3- Una Breve Introducción a La Teoría de Generadores Sincrónicos

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    Fundamentos de Diseo y Rehabilitacin de

    Generadores para Centrales HidroelctricasUna breve introduccin a la teora de

    generadores sincrnicos

    Santiago, Agosto de 2011J. Johnny Rocha E.

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    . . . 130 years shaping the future. . . 130 years shaping the future. . . 130 years shaping the future. . . 130 years shaping the future

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Agenda

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    Mdico, fisilogo y fsico italiano, sus estudios le permitierondescifrar la naturaleza elctrica del impulso nervioso.

    A partir aproximadamente de 1780, Galvani comenz a

    incluir en sus conferencias pequeos experimentos prcticosque demostraban a los estudiantes la naturaleza ypropiedades de la electricidad. En una de estas experiencias,el cientfico demostr que, aplicando una pequea corrienteelctrica a la mdula espinal de una rana muerta, seproducan grandes contracciones musculares en losmiembros de la misma. Estas descargas podan lograr que laspatas (incluso separadas del cuerpo) saltaran igual quecuando el animal estaba vivo.

    As lo hizo en la Universidad de Pava el colega de Galvani,Alejandro Volta, quien afirm que los resultados erancorrectos pero no qued convencido con la explicacin deGalvani.

    1780 Luigi Galvani (1737 1798)

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    1780 Luigi Galvani (1737 1798)

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    1818 Mary Shelley

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    Fsico italiano, famoso principalmente por haber desarrolladola pila elctrica en 1800.

    En 1780, un amigo de Volta, Luigi Galvani, observ que el

    contacto de dos metales diferentes con el msculo de una ranaoriginaba la aparicin de corriente elctrica. En 1794, a Voltale interes la idea y comenz a experimentar con metalesnicamente, y lleg a la conclusin de que el tejido muscularanimal no era necesario para producir corriente elctrica. Estehallazgo suscit una fuerte controversia entre los partidarios dela electricidad animal y los defensores de la electricidadmetlica, pero la demostracin, realizada en 1800, delfuncionamiento de la primera pila elctrica certific la victoria

    del bando favorable a las tesis de Volta.La unidad de fuerza electromotriz del Sistema Internacional deUnidades lleva el nombre de voltio en su honor desde el ao1881.

    1800 Alessandro Volta (1745 1827)

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    1800 Alessandro Volta (1745 1827)

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    1800 Alessandro Volta (1745 1827)

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    Electromagnetismo - El principio

    Hans Christian Oersted

    1777 - 1851

    1819 El electromagnetismo

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    1820 Andr-Marie Ampre (1775 1836)

    es la integral de lnea del circuito cerrado C;

    B es el campo magntico en teslas;

    denota producto vectorial;

    d se trata de un elemento infinitesimal del circuitocerrado C (i.e. un vector con magnitud igual a lalongitud infinitesimal del elemento de lnea, y dedireccin definida por la tangente a la curva C),

    d

    C

    Regla de la mano derecha

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    Emulando la naturaleza

    Concentrando lneas deflujo magntico

    Solenoide emulando un imn permanente

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    Investigando la fuerza magntica

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    1825 William Sturgeon (1783 1850)

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    Introduciendo un ncleode ferro,se mejora la concentracin de flujoen centenas de veces

    Colocando un estator, casi se elimina el flujodisperso e, as, se transforma casi toda acorriente en flujo magntico

    Dominio del flujo magntico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    A

    =

    Densidad de lneas de flujoCampo magntico

    iL =Flujo magntico

    Distribucin espacial de ladensidad de flujo magntico

    Electromagnetismo Controlando la distribucin del flujo

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    Electromagnetismo - polos

    Circuito de lneas de flujo magntico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    0 63.66 127.33 190.99 254.66 318.32 381.990

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    1.2

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Valor medio

    Valor rms

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Valor medio

    Valor rms

    Induo sobre a linha do entreferrro

    Passo Polar [mm]

    Ind

    uomagntica[T]

    cy

    fox

    f1x

    avg

    rms

    cx

    tx

    Un refinamiento el polo senoidal

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Control de la distribucin de lneas de flujo

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.8

    0.9

    1.0

    1.1

    FEM RESULTS

    TRASSNIO FUNCTION

    1.7

    1.0

    1.2

    1.4

    1.5

    1.6

    M

    m

    Magne

    ticfield[pu

    ]

    Polepitch

    Control de la distribucin de lneas de flujoModelando la forma del campo magntico

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    Generador deeje vertical

    Generador deeje horizontal

    Una aplicacin al generador sincrnico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Dinmica del campo magntico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Agenda

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    1830 Joseph Henry (1797 1878)

    Henry descubri, de forma independiente ysimultnea a Faraday, que un campo magnticovariable induce una fuerza electromotriz. En

    particular, Henry observ que, si un conductor semueve perpendicularmente a un campomagntico, aparece una diferencia de potencialentre los extremos del conductor.

