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8/7/2019 Estudio sobre el Sector de la Seguridad TIC en Espaa

1/100

HgtqhqpqkGbdhkgbja`Q`dgkjkebta`jbDklpghdbdhg

@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb

t`epshaba QHD `g @t~bb

2`s Hgoksl` a`j Esp~k a` Bgjhtht x @tqpahk a` jbT`epshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jb `,Dkgohbgyb

KCT@S_BQKSHK A@ JB T@EPSHABA A@ JB HGOKSLBDHG


2/100


@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 3 a` 2>>

@ahdhg9 T`~qh`lcs` 3>>=

Jb ~s`t`gq` ~pcjhdbdhg ~`sq`g`d` b Hgtqhqpqk Gbdhkgbj a` Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Dklpghdbdhg -HGQ@DK( x `tq cbik pgbjhd`gdhb S`dkgkdhlh`gqk,Gk dkl`sdhbj 3'0 @t~bb a` Ds`bqhv` Dkllkgt* x ~ks `jjk `tqb ~`slhqhak dk~hbs* ahtqshcphs xdklpghdbs ~cjhdbl`gq` `tqb kcsb cbik jbt dkgahdhkg`t theph`gq`t9

S`dkgkdhlh`gqk9 @j dkgq`ghak a` `tq` hgoksl` t` ~pà` s`~skapdhs qkqbj k ~bsdhbjl`gq` ~ks q`sd`skt* dhqbgak tp~skdà`gdhb x mbdh`gak sò`s`gdhb `}~s`tb qbgqk b HGQ@DK dklk b tp thqhk u`c9 uuu'hgq`dk'`t' Ahdmk s`dkgkdhlh`gqkgk ~kas `g ghgeg dbtk tpe`shs rp` HGQ@DK ~s`tqb b~kxk b ahdmk q`sd`sk k b~kxb `j ptk rp` mbd` a` tp kcsb'

Ptk Gk Dkl`sdhbj9 @j lbq`shbj kshehgbj x jkt qsbcbikt a`shvbakt ~pà`g t`s ahtqshcphakt* dk~hbakt x `}mhchakt lh`gqsbt tpptk gk q`geb ohg`t dkl`sdhbj`t'

Bj s`pqhjhybs k ahtqshcphs jb kcsb* qh`g` rp` aìbs ch`g djbsk jkt qslhgkt a` jb jhd`gdhb a` `tqb kcsb' Bjepgb a` `tqbt dkgahdhkg`t~pà` gk b~jhdbst` th t` kcqh`g` `j ~`slhtk a` HGQ@DK dklk qhqpjbs a` jkt a`s`dmkt a` bpqks' Gbab `g `tqb jhd`gdhbl`gktdbcb k s`tqshge` jkt a`s`dmkt lksbj`t a` HGQ@DK'

Q`}qk dkl~j`qk a` jb jhd`gdhb9

mqq~9++ds`bqhv`dkllkgt'kse+jhd`gt`t+cx,gd+3'0+`t+

Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg


3/100


GAHD@

2 ^S@T@GQBDHG X KCI@QH_KT'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''232'2'2 Hgtqhqpqk Gbdhkgbj a` Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Dklpghdbdhg' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''232'2'3 Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''242'2'4 Esp~k a` Bgjhtht x @tqpahk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jb `,Dkgohbgyb ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 21

3 HGQSKAPDDHG''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2? 4 L@SDBAK A@ JB T@EPSHABA QHD'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''25

4'2 Qb}kgklb a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''254'3 L`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2=4'4 Be`gq`t a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba g @t~bb '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3>

1 OBDQKS@T HL^PJTKS@T @ HGMHCHAKS@T''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''321'2 Obdqks`t hgmhchaks`t a` jb tèpshaba QHD '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 32

1'2'2 Cbib ~`sd`~dhg a`j sh`tek9 th `j ~skcj`lb gk t` v`* gk `}htq` '''''''''''''''''''''321'2'3 Bdqhqpa s`bdqhvb os`gq` b jb tèpshaba'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''321'2'4 Dktq` x dkl~jìhaba a` jbt m`ssblh`gqbt a` tèpshaba QHD''''''''''''''''''''''''''33

1'3 Obdqks`t hl~pjtks`t a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''331'3'2 Jèhtjbdhg x sèpjbdhg'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''331'3'3 Hl~pjtk b jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''331'3'4 Ds`dh`gq` sh`tek bgq` jbt bl`gbybt a` tèpshaba''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''311'3'1 B~kxk bj t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''31

0 BGJHTHT A@ JB A@LBGAB A@ T@EPSHABA QHD''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3?

0'2

A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g mkebs`t''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3?

