Final Course Project for Buildings and Facilities subject

7/21/2019 Final Course Project for Buildings and Facilities subject

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FM@B@CEC@K F @KS]ENEC@AKFS

FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

]YEIEOA MF CVYSA

R@R@FKME VK@BEH@N@EY


]YEIEOA MF CVYSA


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KM@CF5. YFSVHFK MFN ZYAPFC]A ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5. FKCEYLA, AIOF]A P EK]FCFMFK]FS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5.5. Eutar mfn fkcerla ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5.9. Yfmectar mfn prayfcta ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5.3. Aiofta mfn treieoa ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5.=. Ektfcfmfktfs. Znekfeh`fkta uriekst`ca mf epn`cec`k................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5.6.

Fhpnezeh`fkta ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.5.2. Metas mfn saner .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

5.9. HFHAY@E MFSCY@Z]@RE............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

5.9.5. Metas mfscr`pt`vas mfn fm`b`c`a y cerectfrst`ces lfkfrenfs ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

5.9.9. Cuemras mf supfrb`c`fs cakstru`mes par usas y tatenfs .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

5.3. HFHAY@E MF CEN@MEMFS .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

5.3.5. Sustfktec`k mfn fm`b`c`a ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

5.3.9. C`hfktec`k .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

5.3.3. Fnfhfktas fstructurenfs ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

5.3.=. Sekfeh`fkta .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

5.3.6. Becgemes ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

5.3.2. Cui`frtes ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=

5.3.


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6.3. S@ 3? FRECVEC@K MF NAS ACVZEK]FS..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5=

6.=. S@ =? @KS]ENEC@AKFS MF ZYA]FCC@K CAK]YE @KCFKM@AS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5=

6.6. S@ 6? @K]FYRFKC@AK MF NAS IAHIFYAS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56

6.2. S@ 2? YFS@S]FKC@E EN BVFLA MF NE FS]YVC]VYE .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56

2. C]F-IM-SV SFLVY@MEM MF V]@N@_EC@K ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5


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5:.0. CFHFK]AS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9


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9. CEYEC]FY@S]@CES MF NE @KS]ENC@AK FNFC]Y@CE .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=5

3. MFSCY@ZCC@K MF NE @KS]ENEC@K FNFC]Y@CE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=5

3.5. @kstenec`akfs fnctr`ces mf fknecf...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=5

3.9. @kstenec`k ktfr`ar .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=5

3.3. Eperfnneof mf hekma pratfcc`k ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=9

3.=. Cakmuctarfs ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=9

3.6. Caktei`n`zec`k mf rfcfptarfs fnctr`cas ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=3

3.2. C`rcu`tas fnfct`cas ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................=3

3.


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5. YFSVHFK MFN ZYAPFC]A

5.5. FKCEYLA, AIOF]A P EK]FCFMFK]FS5.5.5. EV]AY MFN FKCEYLA

Fn prfsfktf prayfcta is`ca sf rfmecte par fkcerla mfn Zrabfsar mf ne es`lketure mf Fm`b`cec`k f @kstenecàkfs mf neVk`vfrs`mem Furapfe mf Hemr`m.

5.5.9. YFMEC]AY MFN ZYAPFC]AFkr`quf Nfyve Y`ca.

5.5.3. AIOF]A MFN ]YEIEOAMfserranna mf prayfcta is`ca y mf fofcuc`k mf R@R@FKME VK@BEH@NEY E@SNEME cak hat`va mfn ]reieoa mf

Cursa. .

5.5.=. EK]FCFMFK]FS. ZNEKFEH@FK]A VYIEKS]@CA MF EZN@CEC@K

Nes cakm`càkfs mfn prfsfktf prayfcta is`ca v`fkfk mfn`h`temes fk cuekta e karhet`ve lfkfren par fn Znek Lfkfren mfArmfkec`k Vrieke mf Hemr`m, par nes armfkekzes pere fstf t`pa mf fm`b`cec`k y nes percfnes aiofta mf fstf prayfcta mfb`k`mesfk fn ZLAV quf e su vfz mfn`h`te nas nh`tfs mf percfne.

Fk caksfcufkcè, ne rfmecc`k mf fstf p rayfcta is`ca fst tatenhfktf rfluneme y ehpereme uriekst`cehfktf par nasc`temas kstruhfktas mf pnekfeh`fkta lfkfren y mf mfserranna e nas cuenfs sf emepte.

5.5.6. FHZNE_EH@FK]ANe fm`b`cec`k aiofta mf fstf Zrayfcta Is`ca sf fhpneze fk ne Cennf Lu`sekma 92 fk fn ierrà mf Zufrte mf G`frra fk

Hemr`m cak uke supfrb`c`f mf =.220 h9 cuye mfscr`pc`k bs`ce y cerectfrst`ces mf fm`b`cec`k sf fxprfsek fk nas s`lu`fktfspuktas mf fste hfharè.

5.5.2. ME]AS MFN SANEY


YFSVHFK MFN ZYAPFC]A Zl`ke5


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5.9. HFHAY@E MFSCY@Z]@RE5.9.5. ME]AS MFSCY@Z]@RAS MFN FM@B@C@A P CEYEC]FYS]@CES LFKFYENFS5.9.5.5. MFSCY@ZC@K

Sf rfcìf par pertf mfn prahatar fn fkcerla mf ne rfmecc`k mf uk prayfcta mf R@R@FKME VK@BEH@NEY, barhemapar uk cufrpa mf fm`b`cec`k cahpecta, acupekma ne h`tem mfn saner, qufmekma fn rfsta pere eoerm`keh`fkta.

Ne cakstrucc`k mfn fm`b`cà fst mfst`kema pere fn uka YFS@MFKC@EN VK@BEH@N@EY barhema par ZNEK]E IEOE+ ZNEK]E ZY@HFYE. Ne becgeme pr`kc`pen mfn fm`b`cà y fk ne cuen fst ui`cema fn eccfsa pr`kc`pen en h`sha t`fkf ar`fktec`kFstf. Ne t`panale mf cui`frte kcn`keme cak tfoes cfrh`ces.

Cak cate :,: h, hfm`me e pev`hfkta tfrh`kema, s`fkma ne h`she cate mf rfbfrfkcè fn k`vfn mf ecfre, sf fkcufktrek fkfstf k`vfn mf ne fm`b`cec`k fn eccfsa e ne v`v`fkme. Sf fkcufktrek m`strìu`mas? 5 eccfsa fk ne becgeme Kartf, 5 fk ne becgemeAfstf y atra fk ne becgeme Fstf mf ne cakstrucc`k cakst`tuyfkma nas pr`hfras eccfsas en oermk y fn nt`ha s`fkma fn eccfsa

pr`kc`pen.

Fn cufrpa mf fm`b`cec`k kcarpare mas kcnfas mf cahuk`cec`k vfrt`cen uka barhema par uke lrek fscenfre pr`kc`pen,s`tuema brfktf e ne fktreme pr`kc`pen, pere usa mf nas prap`fteràs mf ne v`v`fkme y atra s`tuema fk fn netfren, barhema k`cehfktf

par uke fscenfre, pere fn usa mfn pfrsaken mf sfrv`cà. Zrfmah kek nas fspecàs cahpert`hfktemas fk ehies pnektes, par na quffx`stfk ukas kcnfas mf cahuk`cec`k gar`zakten i`fk mfb`k`mas. Ne p`sc`ke sf ui`ce fk fn nema Afstf mf ne v`v`fkme.

5.9.5.9. YFUVFY@H@FK]AS MFN ZYAPFC]AC`hfktec`k? _EZE]ESFstructure? GAYH@LAK EYHEMA, R@LVF]E ZYFBEIY@CEME MF GAYH@LAK ZYF]FKSEMACfrreh`fktas? BECGEME RFK]@NEME]ei`qufre? CFYH@CECui`frtes? @KCN@KEME ]FOECerp`ktfre Fxtfràr? ZRCCenfbecc`k? YEM@EMAYFSFkfrle Saner? ECVHVNEC@K SVZFY@AYEiestfc`h`fkta? YFM CAK]@KVEMfselfs? SFZEYE]@RACenmfre? LESA@N

5.9.5.3. ZYALYEHE MF KFCFS@MEMFSFn pralrehe mf kfcfs`memfs pnektfema fs fn s`lu`fktf?Fxtfràr?

- _ake eoerm`keme- Z`sc`ke- Sanrùh

Znekte Ieoe?- Iìnàtfce

-

Mfspecga- Senk Cahfmar- Cac`ke- Nevemfra- Ieas- Cuerta mf ne cenmfre

Znekte mf Zr`hfre?- Marh`taràs fqu`pemas cak iea y vfst`mar prapà- Senk cak zake mf nfcture y sene mf fstumà

5.9.9. CVEMYAS MF SVZFYB@C@FS CAKS]YV@MES ZAY VSAS P ]A]ENFSNe kahfkcneture mf nacen`zec`k, fst fk bukc`k mfn inaquf fk fn quf sf fkcufktrek s`tuemes nes fstekcès (mf nas

ektfràrhfktf hfkcàkemas), par na lfkfren, kuhfreme mf errìe eieoa y mf zqu`frme e mfrfcge.

CVEMYA MF SVZFYB@C@F ]@NZNEK]E IEOE ZNEK]E ZY@HFYE

FS]EKC@E S]@N(h9) FS]EKC@E S]@N(h9)Yfcì`mar Gei`tec`k 5Sen`te eccfsa senk Iea 5Iea senk Gei`tec`k 9Senk-Cahfmar Iea 9

Sene eccfsa oermk Sene mf fsterGei`tec`k cenmfre Esfa sene mf fsterIea cenmfre MfspecgaLereof Iea mfspecgaCac`ke Sene cfktrenNevekmfre Esfa sene cfktrenIea cac`ke Gei`tec`k pr`kc`pen

Iea gei`tec`k pr`kc`penRfst`mar gei`tec`k pr`kc`penGei`tec`k 3Iea 3Gei`tec`k =Iea =

CVEMYA MF SVZFYB@C@FSZNEK]E S]@N(h9) SCAKS]YV@ME(h9)

Znekte ieoeZnekte pr`hfre

]aten


Zl`ke9 YFSVHFK MFN ZYAPFC]A


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5.3. HFHAY@E MF [email protected]. SVS]FK]EC@K MFN FM@B@C@A

Fn fm`b`cà sf fkcufktre sairf uk tfrrfka mf fstretas supfràrfs huy caks`stfktfs geste cates prabukmes. Zar na quf sffsteinfcf uk s`stfhe mf c`hfktec`k supfrb`cèn hfmèktf zepetes.

Sf ge rfen`zema uk fstumà lfatck`ca par uk neiaretarà cfrt`b`cema.

Fk fn s`stfhe mf treieoa mf cehpa sf apt par uk fstumà lfkfren mf ne zake quf eierce ne percfne aiofta mf ne ectuec`k,m`strìuyfkma nas treieoas mf barhe gahalkfe fk ne h`she y es pamfr aitfkfr cakcnusàkfs lnaienfs.

Murektf ne fofcuc`k mfn sakmfa, y cak aiofta mf cakacfr fn lrema mf cahpec`mem mf nas m`bfrfktfs fstretas etrevfsemas,sf rfen`zerak fkseyas mf pfkftrec`k m`kh`ce (S.Z.].) e m`bfrfktfs prabukm`memfs, hs ne fxtrecc`k mf uke sfr`f mf hufstresentfremes pere rfen`zer uke cehpee mf fkseyas mf neiaretarà.

Mfn fstumà rfen`zema sf cakcnuyf quf fn suisufna fk fn rfe mf fstumà fst cakst`tu`ma par fstretas huy caks`stfktfsgeste nnfler e cates prabukmes.

