Allelopathy

Zahid A. Cheema • Muhammad FarooqAbdul WahidEditors

Allelopathy

Current Trends and Future Applications

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EditorsProf. Dr. Zahid A. CheemaDepartment of AgronomyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan

Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhammad FarooqDepartment of AgronomyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan

Institute of Plant NutritionJustus-Liebig-UniversityGiessenGermany

The UWA Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WAAustralia

Prof. Dr. Abdul WahidDepartment of BotanyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan

ISBN 978-3-642-30594-8 ISBN 978-3-642-30595-5 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30595-5Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012944391

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Foreword

In nature, the survival through competitive environments for space, light, water,and nutrients, as well as defense against microorganisms, insects, and herbivores isaccomplished through a variety of adaptive mechanisms that are multifarious innature on the one hand and depict biochemical interaction among living systems,i.e., plants, algae, and microorganisms on the other. The latter phenomenon istermed as allelopathy. It has been considered as a particular form of ammensalism.Allelopathic hormesis, stimulation, or attraction at low concentrations of allelo-chemicals and inhibition or repellence as the concentration increases, is one of themost consistent features in the studies of allelopathy and has been well recognized.Allelochemicals can be present in any part of the plant. They can be found inleaves, flowers, roots, fruits, or stems and can also be found in the surrounding soilreleased by decomposing plant residues or by the action of microorganisms anddirect exuded by plant roots or leached from plants or their residues. The pro-duction of these toxins depends on various factors such as stage of the plantgrowth, species, biotic and abiotic stresses. Target species are affected by thesetoxins in many different ways. The toxic chemicals may inhibit shoot/root growth,they may inhibit nutrient uptake, or they may attack a naturally occurring sym-biotic relationship thereby destroying the plant’s usable source of a nutrient.

The idea that plants affect neighboring plants by releasing chemicals in theenvironment has been known since about 370 BC. Reports as early as 300 BC

documented that many crop plants (e.g. chickpea, barley, and bitter vetch, etc.)destroyed weeds and inhibited the growth of other crop plants. The soil sicknessproblem in agricultural lands was specifically related to exudates of crop plants.However, it is only during the recent past that intensive scientific research onunderstanding this phenomenon started.

An Austrian scientist Hans Molisch coined the term ‘‘Allelopathy’’ in 1937 inhis book ‘‘Allelopathie’’ to include both harmful and beneficial biochemicalinteractions between all types of plants including microorganisms. Rice deviatedfrom this definition excluding the beneficial effects in his first book, whilereconsidered and accepted Molish’s definition in his second monograph. Researchon symptoms and severity of adverse effects of living plants or their residues upon

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growth of higher plants and crop yields, interactions among organisms, ecologicalsignificance of allelopathy in plant communities, replanting problems, autotoxic-ity, problems with crop rotations, and the production, isolation, and identificationof allelochemicals in both natural and agro-ecosystems have been topics of interestduring the last decades. Research efforts in this emerging discipline of science hasshown that allelopathy has promising solutions to many of the problems in con-temporary agricultural systems.

This book represents primarily a collection of papers presented at the Inter-national workshop ‘‘Allelopathy—current trends and future applications’’ held inFaisalabad, Pakistan during March 18–21, 2007. At that time, I was President ofInternational Allelopathy Society, and attended the workshop upon invitation byProf. Zahid Ata Cheema. That workshop also proved nursery for ‘Asian Alle-lopathy Society’, as many delegates from Asian countries joined and discussedabout the establishment of Asian Allelopathy Society.

I hope that this volume will contribute toward escalating the vision aboutallelopathy and reinforce understanding for its utilization to develop eco-friendlyagricultural technologies ensuring a peaceful living on the Earth to all of us andfuture generations.

Prof. Yoshiharu FujiiDepartment of Agriculture

Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchu, Tokyo, Japan

vi Foreword

Preface

The idea of putting together this book stemmed from a successful InternationalWorkshop on Allelopathy at Faisalabad, Pakistan during March 18–21, 2007. Theworkshop was organized in collaboration with University of Agriculture, Faisal-abad, Pakistan, International Allelopathy Society and Higher Education Com-mission, Pakistan. Prof. Yoshiharu Fujii, then President, International AllelopathySociety proposed to compile the selected papers in the form of a book. Selectedpapers presented at this workshop and some additional invited chapters constitutethis volume.