    El inters del experimento de Henry reside en quela aparicin de la fuerza electromotriz inducidapuede ser explicada de forma clara por la ley deLorentz, es decir, por las fuerzas que el campo

    magntico ejerce sobre las cargas del conductor.

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    1830 Joseph Henry (1797 1878)

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    1831 Michel Faraday (1791 1867)

    Fsico y qumico britnico que estudi elelectromagnetismo y la electroqumica.

    Fue discpulo del qumico Humphry Davy, y ha sidoconocido principalmente por su descubrimiento de lainduccin electromagntica, que ha permitido laconstruccin de generadores y motores elctricos, y delas leyes de la electrlisis, por lo que es consideradocomo el verdadero fundador del electromagnetismo y

    de la electroqumica.

    En 1831 traz el campo magntico alrededor de unconductor por el que circula una corriente elctrica (yadescubierta por Oersted), y ese mismo ao descubri lainduccin electromagntica, demostr la induccin de

    una corriente elctrica por otra, e introdujo el conceptode lneas de fuerza, para representar los camposmagnticos.

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    1831 Michel Faraday (1791 1867)

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    1831 Michel Faraday (1791 1867)

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    1832 Gerador de Hippolyte Pixii

    Armadura estacionria e magneto mvel.

    O magneto era uma estrutura pesada

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    1832 Gerador de Hippolyte Pixii

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    1833 Magneto-generador de Sther

    W. Ritchie inventa el conmutador yparece que Saxton fue el primero enaplicarlo de manera plausible.

    Sthrer mejora considerablemente la

    eficacia del magneto-generadorintroduciendo una armadura mvil,un conjunto de magnetosestacionarios e un conmutador.

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    1833 los magneto generadores de Klarke

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    )()( tdt

    dte =

    )()( tvlte =

    El voltaje inducido - El principio

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    El voltaje inducido - La mquina

    Estator y rotor

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Haciendo bobinas con barras Roebel

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    N

    N

    N

    S

    S

    El voltaje inducido - La mquina

    U1

    U2

    U

    Time t

    1

    2

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Concepto de fasor

    f(t)

    g(t)

    t

    -

    g(t)

    f(t)

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    0 65.45 130.9 196.35 261.8 327.25 392.70

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.8

    0.9

    1

    1.1

    1.2

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Induo sobre a linha do entreferrro

    Passo Polar [mm]

    Induomagntica[T]

    cyf0xx

    f1xx

    cx

    ttxx

    M

    m1.45=

    0 5 10 15 20 250

    0.033

    0.067

    0.1

    Campo dos polos

    Fbfkf

    Fbf1

    0

    kf

    0 0.0028 0.0056 0.0083 0.0111 0.0139 0.01672.76 .10

    4

    0

    2.76.104

    Tenso F-N

    Tenso F-N 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-F

    Tenso F-F 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-N

    Tenso F-N 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-F

    Tenso F-F 1o Harmnico

    Tenso nos terminais do gerador

    tempo [s]

    Tenso[kV]

    U 2

    3

    U 2

    efnAx

    efn1Ax

    Effabx

    Eff1abx

    tx

    y 3=

    q 1= 1=

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

    0.025

    0.05

    0.075

    0.1

    Tenso Fase-Neutro

    Fefnkf

    Fefn1

    0

    kf

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

    0.025

    0.05

    0.075

    0.1

    Tenso Fase-Fase

    Feffkf

    Feff1

    0

    kf

    Nr = 60

    Np = 20

    TIFRES 76.836= TIFBAL 91.555=

    El voltaje inducido - Caso: q = 1 y paso pleno

    )()( tvlte =

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    0 65.45 130.9 196.35 261.8 327.25 392.70

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.8

    0.9

    1

    1.1

    1.2

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Induo sobre a linha do entreferrro

    Passo Polar [mm]

