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Hutch Bryant

10/4/11

AP Euro

Ch. 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in 16th

Century

I Prelude to Reformation

Italian Renaissance spread north in 2nd half of 15th century starting Christian humanismA. Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism

o Valued the classicso Focused on early Christian writingso Felt Christianity had been distorted by the middle ageso Believed in humans being able to improve themselves and reasono Thought that through education of classical Christian and other works would bring

about new felling of piety and would bring about reforms in church and society

o Power in education remained important characteristic of Europeo Christian humanists believed that to change society they must change humanso They were very optimistic

1. Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) Popularized Christian reform Born in Holland Conversed in Latin Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503) showed his preoccupation with religion Believed that Christianity should be an internal philosophy than external

practices

Published revised version of bible in Latin (1516) Reform to him meant spreading the philosophy of Jesus, educating people in the

origin of Christianity, and making commonsense arguments against the church

Eventually disapproved of Luther and protestants Didnt want to destroy the unity of the medieval Christian church

2. Thomas More 1478-1535 Trained in law but loved classical learning Deeply devout pursued public career and end up as lord chancellor of England Utopia (1516) was his most famous work; an account of the idealistic life and

institutions on an imaginary island

Reflects Mores concerns with economic, social and political problems His religious devotion was more important than loyalty to his king

B. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformationo Papacy failed to provide spiritual leadership during the Renaissanceo Church was preoccupied with finances

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o High clergy positions were being held more and more by nobles and wealthy membersof the bourgeoisie

o High church officials often held more than one position in the church (pluralism) andoften hired underlings to fill their posts

o Clergy was inept and ignoranto Salvation process became mechanicalo People became more religious and while the clergy didnt

II Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany

Reformation began with the question what must I do to be saved?A. The Early Luther

o Born in Germany November 10, 1843o 1502 received bachelors degree from University of Erfurto 1505 became master in the liberal artso Began to study law but was dissatisfied and became an Augustinian monk in Erfurto Couldnt find certain salvation in the Churchs teachingso Recommended to study theology and received doctorate in 1512o Became professor at university of Wittenbergo Between 1513 and 1516 he found his answero Justification by faith or believing in the promises of Christ and the bible as the sole

religious authority became the pillars of the Protestant Reformation

o 1517 Pope Leo X authorized Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences to finance theconstruction of St. Peters Basilica

o Tetzels sale of indulgences angered Luther into nailing his 95 theses to the Wittenbergchurch door

o Pope Leo X didnt take them seriously and they spread throughout Germany because ofits dislike of church policy

o Leipzig Debate (1519) against Johann Eck caused him to deny the authority of thePapacy

o 1520 he called for the German people to break away from the church in threepamphlets

o Address to the Nobility of the German Nation called on the German princes tooverthrow the Papacy in Germany and to start a reformed German church

o The Babylonian Captivity of the Church attacked the sacramental systemo On the Freedom of a Christian Man showed how Luther felt that salvation was achieved

through faith in Christ not just good works

o Luther was excommunicated in January 1521o At the diet of worms Luther refused to renounce his beliefs and was made an outlaw of

the Holy Roman Empire to be captured and his works burned

B. The Rise of Lutheranismo Returned to Wittenberg in 1522 from hiding to organize a new churcho Lutheranism was popular and spread rapidly

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o Spread to both princely and ecclesiastical states in northern and central Germany and2/3 of the free imperial cities

o Burghers became committed to the cause for both secular and religious reasonso Nuremberg was the first imperial city to convert to Lutheranism in 1525 with the help of

its city secretary Lazarus Spengler

o Faced opposition from those wishing to completely abolish relics, images, and mass andthose who didnt want the church to break up (older Christian humanists)

o Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) became a staunch Christian humanist supporter ofLuther

1. Peasants War Peasants were unhappy with how their lords were treating them Sparked into revolt by ex-follower of Luther Thomas Muntzer Started in June 1524 InAgainst the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants Luther asked the

