CADENAS DE VALOR Y PEQUEÑA PRODUCCION AGRICOLA EN EL PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

7/21/2019 CADENAS DE VALOR Y PEQUEA PRODUCCION AGRICOLA EN EL PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

1/164
http://www.portalguarani.com/


2/164

Nstn trclcom jun rncgazcfm pmr ng En`trm fn C`gasas y Fajusa` fn gcNem`mic Xcrcbucyc - ECFNX pcrc gc Cbn`eac fn Emmpnrcea`A`tnr`ceam`cg fng Ocp` OAEC, n`trn gms insns fn `mvanilrn fn 1>-


3/164


4/164

@FAEN

A`trmfueea` ........................................................................................................................... >

C`tnenfn tns y prmpsatms fng nstufam ................................................................................: Intmfmgmbc .................................................................................................................. 38

A. C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Brc`ms .......................................................... 35 Umlrn gms jcetmrns fn lcoc emipntatavafcf fn pnqunms prmfuetmrns fn brc`ms......................36 C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Icz ...................................................... 3> C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Umoc .......................................................5:

C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Vrabm ......................................................>3 Ecsms fn emgclmrcea` fn brc`fns prmfuetmrns fn brc`ms pcrc ng fnscrrmggmfn emiuàfcfns fn pnqunms cbraeugtmrns. .......................................................................:4

AA. C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Ecc fn Czecr y Ic`famec............................25 Umlrn gms pmtnèacgns jcetmrns fn emipntatavafcf fn pnqunms prmfuetmrns

fn ecc fn czecr y ic`famec ........................................................................................26

Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Ecc fn Czecr .......................................................2> Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Ic`famec .............................................................. 335

AAA. Emègusam`ns Bn`nrcgns y Ngnin tms Bn`nrcgns pcrc gc Xgcàjaecea` Nstrctbaec ...................... 3>3

Lalgambrcjc ........................................................................................................................... 3:3


5/164

A`trmfueea`


6/164

ECFN@CU FN ZCGM\ Q XNS^NC X\MFÊEA@ CB\EMGC N@ NG XC\CB^CQ

:

C`tnenfn`tns y prmpsatms fng nstufam

Gc bgmlcgazcea` cbremgc dc erncfm unvcs mpmrtuàfcfns y fnscjms pcrc gms

pcsns n` fnscrrmggm. Dc clanrtm ùnvms inrecfms faìaems y c gc vnz ernc-fm ùnvcs prnsam`ns emipntatavcs pcrc gcs cbrma`fustracs y ùnvcs lcrrnrcs cgc pcrtaeapcea` nemìaec fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns cbremgcs. Gc nxpn-ranèac rnean`tn fng Xcrcbucy agustrc cilcs tn`fnèacs. Gc nxpc`sa` fn susnxpmrtceam`ns fn prmfuetms praicrams dc aipugscfm ng erneaian`tm nem`-iaem pnrm dc dnedm pmem pcrc rnfuear gcs tcscs fn pmlrnzc m gc fnsabucgfcfnemìaec n` ng rnc rurcg.

^`c cipgac vcranfcf fn cetmrns dc imstrcfm u`c ernean`tn prnmeupcea`cenrec fn gcs em`sneunèacs fastralutavcs fn gc bgmlcgazcea` cbremgc y fngfnsta`m fn gms pnqunms cbraeugtmrns. Gcs a`statueam`ns bulnr`cin`tcgns, gmsmrbcàsims fn emmpnrcea` a`tnr`ceam`cg, gms em`suiafmrns y gcs niprnscsiugta`ceam`cgns sn prnbu`tc` qu sn punfn dcenr pcrc cpmycr gc a`tnbrcea`fn gms pnqunms cbraeugtmrns n` gcs ecfn`cs fn vcgmr bgmlcgns=.

N` nstn em`tnxtm surbn ng prnsn`tn nstufam euym mlontavm ns prmpmream`cr

a`suims pcrc gc pgcàecea` nstrctbaec fn pmgtaecs plgaecs n` bn`nrcg ynspneecin`tn pcrc u` prmbrcic qun nst farabafm cg fnscrrmggm fn gms pn-qunms cbraeugtmrns y mpnrc fn`trm fng Iaàstnram fn Cbraeugturc y Bc`cfn-rc (ICB).

Nstn nstufam c`cgazc gc pmtnèacgafcf fn fnscrrmggm fn ecfn`cs prmfuetavcslcscfcs n` gc prmfueea` fn brc`ms, ecc fn czecr, y ic`famec fn`trm fngms fnpcrtcin`tms fn Eccbucz, Ecczcp, Atcpc y Cgtm Xcrc`. Gms fctms

rnbastrcfms y ng c`gasas prnsn`tcfm fn`trm fng a`jmrin prntn`fn` fnseulrargcs praèapcgns trclcs pcrc gc pcrtaeapcea` fn gms pnqunms cbraeugtmrns n`nstms snetmrns (a`fustracs) y fnpcrtcin`tms nspneems, pcrc gunbm afn`ta-ecr u`c gastc fn a`vnrsam`ns fn cgtc pramrafcf pcrc supnrcr nstcs lcrrnrcs.


7/164


Ng c`gasas em`tnipgc ng pmtnèacg fn gcs ecfn`cs fn vcgmr fnravcfcs fn ea`-em rulrms (icz, smoc, trabm, ecc fn czecr, y ic`famec), n`jme`fmsn n` ng

nquagalram fn trns nsgclm`ns? ng inrecfm (a`tnr`m y fn nxpmrtcea`) pcrc gmsprmfuetms fnravcfms fn nstms prmfuetms, gc ecpceafcf y nstrueturc a`fustracgpcrc ng prmenscian`tm fn nstms rulrms, y gc nstrueturc fn prmfueea` praic-rac fn gms rulrms inèam`cfms fn`trm fn gms euctrm fnpcrtcin`tms sngneeam-`cfms. Nstn c`gasas pnriatn afn`taecr fnsnquagalrams nstrueturcgns fn`trm fn

gcs ecfn`cs fn vcgmr aèapan`tns n` ng pcs, rnvngc`fm eug fn nstms nsgclm`nsrnprnsn`tc ng jcetmr gaiatc`tn pcrc ng fnscrrmggm fn gc ecfn`c n` su emòu`tm,y eugns sm` gcs lcrrnrcs pcrc gc aègusa` fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns n` ngfnscrrmggm fn nstcs ecfn`cs.

C pramrapunfn c`taeapcr gc mlsnrvcea` fn trns pctrm`ns fn fnsnquagalram pm-tnèacgns?

Gc jcgtc fn mjnrtc fn gms pnqunms cbraeugtmrns

Nstc satucea` ecrcetnrazcrc c gcs rnbam`ns fm`fn sn mlsnrvc u`c nxpc`sa`fn gc ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm cbremgc, pnrm fm`fn gms pnqunms cbra-

eugtmrns sm` pmems ecpcens fn euipgar em` gcs `mrics fn suiaàstrm nstc-lgneafcs pmr gms prmenscfmrns. N` nstn ecsm, ng fnscjm pcrc gms prmbrcicsfn fnscrrmggm ns cpmycr ng ceensm fn gms pnqunms cbraeugtmrns c gc bcic fnrneursms qun `nensatc` pcrc cfcptcrsn c gcs nxabnèacs y nst`fcrns fn gmsemiprcfmrns m prmenscfmrns. Mtrm fnscjm rnprnsn`tc gc jcgtc fn mrbcàzc-eam`ns fn prmfuetmrns mran`tcfms njnetavcin`tn cg suiaàstrm fn ictnracspraics c gms prmenscfmrns cbrma`fustracgns.


8/164


4

Nstc satucea` sn pufm vnraecr njnetavcin`tn n` ng ecsm fn gms brc`ms n` bn-`nrcg y n` ng ecsm fn gc ic`famec n` gms fnpcrtcin`tms fn Eccbucz n Atc-pc. Ns aipmrtc`tn fnstcecr gcs fajnrnèacs nxastn`tns n` ng ecsm fn gms brc-`ms y ng ecsm fn gc ic`famec. N` ng prainrm fn nggms gc emipntatavafcf fn gcsa`fustracs fn prmenscian`tm rnquanrn nem`mics fn nsecgc n` gc prmfueea`cbremgc qun njnetavcin`tn nxeguyn` c pnqunms prmfuetmrns. N` ng snbu`fmecsm, gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns c` tan`n` pmtnèacg fn pnric`nenr emim

prmvnnfmrns emipntatavms fn ictnrac praic c gcs a`fustracs.

Gc jcgtc fn ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm cbrma`fustracgpcrc clsmrlnr gms eugtavms fn pnqunms cbraeugtmrns

Nstc satucea` ecrcetnrazcrc c rnbam`ns em` u`c ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tmgaiatcfc, pnrm fm`fn u`c cipgac pmlgcea` fn pnqunms cbraeugtmrns prmfu-en vmgin`ns brc`fns fn ictnrac praic pmtnèacgin`tn prmensclgn. N` nstn

ecsm, ng fnscjm pcrc gms prmbrcics fn fnscrrmggm ns gc fn emmrfa`cr a`vnr-sam`ns y fneasam`ns fn prmfueea` n`trn brupms fn pnqunms cbraeugtmrns ycuin`tcr ng ceensm fn gms pnqunms cbraeugtmrns c gms snrvaeams fn prmensc-ian`tm, yc snc c trcvs fn inomrcs fn trc`spmrtn y gmbstaec m c trcvs fn a`-

vnrsa` n` ùnvcs a stcgceam`ns fn prmenscian`tm.

Nstm jun mlsnrvcfm n` ng ecsm fn gc ic`famec n` Ecczcp y Cgtm Xcrc`, yn` eanrtm sn`tafm n` ng ecsm fng icz n` gms euctrm fnpcrtcin`tms. Gms pn-qunms prmfuetmrns eugtavc` nstms rulrms pcrc su em`suim fn`trm fn gc `-ec y prmfuen` u` vmguin` aipmrtc`tn pcrc su a`fustracgazcea`, n` ng ecsmfn gc nxastnèac fn jlraecs fn prmenscian`tm n` u`c nsecgc cfneucfc. Xmrmtrm gcfm, gms cbraeugtmrns prmfuen` ecc fn czecr ecsa nxegusavcin`tn pcrcgc vn`tc. N`tmèns, fm`fn `m nxastn` jlraecs emiprcfmrcs, gms vmgin`nsfn prmfueea` sm` lcoms c pnscr fng pmtnèacg fn prmfueea` praicrac fn`-trm fn gc rnba`, emim ns ng ecsm fn Cgtm Xcrc` n Atcpc.


9/164


Jcgtc fn ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm cbrma`fustracg pcrc euipgar em` gcfnic`fc nxtnr`c m em` gcs `mrics fn suiaàstrm fn emiprcfmrns nxtnr`ms

Nstc satucea` sn mlsnrvcrc n` ng ecsm fn gc nxastnèac fn suean`tn mjnrtcfn ictnrac praic ou`tm c u`c junrtn m ernean`tn fnic`fc fn prmfuetms fn-ravcfms fn gms rulrms sngneeam`cfms n` ng inrecfm `ceam`cg m fn nxpmrtc-ea`. Ua` nilcrbm, gc ecpceafcf a`fustracg pcrc sctasjcenr nsc fnic`fc, rn-sugtc a`suean`tn. N` nstn ecsm, ng fnscjm pcrc gms prmbrcics fn fnscrrmggmcbremgc ns gc emmrfa`cea` fn cetavafcfns em` gms prmbrcics fn fnscrrmggm na`vnrsa` a`fustracg fnsta`cfms cg inomrcian`tm y favnrsaecea` fn gc cbrm-a`fustrac dceac gc prmfueea` fn gms rulrms em` icymr fnic`fc.

Ng nsecsm fnscrrmggm y favnrsaecea` fn gc cbrma`fustrac n` ng Xcrcbucy pc-rnen snr gc satucea` fn tmfcs gcs ecfn`cs. Xmr u` gcfm, gms emstms fn prmfue-ea` fn gcs cbrma`fustracs pcrcbucycs nstufacfcs sm` cgtms y gms vmgin`nssm` rngctavcin`tn lcoms fn ecrc cg inrecfm a`tnr`ceam`cg. Xmr mtrm gcfm, gmsprmfuetmrns fn nstms emiimfatans (emim dcra`c, cgiaf`, cenatn, czecr,

cgemdmg, nte.) tan`n` pmem vcgmr cbrnbcfm y prneams lcoms n` gms inrecfmsa`tnr`ceam`cgns. Dcstc gcs jlraecs is brc`fns n` ng pcs sm` jlraecs pn-

quncs n` emipcrcea` em` sus emipntafmrns fn cjunrc. Ua` nilcrbm, u`cnstrctnbac fn inrecfm qun cpu`tn c àedms fn cgtm vcgmr rnquanrn ecpceafcfnscfiaàstrctavcs y fn bnrnèacian`tm fn ecgafcf qun m nxastn` cetucgin`tn.