0'2'2 Làhabt bak~qbabt''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3?@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 4 a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg


4/100


0'2'3 Hgdha`gdhbt a`djbsbabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3=

0'2'4

Hgdha`gdhbt a`q`dqbabt ~ks HGQ@DK `g jkt ksa`gbaks`t a` jkt ptpbshkt'''''38

0'3 A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g ^XL@'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''420'3'2 Dkgkdhlh`gqk a` hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''420'3'3 Hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba a`djbsbabt ~ks jbt ~xl`t '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''430'3'4 Tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba QHD hl~jbgqbabt `g jbt ~xl`t ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''44

0'4 A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g esbga`t `l~s`tbt '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''440'4'2 Ekc`sgbgyb a` jb tèpshaba''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''410'4'3 Làhabt bak~qbabt''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''41

0'1 Dkgdjpthkg`t a`j bgjhtht'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''45? ^SKT^@DQH_B X Q@GA@GDHBT ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''48

?'2 Q`ga`gdhbt `g jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''48?'2'2 Ptpbshkt s`tha`gdhbj`t'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''48?'2'3 ^xl`t ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>?'2'4 Esbga`t `l~s`tbt'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1>

?'3 Q`ga`gdhbt `g jb ko`sqb a` tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''12?'4 @vkjpdhg a j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''13

5 ^KJQHDBT ^CJHDBT @G T@EPSHABA QHD'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''145'2 Sèpjbdhg x jèhtjbdhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14

5'2'2 Gkslbt rp` ~skqè`g a`s`dmkt s`jbdhkgbakt dkg jb tèpshaba''''''''''''''''''''105'2'3 Gkslbt rp` `tqbcj`d`g kcjhebdhkg`t `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD''''''''''''''105'2'4 Gkslbt rp` ~sk~ksdhkgbg tèpshaba ipsahdb `g `j a`tbsskjjk a` t`svhdhkt'''155'2'1 Kcjhebdhkg`t ~bsb jbt Balhghtqsbdhkg`t ^cjhdbt''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1=

5'3 Dkl~sbt ~cjhdbt a` tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba QHD'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''18@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 1 a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg


5/100


@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 0 a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

5'4 ^skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t x `lcj`lqhdkt9 ÀGH''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0>

5'1

Bdqpbdhkg`t a` ~sklkdhg* t`gthchjhybdhg* ahopthg x okslbdhg''''''''''''''''''''''02

= S@DKL@GABDHKG@T ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0?='2 @jbcksbdhg a` pg hgoksl` s`dpss`gq` tkcs` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb ''''''''0?='3 @tqsbqèhb Gbdhkgbj a` Tèpshaba QHD9 hl~pjtk b `tqgabs`t x d`sqhohdbdhg''''05='4 Bddhkg`t ahshehabt b hl~pjtbs jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g jbtbalhghtqsbdhkg`t ~cjhdbt''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''05='1 Bddhkg`t ahshehabt b hl~pjtbs jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba `g ~xl`t x mkebs`t''08='0 Bddhkg`t ahshehabt b hl~pjtbs `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''08

BG@]K H J@EHTJBDHG @T^BKJB TKCS@ T@EPSHABA A@ JB HGOKSLBDHG'?3BG@]K HH @TQGABS@T A@ T@EPSHABA ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5?BG@]K HHH' QB]KGKLB A@J L@SDBAK A@ T@EPSHABA''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5=BG@]K H_' BE@GQ@T A@J T@DQKS A@ JB T@EPSHABA ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''=2BG@]K _ CHCJHKESBOB ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8?GAHD@ A@ ESOHDKT'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''88


6/100


@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb ? a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

^PGQKT DJB_@

H' Hgqskapddhg'

HGQ@DK mb ~p`tqk `g lbsdmb x jha`sbak pg qmhgf qbgfk esp~k a` `}~`sqkt a` bjqk ghv`j

hgqèsbak ~ks lh`lcskt a`j t`dqks ~shvbak x jb dklpghaba dh`gqohdb s`jbdhkgbakt dkg jb

tèpshaba `g @t~bb x dkg ~`stkgbt s`j`vbgq`t a`j t`dqks ~cjhdk `g jb lbq`shb* ~bsb `j

bgjhtht a` jb tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg `g `j lchqk a` jbt Q`dgkjkebt a` jb

Hgokslbdhg x jb Dklpghdbdhg'