German princes to subdue the revolt by any means necessary

The princes ruthlessly suppressed the peasants by May 1525C. Church and State

Luther kept only 2 of the 7 sacraments baptism and the Lords Supper People could interpret the bible for themselves and didnt need the church to do it Best church is an invisible one Used princes and state authoritys to set up churches Secular authority dominated churches

III. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics

Luthers movement was deeply tied to politics Charles V (1519-1556) tried to keep his family in power and the Holy Roman Empire united but

failed due to the French, papacy, the Turks, and Germanys internal situation

Charles Vs problems allowed Luthers movement to growA. The French, The Papacy, and the Turks

Charles V worried about king of France Francois 1 (1515-1547) over land disputes Hapsburg- Valois Wars fought on and off from 1521-1544 for disputed lands Wars prevented Charles V from dealing with Luther Charles expected papacy to deal with Luther but papacy allied with Francois fearing

Charles power in Italy

With sacking of Rome in 1527 Charles brought most of Italy under his control Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) drove all the way to Vienna but was repulsed in

1529

B. Politics in Germany Charles unable to deal with Germany after solving outside problems due to the German

states not wanting to have a strong emperor

Charles demanded Lutherans return by April 15, 1531 In February 8 princes and 11 Lutheran cities formed defensive Schmalkaldic League to

protect themselves

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Turks in Vienna forced Charles to compromise with Protestants 1532-1535 Charles forced to fight of Turkish, Arab, Barbary attacks on Italy and Spain Two more Hapsburg-Valois wars from (1535-1538 1542-1544) again distracted Charles Charles made peace with Francois in 1544 and the Turks 1545 The Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547) Charles defeated the Lutherans but they

reorganized and allied with Henry II of France and revived the war in 1552

Charles forced to a truce got tired of ruling and gave up his titles to his brotherFerdinand in 1556

1555 Peace of Augsburg acknowledged Lutherans as equal to Christians and ended thewars princes chose what their subjects religion was

IV. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

Catholics and Protestant refused to agree to a correct interpretation of the bible and either siderefused to admit it was wrong

A. Lutheranism in Scandinaviao Union of Kalmar (1397) unified Denmark, Sweden, and Norway under the King of

Denmark

o Failed to unite them socially or politicallyo Union on brink of failure by beginning of the 16th centuryo Christian II king of Denmark overthrown in 1520 by Swedish barons led by Gustavus

Vasa

o Vasa became kind of independent Sweden three years latero Also helped establish the Swedish Lutheran church by the 1530so Frederick I took over from Christian II in 1523 and encouraged Lutheran Preachers to

spread into the Danish church

o Christian III took over from Frederick I in 1534 and set up the Lutheran state church withthe king at its head

o Also spread Lutheranism to Norwayo Scandinavia became stronghold for Lutheranism by 1540s

B. The Zwinglian Reformationo Swiss Confederation

Group of 13 self-governing states (cantons) Became virtually independent from the Holy Roman empire in 1499 6 forest cantons were democratic 7 urban cantons were narrow oligarchies of wealthy citizens

o Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Ordained as a priest in 1506 Accepted appointment as a cathedral priest in the Great Minister of Zurich in

1518

Began reformation in Switzerland there Unrest caused by his preaching was addressed at public disputation in 1523 Allowed to continue preaching

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Disputations became the main way of spreading reform because they gave theadvantage to reformers because they had new ideas and Catholics werent use

to debating

Zwingli called on government to supervise church He had all the parts of papal Christianity abolished Movement spread to Bern in 1528 and Basel in 1529 Forest cantons remained catholic Fearing they would ally with the Hapsburgs Zwingli tried to ally with Luther and

the German cities since they had the same characteristics set out by Martin

Bucer (1491-1551)

Marburg Colloquy (1529) attempted to unify the to reform movements butdisagreements over Lords Supper prevented it

October 1531 war began between the protestant and catholic cantons Protestants lost and Zwingli was killed

