Abordaje del RCV-VDF...303 confirmed stroke(224 581 p/y), and 1284 CVD (221 505 p/y) events...

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¿Es el abordaje del RCV igual para los diferentes especialistas implicados? Visión del infectólogo Dr. Josep Cucurull Fundació Salut Empordà - Hospital de Figueres XV GEAM. Torremolinos, junio 2015

Transcript of Abordaje del RCV-VDF...303 confirmed stroke(224 581 p/y), and 1284 CVD (221 505 p/y) events...

Page 1: Abordaje del RCV-VDF...303 confirmed stroke(224 581 p/y), and 1284 CVD (221 505 p/y) events Conclusion: We do not find strong evidence that HIV-positive individuals with a lowCD4 cell

¿EselabordajedelRCVigualparalosdiferentesespecialistas

implicados?Visióndelinfectólogo

Dr.JosepCucurullFundació Salut Empordà- HospitaldeFigueres

XVGEAM.Torremolinos,junio2015

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• ConflictosdeinterésdeJosepCucurull– HeparticipadoenasesoríascientíficasaViiV yGilead

– HeparticipadocomoponenteenreunionesorganizadasporBMS,ViiV,MSD,GileadyJanssen

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RCVIVIH

• VisióndelRCVporpartedelinfectólogo enlasdiferentesetapasdelVIH

• VIHiTARcomoFRCV• TabaquismoysurelaciónconelVIH

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VisióndelRCVenlasdiferentesetapasdelVIH

• Etapapre-TARGAiTARGAprecoz– ElRCVnosuponíaningunapreocupación

• EtapaTARGAtardía– ComplicacionesrelacionadasconlamayorsupervivenciadenuestrospacientesynorelacionadasdirectamenteconelSIDA• Hígado• Riñón• Hueso• NeoplasiasnoSIDA• Lesionesenmucosasgenitalyanal

•RCV

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RCVenpacientesVIH

• La enfermedad cardiovascular i los factoresde riesgo son 1.5-2 veces más prevalentes enlos pacientes infectados por VIH respecto alos no infectados

» Circulation 2008;118:198-210» HIVMedicine 2012; 13: 453-468» JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:614-622

• El riesgo es mayor en los pacientes en TARparticularmente los que toman IP y aumentacon la duración del tratamiento

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RCVenpacientesVIH

Comparison of Risk and Age at Diagnosis ofMyocardial Infarction, End-Stage Renal Disease,and Non-AIDS-Defining Cancer in HIV-InfectedVersus Uninfected AdultsKeri N. Althoff,1 Kathleen A. McGinnis,2 Christina M. Wyatt,3 Matthew S. Freiberg,4 Cynthia Gilbert,5Krisann K. Oursler,6,7 David Rimland,8 Maria C. Rodriguez-Barradas,9 Robert Dubrow,10 Lesley S.Park,10 Melissa Skanderson,10 Meredith S. Shiels,11 Stephen J. Gange,1 Kelly A. Gebo,1 and Amy C.Justice10; for the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS)

• Más de 98000 pacientes, el 31% (30.500) VIH (+),seguimiento > 450.000 pacientes/año

CID2015;60:627-638

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CID2015:60;627-638

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FRCV en el paciente con infección VIH

RCV

Factoresemergentes:

Lp(a),PCR,GIMC,yfunciónendotelial Diabetes

Lipids

Historia familiar

Obesidad Abdominal

Hipertensión

Tabaquismo

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Actividad físicaDieta

InfecciónVIH

Edad

Sexo

TAR

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Edat

FRCV en el paciente coninfección VIH

RCV

Diabetes

Lipids

HistoriafamiliarObesitatAbdominal

Hipertensio

Tabaquisme

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Inactivitatdieta

INFECCIÓNVIH

Sexe

Factorsemergents:Lp(a),CRP,IMT,Ifuncio endotelial

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RelativeriskofcardiovasculardiseaseamongpeoplelivingwithHIV:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysisFMIslam,JWu,JJansson andDPWilsonTheKirbyInstitute,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW,Australia

