Geolodía 17 Córdoba !1

7CÓRDOBA

Cuando la dinámica geológica gobierna el paisaje El complejo kárstico en yesos del río Anzur

Geoparque Sierras Subbéticas

COLABORAN:

ORGANIZAN:COORDINAN:

FINANCIAN:

Financiado por la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología–Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

ÍNDICE

1. Principiosyconceptosfundamentales. 22. Estratigra7íayGeologíahistóricadelazona.3 2.1. Situación de la zona en el contexto espacio-temporal de la península ibérica.

32.2.ElneógenodelacuencadelGuadalquivir. 52.3.Unidadolistostrómica. 6

3. ElrelieveyelpaisajeenelbordedelacuencadelGuadalquivir.8 3.1.Laerosión,elrelieveysusformas. 8 3.2.Elkarstenyesos,unrelieveespecial. 10 3.3.Lasaguassubterráneasenlosolistostromasysudinámica. 124. LaslagunasdelsurdeCórdoba.Ecosistemas,paisajesyEspaciosprotegidos.13Glosario 15 Bibliogra7ía 17Directorioweb 18Anexos:Mapastopográ7icosygeológicos

1.Principiosyconceptosfundamentales-Principiodelahorizontalidadoriginalycon3nuidadlateraldelosestratos:emitido

porSteno,dicequelosestratosenelmomentodesudeposiciónsonhorizontales(oconunaligera inclinación)yparalelosa lasuperficiededepósito(horizontalidadoriginal)yquedandelimitadospordosplanosquemuestrancon3nuidadlateral.

-Principiodeluniformismooactualismo:emi3doporHuBonydesarrolladoporLyell,dice que los procesos que han tenido lugar a lo largo de la historia de la Tierra han sidouniformesysemejantesalosactuales.

- Principio de la sucesión faunís3ca o de la correlación: emi3do por Smith ydesarrollado por Cuvier, cons3tuye la base de la datación rela3va de los materialesestra3ficados.Consisteenadmi3rqueencadaintervalode3empodelahistoriageológica,los organismos que vivieron y, que por tanto pudieron fosilizar, fueron diferentes y norepe3bles.Esteprincipiopermiteestablecercomparacionesenel3empoentrematerialesdeunamismaedaddecontextosgeográficosmuydistantes.

-Tiempogeológico:launidadbásicademedidaeselmillóndeaños(m.a.)

-Estrato:términointroducidoporStenoparadenominaraunacapaderocalimitadaporsuperficieshorizontalesconcon3nuidadlateralyqueequivaleaunaunidadde3empodedepósito.

-Ciclogeológico:procesodeformaciónydestruccióndelasrocas.

Seañadecomorefereciaunaescaladel3empogeológicoparalaserasmesozoicaycenozoica:

Geolodía 17 Córdoba �2

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Geolodía 17 Córdoba !3

Fig. 2. Escala cronoestratigráfica

de división del tiempo geológico.

Fig. 1. Ciclo geológico (Catedra de Medio Ambiente

Universidad de Córdoba).

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Geolodía 17 Córdoba !4

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Geolodía 17 Córdoba !5

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Geolodía 17 Córdoba !6

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i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

Geolodía 17 Córdoba !7

P17^'( ,90( *+690( <-1( 9451.1'( +,7-'90( *1( ,90( 8>69*90( 719g03.90;( ,90( 102109510(2-1*1'(@+53+5(*10*1(-'90(#HHh$HH(816590(1'(,+(2+561('9561(*1(,+(A95*3,,15+;(T+06+(.15.+(*1(!HHH(816590(1'(1,(,/8361(8153*39'+,(*1(*9'*1(+d95+'"(

C+( ,369,97/+( 01( .9829'1( *1( 8+6153+,10( *1( *3@150+( '+6-5+,1E+;( .989( 09'( +5.3,,+0( I(8+57+0(*1(.9,9510(@+53+*90;(+51'30.+0(59_+0;(I1090(I(*9,98/+0;(<-1(01(51.9'9.1'(.,+5+81'61(.989(259.1*1'610(*1(-'3*+*10(653D03.+0"()*18D0(01(T+'(9=015@+*9(8+57+0(I(8+579.+,3E+0(.9551029'*31'610(+,(A516D.3.9( 3'415395(I(0-215395"(f+8=3>'(1J3061'(8+6153+,10(8+579090(*1,(K+,1:71'9;(Z39.1'9(3'415395(I(2+561(*1,(81*39(LC+'7T31'01(3'415395N"

