Apuntes de Macroeconomía
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Transcript of Apuntes de Macroeconomía
5/10/2018 Apuntes de Macroeconom a - slidepdf.com
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt q BND^D4C
BX^IVNT CBDZONDOIOCÃB
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:
VNCB 2
DOIDNXVOT P WBZ@BJANTCBDZONDOIÔC@DBT
2 FN AB C@DZONDOIOCÃB B AB CBDZONDOIOCÃB
Ni ab bt`mibv~zb fn Xz`id`x`ot fn Ndoiocãb tn lb fntbzzoaabfo na nigor~nc`dzondoiôc`do! nt fnd`z! lncot ntv~f`bfo na docxozvbc`nivo `if`w`f~ba fn aotdoit~c`foznt! fn abt ncxzntbt! fn aot cnzdbfot p fn aot xznd`ot znabv`wot Abcbdzondoiocãb! xoz na doivzbz`o! tn od~xb fna docxozvbc`nivo maojba fnat`tvncb ndoiôc`do zngankbfo ni ~i iûcnzo znf~d`fo fn wbz`bjant doco abxzof~dd`ôi vovba! o ab `iwnzt`ôi! o na ncxano o na i`wna mninzba fn xznd`ot! nv!5 t~xzoxôt`vo nt ojvninz ~ib w`t`ôi t`cxa`g`dbfb fn ab ndoiocãb xnzo r~n ba c`tcov`ncxo xnzc`vb doiodnz p bdv~bz tojzn na i`wna fn ab bd`v`w`fbf ndoiôc`db fn ~ixbãt o fn ~ib ndoiocãb fnvnzc`ibfb ,fn lndlo tn doivncxab ab ndoiocãb docot` tn xzof~knzb ~i toao j`ni)
Na fntbzzoaao fn ~ib vnozãb cbdzondoiôc`db x~nfn fnd`ztn r~n tn `id`ô b g`ibantfn aot bòot 48! ni mzbi xbzvn doco doitnd~nid`b fn ab ojzb fn Enpint ‑Ab vnozãbmninzba–) Ntvb ojzb nt ni mzbi xbzvn ~i banmbvo doivzb ab ndoiocãb daât`db Nid~bar~`nz dbto vnincot r~n fnd`z r~n ab c`dzondoiocãb p ab cbdzondoiocãbtoi fot zbcbt fn ~ib c`tcb f`td`xa`ib r~n nt ab ndoiocãb! p doco vbant tnod~xbi fn abt c`tcbt d~ntv`oint! v`nini doco `itvz~cnivo fn biâa`t`t ab ognzvb
p ab fncbifb! toao r~n ni na dbto fn ab cbdzondoiocãb tn vzbvb fn ognzvb p fncbifb bmzbmbfbt
Ab xoaãv`db cbdzondoiôc`db ntvâ `ivnmzbfb xoz ~i doik~ivo fn cnf`fbtm~jnzibcnivbant fntv`ibfbt b `iga~`z ni ab cbzdlb fn ab ndoiocãb ni t~doik~ivo Aot ojknv`wot ûav`cot fn ab xoaãv`db ndoiôc`db t~nani tnz ab `igabd`ôi!na fntncxano p na dznd`c`nivo ndoiôc`do
# Ab `igabd`ôi; Ab cbdzondoiocãb ntv~f`b abt db~tbt p dotvnt r~n t~xoinxbzb ab tod`nfbf ab `igabd`ôi! btã doco abt xot`jant toa~d`oint p abtdoitnd~nid`bt fn abt cnf`fbt b vocbz Ab vbtb fn `igabd`ôi nt ab vbtb
xozdniv~ba fn b~cnivo fn ab vbtb mninzba fn xznd`ot b ao abzmo fn ~i xnzãofofnvnzc`ibfo Tn t~nan cnf`z cnf`bivn na @XD Na @XD ao x~ja`dbcnit~bacnivn na @IN p tn nabjozb b xbzv`z fn ~i doik~ivo fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot r~n tn doit`fnzb znxzntnivbv`wo fna doit~co fn ~ib gbc`a`b cnf`bntxbòoab
@igabd`ôi 0>3 ,,@XD 0> — @XD 06) / @XD 06) + 2885
Nt ~io fn aot ãif`dnt r~n tn ~v`a`{b xbzb dbad~abz na i`wna mninzba fn xznd`ot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
4
# Na fntncxano; Ab cbdzondoiocãb ntv~f`b cnf`fbt xbzb znf~d`z ab vbtb fnfntncxano
p abt db~tbt fna fntncxano! bfncât fn aot dotvnt tod`bant p xnztoibanttojzn aot
`if`w`f~ot bgndvbfot5 na fntncxano t~xoin ~i fntx`agbzzo fn znd~ztot Ab
vbtb fnfntncxano nt na xozdnivbkn fn ab xojabd`ôi bdv`wb r~n io v`nin ncxano p ntvâ j~tdbifo vzbjbko
# Na dznd`c`nivo; Tn vzbvb fn j~tdbz abt db~tbt fna dznd`c`nivo fn abxzof~dd`ôi! r~nnt `cxozvbivn xozr~n mninzb ncxano p j`nintvbz mninzba fn aot `if`w`f~ot
Ab vbtbfn dznd`c`nivo nt ab vbtb xozdniv~ba fn b~cnivo fna doik~ivo vovba fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot xzof~d`fot xoz ~ib ndoiocãb ,XIJ znba) b ao abzmo fn ~i xnzãofo fnv`ncxo
Vbtb fn dznd`c`nivoZnba fn 200> 3 ,,XIJ znba 0> — XIJ znba 06) / XIJ znba 06) + 2885
Vbcj`ài znd`jni ntxnd`ba bvnid`ôi xoz xbzvn fn abt b~voz`fbfnt ndoiôc`dbt;
# Na xznt~x~ntvo xûja`do; @imzntot p mbtvot xûja`dot# Na fàg`d`v xûja`do; F`gnznid`b nivzn aot mbtvot p aot `imzntot xûja`dot# Na fàg`d`v n|vnz`oz; F`gnznid`b nivzn abt `cxozvbd`oint ,C) p abt
n|xozvbd`oint ,\)# Na v`xo fn dbcj`o; r~n tnzãb na xznd`o ni ~i`fbfnt coinvbz`bt ibd`oibant fn
~ib ~i`fbf coinvbz`b n|vzbiknzb
Ab xoaãv`db cbdzondoiôc`db tn aanwb b dbjo g~ifbcnivbacnivn b vzbwàt fnd~bvzo v`xot fn xoaãv`dbt;
# Xoaãv`db coinvbz`b# Xoaãv`db g`tdba# Xoaãv`db dbcj`bz`b; v`xot fn dbcj`o# Xoaãv`db fn ognzvb
Abt b~voz`fbfnt ndoiôc`dbt! xbzb badbi{bz aot ojknv`wot fntnbfot bdvûbi tojzn
~i doik~ivo fn wbz`bjant fnioc`ibfbt `itvz~cnivot fn xoaãv`db! r~n toi jât`dbcnivn;
# Aot v`xot `cxot`v`wot# Na mbtvo xûja`do# Ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo# Aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
6
: AB DOIVBJ@A@FBF IBD@OIBA P NA OZ@MNI FNA XZOF^DVOIBD@OIBA
Na nigor~n cbdzondoiôc`do n|`mn ab fng`i`d`ôi p ab cnf`d`ôi fn d`nzvotbmznmbfot r~n xnzc`vni ojvninz ~ib w`t`ôi maojba fn ab ndoiocãb5 ntvo ao
znba`{b ab doivbj`a`fbf ibd`oiba Ab doivbj`a`fbf ibd`oiba bfncât ogzndn ~iznm`tvzo fn abt vzbitbdd`oint znba`{bfbt nivzn aot f`tv`ivot tndvoznt r~n aanwbi bdbjo ab bdv`w`fbf ndoiôc`db fn ~i xbãt
Ab znivb o xzof~dvo ibd`oiba ,XI) c`fn na wbaoz fn vofot aot j`nint p tnzw`d`otg`ibant xzof~d`fot ni ~i bòo xoz ~ib ndoiocãb ,nt fnd`z! fntdoivbifo aot
j`nint `ivnzcnf`ot r~n tn ~v`a`{bi xbzb xzof~d`z ovzot) xoz vbivo! c`fn nag~id`oibc`nivo fna doik~ivo fn ab ndoiocãb D~bar~`nz ndoiocãb ntvâ gozcbfbxoz i~cnzotbt ~i`fbfnt `ifnxnif`nivnt! nt fnd`z! i~cnzotbt ndoiocãbtfocàtv`dbt! ncxzntbt p ozmbi`tcot p niv`fbfnt xûja`dbt T` oaw`fbcot! xozblozb! na docxozvbc`nivo fna tndvoz xûja`do! znt~avb r~n abt fnd`t`oint
doik~ivbt fn vofbt ab ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt fnvnzc`ibi na mbtvo vovba fn abndoiocãb5 c`nivzbt r~n abt fnd`t`oint fn vofbt abt ncxzntbt fnvnzc`ibi nai`wna vovba fn xzof~dd`ôi fn ab ndoiocãb
Abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt toi xzox`nvbz`bt fn aot gbdvoznt xzof~dv`wot ,v`nzzb!vzbjbko p dbx`vba) p tn aot ogzndni b abt ncxzntbt! r~n aot ~v`a`{bi xbzb xzof~d`z
j`nint p tnzw`d`ot5 doco doivzbxzntvbd`ôi xoz na ~to fn aot gbdvoznt fnxzof~dd`ôi abt ncxzntbt xbmbi b abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt ~ibt d`nzvbtdbiv`fbfnt ni gozcb fn tbabz`ot! jning`d`ot! p znivbt fn ab v`nzzb! ntvo ni t~doik~ivo tn fnioc`ib znivbt Abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt mbtvbi àtvbt znivbt ni
j`nint p tnzw`d`ot ogznd`fot p xzof~d`fot xoz abt ncxzntbt ^ib fntdz`xd`ôi
t`cxa`g`dbfb fna v`xo fn vzbitbdd`oint r~n tn znba`{bi ni ~ib ndoiocãb nt naga~ko d`zd~abz fn ab znivb
NDOIOCÃB DNZZBFB ,T@I TNDVOZ XÛJA@DO)
Docxzbt fn doit~co
J`nint p tnzw`d`ot g`ibant
Tnzw`d`ot xzof~dv`wot ,vzbjbko! dbx`vba)
Tbabz`ot ! @ivnzàt! Jning`d`ot
Ga~ko znbaGa~ko coinvbz`o
Ba znba`{bz na ntr~ncb vnincot ni d~nivb abt t`m~`nivnt t`cxa`gbd`oint;
# Tn lb oc`v`fo na tndvoz xûja`do
NDOIOCÃBTFOCÀTV@DBT
NCXZNTBT
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>
# Io tn lb doit`fnzbfo r~n vofo xbãt cbiv`nin ~ib tnz`n fn znabd`oint doi nazntvo fn xbãtnt r~n `id`fni ni na i`wna fn t~ bdv`w`fbf ndoiôc`db
# Tn lbi vni`fo nt d~nivb abt docxzbwnivbt r~n abt ncxzntbt znba`{bi b abtndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt xnzo io abt wnivbt b ovzbt ncxzntbt
Abt vznt t`cxa`g`dbd`oint doitv`v~pni k~ivbt ~ib ndoiocãb dnzzbfb t`i tndvozxûja`do
Fna ga~ko d`zd~abz fn ab znivb tn fnf~dn r~n xofncot dbad~abz ab znivb ibd`oiba oXzof~dvo Ibd`oiba ,XI) fn fot gozcbt f`tv`ivbt;
# T` na ntr~ncb tn biba`{b fntfn ab xbzvn t~xnz`oz cnf`cot na XI fntfn nax~ivo fn w`tvb fna mbtvo! pb r~n tn zndomn na wbaoz coinvbz`o vovba fn abdozz`nivn fn xzof~dvot g`ibant xzof~d`fot xoz ab ndoiocãb p docxzbfot xozabt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt
# Xoz ab xbzvn `ignz`oz ojvnincot na wbaoz fn ab znivb ibd`oiba pb r~n zndomn na
vovba fn `imzntot p znivbt znd`j`fbt xoz aot gbdvoznt xzof~dv`wot! nt fnd`z!tbabz`ot! `ivnzntnt! jning`d`ot! znivbt fn ab v`nzzb! r~n doitv`v~pni aot dotvntfn xzof~dd`ôi fn aot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot g`ibant nabjozbfot xoz ab ndoiocãb
4 AB CNF@D@ÔI FNA XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA ,XI)
Xofncot xnitbz r~n na càvofo cât f`zndvo xbzb fnvnzc`ibz na wbaoz vovba fn abxzof~dd`ôi fn ~ib ndoiocãb f~zbivn ~i xnzãofo fn v`ncxo fnvnzc`ibfo tnzãbaodba`{bz vofbt abt ncxzntbt r~n lbi xzof~d`fo bamo ni ~i bòo! dbad~abz na wbaozfn ao xzof~d`fo p t~cbz abt d`gzbt fn vofbt abt ncxzntbt Ntvn càvofo io tnx~nfn ~v`a`{bz btã xozr~n tn fbzãbi fojant doivbj`a`{bd`oint pb r~n c~dlot
xzof~dvot bvzbw`ntbi f`wnztbt nvbxbt ni na xzodnto fn xzof~dd`ôi! fn vba gozcbr~n tn wnifni wbz`bt wndnt bivnt fn aanmbz b cbiot fna ~t~bz`o g`iba
Zndozfbcot r~n na XI tn lbjãb fng`i`fo doco ab xzof~dd`ôi vovba fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot g`ibant! xoz ao r~n aot j`nint `ivnzcnf`ot tn fnjni n|da~`z
# J`nint g`ibant; Toi br~naaot r~n toi docxzbfot f~zbivn na bòo xoz t~t~t~bz`ot ûav`cot p r~n io tn ~v`a`{bi doco gbdvoznt `ivnzcnf`ot
Xoz ntvo! xbzb nw`vbz ab fojan doivbj`a`{bd`ôi tn dbad~ab na wbaoz bòbf`fo ni dbfbgbtn fn xzof~dd`ôi
# Wbaoz bòbf`fo; Nt na wbaoz fn abt wnivbt fn ~ib ncxzntb cniot na wbaoz fnabt cbvnz`bt xz`cbt p fn ovzot j`nint `ivnzcnf`ot r~n ~v`a`{bi xbzb xzof~d`zaot j`nint r~n a~nmo wnifn T` doit`fnzbcot na wbaoz bòbf`fo doco abxzof~dd`ôi fn dbfb ncxzntb! tn nw`vb ab fojan doivbj`a`{bd`ôi fna xzof~dvoibd`oiba! ntvn xzof~dvo ibd`oiba tnzâ `m~ba b ab t~cb fn aot wbaoznt bòbf`fot
jz~vot fn vofbt abt ncxzntbt
Ni d~bivo b aot j`nint fn dbx`vba! nt fnd`z! cbr~`ibz`b p ovzot j`nint fn nr~`xo!r~n toi wnif`fot xoz ncxzntbt p iozcbacnivn docxzbfot xoz ovzbt ncxzntbt!vnincot r~n vninz ni d~nivb r~n io tn `id~zzn ni fojan doivbj`a`{bd`ôi t` tn
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
7
`ida~pni f`dlbt wnivbt pb r~n aot j`nint fn dbx`vba io tn bmovbi docxanvbcnivnni ab xzof~dd`ôi! doco od~zzn doi abt cbvnz`bt xz`cbt! xoz vbivo! vofbt abt
wnivbt fn j`nint fn nr~`xo toi doit`fnzbfbt wnivbt g`ibant p xoz vbivo!doivbj`a`{bfbt ni na XI
Xoincot na doidnxvo fn wbaoz bòbf`fo p ab f`tv`id`ôi fn xzof~dvot g`ibant n`ivnzcnf`ot ni na t`m~`nivn nkncxao ,48> Codlôi)
Nvbxb fn ab ,2) Wbaoz fn ,:)Dotvn xzo ,4)Wbaozbòbf`foxzof~dd`ôi abt wnivbt `ivnzcnf`ot xvt Xvt ,2) # ,:) 3,4)
J `ivnzcnf`otVZ@MO > 8 >LBZ@IB 2> > 28
XBI ,XOZ CBPOZ) :> 2> 28
J`ni g`ibaXBI ,XOZ CNIOZ) 47 :> 22
VOVBA 47
Ab t~cb fn vofbt abt xbzv`fbt fna wbaoz bòbf`fo fn ab doa~cib vznt nt `m~ba ba wbaoz fna xzof~dvo vovba Ntvn wbaoz g`iba nt na ûi`do r~n lbp r~n vninz ni d~nivbxbzb dbad~abz na XI
b) XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA IOC@IBA P XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA ZNBA
Xbzb biba`{bz fn gozcb bfnd~bfb ab nwoa~d`ôi fn ab bdv`w`fbf ndoiôc`db b aoabzmo fna v`ncxo fnjn tnxbzbztn ab `iga~nid`b fn aot xznd`ot tojzn aot wbaoznt fnabt cbmi`v~fnt ndoiôc`dbt Abt cbmi`v~fnt tn n|xzntbi ni vàzc`iot ioc`ibant,o xvbt Dozz`nivnt) d~bifo io tn lbi na`c`ibfo aot ngndvot fna dznd`c`nivo fnaot xznd`ot tn n|xzntbi ni vàzc`iot znbant ,o xvbt Doitvbivnt) d~bifo t` tn lbina`c`ibfo f`dlot ngndvot Aot xznd`ot bxbzndni doco ab wbz`bjan x~nivn nivzn
wbz`bjant znbant p ioc`ibant
Aot ãif`dnt fn xznd`ot toi ~ibt cnf`fbt xoifnzbfbt fn aot xznd`ot fn dbfbxnzãofo ni aot r~n dbfb j`ni o tnzw`d`ot tn wbaozb fn bd~nzfo toi t~ `cxozvbid`bni na xzof~dvo vovba Aot ãif`dnt fn xznd`ot tn ~v`a`{bi xbzb xbtbz fn cbmi`v~fntdozz`nivnt b cbi`v~fnt znbant ni vàzc`iot doitvbivnt ,fngabdvbz)
Cbmi`v~fnt ni Cbmi`v~fnt ni + 288vàzc`iot znbant ,<7) 3 vàzc`iot znbant ,0>) / @XD ,0>)
j) XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA JZ^VO P XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA INVO
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=
Ba mbtvo znba`{bfo xoz aot doit~c`foznt o ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt an aabcbcotdoit~co ,D)5 Aot j`nint fn nr~`xo o j`nint fn dbx`vba r~n toi docxzbfot
jât`dbcnivn xoz aot xzof~dvoznt ant aabcbcot jât`dbcnivn `iwnzt`ôi ,@) Abznivb o XI an aabcbcot ,P) p nt `fàiv`dbcnivn `m~ba b ab t~cb fn aot ~tot r~n
tn lbdni fn naab! doit~c`zab o `iwnzv`zabP 3 D % @
Fn ab `iwnzt`ôi znba`{bfb! ~ib xbzvn wb b znxoinz na dbx`vba fntmbtvbfo ni abxzof~dd`ôi fna xnzãofo! p aabcbcot bcozv`{bd`ôi o fnxznd`bd`ôi ,F) p na zntvont ab `iwnzt`ôi invb o i~nwb dznbd`ôi fn j`nint fn dbx`vba ni r~n b~cnivb natvode fn dbx`vba p abt n|`tvnid`bt! xoz vbivo! ab `iwnzt`ôi invb nt ab `iwnzt`ôi
jz~vb cniot ab fnxznd`bd`ôi
@I 3 @J — F
Xofncot lbjabz vbcj`ài fn XIJ o XII ! tnmûi `ida~pbcot o io ab fnxznd`bd`ôi;
XIJ — F 3 XII
Na XIJ nt ab cbdzocbmi`v~f cât ~v`a`{bfb! b~ir~n na XII nt! doidnxv~bacnivn!ab cnkoz cnf`fb! xnzo nt cât f`gãd`a fn ntv`cbz
d) NA XIJ B XZND@OT FN CNZDBFO ,bxc) P B DOTVN FN GBDVOZNT ,bdg)
XIJ bxc; C~av`xa`dbz abt dbiv`fbfnt xzof~d`fbt xoz t~ xznd`ot fn wnivb
XIJ bdg; Tn lbdn doit`fnzbifoao r~n lb dotvbfo gbjz`dbz aot xzof~dvot
Ntvn ûav`co dbto! xbzb lbaabzao! lbjzâ r~n zntvbz aot `cx~ntvot r~n wbi ~i`fot bab xzof~dd`ôi p b ab `cxozvbd`ôi! p r~n iozcbacnivn aabcbcot `cx~ntvot`if`zndvot! p lbjzâ r~n bòbf`z abt xot`jant t~jwnid`oint r~n tn lbpbi znd`j`foni ab xzof~dd`ôi
XIJ ,bxc) — V` % Tj 3 XIJ,bdg)
f) NA XZOF^DVO @IVNZ@OZ P NA XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA
Xzof~dvo `ivnz`oz ; Wbaozb vofb ab xzof~dd`ôi fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot g`ibantznba`{bfb ni na `ivnz`oz fn ~i xbãt
Xzof~dvo ibd`oiba ; @ida~pn ûi`dbcnivn ab xzof~dd`ôi znba`{bfb xoz abtxnztoibt gãt`dbt o k~zãf`dbt ibd`oibant
Ba xzof~dvo `ivnz`oz tn an zntvbi abt znivbt ojvni`fbt xoz aot znt`fnivnn|vzbiknzot ni na xbãt ,znivb gbdvoznt n|vzbiknzot! zgn) p tn an t~cbi abt znivbtr~n aot znt`fnivnt fna xbãt ojv`nini ni na n|vzbiknzo ,znivb gbdvoznt ibd`oibant!zgi)
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<
X@J ,bdg) % zgi — zgn 3 XIJ ,bdg)
Xzof~vo Ibd`oiba Jz~vo; C`fn na wbaoz fn ab xzof~dd`ôi znba`{bfb xoz aotgbdvoznt fn xzox`nfbf ibd`oiba
Xzof~dvo @ivnz`oz Jz~vo; C`fn ab xzof~dd`ôi znba`{bfb xoz aot gbdvoznt fnxzof~dd`ôi fnivzo fn abt gzoivnzbt fna xbãt! `ifnxnif`nivncnivn fn r~`ni tnbt~ xzox`nvbz`o
6 ZNIVB IBD@OIBA P ZNIVB XNZTOIBA F@TXOI@JAN
Znivb Ibd`oiba ; Znivb vovba r~n znd`jni aot xzox`nvbz`ot fn aot gbdovzntxzof~dv`wot fn ab ndoiocãb ,vzbjbko! dbx`vba p znd~ztot ibv~zbant) Ab znivbibd`oiba ab fniovbzncot P
Wbaoz bòbf`fo invo 3 P 3 XII,bdg)
Znivb Ibd`oiba F`txoi`jan; ,ZIF) Xzow`nin fn t~cbz abt vzbitgnznid`btinvbt fna zntvo fna c~ifo b ab znivb ibd`oiba
ZIF 3 ZI % vzbitg invbt ,# ô %) zntvo c~ifo
Doi dbzmo b aot xzof~dvot p znivbt ibd`oibant tn xzof~dni xbmot fnvzbitgnznid`b `ivnzibd`oibant dozz`nivnt ,fn ntn xnzãofo)! r~n x~nfni tnzxûja`dbt o xz`wbfbt! r~n `cxa`dbi ~ib znf`tvz`j~d`ôi `ivnzibd`oiba fn ab znivbAbt vzbitgnznid`bt `ivnzibd`oibant xûja`dbt x~nfni tnz foibd`oint`ivnzibd`oibant o d~ovbt r~n tn xbmbi o tn znd`jni ,b/o) fn ~i ozmbi`tco
`ivnzibd`oiba Abt vzbitgnznid`bt `ivnzibd`oibant xz`wbfbt cât `cxozvbivnt toiabt zncntbt fn aot nc`mzbivnt
Fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb `if`w`f~ba! lbp fot doidnxvot b vninz ni d~nivb! znivbxnztoiba p znivb f`txoi`jan;
ZNIVB XNZTOIBA ,ZX); Tn ojv`nin b xbzv`z fn ab znivb ibd`oiba! zntvâifoan ~ibtnz`n fn xbzv`fbt r~n io gozcbi xbzvn fn aot `imzntot fn aot `if`w`f~ot5 xbzv`fbtvbant doco aot jning`d`ot io f`tvz`j~`fot fn abt ncxzntbt ,Jif)! vbcj`ài aot`cx~ntvot tojzn ntot jning`d`ot ,Vj)! d~ovbt r~n xbmbi abt ncxzntbt b abTnm~z`fbf Tod`ba ,Dtt) p lbjzâ fn t~cbz abt vzbitgnznid`bt fna Ntvbfo b abt
ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt! g~ifbcnivbacnivn xnit`oint p t~jt`f`ot fn fntncxano,Vg);
ZX 3 ZI — Jif — Vj — Dtt % Vf
T` ab ndoiocãb nt bj`nzvb! nt fnd`z r~n v`nin znabd`ôi doi na n|vnz`oz;
ZX¶ 3 ZX % vzbitg invbt zntvo fna c~ifo
ZNIVB XNZTOIBA F@TXOI@JAN ,ZXF); Tn ojv`nin b xbzv`z fn ab znivb xnztoibazntvâifoan aot `cx~ntvot f`zndvot tojzn ab znivb fn abt xnztoibt gãt`dbt ,@ZXG)
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
0
ZXF 3 ZX — Vf ,o @ZXG)
Ab ZXF nt ab znivb r~n x~nfni mbtvbz abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt Aot `imzntotr~n znd`jni abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt v`nini fot fntv`iot xot`jant5 na doit~co
o na blozzo! r~n lbzâ xot`jan na doit~co g~v~zo Na mbtvo fn doit~co fn abtndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt nt vofo na mbtvo r~n znba`{bi ni j`nint p tnzw`d`ot!n|dnxvo ab docxzb fn w`w`nifbt! r~n tn doit`fnzb ~i mbtvo ni `iwnzt`ôi Nablozzo xnztoiba nt ab xbzvn fn ab znivb f`txoi`jan r~n ~v`a`{bi abt ndoiocãbtfocàtv`dbt xbzb b~cnivbz t~ z`r~n{b
> DOCXOT@D@ÔI FNA XZOF^DVO IBD@OIBA XOZ NA ABFO FNAMBTVO
T~xoincot blozb r~n vnincot ~ib ndoiocãb bj`nzvb! nt fnd`z! doi ndoiocãbfocàtv`db! ncxzntbt! tndvoz xûja`do p tndvoz n|vnz`oz ,ndoiocãb fn d~bvzo
tndvoznt)
Xoz na abfo fna mbtvo! ni na XI tn f`tv`im~ni wbz`bt dabtnt fn mbtvo;
# Doit~co xz`wbfo; Na doit~co nt na cbpoz docxoinivn fna XI p r~nxzntnivb ~i docxozvbc`nivo cât ntvbjan b ao abzmo fna v`ncxo Tn x~nfnf`w`f`z ni vznt dabtnt;
# Doit~co fn j`nint f~zbfnzot; b~vocôw`ant ! nandvzofocàtv`dot# Doit~co fn j`nint xnzndnfnzot; ba`cnivo! wntv`fo# Tnzw`d`ot; vzbitxozvn! tbi`fbf
# Doit~co xûja`do; Na tndvoz xûja`do ,Ntvbfo) ogzndn ~ib tnz`n fn tnzw`d`otb ab tod`nfbf doco x~nfni tnz tbi`fbf! fngnitb! k~tv`d`b! p vbcj`àidoitvz~pn dbzznvnzbt! x~nzvot! `igzbntvz~dv~zbt! ao d~ba `cxa`db ~ib tnz`nfn mbtvot r~n tn `ida~pni ni na XI Lbp r~n tnòbabz vbcj`ài r~n aot xbmotfn vzbitgnznid`bt io tn `ida~pni ni na XI ! abt vzbitgnznid`bt fna Ntvbfo toixbmot r~n znba`{b na Ntvbfo b xnztoibt fn abt d~bant io znd`jn i`imûitnzw`d`o o doivzbxzntvbd`ôi! k~j`abd`oint! fntncxano! p xoz vbivo! iogozcbi xbzvn fna XI ! t`cxancnivn toi ~ib znf`tvz`j~d`ôi fn ab znivb
# @iwnzt`ôi ; Ab ndoiocãb bfncât fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot xbzb na doit~co
xzof~dn vbcj`ài j`nint fn dbx`vba! r~n doivz`j~pni b ab xzof~dd`ôi g~v~zbTn x~nfn dabt`g`dbz ni 4 dabtnt;
# @iwnzt`ôi ni xabivb p nr~`xo fn abt ncxzntbt ; doitv`v~pn ab doitvz~dd`ôi fnv`nifbt! gâjz`dbt! bacbdnint p ovzbt ntvz~dv~zbt io znt`fnid`bant ~v`a`{bfbtxoz abt ncxzntbt! btã doco ab docxzb fn cbr~`ibz`b xbzb znba`{bz abxzof~dd`ôi
,Ab doitvz~dd`ôi znt`fnid`ba)
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
28
VNCB :
VNOZÃB NANCNIVBA FN FNVNZC@IBD@ÔI FN AB ZNIVB
2 AOT DOCXOINIVNT FN AB FNCBIFB BMZNMBFB
Wbcot b ncxn{bz fntbzzoaabifo ~i cofnao t`cxan r~n io v`nini ni d~nivb i` natndvoz xûja`do i` na tndvoz n|vnz`oz Ni ntvb t`v~bd`ôi ab fncbifb bmznmbfbx~nfn xoinztn;
FB 3 D % @
Ab fncbifb bmznmbfb nt ab dbiv`fbf r~n xabinbi mbtvbz ni j`nint p tnzw`d`ot
ibd`oibant vofbt abt ~i`fbfnt fn mbtvot fn abt ndoiocãbt! r~n ni i~ntvzocofnao t`cxa`g`dbfo toi abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt p abt ncxzntbt
FNCBIFB FN DOIT^CO
Ab ndoiocãb focàtv`db docxzb j`nint p tnzw`d`ot ni g~id`ôi fn ab znivbf`txoi`jan Doco tbjncot ab znivb io doit~c`fb tn blozzb! fn vba cbinzb r~nd~bifo abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt fnd`fni ao r~n fntnbi doit~c`z! b ab wn{ntvâi fnvnzc`ibifo ao r~n fntnbi blozzbz! aot fbvot ncxãz`dot c~ntvzbi abn|`tvnid`b fn ~ib znabd`ôi ntvbjan nivzn na doit~co bmznmbfo fn abt ndoiocãbtfocàtv`dbt p ab znivb! ntvb znabd`ôi ab `ivzof~ko ni na xnitbc`nivo ndoiôc`do
Enpint Ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co iot fb na i`wna fn doit~co xabivnbfo o fntnbfodozzntxoif`nivn b dbfb i`wna fn znivb xnztoiba f`txoi`jan D 3 g,P)
Na doidnxvo fn znivb ,P) io fnjn nivnifnztn ni tniv`fo ntvz`dvo fn znivbdozz`nivn fna bòo t`io ni ~i tniv`fo cât bcxa`o ni na d~ba tn x~nfni `ida~`zvbcj`ài znivbt xbtbfbt fn vba gozcb r~n tn xofzãb lbjabz fn znivb cnf`b oxnzcbinivn
,Znivb)P
BLOZZO
ZNIVB CNF@B O XNZCBINIVN k~j`abd`ôi
ZNIVB BÒOT / DOZZ@NIVN
V ,bòot)
Zntxndvo b ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co! Enpint! t~x~to r~n na doit~co b~cnivbd~bifo tn `idzncnivn ab znivb xnzo ni ~ib xzoxozd`ôi cnioz b doco ao lbdn abznivb! fnj`fo b r~n doigozcn tn `idzncnivb ab znivb aot `if`w`f~ot fntv`ibi ~ibcbpoz xzoxozd`ôi fn f`dlb znivb ba blozzo
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
22
Wbcot b wnz doco nwoa~d`oibi aot wbaoznt fn ab znivb p fna doit~co bmznmbfoAb g~id`ôi fn doit~co r~n ~v`a`{bcot nt ab t`m~`nivn;
D 3 688 % 8< P
T`nifo 688 na doit~co b~vôioco ,doit~co r~n io fnxnifn fn ab znivb) p t`nifo 8< ab Xzoxnit`ôi Cbzm`iba b Doit~c`z XCbD Ab P nt ab znivb nivàzc`iot coinvbz`ot Ab XCbD nt ab xzoxozd`ôi fn ~ib xntnvb ni r~n b~cnivbna doit~co d~bifo b~cnivb ab znivb ni ~ib xntnvb Bibaãv`dbcnivn;
XCbD 3 D / P ,Wbz`bd`ôi fn ab dbiv`fbf doit~c`fb / Wbz`bd`ôi fn ab znivb)
^ib fn abt l`xôvnt`t fn Enpint f`dn r~n ~i b~cnivo ni ab znivb mninzb ~ib~cnivo cnioz ni na doit~co! nt fnd`z! r~n ab XCbD nt t`ncxzn xot`v`wb xnzocnioz r~n ab ~i`fbf; 8 1 XCbD 1 2
Xofncot wnz ab XCnD ,Xzoxnit`ôi Cnf`b b Doit~c`z) r~n tn fng`in xbzbdbfb i`wna fn znivb doco na dod`nivn nivzn na doit~co vovba p ab znivb vovba;
XCnD 3 D / P
Zntxndvo b ab XCnD ! Enpint! cbivniãb r~n nt fndznd`nivn Doco xozdnivbkn fnab znivb! ab dbiv`fbf fnf`dbfb ba doit~co f`tc`i~pn ba b~cnivbz ab znivb
P D XCnD 3 D / P XCbD
8 688788 <<8 2!6= 8!<
:888 :888 2 8!<4888 :<88 8!04 8!<4<88 4668 8!02 8!<
Doco tn x~nfn ojtnzwbz! xbzb dbfb `idzncnivo fn ab znivb xzowodb ~i b~cnivoni na doit~co! xnzo ntvn nt cnioz r~n na b~cnivo fn ab znivb Mzâg`dbcnivn! abg~id`ôi fn doit~co tnzãb ab t`m~`nivn;
D
D 3 688 % 8< P
688
D o P
Ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co r~n lncot t~x~ntvo nt a`inba5 ni xbzv`d~abz t~ nd~bd`ôint;
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
2:
D 3 Do % d P
Foifn D o nt na doit~co b~vôioco! p ‑d– nt ab XCbD ! xoz vbivo! ab xnif`nivn fnab g~id`ôi fn doit~co ojtnzwbcot r~n nt doitvbivn p nt `m~ba b ab XCbD ! ntfnd`z! ‑d–! r~n ni i~ntvzo dbto nt 8<
Ab XCnD `zâ f`tc`i~pnifo doigozcn b~cnivb ab znivb! vba doco iot c~ntvzb abxnif`nivn fna zbf`o wndvoz! xoz vbivo! ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co r~n lncotznxzntnivbfo nt dolnznivn doi abt l`xôvnt`t Enpint`bibt r~n bivnt lncotdocnivbfo
Ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co! iot c~ntvzb na doit~co xbzb dbfb i`wna fn znivb!`if`db vbcj`ài na i`wna fn blozzo! nivoidnt xofncot gozcbz ovzb vbjabznabd`oibifo na blozzo p ab znivb! doi ao r~n ojvnifzãbcot ~ib g~id`ôi fnblozzo B xbzv`z fn ntb g~id`ôi fn blozzo xofzãbcot ojvninz ab XCbB,Xzoxnit`ôi Cbzm`iba b Blozzbz) p ab XCnB ,Xzoxnit`ôi Cnf`b b
Blozzbz)
Aot wbaoznt fn blozzo dozzntxoif`nivnt b aot f`tv`ivot i`wnant fn znivb! tndbad~abi vni`nifo ni d~nivb r~n ab t~cb fna doit~co p na blozzo nt `m~ba b abznivb
P 3 D % B
Ab XCbB nt ab xzoxozd`ôi r~n tn blozzb fn ~ib xntnvb bf`d`oiba fn znivb! tnzãbna dod`nivn nivzn ab wbz`bd`ôi fn ab dbiv`fbf blozzbfb p ab wbz`bd`ôi fn ab znivb
XCbB 3 B/ P ,Wbz`bd`ôi fn dbiv`fbf blozzbfb / Wbz`bd`ôi fnznivb)
Ab t~cb fn ab XCbD p fn ab XCbB nt ab ~i`fbf ! nt fnd`z ao r~n io tndoit~cn tn blozzb
XCbD % XCbB 3 2
Ab XCnB xzow`nin fn f`w`f`z na blozzo vovba nivzn ab znivb vovba xbzb dbfb i`wnafn znivb Bibaãv`dbcnivn;
XCnB 3 B / P
P B 3 P # D XCnB 3 B/P
XCbB
8 #688788 #:<8 #8!6= 8!:
:888 8 8 8!:4888 :88 8!8= 8!:4<88 478 8!80 8!:
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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Aot wbaoznt fn ab znivb toi aot c`tcot r~n ni ab vbjab bivnz`oz fbfo r~n ab znivbtn doit~cn o tn blozzb! xbzb dbfb wbaoz fn ab znivb! ab t~cb fna doit~co p nablozzo nt `m~ba b f`dlb znivb5 ni aot dbtot ni aot r~n na blozzo nt inmbv`wo! tnfnjn o j`ni b r~n tn doit~cn t`i f`txoinz fn znivb o j`ni tn fnjn b r~n nadoit~co nt cbpoz r~n ab znivb f`txoi`jan Mzâg`dbcnivn! ab g~id`ôi fn blozzo
tnzãb ab t`m~`nivn;
B
P :888
#688
Doco xofncot ojtnzwbz ab xnif`nivn fn ab g~id`ôi fn blozzo nt doitvbivn! nt ab XCbB! nt fnd`z! 8!: Xbzb i`wnant fn znivb `ignz`oznt b :888 abt gbc`a`bt mbtvbicât fn ao r~n znd`jni! nt fnd`z! abt gbc`a`bt `id~zzni ni ~i fntblozzo o blozzoinmbv`wo! xbzb znivbt cbpoznt r~n :888 na blozzo nt xot`v`wo! p d~bifo ab znivbnt :888 na blozzo nt 8
AB FNCBIFB FN @IWNZT@ÔI ,@)
Ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi w`nin fbfb xoz aot b~cnivot fntnbfot o xabinbfotxoz abt ncxzntbt! fn t~ dbx`vba gãt`do ,gâjz`dbt! cbr~`ibz`bt) p fn t~t
n|`tvnid`bt! nt fnd`z! fn aot j`nint xotnãfot xbzb ab xzof~dd`ôi o ab wnivb g~v~zbAb fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi nt c~p wbz`bjan! xoz ao d~ba tn ab doit`fnzbgznd~nivncnivn doco na nancnivo fntnidbfnibivn fn aot d`daot ndoiôc`dot
X@Jb~mn
zndnt`ôi
n|xbit`ôi
fnxznt`ôi
bòot
D~bifo tn ntv~f`b ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi! io nt gâd`a fnvnzc`ibz t~t gbdvozntn|xa`dbv`wot! xofncot fnd`z r~n ab fncbifb dbx`vba gãt`do fnxnifn fna dotvn fnaf`inzo ,v`xo fn `ivnzàt)! d~bifo na v`xo fn `ivnzàt f`tc`i~pn! znt~avb cât gâd`ag`ibid`bz aot xzopndvot fn `iwnzt`ôi! p xoz naaot tn `idzncnivb ab fncbifb fn`iwnzt`ôi Aot xabint fn abt ncxzntbt xbzb znba`{bz mbtvot fn `iwnzt`ôi ntvâivbcj`ài `iga~nid`bfot fn cbinzb `cxozvbivn xoz abt n|xndvbv`wbt tojzn abfncbifb g~v~zb fn aot j`nint r~n xzof~dni ntbt ncxzntbt! p ntvb fncbifb! b t~
wn{! fnxnifnzâ fna i`wna fn fncbifb bmznmbfb fn ab ndoiocãb
B 3 P — , Do % dP)
B 3 ,2 — d) P — Do
B 3 8: P # 688
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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Ni na biâa`t`t r~n wbcot b fntbzzoaabz `ivzof~d`cot ~i t~x~ntvo jbtvbivnzntvz`dv`wo5 doit`fnzbcot ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi doitvbivn! ni xbzv`d~abz!t~xoincot r~n na mbtvo fn `iwnzt`ôi io fnxnifn fna i`wna fn fncbifb bmznmbfbi` fna fn znivb fn ab ndoiocãb Nivoidnt! ab `iwnzt`ôi fn ab ndoiocãb ntvâ fbf b~i i`wna g`ko p nt `ifnxnif`nivn fn ab znivb
Mzâg`dbcnivn ab g~id`ôi fn `iwnzt`ôi nt ~ib aãinb zndvb xbzbanab ba nkn fnbjtd`tbt
@iwnzt`ôi @
@ o3 g fn `iwnzt`ôi ni na cofnaojât`do Enpint`bio
P
: AB FNCBIFB BMZNMBFB P NA I@WNA FN ZNIVB FNNR^@A@JZ@O
Vnincot fot càvofot xbzb fnvnzc`ibz ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o;
# B xbzv`z fna doidnxvo fn fncbifb bmznmbfb o mbtvo vovba5 r~n ni i~ntvzocofnao tnid`aao tnzâ ab t~cb fn aot mbtvot fn doit~co ,D) p fn `iwnzt`ôi ,@)
# Cnf`bivn na t`cxan biâa`t`t fn abt g~id`oint fn blozzo p fn `iwnzt`ôi
2») AB FNVNZC@IBD@ÔI FNA NR^@A@JZ@O FN AB ZNIVB CNF@BIVN AB D^ZWB FNFNCBIFB BMZNMBFB
Na nr~`a`jz`o tn badbi{bzâ d~bifo ab t~cb fna mbtvo fn doit~co xabinbfo ofntnbfo xoz abt gbc`a`bt p na mbtvo fn `iwnzt`ôi fntnbfo o xabinbfo xoz abtncxzntbt tnb `m~ba ba XI o znivb ibd`oiba Ni na cofnao t`cxa`g`dbfo r~nntvbcot ntv~f`bifo ab fncbifb bmznmbfb nt ab t~cb fn ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co
p fn ab g~id`ôi fn `iwnzt`ôi Mzâg`dbcnivn; FB FB 3 788 % 8!< P
D 3 688 % 8!< P
788
688
:88 P 3 :88P
Ni vàzc`iot mzâg`dot ntvb d~zwb t~xoin r~n xbzb dbfb i`wna fn znivb ab d~zwb fndoit~co tn fntxab{b wnzv`dbacnivn lbd`b bzz`jb ni ab dbiv`fbf g`kb fbf xoz ab`iwnzt`ôi Ab d~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb znt~avbivn c~ntvzb na mbtvo vovbaxabinbfo dozzntxoif`nivn b dbfb i`wna fn znivb Ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o ,P n) w`nin
Doco FB 3 P!