HIVMedicine(2012),13,453–468

NoVIHvsVIHsinTAR

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El VIH como FRCV• Estado proinflamatorio crónico con mayor expresión de

marcadores de disfunción endotelial, de activación plaquetar ymayor presencia de factores procoagulantes

» Neth JMed 2005;63:129-136

• La infección por VIH se asocia a un descenso de HDL-C y LDL-C» JAMA 2003;289:2978-2982

• Nef regula a la baja la expresión de proteínas que facilitan laactividad beneficiosa del HDL-C

» Plos Biol 2006;4:e365

• La infección por VIH se asocia aun aumento de GIMC del 10.8%» J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;50:153-161

• La coinfección por VHC favorece la insulinoresistencia» HIV Med 2008;9:151-159

• Los pacientes coinfectados VIH-VHC tienen mayor riesgocardiovascular y mas cardiopatía isquémica

» AIDS 2007;21:193

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SMART: Riesgo Cardiovascular según niveles de HDL Total y de IL-6

n IncrementodeIL-6juntoanivelesbajosdeHDLseasociasignificativamenteaeventoscardiovasculares

16thCROI;Montreal,Canada;2009.Abst.149.

0

1

2

3

4

≥2.4 <2.4≥29

<29ORforCV

D

OR=2.58P<0.001

OR=3.36P<0.001

OR=1.49P=0.14

OR=1.00

IL-6pg/mL

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Associations between immune depressionand cardiovascular events in HIV infectionCaroline A. Sabina, Lene Ryomb, Stephane De Witc, Amanda Mocrofta, Andrew N.Phillipsa, Signe W. Wormb, Rainer Weberd, Antonella D’Arminio Monfortee, Peter Reissf,David Kamaraa, Wafaa El-Sadrg, Christian Pradierh, Francois Dabisi,j, Matthew Lawk, JensLundgrenb,l, for theD:A:D Study Group

By 1 February 2011, the individuals in the D:A:D Study hadexperienced 716 MI (over 223 242 p/y), 1056 CHD (222 290 p/y),303 confirmed stroke (224 581 p/y), and 1284 CVD (221 505 p/y)eventsConclusion: We do not find strong evidence that HIV-positiveindividuals with a low CD4 cell count are more likely to experienceMI/CHD. Although strokes appear to occur more commonly at lowCD4 cell counts, this may be partly explained by misclassificationor other biases

AIDS2013,27:2735–2748

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Edat

FRCV en pacientes coninfección VIH

RCV

Diabetes

Lipids

HistoriafamiliarObesitatAbdominal

Hipertensio

Tabaquisme

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Inactivitatdieta

INFECCIÓNVIH

Sexe

Inflamación,Lípidos,GIMC,funciónendotelial….

VHC

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FRCV en pacientes con infección VIH

RISCCARDIOVASCULAR

Factorsemergents:Lp(a),CRP,IMT,Ifuncio endotelial Diabetes

HistoriafamiliarObesitatAbdominal

Hipertensio

Tabaquisme

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Inactivitatdieta

TRATAMIENTOANTIRETROVIRAL

Edat

Sexe

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Incidence of Myocardial Infarction According to the Duration of Exposure to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group, . N Engl J Med 2003;349:1993-2003

Combination antiretroviral therapy was independentlyassociated with a 26 percent relative increase in the rate ofmyocardial infarction per year of exposure during the first fourto six years of use

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D:A:D:IncidenciadeIAMenrelaciónalosañosdeexposiciónaltratamientoantiretroviral

ExposuretoART(Yrs)

0

2

4

6

8

Incide

nceofM

Iper

1000Patient-Yrs

10

None <1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7

Hombres:1.13Mujeres:1.36

LaduracióndeltratamientoARVseasociaaunincrementodeIAM1,16/1000pacientes/año

>7

NEngl JMed.2007;326:1723-1735.