Efforts on understanding mechanisms of production of allelochemicals, theirrelease into environment, influence on the neighboring plant, the mechanisms ofaction of allelochemicals at molecular level, their influence on soil, and ultimatelythe application of all these in the management of natural and agriculturalecosystems are the subject of interest for those engaged in allelopathic researchworldwide. This involves scientists from an array of disciplines as analyticalchemistry, botany, plant physiology, ecology, soil chemistry, microbiology,molecular biology and scientists from agronomy, horticulture, genetics, breeding,plant protection, and many others. The techniques and tools employed are asdiversified as the disciplines. Research efforts in this emerging discipline of sci-ence has shown that allelopathy has promising solutions to many of the problemsin contemporary agricultural systems. We felt that it is timely to collect andsynthesize the latest developments on allelopathy research with special emphasison its application in agricultural systems. We divided the contents of the book intofour parts: (1) allelopathy from ecological perspectives, (2) allelopathy in agri-cultural systems: some case studies, (3) allelopathy in pest management and cropproduction, and (4) allelopathy: some emerging concepts.

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A total of 45 researchers from 17 countries contributed chapters on variousaspects of allelopathy. We thank the authors who responded to our call and con-tributed. We thank Springer for accepting our proposal for this book, especiallyDr. Christina Eckey and Dr. Andrea Schlitzberger for keeping faith in us despitethe long delay in completing the task.

Faisalabad, Pakistan Zahid A. CheemaGiessen, Germany Muhammad FarooqFaisalabad, Pakistan Abdul Wahid

viii Preface

Contents

Part I Allelopathy from Ecological Perspectives

1 Role of Allelopathy During Invasion Process by Alien InvasivePlants in Terrestrial Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Paula Lorenzo, M. Iftikhar Hussain and Luís González

2 Ecological Consequences of Allelopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23A. Koocheki, B. Lalegani and S. A. Hosseini

3 Evidences of Bryophyte Allelochemical Interactions:The Case of Sphagnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Geneviève Chiapusio, Vincent E. J. Jassey,M. Iftikhar Hussain and Philippe Binet

4 Plant-Mycorrhizae and Endophytic Fungi Interactions:Broad Spectrum of Allelopathy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Ana Luisa Anaya, Aurora Saucedo-García,Silvia M. Contreras-Ramos and Rocío Cruz-Ortega

5 Allelopathic Dynamics in Resource Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Sang-Uk Chon and C. Jerry Nelson

Part II Allelopathy in Agricultural Systems: Some Case Studies

6 Application of Allelopathy in Crop Production:Success Story from Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Zahid A. Cheema, Muhammad Farooq and Abdul Khaliq

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7 Allelopathy in South China Agroecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Shiming Luo

8 Allelopathy Research in Iran: Experiences,Challenges, and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Forough Abbassi, Reza Ghorbani and Surur Khorramdel

9 Allelopathy of Bangladeshi Rice: Applicationin the Agricultural Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Hisashi Kato-Noguchi and Md Abdus Salam

Part III Allelopathy in Pest Management and Crop Production

10 Role of Allelopathy in Weed Managementfor Sustainable Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217S. S. Narwal and Raabia Haouala

11 Applied Allelopathy in Weed Management: An Update . . . . . . . . 251J. R. Qasem

12 Allelopathy for the Management of Phytopathogens . . . . . . . . . . 299Arshad Javaid and Amna Shoaib

13 Allelopathic Potential of Sorghum in Agroecosystems . . . . . . . . . 321Ibrahim S. Alsaadawi

14 Allelopathy and Crop Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337K. Jabran, M. Farooq, T. Aziz and K. H. M. Siddique

15 Implications of Potential Allelopathic Cropsin Agricultural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349K. Jabran and M. Farooq

Part IV Allelopathy: Some Emerging Concepts

16 Multifaceted Attributes of Allelochemicalsand Mechanism of Allelopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389S. R. Ambika

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17 Microscopy for Modeling of Cell–CellAllelopathic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Victoria V. Roshchina, V. A. Yashin, Alexandra V. Yashinaand M. V. Goltyaev

18 Host Allelopathy and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi . . . . . . . . . . 429Ghazala Nasim

19 Allelopathy and Abiotic Stress Interaction in Crop Plants . . . . . . 451Nazimah Maqbool, Abdul Wahid, M. Farooq, Z. A. Cheemaand K. H. M. Siddique

20 Application of Moringa Allelopathy in Crop Sciences . . . . . . . . . 469M. Hussain, M. Farooq, Shahzad M. A. Basra and Dong-Jin Lee

21 Cyanobacterial and Algal Allelopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485A. S. Ahluwalia

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

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