P 3 4888
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
2>
fnvnzc`ibfb xoz ab `ivnztndd`ôi fn ab d~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb doi ab zndvbfn 6> mzbfot5 ni ntvn x~ivo na mbtvo xabinbfo p ab xzof~dd`ôi toi `m~bant;
FB FB 3 788 % 8!< P
4888 N
znf~d`z xzof~dd`ôib~cnivbz mbtvo xabinbfo
788 xzof~dd`ôimbtvo xzof~dd`ôi
xzof~dd`ôi xabinbfo6>»
788 ,P n ) 4888 4<88
Na x~ivo ‑N–! ba nidoivzbztn tojzn ab zndvb fn 6> mzbfot! d~cxan r~n na wbaoz fnab znivb! r~n w`nin cnf`fo ni ozfnibfbt! znt~avb r~n na x~ivo ‑N– nt na ûi`do nina r~n ab znivb nt `m~ba ba mbtvo vovba xabinbfo! nt fnd`z! ab `iwnzt`ôi cât na mbtvofn doit~co
Xbzb r~n ntvo r~n lncot w`tvo tnb xot`jan nt indntbz`o vninz ni d~nivb fott~x~ntvot t`cxa`g`dbfoznt;
# T~xoincot r~n io n|`tvni fnxznd`bd`ôi i` `cx~ntvot5 r~n abt ncxzntbtf`tvz`j~pni vofot aot jning`d`ot nivzn abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt p r~n io lbp i` `ivnzntnt i` vzbitgnznid`bt Mzbd`bt b ntvn t~x~ntvo t`cxa`g`dbfoz xofncot
~v`a`{bz `if`tv`ivbcnivn ab xzof~dd`ôi p ab znivb xnztoiba f`txoi`jan ,ZXF) tnbi `m~bant5 jbko ntvn t~x~ntvo abt ncxzntbt tn a`c`vbi b xzof~d`z j`nint p tnzw`d`ot p b nivznmbz aot `imzntot b abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt ni gozcb fntbabz`ot p jning`d`ot
# T~xoincot r~n aot xznd`ot fn ab ndoiocãb ntvâi fbfot p toi doitvbivnt fngozcb r~n abt ncxzntbt ogzndni d~bar~`nz dbiv`fbf r~n tn ant fncbifb fn
j`nint p tnzw`d`dot b aot xznd`ot w`mnivnt! nt fnd`z! tn t~xoin r~n abtncxzntbt x~nfni doivzbvbz vbivot vzbjbkbfoznt doco fntnni ba tbabz`o
w`mnivn p r~n v`nini t~g`d`nivn dbxbd`fbf `itvbabfb ,lnzzbc`nivbt!`itvbabd`oint! nr~`xo!) xbzb `idzncnivbz aba xzof~dd`ôi t`i r~n tn bavnzni
aot dotvnt
Ba xzof~d`z cât t`i r~n tn bavnzni aot xznd`ot znt~avb r~n ab Fncbifb Bmznmbfb,FB) fnvnzc`ibzâ na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi
Ni na x~ivo ‑N– na cnzdbfo fn j`nint tn nid~nivzb ni nr~`a`jz`o! ntvo t~dnfnd~bifo ba i`wna fn xznd`ot w`mnivn na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi ogznd`fo nt `m~ba b ab,FB) o mbtvo xabinbfo fntnbfo! nt fnd`z! r~n ni ntvn x~ivo! i` aot doit~c`foznti` abt ncxzntbt v`nini `idniv`wot xbzb bavnzbz t~ doif~dvb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
27
Na bk~tvn lbd`b na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o tn znba`{b cnf`bivn abtzntx~ntvbt fn abt ncxzntbt b abt wbz`bd`oint io fntnbfbt o io xabinbfbt fn abtn|`tvnid`bt D~bifo ab fncbifb xabinbfb bmznmbfb nt cbpoz r~n na XV ! ntvo nt!xbzb vofot aot x~ivot t`v~bfot b ab `{r~`nzfb fn ‑N– p xoz vbivo xbzb i`wnant fnznivb `ignz`oznt b ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o ,4888) ! abt n|`tvnid`bt tn znf~d`zâi
Bibaãv`dbcnivn;
P 3 7885 FB 3 788 % 8< ,788) 5 FB 3 28<8! 28<8 — 788 3 6<8
Abt n|`tvnid`bt n|xnz`cnivbi ~ib znf~dd`ôi io xznw`tvb fn 6<8 ~cNi ntvb t`v~bd`ôi abt ncxzntbt tnzâi `idniv`wbfbt b b~cnivbz ab xzof~dd`ôiXoz na doivzbz`o! xbzb aot x~ivot t`v~bfot b ab fnzndlb fn ‑N– ! doco xoz nkncxao!ab xzof~dd`ôi 4<885 ni ntvb t`v~bd`ôi abt n|`tvnid`bt n|xnz`cnivbzâi ~ib~cnivo io fntnbfo Bibaãv`dbcnivn;
P 3 4<885 FB 3 788 % 8< ,4888) 5 FB 3 47685 4<88 — 4768 3 278 5 abt
n|`tvnid`bt b~cnivbi ni ~i i`wna io fntnbfo
Abt ncxzntbt bivn ab xot`j`a`fbf fn doiv`i~bz t`i wnifnz ao r~n xzof~dnifnd`f`zâi znf~d`z ab xzof~dd`ôi Na nr~`a`jz`o toao vnifzâ a~mbz d~bifo ab FB xabinbfb tnb n|bdvbcnivn ab t~g`d`nivn xbzb bjtozjnz ab dbiv`fbf ogznd`fb p xzof~d`fb! nt fnd`z! ab xzof~dd`ôi vovba5 ni ntvb t`v~bd`ôi! abt ncxzntbtdocxzojbzâi r~n t~t n|`tvnid`bt tn cbivniãbi b aot i`wnant fntnbfot p iovnifzâi! xoz vbivo! `idniv`wot xbzb dbcj`bz t~ xzof~dd`ôi Ntvn nr~`a`jz`o tnzântvbjan pb r~n xbzb d~bar~`nz ovzo i`wna fn znivb n|`tv`zâ ~ib vnifnid`b b woawnzlbd`b na nr~`a`jz`o
:» AB FNVNZC@IBD@ÔI FNA NR^@A@JZ@O XOZ AB DOIF@D@ÔI BLOZZO @M^BA B @IWNZT@ÔI
Ab doif`d`ôi r~n fnvnzc`ib na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o vbcj`ài x~nfnn|xzntbztn doco ab `m~bafbf nivzn na blozzo xabinbfo p ab `iwnzt`ôi xabinbfbNt fnd`z! r~n ab xzof~dd`ôi ,P) cniot na mbtvo ni doit~co ,D) nt `m~ba b ab`iwnzt`ôi ngndv`wb! nt fnd`z! ab `iwnzt`ôi xabinbfb cât abt wbz`bd`oint fn abtn|`tvnid`bt Ab `iwnzt`ôi ngndv`wb nt ab r~n bxbzndn ni ab Doivbj`a`fbf Ibd`oiba n`ida~pn `iwnzt`oint ni câr~`ibt! nr~`xot p n|`tvnid`bt cât ab wbz`bd`ôi ioxabinbfb fn n|`tvnid`bt Ao xofncot wnz mzâg`dbcnivn;
FB @ D F FB 3 D % P
B D
J
6>»P
P n P b
BJ 3 `iwnzt`ôi xabinbfb
BF 3 `iwnzt`ôi io xabinbfb
FJ 3 `iwnzt`ôi ngndv`wb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
2=
Tbjncot r~n; P — D 3 @ 5 P — D 3 B 5 B 3 @
Ni na i`wna fn nr~`a`jz`o fn ab znivb! ab `iwnzt`ôi xabinbfb nt `m~ba b ab `iwnzt`ôingndv`wb p b t~ wn{ `m~ba ba blozzo ! ni doitnd~nid`b! ab doif`d`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o tn
x~nfn n|xzntbz doco ;
@iwnzt`ôi xabinbfb 3 Blozzo
Tbjncot r~n ab g~id`ôi fn blozzo fnxnifn fn ab znivb Zntxndvo b ab `iwnzt`ôi!tnm~`cot cbivni`nifo r~n nt doitvbivn! nt fnd`z! xbzbanab ba nkn fn bjtd`tbt!nivoidnt! mzâg`dbcnivn! ab t`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o fn ab znivb o xzof~dd`ôi tnfnvnzc`ib cnf`bivn ab `ivnztndd`ôi o na x~ivo fn dozvn nivzn abt g~id`oint fnblozzo p fn `iwnzt`ôi;
B B
@ :88 @ 3 :88
:888 P n 3 4888 P # 688
Ni na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi p znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o! na blozzo nt `m~ba xabinbfb! pbr~n ab wbz`bd`ôi io xabinbfb fn n|`tvnid`bt nt i~ab Xbzb i`wnant fn znivbt~xnz`oznt b ab fn nr~`a`jz`o ,P n )! ab `iwnzt`ôi ngndv`wb tnzâ cbpoz r~n ab`iwnzt`ôi xabinbfb ni ab d~bivãb fna `idzncnivo io fntnbfo fn abt n|`tvnid`btD~bifo ab znivb nt `ignz`oz b ab fn nr~`a`jz`o ,x~ivot b ab `{r~`nzfb fn P n) !ab
`iwnzt`ôi ngndv`wb tnzâ cnioz r~n ab `iwnzt`ôi xabinbfb ni ab dbiv`fbf fn abf`tc`i~d`ôi io xabinbfb fn abt n|`tvnid`bt
Ni ab t`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o tn d~cxan r~n na blozzo nt `m~ba b ab `iwnzt`ôixabinbfb p xoz ovzb xbzvn! xoz fng`i`d`ôi! na blozzo nt `fàiv`dbcnivn `m~ba b ab`iwnzt`ôi ngndv`wb Nt ~ib `fniv`fbf doivbjan p tn fnjn d~cxa`z t`ncxzn
4 NA B^CNIVO FN AB FNCBIFB BMZNMBFB; NAC^AV@XA@DBFOZ FN @IWNZT@ÔI
Wbcot b biba`{bz aot ngndvot tojzn ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o fn ~ib wbz`d`ôi ni
bam~io fn aot docxoinivnt n|ômniot fn ab fncbifb bmznmbfb
T~xoincot r~n abt ncxzntbt bivn ~ibt n|xndvbv`wbt fn wnivbt gbwozbjant!fnd`fni `idzncnivbz ab `iwnzt`ôi Na b~cnivo fn ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi ,@) lbzâ r~n tn `idzncnivn ab xzof~dd`ôi! ab d~ntv`ôi nt fnvnzc`ibz ni d~bivob~cnivbzâ D~bifo tn `idzncnivb ab fncbifb fn j`nint abt ncxzntbtb~cnivbi ab xzof~dd`ôi p na ncxano! ao d~ba aanwb b r~n abt ndoiocãbtfocàtv`dbt f`txoimbi fn ~ib znivb cbpoz5 ao d~ba ant xnzc`v`zâ! b t~ wn{!`idzncnivbz ab fncbifb fn doit~co Ni zntx~ntvb b ntvn `idzncnivo fn abfncbifb! abt ncxzntbt woawnzâi b `idzncnivbz ab xzof~dd`ôi! fn vba gozcb r~ntn xoin ni cbzdlb ~i xzodnto r~n fdnvnzc`bi r~n na b~cnivo fn ab xzof~dd`ôi
B 3 # 688 % 8: P
B 3 @ 3 :88:88 3 # 688 % 8: P
788 3 8: P
P n 3 4888
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
2<
tnb t~xnz`oz ba `idzncnivo `i`d`ba fn ab fncbifb Xbzb ntv~f`bz ab d~bivãb fnntvn `idzncnivo! btã doco na g`iba fna xzodnto doivbfo! ntv~f`bcot ao r~n nindoiocãb tn aabcb ‑na c~av`xa`dbfoz fn ab `iwnzt`ôi–)
Na doidnxvo fn c~av`xa`dbfoz iot fb ab `fnb jâ`tdb fn r~n ~i b~cnivo ni na
mbtvo oz`m`ibzâ ~i b~cnivo cbpoz fn ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o! ni xbzv`d~baz!t~xoi`nifo r~n ab `iwnzt`ôi tn `idzncnivn na c~av`xa`dbfoz ao xofncotn|xzntbz doco na dod`nivn nivzn ab wbz`bd`ôi fn ab znivb o xzof~dd`ôi fnnr~`a`jz`o p ab wbz`bd`ôi fn ab `iwnzt`ôi r~n lb cov`wbfo na dbcj`o fn ab znivb
c 3 P / @
Na c~av`xa`dbfoz iot c~ntvzb na dong`d`nivn i~càz`do r~n `if`db ab cbmi`v~f fnab~cnivo fn ab znivb xzof~d`fo xoz na b~cnivno fn ab `iwnzt`ôi ni ~ib ~i`fbfXofncot biba`{bz na c~av`xa`dbfoz mzâg`dbcnivn b~cnivbfo ab fncbifb
bmznmbfb
Bibaãv`dbcnivn; @ 3 :88 FB8 3 788 % 8< P 5 Po 3 4888
FB2 3 788 % :88 / @ % 8< P 5 P 2 3 6888c 3 ,P 2 — P 8 ) / ,@ 2 — @ 8 ) 3 2888 / :88 3 >
Mzâg`dbcnivn;
FB FB2
N 2 FB8 6888
4888 N :
<88 788
,P 8) 4888 6888 ,P 2 ) P , Xzof~dd`ôi)
Xoz dbfb ~i`fbf coinvbz`b bf`d`oiba mbtvbfb ni `iwnzt`ôi! ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`ob~cnivb ni d`ido ~i`fbfnt
Xbzb docxznifnz doco g~id`oib na c~av`xa`dbfoz wbcot b ntv~f`bz na xzodntodoi ~i b~cnivo fna mbtvo fn `iwnzt`ôi T~xoimbcot! xoz tnid`aan{! r~n ~ibncxzntb fnd`fn `idzncnivbz t~ xabivb fn xzof~dd`ôi p xbzb naao `iw`nzvn2888888 ~c Na c`aaôi fn ~c tn fnf`dbzâ b xbmbz b aot vzbjbkbfoznt fn abdoitvz~dd`ôi p b aot xzox`nvbz`ot fn ab ncxzntb r~n znba`{b ntb bcxa`bd`ôi! nigozcb fn tbabz`ot p jning`d`ot! r~n b~cnivbzâi ni vovba t~t `imzntot ni ntnc`aaôi fn ~c Vofo ntn f`inzo io ao cbivnifzâi ni aot jbidot! t`io r~nmbtvbzâi xbzvn fn àa! t` t~xoincot r~n ab Xzoxnit`ôi Cbzm`iba b Doit~c`z nt
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
20
8< ! tn mbtvbzâi <88888 ~c ni i~nwot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot! xnzo na xzodnto iotn fnv`nin blã pb r~n aot r~n ogzndni ntvot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot znd`j`zâi ~ioti~nwot `imzntot xzo wbaoz fn ntbt <88888 ~c! fn aot d~bant! naaot vbcj`ài tnmbtvbzâi na <8 .! nt fnd`z! 768888 ~c! fn abt r~n tn mbtvbi na <8 .! nt fnd`z!>2:888 ~c! p btã t~dnt`wbcnivn Bivn ntvn xzodnto fnjncot xznm~ivbziot t`
v`nin g`i! p t` nt btã d~bifo tn bdbjb5 na xzodnto bdbjbzâ d~bifo ab znivb tn lbpb`idzncnivbfo ni ab dbiv`fbf fn >888888! nt fnd`z! na c`aaôi fn ~c`id`bacnivn mbtvbfo ni `iwnzt`ôi xoz na c~av`xa`dbfoz! r~n nt d`ido
Bibaãv`dbcnivn xofzãbcot xoinz;
Mbtvo vovba 3 2888888 % 2888888 + 8< %2888888 + 8< + 8< % 32888888 ,2 % 8< % 8< + 8< % 8< + 8< + 8< % )
Aot vàzc`iot r~n ntvâi fnivzo fna xbzàivnt`t gozcbi ~ib xzomznt`ôi mnocàvz`dbd~pb zb{ôi nt cnioz r~n ab ~i`fbf p nt xznd`tbcnivn ab XCbD! nt fnd`z! 8<! p d~pb t~cb nt na c~av`xa`dbfoz fna mbtvo `i`d`ba ni `iwnzt`ôi
c 3 ,2 % XCbD % XCbD + XCbD % XCbD + XCbD + XCbD % )
2 / ,2 — XCbD ) 3 2 / 2 — 8< 3 > 3 c
Xofncot ojtnzwbz r~n na vbcbòo fna c~av`xa`dbfoz fnxnifn fna vbcbòo fn abXCbD! nt fnd`z! fn ab xnif`nivn fn ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co5 d~bivo cât `ida`ibfbtnb ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co cbpoz tnzâ na c~av`xa`dbfoz! Fbfo r~n; XCbD%XCbB 3 25 tn x~nfn n|xzntbz na c~av`xa`dbfoz doco;
c 3 2 / XCbB 3 2 / 8: 3 >
Ntvb n|xznt`ôi `if`db r~n na c~av`xa`dbfoz nt cnioz d~bivo cbpoz nt ab XCbBNa c~av`xa`dbfoz x~nfn ojtnzwbztn mzâg`dbcnivn ~v`a`{bifo ab g~id`ôi fn mbtvovovba o fncbifb bmznmbfb p vbcj`ài b vzbwàt fna mzâg`do Blozzo#@iwnzt`ôi
BP B
N 2 688 @ 2
N 8 @ 8 :88
:888 ,P 8 )4888 ,P 2 )6888#688
AB ZNIVB FN XANIO NCXANO
Ab xzof~dd`ôi p znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o ,P8) `if`dbi r~n abt ncxzntbt ntvâi wnif`nifo aot j`nint r~n xzof~dni p abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt p abt ncxzntbt
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:8
docxzbi aot j`nint r~n fntnbi ! ab n|`tvnid`b fn nr~`a`jz`o ni ntn cnzdbfo fn j`nint io t`mi`g`db r~n ab xzof~dd`ôi tn nid~nivzn ni na i`wna xovnid`ba fn xanioncxano Ab xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba o znivb fn xanio ncxano nt br~na i`wna fnxzof~dd`ôi r~n tn ojvnifzãb t` tn ~v`a`{bzbi xanibcnivn vofot aot znd~ztot;
Mbtvovovba Jzndlb fn xzof~dd`ôi FB D % @ ,Doit~co % @iwnzt`ôi 1
Xzof~dd`ôi)
P P n P XN ,znivb fn xanio ncxano)
X~nfn od~zz`z! p iozcbacnivn t~dnfn btã! r~n ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o ,P n) tnb`ignz`oz b ab xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba ,P XN ) Ni ntvn dbto n|`tv`zâ ~ib jzndlb fnxzof~dd`ôi! cnf`fb xoz ab f`gnznid`b nivzn ab xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba p ab ngndv`wbTn t~nan n|xzntbz doco ~i xozdnivbkn fn ab xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba;
Jzndlb 3 ,,Xzo xovnid`ba — Xzof~dd`ôi ngndv`wb)/ Xzo xovnid`ba ) +288fn xzof~dd`ôi
Ni ntvb t`v~bd`ôi r~n ntvbcot xabivnbifo lbjzâ znd~ztot od`otot , r~n io tn
~v`a`{bi) p fntncxano ni na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko Na mbtvo bmzbmbfo nt cnioz r~nab xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba T` na i`wna fn xznd`ot tn cbiv`nin doitvbivn! abndoiocãb x~nfn xnzcbindnz `ifng`i`fbcnivn ni ~i i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi`ignz`oz ba xovnid`ba t`i r~n n|`tvb i`im~ib g~nz{b r~n ab bdnzr~n lbd`b f`dlbxot`d`ôi Ni zngnznid`b b ntvo! ~ib fn abt `fnbt jât`dbt fna nigor~n Enpint`biont r~n na XI fn nr~`a`jz`o io nt indntbz`bcnivn na r~n btnm~zb na xanio ncxanoEnpint fngnifãb r~n io n|`tvn i`imûi cndbi`tco fn bk~itvn b~vocâv`do r~naanwn b ab ndoiocãb ba xanio ncxano Xbzb wnz abt xot`jant gozcbt fn bdv~bz tojznab fncbifb bmznmbfb p vzbvbz fn znf~d`z ab jzndlb fn xzof~dd`ôi! vnifzncotr~n bcxa`bz na cofnao jât`do r~n lncot xabivnbfo ,Xbzb r~n tn x~nfb aanmbz baxanio ncxano! Enpint fbjb f`wnztbt gozcbt fn bdv~bz tojzn ab FB)
6 AOT MBTVOT P AOT @IMZNTOT FNA TNDVOZ XÛJA@DO
Wbcot b t~xoinz blozb r~n ab ndoiocãb r~n ntvbcot ntv~f`bifo v`nin tndvozxûja`do o ntvbfo! nt fnd`z! xbtbcot b ~ib ndoiocãb fn vznt tndvoznt; ndoiocãbtfocàtv`dbt! ncxzntbt p tndvoz xûja`do
Na tndvoz xûja`do o ntvbfo znba`{b ~i xbxna `cxozvbivn ni ab fnvnzc`ibd`ôi fn abxzof~dd`ôi p na ncxano cnf`bivn abt xoaãv`dbt fn ntvbj`a`{bd`ôi Ab xoaãv`db fnntvbj`a`{bd`ôi ntvâgozcbfo xoz ~i doik~ivo fn cnf`fbt m~jnzibcnivbant r~n`ivnivbi doivzoabz ab ndoiocãb doi na g`i fn cbivninz ab xzof~dd`ôi ,X@J) dnzdb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:2
fn t~ i`wna xovnid`ba! cbivni`nifo ~ibt vbtbt fn `igabd`ôi jbkbt p ntvbjant Abtxoaãv`dbt ntvbj`a`{bfozbt x~nfni tnz fn dbzâdvnz n|xbit`wo o fn dbzâdvnzzntvz`dv`wo5 ab xoaãv`db n|xbit`wb xznvnifn b~cnivbz na X@J ngndv`wo doi na g`i fnf`tc`i~`z ab jzndlb fn xzof~dd`ôi p ab xoaãv`db zntvz`d`v`wb vzbvb fn znf~d`z na X@Jngndv`wo ni znabd`ôi ba xovnid`ba
Ba nivzbz ni ab ndoiocãb na tndvoz xûja`do o ntvbfo! ni na ga~ko d`zd~abz fn abznivb tn fbi ~ibt nivzbfbt p ~ibt tba`fbt ni f`dlo ga~ko d`zd~abz fn ab znivb Abttba`fbt toi na blozzo p aot `cx~ntvot invot! nt fnd`z! ab dbiv`fbf r~n xbmb natndvoz xz`wbfo ba Ntvbfo ~ib wn{ r~n tn v`nini ni d~nivb abt vzbitgnznid`bt r~nznd`jni fna Ntvbfo Abt nivzbfbt toi docxzbt fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot fna Ntvbfo!nt fnd`z! na mbtvo xûja`do ,M) p ab `iwnzt`ôi! xoz vbivo! ni doif`d`oint fnnr~`a`jz`o Na blozzo cât aot `cx~ntvot invot v`nini r~n tnz `m~bant b abtdocxzbt fna Ntvbfo cât ab `iwnzt`ôi;
B % V 3 M % @
tba`fbt nivzbfbt B 3 BlozzoV 3 @cx~ntvotM 3 Mbtvo xûja`do @ 3 @iwnzt`ôi o `imzntot xûja`dot
Na nigor~n Enpint`bio fn ab xoaãv`db cbdzondoiôc`db ! tn t~nan btod`bz doi ab~v`a`{bd`ôi bdv`wb fn ab `ivnzwnid`ôi fna Ntvbfo xbzb vzbvbz fn cofnzbz aot d`daotndoiôc`dot Ni na dbto fn abt xoaãv`db g`tdba! aot fot `itvz~cnivot jât`dot toi nambtvo p aot `cx~ntvot ,M p V )
Ab xoaãv`db g`tdba ab `ivnmzbi abt fnd`t`oint fna moj`nzio zngnznivnt ba mbtvoxûja`do p b aot `cx~ntvot Abt fnd`t`oint fna moj`nzio ni cbvnz`b fn xoaãv`dbg`tdba tn xabtcbi ni na xznt~x~ntvo fna tndvoz xûja`do ,Xznt~x~ntvot Mninzbantfna Ntvbfo) D~bifo aot `imzntot toi t~xnz`oznt ba mbtvo lbp t~xnzâw`vxznt~x~ntvbz`ot! p d~bifo od~zzn ao doivzbz`oz lbp fàg`d`v! xoz vbivo! abn|`tvnid`b fn ~i fàg`d`v t~xoin r~n na Ntvbfo mbtvb cât fn ao r~n `imzntbi
Fàg`d`v xznt~x~ntvbz`o 3 Mbtvot xûja`dot — @imzntot xûja`dot3 Docxzb fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot xoz na Ntvbfo — @cx~ntvot
invot Ba t~xoinz blozb r~n lbp tndvoz xûja`do ab fncbifb bmznmbfb o mbtvo vovba v`nin
~i i~nwo docxoinivn p xofncot xoinz r~n;
FB 3 D % @ % M
Doco pb lncot `if`dbfo! tnm~`cot t~xoi`nifo r~n na doit~co nt g~id`ôi fn abznivb p ab `iwnzt`ôi nt ~ib dbiv`fbf g`kb5 blozb t~xoincot r~n abt docxzbt fnantvbfo ni j`nint p tnzw`d`ot toi g`kbt ba i`wna fna mbtvo! ,M) nt fnd`z! r~n iofnxnifni fn ab znivb5 vbcj`ài xoz blozb t~xoincot r~n io lbp `cx~ntvot
D~bifo tn `ida~pn na mbtvo xûja`do doco ~i nancnivno cât fn ab fncbifbbmznmbfb! f`dlb FB tn fntxab{b wnzv`dbacnivn lbd`b bzz`jb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
::
FB N 2 FB2 3 D % @ % M
@idzncnivo fn M FB8 3 D % @
N :
6>»P
P 8 P 2
Znt~avb nivoidnt r~n na mbtvo xûja`do ,M) t`i vninz ni d~nivb aot `cx~ntvotnknzdn ~i ngndvo c~av`xa`dbfoz tojzn ab wnivb fn `m~ba ibv~zban{b ba znba`{bfo xozab `iwnzt`ôi! ab d~bivãb fna `idzncnivo fn ab xzof~dd`ôi wnifzâ fbfb xoz abn|xznt`ôi;
P 3 c M
T` ~i b~cnivo fn abt docxzbt fna ntvbfo `idzncnivb ab xzof~dd`ôi! aôm`dbcnivn~ib znf~ddd`ôi fn abt docxzbt fna Ntvbfo znf~d`zâ na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi oznivb fn nr~`a`jz`o;
FB F
N 2 FB2 3 D % @ % M 2 M 2 M 29M 8 FB8 3 D % @ % M 8
N 8M : FB : 3 D % @ % M :
M :1M 8 N :
6>» P P : P 8 P 2
FB FB8 3 D % @ 3 Do % 8< P % @ No
FB2 3 D¶ % @ 3 Do % 8< ,P — V) %@ 3 Do % 8< P % @ — 8< V 3 FB8 — 8<
V
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:4
N 2
P 2 P 8 Znivb
Ab FB tn znf~dn ni ab d~bivãb fna xzof~dvo fn ab XCbD xoz V ,`cx~ntvot)
Xbzb fnvnzc`ibz ab d~bivãb fn znf~dd`ôi fn ab xzof~dd`ôi o znivb zndozfbcotr~n ~ib f`tc`i~d`ôi fna mbtvo fn `iwnzt`ôi o fna mbtvo xûja`do znf~dn ab znivbfn nr~`a`jz`o fn ab t`m~`nivn gozcb;
P 3 c ,F`tc`i~d`ôi fna mbtvoDozzntxoif`nivn ba i`wna
@id`ba fn ab znivb)
Nivoidnt d~bifo v`nin a~mbz ~i b~cnivo fn aot `cx~ntvot o tn ntvbjandni xozxz`cnzb wn{! ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o tn znf~dn ni na znt~avbfo fn c~av`xa`dbz abf`tc`i~d`ôi `i`d`ba fna doit~co xoz na c~av`xa`dbfoz
Fbfo r~n ab f`tc`i~d`ôi `i`d`ba fna mbtvo fn doit~co w`nin fbfb xoz naxzof~dvo fn ab XCbD xoz na b~cnivo fn aot `cx~ntvot! znt~avb r~n na ngndvo fn~ib t~j`fb fna `cx~ntvo tn x~nfn n|xzntbz fn ab t`m~`nivn gozcb;
F`tc`i~d`ôi fn abznivb fn nr~`a`jz`o xoz 3 c + XCbD + B~cnivo fn aot~ib t~j`fb fn `cx~ntvo `cx~ntvot
Ab `ivnit`fbf fna fntxab{bc`nivo fn ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co fnxnifnzâ fn abd~bivãb fna `cx~ntvo p fn ab XCbD P àtvo a~nmo `cxa`dbzâ ~ib znf~dd`ôi fn ab
FB! p xoz vbivo! ~ib znf~dd`ôi fn ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o