10/164


38

Intmfmgmbc

Gcs a`vnstabceam`ns y ng c`gasas pcrc nstn nstufam sn nstrueturcrm` n` fms ntc-

pcs snpcrcfcs. Gc prainrc fn c`gasas fnseraptavm utagaz fctms ùiraemsnxtrcfms fn lcsns fn fctms qun dc` safm rnempagcfms pmr ng snetmr plgaem.Gc snbu`fc ntcpc fn c`gasas fn facb`staem utagaz fctms eucgatctavms mra-ba`cgns rnempagcfms n` n`trnvastcs em` mrbcàzceam`ns y cetmrns n` ng ecipmpmr ng nquapm fn a`vnstabcea`.

Ng c`gasas fnseraptavm em`tnipg euctrm emipm`n`tns qun n` emòu`tm ec-rcetnrazcr` ng nquagalram n`trn gc mjnrtc y gc fnic`fc fn gms eaèm eugtavms n`gms euctrm fnpcrtcin`tms sngneeam`cfms. Ng nquapm a`vnstabcfmr utagaz fa-

vnrscs jun tns fn fctms pcrc ecrcetnrazcr gms cspnetms euc tatctavms y eucgatc-tavms fn gcs sabuan`tns vcraclgns.


11/164

E^CF\M 3.ZC\ACLGNU Q J^N@VNU FN FCVMU XC\C NG C@GAUAU FNUE\AXVAZM

EMIXM@N@VN/A@FAECFM\NU J^N@VNU FN FCVMU

3. Nstrueturc fn prmfueea`? nc pc`tcfc, inm fn `ecs, vmin`ns fn pmfueea`

tmtc fn icz, smc, tabm, ecc fn czec, ic`famec pmtcicm fn `ec.


12/164

E^CF\M


13/164

C`gasas fnXmtn`eacgafcf fn

Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmrfn Brc`ms

A.


14/164


36

Umlrn gms jcetmrns fn lcoc emipntatavafcffn pnqunms prmfuetmrns fn brc`ms

Vrns jcetmrns gaiatc` ng pmtnèacg fn emipntatavafcf fn gms pnqunms cbra-eugtmrns n` gc prmfueea` fn smoc, trabm, y icz. Ng prainrm rcfaec gc `cturc-gnzc fn gc tne`mgmbc imfnr`c fn prmfueea` fn nstms rulrms qun ns a`tn`-savc n` ecpatcg. Gc prmfueea` fn brc`ms rnquanrn cgtms àvngns fn a`vnrsa`n` a`suims emiprcfms junrc fn gc èc. Nstms aèguyn` sniaggcs inomrc-fcs (snc` gcs dlrafcs m trc`sbàecs), cbrmquiaems (jnrtagazc`tns, dnrlaeafcs,y pnstaeafcs), y icqua`cracs fn fasta`tms tapms pcrc gc prnpcrcea` fn sungm,gc sanilrc, gcs pugvnrazceam`ns, y gc emsnedc Unbu`fm, gc inecàzcea` fn gcprmfueea` bn`nrc nem`mics fn nsecgc n` gc prmfueea` fn brc`ms. Ns fn-ear, gc neanèac n` ng usm fn icqua`cracs cuin`tc c infafc qun ernen ng tc-icm fn gc èc. Vnrenrm, gc prmfueea` fn nstms rulrms sn crtaeugc c inrec-fms fn emiimfatansbgmlcgns em` u` cgtm àvng fn fnscrrmggm. Nstms prmfuetmssm` nstclgns y jeagin`tn trc`spmrtclgns y nxastn a`jrcnstrueturc jsaec, a`sta-tueam`cg, y nemìaec pcrc su eminreacgazcea` a`tnr`ceam`cg. Nstm dcen qungms prneams a`tnr`ceam`cgns rnnon` gms emstms fn prmfueea` lcoms (y n` iu-

edms ecsms sulvnèam`cfms) fn gms gfnrns tne`mgbaems n` gc prmfueea` fnnstms rulrms.

Emim rulrms, gms brc`ms `m ecpatcgazc` gcs vn`tcocs emipntatavcs praèapc-gns fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns? su ceensm c ic`m fn mlrc jciagacr y su ec-pceafcf fn em`trmgcr m vabagcr fn jmric nean`tn gc ic`m fn mlrc em`trctc-fc. Cg em`trcram, gc prmfueea` fn brc`ms ns a`tn`savm n` ecpatcg y n` tanrrc,`m n` ic`m fn mlrc, y gc emipntatavafcf n` gc prmfueea` fn smoc, trabm, y

icz ns u`c juèa` fn gms jcetmrns fn prmfueea` c gms eucgns gms pnqun-


15/164


ms prmfuetmrns tan`n` ceensm is gaiatcfm. Nstc rncgafcf sn dc icàjnstc-fm c gm gcrbm fn gcs gtaics fecfcs n` gc emèn`trcea` fn prmfueea` fn

brc`ms n` ècs brc`fns y iuy brc`fns, y gc emèn`trcea` fn tanrrcs n` gcszm`cs fn prmfueea` fn brc`ms n` ic`ms fn prmfuetmrns qun eun`tc` em`cipgam ceensm c ecpatcg m `cèacian`tm (Ecrtnr nt cg., 311:). Emim sn vnrc em`taùcea`, gms fctms cetucgns fn prmfueea` tcila` rnnoc` nstc rncga-fcf. ^` ìnrm rnfueafm fn pnqunms cbraeugtmrns prmfuen` nstms rulrms,

mptc`fm pmr rulrms fn is cgtm vcgmr y is a`tn`savms n` ng usm fn ic`mfn mlrc, n` gms eucgns punfn` snr is emipntatavms.

C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Icz

Gcs jmrics fn a`fustracgazcea` fng icz sm` gc ngclmrcea` fn cgain`tms lc-gcèncfms, gc imgan`fc snec y gc imgan`fc dinfc. Gms cgain`tms lcgcènc-fms sn fnsta`c` pcrc ng em`suim fng snetmr cvemgc, pmrea`m y vceu`m. Fn gcimgan`fc snec fn icz sn mltan`n gc dcra`c fn icz, ian`trcs qun fn gc im-gan`fc dinfc sn mltan`n` gms cgiafm`ns y gms cenatns.

Inrecfm pcrc ng icz y prmfuetms fnravcfms fng icz

N` em`trcstn cg trabm y c gc smoc, ng icz ns u` rulrm trcfaeam`cg fn gc cbraeug-turc jciagacr ecipnsa`c, cfnis fn u` rulrm qun pmsnn u` inrecfm cbrm-a`fustracg a`tnr`ceam`cg. Ng eminream fn icz sn crtaeugc em` ecfn`cs cbrm-a`fustracgns gnoc`ms fn gms gubcrns fn prmfueea` cbremgc. Nstcs ecfn`cs snfnfaec` c gc ngclmrcea` fn cenatns, dcra`cs, cgiaf` y mtrms prmfuetms. Cem`taùcea` sn iunstrc` gms praèapcgns fctms fng inrecfm a`tnr`ceam`cg

fng icz.


16/164

3:

Xrmfueea` iu`facg fng icz

Nstcfms ^àfms y Eda`c sm` gms praèapcgns prmfuetmrns fn icz c àvngiu`facg. N` iaggm`ns

fn tm`ngcfcs. Nstcfms ^àfms y Eda`c pmsnn ecsa ng >4% fn nsn vmguin` fnprmfueea`.

Gns sabun Lrcsag em` u`c pcrtaeapcea` fng :%, meupc`fm ng tnrenr gubcr nàipmrtcèac. Xcrcbucy tuvm u`c prmfueea` fn 5,6 iaggm`ns fn tm`ngcfcs,nsn iasim cm, meupc`fm gc pmsaea` ìnrm trna`tc c àvng iu`facg.

Fng Eucfrm 5 sn punfn fnfuear gms rn`faian`tms fn icz, rnsugtc`fm u` prm-

infam fn 1,< tm`ngcfcs pmr dnetrnc (t`/dc) n` Nstcfms àfms y fn >,2 t`/dc n` Eda`c. Ng Xcrcbucy sn dc mltnàfm u` rn`faian`tm fn 5,2 t`/dc, iuypmr fnlcom fn Nstcfms ^àfms.

E^CF\M 5.X\MFÊEA@ FN IC_ C @AZNG I^@FACG (:24

13858-

535,131>,2


17/164


Nxpmrtceam`ns iu`facgns fn icz

N`trn y


18/164


34

Aipmrtceam`ns iu`facgns fn icz

Ocp` meupc ng punstm ìnrm 3 n` ng rc`ka`b fn pcsns aipmrtcfmrns fn

icz c àvng iu`facg (Eucfrm >), em` u`c pcrtaeapcea` fng 3:% fng vmgu-in` iu`facg eminreacgazcfm (11,3 iaggm`ns fn tm`ngcfcs). Gn sabun` Emrncem` u` vmguin` tmtcg fn aipmrtceam`ns nquavcgn`tns c >8,2 iaggm`ns fn tm-`ngcfcs y Ixaem em` 6>,: iaggm`ns fn tm`ngcfcs.

Ng inrecfm fn gcs aipmrtceam`ns iu`facgns fn icz sn nèun`trc in`msemèn`trcfm qun ng fn gcs nxpmrtceam`ns; gms prainrms snas pcsns emèn`-trc` ng 62% fng vmguin` iu`facg aipmrtcfm. Xcrcbucy cfquara 8,8: iaggm-

`ns fn tm`ngcfcs (8,83% fng vmguin` tmtcg aipmrtcfm), ulae`fmsn n` gc pm-saea` ìnrm 3.X\A@EAXCGNU AIXM\VCFM\NU FN IC_ ( ,:


19/164


Em`suim iu`facg fn icz

Gms praèapcgns prmfuetmrns fn icz sm` tcila` gms praèapcgns em`suia-

fmrns n` ng inrecfm iu`facg. Un fnstcec` Nstcfms ^àfms ( iaggm`ns fn tm`ngcfcs) (JCMUVCV,


20/164



21/164


Fn gms fctms fn prmfueea` y nxpmrtceam`ns fn cgain`tms lcgc`encfms sn ml-snrvc qun pmr gm bn`nrcg ng inrecfm a`tnr`m fn ecfc pcs em`suin brc` pcr-tn fn su prmfueea`, pmr gm qun ns u` rulrm pra`eapcgin`tn fnsta`cfm cg em`-suim a`tnr`m.

Xcrcbucy? em`suim cpcrn`tn y nxpmrtceam`ns fn icz

N`trn y


22/164


,5

5>3.4::,>

52655,8 .888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.

Fn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 Dc.

Fn 88 Dc

Fn 388 c in`ms fn 8 c in`ms fn 388 Dc.

Fn 8 Dc.Fn 38 c in`ms fn c in`ms fn 38 Dc.

Fn 3 c in`ms fn > Dc.

B\JAEM 5.ECCB^C_. FAUV\AL^EA@ FN GC X\MF^EEA@ FN IC_UNB@ VCICM FN JA@EC (%)

8,8 >,8 38,8

36,2

4,5

6,1

>,>

2,4

:,15,4

38,5,8 ,8

Fn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.

Fn 38 c in`ms fn c in`ms fn 38 Dc.Fn 3 c in`ms fn > Dc.

Jun`tn? EC@,


25/164

Jun`tn? EC@, ,8 38,8

5,2

,>

6,>5,3

3

3>,8 .888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.

http://www.portalguarani.com/http://www.portalguarani.com/


26/164


:,2

5,2

,8 .888 Dc.Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.

Fn 38 c in`ms fn c in`ms fn 38 Dc.


C`cgazc`fm ng rn`faian tm pmr tcicm fn èc n` ng Eucfrm 4, sn mlsnrvcqun nxastn u`c rngcea` farnetc n`trn ng tcicm fn gc èc y gms rn`faian`-tms pmr dnetrnc fng eugtavm fn icz. Euc`tm icymr ns ng tcicm fn gc èc

icymr ns ng rn`faian`tm mltnàfm. Cs, gcs pnquncs ècs, fn 3 c >8 dnet-rncs, mltan`n` u` rn`faian`tm lcom qun mseagc n`trn 3,5 y


27/164


Jun`tn? EC@,


28/164



29/164


E^CF\M 1.EMLNrV^rC FN gC CUAUVN@EAC VE@AEC, UNrZAEAMU ErNFAVAEAMU, yCUMEACVAZAFCF FA\ABAFM C GMU X\MF^EVM\NU FN IC_ XM\ VCICM FN JA@EC

38,84,236,:,:

58,152,:,553

1,41,5

35,33>,>8,88,8

55.46,:

31,351,6,8

5:,28,88,8

51.:5,.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn j`ecs

VCICM FN JA@EC XC\CB^CQ ECCB^C_ ECC_CX AVCXC CGVMXC\C@

EC@VAFCF FN JA@ECU S^N \NEALAN\M@ CUAUVN@EAC VE@AEC (N@ %)

33,438,331,35


30/164


58

Ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm y nstrueturc a`fustracg fn gc ecfn`c fn icz

Gc nstrueturc a`fustracg fng Xcrcbucy rngceam`cfc em` ng icz nst mran`tc-fc cg prmenscian`tm y trc`sjmricea` fn gc ictnrac praic n` gms sabuan`-

tns fnravcfms?