Fk ne fofcuc`k mfn sakmfa ka sf mftfct prfsfkcè mf elue fk fn suisufna.

Fn caktfk`ma mf sunbetas sanuinfs mfn suisufna fs kb`ha, par na quf ka gecf bente fhpnfer uk cfhfkta sunbarrfs`stfktfpere fn garh`lk mf c`hfktec`k.

Caha cakcnus`k mfn `kbarhf, fs vèinf prayfcter cak uke C@HFK]EC@K SVZFYB@CEN HFM@EK]F_EZE]ES, rfcahfkmeinf cuekma fx`stf k`vfn brft`ca ieoa

Fk ne besf mf fxcevec`k sf rfen`zer uk rfcakac`h`fkta mfn tfrrfka, e b`k mf cakb`rher nas metas bec`n`temas par fnFstumà Lfatck`ca.

5.3.9. C@HFK]EC@KSf fhpnfe uk s`stfhe mf c`hfktec`k supfrb`cèn barhema par zepetes erràstremes ukes cak atres mf garh`lk erhema

GE-96/I/9:/@@ey ecfra I-6::-S fk cuektes sflk pnekas. ]amas nas fnfhfktas mf c`hfktec`k sf fofcutek sairf uke cepe mfgarh`lk mf n`hp`fze mf 5: ch mf fspfsar.

Cuektes mf erhemure, m`spas`càkfs cakstruct`ves y mftennfs, eperfcfk mfb`k`mas fk ne macuhfktec`k lrb`ce qufecahpee fn prayfcta.

5.3.3. FNFHFK]AS FS]YVC]VYENFSNe fstructure mf ne fm`b`cec`k fs uke fstructure mf p`nerfs y v`les mf garh`lk erhemas cak baroema mf v`luftes mf

garh`lk prftfksema y iavfm`nnes cfrh`ces.

Fn m`hfksàkeh`fkta mf nas p`nerfs sf ge rfen`zema tfk`fkma fk cufkte nes cerles pfrhekfktfs y sairfcerles mf usa.

Vke vfz aitfk`mas nas metas sfr rfen`zere uk m`hfksàkeh`fkta mf nas p`nerfs sflk km`ce ne K]F.

5.3.=. SEKFEH@FK]ASf caktfhpnek mas pertfs mfktra mf ne rfm mf sekfeh`fkta mf ne v`v`fkme. Ne barheme par nas mfselfs mf nas eperetas

mf nas cuertas ghfmas y nes ieoektfs (Zfqufe fvecuec`k) y ne cakst`tu`me par nas canfctarfs y nes erquftes (Lrek fvecuec`k).

E cakt`kuec`k sf emouktek mas cuemras cak nas fnfhfktas mf ceme uke mf nes mas pertfs c`temes y sus m`hfksàkfs ycen`memfs.

5.3.6. BECGEMES]ame ne v`v`fkme fster cfrreme pfr`hftrenhfktf par uke becgeme vfkt`neme mf nemr`nna rfvfst`me cak epnecema mf p`fmre,

cak uke bir`ce mf nemr`nna mf 5 p`f, e`snektf, chere mf e`rf.

Fn pravffmar mf nemr`nna cfrh`ca gufca mainf mf 9= x 55,6 x 0 ch y mf 9= x 55,6 x < ch sfr Ne ZenaheCfrh`ces.

Zere fn e`sneh`fkta mf ne becgeme canacerfhas pekfnfs cahpectas neke h`kfren @SARFY EYFKEcakst`tu`ma par pekfnfs mf neke h`kfren Erfke mf =: hh mf fspfsar cuhpn`fkma ne karhe VKF FK 53529 ZramuctasE`snektfs trh`cas pere epn`cecàkfs fk ne fm`b`cec`k cak uke cakmuct`v`mem trh`ce mf :,:36 \ / (hD), cnesf mfrfecc`k en bufla E5 y cm`la mf mfs`lkec`k H\-FK 53529-]3-\S-HV5- EBr6.

Fn hartfra fhpnfema fk ne fofcuc`k mf nes bir`ces mf nemr`nna sfr fn H-


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5.3.2. CVI@FY]ES5.3.2.5. SFCC@K CVI@FY]E @KCN@KEME

Cui`frte kcn`keme mf tfoe reif cak uke pfkm`fktf hfmè mfn 3:%, cahpufstemf? barhec`k mf pfkm`fktfs? teinfra cfrh`ca gufca hecg`gfhirema, pere rfvfst`r,sairf tei`qufs en`lfremas mf 5:: ch mf enture hfmè4 caifrture? tfoe cfrh`ce curve,=:x50x52 ch, canar herrk4 rfcì`me cak hartfra mf cfhfkta.

Zramuctas fhpnfemas?

]FOE

Beir`cektf? Iaroe ]foes Cfrh`ces Hamfna? Cfnnfr 6:x95

Eceiema? Hfm`tfrrkfe Nakl`tum? 65 ch Ekcgure? 95 ch Enture?


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5.3.5:.SANEMAS P EN@CE]EMAS

Cac`ke, trestfra, nevekmfre y mfspfkseEn`cetema?Herce DfreifkHamfna DfktaCanar? raoa /lr`sHetfrèn? Zarcfnk`ca tama heseBarheta ezunfoa? =: x =: chZev`hfkta? Keturf \fkluf 56,6 x 67,6

IeasEn`cetema? Herce DfreifkHamfna H`strenCanar? inekca y kflra Hetfrèn ? Zeste inekce Barheta ezunfoa?96 x 6: chZev`hfkta? H`stren kflra 33 x 33 ch

EsfaEn`cetema? Herce DfreifkHamfna M`pnahet`c Canar? inekca y kflra Hetfrèn ? Zeste inekceBarheta ezunfoa? 96 x


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5.3.52.9. SEK@]EY@ASNeveiaYfb.? 39


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9. KAYHE]@RE VYIEKS]@CE

9.5. KAYHE]@RE VYIEKS]@CE MF EZN@CEC@KNe karhet`ve uriekst`ce mf epn`cec`k fs ne caktfk`me fk nas macuhfktas mf pnekfeh`fkta mfn Znek Lfkfren Huk`c`pen

mf Armfkec`k mf Hemr`m, cnesf mf sufna uriek`zeinf.


KAYHE]@RE VYIEKS]@CE MF EZN@CEC@K Zl`ke


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3. GEI@]EI@N@MEMArmfk mfn 90 mf Bfirfra mf 50==. I.A.F. k a25 mfn 5 mf herza mf 50== (pl`ke 5733).

Ertcuna 5?]ame v`v`fkme beh`nèr sf cahpakmr caha hk`ha, mf cac`ke -cahfmar, uk marh`tarà mf mas cehes y uk rftrftf,

gei`fkma mf tfkfrsf s`fhprf fk cufkte ne rfnec`k fktrf ne cepec`mem mf ne v`v`fkme y fn khfra y sfxa mf sus haremarfs.Fk nas pnekas mf cates y supfrb`c`fs sf pufmf aisfrver quf ne v`v`fkme cuhpn`r sairemehfktf cak fn epertema 5 mf

fste Armfk ye quf fn khfra mf marh`taràs y ieas fs huy supfràr en fx`l`ma.

Ertcuna 9?Nes gei`tecàkfs sfrk `kmfpfkm`fktfs fktrf s, mf hama quf k`kluke ut`n`cf caha pesa uk marh`tarà, k` s`r ve e su vfz

mf pesa e uk rftrftf.]ames nes gei`tecàkfs mf ne v`v`fkme sak `kmfpfkm`fktfs ukes mf atres, y fk ceme pnekte sf ge canacema uk iea mf

eccfsa `kmfpfkm`fktf pere ka tfkfr quf etrevfser k`klk marh`tarà

Ertcuna 3?]ame p`fze gei`teinf mf me a mf kacgf tfkmr vfkt`nec`k m`rfcte en fxtfràr par hfmà mf uk gufca cak supfrb`c`f ka

`kbfràr en 5/2 mf ne supfrb`c`f mf ne pnekte.]ames nes gei`tecàkfs mf kacgf cahuk`cek cak fn fxtfràr par hfmà mf vfktekes, a t`fkfk vfkt`nec`k barzeme cak

fn fxtfràr nes zakes mf fstekcè acesàken mf me. Fk ne hfharè mf cen`memfs sf mftennek cak fxect`tum nes m`hfksàkfsmf ceme vfkteke.

Ertcuna =?Fxcfpcàkenhfktf fk b`kces cuye cepec`mem y t`pas mf cakstrucc`k abrfzcek lerektes mf fb`cecè y prfsfk tfk m`b`cuntemfs

pere ne vfkt`nec`k m`rfcte mf rftrftfs y ieas, sf eutar`zer fn usa mf cg`hfkfes mf vfkt`nec`k quf cuhpnek nes s`lu`fktfs

cakm`càkfs?- Sen`fktf mf :,6: h par fkc`he mfn tfoema a :,9: sairf fn pev`hfkta mf ezatfe.- Cahuk`cec`k ktfràr y m`rfcte quf esflurf ne rfkavec`k mf e`rf.- Sfcc`k sub`c`fktf pere bec`n`ter ne n`hp`fze.Sf canacerk sgukts mf vfkt`nec`k fk nas ieas y esfas mf ne v`v`fkme. Fstas sgukts sf pranaklerk par fkc`he mfn

pev`hfkta tfrh`kema mf ne cui`frte uke enture mf 9 hftras.

Ertcuna 2?Nes m`hfksàkfs hk`hes mf nes m`st`ktes gei`tecàkfs sfrk nes s`lu`fktfs? marh`taràs mf uke sane cehe, 2 hftras

cuemremas mf supfrb`c`f y 56 hftras ci`cas mf cui`cec`k. Marh`taràs mf 9 cehes, mf 5 : hftras cuemremas mf supfrb`c`f y 96hftras ci`cas mf cui`cec`k.

Cuerta mf fster, 5: hftras cuemremas. Cac`ke, 6 hftras cuemremas.Yftrftf 5,6: hftras cuemremas.S` ne cac`ke y cuerta mf fster cakst`tuyf uke sane p`fze, ste tfkmr uke m`hfks`k hk`he mf 5= hftras cuemremas.Ne ekcgure hk`he mf pes`nna sfr mf :,7: hftras, senva fk ne pertf carrfspakm`fktf e ne fktreme fk fn p`sa, cuye ekcgure

sf fnfver e 5 hftra. Ne enture mf tames nes gei`tecàkfs, hfm`me mfn pev`hfkta en c`fna resa, ka sfr `kbfràr e 9,6: hftras fk

fn hfmà urieka, pum`fkma mfscfkmfr e 9,9: fk nes ceses e`snemes y fk fn hfmà ruren.Nas p`sas kbfràrfs mf nes ceses mfst`kemes e v`v`fkmes fsterk e`snemas mfn tfrrfka keturen hfmèktf uke chere mf e`rf a

uke cepe hpfrhfeinf quf pratfoe mf nes guhfmemfs mfn sufna.

Fk fn cuemra mf supfrb`c`fs v`fkfk m`spufstes nes supfrb`c`fs mf tames nes fstekcès mf ne v`v`fkme, qufmekma rfbnfoemafk n fn cuhpn`h`fkta mf nes supfrb`c`fs hk`hes hercemes par fstf ertcuna. Ne ekcgure mf nas pes`nnas sak supfràrfs e 5,:hftra.

