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INDICE
1 INTRODUCCIÓN.....................................................................................................52 LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN......................................................................7
3 HISTORIA DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN......................................8
4 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN.........................10
4.1 LENGUAJE MÁQUINA..................................................................................10
4.1.1 !"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%...............................................................11
4.1.2 D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%.........................................................11
4.2 LENGUAJES DE AJO NI!EL "#'%,)%(6.............................................11
4.2.1 !"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( "#$" %) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%............13
4.2.2 D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%(..................................................13
4.3 LENGUAJES DE ALTO NI!EL......................................................................14
4.3.1 !"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")...................................................15
4.3.2 D"'"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/").............................................1
5 OTRA CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN..............17
5.1 P/,"% *"#"%9/:#........................................................................................17
5.2 S"*+#(% *"#"%9/:#.......................................................................................175.3 T"9"% *"#"%9/:#.........................................................................................17
5.4 C+%$% *"#"%9/:#..........................................................................................17
5.5 Q+/#$% *"#"%9/:#..........................................................................................17
LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN DE ALTO NI!EL........................................18
.1 FORTRAN.......................................................................................................18
.2 COOL...........................................................................................................1;
.3 PL<I..................................................................................................................20.4 ASIC.............................................................................................................21
.5 PASCAL..........................................................................................................21
. C......................................................................................................................22
.7 MODULA=2.....................................................................................................23
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.8 ADA.................................................................................................................23
.; LISP................................................................................................................24
.10 LOGO..............................................................................................................24
.11 RPG................................................................................................................25.12 ALGOL............................................................................................................25
.13 APL.................................................................................................................25
.14 PILOT..............................................................................................................2
.15 SMALLTAL>....................................................................................................2
.1 FORTH............................................................................................................27
.17 LENGUAJE C??.............................................................................................27
.18 DELPHI...........................................................................................................27.1; JA!A................................................................................................................28
.20 JA!ASCRIPT..................................................................................................28
.21 HTML..............................................................................................................28
.22 H@PERTAL>...................................................................................................31
.23 P")..................................................................................................................31
.24 PHP.................................................................................................................31
.25 PROLOG.........................................................................................................32
.2 SQL.................................................................................................................32
.27 ASP.................................................................................................................33
7 E!OLUCIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN...............................33
8 CONCLUSIONES..................................................................................................35
; REFERENCIAS ILIOGRÁFICAS......................................................................3
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1 INTRODUCCIÓN
L%' 9,+$%(%' # +"("# 9,+#/9%'" 9# #'$' (" ,% "%)B # '""#
+# /(/,%B '# ,-+/#%' 9, $%)"'B #"9"'/$%# (" +# )"#*+%&" "'"9/9 "#'%(
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+" /#(% )% /#,-$/9%.
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9# '+ /% *%,-$/9%B '+ $",/#)*% "'"9/%) +#% '/#$%/' %$/9+)%. P
"&",)B "/'$"# %)*+#' 9"%(' "'"9/%),"#$" %% %)/9%9/#"' 9/"#$/9%'
,%$",-$/9%' *"#"%)"' ASICB FORTRANB PASCALB "$9.6 $'B "# 9%,/B '"
/"#$%# %) 9%, ","'%/%) %) ,%#"& (" $"$' /9"'B "' ("9/B '# "#
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"'$ 9#))"%%B &+#$ 9# )% "#," %9/)/(%( (" 9,"$" ""'B 9+% )9%)/%9/:#
"% )%*% 9,)"&%B /9/"# 9#9"/B "# )% (9%(% (" )' 40B )% '//)/(%( (" +'%
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)"#*+%&"' '/,:)/9'. L' /,"' "# %%"9" +"# )' "#'%,)%("'B
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/#'$+99/:# 9%(% (/"99/:# "$/+"$%6. A) /#9// '" %9/% ") *%,% '" %")
B ("'+' '" $%(+9% % ,%# 9# )% %+(% (" +#%' $%)%'B '" /#$(+9%# "# )%,-+/#% "# ,% #+,/9%B " #$ %%"9/"# *%,%' +" '"
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2 LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN
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*"#"%),"#$" +" )% $%(+99/:# (" )%' /#'$+99/#"' % +# 9:(/* +" 9,"#(" )%
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"%)/% +#% "%9/:#B %9$/% +#% '%)/(%B "$9. L% '"#$"#9/% ""'"#$% ") ,#/,
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+# 9#&+#$ (" 9#(/9/#"'B "$9. E) )+" +#9/#%) "' ") 9#&+#$ (" /#'$+99/#"' '"#$"#9/%' +" "%)/%# +#% $%"% +#9/:# 9,)"&% 9#$%("'B "*/'$' ("
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"&"9+$". L' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# (""# $"#" /#'$+99/#"' +" "$"#"9"# %
)%' 9%$"*%' % %,/)/%"' (" "#$%(%<'%)/(%B 9-)9+)<,%#/+)%9/:#B (" $"$'B
):*/9%<9,%%9/:#B %),%9"#%,/"#$<"9+"%9/:#.
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)"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:#B "' +# ,"(/ +" #' ",/$" "&"9+$% +#% '"/" ("
/#'$+99/#"' '"%# '/,)"' 9,)"&%' +" )% 9,+$%(% /#$""$%% (" %9+"(
% )% "'$+9$+% ):*/9% "%%(% ") +'+%/ +" ",/$/- "%)/% +#%
("$",/#%(% $%"%.