f9*90( 10690( 1,181'690( 259.1*1'( *1,( 451'61( *1( ,+( A95*3,,15+( S>?.+"( &,( f5/+0( 10(.+5+.615/0?.9( *1( ,+( r9'+( P-==>?.+"( &,( A516D.3.9( 3*1'?W.+*9( ?1'1( 4+.310( *34151'610;( -'+0(.9551029'*31'610( +( ,+0( *1W'3*+0( 1'( 1,( P-==>?.9( I( 965+0( 1'( 1,( K51=>?.9"( &,( f15.3+539;( 1'(71'15+,;( .9551029'*1( +( 8+57+0( I( 8+579.+,3E+0( =,+'.+0;( 51.9'9.3*+0( 1'( *34151'610( 0153100-==>?.+0(I(251=>?.+0"(

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C+( 1J3061'.3+( *1( @+,,10;(89'6+X+0;( .+X9'10;( 6155+E+0( d-@3+,10( 9( ,+*15+0( .9'(8D0( 9(81'90(21'*31'61;('9(10(45-69(*1,(+E+5"(P1(*1=1(+B(

h(C90(259.1090(719,:73.90( 3'615'90;(<-1(T+'(1,1@+*9(+( ,+(0-215W.31(I(.9,9.+*9(+( ,+0(59.+0(1'(*161583'+*+0(*302903.39'10(9(1065-.6-5+0"(

h( C+( '+6-5+,1E+( *1( ,+0( 59.+0V( 0-( .9T103:';( 21581+=3,3*+*;( 5103061'.3+( +( ,+(8161953E+.3:'(9(+,615+.3:'(1'(,+(3'61821531;(16."(

h( C90( 259.1090( I( ,90( +71'610( 15903@90;( <-1( T+'( +.6-+*9( 09=51( ,+0( 59.+0( *1(*161583'+*+(8+'15+(+(,9(,+579(*1(-'(?1829"(( &'( ,+( E9'+( <-1( @3036+890( *1( ,+( <(@1%A(# (7B(# -*'6*C&0(;( ,,+8+( ,+( +61'.3:'( <-1( 1,(+021.69( '9( 10( 1,( *1,( `23.9( 51,31@1( 0-+@1( I( +,98+*9( .9'( 1,( <-1( 09,1890( .+5+.6153E+5( +( ,+0(.+823X+0"(C+(692975+g+(*10.31'*1(0-+@181'61(T+.3+(1,(0-5(*10*1(.96+0(25:J38+0(+(OHH(8(1'(,+0(259J383*+*10(*1(S1'+81_/;(T+06+(,90(#OH(8(1'(<-1(01(036^+(,+(c-1'61(*1(C90(RD@+,90;(1'(1,(5/9()'E-5"(

Geolodía 17 Córdoba !8

c37"(k"(Z+0+0(*1(9,3069,3690(*1(I109(1'(-'+(8+653E(+5.3,,90+(*1,(f53D03.9

&,( ,/8361( 0-5( *1( ,+( E9'+( ,9(8+5.+( 1,( @+,,1( *1,( 5/9(F1'3,;( <-1( .9'( -'+( 4-1561( 2961'.3+(15903@+( 01(T+(1'.+_+*9(1'( ,90(8+6153+,10(=,+'*90( 653D03.90( 4958+'*9( -(A*+&0#.9'(8D0(*1(#HH(8(*1(*10'3@1,( 1021.3+,81'61(1'( ,90( 65+890(*1(S1'+81_/;( K+,1'.3+'+( I( 1,( 18=+,01(*1(Z+,2+03,,9;(.15.+(*1(S+*9,+690+(I(M+-_+"((

P9=51(,+(2,+'3.31(3'.,3'+*+(1'651(,90(%HH(I($HH(8(1'(<-1(01(*10+559,,+(,+(8+I95(2+561(*1,( 51.9553*9( *1( ,+( 1J.-503:';( *106+.+'( *1( 89*9( 35517-,+5( -'90( 21<-1X90( .15590( .9'(*10'3@1,10( *1( 1'651( #H( I( OH(8"( P1( 65+6+( *1( -'90( '&7%&;&0# 6%G&'&+-%(7&0# .+-0+*90( 295( ,90(+d95+831'690(*1(9,3069,3690(.9'(.+,3E+0(_-5D03.+0(8-.T9(8D0(5103061'610(+(,+(15903:'(<-1(,+0(+5.3,,+0;( I1090( I( 8+57+0( *1,( 653D03.9"( &090( .15590( 4958+'( .3156+( +,3'1+.3:'( bPbh&a&;(.93'.3*31'*9(.9'(,90(451'610(*1(.+=+,7+831'69"(