CenatnDcra`c

Cgiaf`Cgain`tms lcgcèncfms pcrc càicgns

Xcrc gc prmfueea` fn cgain`tms lcgcèncfms sn rnquanrn fn u` icymr vmgu-in` fn icz. Ua` nilcrbm, gc prmvasa` fn nstn cgain`tm tcila` fnpn`fnfn gc ec`tafcf fn prmfueea` fn gc smoc, fcfm qun gc prmtn`c, jun`tn praèa-pcg fn ùtraea` fng càicg sn nèun`trc n` ng pnggnt fn smoc.

31,634,>6>,3

5

34,134,,88,8388,8

51.:8,662,1>5,54>,2

88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs


EC@VAFCF FN JA@ECU S^N XN\VN@NEN@ C CUMEACEAM@NU (%)

Jun`tn? EC@,


31/164


Unb` ng En`sm Nem`iaem


32/164


5888 kb. c 2888 kb. pmr dnetrnc

Emstm farnetm

A`suims te`aems? 3.


36/164


5:

ims emiprcfmrns. Cetucgin`tn niprnscs eminreacgazcfmrcs fn brc`ms fnnxpmrtcea` lusec` gc a`tnbrcea` c gcs ecfn`cs fn prmvnnfmrns fn pnqun-ms prmfuetmrns prmvny`fmgns fn nstms snrvaeams, emim u`c nstrctnbac pcrcbn`nrcr mpmrtuàfcfns fn csnburcr gc eminreacgazcea` fn gc prmfueea` fn

gms iasims (Nonipgm? CFI).

C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Umoc

Gc prmfueea` fn smoc c àvng pcs ns fnsta`cfc icymrin`tn c gc nxpmrtc-ea` farnetc cg inrecfm a`tnr`ceam`cg, fm`fn gms prneams fn Û$/t` >88mjrnen` cgtc rn`tclagafcf c gms prmfuetmrns. Gcs a`fustracs nxastn`tns fn smocsm`? a) gc fn ngclmrcea` fn cenatn, aa) gc fn ngclmrcea` fn cgain`tms lcgc`-

encfms pcrc càicgns, y aaa) gc fn ngclmrcea` fn oubms. Nxastn cfnis uìnrecfm fn trc`sjmricea` fn gc smoc mran`tcfm c gc prmfueea` fn sustatu-tms fn gc gnedn vceu`c, tcgns emim gc gnedn, ng ymburt y ng qunsm; ns u`c ecfn-`c pmtnèacg qun tmfcvc `m nst fnscrrmggcfc fn`trm fng pcs.

Inrecfm pcrc prmfuetms fnravcfms fn gc smoc

Ng inrecfm fn smoc ns u` inrecfm n` nxpc`sa`. C àvng iu`facg, gcs nxpmr-

tceam`ns fn smoc ecsa fupgaecrm` n` u`c smgc fecfc, fnsfn 62,6 iaggm`ns fntm`ngcfcs rnbastrcfcs n` ng cm


37/164


Jun`tn? AAEC,


38/164


54

Xcrcbucy fnsta`c c gc nxpmrtcea` u`c pnqunc ec`tafcf jrn`tn c mtrms pcsnsfn gc rnba`, pnrm em`safnrc`fm su ecpceafcf prmfuetavc punfn a`eursam`crem` icymrns vmgin`ns. Gc prmpmrea` fn gc prmfueea` fn smoc fnsta`cfcc gc a`fustrac dc erneafm c trcvs fng tanipm. N` ng


39/164


nxpmrtceam`ns fn smoc n` brc`m, ng pcs c` `m dc nxpgmtcfm su pmtn`eacgemim nxpmrtcfmr fn smoc prmenscfc. Unb` ECXNEM n`


40/164


68

N`trn gms cms


41/164


Gms fctms fng EC@ a`faec` qun


42/164

6.888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



B\JAEM 1.ECC_CX. FAUV\AL^EA@ FN GC X\MF^EEA@ FN UMOCUNB@ VCICM FN JA@EC (%)

8,8 >,8 38,8

1,4

6,1

5,5

5,2

5,53,4

8,6

.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.




43/164

Jun`tn? EC@, ,8 .888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



B\JAEM 33.CGVM XC\C@. FAUV\AL^EA@ FN GC X\MF^EEA@ FN UMOCUNB@ VCICM FN JA@EC (%)

8,8 >,8 38,8

31,3

4,1

:,6

6,>

3,2

:,6

8,:8,3

3:,6

3>,8 .888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.




44/164

66

Xmàn`fm gc ctnèa` smlrn gms rn`faian`tms fn smoc pmr tcicm fn èc, n`ng Eucfrm 36 sn mlsnrvc qun ng eugtavm fn smoc n` ècs supnramrns c >8 dne-trncs tan`n u` rn`faian`tm supnramr c cqunggcs rncgazcfcs n` supnreans in-`mrns c >8 dnetrncs. Gcs pnquncs ècs em` 3 c >8 dnetrncs mltan`n` u`

rn`faian`tm qun mseagc n`trn


45/164


E^CF\M 3>.EMLNrV^rC FN CUAUVN@EAC VE@AEC, UNrZAEAMU ErNFAVAEAMU yCUMEACVAZAFCF FA\ABAFM C GMU X\MFÊVM\NU FN UMOC XM\ VCICM FN JA@EC

5:,44,3,2

62,3>2,3>3,2

,6>,8:3,3:6,4:5,>

:3,6>8,8388,8

58,:1,1>3,2

62,661,:

>6,4,4688 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dc

Fn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs

VCICM FN JA@EC XC\CB^CQ ECCB^C_ ECC_CX AVCXCCGVM

XC\C@


>3,854,>:1,364,266,666,4

3,354,>:5,1::,6:5,66,46,2,:28,6:6,4>>,>:3,3>2,3

2.333

In`ms fn 8 c in`ms fn 388 dcFn 388 c in`ms fn >88 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs


EC@VAFCF FN JA@ECU S^N \NEALAN\M@ E\FAVM (N@ %)


46/164


6:

Ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm y nstrueturc a`fustracg fn gc ecfn`c fn gc smoc

Gms euctrms fnpcrtcin`tms nst` ecrcetnrazcfms pmr u`c ngnvcfc ec`tafcffn niprnscs prmfuetmrcs fn smoc; gms fctms fng En`sm Nem`iaem 5,562,:65,2>8,4>3,2

1,2>1,4:5,856,15:,624,4:4,62>,88,8

3.422

63,253,:>5,2::,8:5,4>>,854,44>,2

2.333





47/164


E^CF\M 3:.NIX\NUCU X\MENUCFM\CU FN CENAVN FN UMOC

FNXC\VCIN@VM FAUV\AVM NIX\NUC

XarcpVmics \minrm XnrnarcIcymr MtcmIcymr MtcmEmrm`ng LmbcfmLnggc ZastcLnggc ZastcQbuczMlgabcfm

EcfascCLB U.C. Cgbmfm`nrcEmiat npytyvmilcJmrnstcg Gc Xmfnrmsc U.C.Clntm Bans Cbmnpmtcfmc EascMgncba`msc \cctz U.C.@utra UmyGcr Xcrcbucy U.\.G.Emmpnrctavc Emgmàcs ^àfcs Gtfc.

AtcpcAtcpcAtcpcAtcpcAtcpcAtcpcAtcpcCgtm XcrcÀtcpc

E^CF\M 32.NIX\NUCU X\MENUCFM\CU FN O^BMU

FNXC\VCIN@VM FAUV\AVM \^L\M

Eaufcf Fng Nstn

Ecrgms C. Gpnz

Ngclmrcea` fn Oubms

Ngclmrcea` fn Oubms

Cgtm Xcrc`

Atcpc

Jun`tn? ID,


48/164


64

Ng En`sm Nemìaem fng fastratms, ian`trcs Eccbucz y Ecczcp tan`nìn`mr prnsnèac fn nstn tapm fn a`fustrac fn prmenscian`tm. Gc ecfn`c fncenatn ns aèapan`tn n` ng tnrratmram y surba pcrc fcr vcgmr cbrnbcfm c gms brc-`ms n` lrutm qun sn nxpmrtc` n` brc`fns vmgin`ns.

Gc ecfn`c fn oubm utagazc gc smoc pcrc gc prmfueea` fn oubms fn jrutc inz-egcfm em` gnedn fn smoc. Nstc ecfn`c sn nèun`trc emèn`trcfc pmr fms ni-prnscs, ulaecfcs n` ng fnpcrtcin`tm fn Cgtm Xcrc` n Atcpc. Nstcs niprnscs

sn prmvnn` fn ictnrac praic fn su prmpac prmfueea` fn smoc y fn brc`fnsprmfuetmrns fng pcs.


49/164


C`gasas fn nquagalram fn gc ecfn`c fn gc smoc

Ng snetmr fn gc smoc prnsn`tc u` junrtn fnsnquagalram n`trn gc ecpceafcf prm-

fuetavc y gc a`fustrac fn prmenscian`tm. Gms fctms a`faec` egcrcin`tn emimgc smoc ns fnsta`cfc cg inrecfm fn nxpmrtcea` n` jmric lrutc cu`qun nxastnfnic`fc ernean`tn pcrc prmfuetmrns ngclmrcfms c pcrtar fn gc smoc. Xmr mtrmgcfm, gc ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm a`stcgcfc n` ng pcs vc ernean`fm y dc gm-brcfm pmsaeam`cr n` ng inrecfm a`tnr`ceam`cg y rnbam`cg vmgin`ns a`tnrn-sc`tns fn prmfuetms a`fustracgazcfms.

Gc ecpceafcf a`fustracg em`sastn n`tnrcin`tn n` niprnscs ceam`cgns y iug-

ta`ceam`cgns qun em`trmgc` gc ecfn`c fn jmric a`tnbrcfc, fnsfn gc prmfue-ea` n` sus prmpacs tanrrcs dcstc ng prmenscian`tm n` sus pgc`tcs a`fustracgns(qun n` cgbu`ms ecsms nst` ulaecfcs junrc fn gms fnpcrtcin`tms em`safn-rcfms). Nstcs ecfn`cs a`tnbrcfcs nxeguyn` ecsa pmr emipgntm c gms pnqunmsprmfuetmrns, qun m sn fnfaec` cg eugtavm inecàzcfm fn gc smoc pmr sus cgtmsemstms fn prmfueea` y pmr gcs nem`mics fn nsecgc rnqunrafcs pcrc gc rn`tc-lagafcf. Gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns csuin` su ixaim rmg nemìaem fn`-trm fn nstc ecfn`c cgquagc`fm sus tanrrcs c mtrms prmfuetmrns fn icymr pmrtn

pcrc gc prmfueea` fn smoc.

Lcrrnrcs y mpmrtuàfcfns praèapcgns pcrc ng fnscrrmggmfn ecfn`cs fn vcgmr cbrma`fustracgns fn gc smoc

Gms fnpcrtcin`tms mlontm fn nstn c`gasas `m prnsn`tc` u`c nstrueturc fnecfn`c fn vcgmr fn smoc crtaeugcfc m aègusavc fn pnqunms prmfuetmrns. Ng

rmg oubcfm pmr ng pnqunm prmfuetmr ns saipgnin`tn prmvnnr tanrrcs pcrc gcnxpc`sa` fng eugtavm fn gms brc`fns y infac`ms prmfuetmrns fn nstn rulrm,quan`ns tan`n` icymrns ecpceafcfns fn a`vnrsa`.