3 HISTORIA DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN
L' /,"' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# '+*/"# (" )% /("% (" C%)"' %%*"B )%
9+%) '" )" 9+/: % "'$" ," % ,"(/%(' (") '/*) I. E% +# "'
,%$",-$/9 (" )% U#/"'/(%( (" C%,/(*" " /#"#$ /#*)'B +" %) /#9// (")
'/*) I "(/& ,+9%' (" )%' $"%' "# +" '" %'%# )%' %9$+%)"' 9,+$%(%'.
C#'/'$% "# ) +" ) ("#,/#%% )% ,%+/#% %#%)$/9%B " +" ,$/'
$9#/9' # +( 9#'$+/'" %'$% ,"(/%(' (") '/*) . C# ) 9)% A(%
LB )% 9+%) "' 9#'/("%(% 9, )% /,"% *%,%(% (" )% /'$/%B +"'
"%)/ *%,%' %% %+))% '++"'$% ,-+/#% (" %%*"B "# $%&"$%'
"%(%'. C, )% ,%+/#% # ))"* #+#9% % 9#'$+/'"B )' *%,%' (" A(%B
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):*/9%,"#$"B $%,9 ))"*%# % "&"9+$%'"B " '/ '+#"# +# +#$ (" %$/(% ("
)% *%,%9/:#B '" $( '/ '"%,' +" "# 9+%#$ '" ",": % *%,%B
)' *%,%("' +$/)/%# )%' $9#/9%' (/'"%(%' C%)"' %%*"B A(%B +"
9#'/'$%# "#$" $%'B "# )% *%,%9/:# ,"(/%#$" $%&"$%' "%(%'. A "'% (""))B A(% % ",%#"9/( 9, )% /,"% *%,%(% (" )% /'$/%. S" (/9"
$%#$ +" "'$' (' *"#/' (" %#$%B '" %(")%#$%# +# '/*) % '+ 9%B ) 9+%)
("'9/" )% /#$")/*"#9/% (" )% +" '" %))%%# ($%('.
E# 1823 ") */"# /$-#/9 ) % %% 9"% ") "9$ (" +#% ,-+/#% ("
(/""#9/%'B +# (/''/$/ ,"9-#/9 %% ""9$+% '+,%' ""$/(%'. P" %%*"
'" ("(/9: %) "9$ (" )% ,-+/#% %#%)$/9%B %%#(#%#( )% ,-+/#% ("
(/""#9/%'B +" '" +(/"% *%,% 9# $%&"$%' "%(%'B *%9/%' % )% 9"%9/:#
(" C%)"' J%9+%( %#9'6. E'$" ," "% +# %/9%#$" (" $"&/(' %%
9"%( +# $")% +" (% "(+9/ %+$,-$/9%,"#$" %$#"' (" $"&/('B )""#( )%
/#,%9/:# 9(//9%(% "# %$#"' (" %*+&"' "%(' "# $%&"$%' (" %")
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$%&"$%' "%(%' %% ""9$+% 9+%)+/" 9-)9+) 9# +#% "9/'/:# (" 20 (*/$'.
P" )% $"9#)*% (" )% 9% # %'$%% %% %9" "%)/(%( '+' /("%'. S/ /"# )%'
/("%' (" %%*" # ))"*%# % ,%$"/%)/%'" (" ,% ("/#/$/%B '+ 9#$/+9/:# "'("9/'/%B % +" )' ("#%("' %9$+%)"' "'#("# % +# "'+",% %#-)* %) (" )%
,-+/#% %#%)$/9%. E# '+ (/'"B )% ,-+/#% 9#'$%% (" 9/#9 +#/(%("' -'/9%'
• U#/(%( (" "#$%(%B %% /#$(+9/ (%$' " /#'$+99/#"'• M",/%B (#(" '" %),%9"#%%# (%$' "'+)$%(' /#$","(/'• U#/(%( (" 9#$)B %% "*+)% )% '"9+"#9/% (" "&"9+9/:# (" )%' "%9/#"'• U#/(%( A/$,$/9=L:*/9%B +" ""9$% )%' "%9/#"'• U#/(%( (" '%)/(%B "#9%*%(% (" 9,+#/9% %) "$"/ )' "'+)$%('.
C%)"' %%*"B 9#9/( 9, ") %(" (" )% /#,-$/9% # +( 9,)"$% "#
%+"))% 9% )% 9#'$+99/:# (") 9,+$%( +" %% '%(B (%( +" %)$%%
%)* +#(%,"#$%)B )% ")"9$:#/9%. E) 9%,/# '"%)%( (" %%*"B # +" #+#9%
%%#(#%( '/*+/#()B '" 9#'$+"# )%' /,"%' 9,+$%(%'.
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C+%#( '+*/: ") /," ("#%(B ") %,' ENIAC E)"9$#/9 N+,"/9%)
I#$"*%$ A#( C%)9+)%$6B '+ *%,%9/:# '" %'%% "# 9,#"#$"' '/9'B
'"%B +" '" *%,%%B 9%,/%#( (/"9$%,"#$" ") H%(%" (" )% ,-+/#%B
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$%&"$%' "%(%'.