Ne enture nìrf mf tames nes fstekcès mf ne v`v`fkme fs mf 9,


18/83



19/83

FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

=. ECCFS@I@N@MEMIerrfres fk fm`b`cec`k

ZufrtesNes pufrtes mf eccfsa mfn fxtfràr en `ktfràr mf uk fm`b`cà tfkmrk uke ekcgure nìrf mf pesa ka hfkar mf :,7: hftras.

Nes gaoes mf m`cges pufrtes sfrk mf bc`n hekfoa y ka l`retarès. Nas hfcek`shas mf epfrture sfrk mf hek`vfne u atra s`stfhebc`nhfktf esìnf y eccàkeinf.

Ne pufrte mf eccfsa pr`kc`pen s`tueme fk fn enzema Fstf, es caha fn rfsta m f pufrtes mf eccfsa e ne v`v`fkme mfsmf fnfxtfràr t`fkfk uke ekcgure nìrf mf :,0: hftras.

Fscenfres5. Ne ekcgure nìrf hk`he fk fscenfres rfctes sfr mf 5,9: hftras fk `t`kfreràs emeptemas y mf 5,:: hftras fk `t`kfreràs

prect`ceinfs.9. Nes m`hfksàkfs mf nas pfnmeas mfifrk set`sbecfr nes s`lu`fktfs cakm`càkfs?

9 x tei`ce + 5 x gufnne 8 2= 5 cfkthftras. ]ei`ce hx`he 8 57,6 cfkthftras. Gufnne hk`he 8 9< cfkthftras. Ka sf pfrh`tfk rfsentas iruscas mf ne gufnne.

3. Nas trehas mf fscenfres tfkmrk uk khfra hk`ha mf trfs pfnmeas y hx`ha mf m`fc`s`s. Cuekma pere senver uke enturesfek prfc`sas hs mf m`fc`s`s pfnmeas, nes fscenfres sf pert`rk fk trehas, cak mfsceks`nnas ktfrhfmàs mf bakma hk`ha luene ne ekcgure mf ne fscenfre.=. Fk fn errekquf supfràr mf tame ne fscenfre s`tueme fk uk fm`b`cà a `kstenec`k mf usa lfkfren, sf m`spakmr uke brekoetreksvfrsen mf pev`hfkta tct`n.

Ne fscenfre pr`kc`pen quf cahuk`ce ne pnekte ieoe cak ne pr`hfre t`fkf uke ekcgure nìrf mf 5,6: hftras. Ne fscenfre mfsfrv`cà t`fkf uke ekcgure mf 5,:: h. Nes m`hfksàkfs mf nas pfnmeas cuhpnfk nes s`lu`fktfs cakm`càkfs?- 9 x tei`ce + 5 x gufnne 8 9 x 5< + 3: 8 2= ch.- ]ei`ce 8 5< ch > tei`ce hx`he 8 57,6 ch.- Gufnne 8 3: ch ; gufnne hk`he 8 9< ch.

Zesehekas5. Nes fscenfres fk `t`kfreràs emeptemas, y nes rehpes fk tama cesa, fsterk matemes, e ehias nemas, mf mainf pesehekascakt`kua, barhema par mas ierres sfperemes vfrt`cenhfktf fktrf s en hfkas 5: cfkthftras. Cuekma ne ekcgure nìrf sfe heyarmf 3,:: hftras sf m`spakmrk emfhs pesehekas ktfrhfmàs mf luenfs cerectfrst`ces.9. S` nas pesehekas ka sak cakt`kuas, sf pranaklerk en hfkas 3: cfkthftras hs enn mfn pfnmea supfràr y en hfkas neekcgure mf uke gufnne hs 3: cfkthftras hs enn mfn pfnmea `kbfràr. Fn sen`fktf mf 3: cfkthftras sfr fk ehias cesasgar`zakten y fn rfsta caksfrver ne pfkm`fktf lfkfren mf ne fscenfre.3. Fk fscenfres, nes entures rfspfct`ves sfrk mf :,6: e :,2: hftras y mf :,0: e 5,:: hftra.=. Nas pesehekas tfkmrk uke sfcc`k treksvfrsen a m`hftra mf 3 e 6 cfkthftras, pum`fkma sfr c`nkmr`cas a mf m`sfaeketh`ca quf bec`n`tf uk iufk es`mfra. Ka sf pamrk ut`n`zer hetfrènfs hftn`cas s`k pratfcc`k fk s`tuecàkfs fxpufstes e

tfhpfretures fxtrfhes e ne ktfhpfr`f.6. Nas pesehekas fsterk sn`mehfktf ekcnemas e nes perfmfs a en sufna, s`tuemas mf barhe quf fn pukta hs cfrceka e cuenqu`frperehfkta m`stf mfn h`sha ka hfkas mf = cfkthftras.

Nes fscenfres ktfràrfs mf ne v`v`fkme cufktek cak uk pesehekas cakt`kua quf cuhpnf tames nes cakm`càkfs fxpufstesektfràrhfktf, cuye enture fs mf 5,5: hftra y nas hetfrènfs mf nas quf fst gfcga sf mftennek fk ne hfharè mf cen`memfs.

Zes`nnas5. Ne ekcgure nìrf hk`he fktrf perehfktas mf nas fspecàs cahukfs mf pesa sfr mf 5,6: hftras fk t`kfreràs emeptemas y mf5,9: hftras fk t`kfreràs prect`ceinfs. Fk k`klk cesa sfr hfkar mf 5,6: hftras fk nas brfktfs mf eccfsa en escfksar.

9. Fk tama cehià mf m`rfcc`k, y fk tama pukta fk quf sfe prfc`sa rfen`zer l`ras, sf m`spakmr uk fspecà nìrf gar`zakten fk fnquf pufme kscrì`rsf uk crcuna mf 5,6: hftras mf m`hftra.3. E ehias nemas mf tame pufrte mf pesa e nacenfs a fspecàs mf usa lfkfren, fxcnuyfkma cuertas mf hqu`kes y atras nacenfs mfeccfsa rfstr`kl`ma, mfifr geifr uk fspecà nìrf gar`zakten mf 5,9: hftras mf prabukm`mem hk`he, ka ierr`ma par nes gaoes mfne pufrte.

Nas pes`nnas mf ne v`v`fkme t`fkfk uke ecgure mf 5 ,:: h.

Zufrtes5. Ne ekcgure nìrf hk`he fk gufcas mf pesa y pufrtes ka sfr hfkar mf :,7: hftras, fk k`klk cesa.9. Nas hfcek`shas mf epfrture sfrk mf hek`vfne y atra s`stfhe bc`nhfktf esìnf y eccàkeinf.

]ames nes pufrtes ktfràrfs t`fkfk ukes m`hfksàkfs mf gaoe mf :,79 hftras.


ECCFS@I@N@MEM Zl`ke55


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21/83

FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

6. C]F-IM-S@ SFLVY@MEM FK CESA MF @KCFKM@A

6.5. S@ 5? ZYAZELEC@AK @K]FY@AYCAHZEY]@HFK]EC@K FK SF C]AYFS MF @KCFKM@A

Fste fx`lfkcè trete mf n`h`ter ne prapelec`k mfn kcfkmà par fn ktfràr mf ne v`v`fkme. En tretersf mf uke fm`b`cec`kmfst`keme e usa Yfs`mfkcèn R`v`fkme tame su supfrb`c`f cakst`tuyf uk k`ca sfctar mf kcfkmàs, pufsta quf ka fxcfmf mf 9.6::h9.

YFS@S]FC@E EN BVFLA MF Z EYFMFS, ]FCGAS P ZVFY]ESNes perfmfs, tfcgas y pufrtes quf mfn`h`tfk m`bfrfktfs sfctarfs mf `kcfkmàs mfifk cuhpn`r ukes cakm`càkfs

mftfrh`kemes. Fk fste v`v`fkme fx`stf uk k`ca sfctar mf kcfkmàs, s`k fhierla sf canacerk fk ne cahpert`hfktec`k ktfràry fk nas bensas tfcgas fnfhfktas cakstruct`vas cak ne caks`mfrec`k H5 (hetfrèn ka kbneheinf).

Nas fnfhfktas quf sf fkcufktrfk fk ne pnekte pr`hfre tfkmrk quf tfkfr uke cnes`b`cec`k F@ 2:.

6.9. S@ 9? ZYAZELEC@AK FW]FY@AYMema quf sf trete mf uke v`v`fkme cfktreme sairf uke percfne mf lrekmfs m`hfksàkfs, ne pasì`n`mem mf prapeler fn

`kcfkmà e uke v`v`fkme cfrceke fs prct`cehfktf kune. Euk es tekta nes perfmfs fxtfràrfs caha ne cui`frte tfkmrk ukerfs`stfkcè en bufla? F@-2:.


C]F-IM-S@ SFLVY@MEM FK CESA MF @KCFKM@A Zl`ke53


FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA


22/83

FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

6.3. S@ 3? FRECVEC@K MF NAS ACVZEK]FSCncuna mf acupec`k, khfra mf sen`mes, nakl`tum mf rfcarr`mas mf fvecuec`k y m`hfksàkema mf nas hfmàs mf

fvecuec`k.

Yfc`kta,pnekte,sfctar

Vsaprfv`sta

Supfrb`c`ft`n (h9)

Mfks`memmf

acupec`k(h9/pfrs.)

Acupec`k(pfrs.)

Khfra mfsen`mes

Yfcarr`mas mffvecuec`k (h)

Ekcgure mfsen`mes (h)

Karhe Zray. Karhe Zray. Karhe Zray.

Sairfresektf

R`v`fkme 9: 35 5 3 :,7: :,0:

Fk ne v`v`fkme fx`stfk 3 sen`mes mf fvecuec`k quf fstk s`tuemes? fk ne fktreme pr`kc`pen, fk ne pertf tresfre y par ne

pufrte mf ne cac`ke gecè fn fxtfr ar mf ne percfne. Euk cuekma sana fx st`fre uke sane sen`me mf fvecuec k caha ne acupec`kfs hfkar mf 5:: pfrsakes tehi`k cuhpn`rehas ne karhe.

Zratfcc`k mf nes fscenfresE cakt`kuec`k sf prfsfktek nes cakm`càkfs quf gek mf cuhpn`r nes fscenfres pratfl`mes y su epn`cec`k e fstf prayfcta.

FscenfreSfkt`ma

fvecuec`k

Enture mffvecuec`k

(h)

Zratfcc`kRfstiuna mf

`kmfpfkmfkcèEkcgure (h)

Rfkt`nec`kKeturen (h9) Barzeme

Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr.Sairfresektf

Mfsc. 3 KZ KZ KA KA :,7: 5,6: KA S@ KA KA

KZ8 Ka pracfmf.

Zufrtes s`tuemes fk rfcarr`mas mf fvecuec`k? cuhpnf

Sfen`zec`k mf nas hfmàs mf fvecuec`k? cuhpnf

Caktran mf guha mf kcfkmà? ka pracfmf

Fvecuec`k mf pfrsakes m`scepec`temes fk cesa mf kcfkmà? cuhpnf

6.=. S@ =? @KS]ENEC@AKFS MF ZYA]FCC@K CAK]YE @KCFKM@ASNas fm`b`càs mfifk m`spakfr mf nas fqu`pas f `kstenecàkfs mf pratfcc`k caktre `kcfkmàs quf sf `km`cek fk ne teine

5.5 mf ne sfcc`k S@= mfn C]F. Fn m`sfa, ne fofcuc`k, ne pufste fk bukcàkeh`fkta y fn hektfk`h`fkta mf m`cges kstenecàkfs,es caha sus hetfrènfs, cahpakfktfs y fqu`pas, mfifk cuhpn`r na fsteinfc`ma fk fn Yflnehfkta mf @kstenecàkfs mf Zratfcc`kcaktre @kcfkmàs, fk sus m`spas`càkfs cahpnfhfkterès y fk cuenqu`fr atre rflnehfktec`k fspfc`b`ce quf nf sfe mf epn`cec`k.Ne pufste fk bukcàkeh`fkta mf nes `kstenecàkfs rfqu`frf ne prfsfktec`k, ektf fn rleka cahpftfktf mf ne Cahuk`memEutkahe, mfn cfrt`b`cema mf ne fhprfse kstenemare en quf sf rfb`frf fn ertcuna 57 mfn c`tema rflnehfkta.