50/164


>8

Crtaeugcr gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns c gc ecfn`c fn smoc nèun`trc junrtns ga-iatceam`ns, pmr gc lrnedc tne`mgbaec nxastn`tn n`trn gms brc`fns y pnqunmsprmfuetmrns y pmr ng emstm ngnvcfm qun pnrealn` gcs a`fustracs pcrc emiprcrictnrac praic fn pnqunms prmfuetmrns. Uupnrcr nstc lcrrnrc rnquanrn in-ecàsims fn mrbcàzcea` prmfuetavc n`trn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns pcrcfnàr supnreans a`tnrnsc`tns pcrc gc niprnscs (pmr nèaic fn gms 388-


51/164


C`gasas fn Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Vrabm

Ng rnc bnmbrec fn gms euctrms fnpcrtcin`tms em`safnrcfms pcrc ng nstu-

fam nst ecrcetnrazcfc pmr fms tapms fn ecfn`c fn vcgmr fnravcfms fng trabm? a)gc fn ngclmrcea` fn imgan`fc fng brc`m (dcra`c fn trabm y sulprmfuetms fnimgan`fc qun n`trc` n` ng eareuatm fn prmfueea` fn cgain`tms lcgcèncfmspcrc càicgns ou`tm em` fnravcfms fn smoc y ng icz) y aa) gc fn ngclmrcea` fncgain`tms c pcrtar fn gc dcra`c. Cqu sn tmicr n` em`safnrcea` smgcin`tngc prainrc ecfn`c fn vcgmr, fnlafm c gcs pmsalagafcfns gaiatcfcs pcrc crtaeugcrc gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns c gc snbu`fc ecfn`c inèam`cfc.

Inrecfm pcrc prmfuetms fnravcfms fng trabmGcs aipmrtceam`ns fn trabm c àvng iu`facg mlsnrvc` u`c tn`fnèac fn ernea-ian`tm bn`nrcg, emim sn punfn cprneacr n` gc sabuan`tn Eucfrm?

E^CF\M 31.AIXM\VCEAM@NU I^@FACGNU FN V\ABM

CMU IAGGM@NU FN Û$ ZC\ACEA@ (%)

35836:,2366,5

356

Gcs nxpmrtceam`ns pcrcbucycs fn trabm dc` fnimstrcfm u` pctr` a`nstc-lgn. N`trn ng


55/164


Xrmfueea` praicrac fng trabm

Gc prmfueea` fn trabm y gc sanilrc rnbastrc` em`ta`ums a`ernin`tms n` Xc-rcbucy. Unb` ng EC@ 6% (JCMUVCV,


56/164


>:

Ng 16% fng rnc snilrcfc pmr pnqunms y infac`ms prmfuetmrns fn trabmsn nèun`trc n` gms euctrm fnpcrtcin`tms sngneeam`cfms, ian`trcs qun 43%fng rnc qun pnrtn`nen c gc ectnbmrc fn cbraeugturc nxtn`savc nst ulaecfmn` nstcs zm`cs. Gc prmfueea` fn trabm nst emèn`trcfc n` ècs infac-`cs y brc`fns, qun rnprnsn`tc` in`ms fn gc iatcf fn gcs ècs nxastn`tns

n` gms 6 fnpcrtcin`tms. N` nstms fnpcrtcin`tms, 1:< ècs em`


57/164

B\JAEM 35.ECCB^C_. FAUV\ALÊA@ FN GC X\MFÊEA@ FN V\ABMUNB@ VCICM FN JA@EC (%)

8,8 >,8 38,8

35,2

:,>

6,2

6,8

3,,5

8,6

>,2

5>,5

35,,8 ,8 68,8

Fn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



B\JAEM 36.ECC_CX. FAUV\ALÊA@ FN GC X\MFÊEA@ FN V\ABMUNB@ VCICM FN JA@EC (%)

8,8 >,8 38,8

:,>

6,1

5,2

.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.


Jun`tn? EC@,


58/164

>4

Jun`tn? EC@, ,8 38,8

Dc.

B\JAEM 3:.CGVM XC\C@. FAUV\AL^EA@ FN GC X\MF^EEA@ FN V\ABMUNB@ VCICM FN JA@EC (%)

8,8 >,8 38,8

31,:

4,,:

3,>

:,8

8,5

36,3

,8 .888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.




59/164

C`cgazc`fm ng rn`faian`tm pmr tcicm fn èc n` ng Eucfrm 8 dnetrncs y ècs in`mrns c >8 dnetrncs. Gcs pnquncs ècs mltan-`n` u` rn`faian`tm qun mseagc n`trn 3,1 y


60/164


:8

Gc emlnrturc fn csastnèac teàec, snrvaeams ernfataeams y csmeactavafcf ns rn-gctavcin`tn cgtc pcrc gms prmfuetmrns fn trabm. Xmr nonipgm, n` >% fn gms pnqunms prm-fuetmrns n` gms fnpcrtcin`tms c`cgazcfms a`faecrm` qun rnealanrm` erfatmspcrc gc prmfueea` fn trabm. @m sn em`men njnetavcin`tn ng im`tm `cèan-rm n`trnbcfm pmr ng rulrm y pcrc qu ntcpc fng eaegm prmfuetavm jun utagazc-fm (sanilrc, emsnedc, a`suims nte.). Ua` nilcrbm nstcs eajrcs subanrn` qunnstms prmfuetmrns fn trabm jmric` pcrtn fn emmpnrctavcs ecsa sa` nxenpea`,pmrqun gcs gaiatceam`ns fn ceensm cg inrecfm y ng ngnvcfm emstm fn prmfue-ea` `m mjrnen` suean`tns bcrc`tcs `cèanrcs pcrc ceenfnr c erfatms fnmtrcs jun`tns.

E^CF\M .EMLNrV^rC FN CUAUVN@EAC VE@AEC, UNrZAEAMU ErNFAVAEAMU, yCUMEACVAZAFCF FA\ABAFM C GMU X\MFÊVM\NU FN V\ABM XM\ VCICM FN JA@EC

>5,:53,>>6,3>4,:62,3

>.>41

>1,863,5:3,2:2,4:1,625,56:,,155,,3,622,>28,824,:68,88,85:4,155,6>:,523,,88,8

88 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs

VCICM FN JA@EC XC\CB^CQ ECCB^C_ ECC_CX AVCXCCGVM

XC\C@



61/164


:>,36:2,622,822,428,8>2,264,5>4,4

>.>41

:5,468,>26,648,82>,86:,256,:8,8>8,8

>6,263,5>5,2>,823,668,88,8

5:88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn j`ecs



>>,352,4>>,1

::3,6>>,::.>41

:5,>>>,::2,2

::,225,66:,2655,2:6,>

2>,2448,8>2,3:8,88,85:6,15>,6

::,6:1,8>2,366,4,8388,86,251,2>>,:

>4,>>4,3:2,8:,8388,83.::2




Jun`tn? EC@,


62/164


::8 prmfuetmrns n` gc prmfueea` fn pmrm-tm y icz gmerm. Gc niprnsc prmvnn u` snrvaeam emipgntm c gms em-iats, fnsfn gc csastnèac teàec cg ictnracg bn`taem, n` cgbu`msecsms tcila` cpmym `cèanrm cg eaegm prmfuetavm. N` pcrcgngm dcnstrueturcfm u`c rnf fn en`trms fn cempam gmecgazcfms n` gcs fajn-rn`tns gmecgafcfns fm`fn nst` cetavms gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns yutagazc su prmpac niprnsc fn trc`spmrtn pcrc trcnr gms vmgin`ns fnprmfueea` dceac gc pgc`tc a`fustracg. Gc iasic niprnsc tan`n fa-eugtcf pcrc crtaeugcr em` su pgc`tc a`fustracg c gms pnqunms prm-fuetmrns pmr ng emstm qun rnprnsn`tc gc a`vnrsa`, pnrm nècrc ngniprn`faian`tm em` n`jmqun fn \nspm`sclagafcf Umeacg Niprn-scracg - \UN y em`safnrc qun ng njnetm em`tcbam qun punfn tn`nr ngxatm nemìaem fn trclcocr em` cgbu`ms prmfuetmrns, fc gubcr nù` prmensm fm`fn ecfc cm sn vc` suic`fm ùnvms cetmrns prm-fuetavms.


69/164


Ecsm Fnscrrmggm Cbremgc fng Xcrcbucy

Ng Fnscrrmggm Cbremgc fng Xcrcbucy (FCX) ns u`c niprnsc cbrem-

gc fnfaecfc c gc prmfueea` fn smoc, icz, y barcsmg em` pgc`tceam`nsfn


70/164


28

Cetucgin`tn, gc niprnsc nst trclcoc`fm pcrc a`tnbrcr ng fnscrrmggmfn nstcs emiuàfcfns cg egnm fn su nstrctnbac fn nbmeams. Ns fn-ear, nècrcr nstn prmensm `m emim u`c infafc fn rnspm`sclagafcfsmeacg, sa`m emim u`c a`vnrsa` c gcrbm pgczm. Ng FCX nst n` prm-ensm fn rnuàr jun`tns fn `cèacian`tm a`tnr`ceam`cg pcrc ju`fcru`c niprnsc eminreacg fnfaecfc cg fnscrrmggm fn pnqunms cbraeug-tmrns n` Uc` Xnfrm, pnrm em` suean`tns rneursms fn ecpatcg pcrc

cimrtazcr gcs a`vnrsam`ns `nenscracs n` u` pgczm fn 38 cms m is.

Ecsm CFI Xcrcbucy

Lcom ng icrem fn gc \nspm`sclagafcf Umeacg Niprnscracg, gc iugta`ceam-`cg CFI Xcrcbucy U.C. dc trclcocfm em` > csmeaceam`ns fn pnqunmsprmfuetmrns fn icz zcjrac n` ng fnpcrtcin`tm fn Uc` Xnfrm. Ng prm-

ynetm utagazc ng imfngm fn erncea` fn ecfn`cs fn vcgmr fng XrmynetmXcrcbucy Xrmfuetavm fng Xrmbrcic fn Emmpnrcea` fn Fnscrrmggm fngBmlanr`m fn gms Nstcfms ^àfms (ÛCAF).

CFI jceagatc c gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns ng ceensm cg `cèacian`tm,gc trc`sjnrnèac fn tne`mgmbc, ng snburm cbremgc y emiprc gc prmfue-ea` fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns. ÛCAF dc prmvnfm gc csastnèacteàec em` gc pcrtaeapcea` fng A`statutm fn Vne`mgmbc Cbremgc (A@-LAM) n A`statutm Xcrcbucym fn Vne`mgmbc Cbremgc (AXVC).


71/164


C pnscr fn snr u` pnqunm prmynetm, pnriatn qun ng pnqunm prm-fuetmr mrbc`azcfm n` emiats punfc ceenfnr cg cprn`fazcon fng eugta-

vm fn icz em` tne`mgmbc fn pu tc y rn`tclagafcf. Fn nstc jmric, ngpnqunm prmfuetmr ceenfn c gms inrecfms a`tnr`ceam`cgns c trcvs fngc eminreacgazcea` fn gc iugta`ceam`cg CFI. Xrmynetms fn \nspm`-sclagafcf Umeacg Niprnscracg rnprnsn`tc` inec`asims vaclgns pcrc ngcprn`fazcon y erneaian`tm fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns.


72/164


73/164

C`gasas fnXmtn`eacgafcf fnEcfn`cs fn Zcgmrfn Ecc fn Czecry Ic`famec

AA.


74/164


26

Umlrn gms pmtnèacgns jcetmrns fn emipntatavafcf fnpnqunms prmfuetmrns fn ecc fn czecr y ic`famec

N` em`trcstn cg ecsm fn gms brc`ms, trns sm` gms jcetmrns qun lra`fc` icymrpmtnèacg fn emipntatavafcf c gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns fn ecc fn czecr

y fn ic`famec. Ng prainrm ns ng dnedm fn qun nstms prmfuetms snc` pnsc-fms, emstmsms pcrc trc`spmrtcr, y cfnis cgtcin`tn pnrnenfnrms. Nstm sabà-ec qun nstms prmfuetms tan`n` qun snr m em`suiafms m lan` prmenscfms n`pmem tanipm y c rngctavcin`tn c pmec fastcèac fn su emsnedc Gms brc`ms,sa` nilcrbm, sn punfn` cgicen`cr furc`tn u` gcrbm pnramfm sa` qun panrfc`

vcgmr y gcs jlraecs prmenscfmrns fn cenatn, dcra`c, y mtrms fnravcfms fn brc-`ms sn punfn` clcstnenr fn eucgquanr pcrtn fng iu`fm qun eun`tc em` ecpc-eafcf fn prmfueea` y gmbstaec nean`tn. Nstm dc pnriatafm ng fnscrrmggm fnu` inrecfm bgmlcg fn emiimfatanspcrc gms brc`ms euyc nsecgc y cgtms rnqunra-ian`tms fn ecpatcg y tanrrc `m jcvmrnen` gc emipntatavafcf fn gms pnqunmsprmfuetmrns.