4 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN
4.1 LENGUAJE MÁQUINA:
E) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% "' ") #/9 +" "#$/"#(" (/"9$%,"#$" )% 9,+$%(%B % +"
"'$- "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&"' (/"9$%,"#$" /#$")/*/)"' )% ,-+/#% 9,+$%(%6B
+$/)/% ") %)%"$ /#%/B +" 9#'$% (" )' (' #/9' ',)' 0 1B ("#,/#%('
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/#'$+99/#"' (" ,-+/#% 9:(/* ,-+/#%. F+" ") /," )"#*+%&" +$/)/%( "# )%
*%,%9/:# (" 9,+$%(%'B " ("& (" +$/)/%'" '+ (//9+)$%(
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9#9/( 9:(/* /#%/. G"#"%),"#$"B "# )% 9(//9%9/:# (" )' *%,%' '"
",)"%% ") '/'$",% "%("9/,%) %% '/,)//9% ") $%%& (" "'9/$+%.
T(%' )%' /#'$+99/#"' "%%(%' "# 9+%)+/" )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% $/"#"# )
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9,+$%(%' 9+%) "' )% +#9/:# +" % % "%)/%. T(%' )%' 9,+$%(%' $/"#"# +#
9:(/* (" "%9/:# %% 9%(% +#% (" )%' +#9/#"'. L% '"*+#(% %$" (" )%
/#'$+99/:# "' ") "%#(B +" /#(/9% % )% 9,+$%(% (#(" %))% %),%9"#% )'
(%$' $%' /#'$+99/#"' +" '" %# % ,%#/+)%B ") #," (" "-#(' (" +#%
/#'$+99/:# %/% "# (/'$/#$%' 9,+$%(%'.
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4.1.1 !"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%
P'//)/(%( (" 9%*% $%#'"/ +# *%,% % )% ,",/%6 '/# #"9"'/(%( ("
$%(+99/:# '$"/B ) +" '+#" +#% ")9/(%( (" "&"9+9/:# '+"/ %
9+%)+/" $ )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:#.
4.1.2 D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%
D//9+)$%( )"#$/$+( "# )% 9(//9%9/:#. P9% /%/)/(%(. G%# (//9+)$%( %% "//9% #" % +#$ )' *%,%'. L' *%,%' ') '# "&"9+$%)"' "# ") ,/', 9"'%( CPU6.
E# )% %9$+%)/(%(B )%' ("'"#$%&%' '+"%# % )%' "#$%&%'B ) +" %9" -9$/9%,"#$"
# "9,"#(%)"' % )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%.
4.2 LENGUAJES DE BAJO NIVEL (!"#$%&#')*:
S# ,-' -9/)"' (" +$/)/% +" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%B " %) /*+%) +" "))'B
(""#("# (" )% ,-+/#% "# %$/9+)%. E) )"#*+%&" (" %& #/") "9")"#9/% "' ")
"#'%,)%(. E) )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( "' ") /," /#$"#$ (" '+'$/$+/ ") )"#*+%&"
,%+/#% $ ,-' '/,/)% % )' +$/)/%(' )%' "'#%'. E'$" /#$"#$% )"//)/%
)% ""'"#$%9/:# (" )' (/""#$"' 9%,'. E'% )"//)/(%( '" 9#'/*+" #"'9//"#( )' 9%,' "# /#%/ %/,%#( )% "'9/$+% %) )"#*+%&".
A /#9//' (" )% (9%(% (" )' 50 9# ") /# (" %9/)/$% )% )% (" )'
*%,%("'B '" ("'%))%# 9:(/*' ,#",$9#/9' %% )%' "%9/#"'
(/"99/#"' '/,:)/9%'. L' 9:(/*' ,#",$9#/9%' '# )' ',)' %)%$/9' (")
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9"'% )' (%$'B " )' *%,%' "#'%,)%("' $%(+9"# %#$"' )' ',)'
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'/,:)/9'B '/,)","#$" "'"9//9%# (#(" +/""# +" '" 9)+" )% /,"%
)9%)/(%( (") *%,% ") *%,% "#'%,)%( '" "#9%*% (" ) (",-'B %'/*#%
)9%)/(%("' $%#$ %% )%' /#'$+99/#"' 9, )' (%$'. E'$' *%,%' ("
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"#'%,)" "#'%,)%("' $%,/# ",/$"# % )% 9,+$%(% 9#"$/ )%'
/#'$+99/#"' "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( (") *%,%( "# '+ / 9:(/*
,-+/#%.
U# *%,% (" /#'$+99/#"' "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( +# *%,%(
'" ))%,% *%,% +"#$". D"'+' (" +" ") "#'%,)%( 9#/"$" ") *%,%
+"#$" "# 9:(/* ,%+/#% % "'$" '" )" ("#,/#% *%,% &"$. P%% )'
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"# 9:(/* (" )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% " "' '/)" +" '" "+/"%# (' 9/(%' ("
9,+$%(% %#$"' (" +" '" +"(%# +$/)/% )%' /#'$+99/#"' (") *%,% +"#$"
%% (+9/ )%' '%)/(%' ("'"%(%'.