Tpt kci`qhvkt tkg9 `g ~shl`s jpebs* s`bjhybs pg ahbegtqhdk x ~skt~`dqhvb a`j l`sdbak a`

jb tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg `g @t~bb x tp `gqksgk6 `g tèpgak jpebs* `j `tqpahk a`

jbt q`ga`gdhbt `g tèpshaba QHD x tp hl~bdqk `g jb Balhghtqsbdhg ^cjhdb* `j t`dqks`l~s`tbshbj x jkt dhpababgkt6 x s`bjhybs* `g q sd`s jpebs* pg bgjhtht a`j l sdbak

-bdqks`t* ko`sqb x a`lbgab* `qd'( rp` ~`slhqb dkgkd`s jkt lka`jkt a` gèkdhk

`tqbcj`dhakt `g `j lhtlk* bt dklk `j ~kthdhkgblh`gqk ` hl~ksqbgdhb a` jb tèpshaba QHD

`g `j dkgipgqk a` jb `dkgklb'

HH' L`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD

@j l`sdbak lpgahbj a` jb tèpshaba mb `}~`shl`gqbak op`sq`t ds`dhlh`gqkt `g jkt

jqhlkt bkt* tplbgak ds`dhlh`gqkt hl~ksqbgq`t a` okslb hghgq`sspl~hab' @j

l`sdbak `t~bkj a` tèpshaba mb tèphak `tqb lhtlb q`ga`gdhb bjdbgybgak `g3>>? jkt ?25L2' A` `tqb dhosb* jkt t`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba s`~s`t`gqbg `j 01*8%

a`j l`sdbak* `j tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba* pg 4?*1% x `j mbsaubs` a` tèpshaba* `j

=*5%'

Gp`tqsk ~bt dp`gqb dkg pgb hgaptqshb a` tèpshaba QHD lpx s`j`vbgq` x a`ta` jb

Balhghtqsbdhg t` mbg ~p`tqk `g lbsdmb bjepgbt hghdhbqhvbt dkg ~kq`gdhb qsbdqksb

tpohdh`gq` dklk ~bsb a`tbsskjjbs `j t`dqks x dkgqshcphs b tp ~kthdhkgblh`gqk `g `j

l`sdbak hgq`sgbdhkgbj* pg ~kthdhkgblh`gqk rp` xb `}htq`* ~`sk rp` ~pà`

lìksbst`'

@}htq`g akt ahohdpjqba`t ~bsb `j a`tbsskjjk ~kjqhdbt rp` hgdhabg `g `j a`tbsskjjk a`j

t`dqks9 jb bpt`gdhb a` abqkt dkgtkjhabakt tkcs` `j lhtlk x jkt v`sqhehgktkt

dblchkt `g jb gbqpsbj`yb a` jbt bl`gbybt b jbt rp` a`c` abs s`t~p`tqb

2 HAD -3>>?(* @j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba `g @t~bb'


7/100


HHH' Obdqks`t hgmhchaks`t x a` hl~pjtk

HHH'2 Hgmhchaks`t

@j l`sdbak `t~bkj ~s`t`gqb bjepgkt obdqks`t rp` s`qbsabg `j a`tbsskjjk a`j t`dqks

a` jb tèpshabaQHD* `gdkgqsgakt` jkt lt hl~ksqbgq`t `g `j jbak a` jb a`lbgab9

tp lkahohdbdhg t` ~`sohjb dklk `j `j`l`gqk djbv` ~bsb jb dkgtkjhabdhg a` pg

l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba lbapsk'

Jkt mkebs`t x jbt `l~s`tbt gk dkgkd`g ba`dpbabl`gq` tpt g`d`thaba`t a`

tèpshaba QHD* gk tkg dkgtdh`gq`t a` jb `vkjpdhg a` jbt bl`gbybt x*

`v`gqpbjl`gq`* a`tdkgkd`g tpt kcjhebdhkg`t jèbj`t' @g `tq` `td`gbshk ~bs`d`

djbsb jb g`d`thaba a` bpl`gqbs jbt hghdhbqhvbt okslbqhvbt x ahvpjebqhvbt ~bsb ds`bs

pgb dpjqpsb a` jb tèpshaba'

@g @t~bb* bg `tq ~ks lbq`shbjhybst` `j dblchk a` lt bjdbgd` `g jb dkgd`~dhg

a` jb tèpshaba9 `j rp` dkgjj`vb ~btbs a` pgb l`gqbjhaba s`bdqhvb b pgb ~skbdqhvb*