Fk fn cesa cakcrfta mf kufstre v`v`fkme tfkmrfhas?

Yfc`kta,

pnekte,sfctar

Fxt`ktarfs

partt`nfsCanuhke sfce [email protected].

Mftfcc`k y

enerhe

@kstenec`k mf

enerhe

Yacèmarfseutaht`cas mf

elueKarhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr. Karhe Zr.

Sairfresektf

S@ S@ KA KA KA KA KA KA KA KA KA KA

Caha cahpraiehas fk fste teine rfsuhfk, ne v`v`fkme prayfcteme sf eouste e na prfscr`ta fk ne karhe en cakter cakfxt`ktarfs partt`nfs mf `kcfkmàs mf fb`cecè 95E -553I. Ne karhe m`cf quf su canacec`k mfif gecfrsf ceme 56 h e na nerlamf tama ar`lfk mf fvecuec`k. Sf s`tuer uk fxt`ktar fk ne cac`ke, atra fk fn cfktra mfn pes`nna mf m`strìuc`k mf ne pnekte pr`hfrey atras fk nas cuertas mf kstenecàkfs s`tuemas fk fn fxtfràr.


Zl`ke5= C]F-IM-S@ SFLVY@MEM FK CESA MF @KCFKM@A


FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA


23/83

FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

6.6. S@ 6? @K]FYRFKC@AK MF NAS IAHIFYASNe ekcgure mf nas vènfs supfre fn nh`tf hk`ha mf 3,6 h, pufsta quf ne mf hfkar m`hfks`k h`mf 2,:: hftras mf

ekcga, na quf bec`n`te fn eccfsa mf nas fqu`pas mf iahifras geste kufstre percfne.

Ne cepec`mem partektf mfn vèn mf ne uriek`zec`k fs supfràr e 9 : DK/h9.

Eccfsì`n`mem par becgeme.Nas cakm`càkektfs sak nas s`lu`fktfs?

Ne enture mfn enb`zer rfspfcta mfn k`vfn mf ne pnekte e ne quf eccfmf ka sfe heyar quf 5,9: h.Fk prayfcta 5,5: h. CVHZNF

Sus m`hfksàkfs gar`zakten y vfrt`cen mfifk sfr, en hfkas, :,7: h y 5,9: h rfspfct`vehfktf.Fk prayfcta 5,:: x 5,:: h. CVHZNF Ne m`stekcè hx`he fktrf nas fofs vfrt`cenfs mf mas gufcas caksfcut`vas ka mfif fxcfmfr mf 96 h, hfm`me sairf ne

becgeme.Fk prayfcta. CVHZNF

Ka sf mfifk `kstener fk becgeme fnfhfktas quf `hp`mek a m`b`cuntfk ne eccfsì`n`mem en `ktfr ar mfn fm`b`cà e trevs mfm`cgas gufcas. CVHZNF

6.2. S@ 2? YFS@S]FKC@E EN BVFLA MF NE FS]YVC]VYENe fstructure mfn `khufinf sfr m`sfeme tfk`fkma fk cufkte ne rfs`stfkcè en bufla quf tekta nas baroemas caha nas

p`nerfs mfifk prfsfkter. ]ame ne fstructure encekzer ne cnesf Y3: quf fs ne ain`leme par fstf macuhfkta is`ca pere nes v`v`fkmesuk`beh`nèrfs. Zar na quf, fk cesa mf kcfkmà, nas usueràs mf ne v`v`fkme pamrk eiekmakerne s`k quf sf pramuzce fn mfrruhifmf ne h`she y s`k ceuser meas murektf fn t`fhpa fst`hema. Nas p`nerfs sf rfcuir`rk cak uk nemr`nna g/m < y fn rfvfst`h`fkta mfne zake quf nf carrfspakme, esflurkmasf mf fste hekfre ne rfs`stfkcè en bufla san`c`teme pere fstf t`pa mf fnfhfktas.


C]F-IM-S@ SFLVY@MEM FK CESA MF @KCFKM@A Zl`ke56


24/83


FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA


25/83

U

2. C]F-IM-SV SFLVY@MEM MF V]@N@_EC@K

2.5. SV 5? SFLVY@MEM BYFK]F EN Y@FSLA MF CE@MESMFSK@RFNFSZere fv`ter fn r`fsla mf cemes, canacerfhas ierrfres mf pratfcc`k fk nes s`lu`fktfs zakes?

Fk nas iencakfs canacerfhas uke ierekm`nne mf 5,5: h mf enture caha hk`ha.

]amas nas ektfpfcgas mf nes vfktekes tfkmrk uke enture hk`he mf 5,5: h, hfm`mas mfsmf fn pev`hfkta tfrh`kemageste fn gufca.

Nas hurftfs tekta mf nes tfrrezes mf ne pnekte pr`hfre, caha nas mfn pfrhftra mf ne pnekte cui`frte tfkmrk uke enturemf 5,5: h.

FSCENFYESNe fscenfre cahuk`cer vfrt`cenhfktf ne pnekte ieoe y ne pnekte pr`hfre. Ne fscenfre mf ne v`v`fkme tfkmr nes s`lu`fktfs

cerectfrst`ces?

Ne gufnne hfm`r 96 ch. Ne tei`ce tfkmr uke enture mf 57 ch.

Ne ekcgure mf nas trehas y mfn mfsceks`nna sfr mf 5,6: h fk ne fscenfre pr`kc`pen y mf 5,:: fk ne sfcukmerè.

Zasffr uk taten mf 56 pfnmeas fktrf ceme p `sa. Ne enture mf nas pesehekas sfr mf 5,5: h.

2.9. SV 9? SFLVY@MEM BYFK]F EN Y@FSLA MF @HZEC]A AE]YEZEH@FK]A

Sf n`h`ter fn r`fsla mf quf nas usueràs pufmek subr`r hpecta a etrepeh`fkta cak fnfhfktas bòas a prect`ceinfs mf nev`v`fkme.

2.9.5. Y@FSLA MF @HZEC]A CAK]YE FNFHFK]AS B@OAS Ne enture nìrf mf pesa fk zakes mf c`rcunec`k fs 9,


26/83

2.3. SV 3? SFLVY@MEM BYFK]F EN Y@FSLA MF EZY@S@AKEH@FK]ASf n`h`ter fn r`fsla mf quf nas usueràs pufmek qufmer ecc`mfktenhfktf epr`sàkemas fk rfc`ktas.

Fk fn prayfcta tames nes pufrtes quf t`fkfk inaqufa mfsmf fn ktfràr pamrk mfsinaqufersf mfsmf fn fxtfràr fk cesa mfkfcfs`mem a urlfkcè. Fstf fs fn cesa mf nas esfas y ieas.

Ne bufrze mf epfrture mf nes pufrtes mf sen`me fs 56: K 56: K. CVHZNF

Ne bufrze mf epfrture fk pfqufas rfc`ktas emeptemas fs 96K 96 K. CVHZNF

2.=. SV =? SFLVY@MEM BYFK]F EN Y@FSLA CEVSEMA ZAY @NVH@KEC@AK@KEMFCVEME

Sf n`h`ter fn r`fsla mf meas e nes pfrsakes caha caksfcufkcè mf uke nuh`kec`k kemfcueme fk zakes mf c`rcunec`kmf nas fm`b`càs, tekta ktfràrfs caha fxtfràrfs, kcnusa fk cesa mf fhfrlfkcè a mf benna mfn enuhirema karhen.

2.=.5. ENVHIYEMA KAYHEN FK _AKES MF C@YCVNEC@KFk fn fxtfràr

Nes fscenfres mf fktreme t`fkfk uke nuh`kec`k mf 56 nux ; 5: nux. Fk fn rfsta mf zakes fxtfràrfs caha sak nas parcgfsne nuh`kec`k fs mf 7 nux ; 6 nux. Fk fn eccfsa pere vfgcunas fs mf 5: nux 5: nux

Fk fn ktfràrNe nuh`kec`k mf nes fscenfres fs mf 5:: nux ;


27/83

2.6. SV 2? SFLVY@MEM BYFK]F EN Y@FSLA MF EGALEH@FK]AZ`sc`kes. Ka fs epn`ceinf e nes p`sc`kes mf v`v`fkmes uk`beh`nèrfs.

2.2. SV 7? SFLVY@MEM BYFK]F EN Y@FSLA CEVSEMA ZAY NE ECC@K MFVK YEPA

Zere fv`ter fn r`fsla mf fnfctracuc`k y mf `kcfkmà mfi`ma e ne ecc`k m f uk reya, fstf macuhfkta is`ca ain`le e ne`kstenec`k mf uk s`stfhe mf pratfcc`k caktre reyas, s`fhprf y cuekma ne brfcufkcè fspfreme mf hpectas Kf sfe heyar quf fnr`fsla emh`sìnf Ke.

Cncuna mf ne brfcufkcè fspfreme mf hpectas (Kf) 8 5 5:2T /XS`fkma?

Kl Mfks`mem mf hpectas sairf fn tfrrfka (`hpectas/ea,dh9

)Ef Supfrb`c`f mf cepture fqu`venfktf mfn fm`b`cà e`snema fk h9C5 Cafb`c`fktf rfnecàkema cak fn fktarka

Cncuna mfn r`fsla emh`sìnf (Ke) 8 6,6 5:39 3 = 6S`fkma?C9 Cafb`c`fktf fk bukc`k mfn t`pa mf cakstrucc`k.C3 Cafb`c`fktf fk bukc`k mfn caktfk`ma mf ne v`v`fkmeC= Cafb`c`fktf fk bukc`k mfn usa mf ne v`v`fkmeC6 Cafb`c`fktf fk bukc`k mf ne kfcfs`mem mf cakt`ku`mem fk nes ect`v`memfs quf sf mfserrannek fk ne v`v`fkme.

Caha fstf epertema ka fs aiofta mfn treieoa supakmrfhas mf hahfkta quf ka fs kfcfserà ne `kstenec`k mf uk s`stfhe mfpratfcc`k caktre reyas. M`scunpfk ka geifr tfk`ma t`fhpa sub`c`fktf pere geifr cahpraiema s` fs kfcfserà ne `kstenec`k mf

uk s`stfhe mf pratfcc`k caktre reyas, euk es mfoa nes brhunes y perhftras e ut`n`zer.


C]F-IM-SV SFLVY@MEM MF V]@N@_EC@K Zl`ke50


28/83


FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA


29/83


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7. C]F-MI-GY ZYA]FCC@K CAK]YE FN YV@MAFn aioft`va mf fstf macuhfkta is`ca fs n`h`ter, mfktra mf nas fm`b`càs y fk cakm`càkfs karhenfs mf ut`n`zec`k, fn

r`fsla mf hanfstès a fkbfrhfmemfs quf fn ru`ma pufme pramuc`r e nas usueràs. Zere fnna tekta nas fnfhfktas fstructurenfsvfrt`cenfs (mfsmf becgemes fxtfràrfs e tei`qufs ktfràrfs), caha nas gar`zaktenfs (fk fspfcèn fn baroema mf cui`frte) m`spakmrkmfn e`sneh`fkta ecst`ca kfcfserà quf nfs pfrh`te cuhpn`r cak m`cgas rfqu`s`tas. Fk ne hfharè mf cen`memfs sf mftenne fn t`pamf e`sneh`fkta quf sf ut`n`zer.