E) )"#*+%&" (" %& #/") "' ") )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# +" ") ("#%( +"("
"#$"#(" % )% % (" "&"9+$% *%,%'B ) +" %+,"#$% '+ ")9/(%( (" "&"9+9/:#B
+"' # #"9"'/$% +# /#$"$" +" $%(+9% 9%(% )#"% (" /#'$+99/#"'.
!/'$ % ,+ %& #/")B )' ,/99"'%("' 9"'%# "9)+'/%,"#$" '"%)"'
")"9$:#/9%' /#%/%'. D% +#% /#'$+99/:# % +# ,/99"'%( '+#" "# "%)/(%(
"#/% '"/"' (" +#' 9"' "'%9/%(%' "# ") $/", (" +#% ,% ("$",/#%(%.
E'$% '"9+"#9/% (" '"%)"' '" ("#,/#% 9:(/* ,-+/#%. E) 9:(/* ""'"#$%#,%),"#$" (%$' #,"' " /#'$+99/#"' %% ,%#/+)%)'. U# ,( ,-' -9/)
(" 9,"#(" ") 9:(/* ,-+/#% "' (%#( % 9%(% /#'$+99/:# +# ,#",:#/9B 9,
"&",) STOREB ADD JUMP. E'$% %'$%99/:# (% 9, "'+)$%( ")
"#'%,)%(B +# )"#*+%&" (" ,+ %& #/") +" "' "'"9/9 (" 9%(%
,/99"'%(.
L' )"#*+%&"' (" %& #/") ",/$"# 9"% *%,%' ,+ -/('B " +" '#B %
,"#+(B (/9/)"' (" %"#(". M-' /,$%#$" "' ") "9 (" +" )' *%,%'"'9/$' "# +# %& #/") '"%# %)$%,"#$" "'"9/9' (" 9%(% 9"'%(. S/ '" ))"%
") *%,% % $% ,-+/#% '" ("" ""'9// ") *%,% ("'(" ") /#9//.
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4.2.1 !"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( "#$" %) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%
M% %9/)/(%( (" 9(//9%9/:# B "# *"#"%)B '+ ")9/(%( (" 9-)9+)B %%#
$/", "+/""# ,"#' %$"#9/:# % ("$%))"'. S" /#9+"# "# ,"#' ""' )' +" '" 9,"$"# '# ,-' -9/)"' ("
)9%)/%. T%#$ ") )"#*+%&" ,%+/#% 9, ") "#'%,)%( *%# (" )% "#$%&% ("
,#/,% 9+%9/:# (" ,",/% ,#/, $/", (" "&"9+9/:# "# 9,%%9/:#
9# ") "'+)$%( (" )% 9,/)%9/:# (") *%,% "+/%)"#$" "'9/$ "# $'
)"#*+%&"'. L' *%,%' "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( '# ,-' -9/)"' (" ,(//9% +" )'
*%,%' "# )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%.
4.2.2 D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%(
D""#("#9/% $$%) (" )% ,%+/#% ) +" /,/(" )% $%#'$%/)/(%( (" )'
*%,%' '//)/(%( (" "&"9+$% +# *%,% "# (/""#$"' ,-+/#%'6. E) )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( (") PC "' (/'$/#$ (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( (")
A)" M%9/#$'. L% ,%9/:# (" )' *%,%("' "' ,-' 9,)"&% +" )% 9"'#(/"#$" %
)' *%,%("' (" %)$ #/")B % +" "/*" # ') )%' $9#/9%' ("
*%,%9/:#B '/# $%,/# ") 9#9/,/"#$ (") /#$"/ (" )% ,-+/#%.
E) *%,%( % (" 9#9" ""9$%,"#$" ") %(%" (") "+/B % +" ,%#"&%
(/"9$%,"#$" )%' '/9/#"' (" ,",/%B "*/'$' (") 9"'%( (",-'
")","#$' '/9'. T(%' )%' /#'$+99/#"' '# ")","#$%)"'B "' ("9/B "# ") *%,%
'" (""# ("'9// 9# ") ,-/, ("$%))" $(%' )%' "%9/#"' +" '" %# ("
""9$+% "# )% ,-+/#% %% )% "%)/%9/:# (" 9+%)+/" 9"'.
L' )"#*+%&"' "#'%,)%( $/"#"# '+' %)/9%9/#"' ,+ "(+9/(%'B '" 9"#$%#-'/9%,"#$" "# %)/9%9/#"' (" $/", "%)B 9#$) (" 9"'' (" (/''/$/'
")"9$:#/9'.
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4.3 LENGUAJES DE ALTO NIVEL:
E'$' )"#*+%&"' '# )' ,-' +$/)/%(' )' *%,%("'. E'$-# (/'"%(' %%
+" )%' "'#%' "'9/%# "#$/"#(%# )' *%,%' (" +# ,( ,+9 ,-' -9/)
+" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#% "#'%,)%(. U# *%,% "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&" (" %)$
#/") "' /#(""#(/"#$" (" )% ,-+/#% )%' /#'$+99/#"' # (""#("# (") (/'" (")
%(%" (" +#% 9,+$%(% "# %$/9+)%6B ) +" "'$' *%,%' '#
$%)"' $%#'$%)"'. L' *%,%' "'9/$' "# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") +"("#
'" "&"9+$%(' 9# 9% #/#*+#% ,(//9%9/:# "# (/""#$"' $/' ("
9,+$%(%'. S# )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# "# )' +" )%' /#'$+99/#"' "#/%(%'
%% +" ") ("#%( "&"9+$" 9/"$%' :("#"' '# '/,/)%"' %) )"#*+%&" +,%#.