Tjk jbt esbga`t ksebghybdhkg`t* opgabl`gqbjl`gq` jbt a` dh`sqkt t`dqks`t -cbgdb*

tbghaba* aò`gtb(* qh`g`g pgb dpjqpsb ~skbdqhvb a` jb tèpshaba' @g e`g`sbj*

~sàklhgb pgb dkgd`~dhg `g jb rp` ~`tbg jbt làhabt a` ~skq`ddhg rp` gk

s`rph`s`g hgq`sv`gdhg a`j ptpbshk* tkjpdhkg`t a` hgtqbjbs x kjvhabst` os`gq` b pgb

dkgd`~dhg a` jb tèpshaba cbtbab `g `j okl`gqk a` jkt dkl~ksqblh`gqkt

~`stkgbj`t x ksebghybqhvkt rp` jb lìksbg'

Jb bdqhqpa s`bdqhvb os`gq` b jkt ~skcj`lbt a` tèpshaba qh`g` dklk dkgt`dp`gdhb pg

qh~k a` a`lbgab a` pse`gdhb `g jb rp` `j djh`gq` cptdb tkjpdhkgbs s~habl`gq` tp

~skcj`lb x s`dpss` b tkjpdhkg`t ~bsdhbj`t* `g jpebs a` hl~jbgqbs tkjpdhkg`t ejkcbj`t

cbtbabt `g pg cp`g bgjhtht a` sh`tekt rp` `vhq`* `g jk ~kthcj`* jkt hgdha`gq`t'

HHH'3 Obdqks`t a` hl~pjtk'

Jb jèhtjbdhg x jkt ~skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t `tqg dkgtha`sbakt dklk jkt obdqks`t

rp` lt mbg hl~pjtbak `j a`tbsskjjk a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb'

k Jb jèhtjbdhg dkgtqhqpx` pg ~ka`sktk hgtqspl`gqk ~bsb dkgohepsbs jb

a`lbgab x tp~jhs* ~ks jb vb a` jb kcjhebdhg jèbj* jb objqb a` t`gthchjhybdhg

x+k `j a`tdkgkdhlh`gqk a` jkt ptpbshkt'


k @gqs` jkt ~skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t l`s`d` pgb l`gdhg `t~`dhbj `j dkgipgqk a`

hghdhbqhvbt jhebabt bj AGH `j`dqsghdk' Hghdhbqhvb rp` ~pà` t`s jb cbt` ~bsb `j

a`tbsskjjk a` pg bl~jhk l`sdbak a` ~skapdqkt x t`svhdhkt' B jkt `top`sykt

~bsb tp ~p`tqb `g lbsdmb x `}q`gthg `gqs` jb dhpababgb mbg a` tplbst`

jkt s`jbqhvkt b jkt a`tbsskjjkt -jhcs`sbt* `qd'( rp` ~`slhqbg lpjqh~jhdbs xahopgahs tpt ptkt'


8/100


k @g jk rp` b jb ekc`sgbgyb a` jb tèpshaba t` sòh`s`* `t ~bsqhdpjbsl`gq`

s`j`vbgq` ahopgahs `tqgabs`t rp` ksh`gq`g b jb a`lbgab `g tpt a`dhthkg`t

a` dkl~sb x ~`slhqbg bjhg`bs jkt `top`sykt a` qkakt jkt dkgtplhaks`t a`tèpshaba dkg jbt cp`gbt ~sdqhdbt hgq`sgbdhkgbjl`gq` s`dkgkdhabt' Jkt

`tqgabs`t x jkt t`jjkt a` d`sqhohdbdhg tkg pg `j`l`gqk cthdk ~bsb

dkksahgbs jkt `top`sykt a` hgtqhqpdhkg`t* `l~s`tbt x mkebs`t' Jb

d`sqhohdbdhg ~pà` t`s jb cbt` a` pgb `tqsbqèhb `g tèpshaba QHD rp`

hl~pjt` `j a`tbsskjjk a`j l`sdbak'

@j t`dqks ~cjhdk `t pg esbg dkgtplhaks a` jbt tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba QHD*

g`d`tbshbt ~bsb `j a`tbsskjjk a` jkt t`svhdhkt rp` ~s`tqb b jkt dhpababgkt -tbghaba*

iptqhdhb* àpdbdhg( k ~bsb bq`ga`s tpt ~sk~hbt g`d`thaba`t -aò`gtb* qshcpqkt(' @j

a`tbsskjjk a` jb hgaptqshb a` tèpshaba t` v`sb c`gòhdhbak ~ks pgb `}~jdhqb

dkgtha`sbdhg a` jb lhtlb `g jbt dkl~sbt ~cjhdbt'

