Guia de Usuario Rotary

Rotary blast hole drillinggood practice guide

2 • GOOD PRACTICE GUIDE

GOOD PRACTICE GUIDE • 3

Rotary blast hole drillinggood practice guide


INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

THE DRILLER .................................................................................................................................................................. 6

PRE-DRILL SETUP AND INSPECTION ............................................................................................................... 7

Bit pre-start inspection .................................................................................................................................. 7

Bench preparation ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Tramming ................................................................................................................................................................. 7

Proper drill rig set-up and operation guidelines ........................................................................... 8

Raising the drill rig ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Lowering the drill rig ............................................................................................................................................. 8

Raising and lowering the mast ........................................................................................................................... 8

Correctly drill out a pattern ................................................................................................................................ 8

DRILLING PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................................................... 9

Running-in new bits .......................................................................................................................................... 9

How a roller cone bit drills rock .............................................................................................................. 9

Penetration rate ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

Abrasion phase ....................................................................................................................................................... 9

Fatigue phase .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

Spalling phase.......................................................................................................................................................10

Rock failure/Spalling phase ...............................................................................................................................10

Excess weight ........................................................................................................................................................10

Pulldown ................................................................................................................................................................11

Precautions ............................................................................................................................................................11

Rotation .................................................................................................................................................................11

Excessive RPM ......................................................................................................................................................11

Collaring .................................................................................................................................................................11

Guidelines for WOB and RPM ..........................................................................................................................11

Bailing air pressure, air volume and nozzles ................................................................................12

Nozzle size ............................................................................................................................................................12

Bailing velocity ......................................................................................................................................................12

Drilling with water .........................................................................................................................................12

Drill string ............................................................................................................................................................13

Refueling and servicing ...............................................................................................................................13

BIT SELECTION ...........................................................................................................................................................14

Hard formation bits ............................................................................................................................................14

Soft formation bits ...............................................................................................................................................14

BIT MAINTENANCE ..................................................................................................................................................15

Cleaning procedures ......................................................................................................................................15

Storage ....................................................................................................................................................................15

Air bearing bits .....................................................................................................................................................15

Sealed bearing bits ..............................................................................................................................................15

Bit subs and tools ................................................................................................................................................15

TROUBLESHOOTING ...............................................................................................................................................16

GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................................................18

Table of Contents


INTRODUCTION

Rotary drilling with roller cone drill bits and

their application in blast hole drilling over the

past few years has changed in two main areas:

• Theamountofpulldownorweightonbit(WOB)used.

• Theamountofrotationspeed(RPM)used.

Withrotarybitscontinuallyimproving,we

mustkeepupwiththeseimprovementsto

optimize performance of the drill rig and drill

string.

Ofcourse,thereareothercriticalfactorsthat

contributetothemaximumperformanceofthe

drillingoperation,someoftheseinclude:

• Thedriller’sknowledgeandskill

• Benchpreparation

• Drillrigsetup

• Efficientrigsetupoverthedrillpoint

• Correctbitbreak-inandmaintenance

• Efficientpatterndrillout

• Drillstring

• Refuelingandservicing

• Bailingairpressureandvolume

• Correctbitselection

• Housekeepingandmaintenance

Thesefactorsareconsideredindividuallyand

togetherinatroubleshootingsectionattheend

ofthisguide.

NOTE:Site-specificprocedurestakepriority

over the generic rotary drilling good practice

techniquesprovidedinthisguide.

THE DRILLER

Thedrilleristhemostcriticalfactorin

optimizingdrillperformance.Thedriller’sskill

andknowledgeiscriticaltoachievingthefull

potentialofthedrillanddrillstring(including

thebit).

Blastholedrilling,inmostcases,isnotaset

andforgetoperation.Asthegroundconditions

change,thedrillertoomustadapttothe

changingconditionsanddrillaccordingly.Some

guidelinesinclude:

• Ensuresafetyisalwaysthehighestpriority.

• Beattentiveatalltimes.

• Don’tbecomeasetandforgetdriller.

• Keepthedrillclean.

• Keepcomponentsandtoolscleanandproperlystored.

• Maintainharmonyinyourdrillrig/string.

–Avoidexcessivevibrations.

–Avoidoverloadingoftheequipment.

• Don’tleavecontrolsunattendedwhendrillingaholeortrammingthedrill.