D%( +" ") ("#%( # "' 9%% (" "9#9" "'$%' :("#"'B "' #"9"'%/ ") +'(" +# /#$"$" +" $%(+9% ") )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") % +# )"#*+%&" (" %& #/") +"
") '/'$",% +"(% "#$"#(".
P ) *"#"%) '" /"#'% +" )' ("#%("' '# ,-+/#%' +" "%)/%# $%"%' ("
9-)9+)' 9"'%,/"#$ (" $"$. L% ("'9/9/:# %#$"/ "' ':) +#% ,% ,+
"'+",-$/9% (" " +#% 9,+$%(%. H% +# %)$ #/") (" %'$%99/:# "#$" ) +"
'" /(" % )% 9,+$%(% ) +" "%),"#$" 9,"#(". E/'$" $%,/# +#% ")%9/:#
9,)"&% "#$" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") ") 9:(/* ,-+/#%.
L' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") '# #,%),"#$" -9/)"' (" %"#(" +" "'$-#
,%(' ")","#$' (" )"#*+%&"' #%$+%)"'B 9, ") /#*)'. E# ASICB ")
)"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") ,-' 9#9/(B )' 9,%#(' 9, KIF CONTADOR10 THEN
STOP +"("# +$/)/%'" %% "(/ % )% 9,+$%(% +" %" '/ CONTADOR "'
/*+%) % (/". P ("'*%9/% %% ,+9%' "'#%' "'$% ,% (" $%%&% "' +# 9
+'$%#$"B (%( +" % "'% (" +" )%' 9,+$%(%' %"9"# 9,"#(" +#
)"#*+%&" #%$+%)B ) %9"# "# "%)/(%( (" +#% ,% */(% '/'$",-$/9%.
L' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")B $%,/# ("#,/#%(' )"#*+%&"' ")+9/#%('B '+*"#
9# '$"//(%( % )' %#$"/"' )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%B )"#*+%&"' (" %& #/")
"#'%,)%(6 9# )' '/*+/"#$"' &"$/'B "#$" $'
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L*% /#(""#("#9/% (" )% ,-+/#%B +(/"#( +$/)/% +# ,/', *%,% "#
(/""#$"' "+/' 9# )% #/9% 9#(/9/:# (" (/'#" (" +# *%,% $%(+9$
9,/)%(B +" "' '+,/#/'$%( ") %/9%#$"B %% $"#" ") *%,%
"&"9+$%)" "# )"#*+%&" /#%/ (" )% ,-+/#% +" '" $%$". A(",-'B # '" #"9"'/$%9#9" ") %(%" "'"9/9 (" (/9% ,-+/#%. A/,%'" %) )"#*+%&" #%$+%)B
%% +" ") *%,% '" +"(% "'9// )"" (" +#% ,% ,-' '"#9/))%B ")/,/#%#(
,+9%' (" )%' '//)/(%("' (" 9,"$" ""' +" '" (%%# "# ") )"#*+%&"
,-+/#%B % +" '" +$/)/%# %)%%' "# /#*)'6 "# )+*% (" 9%("#%' (" ',)' '/#
#/#*# '/*#//9%( %%"#$". I#9)+/ +$/#%' (" +' "9+"#$"B 9, )%' (" "#$%(% <
'%)/(%B +#9/#"' ,%$",-$/9%'B ,%#"& (" $%)%'B "$9.B +" /*+%# "# +#% "'"9/" ("
)/"% (") )"#*+%&"B (" ,%#"% +" '" +"(%# +$/)/% '/"," +" '" +/"% '/##"9"'/(%( (" *%,%)%' 9%(% ".
4.3.1 !"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")
E) $/", (" ,%9/:# (" )' *%,%("' "' ")%$/%,"#$" 9$
9,%%( 9# $' )"#*+%&"'. L% "'9/$+% (" *%,%' '" %'% "# "*)%' '/#$-9$/9%' '/,/)%"' % )'
)"#*+%&"' +,%#'B #,"' (" )%' /#'$+99/#"' $%)"' 9, READB RITEB
PRINTB OPENB "$9. L%' ,(//9%9/#"' +"'$%' % +#$ (" )' *%,%' '# ,-' -9/)"'. R"(+99/:# (") 9'$ (" )' *%,%'. T%#'$%/)/(%(. P",/$"# $"#" +#% ,"& (9+,"#$%9/:#. S# ,-' -9/)"' (" ,%#$"#".
4.3.2 D"'"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")
I#9","#$ (") $/", (" +"'$% % +#$ %) #"9"'/$%'" (/""#$"'
$%(+99/#"' (") *%,% +"#$" %% 9#'"*+/ ") *%,% ("/#/$/. N '" %"9%# )' "9+'' /#$"#' (" )% ,-+/#% +" '" ")$%# ,+9
,"& "# )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#% "#'%,)%("'. A+,"#$ (" )% 9+%9/:# (" ,",/%. E) $/", (" "&"9+9/:# (" )'
*%,%' "' ,+9 ,%.