A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g esbga`t `l~s`tbt9

k @j dkgd`~qk djbv` `g jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt

`t `j a` dkgqhgphaba a`j gèkdhk'

k Bpl`gqb `j gl`sk a` ksebghybdhkg`t rp` dp`gqb dkg ahs`dqhvkt `t~`dohdkt

`g `j s`b a` tèpshaba QHD* a` 3>>? b 3>>5 -2>%(' @tq` abqk ~bs`d`dkgohslbs rp` jb dkgdh`gdhbdhg tkcs` jb tèpshaba ds`d` a` okslb gkqbcj`

`gqs` jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt x `t kci`qk ds`dh`gq` a` pg qsbqk aho`s`gdhbj

s`t~`dqk bj s`tqk a` thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg'

k @j ~skd`tk rp` lt a`tqbdb ~ks tp `vkjpdhg -pg 01% lt `gqs` 3>>? x

3>>5( `t `j aht`k a` pgb `tqsbqèhb ejkcbj a` tèpshaba* rp` mb ~btbak a`

`tqbs hl~j`l`gqbab `g `j 45% a` jbt `l~s`tbt `g 3>>? bj 05% `g 3>>5* jk

rp` tp~kg` pg bpl`gqk a`j 01% `g pg tkjk bk'

A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g mkebs`t9

k Bgqhvhspt x dksqbopèkt tkg jbt m`ssblh`gqbt a` tèpshaba lt pqhjhybabt*

`tqbgak ~s`t`gq`t `g `j 81% x 50% a` jkt mkebs`t* s`t~`dqhvbl`gq`'

k Jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba rp` s`rph`s`g pg dkl~ksqblh`gqk bdqhvk ~ks ~bsq`

a` jkt ptpbshkt tkg jbt l`gkt `}q`gahabt9 `gdsh~qbdhg a` akdpl`gqkt*

dk~hbt a` tèpshaba* ~bsqhdhg a` ahtdk* `qd'

@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb = a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

k T` b~s`dhb pg bl~jhk vkjpl`g x qh~kjkeb a` hgdha`gdhbt* a`tqbdbgak ~ks

`gdhlb a` qkabt jb s`d`~dhg a` dkss`k gk a`t`bak -t~bl(* rp` bo`dqb bj=4*4% a` jkt ptpbshkt' Gk kctqbgq`* `t a`tqbdbcj` rp` jbt hgdha`gdhbt


9/100


esbv`t* dklk osbpa`t k skckt `g dp`gqbt k qbsi`qbt a` dsahqk gk `tqg lpx

`}q`gahabt'

A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g jb ^XL@9

k @j bgqhvhspt `t jb m`ssblh`gqb a` tèpshaba lt pqhjhybab ~ks jbt ~xl`t6 `j

8=*8% a`djbsb q`g`sjk hgtqbjbak g tpt rph~kt hgokslqhdkt'

@j dkl~ksqblh`gqk `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba a` jbt ~xl`t a`~`ga` a`

obdqks`t dklk `j qblbk x `j t`dqks a` bdqhvhaba' @g jg`bt e`g`sbj`t `j

dkl~ksqblh`gqk a` jbt lhdsk`l~s`tbt ~s`t`gqb gpl`sktbt thlhjhqpa`t dkg

`j a` jkt mkebs`t'

k @j 80% a` jbt ~xl`t `t~bkjbt dkgtha`sb hl~ksqbgq` k lpx hl~ksqbgq` jb

tèpshaba QHD' @tq` abqk gk ~bs`d` v`st` bdkl~bbak ~ks kqskt

hgahdbaks`t* dklk `j dkgkdhlh`gqk a` jbt bl`gbybt' Dbs`gdhb rp` ~pà`

`tqbs lkqhvbab ~ks jb bpt`gdhb a` ~`stkgbj dpbjhohdbak `g lbq`shb a`

tèpshaba QHD `g jbt ~xl`t `t~bkjbt9 ghdbl`gq` `j 2?% a` jbt ~xl`t

`gdp`tqbabt a`djbsb aht~kg`s a` `}~`sqkt `g tèpshaba QHD `g tp ~jbgqhjjb'

^bs`d` g`d`tbshk sòksybs jbt bddhkg`t a` okslbdhg `l~s`gahabt ~ks jkt

ksebghtlkt ~cjhdkt ~bsb obvks`d`s jb hl~jbgqbdhg `gqs` jbt ~xl`t a` pgb

dpjqpsb a` tèpshaba bdksa` dkg jb hl~ksqbgdhb rp` t` j` dkgdà`'

k @j dkgd`~qk a` ekc`sgbgyb a` jb tèpshaba QHD* hl~jbgqbab `g jbt esbga`t

`l~s`tbt* a`c` `}q`ga`st` b jbt ~`rp`bt x làhbgbt* a` jb lbgk a` pgb

`tqsbqèhb gbdhkgbj a` tèpshaba rp` ba`lt ~sk~ksdhkg` `j tk~ksq`

ba`dpbak ~bsb obdhjhqbs b jbt ~xl`t `j dpl~jhlh`gqk a` jb jèhtjbdhg `g

lbq`shb a` tèpshaba'