C. The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists Anabaptists

o Popular among peasants weavers miners and artisans who had been hurt by theeconomic changes of the age

o Didnt want government to be involved with reformo Preferred adult to child baptismo Tried to literally return to early Christian practices and spirito Each member was equal and each church chose its own minister who could be

anyone part of the community

o Separation of church and stateo Rejected theological speculation and lived to what they believed was the pure

word of god

o Refused to hold political office or bear armso Regarded as extreme radicals who could destroy 16th century societyo Suffered ruthless persecution and were stamped out in Germanyo 1530s Munster northern Germany on the Dutch border was a haven for

millenarian Anabaptists

o Pushed out in June 1535 and their leaders executed by the prince-bishop ofMunster after trying to start a new Jerusalem

o Dutch Anabaptists reverted to pacifism and were rejuvenated by Menno Simons(1496-1561)

D. The Reformation in England Started by Henry VII (1509-1547) wanting to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon

because she was unable to give him a male heir

Pope Clement VII refused to grant annulment because he was afraid of Charles V Henry was secretly wedded to Anne Boleyn in January 1533 to legitimize their unborn

child

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Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury ruled that henrys marriage to Catherine wasnull and void and confirmed his marriage to Anne

1534 the Church of England completely broke away from England with Act of Supremacywhich made Henry the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.

Treason Act also made it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supremehead of the church

Little changed in doctrine theology and ceremony Beheaded Anne in 1536 Jane Seymour had his male heir but she died during child birth Marriage to Anne of Cleves was political and was based on a painted portrait but he

didnt like the way he looked so he divorced her

Catherine Howard committed adultery so he had her beheaded Catherine Parr his last wife out lived him Edward VI (1547-1553) Henrys sickly child took over at age nine and control of England

was a council of regency

Protestants took advantage and moved the Church of England in their direction Mary (1553-1558) henrys first daughter tried to restore Catholicism but instead turned

it into taboo

E. John Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin (1509-1564)

o Educated in humanism and lawo Most determined of all protestant reformerso Converted to reform after a religious crisis in 1533o Made his way to Basel in since France wasnt safe for protestantso Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) secured him as a leader in

Protestantism

o Agreed on most topics with Luthero Believed that God already had decided who would be saved (elect) and who

would be damned (reprobate)

o Calvinism became a dynamic and activist faith and militant form ofProtestantism

o Believed only in Baptism and the Lords Suppero Took up ministry in Geneva 1536 until death in 1564o In 1541 his new church was accepted by the City Councilo Highly strict societyo Geneva became the fortress of the Reformation and Calvinism its main form

IV. The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation

Reformation had huge impact on lifeA. The Family

o Marriage was for those who couldnt remain chaste and wanted to escape sino Preached more positive relationships in the family but not always realityo Womens almost only option in life was to marry and have children

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o Women removed as leaders of home religiono Zwickau established a girls school in 1525o Schools mostly instilled proper morals and did little to improve women in society

B. Education in the Reformationo Protestant schools aimed at wider audienceo Increased need to be literate to read the bibleo Education was called for to be provided by the stateo Strasbourg school founded by Johannes Sturm in 1538 set example for other protestant

schools

C. Religious Practices and Popular Cultureo Festivals and feasts replaced by individual worship and mass on Sundayo Tried to eliminate customary forms of entertainment(drinking, dancing, Christmas,

dramatic performances)

VI. The Catholic Reformation

Mid-16th century Lutheranism had taken over most of Germany and Scandinavia and Calvinismhad taken over most of Switzerland, Netherlands, France, and eastern Europe

Papacy began to reform in 16th century to stop the spread of Protestantism Mixture of old and new Religious orders regenerated (Benedictines, Dominicans, Capuchins, Theatines (1524), Ursulines

(1535))

A. The Society of Jesus Jesuits became chief instrument of catholic reform Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Spanish nobleman Committed himself to be a soldier of god after his military career was ended