f+8=3>'(09=51(,+(2,+'3.31(3'.,3'+*+(01(8+5.+'(+,7-'90(.-5090(*1(+559I90;(259*-.69(*1(,+(51*(*1(*51'+_1(I(*1(&0-*''&+H(#091&'I-%(7"(&0690(09'(8-I(+.-0+*90(1'(,+(E9'+(0-5;(*9'*1(4958+'(.+=1.15+0(*1(&'*0%5+#'&@*+B(+B&(.9'(+=-'*+'610(C(''(+-*0#J#-K'-(;(0"(&'(.+8=39;(+21'+0( 03( 01(9=015@+'(+559I90;( I( .-+'*9( 01(@1';( .9'( 451.-1'.3+( 09'( 1'*95513.90;(*1018=9.+'*9(1'(,+7-'+0(3'61539510(+(@1.10(1g815+0"((

b659( 1,181'69( 71989549,:73.9( *1(3'615>0( ,9( .9'0?6-I1'( 1'( 106+( E9'+( ,90(89@381'690(*1(8+0+0(*1( 59.+0(I( 0-1,90(1'(,+0( ,+*15+0"( P1( 65+6+( *1( 259.1090( <-1( 01(+.?@+'( 2153:*3.+81'61( 295( *101<-3,3=5390(75+@36+695390;( 1021.3+,81'61( .-+'*9(*102->0(*1(4-15610(,,-@3+0(,+0(8+0+0(*1(59.+0(01(182+2+'(1'(+7-+(I(+-81'6+'(0-(2109"(

&J3061'( 8-.T90( ?290( *1( 259.1090(75+@36+.39'+,10( 1'( ,+*15+0;( 2159( ,90( 8D0((451.-1'610( +<-/( 09'( ,90( 6&07%.(@%&+B*0#596+.39'+,10(.982,1_90;(*1( ,90(<-1( ,+( ,+*15+(1'651( S1'+81_/( I( 1,( .-509( *1,( F1'3,(.9'0?6-I1( -'9( *1( ,90( 1_182,90( 8D0(382956+'610( *1( 1061( 41':81'9( 1'( ,+(21'/'0-,+"((

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J)B)' &:' O8+14' 3-' 23101N' 6-' +3:,3I3'31/3.,8:' '

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C+( .+5+.615/0?.+( =D03.+( 10( <-1( 1,(89*1,+*9( 01( 259*-.1( 1'( 59.+0( 09,-=,10;( 10(-'+(8161953E+.3:'(<-/83.+( L*309,-.3:'N( <-1(

Geolodía 17 Córdoba !9

Fig. 8-1. Cerro en frente cabalgante de olistolito.

Fig. 8-2. Cárcavas.

Fig. 8-3. Deslizamientos.

sedaendolomías,calizasyyesos.Elyesoesmássolublequeloscarbonatos,perolascalizassonmásabundantes,poresopredominaelmodeladokárs?cosobrecarbonatos.

El modelado kárs?co se caracteriza por un relieve abrupto, sin vegetación, puedetener cañones y no ?ene red fluvial jerarquizada (zonas arreicas) porque son rocaspermeables,elaguadelasprecipitacionesseinfiltraporcanalessubterráneosformadospordisoluciónyapareceenmanan?alesalbordedelaformaciónkárs?cas.

Los carbonatos ?enen una solubilidad baja, pero en presencia de CO2 pasan abicarbonatosquesonmuysolubles.ElprocesoestácontroladoporlapresiónparcialdeCO2,si la presión parcial es elevada se forman bicarbonatos mientras que si esta es baja seformancarbonatos,lareacciónqueseproducees:

La presencia de vegetación puede aumentar la kars?ficación porque aporta CO2.CuandoelaguasalealasuperficieoentraencavidadesdesciendelapresiónparcialdeCO2yprecipitaelcarbonato,puedeenglobaralavegetacióncircundanteformandotraver?nos,obienformaestalac?tas(techo)yestalagmitas(suelo)enlascavidades.