H_' ^skt~`dqhvb x q`ga`gdhbt

Jb hgv`sthg `g tèpshaba tèphs hgds`l`gqgakt` x `j l`sdbak dkgqhgpbs

lktqsbgak qbtbt a` ds`dhlh`gqk lpx hl~ksqbgq`t'

@j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba ~s`vhthcj`l`gq` t` qsbgtokslbs `g pg l`sdbak a`

t`svhdhkt' Lpdmbt `l~s`tbt QHD rp` gk ~`sq`g`d`g bj tèl`gqk a` jb tèpshaba*

bt dklk k~`sbaks`t a` q`j`dklpghdbdhg* `tqg `gqsbgak `g `tq` l`sdbak b

qsbvt a` jkt lhtlkt' A`j lhtlk lkak* lpdmbt `l~s`tbt a` tkoqubs` `tqg

`l~`ybgak b kos`d`s t`svhdhkt e`tqhkgbakt a` tèpshaba b esbg `tdbjb* ~bsb

dkl~`qhs dkg jb sàpddhg a` lse`g`t `g jb v`gqb a` tkoqubs`'


@j tèl`gqk a` t`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba bd`j`sbs tp ds`dhlh`gqk b làhk x jbsek~jbyk* b làhab rp` jb q`dgkjkeb lbaps` x jb ko`sqb t` vbxb ~kthdhkgbgak `g

t`svhdhkt e`tqhkgbakt* s`tqbgak l`sdbak bj tèl`gqk a`j tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba'


10/100


T` ~s`v pg lbxks ds`dhlh`gqk `g jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba ~skbdqhvbt* abab jb

bjqb ~`g`qsbdhg a` jkt `j`l`gqkt a` tèpshaba dbjhohdbakt dklk ~bthvkt9

~skesblbt bgqhvhspt* dksqbopèkt* bgqht~bl* bgqht~xubs`* ~skesblbt a` cjkrp`k a`v`gqbgbt `l`se`gq`t x bdqpbjhybdhkg`t a` tèpshaba a`j thtq`lb k~`sbqhvk' Gk

kctqbgq`* jkt ptpbshkt tèphsg `l~j`bgak l`dbghtlkt a` tèpshaba rp` gk

s`rph`sbg pgb bq`gdhg dkgtqbgq` x rp` gk jhlhq`g jb t`gtbdhg a` jhc`sqba `g jb

pqhjhybdhg a` Hgq`sg`q'

_' ^kjqhdbt ~cjhdbt `g tèpshaba QHD

Jb jèhtjbdhg `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba t` ~pà` djbthohdbs `g dpbqsk dbqèksbt9

k Gkslbt rp` ~skqè`g a`s`dmkt s`jbdhkgbakt dkg jb tèpshaba x tbgdhkgbg

dkgapdqbt dkgqsbshbt9 Dahek `gbj* J`x a` ^sk~hàba Hgq`j`dqpbj'

k Gkslbt rp` ~sk~ksdhkgbg tèpshaba ipsahdb `g `j a`tbsskjjk a` t`svhdhkt

s`jbdhkgbakt dkg jb tèpshaba QHD9 J`x a` Ohslb @j`dqsghdb* Thtq`lb

`t~bkj a` @vbjpbdhg x D`sqhohdbdhg a` jb Tèpshaba a` jbt Q`dgkjkebt a`

jb Hgokslbdhg'

k Gkslbt rp` `tqbcj`d`g kcjhebdhkg`t `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD9 J`x a`

^skq`ddhg a` Abqkt* J`x a` Làhabt a` Hl~pjtk a` jb Tkdhàba a` jb

Hgokslbdhg'

k Gkslbt rp` `tqbcj`d`g kcjhebdhkg`t a` tèpshaba ~bsb jbt balhghtqsbdhkg`t

~cjhdbt9 J`x a` Bdd`tk @j`dqsghdk a` jkt Dhpababgkt b jbt

Balhghtqsbdhkg`t ^cjhdbt* @trp`lb Gbdhkgbj a` Tèpshaba'