N` em`trcstn, pcrc icxaiazcr gc neanèac fng prmenscian`tm fn gc ic`fam-

ec y fn gc ecc fn czecr, gcs jlraecs qun prmfuen` czecr, cgiaf` y mtrmsfnravcfms fn nstms rulrms fnln` ulaecrsn enrec fn gcs zm`cs fn prmfueea`fn ictnrac praic. Nstn dnedm sn rngceam`c em` ng snbu`fm jcetmr fn emipn-tatavafcf fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns fn nstms rulrms nspneecin`tn n` ng

Xcrcbucy? gc pmec faspmàlagafcf fn tanrrc n` gcs zm`cs fn prmfueea` fn ns-tms rulrms. Gc ecc fn czecr y gc ic`famec sm` rulrms trcfaeam`cgns fn pn-qunms cbraeugtmrns jciagacrns. Gc icymrc fng vmguin` prmfueafm fn nstcsictnracs praics sn emèn`trc n` pnquncs pcrengcs ulaecfcs n` zm`cs fm`-

fn tan`n eanrtm crrcabm gc cbraeugturc jciagacr y fm`fn brc`fns prmfuetmrns snfnfaec` is lan` c gms brc`ms m c gc bc`cfnrc. Nstm aipgaec qun gcs a`fus-tracs qun sn a`stcgc` n` nstcs zm`cs tan`n` pmsalagafcfns gaiatcfcs fn nstclgn-enr sus prmpacs pgc`tceam`ns nxtn`scs y cutm-clcstnenrsn fn ictnrac praic.


75/164


C su vnz, nstn dnedm sn rngceam`c cg tnrenr jcetmr fn emipntatavafcf pmtnèacgfn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns tcila` pcrtaeugcr cg Xcrcbucy? gcs nstrueturcsmrbcàzctavcs y inecàsims fn emmrfa`cea` qun nggms ic`noc`. Iuedms fngms prmfuetmrns fn nstms rulrms nst` csmeacfms c fasta`tms tapms fn emia-ts, csmeaceam`ns, y emmpnrctavcs, qun tnraecin`tn pmfrc` emmrfa`cr ceta-

vafcfns fn a`vnrsa`, sanilrc, emsnedc, trc`spmrtn, y eminreacgazcea`, csn-burc`fm u`c n`trnbc prnfnealgn y nstclgn c gcs a`fustracs. Ua` nilcrbm, gcsecpceafcfns fn nstcs mrbcàzceam`ns y gc neceac fn gms inecàsims fn emmr-fa`cea` n`trn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns y gcs a`fustracs fn ecc fn czecr yic`famec vcrc` iuedm, dcean`fm qun ng pmtnèacg fn emipntatavafcf fn gmspnqunms prmfuetmrns emim prmvnnfmrns fn ictnrac praic sn rncgaen smgc-in`tn n` pmems ecsms.

Xmtnèacgafcf fn Ecfn`cs fn Zcgmr fn Ecc fn Czecr

Gms fnravcfms praèapcgns fn gc ecc fn czecr sm` ng czecr y ng cgemdmg. Ua`nilcrbm, fn gc ecc sn punfn` prmfuear vcrams tapms fn czecr? czecr rn`c-fc, czecr n` lrutm, czecr mrbàec y czecr a`tnbrcg. Vcila`, fn`trm fn gcectnbmrc fng cgemdmg, sn punfn prmfuear cgemdmg pcrc usm n` lnlafcs y cgem-

dmg ecrlurc`tn n` jmric clsmgutc m dafrctcfc. C em`taùcea` sn fnseraln`cgbu`cs ecrcetnrstaecs fn gms fasta`tms inrecfms pcrc gms fnravcfms fn cz-ecr. N` bn`nrcg sn fnln tn`nr n` eun`tc qun gms inrecfms qun meupc` u` à-edm nstrnedm y fajnrnèacfm (pmr nonipgm ng fn czecr mrbàec) mjrnen` ispmsalagafcfns pcrc gc a`tnbrcea` emipntatavc fn pnqunms prmfuetmrns, pmrgms prneams ngnvcfms qun mjrnen` y gms in`mrns rnqunraian`tms fn vmguin`pcrc a`brnscr c nsms inrecfms.


76/164


2:

Inrecfm pcrc prmfuetms fnravcfms fn gc ecc fn czecr

N` bn`nrcg, gms inrecfms a`tnr`ceam`cgns pcrc gms fnravcfms fn gc ecc fnczecr nst` cgtcin`tn rnbugcfms pmr crcèngns, eumtcs, sulvnèam`ns y mtrms

tapms fn rnbugceam`ns fmistaems y ceunrfms lagctnrcgns.

Xmr nonipgm, gc ^à` Nurmpnc (^N) aipm`n u` sastnic fn eumtcs pcrc gcaipmrtcea` fn czecr, brcvc em` crcèngns c gc aipmrtcea` fn ntc`mg, y sul-

vnèam`c gc nxpmrtcea` fn czecr. Gms Nstcfms ^àfms tcila` prmtnbn`su inrecfm fn czecr em` u` sastnic fn eumtcs y cgtms crcèngns. Ua` nilcr-bm, n` gms Nstcfms ^àfms, gcs sulvnèam`ns c gc prmfueea` fn ntc`mg y fnicz y ng crcèng brcvcfm c gc aipmrtcea` fn ntc`mg nxparcrm` c emian`zms

fng


77/164


fcfm gubcr c u`c galnrcgazcea` sulstcèacg fn gms inrecfms fn gms Nstcfms^àfms y gc ^à` Nurmpnc (Alaswmrgf,


78/164


24

Nxpmrtceam`ns iu`facgns fn czecr em`vn`eam`cg

N` ng


79/164


Aipmrtceam`ns iu`facgns fn czecr em`vnèam`cg

Gms inrecfms fn aipmrtcea` fn czecr nst` in`ms emèn`trcfms qun gc

prmfueea`, ng em`suim, y gcs nxpmrtceam`ns y gms icymrns aipmrtcfmrns fnczecr pmr gm bn`nrcg aipmrtc` iuedm in`ms fn gm qun prmfuen` m em`su-in`, pmr njnetm fn gcs lcrrnrcs crcèngcracs y sulvnèam`ns eatcfcs crralcs.N`ng % fngcs aipmrtceam`ns tmtcgns.

Jun`tn? JCMUVCV,


80/164


48

Gcs aipmrtceam`ns fn czecr n` lrutm dc` fnimstrcfm u`c tn`fnèac ern-ean`tn furc`tn gc gtaic fecfc (Brem 32), tn`fnèac prnvastc c em`ta-ùcr y cengnrcr n` gms prxaims cms pmr gms jcetmrns a`statueam`cgns y ns-trueturcgns inèam`cfms is crralc. Nst faìaec bn`nrcrc u` pnramfm fnprneams ngnvcfms y u` em`tnxtm jcvmrclgn pcrc qun Xcrcbucy em`smgafn sugafnrczbm fn`trm fn gms àedms fn nxpmrtcea` fn czecr mrbàec y fn Em-inream Oustm.

Jun`tn? JCMUVCV,


81/164


Czecr mrbàec

@m nxastn` fctms sastnitaems smlrn gc prmfueea`, em`suim y eminream fnczecr mrbàec c àvng a`tnr`ceam`cg. Gcs jun`tns nxastn`tns fn a`jmricea`

(Untraà % fn gc eumtc pcrc gc aipmrtcea` fn cz-ecr em`vnèam`cg (8,82 iaggm`ns fn tm`ngcfcs n` emipcrcea` c 3.% fng vcgmr prminfam fn gcs nxpmrtceam`ns fn czecr pcrcbucyc fn U$/t`>28-:88 (ÛCAF,


82/164


4%, sn nstaic qun nst eulanrtc pmr aipmrtceam`ns`m rnbastrcfcs fn czecr fn Crbn`ta`c y Lrcsag>. Nstm sabàec qun ng inrec-fm a`tnr`m pmfrc clsmrlnr u` icrbn` sulstcèacg fn erneaian`tm fn gc prm-fueea` fn czecr em`vnèam`cg, sa gms a`bnàms gmbrcrc` lcocr sus emstms fnprmfueea` n` g`nc em` gms prmfuetmrns vnea`ms y/m sa sn cpgaecrc` em` ic-

ymr junrzc gcs lcrrnrcs cfuc`nrcs c gc aipmrtcea` fn czecr. Cfnis, ng ern-eaian`tm fn gc pmlgcea` y fng a`brnsm pnr epatc aipugscr u` erneaian`tmgnvn y brcfucg fng em`suim a`tnr`m fn czecr. Ua` nilcrbm, gc tn`fnèac fngcs a`fustracs czuecrnrcs n` Xcrcbucy ns cuin`tcr su prmfueea` fn czecrmrbàec pcrc ng inrecfm nxtnr`m, fcfc su icymr rn`tclagafcf, y tcila` fngc prmfueea` fn ntc`mg pcrc ng inrecfm a`tnr`m.

Nxpmrtceam`ns fn czecr fng Xcrcbucy

Ecsa gc tmtcgafcf fn gc prmfueea` fn czecr mrbàec fn Xcrcbucy ns nxpmr-tcfc c iuy pmems pcsns. N` ng N czec ns u`m fn ms pmems pmfuetms qun `m sn emineacazc alnin`tn n` n Inemsu pm m tc`tm su aipmtcea` nbc, aipaec n pcbm fn u`58% fn crcèng. Gcs aipmrtceam`ns `m rnbastrcfcs m em`trclc`fm fn nstn prmfuetm ns nquavcgn`tn c crcèng enrm.


84/164


46

Gcs nxpmrtceam`ns Xcrcbucycs fn czecr mrb`aec erneanrm` sab`aectavc-in`tn, fn u`c lcsn fn ecsa enrm n` ng cm 5


85/164


Em`suim iu`facg fn ntc`mg ecrlurc`tn

Ng em`suim bgmlcg fn ntc`mg sn rngceam`c cg tcicm fn gms inrecfms a`tnr-`m fn trc`spmrtn y ng ic`fctm fn inzegc nstclgneafm pmr fasta`tms pcsns.N` ng


86/164

4:

Gms Nstcfms ^`afms y Lrcsag fmia`c` gc prmfueea` iu`facg em` u`c pcr-taeapcea` fn >5,2% y 5:,


87/164


Aipmrtceam`ns iu`facgns fn ntc`mg ecrlurc`tnNstcfms ^`afms y Lrcsag junrm` tcila` gms aipmrtcfmrns is aipmrtc`-tns fn ntc`mg c `avng bgmlcg n` ng


88/164


44

m nx, qun utagazc` u`c inzegc fn emi-lustalgn a`eguyn`fm u` 4>% fn ntc`mg. Cfnis, n` gms gtaims cms dc cu-in`tcfm gc fnic`fc fn bcsmga`c rngctavc c gc fnic`fc fn fansng, ernean`fmfng


89/164


Nxpmrtceam`ns fng Xcrcbucy

Dcstc ng imin`tm gcs nxpmrtceam`ns fn ntc`mg sm` ecsa ùgcs. N` ng 88.888 gatrms, m in`ms fng 8,5% fng em`suima`tnr`m fng pcs. Ua` nilcrbm, gc ernean`tn fnic`fc rnbam`cg, nspneacgin`-tn fn Lrcsag y fn gc à` Nurmpnc mjrnen pmsalagafcfns pcrc gc nxpc`sa` fngcs nxpmrtceam`ns pcrcbucycs.

Xrmfueea` praicrac fn gc ecc fn czecr

Fms fn gms fnpcrtcin`tms sngneeam`cfms pcrc nstn nstufam sn nèun`trc` n`-

trn cqunggms fm`fn sn emèn`trc gc icymr pcrtn fn gc prmfueea` fn ecc fnczecr pcrc ng usm a`fustracg. Unb` gms fctms fng en`sm cbrmpneucram, Ecc-bucz meupc ng tnrenr gubcr emim prmfuetmr fn ecc fn czecr em` 3>,:% fn

gc prmfueea` ceam`cg y Ecczcp ng qua`tm gubcr em` >,:% fn gc prmfueea`tmtcg fng pcs. Ua` nilcrbm ng eugtavm nst ecsa cusn`tn n` Atcpc y Cgtm Xcrc`,fm`fn gc pmec prmfueea` sn fnsta`c ecsa nxegusavcin`tn pcrc jmrrcon càicg.