En losprocesosdedisolucióndecalizas,acompañadasdemeteorizacióngsica,hayunacirculacióndeaguasqueformael lenaro lapiazquepuedensersurcos,pilones,etc.Elproceso suele empezar aprovechando discon?nuidades existentes, como fracturas,diaclasas, zonas de debilidad, etc. y sobre todo es punto propicio las intersecciones dediscon?nuidadesenlaroca.

Lasformaskárs?caspuedenagruparseentres?pos:formasdeabsorción,formasdeconducciónyformasdeemisión.

-Lasformasdeabsorción,sonlaszonasdondepenetraelagua.Lascalizasnoestáncons?tuidas al 100% por CaCO3, o en nuestro caso los yesos, sino que llevan tambiénminerales insolubles como arcillas, cuarzo, etc. cuando la caliza se disuelve queda undepósito residualpocopermeable,quees la terra rosa, así las formasdeabsorción seránabiertasocerradassiestápresentelaterrarossa.Ennuestrocasoladisolucióndelyesodejalasarcillasymargasqueloengloba.

Las formas abiertas sedenominan sima o sumidero, sonver?calesyse infiltrao infiltróunacorriente. Las formas cerradas sedenominan dolinas y ?enen en sufondo terra rossa,enplanta?enenformacircularylapendientedelasparedes es variable, según esta sedenomina:enartesa,encuba,etc.cuando se unen varias dolinas seformaunauvalaquepresentaunosl ími tes i r regu lares y mayorsuperficiequelasdolinas.

El polje ?ene una extensión kilométrica, normalmente está asociada a causasestructurales (sinclinales, fosas tectónicas)y rodeadode relievescalizos.Esunadepresiónrecubierta de terra rossa recorrida por un cauce fluvial que se infiltra por un sumidero oponor.Sielnivelpiezométricosubepuedeactuarcomosurgente.

Geolodía 17 Córdoba �10

Fig9.Esquemaconlasprincipalesformaskárs?cas.

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(&'('-10659(.+09;(.989(*3.1(1,(`6-,9(*1(,+( 1J.-503:';( T+( 03*9( ,+( *3'D83.+( 719,:73.+(<-31'( T+( .9'659,+*9( 1,( 2+30+_1"( C+( *3'D83.+(*1(-'(0-065+69(8:@3,B(1,(*1(,90(9,306906598+0(I(,90(451'610(*1(.+=+,7+831'69"(n(,+(*3'D83.+(*1,( +7-+( .989( 253'.32+,( +71'61( 15903@9( I(.9'W7-5+*95(*1,(51,31@1(I(*1,(2+30+_1"((

Geolodía 17 Córdoba !11

Fig. 10-1.Karstificación de yesos por disolución.

Fig. 10-2. Poljé inundado por lluvias. Argamasilla.

Fig. 10-3. Dolina y sumidero. El Acebuchoso.

Fig. 10-3. Dolina de hundimiento. Laguna Dulce.

Q+(03*9(1,(+7-+(<-31'(T+(2+0+*9(+,(8-'*9(0-=6155D'19(+,(1'.9'65+501(75+'*10( 9,3069,3690( *1( -'+( 59.+(09,-=,1;( 1,( I109;( *1_+'*9( 9659(1,181'69( 03'7-,+5( *1,( 2+30+_1( ,+0(, + 7-'+0( 1'*95 51 3 .+ 0( I( , + 0(*1251039'10(+,+57+*+0(*1(29,_>0"(

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En la actualidad desde la universidad de Málaga se están haciendo estudios de la dinámica de estos acuíferos que han llevado a la conclusión de que están conectados entre

Geolodía 17 Córdoba !12

c37(!#"(&0<-18+(.9'(,90(*30?'690(?290(*1(+.-/41590"(

c37-5+!!"(r9'+0(*1(29,_>0;((<-1(2153:*3.+81'61(01(3'-'*+'"

sí de forma escalonada a través de comunicaciones entre los olistolitos. Todos ellos tienen una surgencia común: el Manantial salino de los Dávalos, que vierte sus aguas en la “Fuente salada de Los D á v a l o s ” e n l a m a r g e n izquierda del río Anzur a 250 m.s.n.m.

4.LaslagunasdelsurdeCórdobaLaslagunasestánasentadassobrematerialesdelaUnidadOlitostrómica:arcillascon

frecuentesdepósitosdeevaporitasensuentornocons?tuidasporyesosyhalita,mineralesaltamente solubles. No obstante, en algunas de ellas como la laguna Amarga existe unaimportanterelaciónlateralconelacuíferoquecomponeeladyacenteolistolitopuesporsucercanía,estabilidadhidrológicaycotasobreelniveldebasekárs?codelaregiónobligaapensarenunacuíferocolgadoyasociadoalapermeabilidaddelolistolitoysubsidenciapordisolución de los yesos del entorno Dulce-Amarga como se pudo probar en el colapsoacontecido en el año 1996 en el borde de la laguna dulce y donde una pequeña dolinadesaguóenpartelaLagunaDulce.

