IDEAS MAGAZINE Edition 2.pdf

7/22/2019 IDEAS MAGAZINE Edition 2.pdf

1/352


2/352

FZW LC__CFA

[f prjpmrj tflfrrfws djmkjrsgy jkuomtcan tej lcak,

strjantejacan tej gfky,mak kjvjdfpcan oemrmotjr.

7


3/352

JDJO[WFACO YZGDC_ECAN ODM__Lmrm Ymudm Lmrtajz- =9te NrmkjLcoejddj Lfra- =9te NrmkjKmacjdm _mdl - =9te NrmkjMnustcam Kjmlgrfsc - =9te NrmkjOmrfdcam Ejrrjrm - =9te NrmkjLmrm Mdcocm @rmaof - =9te Nrmkj

[mec Embcl- =9te NrmkjHuma @jdcpj Jsofgmr- =9te NrmkjYmudm Zrkmajtm- =9te NrmkjPmdjatcam Duam - =9te NrmkjDcdmoe Ocrudacb - ==te Nrmkj@jdcpj Ymdmocfs- ==te NrmkjMdgjrtf Befukmrc- =9te Nrmkj@cfam Wmcbjs- =9te NrmkjMdjhmakrf Yjm - =9te NrmkjHuma @jdcpj Pcddjnms - =9te Nrmkj

OFDDMGFWM[FW_Mlgjr Djmnuj - Jandcse Dct. & Eulfr

Maaj Nrjnfry- Yrj MY GcfdfnyGjmtrcz Nutcrrjz Ofdflgcm js YmscaGjmtrcz Cndjscms Jandcse =9Grcma FOfaafr Yrj Mp. _focmd _tukcjsOdmukcm Ojra- @rmaomcsOrcstcam Ljhm- Jspmfd 3Nucddjrlf Lcam- @cdfsf`mHjssj [manja - JandcseBmrja Gdjsnrmj`t- GcfdfnyBjvca Xman - OecajsjNuzla Hudcf- Kcnctmd Ljkcm =9-=7Lmrof [udcf Nljz _focmdjs ==

Lmrtem Smacrm [frrjs Yrj MY Dct.Yjtjr Gmnamdd - Lmte 3-=9Wmakmdd @jakjrsfa - EjmdteWfsmdgm @cnujrfm Jspmfd =7_makrm Hmajr Jspmfd 3-=9_matcmnf Mrrfyf _focmdjs =9_usmam Omstjddmafs- Jspmfd ==-=7[rjvfr [fkk Jandcse Dct. & Hust.

JKC[FW_Nuzla Hudcf - Jdjotrfaco Yugdcsecan [jmoejrLmrm Ymudm Lmrtajz - =9te NrmkjLcoejddj Lfra - =9te Nrmkj

Kmacjdm _mdl - =9te

NrmkjDMSFZ[ & OFPJWNuzla Hudcf- [jmoejr

YCO[ZWJ_ & YMCA[CAN__tmdca Dpjz- Yeftfnrmpey - Nrmpeco Kjscna - MY MrtYmtrcocm Manjd - Orm`t - ?K _oudpturj - Mkv. Mrt

YWFKZO[CFAJdjotrfaco Yugdcsecan Odmss

YWCA[JK GSOclm Clprjsfrjs J.Z.

_pjocmd temabs8_emysmaa Bmua (E_ Yrcaocpmd) & E._. [jmoejrs

OfdjncfAZJPM NWMAMKMOrm 7 Jstj A >9 - 79 Gfnft, OfdflgcmYGU (:>=) 7=7 ?: == - www.oan.jku


4/352?CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

Faj f` Ofdjncf Aujvm Nrmamkms nfmds cs tf kjvjdfp stukjats tmdjatsmak mgcdctcjs. [ej soeffd wfrbs tf orjmtj m ofl`frtmgdj mak jaemaocanjavcrfaljat wejrj stukjats mrj mddfwjk tf jxpdfrj wemt tejy mrjompmgdj f` kfcan. [ecs cs wemt CKJM_ Lmnmzcaj cs mdd mgfut. Ct cs mspmoj tf mobafwdjknj tej tclj mak j``frt temt pjfpdj emvj put ca tejcrwfrb terfunefut tej soeffd yjmr. Efwjvjr, CKJM_ cs aft m ofllfalmnmzcaj, oflgcacan kc``jrjat dmanumnjs ca cts pmnjs. Ct oemddjanjs tejofllfa `rfatcjrs f` wemt faj wfudk afrlmddy rjmk, wrctj fr pugdcse.

[ej Ckjms Lmnmzcaj ofatmcas sjvjrmd kc``jrjat tfpcos ca wecoetej wfrb f` tej stukjats cs odmsscjk. [ejsj caodukj mrtcodjs, jssmys,rjvcjws, spjjoejs, pfjls, gcfnrmpecjs, djttjrs, sefrt stfrcjs makoerfacodjs. ^ejtejr yfu mrj rjmkcan m pcjoj f` otcfa, fr m rjmd dc`jjxpjrcjaoj, ct cs clpfrtmat tf mdwmys rjljlgjr tf emvj ma fpja lcakmak dffb mt sctumtcfas terfune ftejr pjfpdjs jyjs.

[ecs lmnmzcaj cs m nrjmt fppfrtuacty `fr jvjryfaj tf djmra mgct mgfut efw OAN wfrbs, efw tej momkjlco prfnrml ofvjrs m wckjrmanj f` sughjots mak tej oemddjanjs temt stukjats `moj fa m kmcdy gmscs._tukjats mrj jxpjotjk tf `uddd ojrtmca momkjlco stmakmrks, mak catej prfojss kcsofvjr tejcr fwa strjantes mak wjmbajssjs ca frkjr tffvjroflj tejl.

Gy pugdcsecan m stukjats wfrb, wj sefw temt jkuomtcfa cs maclpfrtmat stcludmat wejrj stukjats moqucrj trmcts `fr tej rjst f` tejcrdcvjs. [ecs wmy wj lmbj ct jmsy tf uakjrstmak wey emrk wfrb cs wfrtect, mak wey ct rjmddy ejdps tf sprjmk ckjms mak oemddjanj gfuakmrcjs.^j rjmddy efpj yfu jahfy tecs jkctcfa mak ak pjrspjotcvjs mgfut tejwfrdk mak ftejr cssujs temt caspcrj jvjry scandj pjrsfa tf stmak up `fr

wemt tejy gjdcjvj.

JKC[FWCMD


5/352


6/352:CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

OFA[JACKF

MW[CODJ_ - MW[OZDF_Mrj Mlur [cnjrs fa tej Pjrnj f` Jxtcaotcfa fr m Ajw Gjncaacan. Csmgjddm Nfazmdjz, Amtmdcm Oemvjz, Fkjttj Befukmrc

_efrt Ympjr- Wjprfkuotcfa ca Ftejr Maclmds Casjots. Hmj Nyfuan FeWmtjs YF^. Pjracom @moocac

Njaj Dcabmnj mak Lmppcan. Lmrcm Mdcocm @rmaofKj`frjstmtcfa, tej Wjmd Omusj f` Odclmtj Oemanj. Jstjgma ZrcgjYF^ 0 - CLY ?. Omlcdm MrmanfYF^ = - Nrfwte f` Wmt Yfpudmtcfa. Hudcmam Wujkm, Jstjgma Zrcgj, Huma Ymgdf Yjkrmzm

=7

=;=:

=0=57977

7;7>

?9?=?7???;?5?3;9;=;?

;;;0;5;3:::0:5:30=0?

000>05>9>7

OEWFACODJ_ - OWACOM_Mdgjrt Jcastjca ]ujstcfas mak Maswjrs. Ofaafr LonfwmaFwajrs Lmaumd `fr m [jjamnj Grmca. Yrj-MY socjaoj odmss

Ly Acoj Jxpjrcjaoj ca Oecajsj Odmss. Dcam OfrtsLy Mkvjaturj Djmracan m êfdj Ajw Dmanumnj. Matfacf Hfs Ncrmdkf Grmk`frkOecajsj. Mam Duocm JoemvmrrcmOecajsj. [mtul OfoermaDm Jkuomoca ja Ofdflgcm. Makrjm YmstrmamLmakmrca =. Eyua-Sfan BwfaOecajsj Odmss. [rcam OfoermaS [j Pujdvjs Ljhfr Yjrsfam m [rmvs kjd Mlfr. Gjmtrcz Yrjocmkf_fgrjkfscs kj Oefofdmtj. Lmtcdkj MojvjkfOflf Yjrk m Lcs Ljhfrjs Mlcnms. Mafaylfus

Lc Jxpjrcjaocm ja jd [rmaslcdjacf. Pmdjatcam DuamSf emgdf df quj js af df quj af js Wjpjtm Hmcrf. Omrfdcam Ejrrjrmêmt cs m Krun. Kmacjdm YmtjracamZam Afoej @ujrm kj Jstj Luakf. _matcmnf LmrtajzJd Mà. Omrfdcam Ejrrjrm, Kmacjdm Yjrjz, Csmgjddm LmttfsWjjotcfa. _tjpemacj GftjrfWjjotcfa. Csmgjddm DuamWjjotcfa. Pjracom @moocacOracom. Orcstcam LakjzDfs Jaomatfs kj _jr Acf. Maaclf

Oracom kj Ca`maocm. MaaclfLmdm _ujrtj f Gujam _ujrtj, _fdf Kcfs _mgr. Huma Acofds _mdnmkfOracom kj uam Afoej Jxtrmm. Orcstcam _jrrmafDfs Dmkrcddfs kj Lc Pckm. @rmaocsof _jramDf ]uj Lj Jasj m _jr Oflf _fy. Lmrta @jrrjcrm


7/3520 CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

J__MS_ - JA_MSF_[ej Nrjmt Kjprjsscfa. Pjracom @moocacAcfs ja dm Omddj. Pjracom @mocaacYrfstctuoca. Lcoejddj LfraWcsbcan Jvjrytecan. Makrs @jdcpj kj @rutfsJrca Grfobfvcoe Jtecomd [jsts. _matcmnf LmrtajzGmk Ckjm. _cla Mamym_cstjr Ejdja Yrjhjma. Lmaujddm JsofrocmPcrtujs Ympjr fa Ejdja Yrjhjma ca Kjmklma ^mdbcan. Nrjnfrcf _aoejz[ej [erjj _tffnjs. Oercstfpejr Kmacjds

Huaj =3, 7993. Pmdjatcam LfnfddaDfs _jfrctfs kj dm Nujrrm. Hudcmam _mdkmrrcmnm[jrrfrcslf y Mlacstm ja Ofdflgcm y Mlrcom Dmtcam. _mrmc GfttfDf quj lj Jasj m sjr oflf sfy. Lmrta @jrrjcrmMa Matejl f` Dcgjrmtcfa mak Efpj. Cnamocf NfazdjzDm Pujdtms kj dm Pckm. Omlcdm Ymdmocfs, Makrjssm ]umkrfs, Lmtcdkj MojvjkfErfjs Fdvckmkfs. Matfacf Dmgfrkj, Jarcquj _matfs, Huma Omlcdf GjddfJd Kjrjoef kj [fkfs. Gjmtrcz Yrjocmkf_ca [tudf. Huma _mdnmkf, Kmvck Pcrnujz, Wm`mjd DjvyDms Ofsms quj Emoja dm Kc`jrjaocm. Kcjnf Wfkrnujz, Kmacjd OmlmoefDm Wjnjajrmoca. Lcoejddj BmtzLcs Clpujstfs Kjsmpmrjocjrfa. Lmrta @jrrjcrm, @jdcpj Pjdsqujz, Lfrcs BefukmrcMlfr f Pmdfr6. Maaclf

@mlcdcm f Yfkjr6.Maaclf

Dm @mlcdcm. Lmtjf ^cjsajr, @rmaocsof _jramJd Lcjkf sj Amoj f sj Emoj6. Nmgrcjdm Lfatfym, Kmacjd [frf, _mdflfa EmbclDm Kjpjakjaocm [joafdncom. Pcojatj Nfazmdjz, _cla Gjemr, Lmrta NljzDf Yfkjrfsf quj js jd Mlfr. Pmdjatcam Lfnfdda, Dmurm Ymrkf, Orcstcam LakjzDm Pjrkmkjrm Omrm kj dm Wjstmurmoca. Lmrm Ymudm LmrtajzZa Lfkjdf kj Wjvfduocfajs. Lmrm Ymudm LmrtajzJd Cacocf kj dm Nrma Ofdflgcm. Lmrm Ymudm LmrtajzKj Omlgcfs Wmkcomdjs m Omlgcfs Krstcofs. Lmrm Ymudm LmrtajzMfs kj Mvmaoj f Mfs kj Mtrmsf6. Lmrm Ymudm Lmrtajz

Dm Jofaflm y dm _focjkmk Ofnckms kj dm Lmaf. Lmrm Ymudm LmrtajzCatrfkuooca m dm Ljtm`scom. Cva Kmrf HclajzErfjs. Hfs Mdjhmakrf _cdvm, Lmrta JsofgmrCt Ofljs `rfl ^cteca. MafaylfusS tj Pujdvjs Ljhfr Yjrsfam m [rmvs kjd Mlfr. Gjmtrcz YrjocmkfMlfr6. MafaylfusDm _farcsm Yjr`jotm. Kcjnf WcaoaJd Omlgcf kjd [cjlpf. Wm`mjd DjvyJd Mlfr ja omkm uam kj dms @frlms. Nmgrcjdm LfatfymMdnf Ls kj quj Mprjakjr. Hfrnj Wfkrnujz

Pmdj dm Yjam _u`rcr pmrm [mlgca Yfkjr _jatcr6. Orcstcam JsomddaOflf jd Mlfr Omlgcm Kurmatj jd [cjlpf. MafaylfusDm Nmsfdcam kj dfs Eulmafs. @rmaocsof _jramDm Jsjaocm kjd Mlfr. _cla Gjemr_cnacomkf Jrrajf kj Mdnf Ejrlfsf. Ymgdf Fspcam

>;>:>>>5>35;5:5>5339373033=99=97=9?=9;=9:=90=95==7==?

==;==:==0==>==5==3=7?=70=?9=?>

=;;=:9=:?=0==07=0?=0:=0>=05=>9

=>==>?=>;=>0=>>


8/352>CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

YFJL_ - YFJLM_Ymrmomkms kj ]ucljrms. Lmrm Mandcom YudckfZa Kfdfr kj _mtcs`mooca. Lcam KrjzajrOfdflgcm. Lmaujddm JsofrocmOfdflgcm [cjrrm Ejrlfsm. Lmaujdm WfoemYfjlm Ofdflgcmaf. Lmlcbf AmnmsmbmLc Ymtrcm Ofdflgcm. Dmurm _mdjeOfdflgcm Ejrlfsm. MafaylfusOfdflgcm8 [cjrrm kj Mlfr. Lcam KrjzajrOfdflgcm. Jstj`macm _jnurmOfdflgcm y Lxcof. Njrmrkf Pcddjdm

Lc Amocfa.Lmrm Ojocdcm Mymdkj

Lj Dcgjrf ofa Jd [jaacs. _tmadjy XmdtmOmlgcfs. Csmgjddm NmrojsDm Lscom. _matcmnf LmrtajzKjd Efobjy m dm Lscom. Mdjhmakrf _mdkmrrcmnm

Jsorctf kjd Mlfr. Orcstcam _jrrmafJd Mlfr. Lmrm Jsofgmr[joafdfnm vs Jd Mlfr. _mdflfa EmbclJd Lcdmnrf kj dm Pckm. Kcjnf WcaoaDm Lmyfr Jxpjrcjaocm Amocfamd. Lmrm Hfs [frrjsYfr qu LZA vm lms Mdd quj uam Odmsj6. Lmrm Hfs [frrjsDm Cdmkm y dm Fkcsjm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzMs Emgd Xmrmtustrm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzJd Yraocpj. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzKfa ]uchftj kj dm Lmaoem. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzWfljf y Hudcjtm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzJd Ofkcnf Km Pcaoc. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzDm Ljtmlfr`fscs. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds Pdjz

Dfs Lcsjrmgdjs.Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds Pdjz

Dm Jaocodfpjkcm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzJd Ofatrmtf _focmd. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzJd Kjomljra. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzDm Kcvcam Ofljkcm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzGjfwud`. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzDm Jajckm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzJkcpf Wjy j Ecpdctf. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzDm [jfnfam. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzDm Gcgdcm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds Pdjz

Yfjlm kj Ncdnmljse. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds Pdjz79 Yfjlms kj Mlfr y uam Omaoca Kjsjspjrmkm. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzJd Jxcstjaocmdcslf js ua Eulmacslf. Kcjnf Oempmrrf, Acofds PdjzZam Wjnjajrmoca @mddckm. Lmrm Ymudm LmrtajzDm Wjnjajrmoca, sc sj pujkj. Kmacjdm GjrjanujrDmkmbec Oudturj. Kmacjdm Omrf

=>5=57=5?=5;=50=5>=55=53=3==37=3?=3:=30

=3>=35=3379=79?79:79079>795793

7=97==7=77=?7=:7=>

77977=77777?77;77:77077>775773

7?97?=7?77??7?;