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S" +"(" ("9/ +" ") /#9/%) )",% +" "'"#$%# )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") "'
)% *%# 9%#$/(%( (" "))' +" "/'$"# %9$+%),"#$" "# +'B %(",-' (" )%' (/""#$"'
"'/#"' (/%)"9$' +" '" %# ("'%))%( (" %)*+#' (" "))'. E' (/9/)
"'$%)"9" +#% 9)%'//9%9/:# *"#"%) (" )' ,/','B % +" "# 9+%)+/"% +" '""%)/9" %- )"#*+%&"' +" "$"#"9%# % ,-' (" +# (" )' *+' "'$%)"9/('.
U#% 9)%'//9%9/:# ,+ "$"#(/(%B %$"#(/"#( % )% ,% (" $%%&% (" )' *%,%'
% )% /)'% 9# +" +"# 9#9"/('B "' )% '/*+/"#$"
L"#*+%&"' /,"%$/'. U$/)/%# /#'$+99/#"' 9, +#/(%( (" $%%& (" )'
*%,%' C)B P%'9%)B CB A(%6.
L"#*+%&"' ("9)%%$/'. L' *%,%' '" 9#'$+"# ,"(/%#$" ("'9/9/#"' ("
+#9/#"' ""'/#"' ):*/9%' L/'B P)*6.
L"#*+%&"' /"#$%(' % &"$'. E) (/'" (" )' *%,%' '" %'% ,-' "# )'
(%$' '+ "'$+9$+%. L% +#/(%( (" 9"' "' ") &"$ "# ) '" /#9)+"# )' (%$'
%/%)"'6 )%' "%9/#"' +" %9$%# '" "))' S,%))$%)B C??6.
L"#*+%&"' /"#$%(' %) )",%. D/'"%(' %% )",%' "'"9/9'B
/#9/%),"#$" (" *"'$/:#B '+")"# '" *"#"%("' (" %)/9%9/#"'.
L"#*+%&"' #%$+%)"'. E'$-# ("'%))-#('" #+"' )"#*+%&"' 9# ") /#9/%)
&"$/ (" %/,% ") (/'" 9#'$+99/:# (" *%,%' %) )"#*+%&" (" )%'
"'#%'.
+ OTRA CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN
S" +"(" 9)%'//9% %$"#(/"#( %) ("'%)) (" )' )"#*+%&"' ("'(" )% %%/9/:# ("
)%' 9,+$%(%'B +" '/*+" +# 9/"$ %%)")/', 9# )%' *"#"%9/#"' "'$%)"9/(%'"# )% ")+9/:# (" )%' ,/',%'
+.1 P),$)# -!)#,/!.
L"#*+%&"' ,-+/#% "#'%,)%("'.
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+.2 S-0!'# -!)#,/!.
P/,"' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") /,"%$/ FROTRANB COOL6.
+.3 T))# -!)#,/!.
L"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") /,"%$/. S# )' ,-' +$/)/%(' '/*+"# /*"#$"' "# )%
%9$+%)/(%( ALGOL 8B PL<IB PASCALB MODULA6.
+.4 C0#)# -!)#,/!.
O/"#$%(' -'/9%,"#$" % )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:# %) ,%#"& (" %'"' (" (%$'
NATURALB SQL6.
+.+ Q0,!# -!)#,/!.
O/"#$%(' % )% /#$")/*"#9/% %$//9/%) %) 9"'%,/"#$ (" )' )"#*+%&"' #%$+%)"'
LISPB PROLOG6.
P%% )% ,"& 9,"'/:# '" %-# +#%' ("/#/9/#"'
P*%,% "' +# 9#&+#$ (" /#'$+99/#"' "'9/$%' "# +# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:#
+" /#(/9%# % )% 9,+$%(% )% '"9+"#9/% (" %''B %% "')" +# )",%.
C:(/* +"#$" "'$% 9"%( "# %)*# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/")B ) +" "' "#$"#(/(
100V ") '" +,%#. E'$" ("" "'$% 9,)","#$%( '+ (9+,"#$%9/:#
,%#+%)"' (#(" '" /#(/9% ") ("'%)) ):*/9 (") ,/',.
C:(/* &"$ "' 9"%( )' 9,/)%("' #' '/" 9, "#)%9" "#$" ")
*%,% +"#$" ") "&"9+$%)".
LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN DE ALTO NIVEL
A 9#$/#+%9/:# '" "'"#$%# %/' (" )' ,-' 9#9/(' +$/)/%('B )"#*+%&"' ("
%)$ #/").