90/164

18

Jun`tn? EC@,


91/164

C`cgazc`fm gc fastraluea` fn gc prmfueea` fn ecc fn czecr n` Xcrcbucypmr tcicm fn èc, sn `mtc qun gc icymrc fn gc prmfueea` fn nstn eug-tavm sn rncgazc n` ècs pnquncs y infac`cs em` in`ms fn >8 dnetrncs.N` Eccbucz y Ecczcp, fm`fn dcy vmgin`ns fn prmfueea` sulstcèac-gns (21> iag tm`ngcfcs m 3>,:% fn gc prmfueea` ceam`cg n` Eccbucz y ,2% fn gc prmfueea` `ceam`cg n` Ecczcp), is fng 28%fng vmguin` fn prmfueea` prmvan`n fn prmfuetmrns em` in`ms fn >8 dne-trncs. N` Atcpc y Cgtm Xcrc`, gcs prmpmream`ns fn ecc qun prmvan`n` fnpnqunms prmfuetmrns sm` tcila` ngnvcfcs, pnrm n` nstn ecsm sn dclgc fn

vmgin`ns tmtcgns pnqunms (in`ms fng 3% fn gc prmfueea` ceam`cg pcrcgms fms fnpcrtcin`tms n` emòu`tm).

Jun`tn? EC@, ,>

,8 .888 Dc.Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



In`ms 3 Dc.


92/164

1,4

5,6

>,2

3>,2 ,8 .888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.

Fn 38.888 y is Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



In`ms 3 Dc.

B\JAEM ,8 38,8

31, Dc.

In`ms 3 Dc.

Jun`tn? EC@,


93/164


@m nxastn u`c rngcea` egcrc m farnetc n`trn gms rn`faian`tms fn ecc fn cz-ecr pmr dnetrnc y ng tcicm fn gc èc, n` ng sn`tafm qun gms rn`faian`-tms fn ècs pnquncs `m pcrnen` vcracr sastnitaecin`tn em` gms fn `-ecs brc`fns. Un `mtc icymrns rn`faian`tms n` gc ectnbmrc fn pgc`tceam`nsfn >88 c 3.888 dnetrncs (Eucfrm 5>). Ua` nilcrbm, gms rn`faian`tms n` gcsmtrcs ectnbmrcs sm` pretaecin`tn abucgns. Xmr mtrm gcfm, ng Eucfrm 5>, rn-noc u`c junrtn rngcea` n`trn gms rn`faian`tms fn ecc fn czecr y gc ula-

ecea` fn jlraecs fn prmenscian`tm a`fustracg. Eccbucz y Ecczcp pmsnn`jlraecs fn ntc`mg y emga`fc` em` gcs eunècs fn prmfueea` fn gcs jlraecsfn czecr fng Bucar. Nstms fnpcrtcin`tms tuvanrm` rn`faian`tms rngctavc-in`tn cgtms fn :6,2 y :1,4 tm`ngcfcs pmr dnetrnc n` prminfam (EC@, ,8 38,8

32, Dc.

In`ms 3 Dc.

Jun`tn? EC@,


94/164


16

N` em`trcstn, gms rn`faian`tms junrm` iuedm is lcoms n` gms fnpcrtcin`-tms fn Atcpc y Cgtm Xcrc`, fm`fn gc ecc fn czecr sn utagazc pcrc jlraecs

crtnsc`cgns fn iang y czecr a`tnbrcg y emim jmrrcon c`aicg. Gms rn`faian`-tms prminfams n` nstms fnpcrtcin`tms junrm` fn 66,5 y 51,3 tm`ngcfcs pmrdnetrnc (EC@, 1,4>1,2>4,4>1,1>4,1:5,228,5:3,541,:,4:5,5:2,2:6,>:8,>>1,5::,325,6>6,126,:24,5

48,8:6,2

:::,3:2,3:2,6:6,::2,2,6,>5>,856,1

388,85>,8

51,3

In`ms fn 3 dcFn 3 c in`ms fn > dcFn > c in`ms fn 38 dcFn 38 c in`ms fn 8 c in`ms fn 388 dcFn 388 c in`ms fn 88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcVmtcg



95/164


Ua lan` nstms fctms subanrn` qun gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns pcrcbucyms fnecc fn czecr `m sujrn` lcoc emipntatavafcf jrn`tn c gcs brc`fns pgc`tc-eam`ns fn`trm fng pcs, gms rn`faian`tms prminfams `ceam`cgns fniunstrc``avngns iuy lcoms n` emipcrcea` c `avngns a`tnr`ceam`cgns. Ng rn`faian`-tm prminfam fng Xcrcbucy n` ng pnramfm


96/164


1:

Ecczcp gc emlnrturc fn gc csastn`eac te`aec y ernfataeac ns icymr cg prmin-fam `ceam`cg, pnrm cprmxaicfcin`tn n`trn 68% y :8% fn gms prmfuetmrnsem` in`ms fn


97/164


E^CF\M 5:.EMLNrV^rC FN CUAUVN@EAC VE@AEC, UNrZAEAMU ErNFAVAEAMU yCUMEACVAZAFCF FNUVA@CFM C GMU X\MFÊVM\NU FN ECC FN C_EC\ XM\ VCICM FN JA@EC

>62,>48,:

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8

>3

>:,1>3,:43,4

388,8388,8388,8388,8

-388,85.>42

:3,6>4,545,64

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8621

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,83>88 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs



>:,3>8,81>,4

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8

>3

:2,3:3,42

>>,,2388,8388,8

8,88,8

3.13>

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8621

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,83>88 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs




98/164


14

Ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm y nstrueturc a`fustracgfn gc ecfn`c fn gc ecc fn czecr

Gc a`fustrac fn prmenscian`tm fn ecc fn czecr sn ecrcetnrazc pmr u`c ns-

trueturc fucgstaec. Nxastn` jlraecs a`fustracgns fn icymr tcicm n` gms fn-pcrtcin`tms fm`fn dcy icymr faspmàlagafcf fn ictnrac praic. Vmfcs gcsjlraecs a`fustracgns fn czecr sn ulaec` junrc fng rnc fn n`jmqun fn nstnnstufam, n` gms fnpcrtcin`tms fn Bucar, Emrfaggnrc, En`trcg, y Xrnsafn`tnDcyns. A@XCUC, gc pgc`tc cgemdmgnrc praèapcg fng pcs, qun prmvnn :8% fngc fnic`fc a`tnr`c fn ntc`mg y ns tcila` prmfuetmrc fn czecr (Omsnpd,,1

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8

>3

142

43,824,

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8

621

388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8388,8

3>88 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn jècs



Jun`tn? EC@,


99/164


`cgns. N` iuedms ecsms, gc icqua`crac fn imgan`fc fn gcs iasics dc safmemiprcfc emim uscfc fnsfn Lrcsag, Crbn`ta`c, u mtrm pcs fm`fn gc prm-fueea` dc erneafm c u`c nsecgc icymr.

Ng Eucfrm 52 iunstrc qun n` ng fnpcrtcin`tm fn Eccbucz sn emèn`trc`jlraecs fnfaecfcs c gc prmfueea` fn ntc`mg ecrlurc`tn qun bn`nrcgin`tnvn`fn` su prmfueea` c Xntrmpcr y n` in`mr brcfm c mtrcs niprnscs fas-traluafmrcs fn emilustalgns. Ng Eucfrm 52 tcila` fniunstrc qun nstcs j-lraecs mpnrc` pmr fnlcom fn su ecpceafcf a`stcgcfc, bn`nrcgin`tn pmr jcg-tc fn ictnrac praic.

Xmr nonipgm, gc Emmpnrctavc Emrm`ng Mvanfm, pmsnn u`c ecpceafcf fn im-

gan`fc fn 148 tm`ngcfcs fn ecc pmr fc, m enrec fn tm`ngcfcs fnecc pmr dnetrnc, cgec`zcr nstn avng fn prmfueea` rnqunrarc is fn 5.888

dnetrncs fn ecc fn czecr. Cetucgin`tn, gc emmpnrctavc y sus cprmxaicfc-in`tn >88 smeams eun`tc` em` pmem is fn iag dnetrncs fn pgc`tceam`ns.

N` Ecczcp, sn emèn`trc` jlraecs is c`tabucs y pnquncs qun sn fnfaec`c gc prmfueea` fn cgemdmg pcrc lnlafcs. Bn`nrcgin`tn vn`fn` su prmfue-ea` c ECXCUC, niprnsc func fn gc icrec fn ecc junrtn Crasterctc qunsurba fn gc pravctazcea` fn gc niprnsc nstctcg CXCG, m c mtrcs niprnscsnilmtnggcfmrcs fn ecc junrtn. Gc Emmpnrctavc Bn`nrcg Crtabcs ns u`c j-

lraec fn cgemdmg fn pnrg saiagcr, ulaecfc n` Atcpc. Van`n u`c ecpceafcf fnimgan`fc fn 58 tm`ngcfcs pmr fc y u`c ecpceafcf fn prmfueea` fn cgemdmgfn 888 gatrms fn iang pmr fc. Ua juèam`crc c ecpceafcfpgn`c, gc jlraec rnqunrarc cprmxaicfcin`tn 338 dnetrncs fn pgc`tceam`ns(csuian`fm rn`faian`tms prminfams fn :> tm`ngcfcs fn ecc pmr dnetrnc).


100/164

388

Gc emmpnrctavc aàea ng prmynetm n` ng 8 smeams prm-fuetmrns, pgcàec`fm rnspm`fnr c gc fnic`fc tmtcg fn ictnrac praic fn gc

jlraec, em`traluyn`fm ecfc smeam em` infac m dcstc u`c dnetrnc. Ua` ni-

lcrbm, pmr gms iuy cgtms rn`faian`tms mltnàfms (icymr c 388 tm`ngcfcspmr dnetrnc) gc ecpceafcf fn imgan`fc jun a`cfneucfc y iuedc ecc `m sngmbr prmenscr y gms smeams tuvanrm` qun lusecr inrecfms is cgnocfms yin`ms rn`tclgn. Nstc jcgtc fn emmrfa`cea` dazm qun gms smeams pnrfanrcèm`c`zc n` ng prmynetm y iuedms dc` fnocfm fn rn`mvcr sus eugtavms fn

ecc. Xmr nstn imtavm, gc jlraec dc trclcocfm pmr fnlcom fn su ecpceafcf,prmensc`fm smgm 68 dnetrncs fn ecc n` ng


101/164


Gcs a`fustracs cgemdmgnrcs n` Eccbucz y Ecczcp sn fajnrnèac` fn gcs a`-fustracs fn pnqunc nsecgc y fn tapm crtnsc`cg qun prnfmia`c` n` Cgtm Xc-rc` n Atcpc. N` nstms fnpcrtcin`tms gc pmec prmfueea` fn ecc fn cz-ecr sn prmensc n` czecr a`tnbrcg m iang fn ecc pcrc ng inrecfm gmecg. NÈcczcp y Eccbucz nstms tapms fn jlraecs nxastn` junrc fn gcs zm`cs fn a`-unèac fn gcs jlraecs is brc`fns inèam`cfcs crralc.

Ua` iuedc vcracea`, nstcs a`fustracs dc` safm a`stcgcfcs pmr emiats m csm-eaceam`ns fn prmfuetmrns fn`trm fng icrem fn cgb` prmynetm fn u` n`tnplgaemis emiìn`tn ng ICB, gc Bmlnr`cea`, gc iuàeapcgafcfem` `cèacian`tm fn gms rmycgtans fn gcs rnprnscs Qceyrnt m Atcap m fn cg-b` n`tn fn emmpnrcea` a`tnr`ceam`cg fn fnscrrmggm.

Xmr gm bn`nrcg, nstcs jlraecs eun`tc` em` u`c ecpceafcf fn imgan`fc y fnprmenscian`tm iuedm is rnfueafm qun gcs jlraecs a`fustracgns inèam-`cfcs crralc. Xmr nonipgm, u`c jlraec fn czecr a`tnbrcg (`m erastcgazcfc)ulaecfc n` Bn`nrcg Fngbcfm (Atcpc), snb` u` rnprnsn`tc`tn fng emiat

fn prmfuetmrns, sn a`stcg n` ng


102/164


38 tm`ngcfcs fn ecc fn czecr/dnetrnc : dnetncs pm smeam518 Vm`ngcfcs fn ecc fn czecr

Bs. 3.:88.888 + Bs.3>.888.888Bs. 58.:88.888

Bs. 58.:88.888 3< insnsBs. >8.888

\n`faian`tmNtn`sa` fn pc`tcea`

Zmguin` fn Xrmfueea` cùcg

Xrneam fn ecc fn czecrZmguin` fn Xrmfueea` cùcgA`brnsm cbremgc lrutm cùcg

A`brnsm cbremgc lrutm cùcgEmstms fn prmfueea` fn : dnetrncs fn eccA`brnsm cbremgc `ntm cùcg

A`brnsm cbremgc `ntm cùcgA`brnsms `ntms cùcgns pmr smeam fn gc jlraecA`brnsms `ntms cùcgns tmtcgns pmr smeam

A`brnsms `ntms cùcgns tmtcgns pmr smeam

A`brnsm in`sucg pmr smeam


103/164


Ua` nilcrbm, n` gc icymrc fn gms gmecgns fm`fn sn dc` dnedm nstn tapm fn a`-vnrsam`ns n` a`stcgceam`ns fn prmenscian`tm, gcs jlraecs m ggnbc` c su pgn`cecpceafcf y n` iuedms ecsms sn nèun`trc` sa` juèam`cian`tm. Xm`nr nìcredc nstn tapm fn jlraec c su ixaic neanèac rnquanrn ecpceafcfns cf-iaàstrctavcs m bnrnèacgns qun nsecsnc` fn`trm fn gms emiats fn pnqunmsprmfuetmrns, cfnis fn u` im`tm fn ecpatcg fn trclcom qun qunfc junrc fngcgecèn fn gms smeams fn u` emiat.