^i `idzncnivo fn aot `cx~ntvot ni ~ib cnf`fb zntvz`dv`wb! pb r~n `id`fninmbv`wbcnivn tojzn ab FB p tojzn ab xzof~dd`ôi Xoz doivzb! ~ib znf~dd`ôi fnaot `cx~ntvot nt ~ib cnf`fb xoaãv`db n|xbit`wb! pb r~n b~cnivbzãb ab znivbf`txoi`jan! tn fntxab{bzâ lbd`b bzz`jb ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co p xoz vbivo! ab FB
Ab xot`j`a`fbf fn dbcj`bz aot `cx~ntvot doitv`v~pn ~i `itvz~cnivo fn doivzoa
fn ab FB dbt` vbi xofnzoto doco ~i dbcj`o ni aot mbtvot fna Tndvoz Xûja`doFnd`cot dbt`! pb r~n ~ib wbz`bd`ôi fn ~ib ~i`fbf coinvbz`b ni aot mbtvot fnaTndvoz Xûja`do v`nin ~i ngndvo ~i xodo cbpoz tojzn ab FB r~n ~ib wbz`bd`ôi fn~ib ~i`fbf coinvbz`b ni aot `cx~ntvot! pr r~n tnmûi lncot w`tvo! aot`cx~ntvot lbp r~n c~av`xa`dbzaot xoz ab XCbD xbzb fnvnzc`ibz na ngndvo fn ~ibbavnzbd`ôi fn aot c`tcot! p ab XCbD nt cnioz r~n ab ~i`fbf
P 3 c M
P 3 c XCbD V , )
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:6
NA C^AV@XA@DBFOZ FNA XZNT^X^NTVO NR^@A@JZBFO
Fn ao r~n bdbjbcot fn n|xa`dbz! tn fnf~dn r~n d~bifo na Moj`nzio b~cnivb nambtvo xûja`do ni ab c`tcb d~bivãb r~n aot `cx~ntvot! na `cxbdvo vovba tojzn abbdv`w`fbf ndoiôc`db tnzâ n|xbit`wo Nkncxao;
M 3 288
V 3 288
Na `idzncnivo fna mbtvo xûja`do `idzncnivb ab FB f`zndvbcnivn ni 288 c`aaoint
Na `idzncnivo fn V znf~dn ab znivb f`txoi`jan vbcj`ài ni 288 c`aaoint! xnzo t`ab XCbD nt `m~ba b 8< tôao tn f`tc`i~pn ab Fncbifb fn doit~co ni <8c`aaoint
V + XCbD 3 <8
Ni doitnd~nid`b ab FB n|xnz`cnivb `id`bacnivn ~i b~cnivo fn :8 c`aaoint ao
r~n lbzâ r~n b~cnivn ab xzof~dd`ôiNa b~cnivo fn ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o tn dbad~ab cnf`bivn ab gôzc~ao lbj`v~ba fnac~av`xa`dbfoz > + :8 3 288
FB
N 2 FB2 3 Do % 8< ,P — 288) % 288 % @
FBo 3 Do % 8< P % @ No
FB
6>» P ,Znivb)Po P 2
P 3 288
Ntvb bxbznivn xbzbfokb tn doiodn doi na iocjzn fna c~av`xa`dbfoz fna `cx~ntvo nr~`a`jzbfo p ntvbjandn r~n ~i b~cnivo fna Mbtvo Xûja`dobdocxbòbfo fn ~i b~cnivo `m~ba fn aot `cx~ntvot fb a~mbz b ~i `idzncnivo fnab xzof~dd`ôi
@CX^NTVOT XZOXOZD@OIBANT P AB ZNIVB FN NR^@A@JZ@O
Ni ab w`fb znba xzâdv`dbcnivn io n|`tvni aot `cx~ntvot fn d~bivãb g`kb Abcbpozãb fn aot `cx~ntvot ntvâi znabd`oibfot doi na i`wna fn znivb! fn gozcb r~nd~bifo b~cnivb ab znivb! aot `cx~ntvot tn `idzncnivbi p ao doivzb`oz od~zznd~bifo tn znf~dn ab znivb
Bamo xbznd`fo od~zzn doi abt vzbitgnznid`bt Xoz vbivo tn x~nfn bg`zcbz r~n aot`cx~ntvot invot fnxnifni fna i`wna fn znivb! nt fnd`z! toi xzoxozd`oibant b baznivb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:>
Ni vàzc`iot mninzbant fnd`cot r~n aot `cx~ntvot toi xzoxozd`oibant d~bifodoi ~i v`xo `cxot`v`wo ,v) aot `cx~ntvot vovbant tnzãbi ,v+P) fn gozcb r~n abznivb f`txoi`jan tnzãb; P — ,v + P) 3 ,2 — v) + P
Nkncxao; v 3 8!4 5 P 3 288 ~c
vP 3 8!4 + 288 3 48 ~c,2 — v) P 3 ,2 — 8!4) 288 3 =8 ~c
Aot `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant `id`fni tojzn ab znivb f`txoi`jan ni vofot aoti`wnant fn xzof~dd`ôi! p xoz naao bgndvbi b ab fncbifb fn doit~co! b ab FB p bai`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o
T` t~xoincot r~n vnincot D 3 Do % 8< P ! d~bifo `ivzof~d`cot ~i `cx~ntvoxozxozd`oiba na i~nwo doit~co tnzãb D¶ 3 Do % 8< ,2 — v) PT` vnincot v 3 8!4! tn ojtnzwb r~n na doit~co nt ~ib xzoxozd`ôi cnioz fn abznivb ibd`oiba
D¶ 3 Do % 8!< ,8!=) P 3 Do % 8>7 P
Nt fnd`z ! ab XCbD ojvni`fb b xbzv`z fn ab znivb ibd`oiba tnzãb;
XCbD¶ 3 XCbD ,2 — v) 3 8!< + 8!= 3 8!>7
Aot `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant znf~dni ab xzoxozd`ôi r~n tn doit~cn fn ~ibxntnvb bf`d`oiba fn znivb
Doit~co D 3 Do % 8< P ,@) No FBo3 D% @ 3 Do % 8< P % @ ,D)
D¶ 3 Do % 8>7 P N 2 FB2 3 D¶ % @ 3 Do % 8>7 P % @
6>»
P 2 P 8 Znivb
Ni na dbto fn ~i b~cnivo ni na v`xo `cxot`v`wo! tn fb ~i fntxab{bc`nivo lbd`bbjbko io xbzbanao fn ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co
Nivoidnt! ni ~ib Ndoiocãb doi `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant ab g~id`ôi fndoit~co tnzâ cât xabib r~n ni ~ib Ndoiocãb foifn io lbp `cx~ntvotC`nivzbt cbpoz tnb na v`xo `cxot`v`wo! cât xabib tnzâ ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co p doitnd~nivncnivn cnioz tnzâ na c~av`xa`dbfoz Ntvo tn fnjn b r~n tn lbznf~d`fo ab xnif`nivn fn ab g~id`ôi fn doit~co
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:7
T` ni na mzâg`do bivnz`oz bòbf`cot ba doit~co ab `iwnzt`ôi! vnincot ab FB
Xoz vbivo na `cx~ntvo xzoxozd`oiba tojzn ab t~cb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb lbdnr~n f`dlb FB tnb fn cnioz xnif`nivn
Na c~av`xa`dbfoz r~n lbjãbcot fncotvzbfo;
c 3 2 / ,2 — XCbD) 3 2 / ,2 — d) 3 2 / , 2 — 8<) 3 >
D~bifo n|`tvni `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant lbp r~n cof`g`dbz na c~av`xa`dbfoz Navàzc`io fna bk~tvn tnzâ` ,2 — v)! r~n znxzntnivb ab xbzvn fn ~ib xntnvb bf`d`oibafn znivb r~n znbacnivn znd`jni abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt doco znivb ~ib wn{fnf~d`fot aot `cx~ntvot
Xoz vbivo! na c~av`xa`dbfoz bk~tvbfo tnzãb;
c¶ 3 2 / ,2 — XCbD¶) 3 2 / ,2 — XCbD ,2 — v)) 3 2 / ,2 — d ,2 — v)) 3 2 / ,2 — 8>7)3 :!:=
Ni doida~t`ôi! aot `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant znf~dni ab XCbD b xbzv`z fn abznivb ibd`oiba! pb r~n abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt tôao ojv`nini ~ib xbzvn fndbfb ~i`fbf coinvbz`b fn znivb ibd`oiba r~n ~v`a`{bi doco znivb f`txoi`jan
Xoz naao aot `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant znf~dni na c~av`xa`dbfoz
> NA XZNT^X^NTVO XÛJA@DO P AB XOAÃV@DB G@TDBA
Na xznt~x~ntvo xûja`do zngankb aot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot r~n na Ntvbfo docxzbzâ nina nknzd`d`o t`m~`nivn! abt vzbitgnznid`bt r~n znba`{bzâ p aot `imzntot g`tdbant r~nojvnifzâ xbzb lbdnz gznivn b aot f`tv`ivot mbtvot
T~xoi`nifo r~n aot `cx~ntvot invot toi xzoxozd`oibant b ab znivb! p r~n nambtvo xûja`do nt ~ib dbiv`fbf g`kb! d~bivo cbpoz nt ab znivb! cnioz nt na fàg`d`v ocbpoz na t~xnzâw`v
Mbtvo xûja`do
V
M 1 V T~xnzâw`v xznt~x~ntvbz`o
M M 9 V
Znivb Fàg`d`v Nr~`a`jz`o
xznt~x~ntvbz`b xznt~x~ntvbz`o
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:=
Vba doco lncot w`tvo! ab ~v`a`{bd`ôi xoz xbzvn fna Ntvbfo fn aot `cx~ntvot p nambtvo xûja`do xbzb ntvbj`a`{bz ab Ndoiocãb doitv`v~pn ab xoaãv`db g`tdba
^ib xoaãv`db g`tdba n|xbit`wb tn aanwbzãb b dbjo b~cnivbifo M o f`tc`i~pnifo V !
aot `cx~ntvot ! fn gozcb r~n ba b~cnivbz ab FB tn `idzncnivbzãb na ncxano p abznivb
^ib xoaãv`db g`tdba zntvz`dv`wb o doivzbdv`wb tnzãb ba doivzbz`o! f`tc`i~d`ôi fn M o`idzncnivo fn aot `cx~ntvot Ab FB tn znf~d`zãb p vbcj`ài tn znf~d`zãbi nancxano p ab znivb
Tn x~nfn bg`zcbz r~n na xznt~xn~tvo xûja`do p cât doidznvbcnivn na fàg`d`vxznt~x~ntvbz`o io nt ~i j~ni `if`dbfoz fn ab cbzdlb fn ab xoaãv`db g`tdba pb r~nx~nfn wbz`bz t`cxancnivn xozr~n tn bavnzn ab znivb T` ab ndoiocãb nivzb ni ~ibzndnt`ôi! na fàg`d`v xznt~x~ntvbz`o v`nifn b b~cnivbz b~vocâv`dbcnivn! p ao
doivzbz`o od~zz`zâ ni gbtnt fn n|xbit`ôi fn ab ndoiocãb
T` na fàg`d`v xznt~x~ntvbz`o x~nfn bavnzbztn fnj`fo b gbdvoznt r~n io ntvâiznabd`oibfot doi ab xoaãv`db g`tdba! doco x~nfn tnz ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi!indnt`vbcot ovzo doidnxvo r~n zngankn n|da~t`wbcnivn aot dbcj`ot fn ab xoaãv`dbg`tdba Ntvn doidnxvo nt na fn xznt~x~ntvo fn xanio ncxano Na xznt~xntvo fnxanio ncxano o ntvz~dv~zba c`fn ab xot`d`ôi l`xovàv`db fna xznt~x~ntvo t` abndoiocãb ntv~w`ntn vzbjbkbifo ba i`wna fn xanio ncxano o xovnid`ba!cbivni`àifotn ab anm`tabd`ôi vz`j~vbz`b doitvbivn p cbivni`àifotn aot mbtvotbdv~bant
Na xznt~x~ntvo fn xanio ncxano nt `ifnxnif`nivn fna i`wna bdv~ba fn znivbT~xoimbcot r~n ~ib ndoiocãb ntvâ ni xanio ncxano p r~n na xznt~x~ntvo znbantvâ nr~`a`jzbfo! nivoidnt vbcj`ài ao ntvbzãb na xznt~x~ntvo fn xanio ncxano
M V
V B N M
JP
P 2 P XN ,znivb fn xanio ncxano)
T~xoimbcot r~n ~ib ndoiocãb nivzb ni ~ib zndnt`ôi p na XI tn znf~dn ,P 2)!mzâg`dbcnivn xbtbcot fn P XN b P 2 Aot `imzntot xoz `cx~ntvot tn znf~dni p naxznt~x~ntvo ngndv`wo `id~zzn ni fàg`d`v Na xznt~x~ntvo fn xanio ncxanoxnzcbindn nr~`a`jzbfo pb r~n io tn wn bgndvbfo xoz ab znf~dd`ôi fna XI fntfnP XN b P 2 p zngankb r~n io tn lb vocbfo i`im~ib cnf`fb fn xoaãv`db g`tdba
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:<
Ab znmab o ab iozcb fna xznt~x~ntvo nr~`a`jzbfo fn xanio ncxano v`nin ~i`idoiwni`nivn pb r~n x~nfn r~n na tndvoz xûja`do xzntnivn doco xzocnf`o!f~zbivn ~i d`nzvo xnzãofo! ~i xznt~x~ntvo fng`d`vbz`o! ao d~ba oz`m`ibzâxzojancbt fn g`ibid`bd`ôi Xbzb toa~d`oibz ntvn xzojancb n|`tvni ovzbtxot`j`a`fbfnt fn znba`{bz ab xoaãv`db g`tdba p fn doivzoabz na mbtvo! p ~ib fn naabt nt
ab fn nr~`a`jzbz dãda`dbcnivn na xznt~x~ntvo! nt fnd`z! docjbv`z ab `intvbj`a`fbffn gozcb r~n ni abt gbtnt btdnifnivnt fna d`dao aot t~xnzâw`vt docxnitni aotfàg`d`v ni r~n tn `id~zz`zâ ni abt zndnt`oint! ntvo nt na xznt~x~ntvo dãda`dbcnivnnr~`a`jzbfo
NTVBJ@A@[BFOZNT B^VOCÂV@DOT
B~ir~n xofncot lbjabz fn ~ib xoaãv`db g`tdba bdv`wb o f`tdznd`oiba! na t`tvncb`cxot`v`wo v`nini ~iot ngndvot b~vocâv`dotD~bifo ato `cx~ntvot toi xzoxozd`oibant ab zndb~fbd`ôi tn bavnzb fn gozcb
b~vocâv`db! na b~cnivo fn aot `cx~ntvot b cnf`fb r~n tn `idzncnivb naxzof~dvo ibd`oiba znf~d`zâ ab g~nz{b fn ab n|xbit`ôi p ao doivzbz`o od~zz`zâ t`v`nin a~mbz ~ib zndnt`ôi! xoz vbivo! aot `cx~ntvot xzoxozd`oibant d~cxani abc`t`ôi fn ~i ntvbj`a`{bfoz b~vocâv`do fn ab bdv`w`fbf ndoiôc`db
^i ntvbj`a`{bfoz b~vocâv`do nt d~bar~`nz lndlo fna t`tvncb ndoiôc`do r~ncndâi`dbcnivn v`nifn b znf~d`z ab g~nz{b fn abt zndnt`oint p fn abt n|xbit`ointfn ab fncbifb! t`i r~n tnbi indntbz`bt cnf`fbt f`tdznd`oibant o bdv`wbz fnxoaãv`db ndoiôc`db
Aot ntvbj`a`{bfoznt b~vocâv`dot cât `cxozvbivnt toi fot;
# Aot dbcj`ot b~vocâv`dot fn ab zndb~fbd`ôi xoz `cx~ntvot D~bar~`nzt`tvncb g`tdba cofnzio tn jbtb g~ifbcnivbacnivn ni ~iot `cx~ntvot r~ntoi ~i xozdnivbkn fn abt znivbt fn abt xnztoibt gãt`dbt p fn aot jning`d`ot fnabt ncxzntbt Doigozcn wbzâ` ab znivb! vbivo doco t` b~cnivb doco t`f`tc`i~pn! t`i r~n na moj`nzio vocn i`im~bi cnf`fb bdv`wb tn bavnzbzâ abzndb~fbd`ôi `cxot`v`wbT` xoz nkncxao! ab znivb f`tc`i~pn vnifzâ a~mbz ~ib znf~dd`ôi fn abzndb~fbd`ôi g`tdba! r~n bfncât tnzãb ab cnf`fb oxozv~ib b vocbz Fn ntvbgozcb aot `cx~ntvot v`nifni b ntvbj`a`{bz fn gozcb b~vocâv`db! vbivo aotcow`c`nivot btdnifnivnt doco fntdnifnivnt fn ab znivb
# Na tnm~zo fn fntncxano p ovzbt vzbitgnznid`bt bt`tvnid`bant F~zbivn abtgbtnt fn zndnt`ôi b~cnivb na fntncxnao! p b t~ wn{! aot xbmot ni gozcb fntnm~zo fn xbzo C`nivzbt ni aot bòot fn g~nzvn dznd`c`nivo ba znf~d`ztn nafntncxano f`tc`i~pni ntot xbmot! fn ntvb gozcb! na tnm~zo fn fntncxnaonknzdn ~ib xznt`ôi ntvbj`a`{bfozb doivz`j~pnifo b znf~d`z ab fncbifbd~bifo nt n|dnt`wb o doivz`j~pnifo b cbivninz na i`wna fn doit~co t` abbdv`w`fbf ndoiôc`db ntvâ znf~d`àifotn Vnincot r~n tnòbabz r~n io vofotaot ntvbj`a`{bfoznt b~vocâv`dot toi oz`m`ibz`ot o xzow`nini fn ab bdv~bd`ôifna tndvoz xûja`do5 xoz nkncxao! na docxozvbc`nivo fn abt gbc`a`bt ba vzbvbzfn cbivninz ~i i`wna fn w`fb fnxnif`nivn ! io fn ab znivb fn dbfb bòo! t`io
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
:0
fn ~ib znivb cnf`b o xnzcbinivn Aot ntvbj`a`{bfoznt b~vocâv`dot znf~dnixbzvn fn abt ga~dv~bd`oint fn ab ndoiocãb xnzo io abt na`c`ibidocxanvbcnivn
AB G@IBID@BD@ÔI FNA FÀG@D@V XÛJA@DO
Iozcbacnivn aot `cx~ntvot io d~jzni vofbt abt vzbitgnznid`bt p abt docxzbt fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot znba`{bfbt xoz na Ntvbfo! ao d~ba n|xa`db r~n bxbzn{dbi aotfàg`d`v
N|`tvni jât`dbcnivn vznt wãbt fn g`ibid`bz na mbtvo xûja`do;
# Na ntvbjand`c`nivo fn `cx~ntvot# Ab dznbd`ôi fn f`inzo# Ab nc`t`ôi fn fn~fb xûja`db
Na ntvbjand`c`nivo fn aot `cx~ntvot
Ab ~v`a`{bd`ôi fn aot `cx~ntvot xzntnivb bam~ibt a`c`vbd`oint fnj`fo b r~n ni abcbpozãb fn aot dbtot ao r~n tn r~`nzn nt g`bibid`bz aot mbtvot fng`d`vbz`ot! ntfnd`z! br~naaot r~n ntvâi xoz nid`cb fn aot `cx~ntvot ntvbjand`fot
Ab dznbd`ôi fn f`inzo
D~bifo tn znd~zzn b ab nc`t`ôi o dznbd`ôi fn f`inzo xbzb g`ibid`bz na b~cnivofn aot mbtvot fna tndvoz xûja`do tn xoin ni cbzdlb ~ib xoaãv`db coinvbz`b
n|xbit`wb p t~t ngndvot fnxnifni fn ab t`v~bd`ôi ni r~n tn nid~nivzn abndoiocãb! nt fnd`z! xzô|`cb ba xanio ncxano o ni ~ib fnxznt`ôi
Ab nc`t`ôi fn fn~fb xûja`db
Ab fn~fb xûja`db ntvâ gozcbfb xoz vãv~aot fn fn~fb r~n na Ntvbfo xoin nicbiot fna xûja`do Aot xz`id`xbant vãv~aot o bdv`wot nc`v`fot xoz na vntozoxûja`do toi;# Abt anvzbt fna vntozo# Aot joiot fna Ntvbfo# Abt oja`mbd`oint fna Ntvbfo
Ab fn~fb xûja`db dzndn doco doitnd~nid`b fn aot fàg`d`v xznt~x~ntvbz`ot p gznd~nivncnivn! tn ab doit`fnzb ~ib dbzmb! pb r~n nt ab fn~fb fn vofo na xbãt
NA NGNDVO FNTXAB[BC@NIVO O N\X^AT@ÔI
D~bio na tndoz xûja`do! na Ntvbfo zndb~fb `cx~ntvot xbzb xbmbz `ivnzntnt x~nfndznbz ~i n|dnto fn dbzmb g`tdba p x~nfn fntbi`cbz na vzbjbko
Bfncât! ~i b~cnivo fn ab fn~fb x~nfn fntxab{bz ab `iwnzt`ôi xz`wbfb d~bifof`dlo b~cnivo `cxa`db ~i ncxnozbc`nivo ni abt doif`d`oint g`ibid`nzbt! j`ni
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tnb xozr~n tn nanwbi aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt ba dbiba`{bz o ba aanwbz aot goifotf`txoi`jant lb`db ab docxzb fn vãv~aot fna Ntvbfo o j`ni xozr~n tn znf~dni aotgoifot g`ibid`nzot f`txoi`jantNa ngndvo fntxab{bc`nivo v`nin a~mbz d~bifo na mbtvo xûja`do o aot fàg`d`vxznt~x~ntvbz`o o ab fn~fb xûja`db znf~dn ab dbiv`fbf fn `iwnzt`ôi fn abt
ncxzntbtXOT@D@OINT BIVN AB XOAÃV@DB G@TDBA FN DAÂT@DOT P FN AOT ENPINT@BIOT
Lncot docnivbfo r~n ab bdv~bd`ôi g`tdba xoz xbzvn fna tndvoz xûja`do! doi naojknv`wo fn znf~d`z abt jzndlbt fn xzof~dd`ôi ibdn fn ab znwoa~d`ôi Enpint`bibAb indnt`fbf fn ntvb `ivnzwnid`ôi g~n k~tv`g`dbfb xoz Enpint b xbzv`z fn ab `fnbfna xzodnto cbdzondoiôc`do! r~n t~x~to ab z~xv~zb doi na cofnao daât`do!fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb fn aot ndoioc`tvbt daât`dot na xbxna fna tndvoz xûja`dov`nin r~n tnz g~ifbcnivbacnivn xbt`wo! ~b r~n! na cofnao xoz t` c`tcoxzoxozd`oib na xanio ncxano
Doco wnzncot! ab gan|`w`a`fbf ba ba{b p b ab jbkb fn xznd`ot p tbabz`ot! nt nat~x~ntvo dnivzba r~n lbdn `iindntbz`o ab `ivnzwnid`ôi fna Ntvbfo
Na mbtvo xûja`do fnjn a`c`vbztn ni ao xot`jan! aot `cx~ntvot v`nini r~n tnzin~vzba`{bfot! nt fnd`z! aot mbtvot fnjni ojnfndnz b aot dotvnt fn aot tnzw`d`ot p na xznt~x~ntvo nr~`a`jzbfo bi~bacnivn nt ab iozcb xznt~x~ntvbz`b jât`db! pbr~n aot mbtvot fnjni g`ibid`bztn doi aot `cx~ntvot
Ab dz`t`t fn 20:0 w`io b xoinz ni f~fb ab wba`fn{ fna cofnao daât`do! docobavnzibv`wb b f`dlo cofnao daât`do t~zm`ô na cofnao Enpint`bio ni na d~ba io
n|`tvn ~i cndbi`tco b~vocâv`do r~n znvozin b ab ndoiocãb ba xanio ncxanoFntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb Enpint`bio fbfb ab z`m`fn{ fn xznd`ot p tbabz`ot b ab jbkb!d~bifo v`nin a~mbz ~ib zndnt`ôi na tndvoz xûja`do fnjnzâ vzbvbz fn t`v~bz b abfncbifb bmznmbfb ni na i`wna docxbv`jan doi na xanio ncxano! xoz vbivo! ab FB nt ab wbz`bjan dabwn fna t`tvncb
Enpint bdnxvô ab iozcb fna nr~`a`jz`o xznt~x~ntvbz`o daât`do! xnzo vni`nifo nid~nivb ab f~zbd`ôi fna d`dao ndoiôc`doAot xzojancbt `cxozvbivnt `igabd`oi`tvbt xzowodbfot ni xbzvn xoz ab`ivnzwnid`ôi fna Ntvbfo! xzowbdbzoi dzãv`dbt b ab xotv~zb Enpint`bib! fn blãt~zm`ô ab ntd~nab o na nigor~n coinvbz`tvb! ab ntd~nab nt xbzv`fbz`b fna bjbifoio
fn abt xoaãv`dbt bdv`wbz fn ntvbj`a`{bd`ôi! bzm~cnivbifo r~n na b~cnivo fnambtvo xûja`do mninzb ~i fntxab{bc`nivo ,ngndvo fntxab{bc`nivo) fn ab bdv`w`fbfndoiôc`db xz`wbfb
7 AB FNVNZC@IBD@ÔI FN AB ZNIVB FN NR^@A@JZ@O NI ^IB NDOIOCÃ B BJ@NZVB
Doco pb lncot docnivbfo! na d~bzvo docxoinivn fna mbtvo bmznmbfo ntvâgozcbfo xoz abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt! nt fnd`z! abt n|xozbd`oint fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot cniot abt `cxozvbd`oint fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot \ — C
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Xofncot fnd`z r~n nt ab n|`tvnid`b fn abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt ao r~n lbdn r~n nambtvo fn ~i xbãt tnb f`tv`ivo fn ao r~n xzof~dn Na mbtvo focàtv`do o fncbifb`ivnzib! r~n nt `m~ba ba doit~co cât ab `iwnzt`ôi! cât na mbtvo xûja`do! ntf`gnznivn fna mbtvo o xzof~dvo ibd`oiba! pb r~n xbzvn fna mbtvo o fncbifb`ivnzib tn tbv`tgbdn xoz j`nint xzof~d`fot ni na n|vnz`oz! nt fnd`z! doi
`cxozvbd`oint Xoz vbivo! ab f`gnznid`b nivzn na xzof~dvo o znivb ibd`oiba p abfncbifb `ivnzib! toi abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt! xoz vbivo na mbtvo vovba ni j`nint p tnzw`d`ot ibd`oibant o xzof~dvo ibd`oiba tn x~nfn n|xzntbz fn ab gozcbt`m~`nivn
P 3 D % @ % M % ,\ — C)
Xbzb t`cxa`g`dbz doit`fnzbcot r~n ab \! ba fnxnifnz fn ab znivb fna n|vzbiknzo p fn aot xznd`ot znabv`wot toi n|ômnibt! nt fnd`z! tn fnvnzc`ibi g~nzb fna cofnao5xoz vbivo! t~xoincot r~n xnzcbindni doitvbivnt b ~i fnvnzc`bifo i`wna
Zntxndvo b abt `cxozvbd`oint C! vbcj`ài `ivzof~d`cot ~ib l`xôvnt`t p t~xoincot r~n fnxnifni ûi`dbcnivn fna i`wna fn xzof~dvo p ab znivb ibd`oiba!nt fnd`z! d~bivo cbpoz tnb ab znivb cbpoznt tnzâi abt `cxozvbd`oint
C 3 C 2 P
Ni doidznvo xofncot t~xoinz r~n na xbãt t`ncxzn `cxozvb ~i fnvnzc`bifoxozdnivbkn fn t~ xzof~dd`ôi vovba
T~xoincot ~i 2> . ! nt fnd`z! r~n ab C 2 wb b tnz b 8!2> Ab C 2 nt ab XCb b`cxozvbz! XCbC ! r~n tn fng`in doco na b~cnivo r~n n|xnz`cnivbi abt
`cxozvbd`oint xoz dbfb ~i`fbf coinvbz`b r~n b~cnivb ab znivb r~n ni i~ntvzodbto lncot x~ntvo r~n nt 8!2>Xoz vbivo ab XCbC v`nin ~i wbaoz nivzn 8 p 2
Vofot aot t~x~ntvot bivnz`oznt tojzn na docxozvbc`nivo fn \ p fn C ! lbdni r~nabt n|xozvbd`oint invbt tn znf~{dbi b cnf`fb r~n ab znivb dzndn
T`m~`nifo na nkncxao; \ 3 788 5 C 3 8!2> P 5 \ 3 C 5 788 3 8!2> P 5 P 36888
Nt fnd`z! xbzb ~ib znivb `m~ba b 6888 abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt ,\ # C) tnzãbi
`m~ba b 8
Mzâg`dbcnivn;
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
4:
N|xozv @cxozv C
7888 \ 6>»
P N|xozv 6888
invbtMbtvo
vovba 7888 N|xozvbd`oint invbt N
xot`v`wbt N|xozvbd`ointinvbt
D %@ % M % \ # C inmbv`wbt6888 ,\ — C) \9C \
D % @ % M
6>» P Pn
Ab d~zwb fna mbtvo bmznmbfo v`nin ~ib xnif`nivn cniot r~n ab d~zwb fnfncbifb `ivnzib! fnj`fo b ab tba`fb fna mbtvo lbd`b abt `cxozvbd`oint5 nii~ntvzo dbto lncot t~x~ntvo r~n na 2>. fn ab znivb vovba tn `cxozvb
B ab `{r~`nzfb fna x~ivo N! abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt toi xot`v`wbt! fn cofo r~n ab