En esta situación, las evaporitas, pueden aflorar o quedar bajo la superficie. En elprimer caso, las aguas de lluvia disuelven estos minerales y forman la depresión de lalaguna.Enelsegundocaso,lasaguassubterráneasrealizanelmismoproceso,disminuyendoelvolumendelmineralsalinoloqueprovocaelhundimientoplás?cosuperficialqueoriginala laguna.Por tanto,estosprocesosdedisolución (Kars?ficación)de lasevaporitasson losresponsablesdelaformacióndeestaslagunasjuntoconlaexistenciadeaguassubterráneascolgadas respecto del nivel de base kárs?co del conjunto hidrogeológico y comúnmenteasociadasalapróximapresenciadeunolistolíto.

Elaguadeestaslagunas?eneunatripleprocedencia:lalluviaquecaedirectamentesobre ellas, la escorren`a superficial de la cuenca hidrográfica a la que pertenecen y laescorren`a subterránea procedente de los acuíferos. Las salidas de agua principalmentecorrespondenalaevapotranspiracióny,enmenorcan?dad,lafiltraciónsubsuperficial.

EnlajornadadecampovaavisitarelconjuntodelagunasDulceyAmarga.

La laguna Amarga se encuentra situada, a 380 metros de al?tud, en un área dematerialescarbonatadosdelMuschelkalk(dolomíasycalizas),englobadosenunaformacióndetrí?co-yesífera de arcillas, margas y yesos del Keuper que cons?tuyen el fondo de lalaguna, mientras que los materiales carbonatados, más duros, afloran en los cerroscircundantesmuypróximosaella.Ladisolucióndeestosmaterialespareceexplicartantolagénesisdelalagunacomoelorigensubterráneodepartedelosaportesquelaalimentan,dadalaaltapermeabilidadyfracturacióndelascalizastriásicasquefavorecenlacirculacióndeaguassubterráneas,apesardelaescasaextensióndesusafloramientos(García-Ferreret

Geolodía 17 Córdoba �13

Fig13.Manan?alsaladodelosDávalosenlaorilladelríoAnzur;surgenciaprincipaldelosacuíferosconectadosenelolistostroma.

+,";( !][$N"( C+( +,381'6+.3:'( 0-=6155D'1+;( +( ,+( <-1( *1=1( 0-( .+5D.615( 2158+'1'61;( I( ,+0(.+5+.615/0?.+0(895498>653.+0(*1( ,+( .-=16+;( 1'( ,+(<-1(251*983'+'( ,+0(953,,+0(*1(21'*31'61(259'-'.3+*+;(1J2,3.+'(<-1(,+0(d-.6-+.39'10(*1('3@1,(I(,+(@+53+.3:'(*1(,+(9.-2+.3:'(102+.3+,(*1(,+(,D83'+(*1(+7-+(01+'(29.9(+.-0+*+0"(C+(10.9551'`+(0-215W.3+,(2-1*1(1'.+-E+501(295(1,(1J65189( 0-591061( *1( ,+( ,+7-'+( 4958+'*9( -'( +559I9( +d-1'61"( C+0( 0+,3*+0( *1,( +7-+( 01(259*-.1'(295(1@+295+.3:'(*1(,+0(+7-+0(,3=510(I(1@+2965+'0235+.3:'(1'(0-(.-1'.+"(

C+( ,+7-'+( 25101'6+( -'+( 89549,97/+( +553X9'+*+;( .9'( 0-( 1_1( 8+I95( 1'( *351..3:'('95*1061h0-591061"(&'(106+(,+7-'+(01(T+(5173065+*9(-'+(2594-'*3*+*(8DJ38+(*1(%;$H(8"(