C]F-IM-GY ZYA]FCC@K CAK]YE FN YV@MA Zl`ke93


32/83


FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA


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0. C]F-MI-GF EGAYYA MF FKFYLE

0.5. GF 5? N@H@]EC@K MF MFHEKME FKFYL]@CENe mfhekme fkfrlt`ce mf kufstre v`v`fkme fster n`h`teme fk bukc`k mfn cn`he mf ne nacen`mem mf Hemr`m, mf ne

zak`b`cec`k cn`ht`ce y mf ne cerle ktfrke fk sus fspecàs.

KA]E? Nas rfsuntemas sf `km cerk fk fn ekfxa.

0.9. GF =? CAK]Y@IVC@K SANEY HK@HE MF ELVE CEN@FK]FSEK@]EY@E

Fn C]F kas ain`le e rfen`zer uk epartf mf elue cen`fktf e kufstre `kstenec`k pracfmfktf mf uke bufktf mf fkfrle`kelateinf caha fs fn San. Fste epartec`k ne aitfkmrfhas hfmèktf ne canacec`k fk cui`frte mf uk s`stfhe mf ceptec`k mffkfrle saner.

Fn s`stfhe mf ceptec`k fster cahpufsta par? 9 ceptemarfs, uk s`stfhe mf caktran, uk `ktfrcehièmar mf fkfrle, 9ecuhunemarfs y uk s`stfhe mf fkfrle eux`nèr.

Nas ceptemarfs fsterk canacemas fk cui`frte, h`fktres quf fn rfsta mfn fqu`pa sf `kstener fk fn cuerta mf ne cenmfres`tuema fk fn fxtfràr mf ne v`v`fkme.

Vka mf nas ecuhunemarfs sfr pere fn suh`k`stra mf ECS e tamas nas eperetas mf caksuha mf ne v`v`fkme, y fn atra sfrpere ne en`hfktec`k mfn s`stfhe mf cenfbecc`k. Ne `kstenec`k mf mas eperetas m`st`ktas sf mfif e ne lrek supfrb`c`f mf nev`v`fkme, na quf pramuc`r lrekmfs mfhekmes mf cenfbecc`k mf nes fstekcès murektf nas hfsfs mf bra.

KA]E? Nas rfsuntemas sf `km cerk fk fn ekfxa.


C]F-IM-GF EGAYYA MF FKFYLE Zl`ke96


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FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA


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5:. YFNEC@AK MF KAYHE]@RE MF AIN@LEMA CVHZN@H@FK]A

5:.5. EIES]FC@H@FK]A MF ELVE C]F MI-SF = Senuir`mem, Suh`k`stra mf Elue. (YM.35=/9::2 Cm`la ]ck`ca mf ne Fm`b`cec`k).

M`hftras y fspfsarfs hk`has mf nas tuias mf cairf pere `kstenecàkfs ktfràrfs mf suh`k`stra mf elue. (Yfsanuc`kmf 5= mf bfirfra mf 507:, mf ne M`rfcc`k Lfkfren mf ne Fkfrle).

Zn`fla mf prfscr`pcàkfs tck`ces lfkfrenfs pere tuifres mf eiestfc`h`fkta mf elue. (Armfk mf 97 mf ounà, mfnH`k`stfrà mf Aires Zin`ces).

5:.9. ECC@AKFS FK NE FM@B@CEC@AK

C]F MI SF - EF Eccàkfs fk ne Fm`b`cec`k. (YM.35=/9::2 Cm`la ]ck`ca mf ne Fm`b`cec`k). Karhe mf Cakstrucc`k S`sha rfs`stfktf? Zertf lfkfren y Fm`b`cec`k. (KCSF-9::9). (YM 00


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FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

5 9 5 HE]FY@ENFS


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EKFWA 5? HFHAY@E CAKS]YVC]@RE/EKFWA MF CNCVNA

5. FS]YVC]VYE5.5. ]@ZANALE FS]YVC]VYEN5.5.5. ]@ZA MF BAYOEMA P FS]YVC]VYE ZAY]EK]F RFY]@CEN

Zere fstf fofhpna, sf emaptek baroemas uk`m`rfcc`akenfs mf garh`lk cak v`luftes sfh`rrfs`stfktfs sfperemes :.


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Cafb`c`fktfs percènfs mf sflur`mem?- l8 5,36 brfktf e cerles pfrhekfktfs.- q8 5,6: brfktf e sairfcerles.

5.=. CNCVNA MF FSBVFY_AS P M@HFKS@AKEH@FK]AM`hfksàkerfhas uk veka mf baroema y atra mf v`le mf ne pnekte mf p`sa, uk p`ner y uke zepete, hk`has quf kas p`mfk

fstf treieoa. Na quf mfifrehas gecfr sfrè hamfn`zer ne fstructure fk uk pralrehe mf cncuna y aitfkfr rfsuntemas fk tamas nasbaroemas, tames nes v`les, tamas nas p`nerfs y tames nes zepetes.

Emapterfhas pere ne hamfn`zec`k mf nas kfrvàs mf baroema y prt`cas ne g`ptfs`s gei`tuen, quf caks`stf fk

caks`mfrernas caha fnfhfktas t`paierre, rfprfsfktkmanas par ne nkfe carrfspakm`fktf e su m`rfctr`z y emaptekma sfccàkfs

irutes.

Cerles mf cncuna?Caha tfkfhas cerle mf pfsa prapà, cerle hufrte y uke sane sairfcerle ka tfkmrfhas keme hs quf uke pasìnf cahi`kec`kfk ne quf ka fktrerk nas cafb`c`fktfs mf cakcah`tekcè mfi`ma e ne `kfx`stfkcè mf atres sairfcerles caha pufme sfr ne mfnv`fkta a ne tfhpfreture. Emfhs fk cui`frte ka sf t`fkf prfv`s`k mf uke sairfcerle mf usa ye quf sfr ka treks`teinf, par naquf fk fstf cesa sana tfkmrfhas caha sairfcerle ne k`fvf.

- Znekte pr`hfre? , 8 (=,: +5,:+ 5,:) 5,36+ 9,: 5,6:8 55,5 9 - Cui`frte? , 8 (=,:+9,6) 5,36+ 9,: 5,6:8 5:,9


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9. Zere fn cncuna mf nes nakl`tumfs mf nes erhemures kflet`ves mf baroema pufmfk fhpnfersf nes rflnes s`hpn`b`cemes mf neb`lure quf sf hufstrek e cakt`kuec`k?

Ne cerle mf cncuna par kfrv`a mf baroema (v`lufte) fs? 8, 8 55,5 :,< 8


40/83

Epaya ktfràr? 8 99,56 8 : ,0 8 :,0 8 99,56 5:2 5,56:,0 966 6:: 8 995,079Cahpraiehas ne erhemure hk`he par cuekte lfahtr`ce pere fn caktran mf b`surec`k par rftrecc`k y tfhpfreture

(ert. =9.3.6) fst`hekma uk ekcga hk`ha mf kfrvà iwka supfràr e 5:: hh fs?

, 8 35.::: 8 35.::: 5::3::8 0:9 > 995,07 9 , > 8 995,079

M`cge cekt`mem qufme cui`frte cak 35:hhNakl`tumfs mf ekcneof?

Epaya fxtfràr?Fste erhemure mfif pranaklersf, mfsmf ne cere mfn epaya, uk mc`ha mf ne nuz mfn veka hs fn ekcga mfn epaya (ert.

60.9.= FGF-7, quf carr`lf n`lfrehfktf na km`cema pere nas mfsp`fcfs fk ne b`lure ektfràr). S`fkma fn ekcga mf ne v`le mf becgeme967 hh, ne nakl`tum mfsmf fn fof mf ne v`le gecè fn ktfràr mfn veka sfr? 8 96:

9+:,56


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8 9 9 8


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8

9

Zere s`hpn`b`cer gfhas supufsta uke m`strìuc`k s`htr`ce. Geire quf vfr par qu p`ner ieoe hs cerle y fk fsf pukta sfcakcfktrere hs cerle y par na tekta ne m`strìuc`k mfn cartektf ka sfre tek gahalkfe. 8 =3,56 8 =3,56 :,3 =3,56 =,6

98 7=,5=()

Fn Fstema Nh`tf mf Elateh`fkta par fsbufrza cartektf sf pufmf encekzer, ye sfe par elatersf ne rfs`stfkcè ecahprfs`k mfn enhe, a par elatersf su rfs`stfkcè e trecc`k. Fk caksfcufkcè, fs kfcfserà cahpraier quf sf cuhpnfs`huntkfehfktf (ert. ==.9.3 FGF-:7)? 5 9Fsbufrza cartektf par elateh`fkta par cahprfs`k ain`cue mfn enhe (brhune rfmuc`me)

58 :,3:

:

8 :,3:

3:

5,6:967 96: 8 37


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5,56 3 , 7 =:: 9 , 8 =:: 9

8 = 9 8=

79 9 8 5::,63 8 : , 0 , 8 :,0 96: =:: 5::,63 8 0.:=


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Gfhas m`hfksàkema ukas p`nerfs mf 96: hh x 96: hh pere tame ne fstructure, tekta pere ne pnekte pr`hfre caha nepnekte ieoe, nnflekma geste ne c`hfktec k.

EYHEMVYE NAKL@]VM@KEN]ahehas nas fsbufrzas mfn hamfna rfen`zema cak fn pracfm`h`fkta s`hpn`b`cema quf fstehas fhpnfekma, y tfk`fkma

fk cufkte quf ne fscuemre mf nas p`nerfs fs ne h`she fk pnekte ieoe y pr`hfre, m`hfksàkerfhas fk pr`hfr nuler fn treha ieoacui`frte, quf e pràr` fs fn hs mfsbevareinf pufs t`fkf fn heyar hahfkta y fn hfkar ex`n.

Ne cerle mf cncuna fk cui`frte fs?

8 5:,9


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su caktecta cak ne erhemure s`fkma ne sfperec`k pt`he mf ceme ktramucc`k mf 2: ch, y caha t`fhpa hx`hafk ne h`she mf hfmà h`kuta.

Fn ecfra ut`n`zema pere erher nes zepetes sfrk ierres carrulemes ecfra I-6::-S mf nh`tf fnst`ca 6:: K/hh9.

Ne sanfre m`spufste sfr uke sanfre rfen`zeme cak baroemas uk`m`rfccàkenfs sairf huras mf nemr`nna, cahkhfktfnnehema baroema sek`terà

9.=.5. M@HFKS@AKEH@FK]A MF NE _EZE]E E5Supakfhas quf ne zepete fst sahft`me e cahprfs`k cfktreme. P rfen`zehas uke ieoeme mf cerles s`k heyarer?

Zr`hfre pnekte?, 8 (=,:+ 5,:+ 5,:) +9,: 8 7,: 9 Cui`frte?, 8 (=,: +9,6) +5,:8


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Cak fn aioft`va mf set`sbecfr fn Macuhfkta Is`ca GF (Egarra mf fkfrle) mfn Cm`la ]ck`ca mf ne Fm`b`cec`k fk neSfcc`k GF-5 (N`h`tec`k mf ne mfhekme fkfrlt`ce), sf gek aptema par cfrreh`fktas fxtfràrfs quf cuhpnfk cak nescerectfrst`ces y rfqufr`h`fktas mfscr`tas fk m`cga Macuhfkta Is`ca.