• Reportallmechanicaldefectsdaily.

• Inspecttherigdaily.

• Ensureagoodchangeoverwiththeothercrew.

• Ensurepre-startinspectionsaredonecorrectly.

• Ifshocksubsrequiregreasing,greasethemattheproperinterval(shift,daily,weekly,etc.).

Rotary blast hole drilling good practice guide


PRE-DRILL SETUP AND INSPECTION

Bit Pre-Start Inspection

Note:Tobedoneatthestartofeachshift.

Inspectthebitpriortobeginningtodrillateachshift.

• Ensureallconesturn.

– Sealedbearingbitswillbehardertoturnbyhand.

– Neverhitabitwithasteelobjectoruseasteelobjecttoturnthecones.

• Checkforbrokenormissingcarbideinsertsandnoteonpre-startreport.

Checkforclearairpassagesbyflushingwithairandwater.

Airandwatershouldexitfromthebottomofeachshirtail

(onairbearingbitsonly)andfromeachnozzle.(Photo1)

Unlockbogged(plugged)bitsbyflushingwithairandwater.

• Useverylowrotationspeedandminimalbitweightandrunthebitontheground.Thisshouldfreeupthebearingstogivefurtherbitlife.(Photo2)

• Ifthisdoesnotwork,removethebitfromservice.Removetheairscreeningtubesfromwithinthebitandcleantheairpassagewithahighpressurecleaner.Onceclear,replacethecleanscreeningtubesandputthebitbackintoservice.

Bench preparation

Benchesshouldbesmoothandlevelpriortodrilling.

(Photo3)

• Ifyoucan’tjackthemachinelevel,donottakethemachinethere.

• Ifyoucan’tlevelthedeck,don’toperatethemachine.

• Whiplashingofthemastonunevengroundunnecessarilywearsoutcomponentsandstressesweldsinthemast.

Tramming

• Turnofftheflushingairwhentramming.

• Putdownthemastwhentrammingoveranydistanceorroughground.

• Useappropriatespeedwhenencounteringunevenground.

• Avoidtrammingoveroldtramtracks,obstaclesorpreviousturns.

• Oververylongdistances,tramfor20minutes,thenrestfor20minutestocooltheexcavatorbasedundercarriage.

Photo 1Checking air passages

Photo 2Bogged bits

Photo 3Drill on correctly prepared bench


Proper drill rig set-up and operation guidelines

NOTE:Followyourdrillrigorsite-specificprocedures.

Raising the drill rig

• Followcorrectrigraisingprocedure-rearfirst,thenthefront.

• Avoidtwistingthemachinechassiswhileraisingtherig.

• Whenlevelingthedrill,donotviolatethemanufacturer’srecommendationforextendingandretractingthejacks. Improperlevelingcouldresultinashiftinthecenterofgravity,causingadrilltorollover.

• Onlyraisetherigashighasisneededtogetitlevel. (Photo4).

Lowering the drill rig

• Lowerthedrillinreverseorder:frontfirst,thenrear.

• Ensuredrillstringisfullyretractedbeforeloweringthe drillrig.

Raising and lowering the mast

• Onlyraiseorlowerthemastwhentherigisleveledonitsjacks.

• Priortoraisingorloweringthemast,retractthedrillstringasperOEMspecifications.

• Ensurenolooseobjectsareinthemastbeforeraisingit.

• Beawareofoverheadobstructions,especiallypowerlines.

• Operatethehydraulicsinasmoothmanner;avoidrockingthemast.

• Besurethemastsidecabdoorisclosed!

• Ifthemastisdifficulttomove,ensuretherigisleveledcorrectlyandthelockingpinisfullyretracted.

Correctly drill out a pattern

• Inspectandwalkthepatternpriortobeginningtodrill.

• Makeaplanandadheretoit.Communicatemovementplanswithotheroperatorsandsupervisors.

• Whentramminganelectricdrill,protectthepowercablefromdamagefromtrammingoverit.Alwayspre-inspecttheareatomakesurethepowercableispulledofftothesideofthepathwherethedrillwillmove.Checkthecablelocationperiodicallyinrelationtothetrammingpath.

• Keepdrillrigsasafedistanceapartduringoperation,over46feet(14meters)orassiterulesdesignate.(Photo5)

• Leaveanaccesspathforservicecartsandvehicles.