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C90( @+,9510( *1( 2Q( 1'( ,+( ,+7-'+( )8+57+( 0-1,1'( 25101'6+5( 29.+0( 90.3,+.39'10;(036-D'*901(71'15+,81'61(1'(695'9(+([(-'3*+*10"(a9(9=06+'61;(10(1'(,90(21539*90(*1(8+I95(259*-.?@3*+*(L2538+@15+;(@15+'9N(.-+'*9(01(5173065+'(,90(@+,9510(8D0(+,690;(<-1('9(0-1,1'(0-215+5( ,+0( [;O( -'3*+*10"( &'( ,90( 106-*390( 51+,3E+*90;( ,90( @+,9510( *1( +,.+,3'3*+*( 1'( 1061(030618+(T+'(90.3,+*9;(8+I9536+53+81'61;(1'651(!(I(%(81<p,"(

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&06+( ,+7-'+( 4-1( *51'+*+( I( *101.+*+( T+.3+( ,90( +X90( kH( 2+5+( 0-( +259@1.T+831'69(+75/.9,+"( )( 81*3+*90( *1( ,90( +X90( '9@1'6+( L!]]$p%N( 01( ,,1@+59'( +( .+=9( 65+=+_90( *1(5106+-5+.3:'(*1(,+( ,+7-'+(<-1(.9'030?159';(+(75+'*10(5+0790;(1'( ,+(1,383'+.3:'(*1,(030618+(

Geolodía 17 Córdoba !14

c37(!%"(&0<-18+(.9'(,90(*30?'690(

?290(*1(+.-/41590"(

dedrenajeyenlare?radadelaprimeracapadesedimentosacumuladosporescorren`ayquehabíansidou?lizadoscomohorizonteagrícola(Torresetal.,1994).

Enlaactualidad,eláreapotencialmenteinundablepresentaunamorfologíaalargadaycasirectangular,consuejemayorendirecciónnordeste-suroeste.

La laguna es muy somera, como corresponde a una suave depresión de orillastendidas y fondo plano, de manera que las fluctuaciones de nivel se evidencian en laocupaciónsuperficialdelaláminadeagua.Lazonamásprofundaselocalizaenelsectorsurdelacubeta,dondesehallegadoaregistrarunaprofundidadmáximade1,10m(ConsejeríadeMedioAmbiente,2000,2004).

Según Torres et al.(1994), la alimentación de la laguna se producefundamentalmenteporprecipitacióndirectayescorren`asuperficialdesucuencaver?ente,aunque también parece estar relacionada con aportes subterráneos de un acuífero denaturaleza no salina, de poca en?dad y ubicado en el depósito detrí?co cuaternario. Sudesconexióndeaguassubterráneasmásprofundasydenaturalezasalinapodríaexplicarelbajocontenidoensalesdesusaguasenrelaciónconlamayormineralizacióndelascercanaslagunas Amarga y Jarales. No obstante, presentó en 1996 el evento de colapso antesmencionadoqueevidenciaunaredkárs?cainferiorenlosyesossubyacentesylafragilidaddelacapaarcillosaquelacon?ene.

LalagunaDulceesunsistematemporal,queserecargaconlaslluviasotoñalesyseseca en verano, si bien puede mantener un somero encharcamiento en la zona másdeprimidadelacubetahastaelfinaldelperiodoes?val.Elalmacenamientodeaguaenestalagunasevefavorecidoporelcarácterarcillosodelossedimentosacumulados.

Es,condiferencianotable,lalagunamenosmineralizadadelaprovinciadeCórdoba,siendo la única que man?ene aguas dulces durante todo el periodo de ?empo en quepermanece inundada. En los dis?ntos años de estudio de este humedal (Consejería deMedioAmbiente,2000,2004)elcontenidosalinodesusaguashasidoinferioralos0,20g/l,valor sólo superado en la fases previas a la completa desecación de la cubeta, con unmáximode0,60g/l.Laconduc?vidadeléctrica, igualmentebaja,oscilóentre0,1mS/cmy1,2mS/cm.

En relación con la composición química de sus aguas, pueden caracterizarse comobicarbonatadocálcicas.

Glosario-Abanicoaluvial:acumulacióndematerialesdetrí3cosenformadeabanicoosegmentodecono,

depositada por una corriente fluvial o torrencial, en sectores donde hay un cambio brusco de lapendiente,comoesellímiteentreunamontañayunallanuraadyacente.

-Acuífero: formacióngeológicafisuradaoporosasaturadayconsuficientepermeabilidadparapermi3r el flujo de agua en can3dades significa3vas hacia manan3ales o hacia las captacionesusuales,comopozosogalerías.