@tgfd, Mlfr Yfr Lc Afvcm. Fdcvjr AcdsjaJd Mlfr. Mdgjrtf BefukmrcJd Nfd`. Hudca HmaamJd Mlfr. _fpecm AfjdJavcrfaljatmd ^jddajss. Wuga Omrrcddf, Yecdcppj EmrgYmrmsf. MaaclfYfjlm kj Ofdflgcm. Huma Kmvck WfljrfLc ]ujrckm Ofdflgcm. Lmaujddm JsofrocmMy Lc Ofdflgcm. _mrm PmdgujamLc [cjrrm Gfymo. Wuga Omrrcddf GustfsLc Ymtrcm ]ujrckm. Yjkrf Pcrnujz AmrvjmzYfjlm kj Ofdflgcm. Nmgrcjd _jcahjtOfdflgcm, Zam Amoca. Mlmkm Ofa YmscaOfdflgcm Lc [cjrrm. _tjpemacj HmrmlcddfDj Pfymnj. Hfs Mdjhmakrf _ccdvmYfjlm m Ofdflgcm. Omrfdcam EjrrjrmOfdflgcm kj Ofrmza. Orcstcam OemlmsOmatf Jd Orjmkfr kj Jstruoturm. @jkjrcof JsnujrrmOfdflgcm. Omlcdm DuqujOfdflgcm. Lc Pjrkmkjrm [cjrrm. Makrs PjnmOfdflgcm. [cjrrm kj Mlfr. Lcam KrjzajrOfdflgcm. Jstj`macm _jnurmLc Amoca. Lmrcm Ojocdcm Mymdkj

Jd Yjdcnrf kj dm Fsourckmk.Jkumrkf Pmrnms

Ofdflgcm. Fdcvjr AcdsjaOfdflgcm. ^fa wff OemAujstrf Yrfpcf Hujnf. Lcoejddj BmtzOfdflgcm. Lc Pjrkmkjrm [cjrrm. Makrs PjnmOfdflgcm. Omlcdm DuqujDfs Oefdflgcmafs. Kmvck OurjJd Ydmojr kj dm Ofocam y sus Omrrjrms. @jkjrcof JsnujrrmJd Mlfr. Mdgjrtf BefukmrcJd Nfd`. Hudcma Hmaam

Jd Mlfr. _fpecm Afjd[clj cs m Ormzy [ecan. MafaylfusNrfwcan Fdk. Hudcma HmaamFtejdf Kjskjlfam. Huma @jdcpj JsofgmrDfs Eflgrjs kj dm Nftm. Pcotfr PmcagjrnAf [janf Amkm. Lmrm Mandcom YudckfLm. Lmrm Matfacjtm [ruhcddfYm. Lmrm Matfacjtm [ruhcddfYjfpdj [erfw Wfobs mt [ecans [emt _ecaj. Csmgjddm DuamYmrm Yfkjr Pjrtj y Lcrmr Ajojsctf. Huma Lmaujd Pjajnms

[j Gusqu. Huma Lmaujd PjajnmsPmomatj. Lmrm Mandcom YudckfEfw Oma Dfvj gj Gfte6. MafaylfusPfy m Djjr ua Yfof. Lmrm Mandcom Yudckf

7?:7?07?>7?57;97;=7;77;?7;;7;:7;07;>7;57;37:97:=7:77:?7:;7::7:07:>7:5

7:370970=70770?70;70:70070>705

7037>97>=7>77>?7>;7>:7>07>>7>5

7>375975=757


10/3523CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

CA[JWPCJ^_ - JA[WJPC_[M_Pfymnj ja @rmaoj Kcmdfnuj. Wmla Ofrrjm, Makrjm [mhMa catjrvcjw mgfut tej LZA. Amyjfa (Lfacom) BclDjmkjrsecpcatjrvcjw. Ymgdf Nfkfy

WJYFW[_ - WJYFW[J_Lm hfuraj. [eflms Hmljs OrcspLm sjlmcaj typcquj. Lmtjf LfrjafLm vcj quftckcjaaj. Lmrtca @jrrjcrmFa vfymnj ja @rmaoj. Makrjm [mh jt Wmla OfrrjmZaj hfuraj quftckcjaaj. Mdgjrtf Makrmkj

_EFW[ _[FWCJ_ - EC_[FWCM_ OFW[M_M dfan rfmk tf `rjjkfl. Lmrcmam LmrqujzDemrlfacj kj dm lmca kjs tfcdjs. Bmrja [mvjaajrPfddjygmdd. Bemdcd EmkmkJd pdmojr kj dm ofocam y sus omrrjrms. @jkjrcof JsnujrrmJd pjdcnrf kj dm fsourckmk. Jkumrkf PmrnmsAujstf prfpcf hujnf. Lcoejddj BmtzM sjofak oemaoj. Mafaylfus

Dajms. Acofds Xudjtm_fdjkmk. Lmrm Mandcom YudckfMs lj pjrk ja Gujafs Mcrjs. Lmrm Mandcom YudckfAmvckmk. Jdvcrm WfkrnujzDm amvckmk. Grnckm @rmcdjDm amvckmk. Afrlm Omatc PmrnmsDm amvckmk. _ecrdjy Omatc PmrnmsDm amvckmk. Duz Lmrcam WfkrnujzAmvckmk ja `mlcdcm. _makrm LfatjsKfdfrjs. MaaclfYrjsquj uaj Omtmstrfpej Jxtrmtjrrjstrj. Cnamocf NfazdjzOecajsj. Makrjm tmtcma WujkmOecajsj. Ducsm LmdkfamkfOecajsj. Lmurcocf Gdmaka

WJPCJ^_- WJ_JM_Dfs Wfstrfs Cavcscgdjs. Acofds Xudjtm

Dms nakfdms kj dm Ljlfrm y dfs omamdjs kjd fdvckf.Acofds Xudjtm

Dajms. Acofds Xudjtm

?75

?73??9

75;75>753

73773?73;73:73>

?99?9>?93?=9?==?=7?=??=;?=:?=0?=>?=5?=5?=3?=3?=3?7=?77?7;?7:?70


11/352=9 CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

_YJJOEJ_- KC_OZW_F_Pcfdjaocm Catrm`mlcdcmr. @cfam WmcbjsJs jstf ca`maocm6 Acfs ja dm Nujrrm. Jdcsm PjdjzPcfdjaocm ja Ofdflgcm. Mdjhmakrf YjmKcsoursf acfs ja dm omddj. Huma Wcomrkf Djyvm

?;;?;0?;5?;3

DJ[[JW_- OMW[M_@rcjak. Pjracom @moocacMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. Jdoy [frrjsMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. Ndfrcm MnukjdfMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. Lmrdjay _jrrmtfMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. Afrmdgm OmdkjraMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. Mam Wfsm LfrjafMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. _makrm LfatjsMd Yrfnrmlm kj _jrvcocf _focmd. Duocdm Zac Zac

??;??0??>??5??3?;9?;=?;7

GCFNWMYECJ_- GCFNWM@M_Nustmvf M.Goqujr. [mec Embcl, Kmacjd Omrrmsof, Huma P. @cnujrfm??7


12/352

mmrtcodjs mrtoudfs



MWJ MLZW [CNJW_ FA [EJ PJWNJFA Jx[CAO[CFA FW M AJ^ GJNCAACAN6Csmgjddm Nfazdjz, Amtmdcm Oemvjs, Fkjttj Befukmrc

Yrj Mp Gcfdfny- =9te Nrmkj

MgstrmotMlur tcnjrs, faj f` tej lfst rmrj spjocjs f` tcnjrs fa jmrte, mrj ourrjatdy kjmdcan

wcte m njajtco gfttdjajob. [ej ofastmat kjorjmsj f` tecs maclmd kuj tf tej euatcan mak tejemgctmt kjstruotcfa f` tej smlj fa eulmas gjemd` emvj omusjk ct tf emvj af lfrj tema:99 ljlgjrs mak fady =; njajtcos cakcvckumds (=). [ej dcttdj njajtco vmrcmtcfa jamgdjsuaprjkcotmgdj kcsjmsjs mak ftejr jvjats tf wcpj fut tej jatcrj pfpudmtcfa mak wctefutùrtejr prjvcjw jxtcanucse ct `frjvjr (=). Ajvjrtejdjss, euatcan dmws mak prjsjrvjs emvjgjja sjt ca frkjr tf prflftj tej jxpmascfa mak kcvjrscty f` tej spjocjs mak, ndmkdy, emvjgjja suoojssùddy caorjmscan cts njajtco kcvjrscty (7).

Ympjr

Pmrcfus spjocjs mrj ourrjatdy oflcan fatf tej vjrnj f` m gfttdjajob mak yjt jvjalfrj mrj motumddy mocan faj. _uoe cs truj f` tej Mlur tcnjrs ms tejy moj aft fady m pfsscgdjjxtcaotcfa gut mdsf m njajtco csfdmtcfa temt ofudk djmk tf tejcr udtclmtj jxtjrlcamtcfa (7).Efwjvjr, aft mdd cs dfst. Yrjsjrvjs mrj gjcan sjt mak euatcan dmws mrj gjcan pmssjk ms,sdfwdy mak terfune tejl, tecs vjry rmrj spjocjs rjnmcas cts ljlgjrs (7).

Faoj tej nrjmtjst sugspjocjs f` tcnjrs bafwa, tej Mlur, fr _cgjrcma, tcnjr emsgjja krcvja tf jxtcaotcfa kuj tf tej kjstruotcfa f` tejcr javcrfaljat ca tej mrjms f` Oecam,Bfrjm mak Wusscm (7). Eulma sjttdjljat krjw tecs spjocjs fut f` 39% f` tejcr amturmdemgctmt rmanj mak catf tej wcdk, wejrj fady 79 tf ?9 cakcvckumds wjrj mgdj tf survcvj

(7). Lfrjfvjr, euatcan gjomlj sf clpfrtmat tecs maclmd wms prmotcomddy djk tf jxtcaotcfaca =3;> uatcd dmws f` euatcan prfecgctcfa f` tecs maclmd gjomlj prjsjat mak dcttdj gydcttdj tej aulgjrs caorjmsjk gut stcdd wcte dclctjk njajtco vmrcmtcfa (?). @urtejrlfrj, tecsspjocjs sjjljk tf gj kcvckjk catf twf gmsco pfpudmtcfas kcvckjk gy m kjvjdfpjk strcpf` tjrrctfry ca Wusscm (7 mak ?). ^cte af wmy `fr tejsj maclmds tf lmbj ct tf tej ftejrpfpudmtcfa wctefut `mocan pfsscgdj kjmte, tej njajtco vmrcmtcfa cs ùrtejr kclcacsejk (7).

^cte suoe m slmdd mlfuat f` ljlgjrs ca tej spjocjs tej KAM vmrcjty gjnmatf gj sfunet ca j``frts tf kjtjrlcaj wemt ofudk gj kfaj tf mddjvcmtj tej sctumtcfa. Ct wmskjtjrlcajk temt jvja weja tej ojasus aulgjrs wejrj prfpfrtcfamddy ecne, tejrj wjrj

fady =; cakcvckumds lmbcan up tej j``jotcvj pfpudmtcfa ljmacan tej njajtco pfpudmtcfacs ajmrdy audd (7). [ecs motumddy mddfwjk `fr tej tcnjr tf gjoflj jxtrjljdy susojptcgdj tfkcsjmsjs mak njajtco kcsfrkjrs (=). _tukcjs emvj sefwa temt tej mlfuat f` njajs pmssjk`rfl pmrjats tf tej ùturj njajrmtcfas emvj kjorjmsjk scnacomatdy mak tejrj`frj emvjprfvja temt tej Mlur tcnjrs emvj jatjrjk m njajtco gfttdjajob (=).

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs


14/352=?CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs

Afajtejdjss, msckj `rfl euatcan prfecgctcfa dmws, prjsjrvjs emvj gjja orjmtjktf prflftj tej prjsjrvmtcfa f` tecs spjocjs (7). [ej KAM f` 79 cakcvckumds wms dmtjrmamdyzjk mak ct wms `fuak temt lctfoefakrcm ejrctmnj wms motumddy pmssjk fa mak bjptterfune tej njajrmtcfas caorjmscan tej njajtco kcvjrscty f` tecs spjocjs gjomusj kc``jrjatcakcvckumds bjpt kc``jrjat njajtco `jmturjs (7). [ecs wms m nrjmt grjmbterfune `fr tejspjocjs `fr motumddy c` bjpt ca omptcvcty mak grjk wcsjdy tej spjocjs ofudk pfsscgdy gj mgdjtf survcvj tej gfttdjajob tejy ourrjatdy `moj (7).

Gfttdjajobs mrj ourrjatdy gjcan `mojk gy lmay spjocjs mt m njajtco djvjd kujtf tej dcttdj kcvjrscty tejy emvj `rfl cakcvckumd tf cakcvckumd lmbcan temt tejy oma gjclluaj tf kjorjmsj ofastmatdy. Efwjvjr, faoj wj kjockj tf omrj `fr tejl mak usjtjoeafdfny ca tejcr mvfr castjmk f` mnmcast tejl ct lmy motumddy ofatrcgutj tf tej udtclmtjsurvcvmd f` tej vmrcfus spjocjs.

Wj`jrjaojs

=. Pcotfrcm Ncdd. Mlur tcnjrs ca pfpudmtcfa orcscs. GGO Ajws. @jgrumry 75, 79==. ettp8//ajws.ggo.

of.ub/jmrte/ec/jmrteVajws/ajwsckV3;9>999/3;9>>;;.stl7. Lmtt ^mdbjr. Mlur tcnjrs fa njajtco grcab. GGO Ajws. Hudy 7, 7993. ettp8//ajws.ggo.of.ub/jmrte/ec/jmrteVajws/ajwsckV5=75999/5=75>?5.stl

?. Hfea Ydmtt. Wmrj _cgjrcma tcnjrs moj pftjatcmd njajtco gfttdjajob. _ocjatco Mljrcoma. Hudy 5, 7993.ettp8//www.socjatcomljrcoma.ofl/gdfn/pfst.o`l6ck-95

Mgjrorflgcj oflco- Nrmpeco Afvjd - =9te Nrmkj


15/352=; CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

_EFW[ YMYJW WJYWFKZO[CFA CAF[EJW MACLMD_ CA_JO[_

Hmj Nyfuan FeYrj MY Gcfdfny - =9te Nrmkj

Wjprfkuotcfa cs m ajojssmry prfojss ca frkjr `fr m spjocjs tf survcvj.Lmllmds nf terfune sjxumd rjprfkuotcfa, wejrj jmoe f` tej twf pmrjat frnmacslsofatrcgutjs emd` f` tej f``sprcans njajtco lmbjup gy orjmtcan empdfck nmljtjs (catej omsj f` eulmas, a


16/352=:CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs

WM[J_ YF^

Yrfgdjl _tmtjljat8

[ejrj mrj twf rmts ca m secp temt cs trmvjdcan morfss tej fojma. [ej rmts mrj faj`jlmdj mak faj lmdj. Ca tej prfgdjl, tej secp stfps ca m kjsjrtjk csdmak fa tej dmst kmysf` Kjojlgjr. [ej twf rmts djmvj tej secp tf dcvj ca tej csdmak. Fa tej csdmak, tej frcncamd`jlmdj wcdd ncvj gcrte fa Hmaumry = tf 5 rmts, wecoe ; mrj, `jlmdjs. Jvjry ;9 yjmrs sej wcddprfkuoj m dcttjr wcte tej smlj ofakctcfas. Jmoe `jlmdj gfra fa tej csdmak, m`tjr =79 kmys

wcdd prfkuoj tejcr rst dctjr, mak jvjry ;9 kmys wcdd prfkuoj maftejr faj wcte tej smljofakctcfas ms tej frcncamd jlmdj rmt. Fa tecs prfgdjl wj emvj tf ak tej aulgjr f` rmtsfa tej csdmak (caodukcan frcncamd pmcr) gy Hmaumry =st f` tej ajxt yjmr.

Yrfojss8

M`tjr uakjrstmakcan tej prfgdjl C kjockjk rst tf bafw wecoe tej kmys wjrjtej fajs tej rmts nmvj gcrte. _caoj mdd tej rmts emk tej smlj ofakctcfas pjr dcttjr ct wmsatm vjry emrk tmsb. C kjockjk tf prcat m omdjakmr mak lmrb ma U jvjrywejrj tej rmts nmvjgcrte. [ej gcrtekmtjs, ms C omddjk tejl wjrj tej `fddfwcan2

Hma @jg Lmroe Lmy Hua Hud Mun Fot Afv Kjo

9= =9 77 9= =9 79 73 5 => 7 >

*Mprcd mak _jptjlgjr mrj aft kcspdmyjk gjomusj tejrj wjrj AF gcrtes ca tefsj lfates.

Mt rst ly frcncamd pdma wms tf ak tej aulgjr f` lmdj mak jlmdj rmts fa tej csdmak, gutcastjmk wcte ejdp `rfl m `rcjak C rjmdczjk temt ct wms jmscjr tf a tej aulgjr f` `jlmdjsmak teja ludtcpdy ct gy twf.

_fdutcfa8

Ms C sefwjk ca tej prfojss, fa ma jxojd sejjt C orjmtjk m nrmpe scludmtcan tejprfgdjl f` tej rmts, tf a tej tftmd aulgjr f` @JLMDJ rmts ca tej yjmr. [ej rjmsfa C fady`fuak tej aulgjr f` `jlmdj wms gjomusj ct wms jmscjr mak teja tf ak tej tftmd aulgjrC hust ludtcpdcjk ct gy twf. C kjockjk tf lmrb jmoe dcttjr temt nmvj gcrte sf ct wms jmscjr tfbafw wecoe dcttjrs nmvj gcrte mt jmoe tclj mak weja tejy wjrj gfra tf ofuat tej rst=79 kmys. M`tjr C `fuak tej aulgjr f` `jlmdj rmts gfra fa tej csdmak C mkkjk tej frcncamdrmt (aft gfra fa tej csdmak). [eja C tffb tecs aulgjr mak ludtcpdcjk ct gy twf, scaoj tejprfgdjl stmtjk temt :9% f` tej rmts wjrj `jlmdj mak tej ftejr :9% lmdj.