    Induomagntica[T]

    cyf0xx

    f1xx

    cx

    ttxx

    M

    m1.45=

    0 5 10 15 20 250

    0.033

    0.067

    0.1

    Campo dos polos

    Fbfkf

    Fbf1

    0

    kf

    0 0.0028 0.0056 0.0083 0.0111 0.0139 0.01672.76 .10

    4

    0

    2.76 .104

    Tenso F-N

    Tenso F-N 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-F

    Tenso F-F 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-N

    Tenso F-N 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-F

    Tenso F-F 1o Harmnico

    Tenso nos terminais do gerador

    tempo [s]

    Tenso[kV]

    2 U

    2 U

    U 2

    3

    U 2

    efnAx

    efn1Ax

    Effabx

    Eff1abx

    1

    f

    0 tx

    y 8=

    q 3= 0.889=

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

    0.025

    0.05

    0.075

    0.1

    Tenso Fase-Neutro

    Fefnkf

    Fefn1

    0

    kf

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

    0.025

    0.05

    0.075

    0.1Tenso Fase-Fase

    Feffkf

    Feff1

    0

    kf

    Nr = 180

    Np = 20

    TIFRES 30.052= TIFBAL 46.084=

    El voltaje inducido - Caso: q = 3 y paso acortado

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Nr = 180Np = 20

    0 65.45 130.9 196.35 261.8 327.25 392.70

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.8

    0.9

    1

    1.1

    1.2

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Campo do plo

    1a harmnica do campo

    Induo sobre a linha do entreferrro

    Passo Polar [mm]

    Induomagntica[T]

    1.2

    0

    1

    cy

    f0xx

    f1xx

    2

    0

    cx

    ttxx

    M

    m1=

    0 5 10 15 20 250

    0.033

    0.067

    0.1Campo dos polos

    0.1

    0

    Fbfkf

    Fbf1

    0

    0 kf

    0 0.0028 0.0056 0.0083 0.0111 0.0139 0.01672.76 .10

    4

    0

    2.76 .104

    Tenso F-N

    Tenso F-N 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-F

    Tenso F-F 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-N

    Tenso F-N 1o Harmnico

    Tenso F-F

    Tenso F-F 1o Harmnico

    Tenso nos terminais do gerador

    tempo [s]

    Tenso[kV]

    U 2

    3

    U 2

    efnAx

    efn1Ax

    Effabx

    Eff1abx

    tx

    y 8=

    q 3= 0.889=

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

    0.025

    0.05

    0.075

    0.1

    Tenso Fase-Neutro

    Fefnkf

    Fefn1

    0

    kf

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

    0.025

    0.05

    0.075

    0.1Tenso Fase-Fase

    Feffkf

    Feff1

    0

    kf

    TIFRES 60.592= TIFBAL 54.321=

    El voltaje inducido - Gap constante q = 3 y paso acortado

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Devanado del estator voltaje inducido

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Corolario: el rotor cilndrico

    cmo obtener una forma senoidal de campo magntico con un rotor cilndricomanteniendo el entrehierro constante?

    Corolario: sale la espira...

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    pentra el conductor elemental

    Como romper la hegemona de la espira y usar libremente apenas el conductor elemental?

    1

    1

    f i

    xi

    1

    1

    fyi

    xi

    1

    1

    fi

    fyi

    fi fyi+

    xi

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Corolario: el devanado polar

    Bobinas distribuidas y de paso acortado

    VavgVrms

    FMM i

    Fmm1i

    xi

    1

    1

    fi

    fyi

    fi fyi+

    xi

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Corolario: forma de onda del voltaje

    0 541.925 1.084 103

    1.215

    0

    1.215

    Vavg

    Vrms

    FMM i

    Fmm1 i

    xi

    Vrms 0.875=

    Vavg 0.729=

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

    0.05

    0.1

    0.15

    0.2

    0.25

    Frf krf

    Frf 1

    0

    krf

    Anexo A:

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Cinemtica de movimientos ondulatorios

    Fundamentos de Diseo y Rehabilitacin de

    Generadores para Centrales HidroelctricasAnexo A

    Cinemtica de movimientos ondulatorios

    Santiago, agosto de 2011

    J. Johnny Rocha E.

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Agenda

    L i d d

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Fuente de Corriente Alternada

    Campo Magntico Generado

    La reaccin de armadura

    L d t i i l t

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    La onda estacionaria pulsante

    El campo magntico girante resultado de lad d d l t

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    suma de dos ondas pulsantes