• Notedangerareasandpassthemontothecrossshiftsupervisor.

• Drillallholesinthecorrectspot,atthecorrectangleandtothecorrectdepth.(Photo6)

• Drilloutthehardesttoreachholesfirst.

• Avoidscrewingthedrillaroundonthepattern,ifpossible.

• Dipyourholestoavoidre-drilling.

–Asarule-of-thumb,re-drillscost3 times the cost of a normalhole.

Photo 4Properly leveled rig

Photo 5Drill rigs too close

Photo 6Properly spaced holes


DRILLING PROCEDURES

Running-in new bits

Allnewdrillbitsshouldbebroken-inatreducedweightand

rotationspeedstoensurethatallworkingsurfacesarerun-in

andslightlyworkhardenedpriortoapplyingfulloperating

load.Ingeneral,followingtheserecommendedguidelines

shouldmaximizebitlife(Figure1):

1.Drillat50%ofnormalweightandrotationforthe

first10minutes(orforthefirstrodinamulti-pass

operation).

2.Drillat75%ofnormalweightandrotationforthenext

10minutes(orsecondrod).

3.Drillasnormal(100%).

How a roller cone bit drills rock

Penetration rate

Figure2illustratestheeffectWOB(weightonbit)hason

ROP(rateofpenetration)whiletheRPMarefixed.Afterthe

rockhasbeenspalled(PointA),additionalweightwillonly

reducethedrillingrate.

Abrasion phase

Figure3illustratesthefirstphaseofrockfailure.

BecausetheWOBisnot

sufficienttoovercomethe

surfacestrengthofthe

rock,theinsertswearthe

rockratherthandrillit.

Thecuttingactionis

similar to sharpening a

knifebladeonagrinding

stone.Thedrillercan

easily identify this phase

becausethecuttingreturns

comingoutoftheholeare

averyfinepowder.

Fatigue phase

InFigure4,theWOB

has been increased while

maintainingthesameRPMasinthepreviousexample.By

addingWOB,theinsertsarenowpenetratingslightlyintothe

rock.Eventhoughtheinsertsarebeingforcedintotherock,

rockfailurehasoccurred.Thisphaseiscalledthefatigue

phaseofrockfailure.

Figure 1Drill Bit Run-In

Figure 2 Penetration rate

Figure 4Fatigue phase

Figure 3Abrasion phase


Thedrillerwillrecognizethisphasebecausethecutting

returnswillcontainsomesmallchipsalongwiththefinedust.

Bysubjectingtherocktomanycycles,rockfailurecanoccur

inthisphase.Eventhoughtherockfailurecanoccur,ROP

willbeveryslowandbitwearwillbeincreased.

Spalling phase

Inthespallingphaseofrockfailure,whiletheRPMremain

constant,enoughWOBhasbeenappliedtoovercomethe

surfacestrengthoftherock.Figure5indicatesthecone

matrixisnotimpingingontherock.

Rock failure/Spalling phase

Figure6indicatesthatproperWOBgeneratesaspalling

orchippingaction.Thechipsarecirculatedupandoutof

theholebythebailingair,allowingthecuttingstructureto

advanceonacleanholebottom.

Whenthedrillingparameterscauseadrillbittooperatein

this“zone”,thebitisdrillingatmaximumefficiency.

Thedrillerwillknowthespallingphasehasbeenachieved

becausethecuttingreturnswillbepredominatelychipswith

verylittledust.

Whendrillinginthespallingphase,higherratesof

penetration(drillingefficiency)canbeachievedbyincreasing

theRPMwhiletheWOBremainsconstant.Theactual

increaseinefficiencydependsontherockcharacteristics,and

thedrillanddriller’scapabilities.

NOTE:Theprecedingdiscussionistrueforbrittlerock.The

mechanicalcharacteristicsofhighlyelasticrockmightbehave

moreliketheillustrationonthefatiguephase(Figure4)

insteadofthespallingphase(Figure5).

Excess weight

Addingmoreweightonthedrillbitafterachievingthe

spallingphaseisharmfultodrillingefficiencyandthedrillbit

life.Figure7illustrateshowtheconematrixisimpingingon

therockformation,trappingthespalledchipsbetweenthebit

andtheholebottom.Theresultisreducedbitproductivity

andincreasedwearandtearonthedrillbit.