-Alóctono:quehasidotransportadodesdesulugardeorigenporprocesostectónicos.-Arreico:lugarporelquenocirculanlasaguas.-Bioestra3graRa:estudioyorganizacióndelosestratosbasándoseensucontenidofósil.-Cadena trófica:eselprocesode transferenciadeenergíaalimen3ciaa travésdeunaseriede

organismos, en el que cada uno se alimenta del precedente y es alimento del siguiente. Tambiénconocidacomocadenaalimentaria,eslacorrientedeenergíaynutrientesqueseestableceentrelasdis3ntasespeciesdeunecosistemaenrelaciónconsunutrición.

Geolodía 17 Córdoba �15

- Conglomerado: roca sedimentaria cons3tuida, en más de un 50%, por elementos detrí3cosredondeadosdemásde2mmdediámetroytrabadosporuncementoomatrizdetrí3cafina.

-Cratón:sectorextensodeuncon3nentecons3tuidoporcortezacon3nentalpotenteyan3gua,que ha permanecido estable durante un prolongado intervalo de 3empo y que no suele verseafectadoporac3vidadorogénica.

-Cuencadeantepaís:cuencasedimentariasubsidente,situadaentreelfrentedeunacordilleradeplegamientoyelcratónadyacente.

-Datación rela3va: acción de determinar el orden en que se han sucedido los acontecimientosgeológicos.

-Debrisflow:corrientesrápidas,dedensidadelevadayconabundantematerialgrueso.-Detrí3co:sinónimodeclás3co.-Diagénesis:conjuntodeprocesosgeológicosmedianteloscualesunsedimentosetransformaen

rocasedimentaria.- Discon3nuidad estra3gráfica: relación estra3gráfica entre dos materiales superpuestos entre

cuyodepósitohamediadounainterrupciónsedimentariareconocible.-Ecosistema:conjuntodeespeciesdeunáreadeterminadaqueinteractúanentreellasyconsu

ambienteabió3co.-Erosión:Fenómenodedescomposiciónydesintegracióndematerialesporaccionesmecánicas,

químicasybiológicas.- Facies: conjunto de rocas sedimentarias ometamórficas con caracterís3cas determinadas, ya

sean paleontológicas (fósiles) o litológicas (composición mineral, estructuras sedimentarias,geometría, etc.) que ayudan a reconocer los ambientes sedimentarios o metamórficos,respec3vamente,enlosqueseformólaroca.

-Flexura:procesoporelcual la litosferasecurvabajo laaccióndefuerzas,comoelpesodeunorógeno.

-Geoparque:sebasaenlaexistenciadeunpatrimoniogeológicodestacado,lapuestaenmarchadeinicia3vasdegeoconservación,educaciónydivulgación,ylacreacióndeunproyectodedesarrollosocioeconómico y cultural a escala local basado en el patrimonio geológico. Así que tres son lospilares que sustentan la creación y funcionamiento de un geoparque: patrimonio geológico,geoconservación y desarrollo local. Para cumplir sus obje3vos los geoparques deben tener unoslímitesclaramentedefinidosyunaextensiónadecuadaparaasegurareldesarrolloeconómicodelazona,pudiendoincluiráreasterrestres,marí3masosubterráneas.Ungeoparquedebeserges3onadoporunaestructuraclaramentedefinida,organizadaenfuncióndelalegislacióndecadapaís,queseacapazdeasegurarlaprotección,lapuestaenvalorylaspolí3casdedesarrollosostenibledentrodesuterritorio.

-Hardground: suelo endurecido. Superficie estra3gráfica caracterizadapor costrasde Fe yMn,perforaciones, concreciones, etc., originada durante una interrupción sedimentaria en el fondomarino.

- Hiato: es la ausencia por no sedimentación de ciertos materiales. Corresponde al períodogeológicoduranteelcualnosedasedimentación,provocandounalagunaestra3gráfica.

-Karst:relieveformadopordisoluciónderocascalizasoevaporí3cas.-Keuper:3podefacies, ligadageneralmentealTriásicoSuperior,ampliamenterepresentadaen

Europaycons3tuidaporarcillasdediferentescoloresyyesos,yotrasevaporitas.- Laguna estra3gráfica: materiales erosionados y/o no depositados durante una interrupción

sedimentaria.-Laminación:disposiciónenláminasdeunarocasedimentaria.-Marga: rocasedimentariaquecon3enedeun35aun65%decarbonatocálcicoyel restode

arcilla,quepresentaaspectoterrosoyesfácilmenteerosionable.- Metamorfismo: conjunto de cambio texturales y mineralógicos que experimenta una roca

some3daa condicionesdepresión y temperaturadiferentesa lasde su formación, excluyendo losprocesosdiagené3cospropiosderocassedimentarias.