N` prainr gubcr, ng juèam`cian`tm nean`tn fn gc jlraec rnquanrn u` suia-àstrm em`taùm qun à smlrnpcsn à sn ulaqun iuy pmr fnlcom fn gc ecpcea-fcf fn prmenscian`tm fn gc jlraec. C su vnz, nstm rnquanrn u`c pgcàeceaèmmrfa`cfc fng prmensm fn sanilrc, emsnedc, y n`trnbc fn ecc fn czecr n`-trn gms prmfuetmrns smeams. @m mlstc`tn, n` ng ecsm fn gc jlraec fn Bn`nrcgFngbcfm, ng emiat ernea fn 38 c 388 smeams n` u` cm, ecfc smeam em` in-fac m dcstc u`c dnetrnc. Nggm jun fnlafm c gc nxpnetctavc qun bn`nr gc cpnr-turc fn gc jlraec y pmr gms aèn`tavms c gc sanilrc fn ecc fn czecr qun ngICB nstclc prmvnyn`fm n` nsn imin`tm. Ns cs qun gc ictnrac praic su-pnrclc gc ecpceafcf fn prmenscian`tm fn gc jlraec.

N` snbu`fm gubcr, gc jcgtc fn ecpatcg mpnrctavm emipgaec c` is ng juèam-`cian`tm nean`tn fn gc jlraec. Gms emstms fn gms emsnedcfmrns y fn gc eccfn czecr, fn gms mpnrcrams fn gc jlraec, fn gc n`nrbc ngetraec, y fn gc gnc,

prneasc` fn u` pcbm n` jmric em`taùc. Ua` nilcrbm, gc jlraec bn`nrc a`-brnsms smgcin`tn gunbm fn emipgntcr gc vn`tc fng czecr. Vnraecin`tn, ns-tms emstms sn pmfrc` pcbcr em` erfatms. @m mlstc`tn, gms smeams fng emiatsm` rnceams c crransbcr sus lan`ns pnrsm`cgns, y, sa` u`c lun`c cfiaàstrcea`fn gcs eun`tcs y fn gc prmfueea`, ns prmlclgn qun gc jlraec m snc suean`-

tnin`tn rn`tclgn pcrc rnnilmgscr gms erfatms y fnocr bc`cèacs c gms smeams.


104/164


386

Xmr jcgtc fn nstn tapm fn cfiaàstrcea` fn eun`tcs, gc jlraec fnom fn juèam-`cr furc`tn fms cms. Iuedms smeams sn rntarcrm` fng emiat pmr fnsagusa`,y sn dc pnrfafm :8% fn gcs pgc`tceam`ns fn ecc fn czecr. Umgm rnstc` 68dnetrncs fn ecc fn czecr y 38 smeams, y gc jlraec juèam`c pmr fnlcom fn

su yc rnfueafc ecpceafcf. N` ng ) jlraecs fn iang. Ecczcp tan`n u`c em`-

en`trcea` fn ùnvn jlraecs cgemdmgnrcs n` ng fastratm fn Qnbrms, fm`fn vc-rams prmvnnfmrns fn ECXCUC nst` ulaecfms. Ns aipmrtc`tn fnstcecr qunnstms fctms punfn` aèguar jlraecs qun fnocrm` fn mpnrcr pmr gcs rczm`ns yceatcfcs. Fng iasim imfm, pmfrc` nxeguarsn jlraecs qun fnocrm` fn mpnrcrc`tns fng en`sm nemìaem fng


105/164


E^CF\M 51.EM@VNM FN JL\AECU FN X\MENUCIAN@VM FN ECC FN C_EC\N@ AVCXC

AVCXC FBNNE FBNNEID IDID

Cgtm Znr Ecpat` Inzc Ecrgms M. Gpnz E`ng. Lmbcfm

Nfngarc Nècr`cea` Brcg. Fngbcfm Dmdn`cu Atcpc Xmty Onss

@ctcgam Mlgabcfm Xarcp Uc` Ouc` fng Xcrc` Qctytcy Vmtcg

--3-

--3--------% fn gcs nxpmrtceam`nsbgmlcgns (^@ Emitrcfn, 8,8:5,:

>5,>3>,:388

Vcagc`fac^à` NurmpncEda`cNstcfms ^àfmsA`fm`nsacA`facXcrcbucyMtrms pcsnsVmtcg

Jun`tn? ^@ Emitcfn, iaggm`ns fn tm-`ngcfcs n` ng pnramfm


122/164


3


123/164

E^CF\M 62.NTXM\VCEAM@NU XC\CB^CQCU FN CGIAF@ FN IC@FAMEC XM\ FNUVA@M ,65.>>,,38

64,334,:

1,82,8>,86,:8,58,58,,8 38,8

8,>

8,>

3,>

1,5

58,6

55,5

,8 ,8,8 58,8

Fn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



In`ms 3 Dc.

Jun`tn? EC@, 8,6

8,,8 ,8,8 58,8

Fn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 Dc.

Fn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



In`ms 3 Dc.


128/164

3,8 38,8

8,:

3,:

5,5

36,5.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 Dc.


Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.Fn 38 c in`ms fn c in`ms fn 38 Dc.


In`ms 3 Dc.

Jun`tn? EC@, 88 c in`ms fn 3.888 Dc.

Fn 88 Dc


Fn 8 Dc.



In`ms 3 Dc.


129/164


Gc emipntatavafcf rngctavc fn gms pnqunms prmfuetmrns sn rnnoc tcila`

n` gms rn`faian`tms prminfams fn gc ic`famec. Ua lan` gms rn`faian`tms fnpnquncs y infac`cs ècs sm` a`jnramrns c gms rn`faian`tms fn gcs ècsiuy brc`fns (icymr c >88 dnetrncs) `m nxastn u`c junrtn rngcea` n`trn ngtcicm fn èc y gms rn`faian`tms fn nstn rulrm (Eucfrm 64).

E^CF\M 64.\N@FAIAN@VMU FN IC@FAMEC XM\ VCICM FN JA@EC (V@/DC)

38,4

33,435,835,:35,>35,335,435,23:,2,2

33,835,8

36,>

35,136,336,,63>,435,,:3>,23>,>3>,:3:,434,636,631,334,5,2

35,4

35,>35,135,436,636,236,:38,132,,41,8

32,835,1

35,:

35,436,>36,436,635,236,63:,633,13:,>

3:, dcFn > c in`ms fn 38 dcFn 38 c in`ms fn 8 c in`ms fn 388 dcFn 388 c in`ms fn 88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn

38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcVmtcg


Jun`tn? EC@,


130/164


358

y 31,5 tm`ngcfcs pmr dnetrnc rnspnetavcin`tn), jun icymr cg prminfam a`-tnr`ceam`cg fn 38,4 tm`ngcfcs pmr dnetrnc n abucg c gms rn`faian`tms fn g-fnrns n` vmguin` fn prmfueea` fn ic`famec emim Lrcsag y @abnrac, eu-yms rn`faian`tms prminfams junrm` fn 36,8 y 3 tm`ngcfcs pmr dnetrncn` nstn pnramfm (JCMUVCV,


131/164


Nstm rnnoc ng nstctus fn gc ic`famec emim u` rulrm fn em`suim y su ns-ecsm fnscrrmggm emim rulrm pcrc usm a`fustracg. Gcs pmecs jlraecs a`fus-tracgns `m dc` fnscrrmggcfm c` prmbrcics pnric`n`tns fn nxtn`sa` ycsastnèac c sus prmfuetmrns. N` cgbu`ms ecsms dc` pcrtaeapcfm fn prmyne-tms fn M@Bs y fn a`statueam`ns fn emmpnrcea` a`tnr`ceam`cg, a`tn`tc`-fm fnscrrmggcr u`c jun`tn fn ictnrac praic sa` a`vnrtar rneursms prmpams.Ns is, gms rneursms duic`ms y `cèanrms fn gc Farneea` fn Nxtn`sa`

Cbremgc y Bc`cfnrc (FNCB) fng ICB `m pnriatn u`c cipgac emlnrturcfn gms prmfuetmrns fn ic`famec35. Cfnis, nstms fctms `m ecpturc` gc ec-gafcf fn gc csastnèac teàec y gms snrvaeams fn erfatm mjrneafms.

Gms prmfuetmrns n`trnvastcfms a`faecrm` qun gc csastnèac teàec em`sas-tn pmr gm bn`nrcg n` pnrafaecs edcrgcs tnraecs. Gms iasims icànstc`

su `nensafcf fn csastnèac is a`favafucgazcfc y cpgaecfc y fn vasatcs c susècs pcrc ng snbuaian`tm fn gc prmfueea`. Abucgin`tn, a`faecrm` qun gmspgczms y im`tms fn erfatms prnjnrnèacgns sm` iuy emrtms y lcoms pcrc a`-

vnrtar n` gc inomrc fn gc prmfueea` y qun gms ransbms fn pnrfnr su tanrrcsm` fnicsacfms cgtms pcrc rneurrar c `cèanrcs pravcfcs.

N` euc`tm c gc csmeactavafcf, ng pmren`tcon fn prmfuetmrns mrbcàzcfms snnèun`trc tcila` iuy pmr fnlcom fng àvng n` gc ecfn`c fn ecc fn cz-ecr, rnnoc`fm tc`tm ng pmem cgecèn fng sastnic fn nxtn`sa` cbrcrac emim

gc pmec emmrfa`cea` nxpgeatc qun nxastn n`trn gcs a`fustracs ùnvcs y gmsprmfuetmrns fn ic`famec.

35 Ns jcetaln qun nstcs bucs dcc` inmcfm fuc`tn n pnamfm fn bmlan`m n`tn


132/164


3588 dcFn >88 c in`ms fn 3.888 dcFn 3.888 c in`ms fn >.888 dcFn >.888 c in`ms fn 38.888 dcFn 38.888 y is dcEc`tafcf tmtcg fn j`ecs



Jun`tn? EC@,


134/164


356

Ng àvng fn fnscrrmggm aèapan`tn fn gc a`vnrsa` n` jlraecs a`fustracgns fncgiaf` n` Xcrcbucy nxpgaec ng cgtm brcfm fn emèn`trcea` fn gc ecpceafcffn prmenscian`tm? dcy sgm snas niprnscs cetavcs n` gms fnpcrtcin`tms sn-gneeam`cfms pcrc nstn nstufam y sgm fanz pgc`tcs fn prmenscian`tm n` tmfmng pcs. Fms niprnscs emèn`trc` is fng :8% fn gc ecpceafcf fn prmen-scian`tm fn`trm fng pcs (Eucfrm >8). Nstcs pgc`tcs fn prmenscian`tm ns-t` ulaecfcs n` fajnrn`tns rnbam`ns bnmbrecs, prmlclgnin`tn fnlafm c

sus a`tn`tms fngalnrcfms pcrc nvatcr emipntar em` mtrcs a`stcgceam`ns pcrc ngclcstneaian`tm fn ictnrac praic. Nstm sabàec qun ecfc jlraec pmsnn uìm`mpsmàm gmecg smlrn ng inrecfm fn gc ic`famec emim ictnrac praicpcrc gc prmfueea` fn cgiaf`.

Gc satucea` ns pcrneafc c gc fn iuedms prmfuetmrns fn ecc fn czecr, qun

pmr ng emstm fng ntn punfn` vn`fnr c u` smgm a`bnàm. Ua` nilcrbm, dcyfms jcetmrns qun iatabc` nstc nstrueturc fn im`mpsmàm n` ng ecsm fn gcic`famec c fajnrnèac fng ecsm fn czecr. N` prainr gubcr, gms cbraeugtmrnspnqunms tan`n` ceensm cg inrecfm fmistaem fn ic`famec jrnsec emimu`c scgafc fn inrecfm. N` em`trcstn, gc ecc fn czecr `m tan`n u` inrec-fm jrnsem, y u`c vnz qun gms prmfuetmrns dcyc` pgc`tcfm ecc fn czecr

sn vn` mlgabcfms c vn`fnr c gcs a`fustracs enrec`cs, dcstc lcom em`faeam`nspmem rn`tclgns.