aãinb znxzntnivbv`wb fna mbtvo vovba tn nid~nivzb xoz nid`cb fn ab fncbifb`ivnzib B ab fnzndlb fna x~ivo N! abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt toi inmbv`wbt p ab a`inb fnambtvo vovba tn nid~nivzb xoz fnjbko fn ab fncbifb `ivnzib
Ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o tn nid~nivzb ni na x~ivo ni r~n ab g~id`ôi fna mbtvo vovbadozvb ab zndvb fn 6>» Lbp fbztn d~nivb fn r~n abt zndvbt fn fncbifb `ivnzib p fn mbtvo vovba tn `ivnztndvbi d~bifo abt n|xozvbd`oint invbt \ — C toi 8 ni namzâg`do r~n lncot lndlo! xnzo na lndlo fn r~n na nr~`a`jz`o od~zzb d~bifo abtn|xozvbd`oint invbt toi 8 nt x~zb do`id`fnid`b
Mbtvo vovba D % @ % M
8 3 \ # C D % @ % M % \ # C
6>»P
Xoz vbivo ab g~id`ôi fn n|xozvb`oint invbtv`nin xnif`nivn inmbv`wb! xbzb fnvnzc`ibz abznivb fn nr~`a`jz`o ni ~ib ndoiocãb bj`nzvb tnbòbfn b ab a`inb znxzntnivbv`wb fn ab fncbifb`ivnzib ,D % @ % M)! na i`wna fn n|xozvbd`ointinvbt dozzntxoif`nivn b dbfb i`wna fn znivb
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NA C^AV@XA@DBFOZ FN IB NDOIOCÃB BJ@NZVB
Na c~av`xa`dbfoz fn ~ib ndoiocãb dnzzbfb t`i tndvoz xûja`do;
c 3 2 / ,2—
d) 3 2 / XCbB 3 >
Doco abt `cxozvbd`oint ba `m~ba r~n na blozzo toi ~ib tba`fb fna ga~ko d`zd~abzfn ab znivb! na c~av`xa`dbfoz fn ~ib ndoiocãb bj`nzvb t`i tndvoz xûja`do tnzãb`m~ba b ;
c 3 2 / ,2 — d % C 2 ) 3 2 / ,XCbB % C 2 ) 3 :<>
T` ab ndoiocãb nt bj`nzvb p doi tndvoz xûja`do! vnifzãbcot;
c3 2 / ,2 — d ,2 — v) % C 2 ) 3 2!7
Xofncot ojtnzwbz r~n ni ~ib ndoiocãb bj`nzvb na c~av`xa`dbfoz nt cnioz r~nni ~ib ndoiocãb dnzzbfb
Xofncot fnf~d`z bibaãv`dbcnivn ntvn c~av`xa`dbfoz;
P 3 D % @ % M % \ — C P 3 Do % d ,2 — v) P % @¶ % M¶ % \¶ # C 2 P P — d P % d v P % C 2 P 3 Do % @¶% M¶ % \¶P ,2 — d ,2 — v) % C 2 ) 3 Do % @¶ % M¶ % \¶
P 3 ,Do % @¶ % M¶ % \¶) / ,2 — d ,2 — v) % C 2 )
c 3 P / Mbtvo c 3 2 / ,2 — d ,2 — v) % C 2 )
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VNCB 4
NA F@INZO P NA T@TVNCB G@IBID@NZO
2 NA F@INZO; OZ@MNI! G^ID@OINT P DABTNT
^ib ndoiocãb fn vz~nr~n nt br~naab ni ab r~n io n|`tvn i`imûi cnf`o fndbcj`o docûicnivn bdnxvbfo p aot j`nint tn `ivnzdbcj`bi f`zndvbcnivn xozovzot j`nint
G~id`oint fna f`inzo;
Fntncxnòb xz`id`xbacnivn d~bvzo g~id`oint;
# Na f`inzo nt ~i cofnao fn dbcj`o! mninzbacnivn bdnxvbfo xoz ab tod`nfbfxbzb ab znba`{bd`ôi fn vzbitbdd`oint p ab dbidnabd`ôi fn fn~fbt! ep r~n xoozvbivo nw`vb na vz~nr~n f`zndvo Xoz vbivo! na f`inzo gbd`a`vb na `ivnzdbcj`o p znf~dn aot dotvnt btod`bfot b d~bar~`nz vzbitbdd`ôi
# Na f`inzo nt ~i`fbf fn d~nivb! nt fnd`z! tn ~v`a`{b doco ~i`fbf xozr~n t`zwnfn cnf`fb fn wbaoz! nt fnd`z! xbzb dbad~abz d~bivo wbani aot f`gnznivnt j`nint
p tnzw`d`ot# Na f`inzo nt ~i fnxôt`vo fn wbaoz! pb r~n tn x~nfn ~v`a`{bz xbzb znba`{bz
docxzbt ni na g~v~zo p xoz naao! nt ~ib gozcb fn cbivninz z`r~n{b Ntvo tnfnjn b r~n na f`inzo x~nfn dbcj`bztn gâd`acnivn xoz j`nint p tnzw`d`ot nid~bar~`nz cocnivo5 t`i ncjbzmo! na xofnz fn docxzb fna f`inzo wbzãbd~bifo dbcj`b na i`wna mninzba fn xznd`o5 xoz nkncxao5 f~zbivn ~i xnzãofoffn `igabd`ôi na xofnz fn docxzb fna f`inzo f`tc`i~pn Bfncât znt~avb r~n~ib xnztoib r~n m~bzfb f`inzo doco vba io znd`jn `ivnzàt Lbp r~n vninz nid~nivb r~n n|`tvn vofb ~ib wbz`nfbf fn bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot p io g`ibid`nztor~n vbcj`ài bdvûbi doco fnxôt`vo fn wbaoz; aot joiot! aot fnxôt`vot fnblozzo! fn~fb xûja`do! nvd! p r~n v`nini ~ib cbpoz znivbj`a`fbf r~n naf`inzo Xofncot ! xoz vbivo! fng`i`z na f`inzo doco ~i bdv`wo g`ibid`nzo fn
wbaoz ioc`bia doitvbivn mbzbiv`{bfo xoz anp ni na dbto fna f`inzo znba! fnznif`c`nivo ioc`iba i~ao p fn a`r~`fn{ xanib
#
Na f`inzo vbcj`ài nt ~i xbvzôi fn xbmo f`gnz`fo! pb r~n aot xbmot r~n lbifn znba`{bztn ni na g~v~zo mninzbacnivn tn ntxnd`g`dbi ni f`inzo
NA F@INZO NI AB L@TVOZ@B
Na f`inzo b ao abzmo fn ab l`tvoz`b lb t~gz`fo dbcj`ot `cxozvbivnt! t~ oz`mni tnx`nzfn ni ab biv`mñnfbf p fntfn nivoidnt tn lbi ~v`a`{bfo doco cnf`o fn xbmomzbi wbz`nfbf fn ojknvot p fn j`nint! fntfn mbibfo ! ab tba! abt x~ivbt fn gandlb!bzxoint! nvd
Ni abt tod`nfbfnt xz`c`v`wbt aot j`nint r~n lbdãbi fn f`inzo vniãbi o toaãbi
vninz wbaoz ni tã c`tcot p doitv`v~ãbi na f`inzo cnzdbidãb Na f`inzo cnzdbidãb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
4>
nt ~i j`ni r~n v`nin na c`tco wbaoz doco e~i`fbf coinvbz`b r~n dococnzdbidãb
Ab cnzdbidãb nanm`fb doco f`inzo fnjãb zn~i`z ~ib tnz`n fn d~ba`fbfnt;
# Tnz f~zbfnzb5 io tn bdnxvbzãb bamo r~n tn fnvnz`ozn doi na xbto fna v`ncxo5# Vzbitxozvbjan! vninz ~i wbaoz bavo zntxndvo b t~ xnto xbzb r~n tn x~f`ntnvzbitxozvbz gâd`acnivn
# F`w`t`jan5 f`w`f`ztn gâd`acnivn ni xnr~nòbt ~i`fbfnt t`i xàzf`fb fn wbaoz!xbzb r~n tn x~nfbi docxzbz o znba`{bz xbmot xnr~nòot
# Locomàinb5 d~bar~`nz ~i`fbf fna j`ni ni d~ntv`ôi fnjn tnz n|bdvbcnivn`m~ba b aot fncât
# Fn ognzvb a`c`vbfb5 pb r~n t` io io vnifzãb i`imûi wbaoz ndoiôc`do
Xoz vofo ntvo! aot cnvbant xznd`otot! g~ifbcnivbacnivn ozo p xabvb lbi t`fo abtcnzdbidãbt nanm`fot xbzb lbdnz abt wndnt fn f`inzo Xnzo aot cnvbant xznd`otot
doco vbant xzntnivbi ab f`g`d~avbf fn r~n t~ dba`fbf p x~zn{b! btã doco t~ xntofnjãbi tnz nwba~bfot ni dbfb `ivnzdbcj`o Doi ab bd~òbd`ôi fn coinfbt tnna`c`ibzoi ntvot `idoiwni`nivnt! ntvbcxbifo ab b~voz`fbf docxnvnivn t~ tnaaodoco mbzbivãb fn xnto p fn dba`fbf fn ab coinfb
Tnmûi abt dbzbdvnzãtv`dbt r~n lncot docnivbfo r~n fnjn vninz ab cnzdbidãb r~ntn fnjn ~v`a`{bz doco f`inzo! fnjncot fntvbdbz r~n na xbxna vbcj`ài d~cxanntvbt dbzbdvnzãtv`dbt! tn x~nfn `cxz`c`z! f`w`f`z! bacbdnibz! p vzbitxozvbzgâd`acnivn! xnzo v`nin na `idoiwni`nivn fn r~n t~ wbaoz nt fncbt`bfo xnr~nòo
T` t~ wbaoz nt zngznifbfo xoz r~`ni ao nc`vn! nivoidnt nt f`gnznivn! x~nt ni ntv
dbto! na wbaoz fna xbxna nt xznd`tbcnivn ao r~n ni àa g`m~zb `cxznto! ntvo nt aor~n tn aabcb F@INZO G@F^D@BZ@O O T@MIO
F@INZO T@MIO;
Nt ~i j`ni d~po wbaoz doco cnzdbidãb nt c~p ntdbto p r~n nt mninzbacnivnbdnxvbfo doco cnf`o fn dbcj`o ,xozr~n ab mnivn v`nin gn ni r~n na nc`tozzntxoifnzâ fn aot vzo{ot fn xbxna o fn abt coinfbtf bd~bòfbt p d~`fbzâ fn r~nab dbiv`fbf nc`v`fb tnb a`c`vbfb)! vbcj`ài xofncot fnd`z r~n nt na f`inzox~ntvo oz na Moj`nzio! nt fnd`z! f`inzo fn d~zto anmba
Ni ~i xz`id`x`o tn ncxanbjb na f`inzo cnzdbidãb p doidznvbcnivn na f`inzocnvba! xnzo xoz abt f`g`d~avbfnt w`tvbt g~n t~tv`v~`fo xoz na f`inzo xbxna fn xaniodoivni`fo! nt fnd`z! dnzv`g`dbfot fn xbxna r~n ntvbjbi zntxbafbfot xoz fnxôt`votfn ozo o fn xabvb fn `m~ba wbaoz ba fn aot dnzv`g`dbfot nc`v`fot Ntvn v`xo fnf`inzo v~wo t~ oz`mni ni ab bdv`w`fbf fntbzzoaabfb xoz aot ozgnjznt ni ab NfbfCnf`b Doi na vzbit~zto fna v`ncxo ntvot znd`jot g~nzoi xbmâifotn cnf`bivn abt`cxan nivznmb fn ~i xbxna r~n dnzv`g`dbjb ab fn~fb xz`wbfb zndoiod`fb xoz ~iozgnjzn! xzocnv`nifo àtvn b nivznmbz ba xzovbfoz ~ib dbiv`fbf fnvnzc`ibfb fnozo d~bifo btã tn ao x`f`nzb Ntvn f`inzo xbxna nzb xanibcnivn doiwnzv`jan niozo
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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Xbzb docof`fbf fn abt vzbitbdd`oint doi xbxna! na xûja`do io zndabcbj b na ozo!ba d~ba vniãbi fnzndlo tnmûi aot dnzv`g`dbfot fn xbxna r~n xotnãbi! o toao aolbdãbi xbzd`bacnivn Nivoidnt aot ozgnjznt docni{bzoi b zndoiodnz fn~fbtnc`v`nifo f`inzo xbxna vnôz`dbcnivn doiwnzv`jan ni ozo xoz ~i wbaoz t~xnz`oz baozo r~n znbacnivn vniãbi! tn doiw`zv`nzoi ni jbir~nzot p dzbzoi na f`inzo xbxna
ioc`ibacnivn doiwnzv`jan ni ozoT` ni ntvbt d`zd~itvbid`bt abt xnztoibt r~n vniãbi dnzv`g`dbfot o znd`jotn|vnif`fot xoz aot ozgnjzn! l~j`nzbi r~nz`fo zndabcbz t`c~avâinbcnivn t~tfnxôt`vot fn ozo l~j`nzb t`fo `cxot`jan bvnifnzant
Bdv~bacnivn na f`inzo xbxna io v`nin i`imûi zntxbafo ni vàzc`iot fn cnvbantxznd`otot! ao c`tco r~n na f`inzo fn coinfbt Na wbaoz fna f`inzo xbxna bdv~batn jbtb ni ab doig`bi{b fn dbfb xnztoib fn r~n tnzâ bdnxvbfo doco cnf`o fnxbmo xoz aot fncât Fnt ntvb gozcb aanmbcot ba f`inzo xbmbzà! r~n nt ~i cnf`ofn dbcj`o fn xbmo xbzb xbmbz fn~fbt nivzn xnztoibt o nivzn ncxzntbt5 xoznkncxao! ~i fnxôt`vo jbidbz`o nt ~i f`inzo xbmbzà! pb r~n na jbido v`nin r~nfbz f`inzo ba fnxot`vbivn d~bifo tn ao toa`d`vn! p nt ~i cnf`o fn dbcj`o xozr~n
ab mnivn ntvâ f`tx~ntvb b bdnxvbz dlnr~nt doco xbmoNa dlnr~n io dznb f`inzo t`io t`cxancnivn nt ~ib gozcb fn cow`a`{bz ovzbtabfbz na f`inzo Io od~zzn ao c`tco doi abt vbzknvbt fn dzàf`vo! r~n t`x~nfni dznbz f`inzo Aot jbidot x~nfni dznbz f`inzo p xofncot lbdnz ~ibi~nwb dabt`g`dbd`ôi;
# Na f`inzo anmba ; Nt na f`inzo nc`v`fo xoz ~ib `itv`v~d`ôi r~n coioxoa`{b t~nc`t`ôi , nt fnd`z! r~n tôao naab ao x~nfn nc`v`z) p bfoxvb ab gozcb fn j aanvnto fn coinfbt Tôao ao x~nfn nc`v`z na Jbido fn Ntxbòb p doivzoab t~ nc`t`ôi
# Na f`inzo jbidbz`o; Toi aot bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot `if`zndvot fn fnvnzc`bifot
`ivnzcnf`bz`ot g`ibid`nzot! r~n toi bdnxvbfot mninzbacnivn doco cnf`otfn xbmo
Bdv`wo g`ibid`nzo f`zndvo; nt na f`inzo anmba ^i bdv`wo g`ibid`nzo nt ~i vãv~ao ofod~cnivo r~n aanwb `idozxozbfo xbzb t~ xotnnfoz o ao lb docxzbfo ~i
Wbcot b vninz vznt v`xot fn fnxôt`vot;
# Fnxôt`vot b ab w`tvb; toi aot r~n v`nini ~ib f`txoi`j`a`fbf `icnf`bvb xbzb nav`v~abz
# Fnxôt`vot fn blozzo; iozcbacnivn nt ao r~n aabcbcot a`jznvb fn blozzo!bfc`vn abt c`tcbt oxnzbd`oint r~n aot fnxôt`vot b ab w`tvb! b~ir~n io tnx~nfni ~v`a`{bz dlnr~nt xbzb t~ f`txot`d`ôi
# Fnxôt`vot b xab{ot; toi goifot vocbfot b ~i xab{o g`ko p r~n io tn x~nfniznv`zbz t`i xniba`{bd`ôi T` tn c~nwni bivnt fna xnzãofo ntvbjand`fo tn r~`vb~ib xbzvn fn aot `ivnzntnt xzof~d`fot na xz`id`xba
Ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo! nt fnd`z! ab ognzvb coinvbz`b fn ~ib ndoiocãb tn fng`indoco ab t~cb fna ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do ,j`aanvn p coinfbt)! nt fnd`z! ab
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dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo r~n v`nini aot `if`w`f~ot p abt ncxzntbt cât aot fnxôt`votni aot jbidotAb dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo tn t~nan fnioc`ibz OC ,ognzvb coinvbz`b) tnmûi na v`xofn fnxôt`vot r~n tn `ida~pbi! tn v`nin vznt xot`jant fng`i`d`oint fn f`inzo o fnOC
OC 2 3ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do,j`aanvnt p coinfbt) % aot fnxôt`vot b abw`tvb ,Fw)OC : 3 OC 2 % fnxôt`vot fn blozzo ,F B ) 3 N % Fw % F B OC 4 3 OC : % fnxôt`vot b xab{ot ,F X ) 3 N % Fw % F B % F X
B ab OC 4 vbcj`ài tn an aabcb f`txoi`j`a`fbfnt aãr~`fbt ni cbiot fna xûja`doIo lbp ~ib aãinb fn tnxbzbd`ôi dabzb nivzn aot bdv`wot r~n toi f`inzo p aot r~nio ao toi! xozr~n n|`tvn ~ib mzbi wbz`nfbf fn bdv`wot doi f`wnztot mzbfot fna`r~`fn{! nt fnd`z! doi f`tv`ivb gbd`a`fbf xbzb doiwnzv`ztn ni f`inzo Aot bdv`wottoi aãr~`fot t` tn x~nfni wnifnz zâx`fbcnivn doi jbko dotvn p t` nt tnm~zo t~
wbaoz coinvbz`o D~bifo lbjabcot fn dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo iot zngnz`cot b aotfnxôt`vot p ba ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do p ao aabcbcot TVODE FN F@INZO ODBIV@FBF FN F@INZO ^ OGNZVB FN F@INZO COINVBZ@B
Ab fng`i`d`ôi fn TVODE FN F@INZO tnmûi OC 4 tn x~nfn bcxa`bz d~bifo tn`ida~pn na ‑d~bt`#f`inzo–! nt fnd`z! aot xbmbzàt fna vntozo! aot dnzv`g`dbfot fnfnxôt`vot! btã doco ovzot bdv`wot fn bavb a`r~`fn{
Ba `ida~`z ni ab fng`i`d`ôi fn f`inzo f`dlot bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot tn lbjab fn f`inzoni tniv`fo bcxa`o p mniàz`dbcnivn tn an doiodn! tn an aabcb BDV@WOT AÃR^@FOTNI CBIOT FNA XÛJA@DO , BAX ô OC 6! Ognzvb Coinvbz`b Bdv~ba)
: AOT JBIDOT DOCNZD@BANT P AB DZNBD@ÔI FN F@INZO
Ab gozcb fn bdv~bz fn aot ozgnjznt g~n na oz`mni fna t`tvncb cofnzio fn zntnzwbtfn aot jbidot docnzd`bant! xoz na d~ba m~bzfbi ni t~t dbkbt doco zntnzwbzt toao~ib xbzvn fn aot goifot r~n v`nin fnxot`vbfotAot jbidot docnzd`bant toi `itv`v~d`oint g`ibid`nzbt b~voz`{bfbt xbzb bdnxvbzfnxôt`vot p xbzb doidnfnz dzàf`vot5 t~t zntnzwbt toi bdv`wot f`txoi`jant`icnf`bvbcnivn xbzb tbv`tgbdnz aot fnzndlot fn aot fnxot`vbivnt fn aot jbidotNa dong`d`nivn fn zntnzwbt nt na dod`nivn nivzn abt zntnzwbt p aot fnxôt`vot Abtzntnzwbt ntvâi `ivnmzbfbt xoz na ngndv`wo ni ab dbkb fn aot jbidot p aot fnxôt`votfn aot jbidot ni na Jbido fn Ntxbòb Tn cbiv`nini xbzb mbzbiv`{bz ab a`r~`fn{
fn aot fnxôt`vot p xbzb d~cxa`z ab iozcbv`wb fn abt b~voz`fbfnt coinvbz`bt
Ab xzoxozd`ôi fn aot fnxôt`vot r~n aot jbidot fnjni m~bzfbz ni gozcb fnbdv`wot aãr~`fot o zntnzwbt tn fniotc`ib DONG@D@NIVN FN DBKB FN ZNTNZWBT O FN NIDBKN p t~ k~tv`g`dbd`ôi ntvâ ni vzbvbz fn mbzbiv`{bz ab a`r~`fn{ fn t~t fnxôt`vot!nt fnd`z! t~ dbxbd`fbf fn doiwnzv`ztn ni ngndv`wo
Aot jbidot doco d~bar~`nz ovzb ncxzntb vzbvbi fn ojvninz jning`d`ot5 aot`imzntot aot ojvnifzâi fn aot bdv`wot znivbjant! nt fnd`z! g~ifbcnivbacnivn fnaot `ivnzntnt r~n dojzbi xoz aot dzàf`vot p ato xzàtvbcot doidnf`fot p xoz aot
wbaoznt coj`a`bz`ot r~n xotnni Aot dotvnt xzow`nini g~ifbcnivbacnivn xoz aot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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`ivnzntnt xbmbfot xoz aot goifot znd`j`fot! nt fnd`z! aot fnxôt`vot fn da`nivnt p xzàtvbcot fna Jbido fn Ntxbòb p fn aot mbtvot fn `ivnzcnf`bd`ôi! nt fnd`z!t~nafot! tbabz`ot! bcozv`{bd`oint p mbtvot fn mntv`ôiAb f`gnznid`b nivzn aot `imzntot p aot dotvnt fb a~mbz b aot jning`d`ot
JBABIDN FN ^I JBIDODOCNZD@BA BDV@WO XBT@WO
,~tot fn aot znd~ztot) ,G~nivnt fn g`ibid`bd`ôi)Zntnzwbt; Fnxôt`vot; F B ab w`tvb Fw ,Ngndv`wo p fnxôt`vot ni na F Fn blozzo F B
Jbido Dnivzba) F B xab{ot FX
Bdv`wot znivbjant Xzàtvbcot fna Jbido Dnivzba,dzàf`vot! xzàtvbcot! wbaoznt ,p fn ovzot `ivnzcnf`bz`ot jbidbz`ot)
xûja`dot p xz`wbfot! nvd) Goifot xzox`otOvzbt d~nivbt Ovzbt d~nivbt
Mninzbacnivn aot jbido ba zba`{bz t~ bdv`w`fbf fnjni vninz ni d~nivbd`c~avâinbcnivn ab a`r~`fn{! ab znivbj`a`fbf p ab toawnid`bAb a`r~`fn{ xozr~n t`ncxzn fnjni tnz dbxbdnt fn doiwnzv`z aot fnxôt`vot fn t~tda`nivnt ni f`inzo d~bifo àtvot tn ao x`fbiAb znivbj`a`fbf tn ab n|`mni aot xzox`nvbz`ot bdd`oi`tvbt! pb r~n aot f`w`fnifotr~n wbpbi b znd`j`z fnxnifni fn aot jning`d`ot ojvni`fotNi d~bivo b ab toawnid`b! aot jbidot v`nini r~n vninz t`ncxzn ~i doik~ivo fn
j`nint p fnzndlot t~xnz`oz b t~t fn~fbt
Aot jbidot doco vofo `ivnzcnf`bz`o g`ibid`nzo znd`jni goifot fn ~ibtxnztoibt! fn ~iot da`nivnt p aot xzntvbi b ovzot! p xzntvbi ni dbiv`fbfntt~xnz`oznt b aot r~n v`nini ni fnxôt`vot! p fn ntvb gozcb ntvâi d~bifo f`inzo
jbidbz`o
Wbcot b docnivbz na XZODNTO FN DZNBD@ÔI FN F@INZO xoz xbzvn fn aot jbidot! p wbcot b ojtnzwbz r~n na dong`d`nivn fn dbkb io tôao nt ~ib mbzbivãb fn a`r~`fn{
t`io r~n v`nin ~i xbxna c~p `cxozvbivn ni na xzodnto r~n ntvbcot docnivbifoT~xoimbcot r~n na Jbido fn Ntxbòb xbzb znba`{bz ~i xbmo xoin ni d`zd~abd`ôi~i j`aanvn fn 2888 ~c5 t~xoimbcot r~n na fntv`ibvbz`o fna xbmo! na xzox`nvbz`ofna f`inzo! `imzntb na f`inzo ni ~i jbido ,Jbido 2)! ntvn jbido `i`d`bacnivn tnnidoivzbzâ doi ~i fnxôt`vo fn 2888 ~c
T` vnincot r~n na dong`d`nivn fn zntnzwbt nt na :8 . ! na jbido cbivnifzâ :88~c ni zntnzwbt xbzb mbzbiv`{bz t~ a`r~`fn{ ! p na zntvo! <88 ~c ! abt xzntvbzâxbzb ojvninz znivbj`a`fbf
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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JBIDO 2 Xot`d`ôi i`d`ba
BDV@WO XBT@WOZntnzwbt Fnxôt`vo
2888 ~c 2888 ~cVovba Vovba2888 2888
JBIDO 2 Xot`d`ôi g`iba
BDV@WO XBT@WOZntnzwbt Fnxôt`vo
:88 2888Xzàtvbcot
<88Vovba Vovba
2888 2888
T~xoimbcot r~n na jbido doidnfn ~i xzàtvbco b ~ib ncxzntb p ntvb ao znv`zbxbzb znba`{bz ~iot xbmot! r~`ni znd`jn ntvot xbmot vzbjbkbi doi ovzot jbidot p aofnxot`vbi ãivnmzbcnivn ni naaot! aot aabcbfot jbidot fn tnm~ifbmninzbd`ôiNtvot jbidot `i`d`bacnivn tn nid~nivzbi doi <88 ~c fn fnxôt`vot p <88 ~cfn zntnzwbt
JBIDO : Xot`d`ôi i`d`ba
BDV@WO XBT@WOZntnzwbt Fnxôt`vo
<88 <88Vovba; <88 Vovba; <88
Xbtbfo ~i v`ncxo ntvot jbidot doitnm~`zâi r~nfbztn toao doi abt zntnzwbtn|`m`fbt! nt fnd`z! na :8. fn abt <88 ~c! 278 ~c p na zntvo ! 768! tn xzntvbzâi
JBIDO : Xot`d`ôi g`iba
BDV@WO XBT@WOZntnzwb Fnxôt`vo
278 <88Xzàtvbco
768Vovba; <88 Vovba; <88
Ni ntvn cocnivo abt 2888 ~c oz`m`ibant tn lbi doiwnzv`fo ni 2<88 ni gozcbfn fnxôt`vot p ni 768 ni gozcb fn aãr~`fo f`txoi`jan ^ib wn{ r~n ntvbt 760 tn
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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xzntvni r~`nint abt znd`jbi xot`jancnivn abt fnxot`vbzâi ni ovzot jbidot;jbidot fn vnzdnzb mninzbd`ôi! fn gozcb r~n na xzodnto doiv`i~bzâi fn abgozcb r~n lncot w`tvo lbtvb r~n tn xzntvn vofo na n|dnto fn zntnzwbt
Aot b~cnivot fn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo ni abt t~dnt`wbt nvbxbt toi dbfb wn{
cnioznt p tn `zâi znf~d`nifo lbtvb fntbxbzndnz ¿D~âa tnzâ na ngndvo g`iba tojznab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo? Na xzodnto fn dznbd`ôi fn fnxôt`vot g`iba`bzâ d~bifoi`imûi jbido ni na t`tvncb vnimb zntnzwbt xoz nid`cb fna :8. znr~nz`foNa t`tvncb jbidbz`o ntvbzâ ni nr~`a`jz`o d~bifo na :8. fn aot i~nwot fnxôt`vottnb n|bdvbcnivn `m~ba b abt i~nwbt zntnzwbt! nt fnd`z! b abt 2888 ~c Ntvbt`v~bd`ôi tn fbzâ d~bifo aot i~nwot fnxôt`vot tnbi fn >888 ~c
JBABIDN DOITOA@FBFO G@IBA FNA T@TVNCB JBIDBZ@O
BDV@WO XBT@WOZntnzwbt; Fnxôt`vot;
2888 >888Xzàtvbcot;6888
Vovba; >888 Vovba; >888
Na ngndvo g`iba fna xzodnto fn dznbd`ôi fna f`inzo xofncot ntv~f`bzaobibaãv`dbcnivn p ab dbfnib fn i~nwot fnxôt`vot
IF 3 2888 , 2 % 8< % 876 % 8>2: % ) 3 2888 , 2 % 8< % 8< + 8< % 8< + 8< + 8< % )
Ntvot iûcnzot gozcbi xbzvn fn ~ib xzomznt`ôi mnocàvz`db p dbfb wbaoz nt na <8 .fna bivnz`oz! pb r~n lncot l~x~ntvo r~n na dong`d`nivn fn zntnzwbt nt fna :8 . p na zntvo nt ao r~n tn xzntvb p xotvnz`ozcnivn w~nawn ba t`tvncb jbidbz`o ni gozcbfn fnxôt`vot
Nivzn xbzàivnt`t bxbzndn ab t~cb fn aot vàzc`iot fn ~ib xzomznt`ôi mnocàvz`dbfn zb{ôi 8!<! doi ao d~ba! ab n|xznt`ôi bivnz`oz tn x~nfn xoinz fn ab t`m~`nivngozcb;
IF 3 2888 ,2 / ,2 — 8<)) 3 2888 ,2 / 8!:) 3 >888
Ab t~cb fn aot vàzc`iot fn ab xzomznt`ôi mnocàvz`db gozcbfb xoz aot fnxôt`votdoitv`v~pn na c~av`xa`dbfoz fna f`inzo jbidbz`o ! r~n ao xofncot fng`fi`z fn abgozcb t`m~nivn;
C~av`xa`dbfoz fna 3 , 2 / dong`d`nivn fn zntnzwb) 3 ,I~nwot fnxôt`vot / @idzncnivo fnf`inzo jbidbz`o abtzntnzwbt)
2 / 8!: 3 >888 / 2888 3 >
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Ojtnzwbcot doco fnj`fo b ab bdv~bd`ôi fn ntvn xzodnto c~av`xa`dbfoz x~ntvo nicbzdlb xoz aot jbidot! abt 2888 ~c oz`m`ibant aãr~`fbt lbi fbfo a~mbz b >888~c fn fnxôt`vot o f`inzo jbidbz`o! pb r~n abt zntnzwbt n|`m`fbt lncott~x~ntvo r~n toi fna :8 .
