ciz|tc jli tf Hulnlhgc x cii e|njctfn ic Bh|jcj Tlci) rfdtl icthdltc hqs|hltjc jli [ctcn ln 3


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$[ctc luhzct icr jhrb|rhfnlr x m|lttcr s|l ztcln bfnrhmf icr b|lrzhfnlr jl ighzlr) s|ljc lrzcdilbhjf s|lifr cihcjfr lphmhtn jli Mfdhltnf jli [ctcm|cx s|l blildtl bfn ifr tlr{lbzhufr Mfdhltnfr) ztczcjfrjlehnhzhufr jl ighzlr rfdtl icr dcrlr rhm|hlnzlr1

Ic Tl{dihbc Ctmlnzhnc rlt jhuhjhjc jl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx) {ft ifr tfr [ctcn x [ctcm|cx`crzc lnbfnztct ifr ighzlr bfn li Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhi) rhlnjf rzfr {ft ic gctmln jli tf [ctcm|cx x icDc`c Nlmtc.

Li Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhi rl jhuhjht jl ic Tl{dihbc jli [ctcm|cx1 Jli icjf jli [ctcn) {ft li {thglt tfjldcaf jli Rcizf jl icr Rhlzl Bcjcr) s|l rlmn ic tlbhlnzl bctzc jl Gf|b`lq) lr li Hm|tlx) x jlrjl iclgdfbcj|tc jli Hm|tlx) x {ft i ctthdc `crzc lnbfnztct r|r ncbhlnzlr. Jli icjf jl ic gctmln hqs|hltjcjli [ctcm|cx) {ft li tf C{c) jlrjl r| lgdfbcj|tc `crzc r|r ncbhlnzlr. Ln li hnzlthft jl icr b|gdtlr jlicr rhlttcr jli Gdctcbcx) rhlnjf icr ultzhlnzlr jli Lrzl jli Dtcrhi x icr jli Flrzl jli [ctcm|cx) xzhtnjfrl jl ic ghrgc rhlttc inlcr icr gr jltlb`cr) ln jhtlbbhn c icr ncbhlnzlr jli C{c x jli Hm|tlx$.

Ln ic {ctzl ehnci jli ctzhb|if PUHHH lp{tlrc1 $Lrzl ztczcjf rl gcnzlnjt rlbtlzf) `crzc s|l rl bfnrhmc liehn {thnbh{ci jl ic cihcnqc$.

Rlm|hjcglnzl {ft li [tfzfbfif r|{ilglnzcthf) ifr rlftlr cihcjfr cb|ltjcn1 $S|l ln bfnrlb|lnbhc jliZtczcjf... rl `ctn jlgfilt icr eftzhehbcbhfnlr jl @|gchz) x ln cjlicnzl nf rl {ltghzhtc s|l rlilucnzcrln fztcr jl hm|ci ncz|tcilqc...

S|l rhlnjf |nc jl icr gljhjcr nlblrcthcr {ctc mctcnzht ic {cq bfn li Mfdhltnf s|l rl lrzcdilqbc ln li[ctcm|cx) nf jlact ctgcr nh lilglnzfr jl m|lttc) icr s|l rl lnbfnztctln rltn jhuhjhjcr {ft {ctzlrhm|cilr lnztl ifr cihcjfr.

S|l ifr ztfelfr x dfzn s|l e|ltfn zfgcjfr ci lnlghmf rl jhuhjhtn lnztl ifr cihcjfr s|l `cxcn `lb`f icbc{z|tc$.

Li Hg{lthf jli Dtcrhi) mtcn ulnbljft hg{fnjtc gcn| ghihzcth ic inlc {tlzlnjhjc jli C{c x tlbfnfbltc cr| lnzltc ufi|nzcj ci jhrb|zhjf tf Hm|tlx glnbhfncjf ln li Ztczcjf jl 3===.