N` snbu`fm gubcr, gms prmfuetmrns fn ic`famec punfn` vn`fnr c gcs a`fus-tracs crtnsc`cgns qun pcrnen` meupcr u` snbin`tm fn inrecfm fajnrnèac-fm c gms prmenscfmrns a`fustracgns. Cetucgin`tn, `m nxastn` fctms smlrn gcecpceafcf a`fustracg fn gms ean`tms fn prmenscfmrns fn cgiaf` c pnquncnsecgc qun sm` cetavms c trcvs fng pcs, m fn su pcrtaeapcea` n` ng inrecfm

`ceam`cg fn cgiaf` fn ic`famec.


135/164

Nstms jcetmrns dc` emipgaecfm gc tcrnc fn fnscrrmggcr jun`tns cfneucfcs yprnfnealgns fn ictnrac praic pcrc gcs ùnvcs jlraecs fn nsecgc a`fustracg.N` gc icymrc fn gms ecsms gcs a`fustracs sm` rnceacs c a`vnrtar n` ng fnsc-rrmggm m gcs inomrcs prmfuetavcs fn sus prmvnnfmrns, pmr tnimr fn qun nginrecfm fn ic`famec jrnsec u mtrc a`fustrac sn ggnvn` ng ln`neam fn nscsa`vnrsam`ns. Gms prmfuetmrns, sa`tan`fm qun gcs jlraecs cprmvnedc` su pm-saea` emim ng emiprcfmr is brc`fn fn su zm`c, lusec` `m ctcrsn c u`smgm emiprcfmr sa`m vn`fnr su prmfuetm cg inomr pmstmr.

Gcs jlraecs EMFAXUC y CGIAUC icàjnstcrm` cgtms àvngns fn ecpcea-fcf meamsc furc`tn gms gtaims cms. N` ng


136/164


35:

Xcrc a`vnstabcr gc ecpceafcf nxastn`tn fn prmenscian`tm crtnsc`cg, sn dc ceu-fafm c fms jun`tns cfaeam`cgns c gms nstufams fn ^UCAF (8.X\A@EAXCGNU JL\AECU FN CGIAF@ FN IC@FAMEC N@ GMUFNXC\VCIN@VMU UNGNEEAM@CFMU

JL\AEC XC\VAEAXCEA@ FN GCNIX\NUC N@ NG VMVCG FNECXCEAFCF A@F^UV\ACG@CEAM@CG (%)

ECXCEAFCF FNNTV\CEEA@ FNCGIAF@(V@/CM)

ECXCEAFCF FNIMGAN@FC(V@/FC)

FNXC\VC-IN@VM

Emfapsc AEmfapsc AACgiascCgiascCgiasurJnpcsc36


137/164


Jun`tns? ID, FBNNE, 3.JL\AECU FN CGIAF@ N@ CGVM XC\C@

FNXC\VC-IN@VM

FBNNENGCLM\CEA@ FNCGIAFM@NU Q X\MFÊVMUFN\AZCFMU FNG CGIAF@

ID

NGCLM\CEA@ FNCGIAFM@NU FN IC_,C\\M_, IC@FAMEC QFN MV\CU ICVN\ACU

ZNBNVCGNU

FAUV\AVM

Cgtm Xcrc`

Vmtcg

4

--3-

----3

Eaufcf fng NstnDnr`c`fcracsOuc` N. MgncryOuc` G. Icggmrqu`

Ia`bc XmrcXunrtm Xtn. JrcèmUc` CglnrtmUc`tc \atc

Gc aipmrtcèac fng prmenscian`tm crtnsc`cg sn mlsnrvc nspneacgin`tn c à-vng fnpcrtcin`tcg (Eucfrms >3 cg >6). Xmr nonipgm, ng nstufam fn ÛCAFy Xcrcbucy Zn`fn, a`stcgceam`ns.


138/164


354

E^CF\M >5.JL\AECU FN CGIAF@ N@ ECC_CX

Jun`tns? ID, FBNNE,


139/164


Gc icymr pcrtn fn nstcs jlraecs pnrtn`nen` c emiats fn cbraeugtmrns. Uusmrbn`ns sm` c`gmbms c gcs pnquncs jlraecs fn czecr y fn iang yc in`-eam`cfcs. Bn`nrcgin`tn junrm` a`stcgcfcs em` jm`fms fng snetmr plgaem,

fn`trm fng icrem fn cgb` prmynetm fn fnscrrmggm. Uus ecpceafcfns fn prm-enscian`tm sm` rnfueafcs y gc tne`mgmbc qun utagazc` pcrc gc nxtrceea` y ngsnecfm fng cgiaf` fn ic`famec ns fn tapm crtnsc`cg. Eim jun ng ecsm em`gcs pnquncs jlraecs fn czecr, nstcs jlraecs trclcoc` em` junrtns gaiatceam-`ns fn ecpatcg mpnrctavm.

^` emiat fn 33 ianilrms n`trnvastcfm n` Eccbucz pmsnn u`c jlra-ec em` u`c ecpceafcf fn imgan`fc fn 2 tm`ngcfcs fn ic`famec facracqun rneala emim fm`cea` fn u` prmynetm fng ICB pmr u` vcgmr fnBs.:8.888.888. Ua` nilcrbm, pmrqun smgm fms fn gms trns trc`sjmricfm-rns fn n`nrbc ngetraec juèam`c`, ggnbc` c prmenscr smgcin`tn > tm`ngcfcspmr fc. Nstm ra`fn cprmxaicfcin`tn 8,1> tm`ngcfcs fn cgiaf` pmr fc.

Jun`tns? ID, FBNNE, 6.JL\AECU FN CGIAF@ N@ AVCXC

FNXC\VC-

IN@VM

FBNNENGCLM\CEA@ FN

CGIAFM@NU Q X\MFÊVMUFN\AZCFMU FNG CGIAF@

IDNGCLM\CEA@ FN

CGIAFM@NU FN IC_,C\\M_, IC@FAMEC QFN MV\CU ICVN\ACU

ZNBNVCGNU

FAUV\AVM

Atcpc

Vmtcg

-335 tm`n-gcfcs fn ic`famec pmr dnetrnc, m trns dnetrncs pmr smeam n` u` emiat fn33 ianilrms. Ua` nilcrbm, pmr jcgtc fn ecpatcg mpnrctavm (pcrc emsnedcr gcic`famec y pcrc dcenr juèam`cr gc jlraec) 4 fn gms smeams fnocrm` fn pcrta-eapcr n` ng prmynetm fn cgiaf`. Gms trns smeams qun pnric`neanrm` pmsnn`6 dnetrncs fn pgc`tceam`ns fn ic`famec y fnln` cfquarar ng rnstm fng vmgu-in` qun prmensc` fn tnrenrms.

Gms prmfuetmrns ecgeugc` sus emstms pmr tm`ngcfc fn ic`famec (pmrqun ngprneam fng cgiaf` vcrc em` ng emstm fn gc ic`famec), y snb` gms fctms prm-

vnfms, nstcs cetavafcfns bn`nrc` u`c rn`tc `ntc cùcg fn Bs.354.>88.888pcrc ng emiat (Eucfrms >> y >:). Ua nstms a`brnsms junsn` favafafms n` pcrtnsabucgns n`trn gms trns smeams, nquavcgfrc c u` a`brnsm in`sucg fn Bs.5.462..EMUVM FN X\MFÊEA@ FN CGIAF@ N@ ^@C JL\AEC C\VNUC@CGXM\ VM@NGCFC FN IC@FAMEC

FNUE\AXEA@ IM@VM

Bs.688.888Bs.68.888Bs.


141/164


Emim n` ng ecsm fn gcs a`fustracs crtnsc`cgns fn czecr, nstn tapm fn niprn`-faian`tm `m tan`n ecpceafcf fn a`tnbrcr iuedms prmfuetmrns m iuedm vm-guin` fn prmfueea` n` su ecfn`c fn suiaàstrm. N` nstn ecsm bn`nrc u`

a`brnsm nstclgn pcrc trns prmfuetmrns y sus em`trctcfms. Ns aipmrtc`tn fns-tcecr qun nstms prmfuetmrns eatcrm` gc pmlrnzc fn sus sungms emim u`c lc-rrnrc pcrc cuin`tcr su prmfueea`. Ua` nilcrbm `m utagazc` gcs bc`cèacsfn gc jlraec pcrc a`vnrtar n` a`suims (mrbàems m sa`ttaems) pcrc gc rneu-pnrcea` fn gc jnrtagafcf fn su tanrrc. Fng iasim imfm, icàjnstcrm` gc `n-ensafcf fn a`vnrsam`ns pcrc inomrcr gc prmfuetavafcf fn gc jlraec emim ngtrc`sjmricfmr, u` bcgp` y u` ta`bgcfm. @m utagazc` gcs bc`cèacs fn gc j-lraec pcrc nstcs a`vnrsam`ns, sa`m lusec` jm`fms sulsafacfms m fm`cfms pmr

prmynetms. Ns fnear, sa lan` nstcs a`stcgceam`ns bn`nrc` a`brnsms sulstcèac-gns pcrc u` brupm pnqunm (n` nstn ecsm is fng fmlgn fng sungfm iàim`ceam`cg), ng juèam`cian`tm y gc inomrc fn nstcs jlraecs fnpn`fn fng ceen-sm c jun`tns fn ecpatcg fn a`vnrsa` sulsafacfc.

Jun`tn? Ngclmrcea` prmpac

E^CF\M >:.A@B\NUMU @NVMU C@^CGNU FN ^@C JL\AEC C\VNUC@CG FN CGIAF@

FNUE\AXEA@ EC@VAFCFNU

318 kb fn cgiaf` Bs. 6.888 /kb ciaf`Bs. 2:8.888

Bs.2:8.888- Bs. 645.888Bs. 88.888

\n`faian`tm a`fustracg pmr t` fn ic`famecXrneam fn vn`tcA`brnsm lrutm

A`brnsm lrutmEmstms fn prmfueeaÀ`brnsm `ntm pmr t` fn ic`famec

A`brnsm `ntm pmr t` fn ic`famec

Ecpceafcf cùcg fn prmenscian`tm fn gc jlraecA`brnsm `ntm cùcg fn gc jlraec


142/164


368%), nxastn u`c mjnrtc pmtnèacgin`tn brc`fnfn ictnrac praic pcrc nstcs a`fustracs qun sn pmfrc nxpc`far cgtnr`ctavc-in`tn? a) fnravc`fm ic`famec fng inrecfm fn prmfuetms jrnsems, aa) cu-in`tc`fm gms rn`faian`tms fn gms prmvnnfmrns fn ic`famec nxastn`tns, y,

sa junrc `nenscram, aaa) cuin`tc`fm fn gc ec`tafcf fn gcs tanrrcs fnsta`cfcscg eugtavm fn ic`famec.Fn tcg imfm, gc lcrrnrc praèapcg pcrc ng erneaian`tm y ng fnscrrmggm fn gc a`-fustrac pcrnen snr gc emmrfa`cea` fng suiaàstrm fn u` brc` ìnrm fn pn-qunms cbraeugtmrns y gc fnic`fc fn u` pnqunm ìnrm fn a`fustracs fntrc`sjmricea`. Gc nstrueturc fn gc a`fustrac fnseratc bn`nrc aèn`tavms fa-

vnrbn`tns pcrc gms prmenscfmrns y gms cbraeugtmrns.

N` prainr gubcr, gcs a`fustracs fn trc`sjmricea` dc` a`vnrtafm u` im`tmngnvcfm fn ecpatcg om n` nquapm fn prmenscian`tm. Xmr nonipgm, n`


143/164


pgc`tc fn prmenscian`tm fn ic`famec em` nquapcian`tm nurmpnm em` ecpc-eafcf fn prmenscian`tm fn 488 tm`ngcfcs fn ic`famec facracs n` ng fnpcrtc-in`tm fn Uc` Xnfrm. Fnlafm cg cgtm emstm fn a`vnrsa` oc, gc rn`tclagafcf fnnstcs a`fustracs rnquanrn gc utagazcea` em`stc`tn fn ecsa ng 388% fn gc ecpcea-fcf fn prmenscian`tm furc`tn gc icymr pcrtn fng cm . Nstm c su vnz rnquan-rn u` uom em`stc`tn y prnfnealgn fn ictnrac praic fn cgtc ecgafcf. Cg iasim

ta

CADENAS DE VALOR Y PEQUEÑA PRODUCCION AGRICOLA EN EL PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

Documents

Transcript of CADENAS DE VALOR Y PEQUEÑA PRODUCCION AGRICOLA EN EL PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI