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HANDBOOK OFANDROLOGY

Second Edition

The American Society of Andrology

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Copyright March 2010, by The American Society of AndrologyPrinted by Allen Press, Inc.; 1041 New Hampshire Street, Lawrence, KS 66044

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Handbook of Andrology List of Contributors

VI

Richard J. Sherins, M.D.*

Columbia Fertility Associates

2440 M Street North West, # 401Washington, DC 20037

USA

David W. Silversides, Ph.D.

Department of Veterinary

BiomedicineUniversity of Montreal

St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6

Canada

Niels E. Skakkebk, M.D.

Rigshospitalet, Department of

Growth & Reproduction

GR 5064, Blegdamsvej 9

DK-2100 Copenhagen

Denmark

Ronald S. Swerdloff, M.D.*

Division of Endocrinology

Department of Medicine

Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

and Los Angeles Biomedical

Research Center

1000 W. Carson Street

Torrance, CA 90509

USA

J. Lisa Tenover, M.D., Ph.D.*

Division of Geriatric Medicine

Wesley Woods Health Center

1841 Clifton Road NE

Atlanta, GA 30329-5102

USA

I.M. Thompson, M.D.

Department of Urology

The University of Texas Health

Science Ctr at San Antonio

7703 Floyd Curl Drive

San Antonio, TX 78229

USA

Jacquetta M. Trasler, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Pediatrics

McGill University, MCH MUHC-RI2300 rue Tupper

Montral, QC H3H 1P3

Canada

Robert S. Viger, Ph.D.

Laval University

Dept. of Ob/Gyn2705 Laurier boulevard, T1-49

Centre de recherche CHUQ-CHUL

Quebec, QC G1V 4G2

Canada

Thomas J. Walsh, M.D.

Department of Urology

University of Washington School

of Medicine

1959 NE Pacific Street, # Bb667

Seattle, WA 98195-0001

USA

Christina Wang, M.D.*

Division of Endocrinology

Department of Medicine

Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and

Los Angeles Biomedical

Research Center

1000 W. Carson Street

Torrance, CA 90509USA

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Handbook of Andrology List of Contributors

VII

Selma F. Witchel, M.D.

Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh

Division of EndocrinologyPittsburgh, PA 15213

USA

William W. Wright, Ph.D.

Division of Reproductive Biology

Department of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology

Bloomberg School of Public Health

Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD 21205

USA

Barry R. Zirkin, Ph.D.*

Division of Reproductive Biology

Department of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology

Bloomberg School of Public Health

Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD 21205

USA

*Past President, American Society of Andrology

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X

Handbook of Andrology

Contents

PREFACE

B. Robaire and P. Chan

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

FOREWORD

P. Troen

1. What are the components of the male reproductive system?

CNS, pituitary, testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, scrotum,

penis

K.P. Roberts

2. What is the relationship among the various endocrine components

of the male reproductive system?

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis, feedback loops

R. Swerdloff

3. How are communication signals read in the male reproductive

system?

Receptors for gonadotropins and androgens

I. Huhtaniemi

4. What compounds mediate communication within the testis? Where

and how are male-associated hormones produced?Integration of the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis

B.R. Zirkin

5. How is the synthesis of testosterone regulated?

V. Papadopoulos

6. How are germ cells produced and what factors control their

production?

M. Nagano

7. What unique chromosomal events lead to the formation of a

haploid male germ cell?

M.A. Handel

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XI

8. How is the production of spermatozoa regulated?

Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis: role of androgens

and FSHR.I. McLachlan

9. Are there epigenetic events associated with male germ cell

formation? What is the role of genomic imprinting in male germ

cells?

Imprinting, DNA methylation

J.M. Trasler

10. What does the epididymis do and how does it do it?

B.T. Hinton

11. What is the prostate and what are its functions?

G.S. Prins

12. How does semen analysis assist in understanding the reproductive

status of the male?

C. Wang

13. How is sperm chromatin structure assessed? What is the value of

doing such assessments?

Range of methods that assess sperm chromatin quality

B. Robaire

14. What is sperm banking? When and how is it (or should it be) used

in humans? Animals?

Sperm banking, consequences of its use in animal and clinicalpractice

S.A. Rothmann

15. How does the sperm make its way to the egg and how does

fertilization take place?

Capacitation, acrosome exocytosis, steps of sperm-egg interaction,

egg activation

J.P. Evans and J.L. Bailey

16. What determines maleness?

Sex determination, testis formation and the development of the male

phenotype

D.W. Silversides and R.S. Viger

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Handbook of Andrology Contents

!"#

37. Should there be hormone replacement therapy for aging men?

J.L. Tenover

38. What is the importance of psychosocial issues, counseling and

psychotherapy in andrology?

N. Hunt and S. McHale

39. What is BPH?

K.T. McVary

40. Are some men more susceptible to prostate cancer than others

and why? What are the treatments and their effectiveness? What

are the possibilities for improvements in therapy?

D.J. Parekh and I.M. Thompson

41. What is the risk of testosterone therapy after prostate cancer?A. Morgentaler

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Handbook of Andrology What are the assisted reproductive technologies for male

infertility?

21-3

routinely treated using IVF/ICSI who would not have naturally fathered children

before. Many doctors believe that specific treatment of male abnormalities

make these advanced reproductive treatments unnecessary, because naturalpregnancy can occur if improved sperm production can be obtained. ICSI has

allowed new groups of men to be treated, including men who require sperm

retrieval because of a lack of sperm in the ejaculate. The outcomes of these

treatments continue to be studied.

Suggested reading

Alukal JP, Lamb DJ. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)--what are the

risks? Urol Clin North Am. 2008; 35: 277-88,

Neri QV, Takeuchi T, Palermo GD. An update of assisted reproductive

technologies results in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008; 1127:

41-8.Nyboe Andersen A, Carlsen E, Loft A. Trends in the use of intracytoplasmatic

sperm injection marked variability between countries. Hum Reprod

Update. 2008; 14: 593-604.

Sarkar NN. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: an assisted reproductive

technique and its outcome to overcome infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol.

2007; 27: 347-53.

Schlegel PN. Nonobstructive azoospermia: A revolutionary surgical approach

and results. Semin Reprod Med. 2009; 27: 165-70.

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Handbook of Andrology What are the effects of environmental toxicants and/or

endocrine disruptors on sperm function?

28-5

short history on occupational and environmental exposures and advise their

patients to avoid exposures to known toxicants such as cigarette smoke,

solvents and pesticides.

Suggested reading

Aitken JR, Baker MA. Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control.

Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006; 250: 66-9.

Hotchkiss AK, Rider CV, Blystone CR, Wilson VS, Hartig PC, Ankley GT,

Foster PM, Gray CL, Gray LE. Fifteen years after "Wingspread"--

environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health:

where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicol Sci. 2008; 105:

235-59.

Lawson CC, Schnorr TM, Daston GP, Grajewski B, Marcus M, McDiarmid M,

Murono E, Perreault SD, Schrader SM, Shelby M. An occupationalreproductive research agenda for the third millennium. Environ Health

Perspect. 2003; 111: 584-92.

Moline JM, Golden AL, Bar-Chama N, Smith E, Rauch ME, Chapin RE,

Perreault SD, Schrader SM, Suk Wa, Landrigan PJ. Exposure to

hazardous substances and male reproductive health: a research

framework. Environ Health Perspect. 2000; 108: 803-13.

Perreault SD and Cancel AM. 2001. Significance of incorporating measures

of sperm production and function into rat toxicology studies.

Reproduction. 2001; 121: 207-16.

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Handbook of Andrology Can we protect spermatogenesis against testicular insults?

30-5

Meistrich ML, Zhang Z, Porter KL, Bolden-Tiller OU, Shetty G. Prevention of

adverse effects of cancer treatment on the germline. In: Anderson D,

Brinkworth MH, eds. Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity.Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. 2007;114-23.

Geens M, Goossens E, De Block G, Ning L, Van Saen D, Tournaye H.

Autologous spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in man: current

obstacles for a future clinical application. Hum Reprod Update. 2008;

14: 121-30.

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