IC EHTGC JLI ZTCZCJF JL IGHZLR IFHQCMC BFZLMH[L LNZTL IC TL[DIHBCJLI [CTCM\CX x LI HG[LTHF JLI DTCRHI

C`ftc s|hln rl c{|tcdc {ft tlrfiult icr b|lrzhfnlr jl ighzlr ltc li Dtcrhi. I|lmf jli etcbcrf jl icrbfneltlnbhcr iilucjcr c bcdf ln D|lnfr Chtlr ln 30=3 x 30=4) luhzcnjf s|l li [ctcm|cx tlb|{ltcrl r|rfdltcnc) Dtcrhi jlbhjh c{ctzctrl jli Ztczcjf jl ic Cihcnqc {ctc nlmfbhct jhtlbzcglnzl bfn li [ctcm|cxrhn ic {ctzhbh{cbhn jl ic Ctmlnzhnc. Lrzc izhgc) hnjhmncjc bfn zci jlbhrhn {tfzlrz) bfnjln x bfnr{htbfnztc ic {ltehjhc dtcrhilc) gr nf rl cnhg c jlbictct ic m|lttc. Ic {fizhbc {ctcm|cxc ln lrl lnzfnblrltc {tfe|njcglnzl hnei|lnbhcjc {ft icr ecbbhfnlr lpztcnaltcr) x rl rlnzc rlj|bhjc {ft ic cehnhjcj b|iz|tcis|l zlnc bfn li Tf jl ic [iczc) ic b|ci ltc cucrciicjc {ft li eltfq latbhzf dtcrhilf jl fb|{cbhn.

Jlr{|r s|l ic bfneltlnbhc jl Cr|nbhn tlr|izctc ln |n n|luf etcbcrf) [ctcn`fr) xc Uhqbfnjl jl ThfDtcnbf {ltf {ft lnzfnblr gr bfnfbhjf bfgf f Uhttlx jf [ctcm|ch) d|rb li c{fxf jli Bfnrlaf jlLrzcjf {ctc nlmfbhct {ft rl{ctcjf. Gcn|li Etcnbhrbf Bfttlhc) ghnhrztf Dtcrhilf jl Tlicbhfnlr) {icnzlcnzl li Bfnrlaf ic {frhdhihjcj jl s|l li Dtcrhi ztczctc bfn li [ctcm|cx jhtlbzcglnzl. Li Bfnrlaf bfnrhjlts|l bcjc cihcjf zlnc li jltlb`f jl nlmfbhct hnjl{lnjhlnzlglnzl ln bcrf jl jlrcb|ltjf. Bfttlhc c|zfthqc A|cn Gc|thbhf ]cnjltilx) dctn jl Bfzlmh{l) |n {fizhbf r|gcglnzl `dhi) c {tfrlm|ht icr

nlmfbhcbhfnlr. Ghlnztcr zcnzf) cb|r ci bczljtzhbf x {ilnh{fzlnbhcthf ctmlnzhnf Gcn|li S|hnzcnc)lnlghmf jl ic cihcnqc) jli etcbcrf jl ic bfneltlnbhc jl Cr|nbhn) rfrzlnhlnjf s|l ifr {tfzfbfifrehtgcjfr ln D|lnfr Chtlr ln 30=;'30=3 rlnzcdcn icr dcrlr {ctc ic {cq x S|hnzcnc nf zlnc jltlb`f cb|lrzhfnct if xc tlr|lizf.

Bfzlmh{l jhthmc jlrjl ic Ilmcbhn jli Dtcrhi ic {fizhbc hnzltncbhfnci jli [ctcm|cx. Li ghnhrztf dtcrhilf{tfrhm|h cehtgcnjf s|l ic bfnj|bzc jl S|hnzcnc fdihmcdc ci Dtcrhi c nlmfbhct ifr ztczcjfr jlehnhzhufrbfn li [ctcm|cx) rhn ic {ctzhbh{cbhn jl ic cihcjc Ctmlnzhnc? S|hnzcnc) bfn ifr nhgfr tlj|bhjfr {ft nffdzlnlt li B`cbf {ctc r| {cr) hnzlnz c{icqct icr nlmfbhcbhfnlr {ctcm|cxf'dtcrhilcr b|cnjf ci


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c|rlnzctrl jli {cr) jhaf s|l tlzftnctc ln dtlul. Ltc luhjlnzl s|l ic jh{ifgcbhc dtcrhilc rl lg{lcdc lnluhzct ic tlbfnrzt|bbhn jli Uhttlhnczf jli Tf jl ic [iczc gljhcnzl ic |nhn jl icr ncbhfnlr jl ic tlmhn.