Pjracom @moocac - Lmte - =9te Nrmkj



NJAJ DCABMNJ MAK LMYYCANLmrcm Mdcocm @rmaof - Yrj Mp Gcfdfny - =9te Nrmkj

Frnmacsls rfl mdd mrfuak tej wfrdk, rfl gmotjrcm tf lmllmds sjjl tf survcvjterfune gfttdj ajobs mak mdlfst gjcan wcpjk fut `rfl cssujs dcbj kcsjmsj mak aft gjcanmgdj tf mkmpt tf tejcr javcrfaljat. Efwjvjr, tejrj cs mdwmys temt dcttdj pjrojat temt sjjlstf gj mgdj tf survcvj amturmd omusjs f` spjocjs wcpj-fut, aft caodukcan lmssmorjs `rfl

pmrt f` eulmas. [ecs cs pmrtdy kuj tf njajtco vmrcjty, temt weja sflj cakcvckumds omasurvcvj ca sflj pdmojs ftejrs sjjl tf emvj m strmanj oflgcamtcfa f` caejrctjk trmct temtejdp tejl kf gjttjr tema tej ftejr pfpudmtcfa. [ecs lmbjs us gjdcjvj temt sfljtecan cafur jvfdutcfamry stmnj wms bjpt tej smlj `fr tecs tf emppja, sfljtecan clpfrtmat `fr tejoflgcamtcfa f` trmcts gfte kjpjakjatdy mak cakjpjakjatdy `rfl lmxclul oflgcamtcfaf` trmcts tf sjourj tej survcvmd f` mt djmst m .993% f` tej pfpudmtcfa tf omrry fa tej spjocjs.

Efw ljcfscs mddfws ajw mddjdj oflgcamtcfas gjtwjja dcabjk njajs6 Kc``jrjat`rfl lctfscs, ljcfscs motumddy prfkuojs ajw typjs f` njajtco vmrcjty ca KAM pcjojsmak mt tej smlj tclj ct rjkuojs tej oerflfsflj ofuat. Ct cs ofllfa bafwdjknj temt

tej kc``jrjat oerflfsflj strmaks ca tej rjsudtcan nmljtjs (temt usjk tf gj m wefdjoerflfsflj oflpfsjk f` twf scstjr oerflmtcks caejrctjk gy faj `fr tej pmrjats f`tej frnmacsl) mrj sfljwemt lcxjk ca tej prfojss f` Mampemsj = mak 7 mak ljtmpemsj= mak 7 wejrj lcorftugudjs sjdjot tej strmaks rmakfldy mak pudd tejl mpmrt tf `frlajw ojdds. Efwjvjr, weja njajs mrj ca tej smlj strmak ct wfudk gj clpfsscgdj tf lcxgy fady Ljtmpemsj fr Mampemsj scaoj tejy oma fady lcx wefdj strmaks wecoe ljmastemt Ljakjdcma caejrctmaoj. [ej prfojss temt foours ca prfpemsj efwjvjr, oma kf tecs,orfsscan fvjr foours ca tecs stmnj f` ljcfscs mak ct cs tecs temt oma lcx kc``jrjat dcabjknjajs ca m smlj oerflfsflj tf gj lcxjk gjtwjja jmoe ftejr tejrj`frj lcxcan njajstemt ftejrwcsj wfudk emvj stmyjk ca tej smlj oerflfsflj mak wfudk mdwmys emvj

mppjmrjk ca tej smlj frnmacsl wcte af jxojptcfa (=). [ecs ejdps us uakjrstmak temt tfLjakjds Wudj f` cakjpjakjat mssfrtljat oma fady efdk truj c` tej njajs mrj fa sjpmrmtjoerflfsfljs fr tej njajs mrj wckjdy sjpmrmtjk fa tej smlj oerflfsflj(7).Ma jxmlpdj

M sclpdj jxmlpdj tf prfvj temt dcabjk njajs oma oemanj Ljakjds tejfrcjs cstemt f` m sclpdj jmr f` ofra. M eflfzynfus pmrjat c` yjddfw mak ems slffte nrmcas, (O,O) mak (_e, _e), wecdj maftejr pmrjat cs wectj mak ems wrcabdjk nrmcas. eja tjst-orfssjkwcte m eflfzynfus rjojsscvj fvjr ca @=, faj wfudk jxpjot tf sjj tej kflcamat wecoeturas fut tf gj yjddfw mak slffte (7). Efwjvjr wjrj faj wfudk jxpjot tf ak tej smljpjrojats ca kc``jrjat f``sprcan, tej trmcts tura fut tf gj wrfan moofrkcan tf Ljakjd. [ejtrmcts sefw m tjakjaoy f` stmycan tfnjtejr, wecoe rjsudts ca m eunj mlfuat f` twf trmctstfnjtejr, mak m slmddjr faj f` tej rjojsscvj tfnjtejr, yjt `jw fr afaj mt mdd f` tejloflgcajk wcte jmoe ftejr(7). Ejrj wj oma clmncaj temt tej njajs `rfl tejsj ofra pdmats

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs


18/352=>CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs

mrj ca tej smlj oerflfsflj mak temt tejy mrj odfsj tfnjtejr scaoj aft jvja orfsscanfvjr grfbj tejl mpmrt jafune tf sjj vcscgdj rjsudts. Lmygj c` tejy wjrj mr mpmrt ct wfudkemvj sefwa sfljtecan kc``jrjat gut tejsj njajs mrj kjactjdy ca tej smlj njaj lmbcan

Ljakjds dmw emvj jxojptcfas, jxojptcfas temt wj omat mdwmys prjkcot (7).êy cs tecs clpfrtmat `fr jvfdutcfa6 êja sfljtecan ems stmyjk ca fur

rjprfkuotcfa prfojss terfune tefusmaks f` yjmrs wj oma bafw temt ct cs usjùd `fr furgfky ca tjrls f` f``sprcan survcvmd. Ljcfscs vmrcjs fur njajtco ca`frlmtcfa2 ct lmbjs usmdd kc``jrjat gy oflgcacan mddjdjs `rfl gfte pmrjats ca tf m ajw gmgy wecoe lmbjs ctclpfsscgdj `fr mdd f` us tf gj tej smlj. [ej wfrdk wj dcvj ca cs sfljwemt efstcdj scaoj ctcs uaprjkcotmgdj mak oma oemanj ca m sefrt pjrcfk f` tclj, ms eulmas wj emvj mkmptjktf tecs sf temt mt djmst sflj pjrsfa wcte m strmanj lutmtcfa fr kc``jr njaj oflgcamtcfaoma survcvj tej kcsmstjr dcbj m vcrus fr gmotjrcm temt wfudk bcdd spjocjs f` tej smlj

njajtco ca`frlmtcfa. [ejrj`frj, ljcfscs, mak tej kc``jrjaojs gjtwjja njajtcos `fr jvjrypjrsfa cs wemt lmbjs jvfdutcfa sf clpfrtmat, temt tej ttjst `fr tej javcrfaljat mt tejtclj survcvjs, mak temt tejrj cs stcdd sflj kc``jrjaoj ca njajtcos ca pjfpdj `rfl wejatej javcrfaljat oemanjs mnmca (?). Jvja tej slmddjst f` trmcts ca smlj oerflfsfljs,tej rjoflgcamtcfa f` mddjdjs temt ljcfscs prfvckjs `fr fur spjocjs cs clpfrtmat sf temttejrj cs tej gcnnjst vmrcjty pfsscgdj `fr tej spjocjs tf survcvj faj wmy fr maftejr(;).

[ej eulma gfky cs m vjry frnmaczjk mak pjr`jotjk frnmacsl temt ems tmbja yjmrsmak yjmrs tf lmbj. Jvjry scandj stjp f` tej eulmas gfky rjprfkuotcfa mak orjmtcfasystjl cs m kjdcomtj tecan, mak jvja m dcttdj tecan temt nfjs wrfan m``jots tej wefdj ajw

frnmacsl. Ljcfscs cs m prfojss temt ems ejdpjk us survcvj mak rjprfkuoj tf lmbj surjtemt tej spjocjs prjvmcds. [ej vmrcjty temt oma gj sjj mlfanst tej wfrdk cs wemt ejdpsus tf smvj spjocjs dcbj tej tcnjrs wef mrj nfcan terfune njajtco gfttdj ajobs, ct cs wemtbjjps sflj mdcvj jvja c` tejy mrjat tej smlj tf tej wefdj spjocjs tejy emvj tej pfwjrtf rjorjmtj ct. Dcabjk njajs sjjl tf emvj gjja ma fgstmodj temt tej eulma gfky emsfvjroflj mk lmamnjk tf lfkc`y fr ofatrfd, tecs cs wemt lmbjs us eulma m`tjr mdd, mdd tejkc``jrjat dcttdj tecans wj mrj.

Wj`jrjaojs8

(=)Dcabmnj mak lmppcan2 ettp8//www.jluacx.jlcoe.jku/~rwcaacan/njajtcos/dcabmnj.etl

(7)Njajtco Dcabmnj mak Njajtco Lmps, =5@jgrumry 79== Lr. Bclgmdd ettp8//usjrs.roa.ofl/hbclgmdd.lm.udtrmajt/GcfdfnyYmnjs/D/Dcabmnj.etld

(?) Ojdd Kcvcscfa Wjvcjw2 ettp8//www.gcfdfny-qujstcfas-mak-maswjrs.ofl/ojdd-kcvcscfa.etld

(;)Odc``s Aftjsettp8//www.odc``saftjs.ofl/stukyVnuckj/Ljcfscs.tfpcoMrtcodjCk-5>;=,mrtcodjCk-50==.etld

_tjpemacj Gftjrf - =9te Nrmkj



KJ@FWJ_[M[CFA, [EJ WJMD OMZ_JF@ ODCLM[J OEMANJ

Jstjgma Zrcgj - Yrj MY Gcfdfny - =9te Nrmkj

MgstrmotKj`frjstmtcfa cs faj f` tej lmca omusjs f` ndfgmd wmrlcan ms ct ofatrcgutjs tf

fvjr 7:% f` tej jlcsscfas. Jvjry tclj m trjj cs out, ct rjdjmsjs omrgfa temt ct ems stfrjk,mdsf, m trjj ejdps stfrj nrjjaefusj nmssjs sf temt tejy kfat kmlmnj tej jofsystjl.

Efwjvjr, ms trjjs ofatcauj tf kcsmppjmr tejrj wcdd gj m efttjr odclmtj, wecoe djmks tflfrj `frjst rjs, wecoe orjmtjs m pfsctcvj `jjkgmob dffp. [ejrj mrj lmay sfdutcfas, fajcs tf pdmat ms lmay trjjs ms tej fajs temt mrj out kfwa, teus mssurcan tej survcvmd f` tej`frjst.

CatrfkuotcfaNdfgmd ^mrlcan cs afrlmddy mttrcgutjk tf omrs, pdmajs, cakustry mak ftejr `ujd

ofasulcan tecans. Efwjvjr, tej pjrojatmnj f` nrjjaefusj jlcsscfas f` tefsj `motfrs,mrj slmddjr tema tej pjrojatmnj f` nrjjaefusj nmssjs temt mrj omusjk gy kj`frjstmtcfa.Kj`frjstmtcfa cs tej omusj tf 7:% f` tej jlcsscfas, wecdj cakustry mak mutflfgcdjs

mrj omusj tf =;% jmoe (=). Lmay wfakjr efw jxmotdy kfjs kj`frjstmtcfa orjmtj suoeecne djvjds f` nrjjaefusj nmssjs, efw kfjs ct djmk tf m pfsctcvj `jjkgmob dffp, makwemt sfdutcfas tejrj mrj tf tecs prfgdjl. [ecs wcdd gj maswjrjk ca tej `fddfwcan pmpjr.

Efw kfjs kj`frjstmtcfa ofatrcgutj tf tej rcsj f` nrjjaefusj nmssjs mak ndfgmdwmrlcan6 [rjjs stfrj omrgfa ca tejl tf gj mgdj tf rjdjmsj fxynja, tejrj`frj weja tejymrj out tejy rjdjmsj tej omrgfa mak ftejr nrjjaefusj nmssjs temt ct emk stfrjk (7, ?, ;).Mdsf, ms trjjs ofatmca tej nmssjs weja tejy mrj out tejrj mrj djss wmys tf ofatrfd tejrjdjmsj f` mdd tej nrjjaefusj nmssjs catf tej mtlfspejrj, wecoe sugsjqujatdy djmks tftej mcr gjcan krcjr mak tejrj`frj lmay pmst `frjsts qucobdy gjoflj catf gmrrja kjssjrts

(?). Mgfut twf gcddcfas tfas f` of7 mrj rjdjmsjk jmoe yjmr gjomusj f` kcs`frjstmtcfa, maktemt aulgjr, cs swc`tdy nrfwcan (=).

Efw kfjs kj`frjstmtcfa orjmtj ma jxpfajatcmd nrfwte/pfsctcvj `jjkgmob dffptf tej jlcsscfa f` nmssjs mak ndfgmd wmrlcan6 Kj`frjstmtcfa omusjs m pfsctcvj `jjkgmobdffp.Kj`frjstmtcfa cs omusj `fr m dmrnj pjrojatmnj f` tej Nrjjaefusj Jlcsscfas temt mrjorjmtcan Ndfgmd ^mrlcan, Gjomusj f` temt2 tejrj cs krcjr mcr, wecoe cs m oemanj ca tejjavcrfaljat f` lmay `frjsts (?). Krcjr mcr lmbjs tej omafpy dfwjr mak tejrj`frj odjmrgjomusj tejrj cs djss lfcsturj tf `jjk tej tmddjr trjjs, mak fady tej slmddjr trjjs wcdd rjojcvjwmtjr `rfl tej rmca (7, ?, ;). Ms tej omafpy odjmrs tejrj cs lfrj jxpfsurj tf suadcnet,wecoe wcdd lmbj `frjst rjs lfrj susojptcgdj, wecoe wcdd mnmca omusj kj`frjstmtcfa makndfgmd wmrlcan kcrjotdy (7, ;).

^emt vcmgdj sfdutcfas mrj tejrj tf kj`frjstmtcfa6 [ej gjst sfdutcfa tf kj`frjstmtcfacs odjmrdy tf stfp outtcan trjjs (=, 7, ?, ;), gut gjomusj f` fgvcfus jofaflco rjmsfas temt

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs


20/352=3CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs

cs clpfsscgdj. [ejrj`frj m lfrj rjmdcstco mak vcmgdj sfdutcfa wfudk gj tf ofatcauj outtcantrjjs gut mt tej smlj tclj tf pdmat hust ms lmay trjjs ms tej fajs temt mrj gjcan out kfwa,tecs wfudk rjajw tej oyodj mak mt tej smlj tclj prjsjrvj tej rjlmcacan `frjsts ca tejwfrdk (=, 7, ?, ;). Kj`frjstmtcfa rmtj cs dfwjrcan gut tejrj cs stcdd m dmrnj mlfuat f` `frjstgjcan out kfwa kmcdy.

OfaoduscfaCa ofaoduscfa, kj`frjstmtcfa cs m prfgdjl temt cs aft tf gj cnafrjk mak temt cs

vjry rjdjvmat tf stfp, fr mt djmst tf dfwjr tej krmstco djvjds f` nrjjaefusj jlcsscfas. C`tecs prfgdjl cs aft stfppjk tejrj wcdd ofatcauj tf gj m pfsctcvj `jjkgmob dffp temt wcddjvjatumddy wcpj fut tej rjlmcacan `frjsts ca tej wfrdk ca m lmttjr f` m euakrjk yjmrs frsf (;). Kj`frjstmtcfa cs prfgmgdy tej gcnnjst omusj f` ndfgmd wmrlcan, mak c` temt prfgdjl

cs mkkrjssjk, tej j``jots wcdd gj odjmr, mak tej wfrdk wcdd gj nrmtj`ud.

Wj`jrjaojs8

=. Kmacjd Efwkja, Lmy => 799>, Kj`frjstmtcfa8 [ej Eckkja Omusj tf Ndfgmd ^mrlcan, [ejCakjpjakjat, ettp8//www.cakjpjakjat.of.ub/javcrfaljat/odclmtj-oemanj/kj`frjstmtcfa-tej-eckkja-omusj-f`-ndfgmd-wmrlcan-;;5>?;.etld

7. Oercstfpejr Lmttejws, _jptjlgjr ; 7990, Kj`frjstmtcfa omusjs Ndfgmd ^mrlcan, @MF, ettp8//www.`mf.frn/ajwsrffl/ja/ajws/7990/=999?5:/cakjx.etld

?. Lmamdc Fmb, 7993, Ndfgmd mrlcan mak Kj`frjstmtcfa, Guzzdj, ettp8//www.guzzdj.ofl/mrtcodjs/

ndfgmd-wmrlcan-mak-kj`frjstmtcfa.etld;. Amtcfamd Njfnrmpeco, Kj`frjstmtcfa Fvjrvcjw, Amtcfamd Njfnrmpeco, ettp8//javcrfaljat.amtcfamdnjfnrmpeco.ofl/javcrfaljat/ndfgmd-wmrlcan/kj`frjstmtcfa-fvjrvcjw.etld

Lmurcocf Gdmaka - =7te Nrmkj Ymgdf _mmg - =7te Nrmkj



YF^ 0 - CLY ?

Omlcdm Mrmanf - Lmte - ==te nrmkj

Yrfgdjl _tmtjljat8

Yfw 0 stmtjs m prfgdjl f` m bcan temt wmats tf usj gmdmaoj somdjs tf ljmsurjmak wjcne tej ofst f` tej `ffk. Ej ems m prfgdjl gjomusj ej ems tf sjt kc``jrjat stma-kmrk wjcnets mak tejy oma gj dmrnj aulgjrs. Faj f` tej ljtefks ej cs tfdk tf usj cs tfljmsurj tej pmobmnj ca faj sckj mak mkk wjcnet ca tej ftejr faj tf gmdmaoj. Ej oma usjlfrj tema faj wjcnet mak f` kc``jrjat ljmsurjljats. Fur hfg cs tf ak tej mlfuat makoflgcamtcfa f` wjcnet temt wcdd ncvj tej nrjmtjst aulgjr f` pfsscgcdctcjs. @rfl tejrj wjemvj tf ak m `frludm fr ma jqumtcfa temt kjsorcgjs tej prfgdjl tf caactj pfsscgcdctcjs.^j emvj tf ak tej pmttjra temt wcdd tjdd us wecoe wjcnets mrj ofvjrjk.

Yrfojss8

C gjnma tf sfdvj tecs YF^ ca odmss ca nrfups. ^j kckat rjmddy uakjrstmak wemtwj emk tf kf mak wj bjpt nujsscan wrfan maswjrs. Ls [eur omlj mak jxpdmcajk wemtwj rjmddy emk tf kf mak wj stmrtjk uakjrstmakcan tej prfgdjl m dft gjttjr mak omlj futwcte ckjms f` efw tf sfdvj ct. [eja wj sjpmrmtjk `rfl fur nrfups mak stmrtjk trycan tfas kc``jrjat oflgcamtcfas, uatcd wj gjnma tf ak m pmttjra.

^j oejobjk fur akcans wcte ftejr nrfups mak msbjk Ls. [eur tf oejob fur pmttjras, maksej smck tejy wjrj ofrrjot fr ljtefk = tefune wj wjrj aft mgdj tf ak may jqumtcfas caodmss. J emk luoe lfrj trfugdj akcan pmttjras `fr ljtefk 7. ^j ofatcaujk sjpmrmtcanfptcfas jmoe faj f` us wcte kc``jrjat oflgcamtcfas. Gut tejrj mrj luoe lfrj pfsscgcdctcjssf wj tffb dfanjr. Mt dmst ms wcte ljtefk = wj `fuak oflgcamtcfas `rfl = tf ; wjcnetstemt wfudk ncvj us tej lfst maswjrs. j sfdvjk jmoe faj gy faj, trycan vjry pfsscgcdcty tfoejob (ct wms vjry dfan gut wj kck ct). ^j `fuak sflj uaodjmr pmttjras gut af jqumtcfas.

[emt cs wey wj omlj m`tjr soeffd mak dffbjk `fr tej prjvcfus YF^ wj emkkfaj, [ej [fwjr f` Emam mak rjmdczjk temt sflj f` tej pmttjras wjrj vjry sclcdmr2tejy `fuak ma jqumtcfa emk tf gj mdsf vjry sclcdmr. _f C `fuak ma jqumtcfa, mak oejobjkct akcan fut ct wms ofrrjot `fr ljtefk 7, C rjmdczjs sflj f` tej pmttjras wjrj tej smljms ca ljtefk =. M`tjr spjakcan m dfan tclj nujsscan mak oejobcan wrfan, Ls. [eur tfdk

lj tf dffb fr sclcdmrctcjs fr sfljtecan temt wfudk mt djmst ejdp lj tf ak tej gmsj f` tejjqumtcfa. [ecs cs weja C rjmdczjk temt tej jqumtcfa `fr ljtefk = wms 7a+=, gjomusj wjludtcpdy tej prjvcfus maswjr gy twf. C` ca ljtefk 7 wj ludtcpdy gy ?, tej gmsj lust gj #mak tej jqumtcfa ?-. M`tjr tecabcan f` lmay fptcfas `fr tej jxpfajat, C rjmdczjk C wms aftnfcan tf gj mgdj tf nf may urtejr tema pmttjras mak tej gmsj f` tej jqumtcfa fr ljtefk 7.

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs


22/3527=CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

mrtcodjs mrtoudfs

_fdutcfa8Ljtefk =8 [ej pmttjras C `fuak C oejobjk wcte ftejr nrfups wcte aulgjr (oejobcan `fr fp-tcfas) mak wcte Ls. [eur.

=. # f` futofljs



mrtcodjs mrtoudfs

YF^ = - NWF^[E F@ WM[ YFYZDM[CFA

Hudcmam Wujkm, Jstjgma Zrcgj, Huma Ymgdf Yjkrmzm - Lmte - =9te Nrmkj

Yrfgdjl _tmtjljat8

Ca Yfw =, Nrfwte Wmt Yfpudmtcfa, fa tej uact @crjwfrbs, wj emk tf sfdvj efw lmay rmtswjrj gfra m`tjr faj yjmr f` tej `jlmdj rmt emvcan tej rst dcttjr f` 0 rmts, ? lmdjs mak ?

`jlmdjs, fa Hmaumry =st mak jmoe ;9 kmys emvcan maftejr dcttjr ckjatcomd tf tej rst faj`fr ms dfan ms sej dcvjs. Jmoe ajwgfra `jlmdj rmts, ajjks tf wmct =79 kmys tf gj mgdj tfemvj ejr rst dcttjr f` 0 rmts, mak m`tjr, sej oma emvj m dcttjr jmoe ;9 kmys. [ej ofakctcfasfa tej csdmak mrj pjr`jot, wcte af amturmd jajlcjs, mak pdjaty f` `ffks tf numrmatjj afrmts mrj nfcan tf kcj ca tej rst yjmr.

Yrfojss8

[f gj mgdj tf sfdvj tecs Yfw, wj emk tf kf ct twf tcljs gj`frj njttcan tej rcnet maswjr,

tej rst tclj, wj kck ct wcte pcoturjs, krmwcan m trcmandj jmoe tclj m `jlmdj rmt wms gfra,mak m ocrodj, jmoe tclj m lmdj wms gfra. ^j nft dcbj ma maswjr =705 rmts m`tjr faj yjmr,mak msbjk sflj nrfups wef emk mdrjmky oflpdjtjk tej Yfw efw luoe tejy nft maktejy mdd maswjrjk =595 rmts, sf wj kjockjk tf kf ct mnmca, gut tecs tclj ca m tmgdj. ^jwrftj tej kmys jlmdj rmts nmvj gcrte, mak efw luoe rmts wjrj gfra jmoe kmy, mak mkkjktejl mt tej jak mak nft tej rcnet maswjr, =595. Gjdfw, yfu wcdd sjj tej tmgdj wj kck. 8(M peftfofpy f` fur rst try mttmoejk fa ajxt pmnj.)

_fdutcfa8

Fur amd maswjr, ms stmtjk fa tej prfojss pmrt, wms =595. j bafw mrj sfdutcfa cs ofrrjotmak oflpdjtj, gjomusj f` vmrcfus rjmsfas.

=. j kck ct lfrj tema faoj, mak jvja tefune tej rst faj wms m wrfan maswjr, wj trcjkct mak emk ma ckjm f` efw ct wms.

7. ^j tmdbjk, mak oflpmrjk wcte ftejr nrfups maswjrs, mak smw tejcr wfrb, mak ofudksjj temt wj wjrj rcnet.

?. @camddy, tej terjj f` us trcjk m kc``jrjat strmtjny tf ak ct, put wj kfat put ct fa tejprfojss pmrt gjomusj wj fady oflpdjtjk tej twf ljatcfajk, faoj wj aftcojk tej ftejr

fajs emk ma maswjr djss trustwfrtey tema tej rst faj.


24/352

ooerfacodjsoracoms


25/3527; CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

MDGJW[ JCA_[JCA]ZJ_[CFA_ MAK MA_^JW_

=. êy kck yfu oeffsj tf pursuj tejpmrtcoudmr nfmd fr omrjjr yfu oefsj6Sfu lust mdwmys pursuj yfur nfmd frsfljtecan yfu dcbj. Sfu omat mgmakfatemt `jjdcan `fr temt tecan, yfu lust mvfckfgstmodjs catjr`jrcan yfur wmy mak yfu

lust njt tejl fut. [ecs emppjajk tf ljweja C trmvjdjk sf luoe wcte ly `mlcdytemt C emk tf stuky mak rjofvjr ly dc`j jmoetclj. C trcjk tf jatjr m tjmoecan pfst, guttejrj wms afaj sf C moojptjk m pfsctcfams tjoeacomd msscstmat ca tej _wcss YmtjatFòj. êja C emk `rjj tclj mt tej pmtjatfòj C lmkj m dft f` ly wfrb. [eja Cfgtmcajk, Ca =393,C gjomlj m Yrf`jssfrJxtrmfrkcamry mt Xurcoe, ca =3== Yrf`jssfr

f` [ejfrjtcomd Yeyscos mt Yrmnuj. [eja ca=3?? C wjat tf Mljrcom tf tej Zacvjrscty f`Yrcaojtfa tf gj m prf`jssfr f` [ejfrjtcomdYeyscos. [ecs cs wey yfu ajjk tf pursujmdwmys tf mooflpdcse sfljtecan yfu wmatmak sfljtcljs nmca ma jxtrm gfaus dcbjlj, m Afgjd Yrczj ca =37= f` peyscos.

7. êf caspcrjk fr wemt caspcrjk yfu tftmbj temt pmte yfu tffb6

Af faj rjmddy caspcrjk lj tf kf wemt Ckck ct wms mdd fut f` ly ejmk mak ly fwaourcfscty. _caoj C wms yfuan C wms m tfpaftoe stukjat ca ly odmss mak C mdwmyswmatjk tf bafw efw jvjry scandj tecanwfrbs. ^jdd C gjdcjvjk ly `mtejr ajvjrqujstcfajk ly ckjms mak ej sfrt f` nuckjklj wcte fut lj aftcocan catf tecs omrjjrgy sefwcan lj offd stu``. @fr castmaoj fajkmy ej sefwjk lj m oflpmss mak C bajwtemt tejrj wms m `froj puddcan ct mak temtcs wey ct wfudk lfvj, gut C kckat bafwwemt ct wms sf C stukcjk ct uatcd amddynurcan ct fut. [ecs wms ly sfrt f` rst

Ofaafr Lonfwma - YKW - =9te Nrmkj

rjmd mooflpdcseljat mak C wms yfuanjrteja tja mt tecs tclj mak C tefunet C emkkcsofvjrjk ct gut wemt C gjdcjvjk temt Ckcsofvjrjk wms mdrjmky kcsofvjrjk. [ecs

hust djk lj tf tecab temt tejrj mrj sf lmaykc``jrjat tecans tf kcsofvjr ca tej wfrdktemt pjfpdj stcdd kfat bafw mgfut.

?. Efw luoe f` yfur oudturmd gmobnrfuakkf yfu `jjd ems m``jotjk tej pjrsfa temtyfu mrj6^jdd, m`tjr frdk mr CC, C emk maftejr odjmrclmnj f` efw tej wfrdk wms motcan mak Cwms cavfdvjk ca tej ^frdk NfvjraljatLfvjljat mak C wms f``jrjk tf gj gj tejprjsckjat f` Csrmjd, C kjacjk ct gjomusj

C wmatjk tf ejdp tf gucdk tej EjgrjwZacvjrscty f` Hjrusmdjl.

;. êmt fr wef prfvckjk yfu wcte tejsuppfrt yfu ajjkjk mak efw kck tejysuppfrt yfu6C gjdcjvj tej pjfpdj wef ejdpjk lj tejlfst ofatcauj mak `fddfw tecs omrjjr wjrjly @mtejr mak Lmx [mdluk m pffr YfdcseLjkcomd stukjat. êja C stmrtjk tf sefw

tejsj catjrjsts ly `mtejr wfudk lmbj surjC wms njttcan m nffk jkuomtcfa mak temt Cemk jvjrytecan C wfudk jvjr pfsscgdy ajjktf suoojjk. Ly @mtejr teja ecrjk [mdluk.[mdluk wms dcbj ly pjrlmajat tutfr temtomlj tf ly efusj jvjry [eurskmy fr scx yjmrsweja C wms m yfuan gfy. Ej wfudk sefw ljsocjaoj, lmtejlmtcos mak pecdfsfpey gffbstf lmxclczj ly jkuomtcfa. Ma jxmlpdj f`tejsj gffbs wjrj Orctcquj f` Yurj Wjmsfa

mak Juodcks Jdjljats wecoe C rj`jrjjk tf mstej efdy gffb f` lmtejlmtcos.

:. êmt bcak f` fgstmodjs kck yfu ofa`rfatmak efw kck yfu kjmd wcte tejl6


26/3527:CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

^jdd, weja C wms dcttdj C emk tf su``jr

tej lfvcan mrfuak tej wfrdk omusj f`ly pmrjats, gut temt kckat clpjkj lynfmds weja nrfwa up, C lmkj ly fwakjocscfas. C wmatjk tf gj m tjmoejr maktjmoe ftejrs, gut dcbj C kckat njt may hfg, Cmoojptjk faj ms ma msscstmat2 tejrj C lmkjmdd ly clpfrtmat wfrb. @rfl tejrj C emk tf`moj pjfpdj tjddcan lj temt C wms ormzy gytecabcan suoe tecans.

0. Jvmdumtj yfur suoojss - emvj yfumooflpdcsejk mdd temt yfu wmatjk6 êmtcs ajxt `fr yfu6^jdd rst f` mdd aftecan cs ajxt `fr ljgjomusj C ml kjmk. Ms tej wfakjrùdefst f` tej sefw ljatcfajk jmrdcjr C wmsgrfunet ejrj wcte m lmnacojat pftcfa,temt wcdd rjvcvj lj fr hust jafune tclj frtecs catjrvcjw. C ajvjr rjmddy wrftj kfwa

m dcst f` wemt C wmatjk tf mooflpdcse frwemt C wmatjk tf gj suoojssùd `fr. Ca mddefajsty C kckat jvja omrj c` pjfpdj dcbjklj fr emtjk lj. êmt C kck wms stmrt futwcte faj nfmd temt C wmatjk tf mooflpdcse.

Faoj C mooflpdcsejk tecs faj nfmd ct wfudk

djmk tf m `jw lfrj, wecoe wfudk teja djmktf lfrj mak lfrj mak sf fa mak sf `frte.C ajvjr emk m dclct C kcjk weja C kcjk makC kckat wcse ly dc`j wms dfanjr tf acsetej nfmd C wms wfrbcan fa gjomusj wejafaj tecan cs sfdvjk ct hust djmks tf lfrjqujstcfas tf sfdvj. [emt cs wey C gjdcjvjtemt C mooflpdcsejk mdd temt C wmatjk wejaC sfdvjk ly rst nfmd gjomusj temt cs wemtdjk lj tf wemt ly kjactcfa f` suoojss cs.

>. Kf yfu gjdcjvj yfu emvj mayrjspfascgcdcty fr kjgt tf sfocjty6 Ydjmsjjxpdmca. C` yfu gjdcjvj yfu emvj, tejawemt emvj yfu spjocomddy kfaj `fr yfuroflluacty fr sfocjty6^jdd C kfat emvj may kjgt tf tej sfocjtytejy kjgt lj. C lmkj mdd tecs tejfrcjs temtlmkj tej wfrdk gj sclpdjr mak jmsy tf

uakjrstmak. ^ctefut lj tejrj wfudk gjsflj afasjasjs nfcan fa mak fa.

5. Cs tejrj m prcoj tf pmy `fr gjoflcansuoojssùd6 êmt cs ct6

Orcstcam Gmrrjrf - =7te Nrmkj



oerfacodjs oracoms

^jdd tf tjdd yfu tej trute C ml nfcan tfemvj tf tecab mgfut tecs qujstcfa gjomusjct cs vjry trcoby qujstcfa tf maswjr. ...^jdd... C...gjdcjvj ct mdwmys kjpjaks fatej pjrsfa temt gjofljs suoojssùd. Wcnetgj`frj tecs catjrvcjw C smw fa tej ajwstemt sflj `mlfus motfr C emppja tf `frnjttejrj amlj hust wjat tf hmcd fr usj f` krunsmak gjomusj ej wfudk gjmt ecs wc`j. [ecslma gjomlj vjry suoojssùd ca dc`j makgjomusj f` ct `mlj nft catf ecs ejmk ca tejwrfan wmy sf ej kck tej wrfan tecans. Gutdffbcan gmob mt ly dc`j C gjomlj pmrtcmddy

suoojssùd kurcan ly tclj mak C usjk ctca wmys tf ejdp lj oflpdjtj lfrj f` lynfmds mak gjoflj lfrj suoojssùd. _ftf maswjr yfur qujstcfa, C gjdcjvj tejrjcs mdwmys m prcoj tf pmy `fr gjoflcansuoojssùd sfljtcljs nffk mak ftejrtcljs gmk ct cs sfljtecan temt faj ms macakcvckumd eulma gjcan ajjks tf djmraefw tf ofatrfd wemt faj nmcas fr fgtmcasefw jvjr yfu wfudk dcbj tf put ct.

3. êmt kf yfu gjdcjvj cs tej lfstclpfrtmat qumdcty m pjrsfa lust emvj c`tejy mrj tf gjoflj suoojssùd mak wemtbcak f` mkvcoj wfudk yfu ncvj tf tefsjtemt mrj pursucan tejcr krjmls6

[ej lfst clpfrtmat qumdcty m pjrsfalust emvj tf suoojjk cs pmtcjaoj gjomusjyfu ajjk tf gj pmtcjat gjomusj tej lfstclpfrtmat tecans f` dc`j oflj sdfwdy. Ly

mkvcoj cs tf gj pjrsumscvj fr yfur nfmd makkfat djt fgstmodjs stfp yfu af lmttjr efwgcn tejy mrj.