Figure 5Spalling phase

Figure 6Rock failure/Spalling phase

Figure 7Excess weight


Pulldown

Theamountofpulldownforce(WOB)requireddepends

mainlyonthetypeofgroundthatisbeingdrilled.Thereisno

pointinexceedingoptimalpulldownforthepenetrationrate

forthegroundconditions.

• UsetheROPgaugetoachieveastableandsmoothpenetrationrate.

• Therotationtorqueshouldbesmooth.Spikingtorquecanindicateexcessiveweightonbit.

ConditionswithcorrectWOB:

• Cabisstable,levelandsmooth.

• ThedrillerfeelslimitedvibrationforsufficientROP.

ConditionswithinsufficientWOB:

• Cabbouncesexcessively.

• LowROP.

Precautions

Overdrillingofarollerconebitreducesbitlife.

• Acceleratesconesteelandshirttailwear.

• Promotesinsertlossandbearingexposure.

• Overloadsthebearings.

• Canpotentiallyplugairpassagesandoverheatbearingelements.(Pluggingmaybeindicatedbyanincreaseincabairpressuregauge.)

Rotation

Usingthecorrectrotationspeed(RPM)foranapplication

iscriticalforeffectiveandefficientdrilling.Followthese

guidelines.

• Alwaysuserotationandairwhenenteringorexitingahole.

• DecreaseRPMinbrokenoruncertainground.

• Rotationtorqueshouldbestableundernormaldrillingconditions.

• WhendecreasingtheRPM,increasetheWOB(andviceversa).

• Insoftformations,usehigherRPMandlowerWOB.

• Inharderformations,uselowerRPMandhigherWOB.

Excessive RPM

• Causesearlywearorfracturetocarbideinserts.

• Causesinsertstoskiponsurfaceratherthanpenetratingtherock.Thisismostsignificantinharderformationsbutrelevanttoallformations.

• Reducesbearinglife.

Photo 7Showing good drill collar

Collaring

• CollarallholesatreducedRPMandWOB.Thishelpsavoidholedeviation.(Photo7)

• Incoarsesub-drillorhardrockapplications,useminimalWOBandRPMtoavoiddrillbitdamage.

• Oncecompetentrockisreached,increaseWOBandRPMtonormallevels.

Guidelines for WOB and RPM

Recommendedmaximumpulldownvaries

considerablyonthespecificapplications.

Refertothemanufacturer’sguidelinesforthe

appropriatebitsize.


Bailing air pressure, air volume and nozzles

Bailingairpressureandairvolumeplayanintegralpart

inachievingoptimalbitlifeandpenetrationrates.There

mustbesufficientairpressuretocoolandlubricatetheair

bearingswithintherollerconebit.Sufficientairvolumeis

alsorequiredtoefficientlyremovethedrillcuttingsfromthe

bottomoftheholeasrapidlyaspossible.

Nozzle size

Theamountofinternalairpressureisregulatedby

nozzlesize.

• Increasethenozzlesizetoreducepressureinsidethebit.

• Decreasethenozzlesizetoincreasepressure.

• Nozzlessizesaredeterminedperrig.

–ConsultwithyourSandvikrepresentativeorbitmanufacturerpriortochangingnozzlesizes.Sandvikwillorganizeanairtesttoconfirmthecorrectnozzlesizeforyourspecificapplication.

Nozzlethebittoachievepressuresofapproximately

35-40psi(2.4-2.8bar)inthedrillbit.

• Notethatcabpressuregaugescanreadsignificantlyhigherthanthisvalue.Asarule-of-thumb:thedifferencebetweencabandatthebitis8-10psi (0.5-0.7bar).

• Reportsignificantchangestocabgaugepressureovertheshift.

Remembertokeepthebailingairturnedonuponexitingand

enteringahole.

• Turnontheairbeforetouchinggroundtostartanewhole.Thiscoolsandflushesthebearingsandensuresairpassagesareclearpriortostartingthehole.

Bailing velocity

Airvolumetocleantheholeisreferredtoasbailingvelocity

(BV).Generallyspeaking,thehigherthebailingvelocity,the

better the hole is cleaned and the higher the penetration rates

andbitlife.

• Anup-holebailingvelocityof6000-7000feetperminute(fpm)(30-36m/s)issufficientinlighttomediummaterials(typicallycoaloverburdens).

• Inmoredensematerials(hardrockmines,ironore,etc.)orwhenencounteringgroundwater,maintainanup-holebailingvelocityof7000-10000fpm(36-50m/s).

Drilling with water

Waterisoftenrequiredduringdrillingfordustsuppression

andtoensureholequality;however,theuseofwatercan

severelyshortenbitlife.

• Donotusemorewaterthanisnecessarytooperateefficientlytosuppressdustandprotectyourhealth.

• Holeslefttostandopenforextendedperiodswillrequireincreasedwatertopreventcollarcollapseorfallback.

• Donotwaituntilthewatertankisemptytorefillit;thisgeneratesunnecessarydowntime.


Drill string

• DetermineOEMlimitsforrefurbishment/discard.Checkpipesizefrequently.Reportundersizeequipmentimmediately.

• Avoidexcessiverodrattleorbounceasthisreducescomponentlifeandpenetrationrates.

• Monitordeckbushingsandbitbasketsforexcessivewearandreplacewhennecessary.(Photo8)

Refueling and servicing

• Followanysitespecificrulesregardingservicingofthedrillrig.

• Leaveapathwithinthepatternforservicetrucksand watercart.

• Stopdrillingasvehiclesapproach.

• Usedustsuppressiontoavoiddustingpeopleontheground,assiterulesdesignate.

Photo 8RP434 rotary deck bushing


10 5/8" (270 mm) 60QX2Hard formation

BIT SELECTION

Bit selection can be a critical factor in the performance of a drilling

operation.

• Correctbitselectionisessentialforoptimalbitperformance.

• Thecorrectbitforaformationwillhaveoptimalpenetrationratesandgoodbitlifegivingthelowestcostperdrilledmeter.

ConsulttheSandvikorothermanufacturers’productselectionchartsto

evaluatethecorrectbittypefordrillingconditions.Thesechartsarealso

availableintheproductcataloguesandcoverbothourUltraPremium

SealedBearing(RR440,Charger)andPremiumAirBearing(RR320)

productlines.

Ifthereisanydoubtthatthecorrectdrillbitisusedatyoursite,contact

yournearestSandvikarearepresentative.

Hard formation bits

• Whenusedinsoftformationareas,thesebitswillhavelowpenetrationratesandreducedbitlife.

Soft formation bits

• Ifusedinhardformationareas,thesebitswillsufferearlycarbidewearandfailure.

Anexampleofthecuttingstructurevisualdifferencesisshowninthe

imagesbelow.(Photo9)

Photo 9

10 5/8" (270 mm) 17QX2Soft formation

10 5/8" (270 mm) 30QX2Medium formation


BIT MAINTENANCE

Cleaning procedures

Cleanalldrillbitsattheendoftheshift.

• Flushbitswithairandwatertoremovedebrisandmud. (Photo10)

• Stopwaterwhenit’scleanandcontinuetoflushwithairfor1minuteoruntilbitisdry.

• Whenbitiscleananddry,applyaspraylubricanttothebearingsifavailable.

(Note:Lubricantshouldbeusedonairbearingbitsonly.)

Storage

• Storeusedandnewbitsinacleandryarea.(Photo11)

• UsetheoriginalSandvikbox,ifpossible.

• Coverthreadstopreventdustbuildup.

Air bearing bits

Forextendedstorage,storeairbearingbitsinasealed

containerwithenoughdieseltocoverthebearings.Thisis

usefulduringholesizechangesorextendeddrillservicing.

Sealed bearing bits

Cleananddrybitswithair,thenstoreinasealedboxor

container.

IMPORTANT:ChargersealedbearingbitsshouldNOTbe

soakedindieselorotherfluidsorgreases.

Bit subs and tools

Storebitsubsandotherdrilltoolsinasafeandsecure

manneronthedrilldeck.Thedrilldeckshouldbeclean,

organized,andfreeofdebrisandrubbish.(Photo12)

Photo 10Flush bit with air and water

Photo 11Proper storage

Photo 12Deck storage for subs and other tools


TROUBLESHOOTING

Dull bit evaluation

Foranevaluationofdullbitconditionandpossiblecauses,pleaseconsult

the Sandvik User's Handbook: A Guide to Using Roller Cone Rock Bits in

Mining.

Application failures

Basedonthetopicscoveredinthisguide,Tables1and2showpractical

examplesofcommonobservationsandfailuresnotedinminingoperations.

Thesearegeneralizedandmeantasanapproximateguideonly.Please

consultwithyourlocalSandvikarearepresentativeonanyspecificfailures.

TABLE 1

Typical Drill Cuttings Typical Dull Bit ConditionPhase / Observations

Abrasion Phase Insufficient weight

Observations Excessive insert wearFine dust-like cuttings

Spalling Phase Correct weight

Observations Even wear to cutting structureGood chip formation in cuttings

Excess Weight Overdrilling

Observations Excessive cone erosion, insert loss, premature cutting structure failureLarge variation in chip formationdue to regrind

Correct Weight on Bit Evaluation


TABLE 2

Typical Drill String Condition Typical Dull Bit ConditionPhase / Observations

Low Bailing Velocity Thinning of sub above tool joint

Observations Excessive shirttail wear, early exposure of bearing elements

High Bailing Velocity

Observations Sandblasting of bit sub resulting in severe thinningLoss of cone steel and inner row inserts

Correct Bailing Velocity

Observations Even wear to bit subEven wear to cones and shirttails

Correct Bailing Air Evaluation


Annulus

Theclearanceinthedrillholebetween

thedrillpipeandthewallsofthehole.

API

AmericanPetroleumInstitute.

Bailing Air

Compressedairthathaspasseddown

insidethedrillstringtoliftdrillcuttings

tothesurface.

Bench Drilling

Thedrillingofblastholesforbench

blasting,whichisthesimplestform

ofblasting.Abenchhasafreesurface

atthefronttowardswhichtherockis

blasted.Benchdrillingcanbecarried

outbothoverandundergroundand

drillingcanbedirectedupwards,

downwardsorhorizontally.

Bit

Thetoolusedinthedrillingoperation

whichcutstherockorsoil.

•Carbide

Abithavinginsertsoftungstencarbide.

•Roller

Adrillbitconsistingofapinshank,pin

shoulder,bitlegincludingshirttail,three

separateconeswithcutterteeth,nozzles,

andastampeddescription.Thethree

coneswithrotatingcuttersrollasthe

bitisrotated.

Blast Hole

Averticaldrillhole4inches(102mm)

ormoreindiameterusedforachargeof

explosives.

Box

Thefemaleendofadrillpipe.

Box Thread

ThefemalesideofAPI,IF,BECOorRH

thread.

Carousel

Therotatingcomponentsofthepipe

storageandloader.

Centralizer

Adevicetoassistinalignmentofdrill

steelinthemast.Primarilyusedfor

angle drilling applications or single pass

machines.

Collaring

Startingadrillhole.Whenthehole

isdeepandsolidenoughtoholdthe

bitfrommovingabout,itissaidtobe

collared.

Deck Bushing

Areplaceablebushinglocatedinthe

masttable.Thisbushingcentralizesthe

drillpipesastheypassthroughit.

Drill

•BlastHole

Amachinecapableofdrillingholes

4inches(102mm)ormoreindiameter

toadepthof100feet(30m)ormore.

•Percussion

Apneumaticorhydraulicpowered

deviceusedtobreakrock.

Drill Bit

Oneofanumberofdifferenttypesof

detachablecuttingtoolsusedtocuta

circularholeinrock,wood,metal,etc.

Drill Pipe

Thesectionsofarotarydrillingstring

usedtoadvancethedrillbitorDTH

intotheground.

Drill String

Allrotatingcomponentsconnected

together between the rotary head and

drillbit.

Down-The-Hole-Hammer (DTH)

Apneumaticpoweredrockdrill.A

chuckdriver,drillbit,retainingrings

andafootvalveforthistypeofrock

toolmakeaveryefficientdrilling

method.

Feed Cylinders

Hydrauliccylinder(s)usedtofeedand

retract the drill string by means of a

chainandsprocketorcableandsheave

arrangement.

Flushing Medium

Water,mud,airorfoamusedtoflush

drilled-outmaterialoutofthehole.

Holding Wrench

Awrenchtoolfixedtothedrillplatform

andusedtoholddrillpipeandsubs

topreventthemfromturningwhen

makingandbreakingjoints.

Jacks

Athree-pieceassemblyusedtosupport

ablastholedrill.Atypicalblasthole

machinehasthreeorfourlevelingjacks.

Fourlevelingjacksarestandardon

largermachines.