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.1 FORTRAN
A"/%$+% (" F,+)% $%#')%$ $%(+9$ (" :,+)%'6B +" ("/#/( %)"("( (")
% 1;55 "# E'$%(' U#/(' )% 9,%% IM. E' ") ,-' %#$/*+ (" )'
)"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/"). A#$"' (" )B $(' )' *%,%' '" "'9/%# "# )"#*+%&"
"#'%,)%( "# )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. E' +# )"#*+%&" "'"9/%)/%( "# %)/9%9/#"'
$9#/9%' 9/"#$/9%'. S" 9%%9$"/% '+ $"#9/% "# )' 9-)9+)' ,%$",-$/9'B
" "'$- )/,/$%( "# )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#B ,%#"& (" %9/'B $%$%,/"#$ ("
9%("#%' (" 9%%9$""' "(/9/:# (" /#,"'. E' +# )"#*+%&" #$/B )% %9/)/(%(
9# +" ",/$" ""'% +#% "9+%9/:#. M+9%' (" '+' 9%%9$"'$/9%' +"#
/#9%(%' ,-' $%(" "# ") /," )"#*+%&" ASIC. U#% (" '+' "#$%&%' "' +" "'
+# )"#*+%&" 9,%9$ "' $%,/# %,)/%,"#$" +$/)/%( %% %)/9%9/#"' "# )'#"*9/' +" # "+/""# ,%#"& (" *%#("' %9/' (" (%$'. H%'$% 1;1 '"
,%#$+ 9, ,#)/ (" IMB " '$"/,"#$" '" +" /,)","#$%#( "#
("#%("' (" $' %/9%#$"'. A ) )%* (" '+ "/'$"#9/% %# %%"9/(
(/""#$"' "'/#"'B "#$" )%' +" ("'$%9% )% %($%(% "# 1; ") ANSI
A,"/9%# N%$/#%) S$%#(%(' I#'$/$+$"6B "# )% +" '" ("/#/"# #+"%' "*)%' (")
)"#*+%&" '" )*: )% /#(""#("#9/% (") ,/', 9# "'"9$ % )% ,-+/#% "' ("9/B
9,"#: )% $%/)/(%( (") )"#*+%&". E'$% "'/:# '" ("#,/#: FORTRAN I!
FORTRAN B ") /(/,% '" / $%# +)% "# )' %' 0B +" FORTRAN '"
)/: ") /," /(/,% "# '" "*+)%/%( /9/%),"#$" "# 1;72. E# 1;77 %%"9/:
+#% #+"% "'/:# ,-' ")+9/#%(% +" '" ))%,: FORTRAN ! FORTRAN 77.
E'$- ")"&%(% "# ") (9+,"#$ ANS 3.;=1;78 P*%,,/#* L%#*+%*" FORTRAN
("/#" (' #/")"' (") )"#*+%&" ("#,/#%(' FORTRAN 77 9,)"$ FORTRAN
77 -'/9B '/"#( ") '"*+#( +# '+9#&+#$ (") /,". I#9)+"B %(",-'B
/#'$+99/#"' %% ") ,%#"& (" 9%("#%' (" 9%%9$""' (" %9/'B %' 9, $%'
%% )% +$/)/%9/:# (" $9#/9%' (" *%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(%. E'$%' 9%%9$"'$/9%'%9" +" ") )"#*+%&" $%,/# '"% -)/( %% ("$",/#%(%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#.
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,/#/ ,%/#%,"B 9# +# '/'$",% FORTRAN #,%). E% 9#'/*+/"#$" '/)"
"'9// *%,%' "# FORTRAN "# 9+%)+/" '/'$",% "'$% %'$%#$" '"*+ +"
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"'$' +(/"%# ,"'" %% $%%&% "# 9+%)+/" $ '/'$",% %'$%#$" -9/). E'$B
") "9 +" +(/"%# 9"'%'" *%,%' (" FORTRAN ,+ "/9%,"#$". L%
+)$/,% #,%)/%9/:# (") )"#*+%&"B FRONTRAN ;0B '" "#9+"#$% "# ") (9+,"#$
ANS 3.1;8=1;;1 "# )% +" '" /#9)+"# 9%%9$"'$/9%' 9, )% "9+'//(%(B$%$%,/"#$ %%)") (" $%)%' +' (" ,",/% (/#-,/9%. P",/$" ""'% )'
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,("#% %# +"(%( ')"$' ,+9' (" )' ,"9%#/',' +" "%# %/%('
"# FROTRAN 77. E# FROTRAN ;0 %)*+#' %'*' (" FROTRAN 77 %# '/(
"",)%%(' %'*' ,"&"'B ,-' '"*+' ,-' "/9%9"'B ,+9' (" "'$'
+"# +/$%(' (") /(/,% FORTRAN ;5. E) FRONTRAN $/"#" )% "#$%&% (" '" +#
)"#*+%&" 9,%9$ +" '/" ,+ /"# %% '%$/'%9" )%' #"9"'/(%("' (" )'9/"#$/9' )' "'$%('$/9' (" )' #"*9/'.
.2 COBOL
E' ") )"#*+%&" ,-' +$/)/%( "# )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#B 9"%( "# 1;0 +#
9,/$ ("#,/#%( CODAS@L CO#""#9" # DA$% S@'$",' L%#*+%*"'6B
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CO,,## +'/#"'' O/"#$"( L%#*+%*"6.
A ) )%* (" '+ "/'$"#9/% % '+/( (/"'%' %9$+%)/%9/#"'. S+ /," "'$-#(%
+" %%( ") ANSI "# 1;8. P'$"/,"#$"B "# 1;74B '" %($% )% #,%
ANS 3.23=1;74B +" % "(+%( %'$% '+ )$/,% "'/:#B COOL ANS=85B +"
%9/)/$% ") (/'" "'$+9$+%( (" )' *%,%'.
S+' 9%%9$"'$/9%' ,-' ("'$%9%)"' '# )%' '/*+/"#$"' '" %'","&% %) )"#*+%&"
#%$+%) /#*)'6B "' %+$(9+,"#$%( "9" *%#("' %9/)/(%("' "# ") ,%#"& ("
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9,#,"#$" +$/)/%(' "# )' #"*9/'.