@j t`dqks ~cjhdk* `g tp skj a` dkgtplhaks dkg pg esbg vkjpl`g a` dkl~sbt

~cjhdbt* ~pà` q`g`s pgb hgdha`gdhb lpx ahs`dqb `g `j a`tbsskjjk a`j l`sdbak*

`tqhlpjbgak jb hggkvbdhg x thsvh`gak a` ì`l~jk ~bsb jb bak~dhg a` làhabt a`

tèpshaba'

k Jbt dkl~sbt ~cjhdbt gk a`ch`sbg dkgtha`sbs jb tèpshaba dklk pg

dkl~kg`gq` a` kqsk ~skapdqk k t`svhdhk* thgk dklk pg `j`l`gqk cthdk rp`*

g`d`tbshbl`gq`* a`c` okslbs ~bsq` a` qkakt `jjkt'

k Jb ~p`tqb `g lbsdmb ~ks ~bsq` a` jb Balhghtqsbdhg ^cjhdb a` esbga`t

~skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t `t kqsb op`gq` a` `tqlpjk ~bsb `j l`sdbak a` jb

tèpshaba* th`gak `j ì`l~jk djbv` jb ~kq`gdhbjhaba ~bsb `j a`tbsskjjk a`j

l`sdbak a`j ~skx`dqk a`j AGH `j`dqsghdk'

@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 2> a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

k @j t`dqks ~cjhdk a`c` bjhg`bs jbt ~kjqhdbt a` ohgbgdhbdhg a` jb H&A&h `g

lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD dkg pgb ~jbghohdbdhg a` tp ~sk~hb a`lbgab


11/100



-dkl~sb ~cjhdb( ~bsb rp` jb hgv`sthg t`b òhdby x dkgqshcpxb bj a`tbsskjjk

a`j l`sdbak'

_H' S`dkl`gabdhkg`t

Bddhkg`t ahshehabt b hl~pjtbs jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba `g jbt

Balhghtqsbdhkg`t ^cjhdbt9

k Hgds`l`gqbs `j vbjks ` hl~ksqbgdhb a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g jbt dkl~sbt

~cjhdbt a` ~skapdqkt x t`svhdhkt QHD'

k ^jbghohdbdhg a` jbt dkl~sbt ~cjhdbt ~bsb hl~pjtbs jb H&A&h `g tèpshaba'

Bddhkg`t ahshehabt b hl~pjtbs jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba `g ~xl`t x mkebs`t9

k S`bjhybdhg a` dbl~bbt a` t`gthchjhybdhg x dkgdh`gdhbdhg ~bsb lìksbs jb

dpjqpsb a` jb tèpshaba x a`tqbdbs jb s~hab `vkjpdhg a` jb gbqpsbj`yb a` jbt

bl`gbybt

k B~kxbs ` hl~pjtbs pg lbxks dkgkdhlh`gqk x dpl~jhlh`gqk a` jbt gkslbt rp`

hl~kg`g kcjhebdhkg`t dkgds`qbt `g `j lchqk a` jb tèpshaba QHD x

~sk~ksdhkgbs b~kxk ~bsb dpl~jhs jb jèhtjbdhg' Jkt `tqgabs`t* jkt t`jjkt a`

d`sqhohdbdhg x jb bpqkssèpjbdhg cbtbab `g jb ahvpjebdhg a` cp`gbt

~sdqhdbt tkg pg `j`l`gqk cthdk ~bsb dkksahgbs jkt `top`sykt a`

hgtqhqpdhkg`t* `l~s`tbt x mkebs`t rp`* thg `tq` lbsdk a` sò`s`gdhb*

s`bjhybg lpdmbt v`d`t pg `top`syk thg lqkak'

Bddhkg`t ahshehabt b hl~pjtbs `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD9

k @jbcksbdhg a` pg ~jbg a` hgq`sgbdhkgbjhybdhg a` jb q`dgkjkeb `t~bkjb a`

tèpshaba'

k

^sklkv`s x obdhjhqbs jb ohgbgdhbdhg a` l~s`tbt hggkvbaksbt a` tèpshaba'

k Hgd`gqhvbs jb H&A&h `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD'

k @jbcksbdhg a` `tqpahkt s`dpss`gq`t tkcs` tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb'


12/100



2 ^S@T@GQBDHG X KCI@QH_KT

Jb `jbcksbdhg a`j ~s`t`gq` hgoksl` t` `glbsdb `g jkt kci`qhvkt e`g`sbj`t a`j ^jbgBvbgyN* b~skcbak ~ks `j Ekch`sgk a` @t~bb `g `j bk 3>>0 ` hgqèsbak `g `j