Ntvn xzodnto tn aabcb fn DZNBD@ÔI FN F@INZO JBIDBZ@O! pb r~n xbzndn r~n naf`inzo t~zmn fn ab ibfb! xnzo fn lndlo ni dbfb nvbxb na i~nwo f`inzo jbidbz`obxbzndn d~bifo na jbido doidnfn ~i i~nwo xzàtvbco
Na biâa`t`t fna xzodnto fn dznbd`ôi fna f`inzo nt c~p t`cxa`tvb p toabcnivnznt~avb wâa`fo jbko ~ib tnz`n fn d`zd~itvbid`bt xnd~a`bznt
Tn znr~`nzn;
# R~n aot `if`w`f~ot b aot d~bant tn ant doidnfn ~i x¶zntvbco ao w~nawbi b
fnxot`vbz ãivnmzbcnivn ni ~i jbido# R~n vofot aot jbidot r~n `ivnzw`nini ni f`dlo xzodnto m~bzfni docozntnzwbt ~ib dbiv`fbf io cbpoz r~n ab n|`m`fb anmbacnivn
T` io od~zzn ntvo ab dznbd`ôi fna f`inzo tnzãb cnioz
Fna c`tco cofo r~n tn dznb f`inzo p tn c~av`xa`db na dzàf`vo! tn x~nfn fntvz~`zf`inzo p znf~d`z na dzàf`vo zntxndv`wbcnivn
NA T@TVNCB G@IBID@NZO
Ni na vncb bivnz`oz wnãbcot ~ib gozcb fn fnvnzc`ibz ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o! nzbb vzbwàt fn ab `m~bafbf nivzn na blozzo p ab `iwnzt`ôi B 3 @
^ib fntdz`xd`ôi fn ntvb gozcb xofzãb lbdnziot xnitbz r~n ntvb `m~bafbf tnd~cxan b~vocâv`dbcnivn ni ab ndoiocãb! p nto io nt d`nzvo Xbzb lbdnzabxot`jan n|`tvn ~ib docxankb znf fn `itv`v~d`oint p oxnzbd`oint g`ibid`nzbt r~ntoi abt r~n doit`m~ni dbiba`{bz aot blozzot fn br~naaot r~n v`nini n|dnfnivntcoinvbz`ot lbd`b aot r~n ! ba doivzbz`o! v`nini indnt`fbfnt fn g`ibid`bd`ôi
Xoz t`tvncb g`ibid`nzo fn ~ib ndoiocãb nivnifncot na doik~ivo fn`itvz~cnivot! `itv`v~d`oint p cnzdbfot r~n lbdni xot`jan na vzbitjbtn fn
goifot conivbz`ot fn aot bmnivnt n|dnfnivbz`ot b aot fng`d`vbz`ot
Ntvn vzbitjbtn fn goifo tn fnjn b fntnr~`a`jz`ot znbant! nt fnd`z! lbp bmnivntr~n indnt`vbi cbpoz dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo r~n ab r~n xotnni ,fng`d`vbz`ot) p ovzotr~n v`nin cbpoz dbiv`fbf r~n ab r~n indnt`vbi ,n|dnfnivbz`ot)
Aot vzbitjbtnt fn goifot nivzn bmnivnt ndoiôc`dot r~n bdbjbcot fn docnivbz!tn aanwbi b dbjo cnf`bivn ab znba`{bd`ôi fn oxnzbd`oint g`ibid`nzbt ! r~n tncbvnz`ba`{bi ni ~iot `itvz~cnivot aabcbfot bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot ! r~n toi;
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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Vãv~aot o fod~cnivot r~n `idozxozbi xbzb r~`ni aot docxzb ~i fnzndlo tojznaot `imzntot g~v~zot fn r~`ni aot nc`vn
Ntvot bdv`wo g`ibid`nzot x~nfni tnz fn c~dlot v`xot p ~ib dabt`g`dbd`ôi r~nxofncot lbdnz nt ab r~n f`gnznid`b nivzn cnf`ot fn xbmo p cnf`ot fn dzàf`vo
Ni aot cnf`ot fn xbmo vnifzãbcot;
# Na f`inzo anmba# Na f`inzo jbidbz`o
Ni aot cnf`ot fn dzàf`vo ntvbzâi vofot aot fncât;
# Joiot! oja`mbd`oint! xbmbzàt fn vntozo! fn~fb xûja`db! nvd
Xoz CNZDBFO G@IBID@NZO nivnifncot na a~mbz o na cndbi`tco ni na d~ba o xoz
na d~ba tn `ivnzdbcj`bi bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot p tn fnvnzc`ibi t~t xznd`ot
T`zwn xbzb xoinz ni doivbdvo b docxzbfoznt ,xzntvbc`tvbt) p wnifnfoznt,xzntvbvbz`ot) fn bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot! p xbzb fnvnzc`ibz t~ xznd`o
Abt g~id`oint g~ifbcnivbant r~n znba`{b toi ab xzow`t`ôi fn a`r~`fn{ b aotbdv`wot! nt fnd`z! r~n tn x~nfbi wnifnz ni d~bar~`nz cocnivo ! p xoz vbivo!doitnm~`z ~ib znf~dd`ôi `cozvbivn ni aot dotvnt fn aot `ivnzdbcj`ot
Aot cnzdbfot g`ibid`nzot tn dabt`g`dbi ni ;
# Cnzdbfo dznf`v`d`o p cnzdbfo fn wbaoznt; Na cnzdbfo dznf`v`d`o nt nat`tvncb jbidbz`o ! r~n docxznifn aot jbidot! dbkbt fn blozzot p dooxnzbv`wbt fn dzàf`vo
Na cnzdbfo fn wbaoznt nt ab joatb! p bjbzdb abt vzbitbdd`oint fn ~i mzbiiûcnzo fn bdv`wot fntfn bdd`oint! oja`mbd`oint lbtvb fn~fb xûja`db p f`w`tbt
# Cnzdbfo coinvbz`o p aot Cnzdbfot dbx`vbant; D~bifo na xab{o fn wnid`c`nivo fn ~i bdv`wo nt `ignz`oz b ~i bòo ! t~ cnzdbfo tn aabcb fn dozvoxab{o fn f`inzo o coinvbz`o p t` na wnid`c`nivo g~ntn t~xnz`oz b ~i bòo! tninmod`b ni aot cnzdbfot dbx`vbant
# Cnzdbfot xz`cbz`ot p Cnzdbfot tnd~ifbz`ot; Aot cnzdbfot xz`cbz`ot tnaabcbi vbcj`ài fn nc`t`ôi! p ni naaot aot bdv`wot r~n tn `ivnzdbcj`bi toi fni~nwb mninzbd`ôi p ni aot tnd~ifbz`ot tn `ivnzdbcj`bi bdv`wot n|`tvnivnt
Abt @ITV@V^D@OINT FNA T@TVNCB G@IBID@NZO o `ivnzcnf`bz`ot g`ibid`nzto toibr~naaot bmnivnt ndoiôc`dot d~pb xz`id`xba bdv`w`bf nt vocbz goifot xzntvbfotfn aot bmnivnt n|dnfnivbz`ot p xzntvbzaot b aot bmnivnt fng`d`vbz`ot
Tn f`w`fni ni ;
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# Jbidbz`bt# Io jbidbz`bt
Tnmûi r~n vnimbi dbxbd`fbf o io xbzb nc`v`z bdv`wot r~n toi vocbfot docof`inzo
# Ni abt `itv`v~d`oint jbidbz`bt vnincot; Na Jbido fn Ntxbòb! aot jbidotdocnzd`bant o jbidb xz`wbfb! abt fn blozzo p abt dooxnzbv`wbt fn dzàf`vo
# Ni abt `itv`v~d`oint g`ibid`nzbt io jbidbz`bt vnincot;# abt jbidot fn dzàf`vo og`d`ba Io x~nfni znd`j`z fnxôt`vot fn aot
xbzv`d~abznt! tn g`ibid`bi fn gozcb xz`w`anm`bfb! b jbko dotvn p t~ g~id`ôi ntdoidnfnz dzàf`vot b cnf`o p abzmo xab{o b aot tndvoznt doit`fnzbfotxz`oz`vbz`ot
# Abt docxbòãbt btnm~zbfozbt; dbxvbi znd~ztot cnf`bivn xz`cbt p abt lbdniznivbjant `iw`zv`àifoabt ni vofo v`xo fn bdv`wot
# Aot goifot fn xnit`oint o c~v~ba`fbfnt Bdvûbi `m~ba r~n abt bivnz`oznt!xnzo tôao znd`jni xz`cbt r~n a~nmo znwnzv`zâi , woawnzâi) ni na g~v~zo b aotdov`{bivnt
4 NA JBIDO DNIVZBA P AB OGNZVB FN F@INZO
Na Jbido Dnivzba fn i~ntvzo xbãt nt na Jbido fn Ntxbòb! nt ~i ozmbi`tcob~vôioco! doi xzox`nfbf k~zãf`db xzox`b p t~ dxb`vba nt xzox`nfbf fna Ntvbfo
Znba`{b oxnzbd`oint fn btntozbc`nivo n `itxndd`ôi! nt btntoz fna Moj`nzio ni
cbvnz`bt coinvbz`bt p dznf`v`d`bt b vzbwàt fna C`i`tvnz`o fn Ndoiocãb P Lbd`nifb5 n `itxndd`oib p doivzoab vofbt abt `itv`v~d`oint g`ibid`nzbt! p nintxnd`ba abt oxnzbd`oint dznf`v`d`bt
B xbzv`z fna 2 fn Ninzo fn 2000! na Jbido Dnivzba N~zoxno ,JDN) bt~c`ô abtojnzbiãb fna f`tnòo fn ab xoaãv`db coinvbz`b fna âznb n~zo! nt fnd`z! tn doiw`nzvnni t~ b~voz`fbf coinvbz`b
Na JDN lbzâ ao xot`jan xoz d~cxa`z ab vbznb fn cbivninz ab ntvbj`a`fbf fnxznd`ot! p doi naao btnm~zbz ab doig`bi{b ni t~ i~nwb coinfb! na n~zo
Na N~zot`tvncb ntvâ gozcbfo xoz na JDN p aot jbidot ibd`oibant fn aot ntvbfotcncjzot fn ab ^N r~n lbi bdnxvbfo na n~zo! r~n toi 22 jbidot dnivzbant!n|dnxvo @imabvnzzb! T~nd`b! F`ibcbzdb p Mznd`b
Toaâcnivn d~bifo aot 2> xbãtnt fn ab ^N xbzv`d`xni ni na âznb# n~zo! na vàzc`ion~zot`tvncb tn aabcbzâ TNJD ,T`tvncb N~zoxno fn Jbidot Dnivzbant)
B xbzv`z fna 2 fn Ninzo fn 2000 Na JN xbzv`d`xb ni ab vocb fn cnf`fbt zngnz`fbtb ab xoaãv`db coinvbz`b! fnivzo fn aob ozmbi`tco fnd`toz`ot fna TNJD p fna JDN p ni jbtn ba xz`i`d`x`o fn t~t`f`bz`nfbf! r~n ntvbjandn ~i bavo mzbfo fn
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fntdnivzba`{bd`ôi ni ab nknd~d`ôi fn abt cnf`fbt bdozfbfbt! tnzâ na JN nacâ|`co zntxoitbjan fn t~ bxa`dbd`ôi ni i~ntvzo xbãt
Na JN vbcj`ài znba`{b oxnzbd`oint ntvz`dvbcnivn jbidbz`bt;
# Bfc`i`tvzbfoz p d~tvof`bfoz fn abt zntnzwbt fn zntnzwbt fn ozo p f`w`tbt Ntfnd`z! na JN dnivzba`{b abt zntnzwbt fn coinfbt n|vzbiknzbt bd~c~abfbt,f`w`tbt) p zntnzwbt fn ozo
# Nt Jbido fna Ntvbfo p znba`{b xbzb àa oxnzbd`oint fn dojzo p xbmo! p vbcj`àitn xzof~dn ~i fàg`d`v ni na tndvoz xûja`do na JN x~nfn t~c`i`tvzbzan ngndv`woxbzb bvnifnz t~t indnt`fbfnt
# Nt zntxoitbjan fn ab xoaãv`db coinvbz`b! nt fnd`z! doivzoab ab dbiv`fbf fnf`inzo! p xbzb naao znm~ba na docxozvbc`nivo fn aot jbidot docnzd`bantbxa`dbifo abt cnf`fbt bfoxvbfbt ni na JDN
# Nt jbido fn jbidot! aot jbidot bd~fni ba JN d~bifo indnt`vbi ngndv`wo! aod~ba ant xnzc`vn bk~tvbz t~t zntnzwbt ba cãi`co n|`m`fo p bcxa`bz ba câ|`coaot bdv`wot znivbjant Bfncât na JN t~xnzw`tb na t`tvncb jbidbz`o! doivzoababt oxnzbd`oint fn dzàf`vo p ab xotnt`ôi fn zntnzwbt p g`kb aot znr~`t`vot fnzntnzwb fn vofot aot jbidot
# Nt t~c`i`tvzbfoz fn f`inzo anmba! doi znabd`ôi b abt oxnzbd`oint fn xbt`wo!na JN nc`vn na f`inzo anmba o ngndv`wo! nt fnd`z! nt na r~n t~c`i`tvzb j`aanvnt p coinfbt fn ab ndoiocãb5 btã c`tco! nt na dbknzo fna t`tvncb jbidbz`o! ntfnd`z r~n aot jbidot cbiv`nini fnxôt`vot ni na JN! ao d~ba ant gbd`a`vb ab
znba`{bd`ôi fn xbmot nivzn naaot p znabd`oibztn doi na Moj`nzio p doi aotmoj`nziot p jbidot n|vzbiknzot Ntvot fnxôt`vot toi xbzvn fn t~t zntnzwbt p ant xnzc`vn f`txoinz fn ngndv`wo d~bifo tn ant bmovb
JBABIDN FNA JBIDO FNNTXBÒB
BDV@WO XBT@WOZntnzwbt n|vnz`oznt fn ozo p f`w`tbt Ngndv`wo
ni cbiot fna xûja`doDzàf`vo invo ba tndvoz xûja`do ni aot jbidot
Dzàf`vot Fnxôt`vot fn aot jbidotdocnzd`bantVãv~aot xûja`dot Fnxôt`vot fna vntozoD~nivbt Dozz`nivnt fna Vntozo Ovzbt d~nivbt fn xbt`woDzàf`vo invo ba tndvoz jbidbz`o ,Ntvbt fot ûav`cbt toi xbt`wo io coinvbz`o)Xzàtvbcot b abt niv`fbfnt g`ibid`nzbtZnfntd~nivoOvzbt d~nivbt fnbdv`woNi na BDV@WO;
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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# Ab xz`cnzb xbzv`fb r~n vnincot ntvâ gozcbfb xoz na ozo p ovzbt f`w`tbt
Ni ab bdv~ba`fbf na ozo io ntvâ ni d`zd~abd`ôi doco f`inzo! p fn lndlo iov`nin i`imûi xbxna coinvbz`o! fn vofbt gozcbt na JN v`nin ~ib fnvnzc`ibfb
dbiv`fbf fn ozo p doco vba bxbzndn zngankbfb ni t~ jbabi{b
# D~nivbt Dozz`nivnt fna Vntozo; lbdn zngnznid`b ba dzàf`vo t`i `ivnzntnt fbfoba Vntozo ,Tndvoz xûja`do ) d~bifo àtvn v`nin n|dnto fn mbtvot tojzn `imzntot
# Dzàf`vo ba t`tvncb jbidbz`o; nt ab fn cbpoz `cxozvbid`b fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb fn xoaãv`db coinvbz`b
# Ab xbzv`fb fn znfntd~nivo Doit`vn ni ab doidnt`ôi fn dzàf`vo b aot jbidot!doi ab mbzbivãb fn aot ngndvot r~n naaot lbi fntdoivbfo b aot xbzv`d~abznt
Aot XBT@WOT fna JN jât`dbcnivn toi fot;
# Na ngndv`wo! j`aanvnt p coinfbt ,Dbkb)
# Aot fnxôt`vot fn aot jbidot docnzd`bant p fna Vntozo Aot jbidotdocnzd`bant cbiv`nini fnxôt`vot ni na Jn doco xèzvn fn abt zntnzwbt doivzbt~ xzox`o xbt`wo p doco cnf`o xbzb t`cxa`g`dbz na t`tvncb fn xbmot p ~v`a`{bzna JN xbzb docxnitbz dlnr~nt nc`v`fot xoz aot fnxot`vbivnt fn ~i jbido p znd`j`fot xoz aot fn ovzoVbcj`ài na Vntozo cbiv`nin ~ib d~nivb ni na JN p d~bifo v`nini r~nznba`{bztn xbmot n|v`nifn ~i dlnr~n doivzb àtvn
Fna JN fnf~d`cot na doidnxvo fn JBTN COINVBZ@B O F@INZO FN BAVB XOVNID@B
Xofncot fng`i`z ab jbtn coinvbz`b fn vznt gozcbt f`gnznivnt;
# Nt ab t~cb fna vovba fna ngndv`wo cât aot fnxôt`vot fn aot jbidot ni na JN# Nt ab t~cb fna ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do cbt abt zntnzwbt o bdv`wot
aãr~`fot fna t`tvncb jbidbz`o ,ngndv`wo ni aot jbidot % fnxôt`vot fn aot jbidot ni na JN)5 àtvb nt ab r~n cât tn ~v`a`{b
# Na vovba fn bdv`wot ni xofnz fna JN cniot t~t xbt`wot io coinvbz`ot
,fnxôt`vot fna tndvoz xûja`do ,Vntozo) ni na JN % goifot xzox`ot fna JN)
Ozfnibifo doiwni`nivncnivn abt f`tv`ivbt xbzv`fbt fna bdv`wo p fna xbt`wo fna jbabidn fna JN xofncot n|xzntbz ab jbtn coinvbz`b fn ab t`m~`nivn gozcb
JBTN COINVBZ@B 3 Ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do 3 Zntnzwbt n|vnz`oznt fnozo p
% f`w`tbtZntnzwbt fn aot jbidot %
Dzàf`vo invo ba tndvoz xûja`do
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%Dzàf`vo ba tndvoz jbidbz`o
% / #Ovzbt d~nivbt
Fn br~ã! xofncot bg`zcbz r~n ab jbtn coinvbz`b dzndnzâ! nt fnd`z! tn dznbzâ jbtncoinvbz`b t`ncxzn r~n od~zzb bam~io fn aot t`m~`nivnt lndlot;
# Doi aot t~xnzâw`v fn ab jbabi{b fn xbmot! pb r~n t~xoin ~i b~cnivo fn abtzntnzwbt n|vnz`oznt
# Aot fàg`d`vt xznt~x~ntvbz`ot! ni d~bivo r~n tn g`bibid`ni cnf`bivn abnc`t`ôi fn j`aanvnt! pb r~n ntvo tn vzbf~dn ni ~i b~cnivo fna dzàf`vo nid~nivb dozz`nivn fna Vntozo o Tndvoz Xûja`do
# Ab docxzb fn vãv~aot fn fn~fb xûja`db! ntvn v`xo fn vzbitbdd`oint tn t~naniaabcbz OXNZBD@OINT FN CNZDBFO BJ@NZVO p v`nini a~mbz d~bifo na
JN docxzb o wnifn v`ãv~aot fan Ntvbfo ni aot cnzdbfot g`ibid`nzot ,anvzbt fnavntozo! Joiot p oja`mbd`oint fna Ntvbfo) Ni doidznvo ab docxzb fn vãv~aott~xoin `idzncnivbz ab a`r~`fn{ n|`tvnivn ni na t`tvncb
# Aot b~cnivot fna dzàf`vo ba t`tvncb jbidbz`o! na JN x~nfn `idzncnivbz nadzàf`vo b aot f`tv`ivot `ivnzcnf`bz`ot g`ibid`nzot jbidbz`ot gbd`a`vâifoant abdojnzv~zb fn aot dong`d`nivn anmbant
Xoz ovzo abfo! ~ib fntvz~dd`ôi bjtozd`ôi fn jbtn coinvbz`b od~zzn d~bifo tnfbi aot t`m~`nivnt lndlot;
# Aot fàg`d`v fn ab jbabi{b fn xbmot! `cxa`dbzãb ~ib tba`fb fn f`w`tbt
# Aot t~xnzâw`v xznt~x~ntvbz`ot! pb r~n t~xoifzâi ~ib znf~dd`ôi fna dzàf`voba Tndvoz Xûja`do
# Ab wnivb fn vãv~aot fn fn~fb xûja`db ! pb r~n ntvo t~xoifzãb ~ib znv`zbfb fna`r~`fn{ Abt ncxzntbt tn r~nfbzãbi doi aot vãv~aot p na JN doi na f`inzo
# Ab f`tc`i~d`ôi fna dzàf`vo ba t`tvncb jbidbz`o! na Jn x~nfn f`g`d~avbz abtdoif`d`oint ni abt d~bant doidnfn dzàf`vo b aot `ivnzcf`bz`ot g`ibid`nzot
jbidbz`ot! ni g~id`ôi fn t~t ojknv`wot fn xoaãv`db coinvz`b
Xoz vbivo! n|`tvni fot gozcbt! fot v`xot fn gbdvoznt fn dznbd`ôi fn jbtncoinvbz`b;
# Aot gbdvoznt b~vôiocot! aabcbfot btã xozr~n t~ bdv~bd`ôi io ab doivzoabf`zndvbcnivn na JN p toi na Tndvoz Xûja`do p na Tndvoz N|vnz`oz
# Aot gbdvoznt doivzoabjant! aabcbfot btã xozr~n cnf`bivn t~ cbi`x~abd`ôi abb~voz`fbf coinvbz`b x~nfn `iga~`z tojzn ab nwoa~d`ôi fn ab jbtn coinvbz`b p toi na dzàf`vo ba t`tvncb jbidbz`o p ab docxzbwnivb fn vãv~aot xûja`dot
NA C^AV@XA@DBFOZ FNA F@INZO O C^AV@XA@DBFOZ COINVBZ@O
Wbcot b ntv~f`bz ab znabd`ôi nivzn ab jbtn coinvbz`b p ab ognzvb coinvbz`b Wbcot b aabcbz ‑C– b ab ognzvb coinvbz`b! aabcbzncot ‑J– b ab jbtn coinvbz`b5‑N– ba ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do5 b aot fnxôt`vot ni cbiot fna xûja`do ‑F–
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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p b abt zntnzwbt o bdv`wot aãr~`fot fna t`tvncb jbidbz`o aot aabcbzncot ‑A–) Vnincot r~n;
C 3 N % F ognzvb coinvbz`b 3 ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do %fnxôt`vot ni cbiot fna xûja`do
J 3 N % A jbtn coinvbz`b 3 ngndv`wo ni cbiot fna xûja`do % zntnzwbt obdv`wot
aãr~`fot fna t`tvncbjbidbz`o
T` f`w`f`cot ab xz`cnzb xoz ab tnm~ifb p c~av`xa`dbcot xoz ‑J– iot r~nfb;
C 3 ,N % F) + J / , N % A)
N / F Nt ab xzoxozd`ôi nivzn na ngndv`wo p aot fnxôt`vot vovbant cbivni`fot xoz na
xûja`do ‑n–)
A / F Nt na dong`d`nivn fn zntnzwbt fna t`tvncb! ao xofncot aabcbz ‑a– Dong`d`nivn fn dbkb
Ab znabd`ôi nivzn ab ognzvb coinvbz`b p ab jbtn coinvbz`b ab xofncot xoinzdoco;
c 3 ,n % 2) / ,n % a) 3 ,N / F) / ,A / F)
Na TOVDE FN F@INZO! nt fnd`z! ab OGNZVB COINVBZ@B o dbiv`fbf fn
f`inzo ,C) p ab JBTN COINVBZ@B , J) ntvâi znabd`oibfbt g~id`oibacnivnfnxnif`nivfo ab d~biv`g`bd`ôi fn f`dlb znabd`ôi fn aot lâj`vot o dotv~cjznt fnaxûja`do b vzbwàt fna dod`nivn nivzn ngndv`wo p aot fnxôt`vto r~n fntnbi vninz aot`if`w`f~ot! nt fnd`z! na dong`d`nivn ‑n–! fnxnif`nivn vbcj`ài fn ab doif~dvb fnaot jbidot t`ivnv`{bfb o zngankbfb xoz na dong`d`nivn fn zntnzwbt ‑a–) Fbfo r~n ‑a–nt! tnmûi lncot f`dlo A /F ! xoz vbivo nt cnioz r~n 2! xoz vbivo! t` ntvo nt btã!vofo na r~njzbfo wb b tnz cnioz r~n 2! xoz vbivo ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo n|`tvnivnnt ~i cûav`xao fn ab jbtn coinvbz`b Ntvn cûav`xao cnf`bivn na d~ba ~ib
wbz`bd`ôi fn ab jbtn coinvbz`b `iga~pn ni ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo tn aabcbC^AV@XA@DBFOZ COINVBZ@O
C 3 , n %2 ) / , n % a)
Fn vba gozcb r~n xofncot xoinz r~n;
C 3 c + J 5 C 3 c + JNt fnd`z! na c~av`xa`dbfoz coinvbz`o `if`db d~bivo wbzãb ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzoxoz dbfb xntnvb fn wbz`bd`ôi ni ab jbtn coinvbz`b Na c~av`xa`dbfoz fna f`inzo,c) nt cbpoz d~bivo cnioz tnb na ngndv`wo p aot fnxôt`vot r~n r~`nzni cbivninzaot `if`w`f~ot ,n) Aôm`dbcnivn! d~bivo cbpoz tnb na c~av`xa`dbfoz cbpoz tnzâna ngndvo tojzn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo fn ~i `idzncnivo ni ab jbtn coinvbz`b
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
6<
Na c~av`xa`dbfoz fna f`inzo jbidbz`o nt `m~ba ba c~av`xa`dbfoz coinvbz`o! xnzoni ntvn ûav`co doit`fnzbcot ao r~n tn r~nfb ni ngndv`wo nt ;
A 3 ,n % 2) / ,n % a) 3 2 / dong Dbkb 5 n 3 8
NA DOIVZOA FN AB OGNZVB COINVBZ@B
^ib fn abt wbz`bjant d~pb nwoa~d`ôi xznod~xb ntxnd`bacnivn b abt b~voz`fbfntcoinvbz`bt nt ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo o ab ognzvb coinvbz`b ‑C–) Xbz doivzoabzabna JN ~v`a`{b jât`dbcnivn vznt `itvz~cnivot;
# Cbi`x~abd`oint fn aot dong`d`nivnt anmbant# Oxnzbd`oint ni na cnzdbfo bj`nzvo# Dnzv`g`dbfot fna JN! p aot xzàtvbcot fn znm~abd`ôi coinvbz`b
Cbi`x~abd`oint fn aot dong`d`nivnt anmbant;
Ab b~voz`fbf coinvbz`b x~nfn `iga~`z tojzn ab ognzvb coinvbz`b cbi`x~abifo aotdong`d`nivnt anmbant! r~n toi aot xozdnivbknt r~n tojzn t~t xbt`wot abt niv`fbfntg`ibid`nzbt ,tojzn vofo jbidot) lbi fn d~jz`z! iozcbacnivn doi fnxôt`vot ni naJN! t`nifo na cât `cxozvbivn na dong`d`nivn fn dbkb Fn ntvb gozcb! t` tn znf~dnna dong`d`nivn fn dbkb! nivoidnt tn x~nfn xzntvbz b~cnivbifo doi naao abdbiv`fbf fn f`inzo! p ao doivzbz`o od~zzn t` b~cnivb na dong`d`nivn fn dbkb
Oxnzbd`oint ni na cnzdbfo bj`nzvo;
Doit`tvn ni ab docxzb p wnivb fn vãv~aot xûja`dot xoz xbzvn fna JN T` na Jndoit`fnzb r~n ab ognzvb coinvbz`b fnjn b~cnivbz! ~ib gozcb nt docxzbzxbmbzàt fna vntozo p ovzot vãv~aot fn fn~fb xûja`db b aot `if`w`f~ot p b abt`itv`v~d`oint g`ibid`nzbt5 ao r~n fbzâ a~mbz b ~i xzodnto fn n|xbit`ôi cûav`xanfna dzàf`vo ni ab gozcb bivnt docnivbfbT` na Jb fntnb f`tc`i~`z ab ognzvb fn f`inzo znba`{b k~tvbcnivn ao doivzbz`o! ntfnd`z! wnifnz xbmbzàt o vãv~aot fn wnivb xûja`db b aot `itv`v~d`oint g`ibid`nzbt
Dnzv`g`dbfot fna JN p aot xzàtvbcot fn znm~abd`ôi coinvbz`b
Aot dnzv`g`dbfot fna JN ,DNJNT) toi vãv~aot r~n na JN t~c`i`tvzb cnf`bivnt~jbtvb! b abt r~n x~nfni bddnfnz aot jbidot p abt dbkbt fn blozzo Tnt~c`i`tvzbi doi ~i docxzoc`to fn znwnivb! mninzbacnivn b ~i xab{o fn f`n{fãbt ibv~zbant Doi ntvb bdv~bd`ôi na Jn t~c`i`tvzb o r~`vb a`r~`fn{ b aotf`tv`ivot `ivnzcnf`bz`ot g`ibid`nzto jbidbz`ot xbzb r~n ntvot x~nfbi d~jz`z nadong`d`nivn abmba fn dbkb! doivzoabifo fn ntvb gozcb na JN na xzodnto fn dznbd`ôifn f`inzo p n|xbit`ôi fna dzàf`vo
Ni ab cnf`fb ni r~n tn nanwbi aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt b aot r~n tn wnifni aotDNJNT! aot `ivnzcnf`bz`ot g`ibid`nzot gznibzâi ab doidnt`ôi fn dzàf`vot b aotda`nivnt p fntv`ibzâi aot i~nwot goifot fn t~t d~nivbt fn xbt`wo ,t~t i~nwot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
60
fnxôt`vot) b d~jz`z na dong`d`nivn fn dbkb! xbzb io vniz r~n bd~f`z b ab t~jbtvb fndnzv`g`dbfot! fn ntvb gozcb! aot DNJNT fn doig`m~zbi doco ~iot `ivz~cnivot
jât`dot fn xoaãv`db coinvbz`b! pb r~n t`zwni xbzb r~n na JN d~cxab aot ojknv`wotndoiôc`dot p coinvbz`ot r~n ao cbzdb na moj`nzio oja`mbifo b aot jbido bdocxozvbztn fn ab cbinzb bfnd~bfb
Aot xzàtvbcot fn znm~abd`ôi coinvbz`b toi ~i `itvz~cnivo fn `ipndd`ôi fna`r~`fn{ f`bz`b b aot jbidot p dbkbt xbzb d~jz`z na dong`d`nivn fn dbkb! vbcj`ài tnznba`{bi cnf`bivn t~jbtvb! ntvn `itvz~cnivo tn wniãb ~v`a`{bifo lbtvb 2008 nir~n tn dznbzoi aot DNJNT p bdv~bacnivn tn ncxanb odbt`oibacnivn Cnf`bivnntvn `itvz~cnivo tnòbabfo! na JN doivzoab na xzodnto fn dznbd`ôi fna f`inzo p doi ~i cbzmni fn nzzoz bdnxvbjan
B xbzv`z fna 2 fn Ninzo fn 2000 na JDN znba`{b t~jbtvbt fn f`inzo b vzbwàt fn abtd~bant g`kb na v`xo fn `ivnzàt fna âznb n~zo Na g~id`ibc`nivo fn ntvbt t~jbtvbt fnf`inzo doco `itvz~cnivo fn xoaãv`db coinvbz`b nt `m~ba ba r~n bdbjbcot fn
fnd`z tojzn aot DNJNT fn JN Na JN cnf`bivn aot `itvz~cnivot bivnz`ozcnivntnòbabfot doivzoab na xzodnto fn dznbd`ôi fn f`inzo p doi ~i cbzmni fn nzoozbdnxvbjan fnvnzc`ib ab ognzvb coinvbz`b b dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo
6 NA CNZDBFO COINVBZ@O FN F@INZO O FN BDV@WOT
Xbzb ntv~f`bz na cnzdbfo coinvbz`o vninzcot r~n ntv~f`bz na docxozvbc`nivofn ab ognzvb p fn ab fncbifb fn f`inzo Ab ognzvb coinvbz`b ,C) pb ntvântv~f`bfb Ni d~bivo b ab FNCBIFB FN F@INZO o xzngnznid`b xoz ab a`r~`fn{!nt ab xzoxozd`ôi fn z`r~n{b r~n aot bmnivnt ndoiôc`dot fntnbi cbivninz nigozcb fn f`inzo Aot cov`wot xbzb k~tv`g`dbz ab fncbifb fn f`inzo!