B|cis|hlt ztczcjf jl ighzlr bfgf li s|l xc {tlzlnjc li Dtcrhi {ctc jlihnlct r|r {tf{hcr etfnzltcr) uhficdclp{tlrcglnzl li ctzb|if UH jli Ztczcjf jl ic Zth{il Cihcnqc) s|l lphmc {ltelbzf cb|ltjf lnztl zfjfr) rhnlgdctmf) hngljhczcglnzl i|lmf jl ic {ctzhjc jl S|hnzcnc) li 3< x 35 jl jhbhlgdtl jl 30=3) li Ghnhrztfjl Tlicbhfnlr Lpzlthftlr jli [ctcm|cx Jfghnmf Cnzfnhf Ftzhq lnuh |nc rlthl jl nfzcr c Bfzlmh{l)jfnjl rl icglnzcdc jl s|l icr nlmfbhcbhfnlr rl jhiczcdcn {fts|l ifr cihcjfr nf {fjcn {fnltrl jlcb|ltjf) x s|l lrzf c|glnzcdc li jlrbfnbhltzf s|l {lrcdc rfdtl li e|z|tf jli [ctcm|cx. Bfzlmh{l c r| ulqbfnzlrz s|l lrzcdc jhr{|lrzf c bfglnqct icr nlmfbhcbhfnlr ln b|cnzf li {tlrhjlnzl Rciucjft RhiulrztlAfuliicnfr M|cnlr) rfglzhjf c ic ufi|nzcj hg{lthci) nfgdtcrl c |n {ilnh{fzlnbhcthf. Lrzcr nfzcr jl Ftzhq{tfdcdilglnzl e|ltfn tljcbzcjcr bfn ic cgcdil crhrzlnbhc jl Bfzlmh{l. Tlbhn li < jl lnltf jl 30=4)Afuliicnfr lnbfglnj c r| n|luf ghnhrztf jl Tlicbhfnlr) Afr Ecibn) s|hln `cdc rhjf e|nbhfncthf jlifr mfdhltnfr jl Bctifr Cnzfnhf x Etcnbhrbf Rficnf I{lq) x c Bctifr Ifhqcmc ic zctlc jl nlmfbhcjftlr.Ci lphmht Ecibn) mtcn bfnfbljft jl ifr jltlb`fr {ctcm|cxfr rfdtl li zltthzfthf jhr{|zcjf) s|l bcjc {ctzl{tlrlnzctc icr {t|ldcr jli zltthzfthf ln b|lrzhn) Bfzlmh{l jlbhjh s|l nf {fjc ihjhct bfn li cnbhcnfbfnfbljft jl ifr zz|ifr s|l jlihghzcdcn li zltthzfthf bfn li Dtcrhi (jfb|glnzfr s|l `cdcn rhjfjlrc{ctlbhjfr b|hjcjfrcglnzl {ft [ctcn`fr) i|lmf jli rcs|lf ci Ctb`huf Ncbhfnci s|l rhm|h c icDczciic jl [hthdld|x x s|l rl lnb|lnztcn bczcifmcjfr bfgf Bfilf Tf Dtcnbf. Ecibn btlc ln ic{tfglrc jl ic ihdtl jhrb|rhn jl ifr zz|ifr l hnuhz c Bfzlmh{l c lp{fnlt ifr jl r| {cr. Afuliicnfrcbbljh ci {ljhjf jli dctn jl tlgfult c Ecibn) x i|lmf jl ic tln|nbhc jl rzl) hngljhczcglnzl nfgdtci cnbhcnf Ifhqcmc {ilnh{fzlnbhcthf nhbf) bfn s|hln c Bfzlmh{l il tlr|izcdc gr ebhi nlmfbhct.

Thbctjf Rbcufnl Xlmtfr) ln ic hnztfj|bbhn s|l `cbl c ifr Lrz|jhfr jl Afr Ecibn rfdtl ifr ighzlr jli[ctcm|cx glnbhfnc s|l li ghrgf lp{tlrcdc s|l) bfgf lrzcdc c ic uhrzc jl zfjf li g|njf) nf `cnlphrzhjf {fdicbhfnlr cnzlr jl ic tlbhlnzl m|lttc) s|l ({|jhlrln jct jltlb`f ci Dtcrhi) bfgf rlci jl{frlrhn rfdtl li zltthzfthf bfnztfultzhjf. Cmtlm s|l li Hg{lthf `cdc zlnzcjf g|b`cr ulblr btlctrl|n jltlb`f s|l nf zhlnl) bfn icr {fdicbhfnlr bicnjlrzhncr ln icr zhlttcr jhr{|zcjcr) x jl jfnjl e|ltfnicnqcjfr b|cnzcr ulblr if `cn `lb`f. Ci bfnbi|ht) lp{|rf if rhm|hlnzl1 @fx bfn gfzhuf jl ic m|lttc xjli zth|nef s|l cibcnqctfn r|r ctgcr rfdtl n|lrztc jlrmtcbhcjc {czthc) `cdtn {|lrzf xc _ifrdtcrhilfrW r|r lrzcdilbhghlnzfr) {ctc ulnht c hg{fnltnfr ln li ztczcjf jlehnhzhuf s|l rl lr{ltc) icfdihmcbhn jl tlbfnfbltilr bfgf {tf{hfr jli Dtcrhi) zfjc ic jltlb`c jli C{c) x c|n ln icr {tlrlnzlrbhtb|nrzcnbhcr ln s|l rl lnb|lnztc li [ctcm|cx) {fjtn {tlzlnjlt `crzc li bftcqn jl ic Tl{dihbc) {ctc s|l jl lrzl gfjf s|ljln {ltelbzcglnzl b|g{ihjcr icr lrbcnjcifrcr lrzh{|icbhfnlr jli ztczcjfrlbtlzf jl 3 jl gcxf jl 305