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D:A:D:RiesgodeIAMsegúneltipodefármacoantirretroviral/año

PIs

NNRTIs

Adjusted

RelativeRisk

Exposure(Yrs)

0.5

1.0

2.0

4.0

8.0

>65-62-3 3-4 4-50 1-2<1

NEngl JMed.2007;326:1723-1735

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RelativeriskofcardiovasculardiseaseamongpeoplelivingwithHIV:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysisFMIslam,JWu,JJansson andDPWilsonTheKirbyInstitute,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW,Australia

HIVMedicine(2012),13,453–468

NoVIHvsVIHenTAR

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RelativeriskofcardiovasculardiseaseamongpeoplelivingwithHIV:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysisFMIslam,JWu,JJansson andDPWilsonTheKirbyInstitute,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW,Australia

HIVMedicine(2012),13,453–468

VIHnaive vsVIHenTAR

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TARconIP vsNoIP 1.41(1.2-1.65)Riesgorelativopor añodetratamiento

TAR 1.07IP 1.11

INNTR 1.04INTR 1.05

HIVMedicine(2012),13,453–468

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FRCV en pacientes con infección VIH

RISCCARDIOVASCULAR

Factorsemergents:Lp(a),CRP,IMT,Ifuncio endotelial Diabetes

HistoriafamiliarObesitatAbdominal

Hipertensio

Tabaquisme

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Inactivitatdieta

TRATAMIENTOANTIRETROVIRAL

Edat

Sexe

Lípidos

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MecanismosdeladislipemiaasociadaaTAR

– ReducciónenelcatabolismodelasVLDL– IncrementoenlaproduccióndeVLDL– Alteraciónenelcatabolismodelosácidosgrasoslibresyreduccióndesuclearence

– IncrementodelasíntesishepáticadeTG– Incrementodelasecrecióndelipoproteínasquecontienenapo-B

– ReduccióndelaexpresióndereceptoresdeLDL– Induccióndegeneshiperlipemiantes comolasintetasa deácidosgrasos

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IINCCR5

RPV,ETV,RALDTG,MRV

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FRCV en pacientes con infección VIH

RISCCARDIOVASCULAR

Factorsemergents:Lp(a),CRP,IMT,Ifuncio endotelial Diabetes

Historiafamiliar

Hipertensio

Tabaquisme

Inactivitatdieta

TRACTAMENTANTIRETROVIRAL

Edat

Sexe

Lipids

InsulinresistenciaHiperglicemia

ObesitatAbdominal

Hiperglicemia

InsulinresistenciaCambiosdistribuciónde

lagrasa

Inflamación, funciónendotelial….

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FRCV en pacientes con infección VIHy TAR

• Relación directa entre IP y alteración de la homeostasisde la glucosa en personas sanas No VIH

» AIDS 2001;15:F11.AIDS 2004;18:641

• La alteración de la homeostasis de la glucosa tiene unefecto directo sobre el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria

» AIDS 2003;17 (suppl 1):S149

• Otras relaciones complejas y multifactoriales del TAR conresistenciaa la Insulina (RI)– Toxicidad mitocondrial = exceso de lípidos en hígado ymúsculo , lipoatrofiaen extremidades

– Lipodistrofiapredice RI y intolerancia a la glucosa– Aumento de factores antifibrinolíticos y proinflamatorios(PAI-1, tPA, homocisteina…)

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FRCV en pacientes con infección VIH

RISCCARDIOVASCULAR

Factorsemergents:Lp(a),CRP,IMT,Ifuncio endotelial Diabetes

Lipids

HistoriafamiliarObesitatAbdominal

Hipertensio

Tabaquisme

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Inactivitatdieta

ALGUNOSARVs

Edat

Sexe

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FRCV en pacientes con infección VIH

RISCCARDIOVASCULAR

Factorsemergents:Lp(a),CRP,IMT,Ifuncio endotelial Diabetes

Lipids

HistoriafamiliarObesitatAbdominal

Hipertensio

TABACO

Hiperglicemia

Insulinresistencia

Inactivitatdieta

InfeccioVIH

Edat

Sexe

T.ARV

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Special Article

Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes

Brian D. Carter, M.P.H., Christian C. Abnet, Ph.D., Diane Feskanich, Sc.D., Neal D. Freedman, Ph.D., Patricia Hartge, Sc.D., Cora E. Lewis, M.D., Judith K.