vzbf`d`oibacnivn xofncot fnd`z r~n toi vznt;
# Cov`wo vzbitbdd`ôi# Cov`wo xzndb~d`ôi# Cov`wo ntxnd~abd`ôi
Cov`wo vzbitbdd`ôi
Xoz na cov`wo fn vzbitbdd`ôi! ab mnivn fncbifb f`inzo xozr~n ao indnt`vbidoco cnf`o fn dbcj`o xbzb znba`{b t~t vzbitbdd`oint! nt fnd`z! xbzb docxzbz
j`nint p tnzw`d`ot , ni t~t docxzbt f`bz`bt)
Cov`wo xzndb~d`ôi
Xoz na cov`wo xzndb~d`ôi! tn fncbifb f`inzo xbzb lbdnz gznivn b aot `cxznw`tvot
Cov`wo ntxnd~abd`ôi
Tn fncbifb f`inzo xbzb xofnz bxzowndlbz aot dbcj`ot ni aot xznd`ot fn aotbdv`wot5 t` ~ib xnztoib xznwnn r~n na xznd`o fn ~ibt bdd`oint r~n v`nin wb b
jbkbz! ni ~i g~v~zo xzô|`co! wnifnzâ ntvot vãv~aot `idzncnivbifo t~ fncbifbfn f`inzo bivnt fn r~n jbkn na wbaoz fn abt bdd`oint
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>8
WBZ@BJANT N\XA@DBV@WBT FN AB FNCBIFB FN F@INZO
Ba bdnxvbz na cov`wo vzbitbdd`ôi doco ~io fn aot fnvnzc`ibivnt fn ab fncbifbfn f`inzo tn bfc`vn `cxaãd`vbcnivn r~n ab fncbifb fn f`inzo fnxnifn fn fot
wbz`bjant; na i`wna fn xznd`o p ab znivb znbaAb dbiv`fbf ioc`iba fn f`inzo fncbifbfb wbzãb d~bifo tn bavnzbi aot xznd`o! pbr~n na f`inzo tn ncxanb xbzb docxzbz j`nint p tnzw`d`ot D~bifo wbzâ` na i`wnafn xznd`ot p wbzãb ab znivb ioc`iba ,~i`fbfnt coinvbz`bt) ni abt c`tcbxzoxozd`ôi! aot `if`w`f~ot bk~tvbi ab dbiv`fbf ioc`iba fn f`inzo r~n xotnni!doi ojknvo fn cbivninz na c`tco xofnz bfr~`t`v`wo fna f`inzo! pb r~n na xofnzbfr~`t`v`wo tn c`fn xoz ab dbiv`fbf fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot r~n tn x~nfni docxzbzdoi na f`inzo
Fbfo r~n ~i b~cnivo fna i`wna fn xznd`ot nanwb! xzoxozd`oibacnivn! ab
fncbifb fn tbafot ioc`ibant fn f`inzo! xnzo io bavnzb ab fncbifb znba fnf`inzo xofncot bg zcbz r~n ab fncbifb fn f`inzo nt ~ib ~ib fncbifb fntbafot znbant! nt fnd`z! ni vàzc`iot znbant Xofncot xoinz;
Tbafot znbant fn f`inzo 3 Tbafot ioc`ibant fn f`inzo / I`wna fn xznd`ot
Xoz ovzo abfo! ~i b~cnivo fn ab znivb znba b~cnivb na i`wna fn mbtvo! ao d~ba`cxa`db ~i b~cnivo fn ab fncbifb fn tbafot znbant! nt fnd`z! fn f`izo
Vnincot ovzb wbz`bjan r~n `iga~pn! nt na v`xo fn `ivnzàt 5 xofncot fnd`z r~n ab
znabd`ôi nivzn ab fncbifb fn f`inzo p na v`xo fn `ivnzàt! nt `iwnztb p tn jbtb nina lndlot fn r~n aot `if`w`f~ot v`nini f`inzo ni a~mbz fn d~bar~`nz ovzo bdv`woNa dotvn fn oxozv~i`fbf r~n xbzb na xûja`do t~xoin cbivninz f`inzo! tn xoin fncbi`g`ntvo ba xnitbz r~n n|`tvni c~dlot bdv`wot g`ibid`nzot r~n aot `if`w`f~otni na v`xo fn `ivnzàt r~n ogzndni
Aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt wbzãbi tnmûi abt dabtnt fn xzàtvbcot znba`{bfot! nt fnd`z!tnmûi na v`xo fn bdv`wo g`ibid`nzo fn r~n tn vzbvn
Xbzb t`cxa`g`dbz ab n|xa`dbd`ôi! wbcot b od~avbz vofot aot bdv`wot io coinvbz`ot jbko ab fnioc`ibd`ôi docûi fn joiot
T`nifo na `ivnzàt na znif`c`nivo r~n ojv`nini aot r~n xotnni joiotVnincot r~n xnitbz r~n ~ib ncxzntb o ni mninzba ~ib niv`fbf! d~bifo wnifn~i joio! ni znba`fbf ao r~n znd`jn nt ~i xzàtvbco fna docxzbfoz! p b dbcj`o tndocxzocnvn b xbmbzan znm~abzcnivn ~i `ivnzàt
Jbko ntvn x~ivo fn w`tvb! na dotvn fn oxozv~i`fbf fn cbivninz f`inzo nt abdbiv`fb fn `ivnzntnt b aot r~n tn zni~id`b xoz vninz f`inzo ni a~mbz fn joiot
Fn ao tnòbabfo tn fnf~dn r~n! ~i b~cnivo fna dotvn fn oxozv~i`fbf fn xotnnzf`inzo! nt fnd`z! ~i b~cnivo fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt fna joio! znf~dn ab fncbifb fn
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>2
tbafot znbant ,fn f`inzo)! c`nivzbt r~n ~ib f`tc`i~d`ôi fn f`dlo dotvn`idzncnivbzâ ab fncbifb fn tbafot znbant
Xofncot xnitbz r~n ~i joio! fn <8 ~c ,joio nc`v`fo xoz na moj`nzio ni abxnzxnv~`fbf)
Xznd`o z2888 <. <8 ~c<88 28. <8 ~c2:88 77. <8 ~c
Xofncot ojtnzwbz r~n lbp ~ib f`zndd`ôi `iwnztb nivzn na xznd`o fn aot joiot p na v`xo fn `ivnzàtXJ zXJ z
T` na v`xo fn `ivnzàt nt bavo tn xzod~zb cbivninz ab cnioz dbiv`fbf xot`jan ni
z`r~n{b fna f`inzo! pb r~n t~ dotvn fn oxozv~i`fbf nt nanwbfo
T` na v`xo fn `ivnzàt nt jbko! io cnzndn ab xnib bk~tvbz ab vninid`b fna f`inzo
NA NR^@A@JZ@O NI NA CNZDBFO FN BDV@WOT COINVBZ@O O FN F@INZO
T~xoincot r~n ab z`r~n{b tôao tn x~nfn cbivninz ni f`inzo o ni joiot
C F % J F 3 ] J F 3 ] — C F
^i n|dnto fn fncbifb fn f`inzo tnzâ na cov`wo fn r~n abt ncxzntbt p abtndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt vzbvni fn wnifnz joiot
Ntvn lndlo b~cnivbzâ na v`xo fn `ivnzàt ,jbkbzâ na xznd`o fn aot joiot) lbtvb r~nab dbiv`fbf fncbifbfb fn f`inzo tnb `m~ba b ab ogznd`fb
G`ibacnivn na v`xo fn `ivnzàt b~cnivbzâ ao t~g`nd`nivn lbtvb r~n aot t~knvotndoiôc`dot fnkni fn `ivnivbz b~cnivbz t~t tbafot coinvbz`ot wnif`nifo joiot
Ab dbiv`fbf fncbifbfb tn `m~babzâ fn i~nwo b t~ ognzvb! p doco io n|`tv`zâ ~in|dnto fn ognzvb fn joiot! na v`xo fn `ivnzàt fnkbzâ fn b~cnivbz
Na ngndvo invo fna n|dnto `i`d`ba fn fncbifb fn f`inzo lbjzâ t`fo ~i b~cnivofna v`xo fn `ivnzàt ,t~j`zâ na xznd`o fn aot joiot) lbtvb r~n ab dbiv`fbffncbifbfb fn f`inzo tnb `m~ba b t~ ognzvb
T~xoincot r~n ab ognzvb fn f`inzo nt doitvbivn
Ct 3 C+! t~xoincot r~n nt ~ib wbz`bjan n|ômnib ! r~n w`nin fnvnzc`ibfb xozna JN b ~i i`wna g`ko! d~bar~`nzb r~n tnb na v`xo fn `ivnzàt Indnt`vbcot ~ibdoif`d`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o xbzb `m~babz ab fncbifb fn f`inzo doi t~ ognzvbVnincot;
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>:
C F ni vàzc`iot znbant ,fncbifb fn f`inzo) C T ni vàzc`iot coinvbz`ot o ioc`ibant ,ognzvb)
Ab doif`d`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo coinvbz`o ab xofncot xoinz fn fot
gozcbt;
X + C F 3 C T ! C F 3 C T / X Doit`fnzbifo r~n aot xznd`ot ntvâi fbfot! nt fnd`z! i`wna fn xznd`ot doitvbivn!vnincot r~n vba doco lncot w`tvo! ab ognzvb fn f`inzo ab fnvnzc`ib na JN p mzâg`dbcnivn wnifzâ fbfb xoz ~ib zndvb wnzv`dba
T`nifo doitvbivn na i`wna fn xznd`ot p na i`wna fn znivb pb lncot docnivbfo r~nab fncbifb fn f`inzo nt cbpoz d~bivo cnioz nt na v`xo fn `ivnzàt! nt fnd`z!d~bivo cnioz nt na dotvn fn oxozv~i`fbf fn cbivninz f`inzo Btã r~n!mzâg`dbcnivn ab d~zwb fn fncbifb fn f`inzo o xzngnznid`b xoz ab a`r~`fn{ v`nin
xnif`nivn inmbv`wb
Fn bd~nzfo doi ao bivnz`oz! na nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn f`inzo! fn bdv`wot ocoinvbz`o tn badbi{b ni ~i x~ivo ni na r~n ab dbiv`fbf fncbifbfb fn f`inzo nt`m~ba b ab dbiv`fbf ogznd`fb fn f`inzo
V`xot fn @ivnzàt CT / X
N CF
Fbvot znbantDbiv`fbf fn f`inzo
> AB XOAÃV@DB COINVBZ@B
Tn zng`nzn b abt fnd`t`oint r~n abt b~voz`fbfnt coinvbz`bt vocbi xbzb bavnzbz na
nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fna f`inzo! nt fnd`z! xbzb cof`g`dbz ab dbiv`fbf fnf`inzo o na v`xo fn `ivnzàt
Ni ab bdv~ba`fbf! na ojknv`wo ûav`co fn ab xoaãv`db coinvbz`b doco na fn d~bar~`nzxoaãv`db fn ntvbj`a`{bd`ôi! nt! b abzmo xab{o! doitnm~`z na doivzoa fn ab `igabd`ôi p na cbpoz i`wna xot`jan fn ncxano
Abt xoaãv`dbt coinvbz`bt r~n b~cnivbi ab ognzvb coinvbz`b! nt fnd`z! abtxoaãv`dbt coinvbz`bt n|xbit`wbt! znf~d`zâi na v`xo fn `ivnzàt C`nivzbt r~n abtxoaãv`dbt coinvbz`bt r~n doivzbni ab ognzvb coinvbz`b! nt fnd`z! abt zntvz`dv`wbtnanwbzâi na v`xo fn `ivnzàt
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>4
T` fbfo ~i i`wna fn xznd`ot! na JN ! docxzb vãv~aot ni na cnzdbfo bj`nzvo! znf~dnaot dong`d`nivnt anmbant fn zntnzwbt o doidnfn b aot jbidot i~nwot dzàf`vot!fnvnzc`ibzâ r~n ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo tn `idzncnivn
Mzâg`dbcnivn ab g~id`ôi fn ognzvb fn f`inzo tn fntxab{bzâ lbd`b ab fnzndlb p nav`xo fn `ivnzàt tn znf~d`zâ
V`xo fn `ivnzàt C T / X C T ¶ / X
N 8 N 2
C F
Tbafot znbantDbiv`fbf fn f`inzo
Ni na dbto fn r~n ab b~voz`fbf coinvbz`b t`m~`nzb ~ib xoaãv`db coinvbz`b
zntvz`dv`wb! ~v`a`{bifo d~bar~`nzb fn aot vznt xzodnf`c`nivot docnivbfot ,aotdoivzbz`ot! wnivb fn vãv~aot! `idzncnivo fn aot dong`d`nivnt anmbant o znf~dd`ôifn aot xzàtvbcot doidnf`fot b aot jbidot) od~zz`zâ ao doivzbz`o! nt fnd`z!b~cnivbzâi aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt ba znf~d`ztn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo
V`xo fn @ivnzàt C T ¶ / X C T / X
N 2
N 8 C F
Tbafot znbantDbiv`fbf fn
f`inzo
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>6
Lbjãbcot tnòbabfo r~n d~bifo b~cnivb ab znivb ! znba! fntnbi vninz cbpozntdbiv`fbfnt fn f`inzo5 pb r~n tn `idzncnivbzâ na i`wna fn mbtvo ni j`nint p tnzw`d`ot
Ntvo! mzâg`dbcnivn `cxa`dbzãb ~i fntxab{bc`nivo lbd`b ab fnzndlb fn ab d~zwb fn
fncbifb f`inzo! ao r~n lbzâ r~n n|`tvb ~i n|dnto fn fncbifb fn f`inzo! p xzowodbzâ r~n t~jb na v`xo fn `ivnzàt fn nr~`a`jz`o
V`xo fn `ivnzàt C T / X
N 2
CF2 N 8 CF8
Tbafot znbantDbiv`fbf fn f`inzo
T` xoz na doivzbz`o f`tc`i~pn ab znivb znba! na v`xo fn `ivnzàt f`tc`i~`zâ! nan|dnto fn ognzvb fn f`inzo oz`m`ibzâ ~ib znf~dd`ôi fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt
V`xo fn `ivnzàt C T / X
N 8
C F8 N 2
C F2
Dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo
Fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb fn ab xoaãv`db coinvbz`b xofncot fnd`z r~n vbivo abdbiv`fbf fn f`inzo doco na v`xo fn `ivnzàt x~nfni tnz ab wbz`bjan ojknv`wo r~nfnjn doivzoabztn
7 AB D^ZWB AC
Ab fncbifb fn f`inzo t~xoincot r~n nt ~ib znabd`ôi a`inba fn ab gozcbt`m~`nivn
C F 3 f P % n z
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>>
f ; xzoxozd`ôi xot`v`wb fn znivb r~n tn fntnb cbivninz ni tbafot coinvbz`otP znivb ibd`oiba znban ; doitvbivn inmbv`wb r~n iot `if`db doco zntxoifn ab fncbifb fn f`inzo b abt
wbz`bd`oint fna v`xo fn `ivnzàtz ; v`xo fn `ivnzàt fna cnzdbfo
Nd~bd`ôi fna cnzdbfo fn f`inzo Ct 3 C+
T~tv`v~ãcot ni ab doif`d`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo;
CF 3 C+ / X
f P % n z 3 C+ / X
z 3 C+ / X ,+) 2 / n # f P / n ,AC)
Doco wncot nt ~ib znabd`ôi znba! foifn ab xnif`nivn nt ,#f / n)! r~n nt xot`v`wb! p ab doitvbivn nt ab ognzvb coinvbz`b znba! c~av`xa`dbfb xoz na `iwnzto
V`xo fn `ivnzàt AC ,C F 3 C T )
C F 1 C T
C F 9 C T
P ,znivb ibd`oiba znba)
Ab d~zwb AC nt na doik~ivo fn docj`ibd`oint fn P p z xbzb abt d~bant n|`tvn ~ibt`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o nivzn ab fncbifb p ab ognzvb fn f`inzo! nt fnd`z! fnnr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn f`inzo! coinvbz`o o fn bdv`wo
B ao abzmo fn ab d~zwb AC ab dbiv`fbf fncbifbfb fn f`inzo nt `m~ba b ab dbiv`fbf
ogznd`fb
Xoz fnjbko fn ab d~zwb AC! ab dbiv`fbf fncbifbfb fn f`inzo nt cbpoz r~n abogznd`fb Nivoidnt aot r~n vocbi abt fnd`toint fntnbi cbivninz cât f`inzo fnar~n cbiv`nini znbacnivn n `ivnivbi wnifnz joiot Ntvo lbdn r~n na z b~cnivn p na xznd`o fn aot joiot tn znf~{db
Na z tnm~`zâ b~cnivbifo lbtvb r~n na n|dnto fn fncbifb fn f`inzo fntbxbzn{dbXoz
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>7
Xoz nid`cb fn ab d~zwb AC! ab fncbifb fn f`inzo nt cnioz r~n ab ognzvbNivoidnt aot r~n vocbi abt fnd`t`oint v`nini cbt f`inzo fna r~n fntnbi vninz!nivoidnt ao r~n lbdni nt docxzbz joiot! t~j`zâ na xznd`o fn aot joiot p zf`tc`i~pn lbtvb r~n tn na`c`ib na n|dnto fn ognzvb fn f`inzo
,Ba lbjabz fn cbt o cniot f`inzo lbjabcot fn t~ z`r~n{b! ab d~ba ab f`w`fni nibdv`wot g`ibid`nzot! joiot)
FNTXAB[BC@NIVO FN AB D^ZWB AC
z 3 ,C+ / X) ,2 / n) # ,f / n) P
Ab ognzvb znba fn f`inzo nt ab ûi`db wbz`bjan n|ômnib ¿R~à vba od~zzn b ab AC t` abognzvb znba fn f`inzo dbcj`b?
# T` xoz nkncxao C + ,dbiv`fbf ioc`iba fn f`inzo) b~cnivb! b~cnivbzâ C+ /
X ni wbaoz bjtoa~vo Xnzo ba ntvbz c~av`xa`dbfo xoz ,2 / n)! tn doiw`nzvn niinmbv`wb! nt fnd`z! ab d~zwb AC tn fntxab{b lbd`b bjbko
V`xo fn `ivnzàt
AC 8 AC 2
^ ] \
W P
P 8 P 2
T` xbzv`cot fn ~i x~ivo tojzn ab AC8! xoz nkncxao ‑^–! vnifzncot r~n ab znivbibd`oiba p na v`xo fn `ivnzàt ni ozfnibfbt tnzãb P 8! xbzb aot d~bant ab fncbifbfn f`inzo nt `m~ba b ab ognzvb
T~xoimbcot r~n ab ognzvb znba fn f`inzo b~cnivb! fntxab{bifotn ab d~zwb fn
AC8 b AC2! blozb ‑^– pb io nt fn nr~`a`jz`o! tn fbzâ ~i n|dnto fn ognzvb fnf`inzo! pb r~n n|`tvn cât f`inzo f`txoi`jan t`i r~n tn bavnzn ab dbiv`fbffncbifbfb Xbzb woawnz ba nr~`a`jz`o coinvbz`o tn indnt`vbi dbcj`ot ni ab P! nina v`xo fn `ivnzàt! z! o ni bcjot
T` z tn cbiv`nin doitvbivn! ab ûi`db gozcb fn woawnz ba nr~`a`jz`o nt b~cnivbz abznivb lbtvb P 2
B ~i x~ivo ‑]– fn ab i~nwb d~zwb! AC2 Lb od~zz`fo r~n na b~cnivo fn ab znivbfntfn P 8 lbtvb P 2! nt t~g`d`nivn xbzb aanwbz b aot bmnivnt ndoiôc`dot b bjtozjnzab ognzvb fn f`inzo bf`d`oiba
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>=
T` ab P tn cbiv`nin ni P 8 nivoidnt na v`xo fn `ivnzàt fnjnzâ jbkbz ! p ntvbzncotni ~i x~ivo ‑W– fn nr~`a`jz`o) Ni ntvn dbto! ab i~nwb ognzvb coinvbz`b tn `idozxozb xoz aot bmnivnt ndoiôc`dotb t~t tbafot ni f`inzo
Vbcj`ài x~nfn fbztn ~i dbto `ivnzcnf`o! xoz nkncxao ~i b~cnivo ni P p ~ibf`tc`i~d`ôi ni z! r~n t`vûb b ab ndoiocãb ni ~i x~ivo doco ‑\–) Ao d~bavbcj`ài lbzâ r~n tn w~nawb ba nr~`a`jz`o coinvbz`oD~bar~`nz docj`ibd`ôi r~n lbmb r~n ab ndoiocãb tn fntxabdn fn ab AC8 b ab AC2 tnzãb ab zntx~ntvb bxzox`bfb
Na xotnnfoz fn z`r~n{b! vbivo t` nt ~ib ncxzntb doco t` nt ~ib ndoiocãbfocàtv`db ntvâ ni t`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o fn dbzvnzb d~bifo ntvâ tbv`tgndlo doiab f`w`t`ôi bdv~ba fn t~ z`r~n{b nivzn f`inzo p joiot
Xbzb ab tod`nfbf na nr~`a`jz`o fn aot bdv`wot tn xzof~dn d~bifo vofot aot r~n
xotnni z`r~n{b ntvâi ni ~ib t`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o fn dbzvnzb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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VNCB 6 NA COFNAO @T — AC ;
Ab fnvnzc`ibd`ôi fn ab Znivb Ibd`oiba p na v`xo fn`ivnzàt doi ~i i`wna fn xznd`ot g`ko
2 @IVZOF^DD@ÔI
Ab f`tc`i~d`ôi fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt r~n ntvâi f`tx~ntvot b n|`m`z aot jbidot xozao dzàf`vot! lbzâ r~n abt ncxzntbt fncbifni cât dzàf`vot! vbivo xbzb bcxa`bzt~ nr~`xo xzof~dv`wo doco xbzb `idzncnivbz abt n|`tvnid`bt! nt fnd`z! r~n abznf~dd`ôi fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt xzowodbzâ ~i b~cnivo ni ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi
V`xo fn `ivnzàt
,FB 3 D % @)
Z8
Z2 @
Fncbifb fn`iwnzt`ôi
Tnmûi n|xa`dâjbcot ni na vncb bivnz`oz! ~ib xoaãv`db coinvbz`b n|xbit`wb`idzncnivb ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo5 doi ao d~ba C8 / X8 # C2 / X2
Doco lncot w`tvo na v`xo fn `ivnzàt tn znf~dn ba n|`tv`z ~i n|dnto fn ognzvbcoinvbz`b Ab `iwnzt`ôi b~cnivbzâ doi ab dbãfb fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt! doi ao r~n abfncbifb bmznmbfb tn `idzncnivbzâ ,FB 3 D % @) p abt ncxzntbt nanwbzâi abxzof~dd`ôi ! na ncxano p ab znivb vbcj`ài b~cnivbzâ
Fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb Enpint`bio! na xzodnto bivnz`oz x~nfn xzntnivbz d`nzvot
gbaaot! fn lndlo! t` na v`xo fn `ivnzàt nt c~p jbko na xûja`do ,aot bmnivntndoiôc`dot) x~nfn fntnbz io vninz joiot ! nt fnd`z! t` aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt toic~p jbkot nt fn ntxnzbz r~n b~cnivni ni na g~v~zo! p d~bifo ntvo od~zzb aotxznd`ot fn aot joiot fntdnifnzâi! odbt`oibifo b aot xotnnfoznt fn joiot ~ibxàzf`fb fn dbx`vba
T~xoimbcot r~n ab ndoiocãb ntvâ ni ~ib fnxznt`ôi `cxozvbivn p r~n ab vbtb ov`xo fn `ivnzàt nt c~p jbko
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
>0
Mzâg`dbcnivn! ni na cnzdbfo fn f`inzo! ab d~zwb fn fncbifb wb b bfoxvbz ~ibgozcb doi ~i vzbco docxanvbcnivn loz`{oivba! p t~xoincot r~n ab ndoiocãbntvâ ni nr~`a`jz`o ni N8
V`xo fn `ivnzàt C 8 / X 8 C 2 / X 2
z8 3 z2 N 8 N 2 C F
Dbx`vba fn f`inzo
T` ni ntvbt d`zd~itvbid`bt abt b~voz`fbfnt coinvbz`bt fnd`fni b~cnivbz abdbiv`fbf fn f`inzo! ab ognzvb fn f`inzo tn fntxab{bzâ lbd`b ab fnzndlb! p nanr~`a`jz`o xbtb b ntvbz ni na x~ivo N2 Ni ab i~nwb t`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o na v`xofn `ivnzàt nt na c`tco! pb r~n! ba v`xo fn `ivnzàt z8 na xûja`do ntvâ f`tx~ntvo bcbivninz vofo na f`inzo bf`d`oiba doco vba! nt fnd`z! ni f`inzo! ni wn{ fnbt~c`z na z`ntmo fn docxzbz cât joiot
Ba io docxzbz cbt bdv`wot t~ xznd`o io tn bavnzbzâ ! p xoz vbivo! na v`xo fn`ivnzàt io tn znf~d`zâ
Na f`inzo bf`d`oiba db` ni ab vzbcxb fn ab a`r~`fn{! nt fnd`z! na vzbco loz`{oivbafn ab d~zwb fn ab fncbifb fn f`inzo o xzngnznid`b xoz ab a`r~`fn{
Ni ntvbt doif`d`oint fbfo ra~n io tn znf~dn na v`xo fn `ivnzàt! ~ib xoaãv`dbcoinvbz`b n|xbit`wb tnzãb `ing`db{! pb r~n na ngndvo fn ab n|xbit`ôi fna b~cnivofn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo tojzn na v`xo fn ivnzàt! nt i~ao
: AB D^ZWB @T
Lbtvb blozb! ab `iwnzt`ôi ,@) ab lbjãbcot doit`fnzbfo doco doitvbivn! n|ômnib B xbzv`z fn blozb tnzâ ~i docxoinivn `cxozvbivn fna mbtvo bmznmbfo ofncbifb bmznmbfb Doco tn lb docnivbfo lbp ~i znabd`ôi t`mi`g`dbv`wb tnmûiab d~ba! d~bivo cbpoz tnb na v`xo fn `ivnzàt cnioz tnzâ ab dbiv`fbf fn mbtvo fn`iwnzt`ôi Xoz vbivo! wbcot b doit`fnzbz ab `iwnzt`ôi doco ~ib wbz`bjannifômnib ,pb io nt ~ib doitvbivn)
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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Xoz fng`i`d`ôi; N 3 FB 3 D % @ D 3 bo % d P 8 1 d1 2 8 1 bo Nd~bd`oint
fna Nd~bd`ôi fn docxozvbc`nivo cnzdbfo
fn @ 3 b2 % j z j`nint
Indnt`vbcot ab doif`d`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o; FB 3 N 3 P
Ab nd~bd`ôi fn doit~co c~ntvzb ab fnxnifnid`b fna doit~co fn ab znivbf`txoi`jan! r~n ni ntvn cofnao fn fot tndvoznt nt `m~ba b ab znivb ibd`oiba Aotxbzâcnvzot toi;
bo; doitvbivn xot`v`wb ,doit~co b~vôioco)
d ; xzoxnit`ôi cbzm`iba b doit~c`z! r~n nt xot`v`wb xnzo cnioz r~n 2
Ab nd~bd`ôi fn ab `iwnzt`ôi znxzntnivb ab `iwnzt`ôi doco ~ib g~id`ôi a`inab fnav`xo fn `ivnzàt5 xbzb ojvninz ~ib `iwnzt`ôi xot`v`wb ab doitvbivn b2 fnjn tnzxot`v`wb ,nt ab `iwnzt`ôi b~vôiocb! nt fnd`z! io fnxnifn fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt)Doco tbjncot r~n ab `iwnzt`ôi f`tc`i~pn ba b~cnivbz na v`xo fn `ivnzàt!nivoidnt j nt inmbv`wb
Xofncot fnf~d`z ab d~zwb @T
N 3 FB 3 D % @
P 3 b8 % d P % b2 % j z P — d P 3 b8 % b2 % j z
b8 % b2 3 B 3 vofo na mbtvo n|ômnio b~vôioco
P ,2 — d) 3 B % j z
Fntxnko z
Ab znabd`ôi @T znxzntnivb vofbt br~naabt docj`ibd`oint fn znivb ibd`oiba ,P) p
fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt ,z)! r~n lbdni r~n na mbtvo bmznmbfo o znivb bmznmbfb tnib`m~ba b ab znivb ibd`oiba ,P)! nt fnd`z! r~n lbdni r~n tn fn na nr~`a`jz`o ni nacnzdbfo fn j`nint
,2 — d) / j xnif`nivn inmbv`wb
Xbzb ~i v`xo fn `ivnzàt z2 ab g~id`ôi fn mbtvo bmznmbfo vnifzâ ~ib fnvnzc`ibfbxot`d`ôi
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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FB N N 3 P
N 2 FB : ,z : )
FB FB2 ,z 2 )
N 8 z 2 9 z :
6>» P
P 2 P P :
Ab fncbifb bmznmbfb fnvnzc`ibzâ ab znivb ibd`oiba fn nr~`a`jz`o P2
T` doit`fnzbcot ~i v`xo fn `ivnzàt z : 1 z 2 ! ab d~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb tnfntxab{bzâ lbd`b bzz`jb! b FB: ! pb r~n ~i v`xo fn `ivnzàt cnioz b~cnivb ab`iwnzt`ôi! p xoz vbivo b~cnivbzâ ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o b P :
Doi ~i xzodnf`c`nivo t`c`abz xbzb dbfb v`xo fn `ivnzàt xofncot ojvninz abd~zwb @T doi xnif`nivn inmbv`wb
V`xo fn `ivnzàt
z 2 N 91 P
z :
@T , N 3 P )
P 2 P : P
V`xo fn `ivnzàt
N 1 P
N 9 P @T , N 3 P)
P
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
7:
G~nzb fn ab @T io lbjzâ nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn j`nint! p vnifzãbcot N 91P 5d~bar~`nz x~ivo b ab `{r~`nzfb fn ab d~zwb @T tn fb r~n N 9 P! p ntvo nt ab db~tbfna b~cnivo fn ab znivb ibd`oiba! r~n mzâg`dbcnivn wnzncot doi ~ib gandlblbd`b ab fnzndlb
B ab fnzndlb o xoz nid`bc fn ab @T ! N 1 P! ntvo lbdn r~n ab znivb ibd`oibaf`tc`i~pb! gandlb lbd`b ab `{r~`nzfb
FNTXAB[BC@NIVOT FN AB D^ZWB @T
z j % B 3 ,2 — d) P
Ojtnzwbcot r~n B nt ab ûi`db wbz`bjan n|ômnib fn ab @t! nt na mbtvo b~vôioco! ntfnd`z! br~naabt xbzvnt fna mbtvo ni doit~co! ni `iwnzt`ôi! d~bifo dbcj`bi P o z!xoz vbivo! ~i b~cnivo fn B ntvâ xzowodbfo xoz ~i b~cnivo fn b8! b2 ô bcjot
^i b~cnivo fn B `idzncnivb ab doitvbivn xot`v`wb fn ab @T! p fntxab{bzãb abd~zwb lbd`b ab fnzndlb o lbd`b bzz`jb Fntfn @T2 b @T: P W`dnwnztb
V`xo fn `ivnzàt
z : W
z 2 ^ ]
@T : @T 2
P P 2 P :
T` ntvbcot ni ~i x~ivo fn nr~`a`jz`o tojzn ab @T 2! r~n znxzntnivb ~ib znivb P 2 p ~i v`xo fn `ivnzàt z25 ~i b~cnivo fna mbtvo b~vôioco t`mi`g`db r~n na x~ivo ‑^–
pb io nt fn nr~`a`jz`o! pb r~n ab @T2 tn fnxab{b b @T:
Xbzb woawnz ba nr~`a`jz`o doi ~i v`xo fn `ivnzàt doitvbivn z2! nt indntbz`b ~ibznivb cbpoz P :! xbtbzãbcot ba x~ivo ‑]– r~n t` ntvâ ni nr~`a`jz`o)
O xbzb ~ib znivb doitvbivn P 2! nt indntbz`o ~i v`xo fn `ivnzàt z:! xbtbifo bax~ivo ‑W–)
Aôm`dbcnivn ! d~bar~`nz docj`ibd`ôi bxzox`bfb fn wbz`bd`oint ni P p ni z!x~nfni lbdnz woawnz b ab ndoiocãb ba nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn j`nint
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
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4 NA COFNAO @T — AC
Xofncot fnvnzc`ibz na nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn j`nint p na nr~`a`jz`o fndbzvnzb ,cnzdbfo coinvbz`o fn f`inzo o fn bdv`wot) t`c~avâinbcnivn
Xbzb naao `ivnmzbzncot abt d~zwbt @T p AC
@T ; j z % B 3 ,2— d) P
AC ; z x n % x f P 3 C+
Ab d~zwb @T nt na doik~ivo fn vofot aot x~ivot r~n tbv`tgbdni ab doif`d`ôi fnnr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn j`nint! nt fnd`z! N 3 P5 d~bifo ab ndoiocãb io ntvâtojzn ab d~zwb @T n|`tvni g~nz{bt r~n v`nifni b lbdnz r~n ab znivb tn t`vûn tojznf`dlb d~zwb Ab AC nt na doik~ivo fn vofot aot x~ivot r~n tbv`tgbdni nanr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn bdv`wot! nt fnd`z! ab Cf 3 Ct
T` ab ndoiocãb io ntvâ tojzn ab d~zwb AC n|`tvn ~ib g~nz{b xbzb r~n na v`xo fn`ivnzàt dbcj`n! t`v~âifotn tojzn f`dlb d~zwb
V`xo fn `ivnzàt ,2) AC N 1 P 5 C F 1 C T
,:) ,6)
C F 1 C T C F 9 C T N 9 P N 1 P
,4) N 9 P
C F 9 C T @T
ZIZ ,P)
Abt d~zwbt @T p AC f`w`fni na d~bfzbivn ni 6 xbzvnt! doi abt t`m~`nivnt
dbzbdvnzãtv`dbt
,2)! n|`tvn xznt`ôi xbzb r~n ab znivb f`tc`i~pb p xbzb r~n aot v`xot fn `ivnzàtf`tc`i~pb vbcj`ài,:)! n|`tvn xznt`ôi xbzb r~n ab znivb b~cnivn p xbzb r~n na v`xo fn `ivnzàtf`tc`i~pb,4)! n|`tv`zâ xznt`ôi xbzb r~n ab znivb b~cnivn p xbzb r~n na v`xo fn `ivnzàtvbcj`ài b~cnivn,6)! ab znivb vnifzâ vnifnid`b b f`tc`i~`z! c`nivzbt r~n na v`xo fn `ivnzàtvnifzâ vnifnid`b b b~cnivbz