=9. Kjaj suoojss6 Efw kf yfu ljmsurjsuoojss6Sfu omat rjmddy ljmsurj suoojss. _uoojsscs wemt yfu wmatjk tf sfdvj ct oma aft gjturajk catf ma jqumtcfa. Ct mdd kjpjaksfa yfu c` yfu mrj prfuk f` wemt yfuemvj kfaj, yfu mrj suoojssùd, gut c` yfugjdcjvj temt jvjrytecan yfu jvjr kf cs m`mcdurj teja yfu wcdd aft gj suoojssùd aflmttjr efw lmay catjrvcjws fr lfajyyfu lmbj. C gjdcjvj suoojss cs m wefdjguaoe f` tecans. Sfu emvj tf gjdcjvj ca cttf gjoflj ct. _uoojss cs tf bafw wemt yfuwmat tf kf. _uoojss cs akcan fppfrtuactyca rjhjotcfa. Kuj tf dmob f` tclj gjomusj C

kfat wmat tf kcj ca rfat f` m dcvj mukcjaojC wcdd fady ncvj jxmlpdjs tf m `jw pfcats._uoojss cs bafwcan weja tf bjjp qucjt.

C` M cs m suoojss ca dc`j, teja Mjqumds U pdus S pdus X. ^frb cs U2 S cspdmy2 mak X cs bjjpcan yfur lfute seut._uoojss cs bafwcan efw tf pjrscst. _uoojsscs clmncamtcfa. Clmncamtcfa cs lfrjclpfrtmat tema bafwdjknj. Bafwdjknj cs

dclctjk. Clmncamtcfa jaocrodjs tej wfrdk._uoojss cs uakjrstmakcan tej pfwjr f`qujstcfas. _uoojss cs tej mpprjocmtcfa f`foomscfamd sfdctukj. ^cte fut sfdctukj fajwcdd ajvjr uddy rjdmx fr ofaojatrmtj jafunetf kf wemt yfu wmat tf mooflpdcse. _uoojsscs vmduj. _uoojss cs aft `jmrcan lcstmbjs.Mayfaj wef ems ajvjr lmkj m lcstmbjems ajvjr trcjk maytecan ajw. _uoojss cskfcan `fr ftejrs. _uoojss cs kjmdcan wcte

orctcocsl. êja C pugdcsejk ly tejfry f`rjdmtcvcty J < lo7 C wms dmunejk mt makcasudtjk `fr jvja tecabcan f` tecs. Mpmrt`rfl temt ly dc`j wms terjmtjajk gy lmaypjfpdj.

[mec Embcl - =9te Nrmkj


28/3527>CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

FÂJW_ LMAZMD @FW [EJ

[JJAMNJ GWMCAYrjMY _ocjaoj Odmss - 3te Nrmkj

Sfu mrj tej fwajr f` yfur mwjsfljgrmca. Sfur grmca ajjks omrjùd emakdcan maklmcatjamaoj. Ejrj mrj sflj bjy pfcats temtwj djmrajk temt oma ejdp yfu njt lmxclul

pjr`frlmaoj `rfl yfur grmca.

Mgfut Sfur Grmca=. Sfur tjja grmca ajjks yfu tf gj djmracan.Sfur grmca ems hust acsejk sjvjrmd yjmrsf` nrfwcan ajw ojdds. Afw, wecdj yfu mrjm tjja, yfur ajw grmca ojdds emvj tf `frlofaajotcfas. [ej ojdds temt kfat `frlofaajotcfas wcdd kcj. Grmca ojdds `frlofaajotcfas ms yfu djmra.

7. [ej pdmojs wejrj ajurfas ljjt mrjomddjk syampsjs. Ejrj, oejlcomd scnamdslfvj morfss tej nmp gjtwjja ajurfas,trmaslcttcan ljssmnjs mak ca`frlmtcfa.Mxfas, tej jxtjascfas f` ajrvj ojddsrjojcvj tejsj ljssmnjs mak trmaslct tejltf ftejr ajurfas, pmsscan tej ljssmnj rflajurfa tf ajurfa. Ms m ojrtmca ofaajotcfa

cs usjk, ct wcdd strjanteja mak gjofljlfrj jòcjat.

?. êja yfu bcob m sfoojr gmdd yfu usjyfur ojrjgjddul, yfu lmbj m vfduatmrylfvjljat. Sfur sjasfry mrjm ckjatcjsyfur tjmllmtj tjddcan yfu tf pmss tejgmdd mak yfur mlynkmdm rjnudmtjs yfurejmrtgjmt. Sfur foocpctmd dfgj cs `frvcsumd ckjatcomtcfa, sf weja yfu sjj tej

nfmdbjjpjr fa tej ffr, yfu bcob! Lmygjyfu mrj uscan yfur rcnet ejlcspejrj fryfur dj`t. Kmy tf kmy motcvctcjs rjqucrj mddf` yfur grmcas ùaotcfas.;. [ej wmy yfur grmca kjvjdfps cs caujaojk

gy njajtcos, javcrfaljat, prcfr djmracan, maktej ca`frlmtcfa gjcan prjsjatjk.

:. _lmrtjr pjfpdj tjak tf emvj gcnnjr grmca,gfys grmca mrj gcnnjr tema ncrds grmcas,pmrtdy gjomusj tejcr gfkcjs mrj gcnnjr. Gfyssofrj ? pfcats ecnejr ca C] tjsts. Lmygjdjmracan ljmas temt yfu bjjp lfrj f` tejgrmca ojdds gy ofaajotcan tejl.0. [ej prj-`rfatmd ofrtjx, wecoe mkudtsusj `fr lmbcan kjocscfas, cs fady stmrtcantf kjvjdfp weja yfu mrj m tjja, makct wcdd aft oflpdjtj kjvjdfpljat

uatcd yfu mrj mt djmst 7: yjmrs fdk.Bjjp Sfur Grmca Ejmdtey mak Emppy>. Dmune m dft ct bjjps yfu ejmdtey.

5. Dcstja tf lusco. Lusco temt yfu jahfylmy ejdp omdl yfu. @mst pmojk luscolcnet njt yfu mdjrt mak jajrnjtco. Dcstjacantf lusco ca tcljs f` strjss lcnet ejdp yfutf rjdmx mak tmbj m grjmb.

3. Ejmdtey grmcas kjlmak ejmdtey kcjts.=9. Sfur grmca ruas fa nduofsj. [emtcs wey yfu ajjk tf jmt grjmb`mst wcteomrgfeykrmtjs ca tej lfracan ca frkjr tfprfkuoj jafune nduofsj mak omdfrcjs `fryfur grmca tf ùaotcfa. 77% f` yfur gdffknduofsj nfjs tf yfur grmca.

==. Sfu ajjk tf krcab 7 dcttjrs f` wmtjr kmcdy`fr yfur grmca tf gj prfpjrdy eykrmtjk makgj mgdj tf tecab jmscdy.Lmbj _urj Sfur Grmca Njts Jafune _djjp=7. Sfur grmca ajjks 3 efurs mak =:



oerfacodjs oracoms

lca f` sdjjp jvjry acnet. [ej lmhfrcty f`tjjamnjrs kf aft njt jafune sdjjp maktejcr grmcas su``jr `rfl m dmob f` sdjjp.

=?. Sfu emvj ma catjramd odfob temt ofatrfdsweja yfu wmat tf sdjjp, jmt, mak wmbj up.^frb wcte yfur odfob aft mnmcast ct.

=;. _djjpcan cs vctmd `fr tjjamnjrs, gjomusjkurcan tej acnet tclj ajurmd pmtewmysmrj rjca`frojk mak sefrt tjrl ljlfryca`frlmtcfa pmssjs tf dfan tjrl ljlfry.^ctefut sdjjp yfur grmca wcdd aft gj

mgdj tf trmas`jr sefrt tjrl catf dfan tjrlljlfry, mak yfu wcdd aft bafw wemt yfutefunet yfu emk djmrajk.

Gj Mwmrj f` êy Sfur Grmca Cs Pjry_usojptcgdj tf Mdofefd mak Kruns=:. Kruns mak mdofefd m``jot grmcakjvjdfpljat, pmrtcoudmrdy weja yfu mrjm tjjamnjr, gjomusj yfur grmca cs nfcanterfune rmpck oemanj mak kjvjdfpljat.

=0. Ejmdte odmssjs mak mkudts mdd fvjr tejwfrdk tjdd yfu aft tf kf kruns mak efwgmk tejy mrj `fr yfur gfky, gut wemt tejykfat ljatcfa cs temt kruns mak mdofefdmdsf emvj jxtrjljdy pfwjrùd dfan tjrlj``jots fa tej grmca temt oma m``jot yfurljlfry mak catjddjot.

=>. Ms tjjas, wj mrj djmracan ajw

ca`frlmtcfa jvjry kmy. [ecs cs tej lmcarjmsfa wey ct cs sf jmsy `fr us tf gjofljkjpjakjat fa m sugstmaoj. Fur grmcasdjmra tf moojpt mak dcbj kruns mak mdofefd`mstjr tema mkudt grmcas.

Bafw êy Sfur Grmca _fljtcljs EmsOrmzy Lffk _wcans=5. Jlftcfas emppja, mak yfu omatofatrfd temt, gut yfur prj-`rfatmd ofrtjxoma ejdp yfu rjspfak tf yfur jlftcfas cam lmturj wmy.=3. Kfat wfrry mgfut lffk swcans2 ctcs afrlmd `fr tej djvjds f` sjrftfaca tf

kjorjmsj kurcan tjja yjmrs.

79. [ecab gj`frj motcan, tej dmob f`sjrftfaca mak tej dmob f` kjvjdfpljatca tej prj-`rfatmd ofrtjx krcvj us tf kformzy tecans dcbj kruns, tf rjojcvj tejpdjmsmat sjasmtcfas wctefut tecabcanmgfut ofasjqujaojs.

7=. [ry tf mamdyzj sctumtcfas gj`frjrjmotcan, mak kfat djt jlftcfas krcvj yfutf mot clpudscvjdy.

77. Kjprjsscfa cs rjmddy ofllfa ca tjjas kujtf lcsgmdmaoj f` prfkuotcfa f` sflj oejlcomds,sf nf njt ejdp2 tejrj mrj psyoefdfncsts makmatckjprjssmats temt oma ejdp.

7?. Lfst f` tej kc``jrjaojs, gfte jlftcfamdmak peyscomd `rfl mkudts, mrj kuj tf yfurgrmca kjvjdfpljat.

Ejdp Sfur Grmca tf Djmra ms Jòcjatdy ms

Yfsscgdj7;. Ct tmbjs yjmrs tf ofasfdckmtj m ljlfry.Aft lcautjs, efurs, fr kmys, gut yjmrs.êmt yfu djmra ca rst nrmkj cs aftoflpdjtjdy `frljk uatcd tej sfpeflfrjyjmr ca ecne soeffd.

7:. Sfur gjemvcfr trmcts mrj caejrctjk `rflyfur pmrjats. Sfur sbcdds, fa tej ftejremak, mrj djmrajk. [ejsj caodukj luscomd

sbcdds, momkjlco sbcdds, mak pdmycan spfrtsfr jxjrocscan. [ejsj yfu mrj aft gfrabafwcan efw tf kf, gut yfu lust djmratejl terfune prmotcoj.

70. [ej sjasfry ljlfry wfrbs ms yfutfuoe, sljdd, tmstj, ejmr, fr sjj ma fghjot._jasfry ljlfry fady pjrscsts `fr m `jwsjofaks uatcd ct cs `frnfttja fr pmssjk fatf yfur sefrt tjrl ljlfry. Ct pmssjs tfyfur sefrt tjrl ljlfry kjpjakcan fa tejmttjatcfa mak `fous yfu put catf wemt yfumrj trycan tf djmra.


30/35273CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

7>. [ej sefrt-tjrl ljlfry ofatmcastej ca`frlmtcfa yfur grmca ems mdrjmkyprcfrctczjk, mak yfu wcdd rjljlgjr tecsca`frlmtcfa `rfl ?-79 sjofaks. Motcvmtcanyfur wfrbcan ljlfry cs tej bjy `fr tejofatjat tf gj pmssjk fa tf yfur dfan tjrlljlfry. Sfu motcvmtj wfrbcan ljlfry gyprfojsscan, tecabcan, rjpjmtcan, fr lmbcanofaajotcfas wcte tej ajw ca`frlmtcfa.

75. [ej ca`frlmtcfa wecoe cs mdrjmkyca yfur dfan tjrl ljlfry wcdd gj tejrjprfgmgdy `fr tej rjst f` yfur dc`j, fr m dfan

pjrcfk f` tclj. Sfur dfan-tjrl ljlfry cskcvckjk catf twf pmrts8 prfojkurmd ljlfry,wecoe cs tej pmrt wejrj tej motcvctcjs,oefrjs, jto. yfu kf ms m rfutcaj mrj stfrjk,mak kjodmrmtcvj ljlfry, wecoe yfu usj tfrjljlgjr ajw ca`frlmtcfa.

73. Ca frkjr `fr tej ca`frlmtcfa tf ùddyjatjr tej ljlfry, yfu emvj tf janmnjyfur grmca ùddy ca wemtjvjr motcvcty yfu

mrj kfcan. Dcstjacan cs aft jafune. Caftejr wfrks, yfu omat djmra tf gj m nffksfoojr pdmyjr, fr vcfdcacst, fr tecabjr hustgy wmtoecan m vckjf.

?9. Jlftcfas mrj orctcomd `fr yfur grmca tfgj mgdj tf djmra. Sfu lust janmnj wcte tejlmtjrcmd.?=. [f djmra, rst sjj efw tej ca`frlmtcfacs clpfrtmat mak usjùd. [eja rjvcsct ct

vmrcfus tcljs uatcd yfu uakjrstmak efw

ct mdd ofljs tfnjtejr. Sfu afw emvj tejgcn pcoturj f` tej ca`frlmtcfa mak ùddyuakjrstmak cts ljmacan.

?7. [mbcan aftjs gy emak, tjmoecanftejrs, mak mdtjramtcan gjtwjja cakcvckumdstukycan mak stuky nrfups ejdps yfu djmragjttjr. Sfu sefudk oejob yfur djmracanofastmatdy tf lmbj surj yfu uakjrstmakjvjrytecan ofrrjotdy.

Ydma `fr tej @uturj??. Grmca kjvjdfpljat vmrcjs kjpjakcan fa

sjx, mnj, mak tej motcvctcjs m pjrsfa prmotcojskurcan tejcr tjjamnj yjmrs weja tej grmcakjvjdfps ca tej lfst scnacomat wmy.

?;. C` tejrj cs maytecan yfu tecab yfuk dcbjtf kf ca tej ùturj, dcbj pdmy tjaacs fr djmraLmakmrca, yfu sefudk stmrt afw gj`frj yfurgrmca jdclcamtjs tej grmca tcssuj temt ofudkgj usjk tf djmra mak kjvjdfp tejsj tecans.

?:. Dmtjr ca dc`j, yfur grmca stmrts sercabcan.Kjvjdfp yfur grmca ca frkjr `fr m gcnnjrmlfuat f` cts lmss tf rjlmca.

?0. [mbj omrj f` yfur grmca. Sfu fady njt faj.

Ymgdf Fspcam - 3te Nrmkj


31/352?9 CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

LS ACOJ JxYJWCJAOJ CA OECAJ_J ODM__

Dcam Ofrts - Lmakmrca - =7te Nrmkj

Djmracan may dmanumnj cs oemddjancan mak Oecajsj cs af jxojptcfa. ^ejaoeffscan ly odmssjs `fr tecs sjljstjr C emk lmay kc``jrjat fptcfas mak Oecajsj odmss wmsfaj f` tejl. Mt tej gjncaacan C wmsat vjry ofavcaojk mgfut tmbcan tecs odmss gjomusjC tefunet ct ofudk gj vjry oflpdcomtjk ncvja tej `mot ct cs sf kc``jrjat `rfl Jandcse mak_pmacse. Efwjvjr, tecs ckjm wms oflpdjtjdy wrfan. Ct cs truj temt ct cs m oflpdjtjdy kc``jrjat

dmanumnj gut mdsf ct ems gjja vjry jxoctcan prfojss. Ct cs m nrjmt fppfrtuacty mak lfrjpjfpdj sefudk tmbj mkvmatmnj f` ct. Ca `mot tmbcan tecs odmss ems gjja m nrjmt jxpjrcjaojmak ems gjja faj f` tej lfst jarcoecan odmssjs ca ly Ecne _oeffd dc`j. [ej lmtjrcmd wjwfrb wcte cs vjry tjoeafdfncomd, wj jmoe emvj m sjt f` gffbs mak OKs tf prmotcoj wcte.

[ecs odmss prfvckjs mdd tej tffds `fr yfu tf djmra m ajw dmanumnj. j emvj m nrjmttjmoejr wef aft fady spjmbs Oecajsj gut Jandcse mak _pmacse ms wjdd!

Ca odmss wj djmra ajw wfrks mak permsjs, gut wj mdsf jxpdfrj Oecajsj oudturj.

Jvjry ftejr kmy wj emvj tej oemaoj tf kcsofvjr tej trmkctcfamd nmljs mak typcomd `ffks.Mkkctcfamd tf tecs, wj djmra mgfut tej lmaajrs mak oustfls ca Oecam. C oma smy gjcan catecs odmss ems lmkj lj lfrj oudturmddy mwmrj.

C efpj yfu mdd ofasckjr tmbcan tecs odmss mt sflj pfcat kurcan Ecne _oeffd! Xmc Hcma!