E#$" '+' /#9#"#/"#$"' "'$-# '+' */(%' "*)%' (" ,%$' (" "'9/$+%B )%
#"9"'/(%( (" "'9// $(' )' ")","#$' %) ,-/, ("$%))"B )% "$"#'/:# "9"'/%
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"# '+' '"#$"#9/%'B " /#9)+' (+)/9%9/:# "# %)*+#' 9%''B )% /#"/'$"#9/% ("
+#9/#"' ,%$",-$/9%'.
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+$/)/%( "# )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#.
.3 PLI
F+" 9"%( % 9,/"#' (" )' %' '"'"#$% IM %% '" +'%( "# '+' "+/'
(") '/'$",% 30. I#'/-#('" "# )' )"#*+%&"' ALGOLB COOL FORTRAN '"
("'%)): ") PL<I P*%,,/#* L%#*+%*"<I6 $,%#( )%' ,"&"' 9%%9$"'$/9%' ("
)' %#$"/"' %%(/"#( %)*+#%' #+"%'B 9# ") &"$/ (" $"#" +# )"#*+%&" )
,-' *"#"%) '/)" "# 9+%#$ % '+ /,)","#$%9/:#B $/) %% %)/9%9/#"' $9#/9=9/"#$/9%'B 9,"9/%)"'B (" 9"' (" $"$'B (" %'"' (" (%$' (" *%,%9/:#
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)"/)" '/'$/9%(. N '$%#$"B # % '+"%( % '+' *"#/$"' "# '+'%)/9%9/#"' "'"9/9%'B ("/( "# %$" % '+ %,)/$+( B "))B %) $%,% (" '+
9,/)%( +" %'$% %% ') '" (% /#'$%)% "# *%#("' "+/'. E) ")","#$
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EL COMANDO PÁRRAFO
E) 9,%#( YPZ... Y<PZ '" +$/)/% 9, +# (")/,/$%( (" -% "# HTML. I#'"$%
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LOS COMANDOS DE ENCAE]ADO
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.22 H?PERTAL=
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(") 9+%) %)%,' ,-' %/% $%,/# '/" %% ("/#/ 9"(/,/"#$' (" /#'"9/:#
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P"/( I#)+"#9/%' L"#*+%&"'1;50 = 55
O("#%("' /,/$/'
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L"#*+%&" "'$-#(%B)"/)"' *"#"%)"'
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+" ") '" +,%# '" 9,+#/9% 9# "))%'.
6 CONCLUSIONES
EL L"#*+%&" (" P*%,%9/:#B "' +# 9#&+#$ (" %)%%' ',)' +" ",/$"#
%) +'+%/ *"#"% 9,%#(' " /#'$+99/#"' %% +" )% 9,+$%(% )' "&"9+$".
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9#'/'$%# "#$" $%'B "# )% *%,%9/:# ,"(/%#$" $%&"$%' "%(%'.
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E) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% "' ") #/9 +" "#$/"#(" (/"9$%,"#$" )% 9,+$%(%B +$/)/% ")
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E) )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") "'$- (/'"%( %% +" )%' "'#%' "'9/%# "#$/"#(%#
)' *%,%' (" +# ,( ,+9 ,-' -9/) +" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%
"#'%,)%(. U# *%,% "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") "' /#(""#(/"#$" (" )%
,-+/#%B ) +" "'$' *%,%' '# $%)"' $%#'$%)"'.
H "# (% +$/)/%,' %)/9%9/#"' %% $(B *%,%' "'"9/%)/%(' "#
(/""#$"' $%"%'B "$9`'/ +"",' '%" + % ("$-' (" $( "' #"9"'/$%,'
#%(% "# ") ,%%/))' " /#$""'%#$" ,+#( (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# %'
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'"#9/))%,"#$" + +"( %9" +#% '+,% "# +#% 9%)9+)%(% #)/#"B " $(%'""'"#$%# )% /#$"9,+#/9%9/:# "#$" ") ," )% ,-+/#% %% %9/)/$% '+
("'",".
; REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
L/'
G:,"B >. 20136 El Sistema de las Computadoras. E'%% C"#$ ("
D9+,"#$%9/:# (" E'$+(/' O'/9/#"' M%(/(.
>%#%*+'/9B H. D. 20126 Apuntes Digitales. M/9: U#/"'/(%( N%9/#%) A+$:#,%
(" M/9.
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L+("# >. C. 20126 Lenguajes de Programación. M/9 A+#$"' (/*/$%)"'B
P/#9//' P%9$/9%.
R"""#9/%' E)"9$:#/9%'
$$<<.%"%$"9#)*/%.9,</#,%$/9%<)"#*+%&"'=("=*%,%9/#.$,)
$$<<.)"#*+%&"'=("=*%,%9/#.9,<)"#*+%&"'=("=*%,%9/#.'$,)
$$<<.,#*%/%'.9,<$%%&'38<$/'=)"#*+%&"'=*%,%9/#<$/'=
)"#*+%&"'=*%,%9/#.'$,)
$$<<"'.//"(/%.*<//<L"#*+%&"a("a*%,%9/VC3V3#