3.2. carlota léchaud
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Transcript of 3.2. carlota léchaud
The Role of Innovation on Bicycle Commuting in Portugal
Carlota LéchaudAveiro, 2016
Introduction
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'Cycling City' logo: Bristol City council; Gráfico: European Cyclists’ Federation; Photo: American Press Institute; 1 (Dekoster & Schollaert, 1999; Dill & Gliebe, 2008); 2 Clayton Christensen
Sustainable Cities
Portugal vs Europa
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Disruptive innovation2
Transforms products and services making them much more affordable and accessible to a larger population
Lower CO2 emissions and noise pollution, eliminate traffic congestion and increase public health
Large variation of averages in Europe; In Portugal bicycles are still neglected as a mobility solution
For short distances, up to 5 km, and even more with traffic congestion, the bicycle is time competitive with the car1
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
3
Research objectives
i. Identify the motivations for people not commute by bike on their daily journeys.
ii. Identify what are the main reasons why urban cyclists commute by bike on their daily journeys.
iii. Understand what are the main barriers that cyclists have to deal with on a day-to-day basis.
iv. Understand how innovations contributed to people become urban cyclists.
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
On-line surveyGoogle Forms
1 Likert scale question, 2 open quastions25 questions: multiple choice, checkboxes, closed questions and open questions
• Facebook: communities; groups; stores136 pages
• E-mail, LinkedIn, Messenger – personal contacts, cycling ambassadors, stores, organizations and companies
• Word of mouth
Methodology
4
Non-structured interviews
SPSS Statistical analysis
Jun 2016Jul 2016
Mar 2016May 2016
Set 2015Mar 2016
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
5
Sample
• On-line survey: Between March and May 2016• Inclusion criteria: Residents in Portugal, older than 16 years.• Convenience sample.• 701 participants:
– 704 respondants– 3 participants were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria.
43%
57%
Bicycle com-mutersOther com-muters
AveiroBeja
BragaCoimbra
ÉvoraFaro
FunchalGuarda
LeiriaLisboa
Ponta DelgadaPorto
SantarémSetúbal
Viana do CasteloVila Real
10.5%0.7%
5.6%3.3%
1.6%1.3%
0.7%0.3%0.3%
51.5%0.3%
13.4%1.0%
6.6%1.3%
0.3%
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
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Urban cyclist profile
Photos: Artur Lourenço, Uma Lisboa Ciclista
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
RQ 1: What are the main reasons that motivate people to not commute by bicycle on their daily journeys?
What would it take to make them cyclists?
o lack of infrastructures (72%)o lack of bike lanes (68%)o unsafe (63%)
o Do not prefer the car over the bicycle (48%)o Do not prefer the motorcycle over the bicycle
(84%)o It’s not uncomfortable (70%)o Having children is not an obstacle (68%)
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R E
S
U
L T
S
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
infrastructures
location/weather/time
other
respect on the road
nothing will made me ride
49%
30%
24%
20%
11%
RQ 2: What are the main reasons for urban cyclists commute by bike on their daily journeys?
Cyclists’ motivations
Travel purposes Route choice
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R E
S
U
L T
S
Work/Meetingsshopping
social/recreationtouring
Scool/Universitygo to gym
take kids to kindergarten/school/extra activitiesother (destination)
82%46%
36%26%
20%14%
10%10%
minimize traveled time
avoid traffic
avoid steep hills
avoid poor pavement
avoid polution
favor the use of bike lanes
other
minimize traveled distance
51%
47%
40%
39%
37%
30%
28%
28%
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
healthy
it's fun
faster
sport
other reason for bike commuting
good bike lane network
enough infrastructure
83%69%
68%62%
59%56%
31%24%
19%7%
5%4%4%
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RQ 3: What are the main barriers that urban cyclists have to face on their daily journeys?
R E
S
U
L T
S
appropriate equipment
no difficulties felted
weather
polution
insecurity
steep hills
lack of public policies and surveillance
traffic
poor pavement
lack of bike lanes, safe parking and other infrastructure
road rage/lack of manners
1%
1%
1%
3%
5%
5%
12%
16%
20%
33%
58%
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
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RQ 4: What were the main innovations that made people start commuting by bike?
R E
S
U
L T
S
Other accessories
Bike communities
Mobile Apps
Public policies
None
Clothes
Bikes
Carriage accessories
Infrastructures
2%
4%
9%
15%
22%
24%
31%
37%
59%
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
Discussion
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Measures in Portugal Portugal < EuropaNon-cyclists – 89% potencial cyclists
Infrastructures
Cyclists’ barriersRoad rage/lack of manners
Essential innovations to start commuting by bike
Cyclists
Road safety
Minimize traveled time, avoid traffic, steep hills, bad pavement and polution, favor the use of cycle lanes, minimize distance
Healthy, fun, environmental concerns, speed
Work, shopping
Bicycles
Carriage accessories
European Commission (2014):ConvenienceSpeedPriceEnvironmental concerns
World Health Organization (2010)Physical inactivity → risk factor for mortality“Active travel” (Hartog, Boogaard, Nijland, & Hoek, 2010)
InconvenienceRoad safety concernsWeather conditions (Claudy & Peterson, 2014)
Bicyclists would choose longer routes to ride favoring cycling amenities (Dill & Gliebe, 2008)Informal information → travel planning (Bartle, Avineri & Chatterjee, 2013)
Traffic calming measuresLegislation promoting safety and surveillancePavement maintenanceEducational programmes (schools and drivers)Clearly marked crossingsBike lanesCongestion charging scheme (eg: London)(Jacobsen, 2003; OCDE, 2015; Reid & Adams, 2010)
Well connected bike lane networkBike parks and sheltersCycle lanes along main urban street corridorsBike sharing systemsContraflow cycling on one-way streetsTurn cobblestones streets in cycle routes Timed lights for bicycle priorityGreenway with shadowsMulti-modal transport(Martin-Diener, 2008)
Innovation (eg: Polisport, Órbita, BikEmotion)
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
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Conclusion
Innovative knowledge and innovative technologies
Disruptive Innovation
General and specific legislation, promotion of safety and surveillance, bicycle and accessories, mobile applications and websites that facilitate daily commuting, infrastructures, intermodal transport or initiatives to promote bike as a mode of transport
The coordination of these innovations and measures, between public and private sectors, can determine when and how Portugal will make the shift to soft mobility aligned with European policy orientations.
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International
13
Thank you!
Photo: Artur Lourenço, Uma Lisboa Ciclista
“A bicycle friendly city is a city with more space, less noise, cleaner air, healthier citizens and a better economy. It’s a city that is a nicer place to be in and where individuals have a higher quality of life”(The City of Copenhagen, 2011, p.6)
© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate
International