Ockene, Ph.D., Ross L. Prentice, Ph.D., Frank E. Speizer, M.D., Michael J. Thun, M.D., and Eric J. Jacobs, Ph.D.

N Engl J MedVolume 372(7):631-640

February 12, 2015

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EffectsofSmokingonNon-AIDS-RelatedMorbidity inHIV-Infected PatientsDanielK.Shirley,1RobertJ.Kaner,2,3andMarshallJ.Glesby1

Tobacco smoking has many adverse health consequences.Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infection smoke at very high rates, and many of thecomorbidities associated with smoking in the generalpopulation are more prevalent in this population. It islikely that a combination of higher smoking rates alongwith an altered response to cigarette smoke throughoutthe body in persons with HIV infection leads to increasedrates of the known conditions related to smoking.

ClinicalInfectiousDiseases2013;57(2):275–82

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ClinicalInfectiousDiseases2013;57(2):275–82

The increase in mortality associated with smoking issignificant, and it can now be said that years of life lostdue to smoking is higher than years of life lost due toHIV. As the care of the HIV-infected patient shifts towardmanaging chronic disease, the importance of smoking-related conditions will increase. It is clear that smokingas a risk factor for disease is modifiable, and providerscan make a huge impact on the long term health of HIV-infected patients by assisting in cessation.

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MortalityAttributabletoSmokingAmongHIV-1–InfectedIndividuals:ANationwide,Population-BasedCohort StudyMarieHelleberg,1,7Shoaib Afzal,2Gitte Kronborg,3Carsten S.Larsen,4Gitte Pedersen,5Court Pedersen,6Jan Gerstoft,1BørgeG.Nordestgaard,2,7andNielsObel1

ClinicalInfectiousDiseases2013;56(5):727–34

Mortalidad Fumador Ex-Fumador NoFumadorExceso

mortalidadfum/Nofum

Controles

Todaslascausas 6.2(4.8-7.9) 2.8(2.1-3.8) 1.4(0.9-2) 4.8

VIH(pacientede35 a;expectativa devida,fumador62.6a,nofumador78.4)

Todaslascausas 23.7(20.2-27.7) 13.1(9.4-18.1) 6.1(4.2-8-7) 17.6

NoSIDA 16.3(13.5-19.7) 6(3.7-9.7) 3.8(2.5-6) 12.4

SIDA 5.2(3.7-7.3) 6(4-10) 1.4(0.7-3) 3.8

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SmokingandlifeexpectancyamongHIV-infectedindividualsonantiretroviraltherapyinEuropeandNorthAmericaMarieHelleberg(a,b),MargaretT.May(c),SuzanneM.Ingle(c),FrancoisDabis(d),PeterReiss(e),GerdFa¨tkenheuer(f),DominiqueCostagliola(g,h),Antonellad’Arminio(i),MatthiasCavassini(j),ColetteSmith(k),AmyC.Justice(l,m),JohnGill(n),JonathanA.C.Sterne(c),andNiels Obel(a,b)

AIDS2015;29:221

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Myocardial Infarction Among Danish HIV InfectedIndividuals: Population-Attributable Fractions AssociatedWith SmokingLine D. Rasmussen,1 Marie Helleberg,2 Margaret T. May,3 Shoaib Afzal,4,5 GitteKronborg,6 Carsten S. Larsen,7 Court Pedersen,1 Jan Gerstoft,2 Børge G.Nordestgaard,4,5 and Niels Obel2

ClinicalInfectiousDiseasesAdvanceAccesspublishedFebruary11,2015

Controles VIHExcess IR/1000PY Adjusted IRR Excess IR/1000PY Adjusted IRR

Todos Referencia Referencia 3.22 2.13NoFumadores Referencia Referencia 0.14 1.01

ImpactofsmokingstatusstratifiedonHIVstatus

NoFumadores Referencia Referencia Referencia ReferenciaEx-Fumadores 0.58 1.06 3.07 2.64Fumadores 1.7 2.22 3.83 6.06

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Figure 1. Cumulative incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) among humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals compared with populationcontrols, stratified by smoking status.