Lmrcmam _mdkmrrcmnm - =7te Nrmkj


32/352?=CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

LS MKPJA[ZWJ DJMWACAN M

ÊFDJ AJ^ DMANZMNJMatfacf Hfs Ncrmdkf Grmk`frk - Lmakmra - 3te Nrmkj_tmrtcan tecs momkjlco sjljstjr, C wms ncvja tej oefcoj f` gjcan pmrt f` mgfut fur

jdjotcvjs gut C oefsj tf tmbj Oecajsj gjomusj ct sfuakjk oemddjancan mak C wms ca catjrjst f`m ajw jxpjrcjaoj. [ej prjsjat caujaoj tecs ofuatry afw ems fa tej wfrdk mdsf pdmyjk mrfdj ca ly kjocscfa mak C bafw temt tecs kjtjrlcamtcfa wcdd sfljefw pmy f`` ca tej uturj.

êja C rst omlj ca tej odmss C kckat bafw wemt tf jxpjot `rfl m dmanumnj temtkfjsat jvja emvj fur smlj mdpemgjt gut tej tjmoejr, Bjvca Xeman, lmkj us stukjats jjdofl`frtmgdj wcte tecs ajw dmanumnj. Mt rst wj stmrtjk djmracan tej sclpdcjk wmy wecoecs kcspdmyjk wcte wjstjra djttjrs gut wcte ojrtmca moojats. Djmracan moojats wms oruocmdgjomusj tejrj mrj `fur typjs f` tejl mak tecs dmanumnj cs sf mlmzcan temt m syddmgdjms lm ems `fur kc``jrjat ljmacans weja kcspdmyjk wcte tej `fur kc``jrjat moojats.

Ms yfu prfnrjss wcte yfur djmracan f` tecs oflpdjx dmanumnj, yfu aftcoj temttejrj cs m vmst qumatcty f` tecans tf djmra mak yfu stmrt kfugtcan c` yfu mrj jvjr nfcan tfdjmra tejl mdd. Mdtefune, ca odmss wj rjmk ma mrtcodj temt ca m sfrt f` wmy trmaqucdczjk lj

gjomusj ct smck temt tejrj mrj mgfut :999 oemrmotjrs ca tej dmanumnj gut yfu wfudk rjmoem ajwspmpjr rjmkcan djvjd bafwcan mt djmst ?:99. Djmracan tecs gjmutcùd dmanumnj emslmkj lj rjjot mgfut wejrj C ml ejmkcan ca ly dc`j mak ems lmkj lj clmncaj lysjd`ca tej ùturj c` C ofatcauj djmracan tej dmanumnj temt prflcsjs tf rudj tej wfrdk ca m aftsf `mr ùturj.

Oecajsj cs m dmanumnj temt clljkcmtjdy mwmbjas ourcfscty mlfanst pjfpdjgjomusj ct jvfbjs m ejmvy dfmk f` matcquj trmkctcfa, jxpjrcjaoj mak ecstfry temt fady mdmanumnj dcbj tecs ofudk pfssjss.

Duoms Pcddmlczmr - =7te Nrmkj



OECAJ_J

Mam Duom Joemvmrrm - Lmakmrca - =9te Nrmkj

Oecajsj oudturj lmy gj emrk tf uakjrstmak, gut kjjp casckj, ct ems tej lfst wfakjrùdmspjots `frl mdd oudturjs ca tej wfrdk. Aft ljatcfacan temt tej oudturj ctsjd` ems tefusmaks f`spjocmd trmkctcfas, lusco mak krjssjs, ct mdsf ems uakjrstmakcan mak oflpdjxcty.

Djmracan tej Oecajsj dmanumnj, Lmakmrca, cs m slmdd mspjot f` tecs lcddjamryoudturj. Ct lmy gj tfune djmracan sfljtecan sf kc``jrjat `rfl furs, gut ct cs wfrte ct.[erfune dmanumnj, wj kcsofvjr lfrj tema hust wfrks mak permsjs. ^j djmra mgfuttrmkctcfa, ecstfry, mak mgfut tej dc`j-stydj ca Oecam.

C kjockjk fa stukycan Oecajsj, tecabcan mgfut ly ùturj, mak tej ùturj f`guscajss. Oecam wcdd gjoflj tej djmkcan ofuatry, mak bafwcan Lmakmrca lmy gj m nrjmtdjmp tf tecs ajw wfrdk f` gcn guscajss. Aft fady wcdd ct ejdp lj ca tej ùturj, gut ct wcddmdsf lmbj ly grmca djmra m ajw wmy f` wrctcan wcte oemrmotjrs. Ct lmy dffb ms c` tejywjrj sorcggdjs, gut tejy gjnca lmbcan sjasj m`tjr m wecdj.

Jmoe odmss, ajw catrcnucan tfpcos mrj grfunet up. Faoj, wj jvja ejmkjk tfOmruddm supjrlmrbjt gjdfw tf stuky tej `ructs mak prcojs. Ajvjr ca ly dc`j emvj C jvjrkfaj tecs ca m odmss.

[ejrj cs aft fady jxoruocmtcan efurs f` dmanumnj, wj mdsf pdmy m trmkctcfamdOecajsj nmlj omddjk Lm Hcman. Ct lmy gj ofaùscan mt tej gjncaacan, gut weja yfu stmrtpdmycan, ct cs rjmddy ùa tf pdmy.

Gjsckjs ùa nmljs mak ajw tecans wj djmra, tej odmss cs mdsf kfaj wcte tmdbcangffbs mak pfstjrs. [ej tjmoejr ems m lmnco pja temt sukkjady tmdbs fa m spjocmd pfstjr.

[ecs ajw wmy f` djmracan m ajw dmanumnj, mak suoe m kcòudt dmanumnj ms Lmakmrca,lmbjs ct jmscjr tf uakjrstmak, mak jvja jmscjr tf djmra. Af lfrj strjssùd acnets trycan tfkf tej efljwfrb scaoj tej tmdbcan gffb oma ejdp wcte tej ofrrjot moojatumtcfa.

[ej ajw tjoeafdfny mak tej ajw tecans wj djmra lmbj Oecajsj odmss gjttjrjmoe kmy. Ct cs aft tej gfrcan odmss wcte tej tjmoejr tmdbcan `fr furs. Afw, wj dmune makspjak m nffk tclj. Gjsckjs, Oecajsj lmy gj emrk, gut terfune j``frt mak kjkcomtcfa,sfljkmy, Oecajsj wfat gj sf emrk.

M nrjmt mkvmatmnj f` gjcan ca tej Oecajsj odmss cs tej soefdmrsecp. Gy stukycan

Oecajsj ca soeffd wj lmy jmra m soefdmrsecp mak nf mak stuky ca Oecam. Ct cs m nrjmt wmytf gj jxpfsjk tf tej dmanumnj mak tej oudturj. [ecs soefdmrsecp lmy fpja lmay kffrs tfùturj uacvjrsctcjs mak ùturj hfgs. Ct cs m nrjmt fppfrtuacty temt sefudk aft gj wmstjk.

oerfacodjs oracoms


34/352??CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

OECAJ_J[mtul Ofoerma - Lmakmra - =7te Nrmkj

Ca ly jxpjrcjaoj tmbcan Oecajsj odmss, C emvj `fuak temt ct cs ca`frlmtcvj, gutmdsf `ua. C emvj djmrajk efw tf kf sflj gmsco oflluacomtcfa sf `mr, mak C `jjd temtC ml nfcan tf djmra m dft lfrj ms tej odmss prfnrjssjs. ^j emvj mdsf djmrajk sfljca`frlmtcfa mgfut Oecajsj oudturj. Fur odmss cs m nrjmt lcx f` djmracan vfomgudmrywfrks, nrmllmtcomd struoturj, oemrmotjr wrctcan, nmljs, lfvcjs, mak lfrj. [ejlfvcjs wj wmtoe mak tej nmljs wj pdmy ofaajot catf tej ourrcoudul mwdjssdy.

[ejsj ua motcvctcjs mrj m nrjmt wmy tf djmra lfrj mgfut Oecajsj oudturj, ma clpfrtmat

oflpfajat f` fur djmracan. C jjd temt djmracan Oecajsj cs ma clpfrtmat sbcdd ca tfkmys ndfgmdoflluacty gjomusj Oecam cs suoe m eunj motfr ca tej ndfgmd jofafly. C mdsf wmat tf djmraOecajsj ca tej efpjs temt C oma trmvjd tf Oecam mt sflj pfcat ca tej ajxt `jw yjmrs. Ct csclpfrtmat tf djmra Oecajsj ca tej efpjs f` oflluacomtcan wcte m eunj pfrtcfa f` tej wfrdkspfpudmtcfa, wefsj jofaflco pfwjr cs nrfwcan wctefut m scna f` stfppcan maytclj sffa.

Ly omrjjr pdmas mt tej lfljat mrj tf gjoflj ma catjramtcfamd jvjat pdmaajr,mak c` C wmat tf pdma jvjats ca Oecam fr `fr Oecajsj spjmbjrs, ct cs ajojssmry `fr lj tfbafw tej dmanumnj mak oudturj, gfte f` wecoe C ml djmracan ca odmss. C ml vjry catjrjstjkca Oecajsj oudturj, gjomusj C wms gfra ca [mcwma, mak C efpj tf rjtura sfljkmy sffa.Ly frcncas ca Mscm mrj clpfrtmat tf lj, mak C tecab temt djmracan Oecajsj wcdd ejdp ljofaajot tf ly rffts jvja lfrj. Fvjrmdd, djmracan Oecajsj cs aft hust tf djmra maftejrdmanumnj2 C `jjd temt tej sbcdds C ml djmracan afw wcdd ejdp lj ca lmay mrjms f` ly dc`j.@rfl ly `uturj hfg pdmas tf ofaajotcan tf ly oecdkeffk, djmracan Oecajsj cs ejdpcan ljgjoflj m lfrj wjdd-rfuakjk pjrsfa.

_cdvmam Nljz - =7te Nrmkj


35/352?; CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

DM JKZOMOCA JA OFDFLGCMMakrjm Ymstrmam - Jspmfd - Nrmkf =9

Oumakf emgdmlfs kj dm jkuomoca,tu, Ja qu pcjasms6 _df pfkjr djjr yjsorcgcr vjrkmk6 Yujs dm vjrkmk, jsf af jsdm jkuomoca. Dm jkuomoca js cr luoeflms mdd kj sfdf emgjr ckf m ua ofdjncf.Dm jkuomoca js df quj `frlm tu vckm, jdemgdmr kfs ckcflms, tu oflpfrtmlcjatfja tu efnmr, jd rjspjtf y pfkjr hunmrvmrcfs kjpfrtjs, pfkjr vcmhmr y ofafojrftrms oudturms. Js `frlmr m ua sjr eulmafcatjnrmdljatj, emoj quj ua pms sjmnrmakj y jstj sjm ompmz kj kjsmrrfddmrsj.

Oumakf uam pjrsfam rjocgj uamjkuomoca kj mdtf acvjd, tcjaj moojsfm uam vckm kj mdtf acvjd, m prfyjotmrsjoflf pjrsfam ja ua luakf mdtmljatjoflpjtctcvf, pfrquj sca jkuomoca, f ofa

uam jkuomoca kj gmhf acvjd, sj kcslcauyjaf maudma dms pfscgcdckmkjs kj kjsmrrfddmrsj.Ja dfs dtclfs ocjatf ocaoujatm mfsOfdflgcm em mvmazmkf ja dm jkuomoca,m pmsfs djatfs, sfdf kjskj dfs mfsocaoujatms `uj oumakf jd prf`jsfr Ourcjy jd pmkrj Djgrjt kjsmrrfddmrfa ua pdma ysj dfnr gmhmr jd mamd`mgjtcslf m omsc ojrfy muljatf dfs jstmgdjoclcjatfs jsofdmrjs.Jd pms sj em ojatrmkf ja df gscof, jd

gmoecddjrmtf y af em frtmdjockf jd prfyjotfnrmakj quj js `frlmr prf`jscfamdjs, mefrmtjajlfs ls gmoecddjrjs pjrf af tcjajamoojsf m dms Zacvjrsckmkjs, jd jstmkf afem msulckf su pmpjd kj nrma jkuomkfr.Yfr jhjlpdf dm Zacvjrsckmk amocfamdpjrkc su prcljr pujstf oflf jd ojatrfjkuomtcvf ls clpfrtmatj kjd pms. Efysfa dms uacvjrsckmkjs prcvmkms qucjajsfstjatma jstj ttudf, Dfs Makjs, Jd Wfsmrcf,dm Hmvjrcmam, pmrm ljaocfamr uams kj dmsluoems jxojdjatjs uacvjrsckmkjs quj efyemy ja jd pms, kjsm`frtuamkmljatj su ofstfaf js moojscgdj pmrm tfkm dm pfgdmoca,

jatfaojs amoja ftrms uacvjrsckmkjs prcvmkmsquj ema sckf ddmlmkms kjspjotcvmljatj,uacvjrsckmkjs kj nmrmhj, m lctmk kjd prjocfkj dms matjrcfrjs y m uam tjrojrm pmrtjkj su acvjd, uam jstm`m pmrm jd sujf kjtfkm `mlcdcm kj jkuomr m sus echfs, kj qujjddfs tjanma ua ljhfr acvjd kj vckm qujdfs pmkrjs, dms `mlcdcms emoja ua js`ujrzf

sfgrjeulmaf ofa uafs rjsudtmkfs kj gmhfacvjd y ms sjra rjoflpjasmkfs ofa ualmd sujdkf jd oumd ofrrjspfakj m su gmhfacvjd jkuomtcvf. _, dfnrma uam vckm ua pfofljhfr, pjrf jsf af pujkj ddmlmrsj uam vckm.

Jd pms em jstmkf trmgmhmkf pmrm qujtfkfs pujkma tjajr moojsf m uam jkuomocalms kcnam. Jatjakcjakf quj dm jkuomocajs dm gmsj kjd kjsmrrfddf kj dm pjrsfamdckmk

kjd acf. Dm jkuomocfa myukm m dmspjrsfams m msulcr uam vckm rjspfasmgdj,`frljatm j clpudsm uam sfocjkmk dcgrj,

hustm, ofa pmz, tfdjrmaocm j cnumdkmk.Za pms js hustf y jqucdcgrmkf oumakfsc tfkfs dfs ocukmkmafs tcjaja moojsf muam gujam jkuomoca. Omkm nfgcjrafprjsjatm aujvfs prfyjotfs pmrm ljhfrmrdm jkuomoca, pjrf af sfa trmgmhmkfs m`fakf y sfa dujnf mgmakfamkfs oumakf

omlgcma kj nfgcjraf, ofakjamakf jstfsprfyjotf m sjr gfrrmkfs y m cacocmr aujvfsprfyjotfs quj ofasulja tcjlpf y kcajrfy dfs oumdjs omjra aujvmljatj ja jstjprfojsf kj mgmakfaf, jvctmakf quj jd pmstjanm ua pdma jkuomtcvf kjd lms mdtf acvjdy kjsmrrfddmkf m dmrnf pdmzf. Ofdflgcm jsua pms jd oumd trmgmhmakf kurf pfkjlfsdfnrmr ua mvmaoj ja dm jkuomoca sjmamkudtfs f acfs. _c trmgmhmlfs ja jd lcslfprfyjotf pmrm ljhfrmr dm jkuomocapfkjlfs smdcr mkjdmatj y ms sjr ua pms

hustf pmrm tfkfs dfs quj vcvclfs ja jd.


36/352?:CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

Oumakf emgdmlfs kj dm jkuomoca, tu,Ja qu pcjasms6 _df pfkjr djjr yjsorcgcr vjrkmk6 Yujs dm vjrkmk, jsf af jsdm jkuomoca. Dm jkuomoca js cr luoeflms mdd kj sfdf emgjr ckf m ua ofdjncf.Dm jkuomoca js df quj `frlm tu vckm, jdemgdmr kfs ckcflms, tu oflpfrtmlcjatfja tu efnmr, jd rjspjtf y pfkjr hunmrvmrcfs kjpfrtjs, pfkjr vcmhmr y ofafojrftrms oudturms. Js `frlmr m ua sjr eulmafcatjnrmdljatj, emoj quj ua pms sjmnrmakj y jstj sjm ompmz kj kjsmrrfddmrsj.

Oumakf uam pjrsfam rjocgj uamjkuomoca kj mdtf acvjd, tcjaj moojsfm uam vckm kj mdtf acvjd, m prfyjotmrsjoflf pjrsfam ja ua luakf mdtmljatjoflpjtctcvf, pfrquj sca jkuomoca, f ofauam jkuomoca kj gmhf acvjd, sj kcslcauyjaf maudma dms pfscgcdckmkjs kj kjsmrrfddmrsj.Ja dfs dtclfs ocjatf ocaoujatm mfsOfdflgcm em mvmazmkf ja dm jkuomoca,m pmsfs djatfs, sfdf kjskj dfs mfs

ocaoujatms `uj oumakf jd prf`jsfr Ourcjy jd pmkrj Djgrjt kjsmrrfddmrfa ua pdma ysj dfnr gmhmr jd mamd`mgjtcslf m omsc ojrfy muljatf dfs jstmgdjoclcjatfs jsofdmrjs.