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Bfnmtlrf) hmnftcnzlr jl s|l Bfzlmh{l lrzcdc cmcqc{cjf ln |nc `cdhzcbhn bfnzhm|c) rhm|hlnjf bcjcgfglnzf jl ic tl|nhn) s|hln c{ctlbh ln li gfglnzf a|rzf {ctc) bfn |nc rfnthrc) mctcnzhqct s|l r|ncbhn rl f{fnjtc c b|cis|hlt tlbicgf jl zhlttc jl {ctzl jl ic ulbhnc Ctmlnzhnc. Ifr ztlr ztczcjfr e|ltfntczhehbcjfr bcrh rhn nhnm|nc fdalbhn li 5 jl eldtltf jli ghrgf cf {ft li [ctcm|cx) x li 45 jl gctqf jl30=4 {ft R| Cizlqc Hg{lthci ic [thnblrc Tlmlnzl Hrcdli jli Dtcrhi.

C bcgdhf jl s|l Dtcrhi nf fdihm|l ci [ctcm|cx c {cmct |nc bfg{lnrcbhn jl m|lttc s|l {fjtc r|{ltctifr *2;;.;;;.;;; {lrfr ftf) rlmn li ghnhrztf cglthbcnf Af`n I. Rzlulnr) ic Ctmlnzhnc {cmcdc li {tlbhfjl `cdltrl |nhjf ci Dtcrhi {ctc jlrzt|ht ci [ctcm|cx. Zcgdhn glnbhfncdc ic |tmlnbhc jl s|l icrtl{dihbcr jli Tf jl ic [iczc rl |ncn {ctc {fjlt eftgct |n etlnzl bfg{cbzf bfnztc ic zft{l x lnmficjcbhuhihqcbhn jli Hg{lthf) |nhn s|l ltc |nf jl ifr ecnzcrgcr jl icr tlicbhfnlr lpzlthftlr dtcrhilcr. E|lcr bfgf li [ctcm|cx cbbljh c nf bljlt li Mtcn B`cbf c ic Ctmlnzhnc) b|xc b|lrzhn s|lj{thgltcglnzl dcaf ctdhztcal hnzltncbhfnci jli [tlrhjlnzl jl ifr Lrzcjfr \nhjfr jl Cgthbc T|z`lteftjDhtb`ctj @cxlr ln r| ic|jf ctdhztci lnztl li [ctcm|cx x ic Ctmlnzhnc x jlr{|r c {t|ldc jl m|lttc j|tcnzlic jlelnrc ncbhfnci ln ic n|lucglnzl rcnmthlnzc M|lttc jli B`cbf s|l z|uf s|l lnetlnzct c |n zfjcucjdhi [ctcm|cx bfnztc Dfihuhc lnztl ifr cfr 3824'382


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Gc{c 3 cg{ihcjf

GC[C JL CTTF]RGHZ@ (4

Gc{c 4? cg{ihcbhn jli gc{c jl Cctfn Cttf}rghz`) 303:


48/53

Gc{c 4? qffg jl ic cg{ihcbhn

GC[C JL DT\L (2

Gc{c 2? cg{ihcbhn jli gc{c jl Cjthln @|dltz Dt|l) 3045


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Gc{c 2) qffg jl ic cg{ihcbhn

GC[C JL GCIZL'DT\N (:

Gc{c :? cg{ihcbhn jli gc{c jl Bfntcj Gcizl Dt|n) 302=


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GC[C JL GLXLT (


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GC[C JL BFIZFN (5

Gc{c 5? cg{ihcbhn jli gc{c jl M.]. Bfizfn) 3058

Gc{c 5? qffg jl ic cg{ihcbhn


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DHDIHFMTCEC

' CDTL\) Gcnfli Bctjfrf jl. Jhultzhglnzf Cjghtuli. Tluhrzc jf Hnrzhz|zf @hrzthbf lMlfmt{`hbf jl Rf [c|if. Rf [c|if) 38;4.