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
76
Na dozvn fn abt d~zwbt @T p AC `if`db ab n|`tvnid`b fn ~ib ûi`db docj`ibd`ôi fn P p z ! ni ab d~ba tn xzof~dn t`c~avâinbcnivn ~ib t`v~bd`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o ni nacnzdbfo fn j`nint p ni na cnzdbfo fn bdv`wot
6 NGNDVOT FN AOT FNTXAB[BC@NIVOT FN ABT D^ZWBT @T P AC
Lncot w`tvot r~n abt wbz`bd`oint ni na mbtvo b~vôioco ,B) fntxab{bi ab d~zwb @T!c`nivzbt r~n aot dbcj`ot ni ab ognzvb coinvbz`b znba fntxab{bi ab d~zwb AC
C+ / X
Wbcot b wnz ~i fntxab{bc`nivo lbd`b ab fnzndlb fn ab d~zwb @T
Xbzv`cot fn abt d~zwbt `i`d`bant @T2 p AC2
V`xo fn `ivnzàt AC 2
Z :
Z2 @T : @T 2
ZIZ ,P)P 2 P :
Abt d~bant xzoxozd`oibi P 2 p z2
Nivoidnt xbzb aot wbaoznt `i`d`bant fn nr~`a`jz`o tn xzof~dn blozb ~i n|dnto fnmbtvo fntnbfo tojzn ab znivb! r~n lbdn r~n ab znivb b~cnivn
Ba b~cnivbz ab znivb tn nanwb ab dbiv`fbf fncbifbfb fn f`inzo p ab ntdbtn{ fnf`inzo xznt`oib ba ba{b na v`xo fn `ivnzàt Nivoidnt xbzb na i~nwo nr~`a`jz`o aot
wbaoznt tnzãbi P : z:
^ib f`tc`i~d`ôi fna mbtvo b~vôioco `iw`nzvn na xzodnto! fntxab{bifo ab d~zwbfn @T: b @t2! ao d~ba f`tc`i~`zãb ab znivb p na v`xo fn `ivnzàt
Wbcot b doit`fnzbz aot ngndvot fn ~ib wbz`bd`ôi ni ab ognzvb coinvbz`b znba! r~nfntxabdn ab d~zwb AC lbd`b ab fnzndlb Ntvo od~zz`zâ b~cnivbifo ab ognzvbcoinvbz`b ioc`iba ,C) Ab AC2 tn fntxab{bzãb b AC:
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
7>
V`xo fn `ivnzàt AC 2 AC :
z 2
z : @T 2
ZIZ ,P)P 2 P :
Xbzb aot wbaoznt `i`d`bant z2! P 2 tn xzof~dn ~i n|dnto fn ognzvb coinvbz`b
Abt ~i`fbfnt fn fnd`t`ôi doi aot n|dntot fn goifot xznvnifni docxzbz joiot!ao r~n lbdn r~n t~jb na xznd`o fn aot joiot! p r~n xznt`oin b ab jbkb na v`xo fn`ivnzàt Ntvo vzbn doit`mo ~i b~cnivo fn ab `iwnzt`ôi! doi ao d~ba b~cnivbzâ abznivb ibd`oiba! p xbtbzãbcot ba nr~`a`jz`o P : z:
^ib f`tc`i~d`ôi fn ab ognzvb coinvbz`b tn biba`{b! lbd`nifo r~n ab d~zwb AC !tn fntxab{n fn AC: b AC2! ao d~ba znf~d`zãb ab znivb fn P : b P 2 p nanwbzãb na v`xofn `ivnzàt fn z: b z2
Xoz vbivo! ni doida~t`ôi fn ntvo xofncot fnd`z ao t`m~`nivn! d~bifo ab znivbdbcj`b fnj`fo b wbz`bd`oint ni na mbtvo! ab znivb p na v`xo fn `ivnzàt b~cnivbi o
f`tc`i~pni doik~ivbcnivn
C`nivzbt r~n ab znivb dbcj`b fnj`fo b ab `iga~nid`b fn gbdvoznt coinvbz`ot! abznivb p na v`xo fn `ivnzàt dbcj`bi ni f`zndd`oint ox~ntvbt
Na cofnao @T — AC nt na cât tnid`aao fn aot r~n `ivnmzbi na tndvoz coinvbz`o fnab ndoiocãb ,cnzdbfo coinvbz`o fn f`inzo) doi na tndvoz znba fn ab ndoiocãb,cnzdbfo fn j`nint)
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
77
VNCB >
FNCBIFB P OGNZVB BMZNMBFBT
2 AB FNCBIFB BMZNMBFB
Wbcot b doit`fnzbz fot t`v~bd`oint ni abt r~n na i`wna fn xznd`ot x~nfnb~cnivbz ,na t~x~ntvo fn xznd`ot doitvbivnt ao l`d`cot ni na ::)
B xbzv`z fn blozb doit`fnzbcot na i`wna fn xznd`ot doco ~ib wbz`bjan nifômnib
Vniãbcot : gozcbt fn n|xzntbz ab doif`d`ôi fn nr~`a`jz`o fn dbzvnzb;
CF 3 CT / X ,ni vàzc`iot znbant)
CF X 3 CT ,ni vàzc`iot ioc`ibant)
^i b~cnivo ni na i`wna fn xznd`ot dnvnz`t xbz`j~t! xzof~dn ~i n|dnto fnfncbifb fn f`inzo! pb r~n ! b~cnivb na wbaoz ioc`iba fn abt vzbitbdd`oint p abtncxzntbt nivoidnt indnt`vbi cbpoznt tbafot coinvbz`ot ioc`ibant xbzbg`ibid`bz f`dlbt vzbitbdd`oint
Na n|dnto fn fncbifb fn f`inzo xzowodb r~n aot r~n xotnni z`r~n{b xznvnifbib~cnivbz t~t tbafot coinvbz`ot wnif`nifo joiot! ao d~ba xznt`oib b ab jbkb baxznd`o fn aot joiot p tn xznt`oib b ab ba{b ba v`xo fn `ivnzàt Ntvo ft`c`i~pn nambtvo vovba fntnbfo o Fncbifb Bmznmbfb! pb r~n na b~cnivo fna v`xo fn `ivnzàt
jbkb ab `iwnz`tôi p na Mbtvo Bmznmbfo fntnbfo tn fntxab{b lbd`b bjbko Ntvof`tc`i~pn ab Znivb Ibd`oiba fn nr~`a`jz`o
Ni doida~t`ôi! na b~cnivo ni X ,i`wna fn xznd`ot) tn zbad`oib doi ~ibf`tc`i~d`ôi ni nai`wna fn nr~`a`jz`o fn ab Znivb Ibd`oiba! nt fnd`z! ab d~zwb fnFncbifb Bmznmbfb r~n znabd`oib ab Znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o doi na i`wna fn xznd`otv`nin xnif`nivn inmbv`wb
Fnf~d`cot mzâg`dbcnivn ab fncbifb bmznmbfb fn abt d~zwbt @T# ACAbt d~zwbt @T p AC iot fnvnzc`ibi P 2 p z2 fn nr~`a`jz`o `i`d`ba5 t~xoincot r~nab ognzvb ioc`iba fna f`inzo tn cbiv`nin doitvbivn ni C+ ! xnzo r~n wbzãb nai`wna fn xznd`ot5 ba b~cnivbz na i`wna fn xznd`ot cbivni`nifo ab dbiv`fbf fnf`inzo doitvbivn! f`tc`i~pn ab dbiv`fbf znba fn f`inzo b C+ / X: ! ao r~nfntxab{b ab AC b ab `{r~`nzfb! fn AC2 b AC:
Blozb ab i~nwb znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o nt P :! p doi na X: iot fb na x~ivo ‑^– fn abFncbifb Bmznmbfb Ao c`tco xbtbifo fn X: b X4
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
7=
Ab d~zwb fn Fncbifb Bmznmbfb znxzntnivb na doik~ivo fn x~ivot r~n toidocj`ibd`oint X P! ni abt d~bant tn fb na nr~`a`jz`o ni aot cnzdbfot fn j`nint p bdv`wot! t`nifo doitvbivnt na mbtvo b~vôioco p ab ognzvb coinvbz`b ioc`iba
z AC 4 ,C+ / X 4 ) AC : ,C+ / X : )
AC 2 ,C+ / X 2 )
z 4
z : z 2
@T P
P 4 P : P 2 X
X 2 1 X : 1 X 4
X 4 ]
X : ^ X 2 W
FB
P P 4 P : P
FNTXAB[BC@NIVOT FN AB D^ZWB FN FNCBIFB BMZNMBFB
Tn xzof~dni xoz : cov`wot;
# Xoz wbz`bd`oint ni na mbtvo b~vôioco;
^i b~cnivo fna mbtvo b~vôioco fntxab{b ab g~id`ôi fn mbtvo bmznmbfo lbd`bbzz`jb! ao d~ba ! `idzncnivb na i`wna fn nr~`a`jz`o fn ab znivb ibd`oiba r~ndozznxtoifn b dbfb v`xo fn `ivnzàt p i`wna fn xznd`ot Ntvn `idzncnivo tndozzntxoifn doi ~i fntxab{bc`nivo b ab fnzndlb fn ab d~zwb @T p ntvnfntxab{bc`nivo lbd`b ab fnzndlb ,lbd`b bzz`jb) fn ab @T b~cnivb ab znivb! p nav`xo fn `ivnzàt ! z! r~n znt~avb t` na i`wna fn xznd`ot xnzcbindn doitvbivn , ntfnd`z! ab AC io tn fntxab{b)
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
7<
N N 3 P FB
N :
,2) N 2
6>» P P 2 P :
z
AC
,:) z : z 2 @T :
@T 2 P
P 2 P : X
,4) X 2 FB :
FB2 P
P 2 P :
,2) Na b~cnivo fna mbtvo b~vôioco fntxab{b ab g~id`ôi fn mbtvo bmznmbfo lbd`bbzz`jb! fn N2b N:
,:)Ni na mzâg`do cnf`o; tn fntxab{b ab d~zwb @T xbzbanabcnivn lbtvb na x~ivo z : P : Na i`wna fn xznd`ot io wbzãb! nt fnd`z! io wbzãb ab AC
,4)Na b~cnivo fn ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o fn P 2 b P : tn znxzntnivb xoz ~ifntxab{bc`nivo lbd`b ab fnzndlb fn ab d~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb! fn gozcb
r~n xbtbcot X2 P :
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
70
# B~cnivot fn ab ognzvb ioc`iba fn f`inzo;
z AC2 ,C2 / X2)
AC : ,C : / X : )
,2) z 2 z : @T
P N P 2 P : N 3 P
FB N :,z : ) N 2,z 2 )
,:)
6>» P P 2 P :
Xznd`ot
,4)
X 2 FB :
FB2 P 2 P :
,2) Blozb doi ~i i`wna fn xznd`ot doitvbivn! X2! b~cnivb ab ognzvb ioc`iba fnf`inzo! fn C2 b C:! ntvo fntxab{b ab d~zwb fn AC2 b Ac:! f`tc`i~pnifo na v`xofn `ivnzàt b z: p b~cnivbifo ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o b P :
,:) Ab f`tc`i~d`ôi ni na v`xo fn `ivnzàt fntxab{b na mbtvo bmznmbfo b N: fnxnif`nivn fn z:
,4) vnincot r~n ab d~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb tn fntxab{b lbd`b ab fnzndlb fn
FB 2 b FB : ! ao r~n iot fb ~i i~nwo i`wna fn znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o ba r~ndozzntxoifn na i`wna fn xznd`ot `i`d`ba X2
Xoz vbivo! ~i b~cnivo fn C / X! b~cnivb ab znivb fn nr~`a`jz`o5 d~bifo ntvo tnxzof~dn xbzb ~ib f`tc`i~d`ôi ni X v`nin a~mbz ~i cow`c`nivo b ao abzmo fn abd~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb r~n znabd`oib P doi X
D~bifo od~zzn ntvo xoz ~i b~cnivo fn C ,t`nifo X doitvbivn) tn znxzntnivbzâxoz ~i fntxab{bc`nivo fn vofb ab d~zwb fn Fncbifb Bmznmbfb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=8
: AB G^ID@ÔI FN OGNZVB BMZNMBFB P NA CNZDBFO FNVZBJBKO
Abt znbad`oint nivzn na cnzdbfo fn j`int p na cnzdbfo fn gbdvoznt fbi a~mbz b abd~zwb fn ognzvb bmznmbfb Ab d~zwb fn ognzvb bmznmbfb c~ntvzb na i`wna fn
xzof~dd`ôi r~n ntvâi f`tx~ntvot b ogzndnz abt ncxzntbt xbzb dbfb i`wna fnxznd`ot Wnãbcot r~n ab fncbifb fn gbdvoznt xzof~dv`wot xoz xbzvn fn abtncxzntbt nt ~ib fncbifb fnz`wbfb Abt ncxzntbt doivzbvbi gbdvozt! r~n xbzbt`cxa`g`dbz ab n|xa`dbd`ôi! t~xoincot r~n toi vzbjbko p dbx`vba xbzb xzof~d`z
j`nint p tnzw`d`ot Xofncot fnd`z r~n na xznd`o fna xzof~dvo tn jbtb ni aotdotvnt fn xzof~dd`ôi! r~n fnxnifn fna tbaz`o fn ab xzof~ddv`w`fbf fna vzbjbko p fna cbzmni fna xznd`o tojzn aot dotvnt abjozbant Fbfo r~n lncot t~x~ntvo r~ntoao lbp fot gbdvoznt xzof~dv`wot! ~io fn dbzâdvnz wbz`bjan! na vzbjkbo p ovzo fndbzbdvnz g`ko! na dbx`vba! znt~avbzâ r~n na dotvn cnf`o o dotvn xoz ~i`fbf fnxzof~dvo vnifzâ fot docxoinivnt! na r~n xzow`nin fn ab ~v`a`{bd`ôi fna vzbjkbo p na r~n xzow`nin fna ~to fna dbx`vba
Fn gozcb mniàz`db na dotvn abjozba xoz ~i`fbf fn xzof~dvo nt `m~ba ba iûcnzo fn~i`fbfnt! fn lozbt fn vzbjbko indntbz`bt xbzb ojvninz ~ib ~i`fbf fn xzof~dvo! a!c~av`xa`dbfo xoz na tbabz`o xoz lozb ]
Dotvn abjozba ~i`vbz`o o xoz ~i`fbf fn xzof~dvo 3 a ]
Na xznd`o fna xzof~dvo fnjn d~jz`z aot `ivnzntnt fn aot xzàtvbcot indntbz`otxbzb docxzbz na dbx`vba p ni mninzba! fnjn xnzc`v`z xbmbz ~ib vbtb fnznif`c`nivo xoz aot znd~ztot `iwnzv`fot ni ab ncxzntb
^ib gozcb tnid`aab fn zngankbz na dotvn r~n na dbx`vba v`nin xbzb ab ncxzntbdoit`tvn ni t~xoinz r~n abt ncxzntbt g`kbi ~i cbzmni o xozdnivbkn doitvbivn! E!tojzn aot dotvnt abjozbant! doi na g`i fn d~jz`z na doitvn fn dbx`vba
Dotvn fn dbx`vba 3 E , a ] )
Xbzb g`kbz na xznd`o fna xzof~dvo vnincot r~n vninz ni d~nivb bcjot dotvnt! nafna vzbjbko p na fna dbx`vba
Dotvn xoz ~i`fbf fn xzof~dvo ô DCn 3 a ] % E , a ])
X 3 , 2 % E ) a ]
Ntvo nt ab nd~bd`ôi fn xznd`ot! foifn xofncot ojtnzwbz! r~n na xznd`o fnxnifnfn ab xzof~dv`w`fbf fna vzbjbko a! iûcnzo fn lozbt! tbabz`o xoz lozb p fnacbzmni tojzn aot dotvnt abjozbant xzowni`nivn fn ab ~v`a`{bd`ôi fna dbx`vba
T` tn `idzncnivb bam~io fn naaot! tn `idzncnivb na xznd`o fn wnivb b r~n abtncxzntbt ntvâi f`tx~ntvbt b wnifnz D~bifo tn `idzncnivb ab xzof~dd`ôi lbp r~n doivzbvbz cât cbio fn ojzb p abt ncxzntbt docx`vni nivzn tã ni na cnzdbfofn vzbjkbo! doi ao d~ba t~jni aot tbaz`ot! xoz vbivo! na `idzncnivo fn ab
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=2
xzof~dd`ôi p na ncxnao lbdn r~n t~jbi aot tbabz`ot p t~ znf~dd`ôi lbdn r~n jbkni aot tbabz`ot
Bamo t`c`abz od~zzn doi na dotvn fn ab ~v`a`{bd`ôi fna dbx`vba! t` tn `idzncnivb abxzof~dd`ôi b~cnivbzâ ab fncbifb fn dbx`vba xoz cov`wo fn vzbitbdd`ôi p na v`xo
fn `ivnzàt t~j`zâ
T` bdnxvbcot r~n aot dotvnt fn xzof~dd`ôi r~n wbi btod`bfot ba ncxano fn cbiofn ojzb p fn dbx`vba! p xoz vbivo! na i`wna fn xznd`ot tn `idzncnivb d~bifob~cnivb ab xzof~dd`ôi znt~avbzâ r~n ab d~zwb fn Ognzvb Bmznmbfb v`ninxnif`nivn xot`v`wb
I`wna fn xznd`ot Ognzvb Bmznmbfb
I`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi ,P)
4 AB D^ZWB FN OGNZVB BMZNMBFB NI NA COFNAO DAÂT@DO P NI NA ENPINT@BIO
Ab d~zwb fn Ognzvb Bmznmbfb tn x~nfn ntv~f`bz fntfn fot x~ivot fn w`tvb;
# Na fn aot ndoioc`tvbt daât`dot# Na fn aot Enpint`biot
Fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb fn aot daât`dot! aot tbabz`ot p aot xznd`ot toi vovbacnivngan|`jant5 tn t~xoin r~n t` tn bavnzbi aot xznd`ot! na tbabz`o tn bk~tvb xbzbcbivninz xnzcbinivncnivn na xanio ncxano ni na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko
Ntvo t~xoin r~n t` tn f~xa`dbi aot xznd`ot! aot tbabz`ot ioc`ibant vbcj`ài tnf~xa`dbzâi! doi ao d~ba na tbabz`o znba xnzcbindn doitvbivn; ] / X
Aôm`dbcnivn na i`wna fn xanio ncxano ni na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko tn dozzntxoifn
doi ~i i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba o fn xanio ncxano Vbivo aot vzbjbkbfozntdoco abt ncxzntbt vocbi t~t fnd`t`oint ni g~id`ôi fna i`wna fn tbabz`ot znbant!
pb r~n tn lb t~x~ntvo r~n xznd`ot p tbabz`ot toi vovbacnivn gan|`jant
Ni na cofnao daât`do! ab dbiv`fbf xzof~d`fb xoz abt ncxzntbt tnzâ ab xzof~dd`ôixovnid`ba ! p io tn wnzâ bgndvbfb xoz na i`wna fn xznd`ot Xoz vbivo! ab d~zwb fnOgnzvb Bmznmbfb tnzâ ~ib zndvb wnzv`dba ba i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi fn xanio ncxano oxovnid`ba! nt fnd`z! tn ogzndn na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi P XN ,xanio ncxano)d~bar~`nzb r~n tnb na i`wna fn xznd`ot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=:
I`wna fn xznd`ot Ognzvb Bmznmbfb
X 2 X :
P XN Xzof~dd`ôi ,P)Ni na cofnao cbdzondoiôc`do Enpint`bio ! r~n lncot ntvbfo ntv~f`bifo! tnlb t~x~ntvo r~n aot xznd`ot xnzcbindãbi doitvbivnt5 tn bdnxvb r~n abt ncxzntbtntvâi f`tx~ntvbt b ogzndnz d~bar~`nz dbiv`fbf fn xzof~dd`ôi ba i`wna fn xznd`otfbfo! pb r~n tn t~xoin r~n aot tbabz`ot xnzcbindni g`kot
I`wna fn xznd`ot
X 8 Ognzvb Bmznmbfb
Xzof~dd`ôi ,P)
D~bifo ab d~zwb fn ognzvb bmznmbfb nt loz`{oivba! aot fntxab{bc`nivot fn abfncbifb bmznmbfb toao bgndvbzâi b ab xzof~dd`ôi! c`nivzbt r~n aot xznd`otxnzcbindni doitvbivnt
Ntvb gozcb fn ab d~zwb fn ognzvb bmznmbfb tn jbtb ni na t~x~ntvo fn r~n na
tbabz`o io dbcj`b d~bifo dbcj`b na i`wna fn ncxano! tn jbtb! `ida~to ni r~nd~bifo lbp fntncxano aot tbabz`ot toi zãm`fot b ab jbkb
B~ir~n ntvot t~x~ntvot tn xzntnivb doco Enpint`biot! Enpint io t~x~nto r~naot tbabz`ot g~ntni bjtoa~vbcnivn g`kot! p c~dlo cniot ni t`v~bd`oint xzô|`cotba xanio ncxano
Enpint t` bzm~cnivô! r~n bivn ~ib t`v~bd`ôi doi fntncxano ni na cnzdbfo fnvzbjbko ~ib znf~dd`ôi fn aot tbabz`ot io mbzbiv`{bjb ab doitnd~d`ôi fna xanioncxano
Ni doidznvo! Enpint fngnif`ôi r~n t` na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi nt `ignz`oz ba fnxanio ncxano! ba i`wna fn xznd`o w`mnivn io nt xozr~n ba v`xo fn tbabz`o znab r~nn|`tvn abt ncxzntbt cb|`c`{bfozbt fn jning`d`ot io ntvài f`tx~ntvbt bfncbifbz cât ncxano p b xzof~d`z cât! t`io r~n tn fnjn b ~ib Fncbifb
Bmznmbfb `it~g`d`nivn xbzb bjtozjnz ab xzof~dd`ôi
T` ab fncbifb dznd`ntn! ab ndoiocãb ni doik~ivo ntvbzãb f`tx~ntvb b xzof~d`zcât p b mnizbz cât ncxano ba i`wan fn xznd`ot w`mnivn
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=4
Fbfo r~n ni na cofnao Enpint`bio aot tbabz`ot ioc`ibant toi `igan|`jant b ab jbkb! ab f`tc`i~d`ôi fna tbabz`o znba n|`mn t~j`fbt ni na i`wna mninzba fn xznd`ot
Jbko ntvot t~x~ntvot ab d~zwb fn ognzvb bmznmbfb xzntnivbzãb b xbzv`z fn i`wnantfn xzof~dd`ôi xzô|`cot ba xanio ncxano ~i vzbco dznd`nivn! ntvo tn fnjnzãb b
r~n `idzncnivot ni ab xzof~dd`ôi wbi bdocxbòbfot fn `idzncnivot fn xznd`otr~n cnf`bivn f`tc`i~d`oint fna tbabz`o znba lbdni r~n na ncxano b~cnivn
I`wna fn xznd`ot Ognzvb Bmznmbfb
X 8
Xzof~dd`ôi ,P)
Fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb Enpint`bio ab ognzvb fn vzbjbko nt g~id`ôi fna tbabz`oioc`iba! p io fna tbabz`o znba! doco od~zzn fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb daât`do
D~bifo aot vzbjbkbfoznt bdvûbi fn gozcb r~n ~ib wbz`bd`ôi fn aot tbabz`otcoinvbz`ot ant aanwb b bavnzbz t~ doif~dvb! bûi d~bifo io wbzãni aot tbabz`otznbant! tn f`dn r~n n|`tvn o r~n bdvûbi doi `a~t`ôi coinvbz`b ni na cnzdbfo fn
vzbjbko
^i bmnivn ndoiôc`do bdvûb doi `a~t`ôi coinvbz`b d~bifo znbdd`oib bivndbcj`ot fn abt wbz`bjant ioc`ibant! bûi d~bifo io lbpb vni`fo a~mbz i`imûidbcj`o znba ni t~ t`v~bd`ôi
Fntx~àt fn lbjnz xzntnivbfo wbz`bt l`xôvnt`t zngnznivnt b ab gozcb fn ab d~zwbfn ognzvb xofncot vzbvbz fn `ivnmzbzabt ni ~ib d~zwb fn Ognzvb Bmznmbfb doivznt vzbcot f`gnznivnt
I`wna fn xznd`ot D~zwb fn ognzvb
bmznmbfb‑`ivnmzbfozb–
,P)P XN
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=6
^i vzbco! na dozzntxof`nivn ba cofnao Enpint`bio tnzãb loz`{oivba p b ao abzmofna c`tco aot xznd`ot io n|xnz`cnivbi wbz`bd`ôi Ovzo vzbco tnzãb na`ivnzcnf`o! p r~n ao znxzntnivbcot xoz ~ib d~zwb fn xnif`nivn xot`v`wb p zngankbna lndlo fn r~n aot dotvnt fn xzof~d`dôi tn `idzncnivbi d~bifo b~cnivb abxzof~dd`ôi Na ûav`co! na vzbco daât`do! tnzãb na wnzv`dba! zngankb na lndlo fn r~n
xznd`ot p tbabz`ot toi vovbacnivn gan|`jant p r~n aot tbabz`ot tn bk~tvbi xbzbcbivninz xnzcbinivncnivn na xanio ncxano ni na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko
Ab d~zwb fn Ognzvb Bmznmbfb fn xnif`nivn xot`v`wb p dznd`nivn! bxbzndn doco ~i`itvz~cnivo fn biâa`t`t ~i`g`dbfoz fn abt xotv~zbt znxzntnivbfbt xoz na cofnaodaât`do r~n tn doit`fnzb `fôino xbzb ntv~f`bz na abzmo xab{o! p ni na d~ba vofotaot tbabz`ot p aot xznd`ot v`nini v`ncxo xbzb bk~tvbztn vovbacnivn P na cofnaoEnpint`bio doco `itvz~cnivo xzox`d`o xbzb biba`{bz na dozvo xab{o! ni na d~baaot xznd`ot toao tn bk~tvbi anivbcnivn p na ncxano wbzãb
6 NA NR^@A@JZ@O MAOJBA FN AB NDOIOCÃB
T` docj`ibcot abt d~zwbt fn ognzvb bmznmbfb! p fncbifb bmznmbfbfnvnzc`ibcot na i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi fn ncxano p na i`wna fn aot xznd`ot fnnr~`a`jz`o ni na d~ba io wbzãbi aot cnzdbfot fn j`nint! fn f`inzo p fn vzbjbkoDoco ab d~zwb fn fncbifb bmznmbfb znt~cn abt znabd`oint nivzn aot cnzdbfotfn j`nint fn f`inzo p ab ognzvb bmznmbfb! zngankb abt znabd`oint nivzn aotcnzdbfot fn j`nint fn gbdvoznt Ni na x~ivo fn nr~`a`jz`o aot cnzdbfot fn
j`nint! fn f`inzo p fn gbdvoznt tn nid~nivzbi ni nr~`a`jz`o
I`wna fn xznd`ot OB
N Xn
FB
Xzof~dd`ôi ,P)Pn
Ni na x~ivo ‑N– na i`wna fn xznd`ot nt vba! r~n ao r~n ntvâi xzof~d`nifo abtncxzntbt ni na i`wna fn ncxano r~n nr~`a`jzb na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko nt `m~ba b aor~n fntnbi docxzbz aot fncbifbivnt! fbfbt abt znivbt p aot v`xot fn `ivnzàt r~n
wbdãbi na cnzdbfo fn f`inzo
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=>
VNCB =
@IGABDD@ÔI P FNTNCXANO
2 @IGABDD@ÔI ; DOIDNXVO P CNF@D@ÔI
D~bifo ab ndoiocãb ntvâ ni t~ i`wna fn xzof~dd`ôi xovnid`ba o znivb fn xanioncxano! t` aot doit~c`foznt fnd`fni b~cnivbz t~ fncbifb fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot! abt ncxzntbt tn nid~nivzbi doi ~i xzojancb f`gãd`a pb r~n io x~nfnixzof~d`z cbt xozr~n aot znd~ztot fn ab ndoiocãb ntvâi xanibcnivn ncxanbfot
Ab `igabdd`ôi t~zmn xoz vbivo d~bifo abt ncxzntbt nanwbi aot xznd`ot nizntx~ntvb b abt fncbifbt fn abt ndoiocãbt focàtv`dbt fn cât j`nint fn aot r~nx~nfni xzof~d`ztn
Ni na c~ifo znba! t`i ncjbzmo! gznd~nivncnivn tn ojtnzwb r~n ab `igabdd`ôi tnoz`m`ib d~bifo ab ndoiocãb io ntvâ ni na i`wna fn xanio ncxano Xznd`tbcnivn!~io fn aot zntvot fn ab cbdzondoiocãb doit`tvn ni n|xa`dbz xozr~n b wndnt lbp `igabdd`ôi t`c~avâinbcnivn doi nanwbfo fntncxano
Ab @IGABDD@ÔI; nt na dznd`c`nivo mninzba`{bfo p doiv`i~o fn aot xznd`ot fn aot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot fn ~ib ndoiocãb Na i`wna mninzba fn xznd`ot tn n|xzntbcnf`bivn ãif`dnt fn xznd`ot Aot cât ~v`a`{bfot toi na @XD ,ãif`dn fn xznd`ot badoit~co) p na fngabdvoz fna X@J ,xzof~dvo `ivnz`oz jz~vo)
Na @XD znxzntnivb na dotvn fn ~ib dntvb fn j`nint p tnzw`d`ot doit~c`fb xoz ~ibndoiocãb focàtv`db znxzntnivbv`wb Ab `igabdd`ôi cnf`fb xoz na @XD; nt ab vbtbfn wbz`bd`ôi xozdniv~ba r~n n|xnz`cnivb ntvà ãif`dn ni na xnzãofo fn v`ncxodoit`fnzbfo
@igabdd`ôi 00 3 ,@XD 00— @XD 0<) 288 / @XD 0<
Na @XD znt~avb cât bfnd~bfb xbzb doiodnz ab nwoa~d`ôi fn aot xznd`ot fn aot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot r~n mninzbacnivn docxzbi aot doit~c`foznt5 xoz vbivo!zngankb fn gozcb bxzox`bfb doco tn nidbzndn ab w`fb pb r~n `if`db na f`inzo r~nlbdn gbavb xbzb cbivninz na i`wna fn w`fb bivnz`oz
Na FNGABDVOZ FNA X@J nt na dod`nivn nivzn na X@J ioc`iba p na X@J znban|xzntbfo ni gozcb fn ãif`dn
FNGABDVOZ FNA X@J 00 3 X@J ioc`iba 00 + 288 / X@J znba 00
^i fngabdvoz nt ~i ãif`dn fn xznd`ot doi na d~ba tn doiw`nzvn ~ib dbiv`fbfioc`iba ni ovzb znba! na fngabdvoz fna X@J nt na ãif`dn cât bxznd`bfo xbzb `if`dbzab nwoa~d`ôi fn vofot aot xznd`ot fn aot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot fn ab ndoiocãb B
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=7
xbzv`z fna fngabdvoz fna X@J ab vbtb fn `igabdd`ôi tn dabd~ab doco ab wbz`bd`ôixozdniv~ba bi~ba
VBTB FN @IGABDD@ÔI 00 3,FNGABDVOZ 00 — FNGABDVOZ 0<) 288 / FNGABDVOZ 0<
,Cnf`fb xoz na fngabdvoz fna X@J)
Na @XD p na fngabdvoz tn f`gnznid`bi ni r~n na fngabdvoz `ida~pn vofot aot j`nintxzof~d`fot! c`nivzbt r~n na @XD c`fn na dotvn fn aot j`nint doit~c`fot! ntfnd`z! `ida~`fot ni ab dntvb fn ab docxzb fn ab ndoiocãb focàtv`db o gbc`a`bznxzntnivbv`wb
AB @IGABDD@ÔI T^JPBDNIVN O FN GOIFO
Tn dbad~ab doi na g`i fn zngankbz ab nwoa~d`ôi fna @XD! fnx~zâifoao fn br~naaotdocxoinivnt r~n fnxnifni ni cnioz d~bivãb fn ab nwoa~d`ôi fn abt doif`d`ointfn dotvnt `ivnziot fn ab Ndoiocãb Ntxbòoab! xoz naao ab `igabdd`ôi t~jpbdnivn tnnwbaûb n|da~pnifo aot xznd`ot fn abt cbvnz`bt xz`cbt ninzmàv`dbt `cxozvbfbt P fn aot xzof~dvot `ivnziot io nabjozbfot! nt fnd`z! aot xzof~dvot ba`cniv`d`ot pbr~n ntvot ûav`cot tn wni c~p doif`d`oibfot o bgndvbfot xoz aot gbdvozntda`cbvoaôm`dot
: V@XOT FN @IGABDD@ÔI
Vzbf`d`oibacnivn ab `igabdd`ôi tn lb n|xa`dbfo cnf`bivn vznt gbdvoznt ;
#
Na docxozvbc`nivo fn ab fncbifb bmznmbfb# Ab nwoa~d`ôi fn aot dotvnt# Aot nancnivot ntvz~dv~zbant
@IGABDD@ÔI FN AB FNCBIFB
Xbzb bam~iot b~voznt na gbdvoz ni ab nwoa~d`ôi fn ab Fncbifb Bmznmbfb! nt fnd`z!t` aot f`tv`ivot tndvoznt fn ab ndoiocãb xabinbi ni t~ doik~ivo ~iot mbtvot r~nt~xnzbi b ab dbiv`fbf fn xzof~dd`ôi fn ab ndoiocãb! tn x~nfn ntxnzbz fn ntnlndlo r~n ab fncbifb `itbv`tgndlb db~tn ~ib xznt`ôi btdnifnivn tojzn aotxznd`ot Ni ntvb n|xa`dbd`ôi fn ab `igabdd`ôi b vzbwàt fn ab FB ntvâi fn bd~nzfo
vbivo aot coinvbz`btvbt doco aot Enpint`biot! xnzo fbi n|xa`dbd`ointf`gnznivnt
N|xa`dbd`ôi coinvbz`tvb fn ab `igabdd`ôi;
Nt ~ib ntd~nab fn xnitbc`nivo ndoiôc`do r~n v`nin t~t zbãdnt ni ab ndoiocãbdaât`db p r~n zndlb{b ab cbpoz xbzvn fn abt nitnòbi{bt fn ab vnozãb mninzba fnEnpint
F`dni r~n ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo nt na gbdvoz fnvnzc`ibivn fn ab FB p f`dni r~naot ngndvot fn ab xoaãv`db g`tdba tojzn ab FB toi ntdbtot b io tnz r~n ntvài
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
==
bdocxbòbfot xoz dbcj`ot ni ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo p tnòbabi r~n na moj`nzio`ivnzw`nin fncbt`bfo ni ab ndoiocãb ,Aot ndoioc`tvbt cât fntvbdbfot ntvâini ab ntd~nab fn Dl`dbmo)
Aot coinvbz`btvbi dznni r~n ab db~tb r~n n|xa`db na docxozvbc`nivo fn ab FB !