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Figure 2. Population attributable fraction of myocardial infarction (MI) associated withsmoking in the Danish human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected population and an age-and gender-matched population control cohort. The upper 2 bars demonstrate the fraction ofMIs that could be prevented if all individuals had the same risk as never smokers. The lower 2bars demonstrate the fraction of MIs that could be prevented if current smokers obtained thesame risk as previous smokers.

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CONCLUSIONES/REFLEXIONES

• Supervivencia casi equiparable de lapoblación VIH con la No-VIH

• Factores de riesgo cardiovasculartradicionales muy prevalentes y más dañinos– Tabaquismo, HTA, Lípidos, Homeostasis glucosa

• Incremento del riesgo asociado a la infeccióncrónica por el propio VIH y algunosantirretrovirales.

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CONCLUSIONES/REFLEXIONES• Estrategiasespecíficasdedetecciónyprevención– DiagnósticoytratamientoprecozdelainfecciónporVIH– Búsquedaycontroldelosfactoresderiesgotradicionales,cambiarla“profilaxisdeinfeccionesoportunistas”por“profilaxisdeenfermedadcardiovascular”.• Favorecerlasmedidasnofarmacológicas;ejerciciofísico,dietamediterránea,abandonodeltabaquismo

• Fármacoshipolipemiantes,hipotensoresyantidibéticos– MinimizarlosefectosadversosdelTAR

• AdecuacióndeescalasderiesgoespecificasparalospacientesVIH

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Declining Relative Risk for Myocardial InfarctionAmong HIV-PositiveCompared With HIV-NegativeIndividuals With Accessto CareDanielB.Klein,1WendyA.Leyden,2LanfangXu,3ChunR.Chao,3MichaelA.Horberg,4WilliamJ.Towner,5LeoB.Hurley,2JuliaL.Marcus,2CharlesP.Quesenberry Jr,and2MichaelJ.Silverberg 2

Indice por100.000pac/año IncidenciaVIH(+) VIHneg Ajustado

1996-2011 268 165 1.4 (1.2-1-6)1996-1999 276 136 1.8 (1.3-2.6)

2000-2003 324 162 1.7 (1.4-2.1)

2004-2007 270 178 1.3(1-1.6)

2008-2009 245 167 1.3(0.9-1.7)

2010-2011 195 165 1(0.7-1.4)

ClinicalInfectiousDiseases2015;60(8):1278–80

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VIH(+) NO VIH1996-1999 2010-2011 1996-1999 2010-2011

Hipolipemiantes 5.5% 31.5% 3.7% 24.3%

Hipotensores 17.2% 34.6% 13.6% 31.2%

TAR 66% 90%

CD4 actual 391 605

CD4 nadir 242 303

CV <500 65% 88%

Framingham 9.5% 10%

Col >200 30% 39%

HDL-C <40 39.4% 26.2%

HTA 28.5% 26.2%

Hanfumado 48.7% 34%

ClinicalInfectiousDiseases2015;60(8):1278–80

Page 42: Abordaje del RCV-VDF...303 confirmed stroke(224 581 p/y), and 1284 CVD (221 505 p/y) events Conclusion: We do not find strong evidence that HIV-positive individuals with a lowCD4 cell

In conclusion, we found that the previously reported excessrisk of MI among HIV-positive patients no longer exists in oursetting in recent years. The reasons for the convergence inincidence rates by HIV status may include greater use of CVD-friendly antiretroviral medications, increased emphasis onCVD risk reduction in this population, and the emergingprofile in the modern ART era of a highly successfully treatedHIV patient population. Although encouraging, it remainsplausible that underlying inflammation associated with HIVcontinues to contribute to subclinical disease, includingaccelerated atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, our findings lendsupport to the concept that increased MI risk for HIV patientsis largely reversible with continued emphasis on primaryprevention in combination with early initiation of ART topreserve immune function.

ClinicalInfectiousDiseases2015;60(8):1278–80

Page 43: Abordaje del RCV-VDF...303 confirmed stroke(224 581 p/y), and 1284 CVD (221 505 p/y) events Conclusion: We do not find strong evidence that HIV-positive individuals with a lowCD4 cell