3.5. BECGEMESe) Sanuc`k 5.

]ame ne v`v`fkme fster cfrreme pfr`hftrenhfktf par uke becgeme cen`fktf t`pa cepucg`ke mfnemr`nna v`sta, rfen`zeme cak bir`ce mf nemr`nna mf 5/9 p`f, chere mf e`rf, e`snektf, tei`ck y tresmasemaeceiema cak luerkfc`ma y fknuc`ma mf yfsa.

i) Sanuc`k 9.]ame ne v`v`fkme fster cfrreme pfr`hftrenhfktf par uke becgeme vfkt`neme, rfen`zeme cakrfvfst`h`fkta fxtfràr mf p`fmre, chere mf e`rf, e`snektf, bir`ce mf nemr`nna mf 5/9 p`f y tresmasemaeceiema cak luerkfc`ma y fknuc`ma mf yfsa.

Fn s`stfhe mf rfvfst`h`fkta fst cahpufsta par fstructure mf haktektfs y ekcneofs, makmf sffkceoek nes pneces mf cfrreh`fkta, fn suh`k`stra na rfen`ze ne fhprfse Bevftak.

3.9. CVI@FY]ES3.9.5. SFCC@K CVI@FY]E @KCN@KEME

Cui`frte kcn`keme mf tfoe reif cak uke pfkm`fktf hfmè mfn 3:%, cahpufstemf? barhec`k mf pfkm`fktfs? teinfra cfrh`ca gufca hecg`gfhirema, pere rfvfst`r,sairf tei`qufs en`lfremas mf 5:: ch mf enture hfmè4 caifrture? tfoe cfrh`ce curve,=:x50x52 ch, canar herrk4 rfcì`me cak hartfra mf cfhfkta.

Zramuctas fhpnfemas?

]FOE

Beir`cektf? Iaroe ]foes Cfrh`ces Hamfna? Cfnnfr 6:x95 Eceiema? Hfm`tfrrkfe Nakl`tum? 65 ch Ekcgure? 95 ch Enture?


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5. ME]AS5.5. ME]AS LFKFYENFS MF NE AIYE

]`pa mf garh`lk fstructuren? Erhema.

Mfscr`pc`k? Sf trete mf uke v`v`fkme uk`beh`nèr cak mas pnektes hs pnekte mf cui`frte, c`hfkteme cak zepetes y sufstructure fst cakst`tu`me par baroemas uk`m`rfccàkenfs, mf v`lufte mf garh`lk y iavfm`nnes cfrh`ces y p`nerfs mf garh`lkerhema.

Nes supfrb`c`fs mf nes pnektes y ne enture fktrf pnekte fs?

Znektes Supfrb`c`f (h9)Baroema ]fcga Znekte Ieoe 359

Baroema Cui`frte 359

5.9. FSZFC@B@CEC@AKFS CAK]FK@MES FK FN ZYAPFC]A5.9.5. GAYH@LK

Ne fhprfse quf suh`k`strer fn garh`lk sfr Cfhfx. Fste fhprfse rfkf nes cfrt`b`cecàkfs kfcfserès pere lerekt`zerne hx`he cen`mem y gahalfkf`mem mf nas pramuctas suh`k`stremas. Nas garh`lakfs quf sf fhpnferk t`fkfk ne s`lu`fktfmfs`lkec`k?

Garh`lk mf n`hp`fze GH-9:/I/9:/@@e

_epetes GE-96/I/9:/@@e

Baroemas GE-3:/I/9:/@@i

5.9.9.

ECFYASFk tame ne fstructure sf ut`n`zere ecfra I-6::-S pere erher nes sfccàkfs mf garh`lk erhema.

5.9.3. YFS]A MF CAHZAKFK]FS

Fspfc`b`cecàkfs mf cahpakfktfs

Cfhfkta 92 (YC-9::9)

Elue Ert. 9< FGF-:7

r`mas Ert. 97 FGF-:7

Em`càkfs Ert. 90.5 FGF-:7

Em`t`vas Ert. 90.9 FGF-:7

5.9.=. FSZFC@B@CEC@AKFS MF MVYEI@N@MEM

Cnesf mf fxpas`c`k fk c`hfktec`k @@e

Cnesf mf fxpas`c`k fk fstructure @@iCaktfk`ma mf cfhfkta 3:: dl/h3

Yfnec`k elue/cfhfkta :,2:

Yfs`stfkcè 3: K/hh9

Yfcuir`h`fkta kah`ken mf erhemures 3: hh

5.3. ECYFM@]EC@K MF NEIAYE]AY@ASEcrfm`tec`k YM 593:/5070. Fn neiaretarà t`fkf uk s`stfhe mf cen`mem eum`tema fxtfrkehfktf

9.5. ZNEK MF CAK]YAN? ZYAPFC]A9.5.5. EV]ACAK]YAN MFN ZYAPFC]@S]E

Yfen`zema par fn prapà prayfct`ste

9.5.9. MF YFCFZC@KFstf caktran carrf e cerla mf ne M`rfcc`k becuntet`ve a nes ab`c`kes mf rfv`s`k mf nes Arlek`zecàkfs mf Caktran.

Fktrf atras espfctas gey quf rfv`ser?

Cagfrfkcè fktrf ne mfs`lkec`k mf nas garh`lakfs y nes cakm`càkfs mf murei`n`mem

Cagfrfkcè fktrf nas rfcuir`h`fktas kah`kenfs, cnesfs mf fxpas`c`k y t`pas mf caktran.

Cagfrfkcè fktrf ne cnesf mf fxpas`c`k y cahpraiec`k mfn F.N.B. (epfrture hx`he mf b`sure). Cagfrfkcè fktrf tehea mfn r`ma mf nas m`st`ktas garh`lakfs y ne sfperec`k fktrf erhemures

Fsteinfc`h`fkta mf uk s`stfhe mf tanfrekcès

Cuhpn`h`fkta mf cakm`càkfs mf nes p`fzes y erhema mf nas fnfhfktas

Cagfrfkcè lfahtr`ce fktrf nas m`st`ktas pnekas

Cagfrfkcè mf cerectfrst`ces mf hetfrènfs fk pracfsas fktrf nas pnekas y atras macuhfktas mfn prayfcta Ectuen`mem y v`lfkcè mf nes rfbfrfkcès e karhes y rflnehfktas

9.9. ZNEK MF CAK]YAN? HE]FY@ENFS CAHZAKFK]FSEn sfr uke aire sfrv`me cak garh`lk prfperema fk pasfs`k mf uk M`st`kt`va Yfcakac`ma ka fs kfcfserà rfen`zer uk

caktran mf rfcfpc`k mf nas hetfrènfs cahpakfktfs. Sf rfcufrme quf ne M`rfcc`k Becuntet`ve rfcì`r nas rfsuntemas mf nasfkseyas pfr`m`cehfktf.

9.9.5. CFHFK]AFn cfhfkta quf fhpnferfhas fk ne v`v`fkme sfr mf fkmurfc`h`fkta karhen, par na tekta su mfs`lkec`k sfr ne

s`lu`fktf? CFH @@/E-M 396.

Ne M`rfcc`k Becuntet`ve mfifr fx`l`r en suh`k`stremar fn enierk makmf sf fsteinfcfk nes cakm`càkfs mf suh`k`stra f`mfkt`b`cec`k.

9.9.9. ELVEFn elue quf sf ut`n`zer fk ne v`v`fkme tekta pere fn ehesema caha pere fn curema mfn garh`lk sfr pateinf.

9.9.3. Y@MAS]amas nas r`mas fhpnfemas fk ne aire sfrk mf race hecgeceme, pracfmfktfs mf cektfre.

9.9.=. EM@]@RASFn fhpnfa mf em`t`vas fster pfrh`t`ma s`fhprf y cuekma ne cekt`mem e ut`n`zer sfe kbfràr en 6% mfn pfsa mfn cfhfkta.

9.9.6. EM@C@AKFSCak fn aioft`va mf hfoarer ne cahpec`mem mfn garh`lk y euhfkter su rfs`stfkcè hfck`ce, nes k`ces em`càkfs quf sf

pfrh`t`rk `ktramuc`r fk fn garh`lk sfrk fn guha mf sn`cf y nes cfk`zes vanektfs.

9.3. ZNEK MF CAK]YAN? GAYH@LKNe cakbarh`mem mf uk garh`lk cak na fsteinfc`ma fk fn prayfcta sf cahpraier murektf su rfcfpc`k fk ne aire, f

`kcnu`r su cahparteh`fkta fk rfnec`k cak ne mac`n`mem, ne rfs`stfkcè y ne murei`n`mem, emfhs mf cuenqu`fr atre cerectfrst`cequf, fk su cesa, fsteinfzce fn pn`fla mf prfscr`pcàkfs tck`ces pert`cunerfs.

Fn caktran mf rfcfpc`k sf epn`cer tekta en garh`lk prfperema e p`f mf aire, caha en beir`cema fk cfktren mf aire f`kcnu`r uke sfr`f mf ca hpraiecàkfs mf cerctfr macuhfkten y fxpfr`hfkten.


EKFWA 3? HFHAY@E MF FNFC]Y@C@MEM Zl`ke30


FKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

9.3.5. CAK]YAN MF MVYEI@N@MEMFstf caktran sfr nnfvema e ceia par uke fhprfse fspfcèn`zeme y ecrfm`teme, ne cuen ecrfm`ter geifrna rfen`zema y kas

- S` fn pfrb`n prfv`sta fk fn fkcabrema fs fn fspfc`b`cema.- S` nes fspfres t`fkfk rfmuc`me ne sfcc`k pere pfrh`t`r ne canacec`k mfn bustf mfn s`lu`fktf treha mf p`ner.


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eparter ne macuhfktec`k en rfspfcta.

9.3.9. CAK]YAN MF NE CAKS@S]FKC@ESf mftfrh`ker ne caks`stfkcè par caka mf Eirehs fk mas hufstres mf ne h`she eheseme ceme vfz quf sf rfen`cfk

praiftes pere fn caktran mf rfs`stfkcè. Sf cahpraier fk ceme cesa quf fst mfktra mfn `ktfrvena 6-5: ch (tfk fkma fk cufktenes tanfrekcès mf ne teine 72.6.9.5 mf ne FGF-:7 pere fn t`pa mf caks`stfkcè inekme, quf fs fn fnfl`ma). Fk cesa mf ka cuhpn`rsffste cakm`c`k ka sf ecfpter fn garh`lk.

9.3.3. M@R@S@K MF NE AIYE FK NA]FSSf barherk natfs mf ceme uke mf nes pertfs mf ne fstructure caks`mfrekma quf fn garh`lk sf suh`k`stre fk cehàkfs

mf 2 h3.

9.3.=. CAK]YAN FS]EMS]@CA ZAY NA]FSNe hufstre fster cahpufste par praiftes tahemes mf nes ehesemes fnfl`mes en ezer fktrf nes fneiaremes pere fn natf mf

quf sf tretf. Zufsta quf tamas nas fnfhfktas mf ne fstructure pasffk uke rfs`stfkcè mf 3: K/hh9 sf taherk praiftes mf =ehesemes ceme uka.=

Mf ceme eheseme e fkseyer sf beir`cek mas praiftes pere ceme fmem. Zufsta quf sf taherk praiftes pere < y 97 mes.

9.=. ZNEK MF CAK]YAN? ECFYASf ve e ut`n`zer uk sana beir`cektf y fn ecfra fs cfrt`b`cema

9.6. ZNEK MF [email protected]. CAHZYAIEC@AKFS

Ceme natf sfr ouzlema cak en hfkas mas kspfccàkfs fk nes besfs pr`kc`penfs mf ne. Fk tamas nas natfs sf cahpraier

ne bfrrenne. Fk ceme mas natfs fn garh`lakema.