p xoz vbivo! fn aot xznd`ot nt na b~cnivo fn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo xoz nid`cb fna`idzncnivo fn ab xzof~dd`ôi Xbzb naaot! ab d~zwb fn Ognzvb Bmznmbfb fn abndoiocãb nt docxanvbcnivn wnzv`dba! vba doco dozzntxoifn ba cofnao daât`do
Fnt ntvb gozcb! t` ba `idzncnivbztn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo p doitnd~nivncnivn baznf~d`ztn na v`xo fn `ivnzàt! tn `idzncnivb ab fncbifb fn `iwnzt`ôi p ab FB tnfntxab{b lbd`b ab fnzndlb! ao ûi`do r~n od~zz`zâ nt r~n aot xznd`ot b~cnivbzâi
I`wna fn xznd`ot OB
X 2
X : FB2 FB8
Xzof~dd`ôi ,P)
Aot coinvbz`tvbt cbiv`nini r~n t`i ~i b~cnivo fn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzo!
i`im~ib fn abt ovzbt db~tbt xzox~ntvbt x~nfn aanwbz b ba{bt doiv`i~bfbt p totvni`fbf fn aot xznd`ot5 p cbiv`nin r~n na b~cnivo fn ab dbiv`fbf fn f`inzont doif`d`ôi t~g`d`nivn xbzb r~n bxbzn{db ab `igabdd`ôi
N|xa`dbd`ôi Enpint`bib fn ab `igabdd`ôi
Fntfn na x~ivo fn w`tvb Enpint`bio! tn f`dn r~n ! na f`inzo io toao tn fncbifbxbzb lbdnz gznivn b abt vzbitbdd`oint t`io vbcj`ài doco bdv`wo Fnt ntvb gozcbab znabd`ôi nivzn ab ognzvb coinvbz`b p na i`wna fn xznd`ot io nt vbi f`zndvb docofng`nifni aot coinvbz`tvbt
Jbko ntvn nigor~n! ab db~tb fn ab `igabdd`ôi ntvâ ni r~n ab fncbifb ni vàzc`iotcoinvbz`ot nt cbpoz r~n ab ognzvb Tn f`dn r~n ab `id`fnid`b tojzn aot xznd`ot fn~i `idzncnivo fn ab FB fnxnifnzâ fn ab t`v~bd`ôi fn ab ndoiocãb! nt fnd`z! fnai`wna fn znd~ztot fntncxanbfot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=<
I`wna fn xznd`ot OB
X 2 X 8 FB2
FB8 Xzof~dd`ôi
P 8 P XN P 2
^i fntxab{bc`nivo fn ab d~zwb fn FB! fntfn FB 8 b FB 2 ! cov`wbfo xoz ~ibxoaãv`db n|xbit`oi`tvb! n|dnxvo xbzb i`wnant fn xzof~dd`ôi iovbjancnivn`ignz`oznt ba xovnid`ba `cxa`db ~i b~cnivo fn ab xzof~dd`ôi fntfn P 8 lbtvb P 2! p
fn aot xznd`ot fntfn X8 b X2
@IGABDD@ÔI FN AOT DOTVNT
N|xa`db na b~cnivo fn aot xznd`ot b xbzv`z fna `idzncnivo fn aot tbabz`ot! p fncât docxoinivnt fn aot dotvnt fn xzof~dd`ôi Gznd~nivncnivn abzntxoitbj`a`fbf xz`id`xba tn bvz`j~pn b aot t`if`dbvot! ba `cxoinz aot t`if`dbvotb~cnivot tbabz`bant ni cbpoz xzoxozd`ôi r~n aot dznd`c`nivot fn xzof~dv`w`fbffna vzbjbko
Toabcnivn t` na dznd`c`nivo fn aot tbabz`ot nt cbpoz ba dznd`c`nivo fn ab
xzof~dv`w`fbf! tn x~nfn lbjabz fn `igabdd`ôi fn dotvnt Tn ogzndni f`tv`ivotbzm~cnivot xbzb xoinz ni cbzdlb na xzodnto `igabdd`oi`tvb5 t` t~xoincot xoznkncxao R~n aot xznd`ot toi `i`d`bacnivn ntvbjant! p aot t`if`dbvot `ivnivbilbdnztn doi ~ib cbpoz xbzvn fn ab znivb ibd`oiba ! cnf`bivn ab t~j`fb fntbabz`ot! x~nfn fbz a~mbz b fot t`v~bd`oint;
# ^ib ntx`zba xznd`ot#tbabz`ot! nt fnd`z! r~n ~i b~cnivo `i`d`ba fn aot tbabz`otcov`wbfo xoz na docxozvbc`nivo fn aot t`if`dbvot g~nz{b b abt ncxzntbt bt~j`z aot xznd`ot! ao r~n xotvnz`ozcnivn `cx~atbzâ b aot t`if`dbvot b n|`m`zi~nwbt t~j`fbt tbabz`bant p btã t~dnt`wbcnivn
# Ab ntx`zba tbabz`ot#tbabz`ot! nt fnd`z! aot `idzncnivot tbabz`bant doitnm~`fotni aot tndvoznt o `if~tvz`bt cât f`iâc`dot o ni aot fn cbpoz xofnz t`if`dba!tn vzbitc`vni ba zntvo fna cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko! ao d~ba xzof~dn ~icow`c`nivo btdnifnivn ni na i`wna vovba fn aot tbabz`ot ioc`ibant
Vbcj`ài xofncot fntvbdbz na xbxna `cxozvbivn r~n v`nini abt ncxzntbt ni ab`igabd`ôi! doi t~ `ivnivo fn b~cnivbz aot jning`d`ot
Bfncât! nt nw`fnivn r~n aot xznd`ot vbcj`ài tn `idzncnivbzâi d~bifocbivni`àifotn vofo ao fncât doitvbivn tn nanwbi aot dotvnt fn dbx`vba! pb r~n
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
=0
abt ncxzntbt vzbvbzâi fn vzbtabfbz ba doit~c`foz na `idzncnivo fn dotvntcnf`bivn ab t~j`fb fn xznd`ot
I`wna fn xznd`ot OB2 OB :
X 2
X : FB8
Xzof~dd`ôi ,P)
P 2 P 8
D~bifo tn `idzncnivbi aot dotvnt fn xzof~dd`ôi ab d~zwb fn Ognzvb Bmznmbfb tn
fntxab{b lbd`b ab `{r~`nzfb! ao r~n fnvnzc`ib r~n ab xzof~dd`ôi tn zf~{db fn P 8 b P 2 p na i`wna fn xznd`ot b~cnivn fn X8 b X2
Xoz ovzo abfo! d~bar~`nz xbãt ba znba`{bz t~t `cxozvbd`oint ntvâ n|x~ntvb b r~naot xznd`ot r~n v`nin r~n xbmbz xoz aot j`nint p tnzw`d`ot r~n docxzb ni nan|vnz`oz tn nanwni fn gozcb jz~tdb! fn ntvb gozcb! ab `igabdd`ôi tn x~nfnvzbtabfbz fn ~iot xbãtnt b ovzot ,xoz nkncxao ! ab dz`t`t fna xnvzôano fna =4#=6)
@IGABDD@ÔI NTVZ^DV^ZBA
Ab `igabdd`ôi ntvz~dv~zba tn t~nan `fniv`g`dbz doi aot xbãtnt ni wãbt fn fntbzzoaao p aot ntvz~dv~zba`tvbt cbiv`nini r~n abt jbtnt fn ab `igabdd`ôi ntvâi ni nat`tvncb xzof~dv`wo p tod`ba fn ab ndoiocãb p n|xa`dbi r~n aot gbdvozntcoinvbz`ot toabcnivn v`nini `cxozvbid`b doco nancnivo xzoxbmbfoz fn ab`igabdd`ôi xnzo ! io oz`m`ib ab `igabdd`ôi
Ntvâ `igabdd`ôi xoin fn cbig`ntvo aot wnzfbfnzot fntnr~`a`jz`ot r~n n|`tvni niabt ndoiocãbt xnzcbinivnt r~n xbfndni f`dlbt ndoiocãbt Tn tnòbab r~n vbivoab ognzvb fn xzof~dvot `ivnzcnf`ot doco ab ognzvb fn j`nint fn dbx`vba p fnxzof~vot ba`cniv`d`to nt zãm`fb! xoz ao r~n ba `idzncnivbztn ab fncbifb fn ntotxzof~dvot p gbdvoznt doi na fntbzzoaao mninzba fn ab ndoiocãb! aot xznd`ot
b~cnivbi Bfncât tn fntvbdb r~n na dznd`c`nivo fn aot xbãtnt io`if~tvz`ba`{bfot fnxnifn g~ifbcnivbacnivn fn ab nwoa~d`ôi fn abtn|xozvbd`oint! abt d~bant tn dbzbdvnz`{bi xoz xzntnivbz ~ibt ga~dv~bd`oint c~p bd~tbfbt p bfncât v`nini ntdbtb f`wnzt`g`dbd`ôi
Ab `igabdd`ôi tn x~nfn nivnifnz doco ~i xzodnto ûi`do b~ir~n doi f`tv`ivbtgbtnt5 ab gbtn `i`d`ba tn dozzntxoifnzâ doi ~ib àxodb fn n|xbit`ôi ndoiôc`db! nintvb nvbxb tn fbzãbi vofot aot tãivocbt fn `igabdd`ôi fn fncbifb F~zbivn ntvbgbtn fna d`dao ndoiôc`do aot tbabz`ot b~cnivbi p ab xzof~dd`ôi p na i`wna fnncxano tn cbiv`nini nanwbfot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<8
Ni ab gbtn fntdnifnivn fna d`dao! aot i`wnant fn xzof~dd`ôi p na ncxano! fndbni!b~ir~n aot xznd`ot p aot tbabz`ot t`m~ni t~j`nifo! t`nifo `id`bacnivn aottbabz`ot aot r~n dzndni b ~i cbpoz z`vco Ntvb gbtn tn dozzntxoifnzãb doi ab`igabdd`ôi fn dotvnt o `igabdd`ôi doi ntvbidbc`nivo
4 AOT NGNDVOT FN AB @IGABDD@ÔI
Ab `igabdd`ôi v`nin ngndvot znbant r~n fnxnifni jât`dbcnivn fn fot gbdvoznt;
# Fn r~n ab `igabdd`ôi tnb ntxnzbfb o io# Fn r~n ab ndoiocãb lbpb bk~tvbfo t~t `itv`v~d`oint xbzblbdnzan gznivn b ab
`igabdd`ôi
Bk~tvbz abt `itv`v~d`oint t`mi`g`db `idozxozbz ab `igabdd`ôi b aot doivzbvot fnvzbjbko p bzznifbc`nivo fn dbx`vba p znw`tbz aot ngndvot fna t`tvncb g`tdba bivn~ib t`v~bd`ôi `igabdd`oi`tvb
@IGABDD@ÔI NTXNZBFB
D~bifo ab `igabdd`ôi nt ntxnzbfb p abt `itv`v~d`oint tn lbi bfbxvbfo xbzbdocxnitbz t~t ngndvot! aot dotvnt fn ab `igabdd`ôi toao toi fn fot v`xot;
# Dotvnt fn t~nab fn {bxbvo;
Dotvnt r~n tn fnz`wbi fn ab `idocof`bf fn vninz r~n `z doi cât gznd~nid`b babt `itv`v~d`oint g`ibid`nzbt b tbdbz f`inzo xbzb bk~tvbz aot t~nafot znbantfntnbfot b ab xàzf`fb fn xofnz fn docxzb fna f`inzo xoz na ba{b fn aot
xznd`ot
# Dotvn fn cniû;
Na dotvn xzowni`nivn fn vninz r~n dbcj`bz aot xznd`ot doi cât gznd~nid`b! aor~n `cxa`db dbcj`bz abt a`tvbt fn xznd`ot o cniût fn xznd`ot5 xoz naao ntvotdotvnt tn fnioc`ibi dotvnt fn cniû
D~bifo abt `itv`v~d`oint io aomzbi bk~tvbz t~ docxozvbc`nivo b ab `igabdd`ôit~zmni dotvnt bf`d`oibant! b~ir~n ab `igabdd`ôi tnb ntxnzbfb! ntvot dotvnt tnfnz`wbi g~ifbcnivbacnivn fn abt f`tvozt`oint g`tdbant Doi ab `igabdd`ôi tn
xzof~dn ~i fnta`{bc`nivo fn ab znivb znba! fbfo r~n ab xzoxozd`ôi fn aot`cx~ntvot v`nifn b b~cnivbz doi na i`wna fn znivb ioc`iba! ab `igabdd`ôi! bananwbz ab znivb ioc`iba xnzo io ab znivb znba lbdn r~n b~cnivni aot `cx~ntvot
Vbcj`ài f~zbivn aot xnzãofot fn `igabdd`ôi! aot r~n xzntvbi f`inzo n|`mni ~ibdocxnitbd`ôi xoz ab fnxznd`bd`ôi fna xofnz bfr~`t`v`wo fna f`inzo r~n xzntvbi!xoz vbivo na v`xo fn `ivnzàt ioc`iba o fn cnzdbfo v`nifn b aanwbz doit`mo ~ibxz`cb `m~ba b ab vbtb fn `igabdd`ôi ntxnzbfb
V`xo fn `ivnzàt ioc`iba 3 v`xo fn `ivnzàt znba % Xz`cb o vbtb fn`igabdd`ôi ntxnzbfb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<2
@IGABDD@ÔI @CXZNW@T@JAN
Ab `igabdd`ôi `cxznw`t`jan v`nin g~ifbcnivbacnivn fot ngndvot;
#
Ngndvot tojzn ab f`tvz`j~d`ôi fn ab znivb p ab z`r~n{bToi aot cât w`t`jant p aot r~n tn fntvbdbi cât gznd~nivncnivn5 ab `igabdd`ôixnzk~f`db b abt xnztoibt r~n znd`jni znivbt g`kbt ni vàzc`iot ioc`ibant p! nimninzab! b aot r~n znd`jni znivbt r~n dzndni cniot r~n ab `igabdd`ôi ,k~j`abfot p xnit`oi`tvbt)
Vbcj`ài tn bg`zcb r~n ab `igabdd`ôi gbwozndn b aot fn~foznt ioc`ibant p xnzk~f`db b aot bdznnfoznt ni vàzc`iot coinvbz`ot! nt fnd`z! t` tn xbmb ~ibdbiv`fbf g`kb ni vàzc`iot coinvbz`ot ni ~ib àxodb `igabdd`oi`tvb! na wbaoz znba fnf`dlb t~cb f`tc`i~pn Ab `igabdd`ôi jning`d`b ba Ntvbfo! pb r~n abt f`tvozt`oint
g`tdbant lbdni r~n b~cnivni aot `cx~ntvot! bfncât na dotvn fn ab fn~fb nivàzc`iot znbant tn znf~dn b dotvb fn aot `imzntot znbant fn aot r~n xotnni fn~fbxûja`db! xoz vbivo na tndvoz xûja`do xoz vbivo na tndvoz xûja`do znt~avbdabzbcnivn jning`d`bfo xoz ab `igabdd`ôi
X~ntvo r~n ab `igabdd ôi t~xoin ~ib znf~dd`ôi ni na wbaoz fna f`inzo vbcj`àit~xoifzâ ~ib znf~dd`ôi ni na wbaoz znba fn aot blozzot p bgndvbzâ b aot bmnivntndoiôc`dot ni g~id`ôi fn ab xbzvn fn z`r~n{b r~n cbivnimbi ni f`inzo p nibdv`wot fn wbaoz ioc`iba g`ko
Vbcj`ài lbp r~n tnòbabz r~n ab `igabdd`ôi v`nin ngndvot doit`fnzbjant5 br~naaot
xbãtnt r~n v`nini cbpoznt vbtbt fn `igabdd`ôi wnzâi r~n t~t xzof~dvot x`nzfnidocxnv`v`w`fbf p tn wnzâi inmbv`wbcnivn bgndvbfbt t~t n|xozvbd`oint
# Ngndvot tojzn ab bt`mibd`ôi fn aot znd~ztot xzof~dv`wot
Na xzodnto `igabdd`oi`tvb! `if`db ~i dbcj`o ni ab ntvz~dv~zb fn xznd`ot znabv`wot! pb r~n doco nt aôm`do io vofot aot xznd`ot bjtoa~vot b~cnivbi xoz `m~ba Fbfor~n aot xznd`ot znabv`wot toi abt tnòbant r~n m~ãbi na g~id`oibc`nivo fnacnzdbfo ! ~ib bavnzbd`ôi ni t~ ntvz~dv~zb `cxa`db ~ib f`tvozt`ôi ni abbt`mibd`ôi fn znd~ztot b wnztn f`g`d~avbfb ab `igozcbd`ôi
Ab `idnzv`f~cjzn r~n xzow`nin fn ab `igabdd`ôi bgndvb b ab `iwnzt`ôi! doi ao d~ba !ab bd~c~abd`ôi fn dbx`vba p xoz vbivo fn xzof~dv`w`fbf! vbcj`ài tn wnibgndvbfot! tojzn vofo ni `iwnzt`oint b abzmo xab{o pb r~n toi cât tnit`jant b ab`idnzv`f~cjzn p b ab `intvbj`a`fbf r~n xzowodb ab `igabdd`ôi
6 NA FNTNCXANO FNG@I@D@ÔI
Xofncot fnd`z r~n ~ib xnztoib dbxb{ fn vzbjbkbz tn doit`fnzb docofntncxanbfo d~bifo j~tdb bdv`wbcnivn ~i ncxano p io ao nid~nivzb
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<:
VBTB FN FNTNCXANO O XBZO
Dod`nivn nivzn na iûcnzo fn xnztoibt fntncxanbfbt p na fn bdv`wot ,od~xbfot o j~tdbifo ncxano) n|xzntbfo doco xozdnivbkn
Vbtb fn fntncxano 3 ,Iûcnzo fn xbzbfot + 288) / Xojabd`ôi Bdv`wb
Lbp g~ifbcnivbacnivn fot g~nivnt ntvbfãtv`dbt fn dbzâdvnz xnz`ôf`do r~nxzoxozd`oibi d`gzbt fn xbzo;
Aot znm`tvzot fn xbzbfot; tn jbtb ni abt fncbifbt fn ncxano znm`tvzbfbt niabt og`d`ibt fn ncxano! r~n xotvnz`ozcnivn tn ~v`a`{bi xbzb `itvz~cnivba`{bzabt bp~fbt ba fntncxano
Abt nid~ntvbt tojzn na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko; tn znba`{bi tojzn ab jbtn fn ~ib
c~ntvzb banbvoz`b znxzntnivbv`wb fna vovba fn ab xojabd`ôi bdv`wb
Ni Ntxbòb ab nid~ntvb znanwbivn nt ab NXB ,nid~ntvb xojabd`ôi bdv`wb)! r~nznba`{b na @IN ,`itv`v~vo ibd`oiba ntvbfãtv`do) Ab NXB fng`in b ~ib xnztoibdoco XBZBFB ni aot vàzc`iot t`m~`nivnt;
Xnztoib fn 27 bòot ô cât! r~n f~zbivn ab tncbib fn zngnznid`b lbpb ntvbfo t`ivzbjbko! ni j~tdb fn vzbjbko p f`txoi`jan xbzb vzbjbkbz
Ab f`tv`id`ôi nivzn `if`w`f~ot ncxanbfot p fntncxanbfot io nt c~p dabzb!xozr~n lbp d`nzvot doandv`wot! doco toi aot fntbi`cbfot p t~jncxanbfot! rn~
ntvâi ni ~ib t`v~bd`ôi `ivnzcnf`b nivzn ab bdv`w`fbf p ab `ibdv`w`fbf
Aot FNTBI@CBFOT toi xnztoibt ni nfbf bdv`wb! r~n ntvâi fntod~xbfot p f`txoi`jant xbzb vzbjbkbz! xnzo io j~tdbi bdv`wbcnivn ~i x~ntvo fn vzbjbko xozfntâi`co! doitd`nivn o `idoitd`nivn! bivn abt ntdbtbt xot`j`a`fbfnt fn nidoivzbz
Aot T^JNCXANBFOT v`nini ncxano xnzo io vzbjbkbi na v`ncxo iozcba! p xofzãbi p fntnbzãbi lbdnzao
Lbp gbdvoznt r~n v`nifni b tojzntv`cbz na fntncxano! xoz nkncxao;
Ab docxot`d`ôi fn ab g~nz{b abjozba! r~n v`nin o lb vni`fo dbcj`ot`cxozvbivnt5 xoz nkncxao! ab xzoxozd`ôi fn kôwnint p fn c~knznt nt c~p t~xnz`oz blozb b ab fn lbdn :> bòot! p tbjncot r~n ntvot doandv`wot t~gzni~ib cbpoz vbtb fn fntncxano
Bfncât lbp r~n vninz ni d~nivb;
Ab ndoiocãb t~cnzm`fb! r~n `cxa`db ab n|`tvnid`b fn ~iot ncxanotf`gãd`acnivn d~biv`g`dbfot
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<4
Vbcj`ài na fntncxano v`nin ~i g~nzvn docxoinivn dãda`do! f~zbivn abtzndnt`oint ab vbtb fn fntncxano b~cnivb p ni abt gbtnt fn n|xbit`ôif`tc`i~pn D~bivo cbpoz nt ab gbtn fn n|xbit`ôi p cât nanwbfo nt ab vbtb fndznd`c`nivo cbpoz nt ab znf~dd`ôi fna fntncxano
> BIBA@T@T FNA FNTNCXANO
Na nr~`a`jz`o ni na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko tn badbi{b d~bifo ab ognzvb p ab fncbifbdo`id`fni! xbzb ~i tbabz`o znba doidznvo! ntvbzâ fâifotn na xanio ncxano d~bifovofot br~naaot r~n fntnbi vzbjbkbz ba i`wna fna tbabz`o znba fn nr~`a`jz`o! x~nfnilbdnzao
V`xot fn fntncxano;
Fntncxano gz`dd`oiba ; ~ib t`v~bd`ôi fn xanio ncxnao io t`mi`g`dbb~tnid`b fn fntncxano! `ida~to ni na xanio ncxano lbp ~i d`nzvo iûcnzo fn
vzbjbkbfoznt r~n io ntvâi od~xbfot! fnj`fo b btxndvot `inw`vbajnt fnag~aid`oibc`nivo fn ~ib ndoiocãb fn cnzdbfo Zngankb ~i xzodnto iozcbafn jûtr~nfb fn vzbjbko Na fntncxano gz`dd`oiba nimaojb br~naaotvzbjbkbfoznt r~n bjbifoibi t~t x~ntvot fn vzbjbko biv`m~ot xbzb j~tdbz~io i~nwo! aot fntxnf`fot r~n j~tdbi ~i i~nwo ncxnao! p b aot i~nwotc`ncjzot fn ab g~nz{b abjozba! c`nivzb j~tdbi t~ xz`cnz vzbjbko Xoz vbivo!tn fnjn b r~n ab cow`a`fbf od~xbd`oiba p ntxbd`ba znr~`nzn ~i v`ncxo p vbcj`ài tn fnjn b abt f`g`d~avbfnt fn ojvninz `igozcbd`ôi
Fntncxano ntvz~dv~zba ; tn fnjn b fntbk~tvnt nivzn ab d~ba`g`dbd`ôi oaodba`{bd`ôi fn ab g~nz{b fn vzbjbko p ab d~ba`g`dbd`ôi o aodba`{bd`ôi znr~nz`fbxoz na ncxanbfoz
Na xbzo gz`dd`oiba p ntvz~dv~zba gozcbi mniàz`dbcnivn ao r~n tn aabcb na XBZO@IWOA^IVBZ@O! ao r~n znxzntnivb ~i mz~xo fn vzbjbkbfoznt r~n fntnbivzbjbkbz ba tbabz`o znba! p r~n t`i ncjbzmo io nid~nivzbi ncxano
Ni na cofnao daât`do na fntncxano nt WOA^IVBZ@O ! pb r~n ! ab gan|`j`a`fbf fnaot tbabz`ot ioc`ibant nw`vb na fntncxano Xbzb aot daât`dot aot xot`jantb~cnivot fn ab Fncbifb Bmznmbfb toao tn vzbf~d`zâi ni b~cnivot fn xzd`ot p xotvnz`ozcnivn fn tbabz`ot ioc`ibant! xbzb nw`vbz xàzf`fbt fn xofnz bfr~`t`v`wo
Ni na cofnao Enpint`bio tn dnivzb ni na ntv~f`o fn ao r~n tn aabcb XBZODOP^IV^ZBA O DÃDA@DO Ntvn v`xo fn xbzo zngankb ~ib t`v~bd`ôi! r~n nt naznt~avbfo fn fntbk~tvnt ni na cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko fnz`wbfot fn bavnzbd`ointvncxozbant ni na i`wna fn Fncbifb Bmznmbfb
Ntvn fntncxano io x~nfn dba`g`dbztn fn woa~ivbz`o! xoz naao! fntfn ~ib xot`d`ôiEnpint`bib tn cbiv`nin r~n ab wbz`bjan dabwn nt na i`wna fn Fncbifb Bmznmbfbngndv`wb fn ab ndoiocãb! p ni t~ cbinko cnf`bivn aot `ivz~cnivot bxzox`bfotfn ab xoaãv`do cbdzondoiôc`db! ntvbzâ ab toa~d`ôi ba xzojancb fna fntncxano
7
AB @IGABDD@ÔI P NA XBZO; AB D^ZWB FN XL@AA@XT
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<6
T` tn bfc`vn r~n na fntncxano maojba ni ~ib ndoiocãb fnxnifn jât`dbcnivn fnab n|`tvnid`b fn ~ib FB `it~g`d`nivn5 xbzb toa~d`oibz na xzojancb fna xbzo!lbjzãb r~n cbivninz f`dlb FB b ~i i`wna bxzox`bfb
Znt~avb t`i ncjbzmo r~n cnf`bivn b~cnivot fn ab FB maojba! t` j`ni x~nfn r~ntn `idzncnivn ab xzof~dd`ôi p na ncxano! vbcj`ài tn nanwbzâ na i`wna fn xznd`ot
I`wna fn xznd`ot
X 2 N 2 FB2
X 8 N 8 FB8
Xzof~dd`ôi ,P) I`wna fn xznd`ot P 8 P 2
X 2¶ N 2¶
X 8¶ N 8¶
D^ZWB FN XL@AA@XT
Vbtb fn Xbzo^ 2 ^ 8
G~n na xzogntoz Xl`aa`xt p cnf`bivn ~ib tnz`n fn ntv~f`ot ncxãz`do zngnz`fot b abndoiocãb jz`vâi`db! x~to fn cbi`g`ntvo r~n jbko d`nzvbt d`zd~itvbid`bt abznabd`ôi n|`tvnivn nivzn na dznd`c`nivo fn aot xznd`ot p ab vbtb fn xbzo nt ~ibznabd`ôi `iwnztb
Tnmûi ab g`m~zb fn bjbko! i`wnat bavot fn xbzo tn dozzntxoifni doi xznd`ot
ntvbjant p i`wnat jbkot fn xbzo doi vbtbt fn dznd`c`nivo fn xznd`ot o fn`igabdd`ôi nanwbfot
Ab d~zwb fn Xl`aa`xt zndomn fn gozcb `iv~`v`wb p mzâg`db! ab a~dlb nivzn ntvot fotojknv`wot! xbzo n `igabdd`ôi! r~n nt ~i f`ancb f`gãd`a fn zntoawnz! pb r~n ba n|`tv`zntvn xot`jan `ivnzdbcj`o nivzn `igabdd`ôi p xbzo! na xzojancb doit`tv`zâ nifnvnzc`ibz d~ba nt ab xot`d`ôi cât doiwni`nivn xbzb ab ndoiocãb fn aotxot`jant x~ivot fn ab d~zwb
Vzbjbkot xotvnz`oznt f`dni r~n! t` j`ni ! d~zwb t`c`abznt b abt ojvni`fbt xoz nax~nfni zngankbz ao od~zz`fo f~zbivn d`nzvot xnzãofot fn v`ncxo ni j~nib xbzvn
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^i`ôi fn Ntv~f`bivnt fn D`nid`bt Ndoiôc`dbt
<>
fn abt ndoiocãbt! ~i biâa`t`t fnvbaabfo fn aot fbvot xoin fn cbi`g`ntvo ! t`incjbzmo! r~n ntvb znabd`ôi nt xodo t`tvncâv`db
= AOT NGNDVOT NDOIÔC@DOT FNA FNTNCXANO
Na fntncxano nt ~i xzojancb r~n xznod~xb p xzâdv`dbcnivn vofot ntvâi fnbd~nzfo zntxndvo b ao `ifntnbjan fn ~i i`wna fn tncxano t~xnz`oz ba gz`dd`oiba
^i xz`cnz dotvn xbzb ab tod`nfbf toi aot znd~ztot io xzof~d`fot ba vninz ~id`nzvo woa~cni fn cbio fn ojzb fntod~xbfb T`i ncjbzmo! na dotvn cât mzbwnfna fntncxano nt xbzb r~`ni ao t~gzn f`zndvbcnivn! xbzvn fn aot ngndvot fnafntncxano tn x~nfni xba`bz doi abt bp~fbt ba fntncxano! xnzo ntvo io nw`vbvofot aot cbant Ab mzbwnfbf fna fntncxano tn cbi`g`ntvb tojzn vofo ni nafntncxano fn abzmb f~zbd`ôi! nt fnd`z! br~na `m~ba o t~xnz`oz b 7 cntnt! r~naôm`dbcnivn nt c~dlo cât mzbwn r~n na fntncxano fn dozvb f~zbd`ôi Zntxndvoba dotvn tod`ba! vbcj`ài lbp r~n fntvbdbz r~n na fntncxano ntvâ c~p
fnt`m~bacnivn f`tvz`j~`fo nivzn ab xojabd`ôi bdv`wb Aot ntv~f`ot `if`dbi r~ndoandv`wot r~n t~gzni doi cbpoz `ivnit`fbf na fntncxano! tnzãbi aot kôwnint! abtc~knznt! cbpoznt fn >8 bòot! p abt xnztoibt doi znf~d`fb d~ba`g`dbd`ôi
Xbzb vzbvbz fn znf~d`z na fntncxano! abt xoaãv`dbt cât ngndv`wbt toi abtnidbc`ibfbt b gan|`j`a`{bz na g~id`oibc`nivo fna cnzdbfo fn vzbjbko b vzbwàt fnzngozcbt ntvz~dv~zbant! nt fnd`z! cnf`fbt nidbc`ibfbt b na`c`ibz abt z`m`fndntfna cnzdbfo p b `idniv`wbz ab cow`a`fbf g~id`oiba p mnomzâg`db fn aotvzbjbkbfoznt