Jd pms sj em ojatrmkf ja df gscof, jdgmoecddjrmtf y af em frtmdjockf jd prfyjotfnrmakj quj js `frlmr prf`jscfamdjs, mefrmtjajlfs ls gmoecddjrjs pjrf af tcjajamoojsf m dms Zacvjrsckmkjs, jd jstmkf af

em msulckf su pmpjd kj nrma jkuomkfr.Yfr jhjlpdf dm Zacvjrsckmk amocfamdpjrkc su prcljr pujstf oflf jd ojatrfjkuomtcvf ls clpfrtmatj kjd pms. Efysfa dms uacvjrsckmkjs prcvmkms qucjajsfstjatma jstj ttudf, Dfs Makjs, Jd Wfsmrcf,dm Hmvjrcmam, pmrm ljaocfamr uams kj dmsluoems jxojdjatjs uacvjrsckmkjs quj efyemy ja jd pms, kjsm`frtuamkmljatj su ofstfaf js moojscgdj pmrm tfkm dm pfgdmoca,jatfaojs amoja ftrms uacvjrsckmkjsprcvmkms quj ema sckf ddmlmkmskjspjotcvmljatj, uacvjrsckmkjs kj nmrmhj,m lctmk kjd prjocf kj dms matjrcfrjs y m

uam tjrojrm pmrtj kj su acvjd, uam jstm`mpmrm jd sujf kj tfkm `mlcdcm kj jkuomrm sus echfs, kj quj jddfs tjanma ua ljhfracvjd kj vckm quj dfs pmkrjs, dms `mlcdcmsemoja ua js`ujrzf sfgrjeulmaf ofauafs rjsudtmkfs kj gmhf acvjd y ms sjrarjoflpjasmkfs ofa ua lmd sujdkf jd oumdofrrjspfakj m su gmhf acvjd jkuomtcvf._, dfnrma uam vckm ua pfof ljhfr,pjrf jsf af pujkj ddmlmrsj uam vckm.

Jd pms em jstmkf trmgmhmkf pmrm qujtfkfs pujkma tjajr moojsf m uam jkuomocalms kcnam. Jatjakcjakf quj dm jkuomocajs dm gmsj kjd kjsmrrfddf kj dm pjrsfamdckmk

kjd acf. Dm jkuomocfa myukm m dmspjrsfams m msulcr uam vckm rjspfasmgdj,`frljatm j clpudsm uam sfocjkmk dcgrj,

hustm, ofa pmz, tfdjrmaocm j cnumdkmk.Za pms js hustf y jqucdcgrmkf oumakfsc tfkfs dfs ocukmkmafs tcjaja moojsf muam gujam jkuomoca. Omkm nfgcjrafprjsjatm aujvfs prfyjotfs pmrm ljhfrmrdm jkuomoca, pjrf af sfa trmgmhmkfs m`fakf y sfa dujnf mgmakfamkfs oumakf

omlgcma kj nfgcjraf, ofakjamakf jstfsprfyjotf m sjr gfrrmkfs y m cacocmr aujvfsprfyjotfs quj ofasulja tcjlpf y kcajrfy dfs oumdjs omjra aujvmljatj ja jstjprfojsf kj mgmakfaf, jvctmakf quj jd pms

Fdcvjr Acdsja- =9te Nrmkj



oerfacodjs oracoms

tjanm ua pdma jkuomtcvf kjd lms mdtf acvjdy kjsmrrfddmkf m dmrnf pdmzf. Ofdflgcm jsua pms jd oumd trmgmhmakf kurf pfkjlfsdfnrmr ua mvmaoj ja dm jkuomoca sjmamkudtfs f acfs. _c trmgmhmlfs ja jd lcslfprfyjotf pmrm ljhfrmr dm jkuomocapfkjlfs smdcr mkjdmatj y ms sjr ua pms

hustf pmrm tfkfs dfs quj vcvclfs ja jd.

Ejmdte8 Lmcatmcacan mdd 0 mspjot f`wjddajss mak tjstcan tejl ca yfur kmcdy dc`j.Javcrfaljatmd ejmdte caodukjs jvjry mspjottemt kjmds wcte tej ofatrcgutcfa tf yfur

amtcfamd mak catjramtcfamd javcrfaljat cts(ejmdte).

Ymrtcocpmtcan ca lmyfr javcrfaljatmdmotcvctcjs ca yfur sfocmd jav[ecs mspjot f`wjddajss cs vjry clpfrtmat gjomusj wejrjyfu dcvj, pdmy, mak wfrb mrj lmk up f`` frmrj ca ma javcrfaljat wecoe ajjks tf gjbjpt sm`j, ejmdtey, mak odjma. Lmca omusjsf` javcfrljatmd kjstruotcfa[ejrj cs af

sjasj f` javcrfaljat ca sfocjty ms m wefdj.Lcstmbja ckjms f` amturmd rjsfurojs.Afwfrdkwckj frnmaczmtcfa tf prjvjat ct. [ejjavcrfaljat ca wecoe wj dcvj ofudk ofljtf ma jak.Lmay kcsjmsjs oma gj kjdcvjrjkterfune m gmk javcrfaljatmd ejmdte dcbj8Mddjrncjs, Mstelm, gcrte kj`jots, omaojr,kjrlmtctcs, jlpeysjlm, `jrtcdcty prfgdjls,nfctjr, ejmrt kcsjmsj, clluaj kjocjaoykcsjmsjs.

Wjoyodcan8 _mvjs trjjs Nffk usj f`prclj lmtjrcmds, _mvjs lfajy, Orjmtjs hfgs,_mvjs jajrny. Aft rjoyodcan8 Dffsj lfajy,Oefp kfwa `frjst ,Zaejmdtey javcfrljat,@jw amturmd rjsfurojs , Jajrny wmcst.

Omusjs f` pfddutcfa8 Mcr pfddutcfa,tej rjdjmsj f` oejlcomds mak pmrtcoudmtjscatf tej mtlfspejrj. Dcnet pfddutcfa,caodukjs dcnet trjspmss, fvjr-cddulcamtcfa.Afcsj pfddutcfa, wecoe jaoflpmssjsrfmkwmy afcsj, mcrorm`t afcsj, cakustrcmdafcsj ms wjdd ms ecne-catjascty sfamr._fcd ofatmlcamtcfa uakjrnrfuak djmbs.

Wmkcfmotcvj ofatmlcamtcfa, auodjmrpfwjr.[ejrlmd pfddutcfa, cs m tjlpjrmturjoemanj. Pcsumd pfddutcfa, wmstj, slfn, jto.^mtjr pfddutcfa, gy tej rjdjmsj f` wmstjcatf wmtjr.

Yfddutcfa ofatrfd cs m tjrl usjkca javcrfaljatmd lmamnjljat. Ct ljmastej ofatrfd f` jlcsscfas mak j`ujats catfmcr, wmtjr fr sfcd. ^ctefut ct mnrcoudturj,lcacan, mak ftejr eulma motcvctcjs wfudkgj kjstruotcvj tf tej javcrfaljat. Wjoyodj,Kust ofddjotcfa _ystjls, _oruggjrs,

_jwmnj [rjmtljat, Pmpfr rjofvjry systjl.^mtjr wmcst. Efw wj wmcst wmtjr8 : pjrojat f` wmtjr usjk ca meflj cs ca tej gmterffl. Oemancan tejsj

ctjls fady ca tej gmterffl oma smvj m dftf` wmtjr, gut oemancan tejl terfunefut tejefusj cs jvja gjttjr.Ofasjrvj ^mtjr.Yut mdcttdj `ffk ofdfrcan ca yfur tfcdjt tmab. C`,wctefut usecan, tej ofdfr gjncas tf mppjmrca tej gfwd wcteca ?9 lcautjs, yfu emvj mdjmb temt sefudk gj rjpmcrjk clljkcmtjdy.[mbj m :-Lcautj _efwjr Castjmk f` m =9-Lcautj _efwjr_mvcans8 =7.: nmddfas m kmy.Yut m gfttdj ddjk wcte nrmvjd ca yfur tfcdjttmab._mvcans8 >.: nmddfas m kmy.[ura f`` tej^mtjr ^ecdj Grusecan [jjte mak _emvcanMlmajoj, y ua km aujvf ddjnm!


38/352?>CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

Mdvmrf Omkmvck - =7te NrmkjLmrcmam Jsomdda - 3te Nrmkj

Pmajssm kj Omstrf - =7te Nrmkj Matfacm Lcddjr - 3te Nrmkj



oerfacodjs oracoms

LMAKMWCA C

Eyua-Sfan Bwfa - Lmakmrca - =7te - Nrmkj

êmt cs tf gjoflj tej wfrdks gcnnjst pfwjr ca tej jasucan yjmrs ems uasurprcscandystrjtoejk cts rjmoe tf tej `mrtejst rjmoejs f` cts mrls, Dmtca Mljrcom. êmt sprfutjk ms tejOfaùocus Castctutj dmst yjmr, tej Oecajsj castctutj sffa jxpmakjk tf caodukj m emakùd f`stukjats, mak C wms surprcsjk tf ak lysjd` ca ct, djmracan m dmanumnj C mdlfst prflcsjkaft tf djmra `fr tej pmst yjmrs, ca aft hust faj odmss, gut ca twf kcstcaot lmakmrca odmssjs.

Ly gdjssjk jxpjrcjaoj f` emvcan dcvjk ca fvjr 0 kc``jrjat ofuatrcjs, Numtjlmdm,_pmca, Ljxcof, Mrnjatcam, Kflcacoma Wjpugdco, Ofdflgcm, mak Bfrjm, tmunet lj lfrjtema tej rcoe oudturmd ejrctmnj f` jmoe ofuatry mak terjj kcstcaot dmanumnjs, gut nmvj ljm nffk ndclpsj f` tej clpmot f` tecs ajwdy jljrncan ncmat ca tej jmst, m amtcfa faoj dcttdjbafwa ca mdd tejsj ofuatrcjs, jxojpt Bfrjm f` ofursj, dfomtjk dctjrmddy ca tej ftejr sckjf` tej ndfgj. C emk ajvjr, jvjr scaoj ly caoduscfa ca tej jkuomtcfamd castctutcfa ms m rstnrmkjr, `mcdjk tf ejmr mgfut Oecams ajw ndfgmd prflcajaoj, cts upoflcan clpmot ca tej

wfrdk, fr `mcdjk tf sjj m soeffd wctefut m Lmakmrca odmss, f` mdd tej soeffds mak ofuatrcjsC emvj gjja tf fvjr =9 yjmrs. Efwjvjr temt lmy sfuak, ct cs tej trute, mak kcrjotdy tjddsjvjryfaj temt Oecam cs rjmd, temt cts ofasulcan, nrfwcan, mak wcdd gj clpfsscgdj tf cnafrj.

[emt wms jxmotdy wemt C emvj gjja kfcan fvjr tej pmst =9 yjmrs. C emvjgjja cnafrcan mak kcslcsscan tecs dmanumnj ms clpfsscgdj, ms mgstrmot, ms cddjncgdj.Yjremps ct wms tej vjry `mot temt jvjrywejrj C wjat tf C ajvjr `mcdjk tf jaofuatjr tecspejafljafa, temt ct sjjljk tf `fddfw lj jvjrywejrj, temt caorjmsjk ly sjasj f`rjsjatljat tfwmrks tej Oecajsj dmanumnj. Gut pjremps ct suoojjkjk tecs tclj, m`tjr=9 yjmrs, tf amddy ofavcaoj lj tf tmbj m stjp catf tej Oecajsj castctutcfa, tf ùddy

usj tecs ms ma mkvmatmnj `fr ùturj prfspjots temt wcdd prjsjat tejlsjdvjs `fr surj.

_f wemt ems tej pmst `jw wjjbs f` Lmakmrca C mak CCC tmunet lj6 M dft lfrjtema wemt C jxpjotjk. C djmrajk tej gmscos f` Oecajsj lmakmrca, tej pcayca, mak wemt Cofasckjr cts lfst ùakmljatmd mspjot2 cts moojats. C djmrajk tej jcnet lmhfr strfbjs, tejmlmzcan mot temt MDD f` oecams frty-sjvja tefusmak mak tecrty-vj oemrmotjrs mrj gmsjkfa tejsj mdfaj. C djmrajk tej gmscos f` lmehfan, cts rudjs mak cts rjdmtcfa tf tej Oecajsjoudturj ca njajrmd. Mak mgfvj mdd ftejrs, C djmrajk temt Oecajsj cs aft tfune ms C gjdcjvjkct wfudk gj, tefune tej `mot temt ct stcdd cs emrkjr tema ftejr dmanumnjs cs crrjùtmgdj. C mlstcdd djmracan.


40/352?3CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

oerfacodjs oracoms

OECAJ_J ODM__

[rcam Ofoerma - Lmakmrca - ==te Nrmkj

[ejrj mrj lmay rjmsfas temt tej jxpjrcjaoj f` djmracan Oecajsj cs clpfrtmattf lj. Ct cs m dmanumnj nrfwcan ca pfpudmrcty, mak wcdd gj vjry usjùd tf lj cavmrcfus wmys, afw mak ca tej ùturj. Gy djmracan Oecajsj, lmay fppfrtuactcjs mrj

fpjajk, mak oudturmd jxpjrcjaojs mrj orjmtjk.

[ej Oecajsj dmanumnj ctsjd` cs vjry catjrjstcan tf lj, mak gy djmracan Oecajsj,jspjocmddy terfune tej Ofaùocus Castctutj, C ml djmracan aft fady tej dmanumnj, gutlfrj mgfut tej oudturjs ms wjdd. [ejrj mrj sf lmay kc``jrjat mspjots f` Oecajsj temtoma gj djmrajk terfune tej Oecajsj odmssjs, mak C ml jahfycan mdd f` tejl. @crst, tejdmanumnj ctsjd` cs catrcnucan mak, wecdj luoe kc``jrjat `rfl Jandcse fr _pmacse, ct cscatjrjstcan tf sjj tej prfnrjsscfa `rfl pcoturjs tf tej oemrmotjrs temt lmbj up tejdmanumnj tfkmy. Mdsf, ms wj prfnrjss terfune djmracan lfrj f` tej Oecajsj, wj usjvmrcfus wmys mak ljtefks tf rjljlgjr mak lmstjr permsjs, wfrks, fr ftejr mspjots

f` tej odmss. Ct cs ma jxojddjat wmy tf krmw bafwdjknj `rfl vmrcfus djmracan tffds,sf tej odmss sefudk mppjmd tf mdd kc``jrjat typjs f` pjfpdj. Ca mkkctcfa tf gjcan ùa,emvcan djmrajk Oecajsj wcdd mdsf gj vjry usjùd ca tej ùturj.

Oecam cs nrfwcan tf gj m djmkcan jofaflco pfwjr, mak lmay pjfpdj ca tej wfrdkmrj djmracan tf spjmb Oecajsj. Gy kfcan tecs lysjd`, C ml prjpmrcan lysjd` `fr m pfsscgdjùturj ca kjmdcan wcte Oecajsj-spjmbcan pjfpdj, mak mdsf `fr pjremps trmvjdcan tf Oecam.Gy djmracan tej dmanumnj mak tej oudturj f` Oecajsj, C ml gjttjr prjpmrcan lysjd` aftfady tf emvj bafwdjknj f` tejsj pjfpdj, gut tf gj mgdj tf rjdmtj tf tejl mak tf rjspjottejcr oudturj. Ca mkkctcfa, tej Oecajsj oudturj cs vjry catjrjstcan mak msocamtcan, ma mkkjk

gfaus. M amd fppfrtuacty temt ofljs wcte tmbcan Oecajsj odmssjs cs tej pfsscgcdcty tflmygj trmvjd tf fr stuky ca Oecam mt sflj pfcat.

[ecs wfudk gj ma jxojddjat oudturmd jxpjrcjaoj, mak wfudk kj`cactjdy ejdplj tf mpprjocmtj `crst emak maftejr pmrt f` tej wfrdk temt lcnet dcvj kc``jrjatdytema C kf. Mdsf, tecs jxpjrcjaoj wfudk ejdp lj tf semrj sflj f` fur oudturj wcteftejrs catjramtcfamddy, sf wj oma mdd djmra `rfl jmoe ftejr mak gjnca tf moojpt jmoeftejr oudturmddy. Fvjrmdd, tejrj mrj lmay mkvmatmnjs tf tmbcan Oecajsj odmssjs, msdjmracan mgfut tej Oecajsj dmanumnj mak oudturj wcdd fpja lmay kffrs mak cs ma

catjrjstcan ms wjdd ms m usjùd sughjot tf bafw mgfut. Gy djmracan Oecajsj, C mlejdpcan lysjd` tf bafw mak rjdmtj lfrj tf tej wfrdk mrfuak lj, jxpmakcan lybafwdjknj mak ourcfscty.


41/352;9 CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

S [J PZJDPJ_ LJHFW YJW_FAMM [WMP_ KJD MLFW

Gjmtrcz Yrjocmkf - Jspmfd - Nrmkf 3

Zaf mprjakj m mlmr, af oumakf jaoujatrj m dm pjrsfam pjr`jotm, scaf oumakf mprjakmm orjjr ja dm pjr`jooca kj uam pjrsfam clpjr`jotm. -Maaclf

Lj oujatma quj dm vckm sj kcvckj ja kfs, oflf jrms matjs, y kjspus, kj oumakftj jamlfrms pfr prcljrm vjz. Kcoja tmlgca quj jd mlfr js tma `ujrtj quj js pfscgdjquj tu vckm omlgcj pmrm scjlprj y dfnrm lmromr tu vckm kj tmd `frlm quj scjlprj tj vmsm mofrkmr kj df quj `uj tu prcljr mlfr. Omkm pjrsfam df vcvj kj uam `frlm kc`jrjatj,gmhf kc`jrjatjs ocrouastmaocms y ja kc`jrjatjs tcjlpfs pjrf md amd scjlprj jd mlfr vmm emojr quj jstm pjrsfam omlgcj su `frlm kj vjr dm vckm. Jd mlfr jstm ja tfkf, ja dfsdcgrfs, ja jd mrtj, ja dms pjdoudms, y jstf sfdf kjlujstrm dm `msocamoca quj tjajlfs dfseulmafs pfr jstj sjatclcjatf. Js caorjgdj pjasmr oflf jd mlfr ddjnm m caspcrmr m tmatmnjatj m orjmr fgrms kj mrtj y m emojr mdnf pfr sus vckms. Kjskj quj amojlfs jstmlfsja ofatmotf ofa mlfr, kj aujstrfs pmkrjs, y kj aujstrm `mlcdcm. S orjojlfs vcjakfjd mlfr ja tfkf mspjotf kj aujstrms vckms y js pfr jstf quj oumakf df jaofatrmlfs,jaofatrmlfs ja jstj sjatclcjatf tfkf df quj emgmlfs qujrckf vcvcr y luoef lms.