    1856 - 1943

    Bi-fsico 1888 Tesla e Ferrai

    Motor bifsico Ferrari

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Motor bifsico - Ferrari

    Motor bifsico Tesla

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Motor bifsico - Tesla

    Motor bifsico Tesla

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Motor bifsico - Tesla

    1891 El campo girante trifsico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    1891 - El campo girante trifsico

    1861 - 1919

    Tri-fsico 1891 - Dobrovolsky

    Motor trifsico Dolivo Dobrovolsky

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Motor trifsico Dolivo Dobrovolsky

    La reaccin de armaduraLapidando la forma de onda

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Lapidando la forma de onda

    Distribucin y paso son los recursos

    1.5

    1.2

    0.9

    0.6

    0.3

    0

    0.3

    0.6

    0.9

    1.2

    1.5

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    1.308

    1.308

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cp p0

    2pCpp

    xi4

    3.2

    2.4

    1.6

    0.8

    0

    0.8

    1.6

    2.4

    3.2

    4

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    3.766

    3.766

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cp p0

    2pCpp

    xi

    3

    2.4

    1.8

    1.2

    0.6

    0

    0.6

    1.2

    1.8

    2.4

    3

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    2.527

    2.527

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cpp0

    2pCp p

    xi6

    4.8

    3.6

    2.4

    1.2

    0

    1.2

    2.4

    3.6

    4.8

    6

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    5.011

    5.011

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cp p0

    2pCpp

    xi

    1.5

    1.2

    0.9

    0.6

    0.3

    0

    0.3

    0.6

    0.9

    1.2

    1.5

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    1.133

    1.133

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cpp0

    2pCpp

    xi2.5

    2

    1.5

    1

    0.5

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    2.441

    2.441

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cp p0

    2pCpp

    xi4

    3.2

    2.4

    1.6

    0.8

    0

    0.8

    1.6

    2.4

    3.2

    4

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    3.539

    3.539

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cpp0

    2pCpp

    xi5

    4

    3

    2

    1

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    MMF for a Regular Trifasic Winding

    4.84

    4.84

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cp p0

    2pCpp

    xi

    2p =20 Ns =60

    Q = 1 y = 3

    Devanado de Paso Pleno

    Q = 1 y = 2 Q = 2 y = 5 Q = 3 y = 8 Q = 4 y = 10

    Devanado de paso acortado 5/6 de p

    2p =20 Ns =120

    Q = 2 y = 6

    2p =20 Ns =180

    Q = 4 y = 12

    2p =20 Ns =180

    Q = 3 y = 9

    La reaccin de armaduraLapidando la forma de onda

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Lapidando la forma de onda

    O enrolamento de q fracionrio o mais comum

    5

    4

    3

    2

    1

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    4.389

    4.389

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cpp0

    2p Cp p

    xi

    5

    4

    3

    2

    1

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    4.84

    4.84

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cp p0

    2pCpp

    xi

    6

    4.8

    3.6

    2.4

    1.2

    0

    1.2

    2.4

    3.6

    4.8

    MMFCp th harmonic1st harmonic

    5.011

    5.011

    0

    FAri

    FArCpi

    FAr1i

    2Cpp0

    2pCpp

    xi

    2p =20 Ns =180

    Q = 4 y = 12

    passo pleno

    2p =20 Ns =180

    Q = 4 y = 10

    passo encurtado

    2p =20 Ns =180

    Q = 3 4/5 y = 9

    passo encurtado

    Aplicacin de un modelo avanzado

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Aplicacin de un modelo avanzado

    Dnamo trifsico Central de Lauffen 1891

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Dnamo trifsico Central de Lauffen 1891

    Charles Brown & Michael Dolivo-Dobrowolsky - AEG

    300 hp

    1901 Generador Sincrnico Trifsico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    1901 Generador Sincrnico Trifsico

    1901 Generador Sincrnico TrifsicoRotor Cilndrico Macizo 2 polos

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    p

    Agenda

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    g

    Tecnologa del devanado El problema

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    g

    Tecnologa del devanado Las soluciones

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Longitud del ncleo

    Bobinas de mltiplas espirascon transposicin natural

    Barra Roebel contransposicin interna

    Bobinas de mltiplas espiras

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Barra Punga Transposicin interna primitiva

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    La barra Roebel

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    1912 patente

    Brown Boveri Company

    Ludwig Roebel

    La barra Roebel

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Agenda

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Prdidas en el ncleo magntico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Pfe = Physteresis + Peddy + Pexcess

    Elementos del ncleo magntico

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    Agenda

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    Una breve introduccin a la teora de generadores sincrnicos - JJRE

    El devanado amortiguador

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