Em`càkenhfktf sf cahpraierk nas s`lu`fktfs espfctas?- S` fn beir`cektf ge rfen`zema fn caktran ktfrka carrfspakm`fktf.- S` fn garh`lakema sf gecf caktre fn tfrrfka, fn rfcuir`h`fkta fs mf


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5. @K]YAMVCC@K P ME]AS ZYFN@H@KEYFSNe ui`cec`k mf ne v`v`fkme aiofta mf fstf prayfcta fs ne cennf Lu`sekma fk ne nacen`mem mf Hemr`m. Ne percfne makmf fst

prfv`ste ne cakstrucc`k mf ne v`v`fkme cufkte cak nas sfrv`c as is`cas mf uriek`zec`k, caha sak fn eiestfc`h`fkta mf elue,fnfctr`c`mem, sekfeh`fkta y tfnfbake.

Fk fn vèn quf n`h`te ne percfne par fn Fstf, ne rfm mf suh`k`stra fnctr`ca fs fktfrreme par na quf ne ecahft`me e ne ceoelfkfren mf pratfcc`k sf rfen`zer mf hekfre suitfrrkfe.

9. CEYEC]FY@S]@CES MF NE @KS]ENC@AK FNFC]Y@CENe v`v`fkme mfn prayfcta fs uke v`v`fkme uk`beh`nèr e`sneme mf m`hfksàkfs caks`mfreinfs par na quf ne `kstenec`k

fnctr`ce tfkmr quf set`sbecfr uk iufk khfra m f kfcfs`memfs, tekta mf nuh`kec`k caha mf suh`k`stra fnctr`ca mf tama t`pa(cn`het`zec`k, fnfctramahst`cas mf cac`ke, p`sc`ke, ftc.).

Fn lrek khfra mf tahes mf carr`fktf kfcfserè y puktas mf `nuh`kec`k kas ain`ler e m`v`m`r fstas fnfhfktas fkveràs c`rcu`tas pere pamfr m`strìu`r y pratflfr emfcuemehfktf m`bfrfktfs zakes mf ne v`v`fkme, tekta fk pnekte ieoe caha fk

pnekte pr`hfre.

Fk fn m`sfa mf ne kstenec`k fnctr`ce sf ge gfcga g`kcep` fk ne fb`c`fkcè fkfrlt`ce y fk usa ktfn`lfktf y rfspakseinfmf ne fkfrle, fk fstf sfkt`ma sf gek sfnfccàkema pere ne `nuh`kec`k mf epaya nuh`kerès NFM quf cufktek cak u ke v`me t`nmf 3:.::: gares y uk caksuha fkfrlt`ca mf < \ par uk`mem.

Emfhs nes iahies mf cenar mfn s`stfhe mf cn`het`zec`k cufktek cak uk CAZ huy fnfvema lerekt`zekma uke fb`c`fkcèhuy ente murektf su bukcàkeh`fkta y uk caksuha par na tekta huy eoustema.

Fk cuekta e nes cen`memfs mf nas eceiemas mf ne `kstenec`k fnctr`ce pamfhas mfc`r quf nes iesfs mf fkcgubf y nas`ktfrruptarfs mf ne v`v`fkme sfrk mf ne lehe Exanutf, uk m`sfa mf Nkfe Yfcte mf ne herce tenèke ]`c`ka, fk hemfre ascure,barhema par hmunas mf ektrec`te set`keme.

Zar nt`ha mfoer cnera quf ne v`v`fkme par fn s`hpnf gfcga mf cakter cak cn`het`zec`k ge mf caks`mfrersf mffnfctr`b`cec`k fnfveme, emfhs tehi`k fx`stfk hs mf 3: puktas mf nuz fk ne v`v`fkme y hs mf 9: tahes mf carr`fktf mf usalfkfren y tehi`k tfkfhas y uke supfrb`c`f t`n mf hs mf 52: h9.

3.5. @KS]ENEC@AKFS FNC]Y@CES MF FKNECFFn suh`k`stra fnctr`ca e ne ceoe mf pratfcc`k y hfm`me (CZH) mf ne v`v`fkme sf nnfver e ceia m f hekfre suitfrrkfe

geste makmf fster fhpatreme ne CZH.

E trevs mf ne ceoe mf pratfcc`k y hfm`me (CZH) gerfhas ne cakfx`k cak ne rfm pin`ce mf suh`k`stra fnctr`ca. Epert`r mf ne CZH cahfkzer kufstre `kstenec`k `ktfràr. Fk ne `helfk s`lu`fktf sf rfprfsfkte ne ceoe mf pratfcc`k y hfm`mecak sus m`hfksàkfs rfenfs?

Zamfhas aisfrver fk ne pertf zqu`frme mf ne ceoe nas partebusìnfs cak nas busìnfs mf pratfcc`k mf nkfe mf ne v`v`fkme.Emfhs mf nas fnfhfktas mf pratfcc`k y cartf tehi`k sf fkcufktre fn gufca pere caktemar mf caksuha fnctr`ca `km`v`muenmf ne v`v`fkme.

Fk ne s`lu`fktf `helfk sf rfprfsfkte hfmèktf uke `kbalrebe fn espfcta rfen mf ne CZH, `kcnu`me ne tepe mfn erheràcak su cfrremure.

3.9. @KS]ENEC@K @K]FY@AYNes kstenecàkfs ktfràrfs a rfcfptares sak nes quf, en`hfktemes par uke rfm mf m`strìuc`k a par uke bufktf mf fkfrle

prapè, t`fkfk caha b`ken`mem pr`kc`pen ne ut`n`zec`k mf ne fkfrle fnctr`ce.

Mfktra mf fstf cakcfpta gey quf `kcnu`r cuenqu`fr `kstenec`k rfcfptare eukquf tame fnne a enluke mf sus pertfs fsts`tueme e ne ktfhpfr`f. Nes cakm`càkfs tck`ces quf gek mf rfuk`r nes kstenecàkfs ktfràrfs a rfcfptares qufmek mftfrh`kemesfk nes kstruccàkfs cahpnfhfkterès mfn rflnehfkta mf Ieoe ]fks`k (YI]).


EKFWA 3? HFHAY@E MF FNFC]Y@C@MEM Zl`ke=5

FM@B@CEC@K F @KS]ENEC@AKFSFKY@UVF NFPRE Y@CA

Fn cesa mf nes `kstenecàkfs fk v`v`fkmes y fm`b`càs sf rfcalf fk nes `kstruccàkfs @C]-I] :50 e :9


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v`v`fkmes, nacenfs cahfrcènfs, ab`c`kes y usas s`h`nerfs.

Fk ne `kstenec`k fnctr`ce `ktfràr fhpnferfhas carr`fktf tr`bs`ce mfi`ma e quf @ifrmrane ka lerekt`ze suh`k`strashakabs`cas fk mfhekmes fnctr`ces par fkc`he mf 56 d\, patfkcè quf supfrerk nas fqu`pas prfv`stas fk ne v`v`fkme.

Fk ne `kstenec`k sf `ktfkter encekzer fn hx`ha fqu`nìrà fk nes cerles quf sapartek nas m`st`ktas cakmuctarfs qufbarhek pertf mf ne h`she. Zere quf sf hektfkle fn heyar fqu`nìrà pasìnf fk ne cerle mf nas cakmuctarfs quf barhek pertf mfuke kstenec`k, sf pracurer quf equfnne qufmf rfpert`me fktrf sus besfs a cakmuctarfs panerfs.

]ame kstenec`k sf m`v`m`r fk veràs c`rcu`tas, sflk nes kfcfs`memfs, e b`k mf?

- Fv`ter nes ktfrrupcàkfs kkfcfserès mf tama fn c`rcu`ta y n`h`ter nes caksfcufkcès mf uk benna.- Bec`n`ter nes vfr`b`cecàkfs, fkseyas y hektfk`h`fktas.- Fv`ter nas r`fslas quf pamrek rfsunter mfn benna mf uk sana c`rcu`ta quf pum`fre m`v`m`rsf, caha par fofhpna s` sana gey uk

c`rcu`ta mf enuhirema.

Nas s`stfhes mf pratfcc`k pere nes kstenecàkfs ktfràrfs a rfcfptares pere ieoe tfks`k mfifk hpfm`r nas fbfctas mfnes sairf`ktfks`memfs y sairftfksàkfs quf par m`st`ktes ceuses ceif prfvfr fk nes h`shes y mfifk rfsluermer e sus hetfrènfsy fqu`pas mf nes eccàkfs y fbfctas mf nas elfktfs fxtfrkas. Es`h`sha, y e fbfctas mf sflur`mem lfkfren, sf gek mf mftfrh`kernes cakm`càkfs quf mfifk cuhpn`r m`cges kstenecàkfs pere pratflfr mf nas caktectas m`rfctas f km`rfctas.

Fk ne ut`n`zec`k mf ne f kfrle fnctr`ce pere kstenecàkfs rfcfptares sf emapterk nes hfm`mes mf sflur`mem, tekta perene pratfcc`k mf nas usueràs caha pere ne mf nes rfmfs, quf rfsuntfk praparcàkemes e nes cerectfrst`ces y patfkcè mf naseperetas rfcfptarfs ut`n`zemas fk nes h`shes.

3.3. EZEYFNNEOF MF HEKMA ZYA]FCC@KNas hfcek`shas mf hekma y pratfcc`k sf enaoek fk fn cuemra lfkfren mf hekma y pratfcc`k fk makmf sf haktek

tamas nas fnfhfktas mf sflur`mem, pratfcc`k y caktran, y quf hercek fn cah`fkza mf ne `kstenec`k ktfràr mf ne v`v`fkme.

Fk fn YI] (@]C-I]-5


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cakmuctarfs fsterk e`snemas pere ne hx`he tfks`k mf sfrv`c`a, tamas nas c`rcu`tas pert`rk mf uk h`sha hfcek`sha lfkfrenmf hekma y pratfcc`k y ceme c`rcu`ta fster pratfl`ma, par sfperema, caktre sairf`ktfks`memfs.

3.6. CAK]EI@N@_EC@K MF YFCFZ]AYFS FNC][email protected]. C@YCV@]AS FNFC]@CAS3.


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EKFWA =. MI-GS=. EIES]FC@H@FK]A MF EBS P ECS

5 MFSCY@ZCC@K MF NE @KS]ENEC@K

9. CEYEC]FY@_EC@K MFN SVH@K@S]YA MF ELVE9.5. ZYAZ@FMEMFS

Fn n m n ` t n ` m i n` n n ` n ` t` t n i n


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5. MFSCY@ZCC@K MF NE @KS]ENEC@KFn caktemar mf elue fster ui`cema fk ne venne pfr`hftren mf ne percfne fk uk erherà mf m`hfksàkfs emfcuemes, cakter

tehi`k cak b`ntra y vnvune mf cartf lfkfren.

Fn elue cen`fktf sek`terè vfkmr suh`k`streme pr`kc`penhfktf par ne `kstenec`k saner trh`ce y vfkmr epayeme paruke Cenmfre mf lesnfa, mf ieoa caksuha cak fkcfkm`ma y epelema eutaht`ca. Nes tuifres mf elue sfrk mf ne herce \`rsia,mf pan`ft`nfka rft`cunema mf ente m fks`mem hamfna \@YSIA-ZFW.

Fn elue fhpnfeme fk ne `kstenec`k mfifr cuhpn`r cak ne nfl`snec`k y karhet`ve ectuen sairf fn elue pere caksuhaguheka. Nes cahpees suh`k`stremares bec`n`terk nas metas mf ceumen y prfs`k quf sfrv`rk mf iesf pere fn m`hfksàkema mfne kstenec`k.