Kj mlfr kj pmrjhm6 Sf pcjasf quj js df acof quj tj pujkj emojr sjatcr vcvfquj tj emoj kjspjrtmrtj tfkfs dfs kms ofa uam sfarcsm ja dm omrm y tj emoj mofstmrtj ofatfkms dms nmams kj quj ua km aujvf ddjnuj pmrm vfdvjr m sjr `jdcz. Jd mlfr kj pmrjhm emojquj tfkf ja tu vckm pcjrkm clpfrtmaocm y df acof quj jstj ja tu omgjzm sjm tu pmrjhm y su`jdcockmk. Js oumakf kjhmlfs kj sjr sjrjs javckcfsfs y jnfoatrcofs, y afs catjrjsmlfs ja

jd gcjajstmr kj aujstrm pmrjhm lms quj ja dm aujstrm. Sf orjf quj jd mlfr kj pmrjhm js df qujemoj m dm njatj orjojr, lmkurmr y mprjakjr m kmr kj su pmrtj y sjr ljafs oflpdcomkfs. Jdmlfr kj pmrjhm pujkj omlgcmr m dm njatj y vfdvjrdm ljhfrjs pjrsfams. Yfkjlfs vjr ja dmecstfrcm rjdmtfs kj mlfr ja jd quj jstj dfnrm clpudsmr m dm njatj m emojr emzmms caorjgdjs.

S kj sc lj kcoja quj djs oujatj kj lc prcljr mlfr kj pmrjhm, sfdf djs pujkfkjocr quj tfkmvm af em ddjnmkf pmrm lc. Yfr mefrm af em ddjnmkf uam pjrsfam quj dfnrjkjspjrtmr ja lc jsj sjatclcjatf kjd quj tmatf sj emgdm ja dm dctjrmturm y ja jd mrtj. Yjrfyf jstfy sjnurm kj quj mdna km ddjnmrm, af emy ajojsckmk kj m`mamrlj ac kj orjjrquj mdnf lmdf emy ja lc pfrquj emstm mefrm tjanf =: mfs y tfkmvm tjanf luoef

tcjlpf pfr kjdmatj. Ms lcslf jstfy sjnurm kj quj oumakf ddjnuj jstj lfljatf jalc vckm, tfkf omlgcmr. Oumakf emgdf ofa lc lml lj kcoj quj jd mlfr scjlprjm sckf jd lcslf, quj pujkj quj mefrctm emym lms dcgjrtmk pjrf jd ofaojptf scnujscjakf jd lcslf, y jatfaojs pcjasf quj oumakf ddjnuj jsj lfljatf m lc vckm jstmr`jdcz, y vfy m kjocr quj tfkf jstj tcjlpf ja jd quj df jspjrj, emgr vmdckf dm pjam.

oerfacodjs oracoms


42/352;=CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

_FGWJKF_C_ KJ OEFOFDM[JLmtcdkj Mojvjkf - Jspmfd - Nrmkf 3

Af djs em pmsmkf quj ua km sj djvmatma ofa jd prjsjatclcjatf kj quj mdnf vm mpmsmr y amdljatj af pmsm amkm6 Yujs m l s, scjlprj lj pmsm. Yjrf jstm vjz af, jstm vjz ujkc`jrjatj. Lj djvmatj sca acanuams jxpjotmtcvms kjd km y lj pmsf mdnf quj auaom lj jspjrmrm.

Jrm tjlprmaf, lc lml sj mojro y lj kchf quj lj gmmrm rpckmljatjpfrquj gmlfs m mdlfrzmr kfakj lcs prclfs. Dm fgjkjo y lj ùc m lc gmf. Oumakfym jstmgm vjstckm y mrrjndmkm, vc quj lc lml af jstmgm dcstm tfkmvm jatfaojsdm jspjr. Lj ùc y lj sjat `rjatj m lc oflputmkfr, huatf m d jstmgm lc gmrrm kjoefofdmtj suczf quj lc lml lj emgm trmkf. Ofn ua pjkmzf y lj df ofl.Kjspus kj ua lfljatf jlpjo m sjatcr luoem prjsca ja dm pmrtj trmsjrm kj lcomgjzm. [fkmvm sj jsouoemgm jd mnum kj dm kuoem pjnmr ofatrm dm gmjrm y jspjrj mquj lc lml smdcjrm kj dm kuoem pmrm prjnuatmrdj quj emom pmrm lc kfdfr kj omgjzm.

Yfof m pfof lj ùj muljatmakf dm prjsca y jd kfdfr jrm ls catjasf.Oumakf lc lmkrj ym jstmgm kcspfacgdj, dj ofljatj quj emoj =9 lcautfs lj jstmgmkfdcjakf dm omgjzm. Jddm lj mofst djatmljatj ja su omlm y lj kchf quj kjsomasmrm.Yusf su `rm lmaf ja lc `rjatj y lj kchf quj af tjam jgrj. [jrlca y sj ùj mdgmf m tjrlcamr kj mrrjndmrsj. Djatmljatj lj ofljaz m kfdjr luoef dm omgjzmy ddjn ua puatf quj jrm tmatm dm prjsca y jd kfdfr quj ùc ofrrcjakf m kfakj jddmnrctmakf, ddfrmakf. Jddm kjockc kmrlj ua Mkvcd acfs, df oumd af ùaocfa luoef.

Kmgm gftjs y vujdtms ja dm omlm kj lc lmkrj, nrctmakf kjd kfdfr quj sjatm. Dm omgjzmlj pmdpctmgm tmatf quj af smgm qu emojr ofa jddm y lc oujrpf sfdf sj lfvm pmrm kfakj

qucscjrm. Sm af tjam ofatrfd sfgrj lc oujrpf. Jlpjo m vjr duojs y pfr ua castmatjpjas quj lj cgm m lfrcr. _fdf lj moujrkf kj jsj lfljatf, y kj lc lml mdmrlmkmy msustmkm. Jddm kcoj quj kj ua lfljatf m ftrf, sclpdjljatj om. Kjhj kj ddfrmr, nrctmr,kmr vujdtms y kj ofnjrlj dm omgjzm y kj rjpjatj lj kjslmy. Jddm sca smgjr qu emojr,rpckmljatj ddmlf m lc pmp. Jd jstmgm ja sugm, y af pfkm ddjnmr m tcjlpf pfrquj emgmluoef trmaoa. Lc lmkrj tmlgca kcoj quj kjspus ddml m lc tf y oflf d vcvm ojrom,ddjnf ja ua castmatj m myukmrdm. Lj omrn emstm su omrrf kcrcncakfsj m dm odacom _matm @j.

Lj kjspjrt ja jd omrrf kj lc tf kjkuocjakf df quj emgm pmsmkf. Lj jaofatrmofstmkm ja dms pcjrams kj lc lmlm y mpjams mgr dfs fhfs lj sjat, af df pjas ac pfr

ua castmatj. Jxmlca df quj jstmgm vcjakf y af smgm ja qu dunmr kj Gfnft jstmgm.Kjock pmrmr kj pjasmr y lj vfdv m mofstmr. Ymsmrfa vjcatj lcautfs y ddjnmlfs m uamodacom. Lj omrnmrfa y lj puscjrfa ja uam scddm kj rujkms. Ja jsj lfljatf lcs sjatckfsaf jstmgma mdjrtm y tfkmvm jstmgm ua pfof lmrjmkm y omasmkm. Zam sjfrm lj ofncùjrtjljatj kjd grmzf y lj kchf quj lj kjspjrtmrm, quj af msustmrm ls m lc lml.

oerfacodjs oracoms


43/352;7 CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

Ecoj jxmotmljatj df quj lj kchf.

Yms pfr luoems lmqucams, smdms kj jspjrm y vc m luoem njatj ja`jrlm. Dujnf,ja dm tmrkj lj jstmgdjocjrfa ja uam omlm. Sf oflpmrtm pcsf ofa tfkfs dfs acfs qujtmlgca ajojsctmgma mtjaoca lkcom. Luoems pjrsfams lj vcsctmrfa, caoduyjakf mdlkcof y lj kchjrfa quj kj prfatf lj kjslmyj y lj kcf lcnrmm pfr emgjr oflckftmatf oefofdmtj. Jd km matjrcfr yf emgm tjackf dm jstm kj uam mlcnm ja Ufof, dm tcjakm kjoefofdmtjs. Ofcaockc ofa jd vcmhj kj lc lml m suczm pfrquj jddm lj trmhf uam gmrrm luynrmakj kj oefofdmtj dm oumd lc dtclf gfomkf emgm sckf jsm vjz `rjatj md oflputmkfr.

Kjskj jatfaojs lc lml auaom lj kjhm ofljr tmatf oefofdmtj, y oumakf tjanfkfdfr kj omgjzm, ms sjm uaf pjqujf, lc lml sj msustm y sj mdjrtm. [mlgca lj scrvcm l pmrm af ofljr tmatf oefofdmtj dm prxclm vjz, pjrf prf`uakczmakf ja jsf2 orjf quj

dm vckm js ms, oumakf ljafs tj jspjrms mdnf. Yjrf lcjatrms ls clpmocjatj y jspjotmkfrsjms, ljafs tj pmsm. Ouckmkf, pfrquj pujkj sjr gujaf, pjrf tmlgca pujkj sjr lmdf.

oerfacodjs oracoms

Orcstcam Kfamkf - =7te Nrmkj


44/352;?CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

OFLF YJWK M LC_ LJHFWJ_ MLCNM_Mafaylfus - Jspmfd - Nrmkf 3

Oumakf jstmgm ja fotmvf pjrk m lcs kfs ljhfrjs mlcnms. Jstf jlpjzoumakf yf caofasocjatjljatj jlpjo m mdjhmrlj kj jddms. Muaquj lj sjatmmdjhmkm, af lj kmgm oujatm quj jrm oudpm lm2 quj dms jstmgm kjhmakf mtrs scaqujrjr emojrdf. Dm vjrkmk auaom jatjak pfr qu ùj quj afs jlpjzmlfs mmdjhmr pfr ftrms mlcnms, ftrms pmscfajs, f sclpdjljatj pfrquj emomlfs ofsmskcstcatms pmrm pmsmr jd tcjlpf. Jd omsf js quj djatmljatj afs ùclfs mdjhmakf.

Oumakf lj kc oujatm kj df quj jstmgm pmsmakf ecoj tfkf df quj pukjpmrm trmtmr kj mrrjndmr dms ofsms jatrj afsftrms. Lj sjatm mcsdmkm kj njatj quj matjsemgm ofasckjrmkf pmrtj kj lc `mlcdcm y dm vjrkmk af smgm olf mrrjndmr jd jrrfrquj emgm ofljtckf. Oumakf trmtmgm kj emgdmrdjs lj cnafrmgma f sc af sclpdjljatjaf tjamlfs acana tjlm ja ofla kj quj emgdmr. Kjspus kj ua tcjlpf kjjstm caoflfkckmk jatrj afsftrms2 lj jatjrj quj jstmgma emgdmakf lmd kj l m lcsjspmdkms. Md prcaocpcf, oumakf lj jatjrj kj jstf af smgm qu emojr. Ja ocjrtm lmajrmlj sjat mgmakfamkm y sfdm pjrf md lcslf tcjlpf sjatm rmgcm emocm dms kfs acmsquj lj kjoma quj jrm oflf su ejrlmam, pjrf cnumd mpmrjatjljatj djs omcm lmd.

Djatmljatj lj jlpjo m kmr oujatm quj af sfdf emgdmgma lmd kjl m lcs jspmdkms scaf quj tmlgca lj trmtmgma lmd y emoma ofljatmrcfsnrfsjrfs omkm vjz quj yf emgdmgm. Omkm km sjatm ljafs trcstjzm y ls rmgcmemocm jddms, omkm km lj clpfrtmgm ljafs jstmr djhfs kj jddms. Omkm km dmpmsmgm ls rcof ofa mlcnms kcstcatms y ls lmd oumakf jddms jstmgma mdrjkjkfr.

Dm ljhfr kjocsca quj ej tflmkf ja lc vckm ùj oumakf kjock cnafrmrdmsy pmrmr kj sjnucr catjatmakf sjr su mlcnm sc jstmgma tma kjockckms m fkcmrlj. Emstm

efy, scnf scatcjakf ocjrtm trcstjzm oumakf dms vjf y lj moujrkf kj dm mlcstmk quj matjsoflpmrtmlfs. Cnumdljatj s quj muaquj lj jqucvfquj ja ua prcaocpcf md jlpjzmr mkjhmrdms, trmtj kj emojr tfkf df pfscgdj pfr mrrjndmr jstj jrrfr y jddms af qucscjrfa mojptmrlcs catjatfs. Efy jstfy trmaqucdm ofa dm pjrsfam quj sfy y ofa dms mlcnms quj tjanf ysj2 quj af dms ajojsctf.

oerfacodjs oracoms


45/352;; CKJM_ E._. LMNMXCAJ, Huaj 79==

LC JxYJWCJAOCM JA JD [WMA_LCDJACF

Dm sjlmam pmsmkm lfatj ja trmaslcdjacf pfr prcljrm vjz. Jrm uam tmrkj fsourmkfakj sj vjm dm njatj ofrrjr kj ua dmkf m ftrf trmtmakf kj ofnjr jd trmaslcdjacf. Jdgus rfhf quj ofluacom lctmk kj Gfnft ofa dm ftrm lctmk kj Gfnft. _mdcjakf kjdm jstmoca kjd vcrrjy ofa lc ofakuotfr afs gmhmlfs kjd omrrf y jlpjo m sjatcr dfsajrvcfs kj lfatmrlj md trmaspfrtj pgdcof kjd quj tmatf mdmrkjma pfr dm lmmam ja Jd

[cjlpf. Matjs kj ddjnmr pmsj pfr lc omsm pmrm vjstcrlj oflf uam pjrsfam afrlmdquj tjacm pujstf6 Za guzf ajnrf pmrm pmrmr dfs fhfs kj dfs eflgrjs quj af tcjajaamkm ljhfr quj emojr, uafs hjmas quj lj qujkma nrmakjs pmrm af mtrmjr m amkcj ofadf quj ùc kftmkm y jaoclm kj tfkf jstf, tjam uam oemqujtm ofa ompuoem nrmakjtmlgca ym quj jd guzf lj qujkmgm pjnmkf md oujrpf. Mpmrjatmgm sjr tmddm 599 oflfua jdj`matj y odmrf quj tjacm tjacs pujstfs pmrm af kjhmr dm lunrj jatrmr m lc oujrpf.

_ujaf luy ` f oflf sj kcnm pjrf jasjrcf af qujrm quj amkm lj pmsmrm ymquj afrlmdljatj df quj lj pfakrm sjrcma uafs hjmas pjnmkfs quj mtrmja jd fhf m...tu smgjs, uam omlcsm ofa ua jsoftj emstm jd flgdcnf ddjam kj grcddmatjs, uafs zmpmtfsmgcjrtfs y lc rjdfh tfkf grcddmatj. _c lj eugcjrm ckf ms orjf quj af emgrm smdckf gcja._ quj ls kj dm lctmk kj Gfnft usm jd trmaslcdjacf pjrf yf af. Af qucjrf sfamrpjkmatj ac pfr jaoclm kj mdnucja ls pjrf sc af ùjrm pfr jstm oracom orjf quj auaomeugcjrm ejoef df quj ecoj jsm fsourm tmrkj. Ddjnuj md pujatj jsj quj pmsm pfr jaoclmkj dfs omrrfs pmrm ddjnmr md trmaslcdjacf jsm pmrtj af ùj tma kcòcd pjrf cacocmdljatj lcoracom cgm m sjr kjd pujatj jsj, kjock quj af cgm m sjr suocjatj y dj mnrjnuj lms.

Jaoclm kjd pujatj sjatm dms vcgrmocfajs kj dfs omrrfs, gusjs, y omlcfajs kjgmhf kjl. Lj qujrm gmhmr ms quj omlcaj df ls rpckf pfscgdj y kjhj m lc ofakuotfr mdomazmrlj

ym md ftrf dmkf kjd pujatj. Md omlcamr rpckf uj ua pfof kcòcd jsouoemr m dm njatj y lcrmrgcja m kfakj cgma pjrf af sj lj fdvckmrm ua sjfr2 vjacm ja ua trmhj luy gcja pujstf,ofajotmkf m ua gdujtffte ofa ojdudmr ja dm lmaf y ua lmdjta kj oujrf om`. Jstmgm pmsmakfpfr jd pujatj rpckmljatj oflf yf, af vcf su pcsmkm y omy md pcsf. Lj vfdtj pjrf af ùcm myukmr, luoefs lcrmrfa oumd jrm dm ofalfoca pjrf af df djvmatmrfa. Lj clprjscfajua pfof, orj quj dm sfocjkmk jrm ls qujrckm y ofdmgfrmkfrm oumakf mdnf ms pmsmgm.

Ddjnuj m dm ojatrmd jsm kj trmaslcdjacf, oflprmlfs dfs gfdjtfs, pmrm amkm omrfsy dcstfs pmrm lfatmr, jspjrmlfs uafs lcautfs m quj ddjnmrm jd trmaslcdjacf. Kurmatj jsfs

IDEAS MAGAZINE Edition 2.pdf

Documents

Transcript of IDEAS MAGAZINE Edition 2.pdf