The Spiritual Exercises training manual for spiritual development Recognized by Papal bull in 1540 Obedient to papacy, society and education Military structure Founded schools, Most famous educators by 1600 Francis Xavier (1506-1552) carried Catholicism to the east Poland was won back from Protestantism by Jesuits

B. Revived Papacy Paul III (1534-1549) led turning point in papacy 1535 appointed reform commission 1537 verdict by commission blamed popes and cardinals for churchs problems 1541 colloquy tried to settle the religious difference s but failed 1542 roman inquisition started to ferret out doctrinal errors Rome became fortress of Christianity

C. The Council of Trent

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1542 Paul II called for council to resolve religious differences created by protestantrevolt

March 1545 council started Met three major times between 1545-1563 Reaffirmed all traditional catholic teachings Entered militant phase

VII. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the 16th

Century

A. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Huguenots (French Calvinists) persecuted unsuccessfully by kings Were artisans, shopkeepers, merchants, lawyers, nobility 40 to 50% of nobility became Huguenots House of Bourbon was Huguenots and were next in line for the throne and they from

Navarre

Huguenots outnumbered by Catholics

Valois monarchy catholic Henry II killed in accident two sons took over but mother Catherine de Medici really

ruled and tried to ease political tensions

Ultra-Catholics led by guise family wanted to get rid of Huguenots and could financehuge armies

Politiques placed politics before religion Wars erupted in 1562 when duke of Guise massacred Huguenots Huguenots werent large enough to take over France but they defend well Sister of Charles IX the Valois king married Henry of Navarre and brought about

supposed peace

St Bartholomews day massacre caused by guise family persuading the king that thegathering of Huguenots for the wedding posed a threat and they were attacked on

august 24 1572 300 Huguenots dead leaders killed and henry turned catholic to save his

life

Charles better to win a battle in Paris Huguenots rebuilt 1576 ultra-Catholics formed holy league and vowed to put Henry duke of Guise on

throne in place of Charles IX successor Henry III

War of the Three Henry's (1588-1589) Henry III assassinated Henry of guise and teamedwith henry of Navarre to get rid of Holy league

Henry III assassinated in 1589 and henry of Navarre took the throne converting back tocatholic to be accepted his coronation in 1594 ended French wars of religion

Edict of Nantes 1598 Catholicism head religion but Huguenots acceptedB. Phillip II and the cause of Militant Catholicism

Phillip II of Spain (1556-1598) ushered in political and cultural greatness for Spain First wanted to consolidate all the land he had inherited from his father Charles V Used Spanish inquisition strict conformity to Catholicism and monarchial power

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Got too involved in trivial state matters Attempt to make Spain a great power crushed its economy

C. The Revolt of the Netherlands Netherlands consisted of 17 provinces (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) Commercial crossroads of northwestern Europe Nobles towns and provincial states refused Philips rule 1566 Calvinists began to attack catholic churches Phillip sent 10000 troops to stop the rebellion under the duke of Alva Council of Troubles started reign of terror to stop the revolvers 1573 duke of Alva removed and Phillip tried to end the revolt peacefully William of Orange organized revolt and want to unify all the provinces and pacification

of Ghent seemed to achieve this

However religious differences prevented it Union of Arras in 1579 united southern provinces under catholic and Spanish rule Union of Utrecht united northern provinces under protestant and Williams rule Division continued until 1609 when 12 year truce ended the war Dutch republic not recognized by Spain till 1648

D. The England of Elizabeth Elizabeth turned England into leader of the Protestants, started a renaissance and laid

foundation for an empire

Religious settlement in 1559 reinstituted act of supremacy and got rid of Maryslegislation

Tried to satisfy both parties 1568 Mary queen of scots kicked out of Scotland by Calvinists Placed under house arrest by Elizabeth tried to take over with ill thought plots and was

eventually beheaded by Elizabeth in 1587

Puritans wanted to remove all Catholicism from the Church of England Avoided war at all costs and did as much as she could to weaken other nations secretly Phillip attempted to capture England but his armada was under manned and believed in

miracles