Ne tuifre fhpnfeme fk ne `kstenec`k mf baktekfre cuhpnf nes s`lu`fktfs cakm`càkfs y pere fv`ter rftarkas ne `kstenec`k fsterpratfl`me pere fv`ter ne `kvfrs`k mfn sfkt`ma mfn bnuoa fk nas s`lu`fktfs puktas?

5. Ka pramucf cakcfktrecàkfs mf sustekcès kac`ves quf fxcfmek nas venarfs pfrh`t`mas par ne fn Yfen Mfcrfta 5=:/9::3,mf < mf bfirfra.

9. Ka ham`b`ce ne patei`n`mem, fn anar, fn canar k` fn seiar mfn elue.3. Sak rfs`stfktfs e tfhpfretures mf geste =:C, y e nes tfhpfretures fxtfràrfs mf su fktarka khfmèta.=. Fs rfs`stfktf e ne carras`k `ktfràr.6. Sak rfs`stfktfs e tfhpfretures mf geste =:C, y e nes tfhpfretures fxtfràrfs mf su fktarka khfmèta.

Fk cuekta e nas ceumenfs hk`has quf lerekt`zer ne kstenec`k tfkfhas sflk ne teine 9.5mfn MI- GS= nas s`lu`fktfs?

]`pa mf eperetaCeumen kstektkfa hk`ha

mf elue bre (mh3/s)Ceumen kstektkfa hk`ha

mf ECS (mh3/s)5 Nevehekas :,:6 :,:3

9 Neveia :,5 :,:26

3 Mucge :,9 :,5

= Iefre mf 5,=: h a hs :,3 :,9

6 Iefre mf hfka mf 5,=: h :,9 :,56

2 I`m :,5 :,:26

< @kamara cak c`stfrke :,5 -

7 @kamara cak bnuxar 5,96 -

0 Vr`keràs cak lr`ba tfhpar`zema :,56 -

5: Vr`keràs cak c`stfrke (c/u) :,:= -

55 Brflemfra mahst`ca :,9 :,5

59 Brflemfra ka mahst`ca :,3 :,9

53 Neveveo`nnes mahst`ca :,56 :,5

5= Neveveo`nnes kmustrèn (9: sfrv`càs) :,96 :,9

56 Nevemfra :,9 :,5

52 Nevemare mahst`ce :,9 :,56

5< Nevemare kmustrèn (7 dl) :,2 :,=

57 Lr`ba e`snema :,56 :,5

50 Lr`ba lereof :,9 -

9: Rfrtfmfra :,9 -

Emfhs fk kufstre kstenec`k sf cuhpnf quf?

- Fk nas puktas mf caksuha ne prfs`k hk`he fs 5:: dZe.- Ne prfs`k fk cuenqu`fr pukta mf caksuha ka mfif supfrer 6:: dZe.- Ne tfhpfreture mf ECS fk nas puktas mf caksuha mfif fster cahprfkm`me fktrf 6:C y 26C.

9.9. EGAYYA MF ELVESf mfifr cuhpn`r cak na s`lu`fktf?e) Mfif m`spakfrsf uk s`stfhe mf caktei`n`zec`k tekta mf elue bre caha mf elue cen`fktf pere ceme uk`mem mf caksuha

`km`v`muen`zeinf.


EKFWA =? MI-GS=. EIES]FC@C@AFK]A MF E BS P ECS Zl`ke=6


i) Fk nes rfmfs mf ECS mfif m`spakfrsf uke rfm mf rftarka cuekma ne nakl`tum mf ne tuifre mf me en pukta mf caksuha hsenfoema sfe luen a heyar quf 56 h.

c) Fk nes zakes mf pin`ce cakcurrfkcè mf nas fm`b`càs, nas lr`bas mf nas neveias y nes c`stfrkes mfifk fster matemas mf

3. [email protected]. FSUVFHE LFKFYEN MF NE @KS]ENEC@KE cakt`kuec`k sf prfsfkte fn fsqufhe mf ne ecahft`me e ne v`v`fkme?


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m`spas`t`vas mf egarra mf elue. E cakt`kuec`k sf prfsfkte fn fsqufhe mf ne ecahft`me e ne v`v`fkme?

P e cakt`kuec`k fn mfn rfsta mf ne kstenec`k.


Zl`ke=2 EKFWA 6? MI-GS6. FRECVEC@K MF ELVES


3.9. FNFHFK]AS UVF CAHZAKFK NE @KS][email protected]. YFM MF ELVE BYE (EBS)Fster cahpufste par ne ecahft`me ten y caha cahfktiehas fk puktas ektfràrfs y m`spakmr mf?

9. Nes tuifres mfifk r par mfieoa mf cuenqu`fr ceken`zec`k a fnfhfkta quf caktfkle m`spas`t`vas fnctr`cas a fnfctrk`cas,es caha mf cuenqu`fr rfm mf tfnfcahuk`cecàkfs, luermekma uke m`stekcè fk perenfna mf en hfkas 3: ch.


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5. Vke nnevf mf tahe a uk cannerk mf tahe fk cerle, sairf ne tuifre mf m`strìuc`k mf ne rfm fxtfràr mf suh`k`stra quf eirefn pesa e ne ecahft`me.

9. Vk tuia mf ecahft`me quf fknecf ne nnevf mf tahe cak ne nnevf mf cartf lfkfren.3. Vke nnevf mf cartf fk fn fxtfràr mf ne prap`fmem

Mfspus mf ne ecahft`me tfkmrfhas nas s`lu`fktfs fnfhfktas?e) Erherà a erqufte mfn caktemar lfkfren? Sf fkcaktrer tehi`k fk fn erherà mfn caktemar lfkfren fk ne venne mf ne

percfne. ]fkmr nes m hfksàkfs `km`cemes fk nas epertemas ektfràrfs.i) Nnevf mf cartf lfkfren?Ne nnevf mf cartf lfkfren sfrv`r pere ktfrruhp`r fn suh`k`stra e ne v`v`fkme, y fster s`tueme fk

fn erherà mfn caktemar lfkfren fk ne venne mf ne percfne c) B`ntra mf ne kstenec`k lfkfren?Sf fkcaktrer tehi`k fk fn erherà mfn caktemar lfkfren fk ne venne mf ne percfnem) Caktemar mf v`v`fkme?Sfr km`v`muen pere ne v`v`fkme y fster ui`cema tehi`k fk fn erherà mfn caktemar lfkfren fk ne

venne mf ne percfne. Fk fn cesa mf v`v`fkmes perfemes y emasemas nas caktemarfs pufmfk r enaoemas mf mas fk mas fk uk sanaerherà

f) ]uia mf en`hfktec`k?Vk`r fn erherà mfn caktemar cak fn `ktfràr mf ne `kstenec`k mf baktekfre. Sfr uke tuifre mftuia hunt`cepe mf m`hftra 36hh fktfrreme fk fn oermk mf ne percfne

b) @kstenecàkfs ktfràrfs?Cahfkzer fk ne nnevf mf cartf `ktfràr mfn nevemfra, oukta e ne cenmfre mf les. Mfsmf enn sfrfpert`r e ceme uka mf nas caksuhas

l) S`stfhes mf rfmucc`k mf ne prfs`k?Ka sfr kfcfserà par nes cakm`càkfs mf suh`k`stra mf ne rfm mf elue huk`c`peng) S`stfhes mf sairffnfvec`k? lrupas mf prfs`k?Ka sfr kfcfserà par nes cakm`càkfs mf suh`k`stra mf ne rfm mf elue

huk`c`pen`) S`stfhes mf treteh`fkta mf elue?Ka gey prfv`stas s`stfhes fspfcènfs mf treteh`fkta mf elue

3.9.9.

@KS]ENEC@AKFS MF ELVE CEN@FK]F SEK@]EY@E (ECS)Sf gek tahema nes s`lu`fktfs prfceucàkfs fk fn m`sfa mf ne rfm mf ECS fk fstf prayfcta?

5. Mf ecufrma cak ne sfcc`k GF-= mfn MI-GF, mfifk m`spakfrsf, emfhs mf ne tahe mf elue bre, prfv`ste pere ne cakfx`kmf ne nevemare y fn neveveo`nnes, sfkmes tahes mf elue cen`fktf pere pfrh`t`r ne kstenec`k mf fqu`pas i`trh`cas.

9. Fn e`sneh`fkta mf nes rfmfs mf tuifres, mfif eoustersf e na m`spufsta fk fn Yflnehfkta mf @kstenecàkfs ]rh`ces fk nasFm`b`càs y sus @kstruccàkfs ]ck`ces Cahpnfhfkterès @]F.

3.3. ZYA]FCC@K CAK]YE YF]AYKASSf gek sflu`ma emfhs nes rfcahfkmecàkfs s`lu`fktfs fk rfnec`k e ne pratfcc`k caktre rftarkas?5. Nas eperetas y m`spas`t`vas e `kstener sfr ten quf sf `hpfm`r ne `ktramucc`k mf cuenqu`fr bnu`ma fk ne `kstenec`k y fn

rftarka mfn elue sen`me mf fnne.9. Ne kstenec`k ka sf fhpenhere m`rfctehfktf e uke cakmucc`k mf fvecuec`k mf elues rfs`muenfs.3. Ka pufmfk fsteinfcfrsf ukàkfs fktrf nes cakmuccàkfs `ktfràrfs fhpenhemes e nes rfmfs mf m`strìuc`k pin`ce y atres

`kstenecàkfs, tenfs caha nes mf epravfcgeh`fkta mf elue quf ka sfe pracfmfktf mf ne rfm mf m`strìuc`k pin`ce.=. Fk tamas nas eperetas quf sf en`hfktek m`rfctehfktf mf ne m`strìuc`k mf elue, tenfs caha iefres, neveias, i`ms,

brflemfras, nevemfras, y fk lfkfren, fk tamas nas rfc`p`fktfs, fn k`vfn `kbfràr mf ne nnfleme mfn elue mfif vfrtfr e 9: hh,par na hfkas, par fkc`he mfn iarmf supfràr mfn rfc`p`fktf.

6. Nas racèmarfs mf mucge hekuen mfifk tfkfr kcarparema uk m`spas`t`va ekt`rrftarka.

3.=. SFZEYEC@AKFS YFSZFC]A MF A]YES @KS]ENEC@AKFSSf tfkmrk nes s`lu`fktfs prfceucàkfs?5. Fn tfkm`ma mf nes tuifres mf elue bre mfif gecfrsf mf ten hama quf ka rfsuntfk ebfctemes par nas bacas mf cenar y par

caks`lu`fktf mfifk m`scurr`r s`fhprf sfperemes mf nes ceken`zecàkfs mf elue cen`fktf (ECS a cenfbecc`k) e uke m`stekcèmf = ch, caha hk`ha. Cuekma nes mas tuifres fstk fk uk h`sha pneka vfrt`cen, ne mf elue bre mfif `r s`fhprf parmfieoa mf ne mf elue cen`fktf.

3.6. SFEN@_EC@KFk ne v`v`fkme nes tuifres mf elue mf caksuha guheka sf sfenerk cak nas canarfs vfrmf ascura a ezun.

3.2. EGAYYA MF ELVENas m`spas`t`vas quf sf `kstenererk cak fstf b`k sak? lr`bas cak e`rfemarfs, lr`bfre tfrhastt`ce, bnuxarfs y nnevfs mf

rflunec`k ektfs mf nas puktas mf caksuha.


EKFWA =? MI-GS=. EIES]FC@C@AFK]A MF E BS P ECS Zl`ke=

Final Course Project for Buildings and Facilities subject

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