Geolodía 17 Córdoba �16

- Meteorización: conjunto de procesos Rsicos, químicos y biológicos de alteración ydescomposicióndeunarocasuperficial.

-Mudflow:masadeparbculasheterogéneas,predominantementedegranofino, lubricadaporgrancan3daddeaguaquesedesplaza.

-Muschelkalk:3podefacies,engeneral ligadoalTriásicomedio,ampliamenterepresentadoenEuropaycons3tuidoporcalizasmicrí3casconabundantesfósiles.

-Olistostroma:acumulación,másomenoscaó3ca,dematerialesdemuydiversagranulometría,desdebloquesalu3tas.Puedetenerunorigentotalmentesedimentario,comoelcolapsodeuntalud,oserel resultadode laerosióndel frentedeunmantodecorrimiento,cuyosrestosaccedenaunacuencasedimentaria,sobrecuyofondosedeslizan.

-PaleogeograRa:estudioque3enecomoobje3volareconstruccióndelascondicionesgeográficasexistentesenlasuperficieterrestrealolargodelos3emposgeológicos.

-Patrimoniogeológico:estácons3tuidoportodoslosrecursosnaturalesnorenovables,yaseanformaciones rocosas, estructuras, acumulaciones sedimentarias, formas, paisajes, yacimientosminerales o paleontológicos o colecciones de objetos geológicos de valor cienbfico, cultural,educativoy/odeinteréspaisajísticoorecreativo.Suexposiciónycontenidoseráademásespecialmenteadecuado para reconocer, estudiar e interpretar la evolución de la historia geológica que haconfiguradoelplaneta,incluidalaevolucióndelavidainmersaeneste.

-Pelágico:zonadeaguasdemarabiertolejosdelacosta.Sedicedelosanimalesyvegetalesquevivennadandooflotandoenmarabierto

- Planctónico: organismos animales y vegetales, generalmente diminutos, que flotan y sondesplazadospasivamenteenaguassaladasodulces.

- Plataforma carbonatada somera: cuerpo sedimentario que posee relieve topográfico, y estácompuestapordepósitoscalcáreosautóctonos.Laprofundidadmáximaseríadeunos50m.

-Regresión: re3radade lasaguasmarinasdeun territorioanteriormente cubiertoporellas. Secorresponde con un aumento de la superficie de 3erras emergidas y puede originarse comoconsecuenciadeunmovimientoascendentedelacortezaodeundescensodelniveldelmar.

- Roca ígnea: resultantedel enfriamiento y consolidacióndeunmagma.Pueden ser volcánicas oplutónicas,segúnseconsolidenenlasuperficieoenelinteriordelacortezaterrestre.

- Roca metamórfica: formadas a par3r de otras rocas que han estado some3das a grandespresionesytemperaturasysehantransformado,congeneracióndenuevosminerales.

-Rocasedimentaria:rocaformadaenelexteriordelacortezaterrestremedianteunprocesodesedimentación.Presentaestructurascaracterís3cas,como,laestra3ficación.

- Secuencia deposicional: unidad estra3gráfica compuesta por una sucesión concordante deestratosgené3camenterelacionadosylimitada,poreltechoyporelmuro,pordiscordancias.

-Sedimento:productonatural,enformaderocanoconsolidada,queresultade laprecipitaciónquímicaodelaacumulación,bienseamediantearrastreogravita3va,deparbculasprocedentesdeladescomposicióndeotrasrocas.

-Sustrato:formacióngeológica,engeneralmásan3guaqueotrasalasquesirvedebase.- Tethys: mar que, durante el Mesozoico y el Cenozoico, estaba situado entre los an3guos

con3nentes de Laurasia y Gondwana, y cuyo extremo occidental ocupaba aproximadamente lamismaposiciónenlaqueseencuentraactualmenteelmarMediterráneo.

-Transgresión:invasióndelasaguas,porlogeneralmarinas,producidaenunterritoriohastaesemomentoemergido.

-Unidadlitoestra3gráfica:volumendematerialesdiferenciadoporsuscaracterís3caslitológicas.-Vergencia:direcciónysen3dodeltransportetectónico,aescalaregional,queseexpresanenlas

estructuras(plieguesofallas)demayortamaño.

Geolodía 17 Córdoba �17

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Geolodía 17 Córdoba !18

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Geolodía 17 Córdoba

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Financiado por la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología–Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

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