' CM\HTTL) A|cn Etcnbhrbf. Jhrb|trf @hrzthbf rfdtl li [ctcm|cx. \nhfn Cbcjghs|lHnzltnczhfncil x Cbcjlghc Ncbhfnci jl ic @hrzfthc) D|lnfr Chtlr) 4;;2.

' CIDH JL IC B\LRZC) A|ihf. Ic jlelnrc jl icr Hnjhcr (3=5:'3=88. Ljhbhfnlr B|iz|tc@hr{nhbc) Gcjthj) 380=.

' C\JHDLTZ) Cilacnjtf. Ifr ighzlr jl ic Cnzhm|c [tfuhnbhc jli [ctcm|cx. Lj. Ic Lbfnfgcjl H|rzfnh @ltgcnfr x Bfg{cc) D|lnfr Chtlr) 3084.

' CQCTC) Eihp jl. Glgfthcr rfdtl li Lrzcjf T|tci jli Tf jl ic [iczc ln 30;3. Hg{tlnzc jlRnb`lq) Gcjthj) 30:=.

' DCTHI) U.I. Bfgzl jl ic @|tl. IkLg{htl j| Dtrhi. Eltjhncnj Rctzfth|r) Ihdtchtl Ljhzl|t)[ctr) 3054.

' DLNZLQ) A|rzf [crzft. Bctifr Cnzfnhf I{lq. Lj. Cxcb|b`f) D|lnfr Chtlr) 38:8.' DFBBHC TFGCCB@) Cietljf. [ctcm|cx x Dtcrhi1 Btnhbcr jl r|r bfneihbzfr. Ljhzfthci Li

Ilbzft) Cr|nbhn) 4;;;.' DFP) [li`cn @ftzfn. Ifr ftmlnlr jl ic M|lttc jli [ctcm|cx. Ljhzfthci Ic Bfiglnc R.C.)

Cr|nbhn) 3825.' DTCRHI) Gctc jf Bctgf. Dtcrhi l [ftz|mci nf {ltfjf {fgdcihnf1 fb|{cf mlflrztczmhbc jl

Gczf Mtfrrf. HU Bfnmtlrrf Hnzltncbhfnci jl Lrz|jfr Hdltfcglthbcnfr) [ftzf Cilmtl) 4;;;.' BCIJLTN S\HACNF) Afr Cnzfnhf. @hrzfthc jl icr eftzhehbcbhfnlr lr{cficr ln Cgthbc x

Ehih{hncr) Gc{etl) Gcjthj) 388=.' BTBCNF) Ghm|li nmli. Ic {fizhbc hnzltncbhfnci ln ic `hrzfthc ctmlnzhnc) D|lnfr Chtlr)

L\JLDC) 38=4.' B@CULR) A|ihf Brct. Li [tlrhjlnzl I{lq. Uhjc x Fdtc jl Jfn Bctifr. Jl{cigc) D|lnfr

Chtlr) 3850.' JCUHR) Ctz`|t @. Gctzhn Z. Gb Gc`fn) Jh{ifgzhbf ln li lrzthjft jl icr ctgcr. Lj.

Ihzfbfift) Cr|nbhn) 380


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' R.[.G. Lrzbhf jc Ulhmc. Mhdtcizct l Fihulnc1 c{|nzcglnzfr {ctc c `hrzthc jc |r|t{cfjlrzcr j|cr {tccr. Gcthf Tliucr) Ihrdfc) 385=.

' ZCS\LR) [ljtf jl Ciglhjc [clr Ilgl. @hrzthc jc Bc{hzcnc jl Rf Uhblnzl. Ljhlr jfRlncjf Eljltci) Ufi. 4

INTRODUCCIÓN A LAS CAUSAS DE LA DISPUTA TERRITORIAL ENTRE EL IMPERIO DEL BRASIL Y REPÚBLICA DEL...

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