Lifting Plug/Bail

Liftingplugs/bailsareusedtohandle

heavyequipmentsuchasDTH

hammers,stabilizers,andsubs.

Loader

Arotatingrackdesignedtoholddrill

pipes,positionedinsideoroutsidethe

mast.

GLOSSARY


Multi-Pass Drilling

Drillingtosuchdepthasrequiresthe

useofmorethanonedrillpipe.

Pattern

Blastpatternthatshowsholeplacement,

depthincludingsubgradedepth,burden

andspacing.

Pin

Themaleendofadrillpipe.

Pin Thread

ThemalesideofAPI,IF,BECOandRH

taperedthread.

Pipe Support

Mechanismstosupportdrillpipeinthe

mastduringpipechangingoperations

whenangledrilling.

Power Tong

Thehydraulictoolfixedatthebottom

ofadrillmast,usedtoclampandturn

tightdrillstringcomponents.

Propelling (Tramming)

Theactofdrivingacrawlermounted

drillineitherdirection.Alsomaybe

referredtoastramming.

Pulldown

Theforceusedtopressthedrillstring

and bit against the bottom of the

hole.Itiscontrolledbythehydraulic

pressureinthefeedcylinders(uptothe

reliefvalvesetting),andisrelatedto

theoverallweightofthedrillrig.The

pressureatthebitwillbethesumofthe

pulldownforceplustheforceexertedby

theweightofthedrillstring.Thetermis

alsousedtospecifythepulldownforce,

whichisavailablefromaparticular

drill.

Receiver

Theairtankorreservoirina

compressorsystem.

Rotary Head

Thehydraulicallydrivengearboxthat

turnsthedrillstring.

RPM

RevolutionsperMinute.

ROP

RateofPenetration.

Single Pass Drilling

Drillingwhichiscompletedinonlyone

pass.

Spacing Stabilizers

Adevicetoassistcenteringthebitin

thehole,preventingholedeviationand

providingequalweightdistributionto

eachrotarycone.Itisnormallyplaced

immediatelybehindthebit.

Sub

•BitSubs

Usedtoconnectbits,whichhaveanAPI

thread,tothedrillpipes,whichmay

haveAPI,IF,RH,BECOthreads.

•WaterSeparatingSub

Avariationofabitsubwhichremoves

water from the bailing air and ejects it

priortoitenteringthedrillbit.Thisis

designedtoextendbitlife.

•SaverSubs

Connectorsbetweendrillpipes,drillbits

and the rotary head that save the thread

of these components from the effects of

constantuse.

•ShockSubs

Toolsthatabsorbshockandvibration

witharesilientrubberelement,

preventing metal to metal contact in the

drillstring.

•TopSub

Asaversubusedontherotaryhead.

Thread Protectors

Coverswhichpreventdamageand

contamination of the threads on drill

stringcomponents.

Tooling

Toolsusedtomakeandbreakdrill

stringjoints,e.g.autotong,holding

wrench.

Torque

Therotationalpressurecreatedbya

hydraulicmotorandtheplanetary

reductiongearsmountedonarotary

head.

Up-Hole Velocity/Bailing Velocity

Theupwardspeedofthebailingairin

theannulusofthedrillhole.

Water Injection

Additionofasmallquantityofwaterto

thebailingairinordertosuppressdust.

WOB

WeightonBit.

Work Deck

Thedeckatthebaseofthemastwhich

gives access to components in the

drillingarea.

SANDVIK MINING AND CONSTRUCTION • www.sandvik.com Goo

dPra

ctic

eGui

de V

1 20

09EN

G •

Cop

yrig

ht 2

009

Sand

vik.

All

Rig

hts

Res

erve

d. S

andv

ik is

a r

egis

tere

d tr

adem

ark

of t

he S

andv

ik G

roup

.

Sandvik is a high-technology engineering group with world-leading positions in selected areas – tools for metal working, advanced materials technology, and mining and construction. We are represented in 130 countries.

Sandvik Mining and Construction represents one third of the overall Sandvik Group and serves a broad range of customers in construction, mineral exploration, mining and bulk materials handling. Our construction expertise covers quarrying, tunneling, demolition and recycling, and other civil engineering applications. Our mining products and services support customers on the surface and under ground, in all mineral, coal and metal mining applications from exploration to ore transportation.

Guia de Usuario Rotary

Documents

Transcript of Guia de Usuario Rotary