~skesblb Hge`ghk 3>2>' Pgb a` jbt esbga`t s`bt a` bdqpbdhg ~s`vhtqbt a`gqsk a`j ^jbg

BvbgyN ~bsb `j ~`shkak 3>>5,3>2> `t `j Gp`vk Dkgq`}qk Ahehqbj3' @gqs` tpt jg`bt

lb`tqsbt t` `gdp`gqsb jb ~sklkdhg a` jb tèpshaba x jb `,dkgohbgyb* ~bsb jk rp` `j ^jbg

ohib jkt theph`gq`t kci`qhvkt9

Bpl`gqbs `j esbak a` dkgdh`gdhbdhg* okslbdhg x t`gthchjhybdhg a` jkt

dhpababgkt* `l~s`tbt x Balhghtqsbdhkg`t ^cjhdbt `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba a` jbt

Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jbt Dklpghdbdhkg`t -`g ba`jbgq` QHD('

@tqhlpjbs jb hgdks~ksbdhg a` jb tèpshaba `g jbt ksebghybdhkg`t dklk obdqks dsqhdk

~bsb `j bpl`gqk a` tp dkl~`qhqhvhaba* a`tbsskjjbgak jbt hgosb`tqspdqpsbt a`

tèpshaba g`d`tbshbt x ~sklkvh`gak jb bak~dhg a` lìks`t ~sdqhdbt* `g `t~`dhbj*

jb d`sqhohdbdhg a` jb tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg'

A`tbsskjjbs pgb hgosb`tqspdqpsb òhdby ~bsb jb ì`dpdhg a` jb ~kjqhdb gbdhkgbj a`

tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg* dkksahgbgak b jkt aho`s`gq`t be`gq`t x bdqpbdhkg`t*

lkghqkshybgak dkgqhgpbl`gq` `j `tqbak a` jb tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg x

dkksahgbgak jb s`~s`t`gqbdhg hgq`sgbdhkgbj g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba a` jbt QHD4'

@g jg`b dkg `j ^jbg BvbgyN* `tq` hgoksl` ~s`q`ga` dkgqshcphs b jb dkgt`dpdhg a` jkt

kci`qhvkt bgq`shks`t* lktqsbgak pgb ~`st~`dqhvb a` jb thqpbdhg bdqpbj a`j t`dqks a` jb

tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb x ksh`gqbgak `j ~b~`j rp` qkakt jkt be`gq`t a`j t`dqks a`c`g

a`t`l~`bs ~bsb ~kq`gdhbs x a`tbsskjjbs jb tèpshaba x `,dkgohbgyb'

2'2'2 Hgtqhqpqk Gbdhkgbj a` Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Dklpghdbdhg'

@j Hgtqhqpqk Gbdhkgbj a` Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Dklpghdbdhg -HGQ@DK(* tkdhàba `tqbqbj

~sklkvhab ~ks `j Lhghtq`shk a` Hgaptqshb* Qpshtlk x Dkl`sdhk* `t pgb ~jbqbokslb ~bsb `ja`tbsskjjk a` jb Tkdhàba a`j Dkgkdhlh`gqk b qsbvt a` ~skx`dqkt a`j lchqk a` jb

hggkvbdhg x jb q`dgkjkeb dkg pg akcj` kci`qhvk9 ~ks pgb ~bsq`* dkgqshcphs b jb

dkgv`se`gdhb a` @t~bb dkg @psk~b `g jb Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x* a` kqsb ~bsq`*

~sklkv`s `j a`tbsskjjk sèhkgbj* `gsbhybgak `g J`g pg ~skx`dqk dkg vkdbdhg ejkcbj'

Jb lhthg a` HGQ@DK `t hl~pjtbs x a`tbsskjjbs ~skx`dqkt a` hggkvbdhg s`jbdhkgbakt dkg

`j t`dqks a` jbt Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jb Dklpghdbdhg -QHD( x `g e`g`sbj* `g `j

3mqq~9++uuu'~jbgbvbgyb'`t+Jhg`bt@tqsbqèhdbt+Bs`btA`Bdqpbdhkg+Gp`vkDkgq`}qkAhehqbj+

4mqq~9++uuu'ck`'`t+ck`+ahbt+3>>5+>=+>=+~aot+B41>85,41>88'~ao
http://www.planavanza.es/LineasEstrategicas/AreasDeActuacion/NuevoContextoDigital/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/08/08/pdfs/A34097-34099.pdfhttp://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/08/08/pdfs/A34097-34099.pdfhttp://www.planavanza.es/LineasEstrategicas/AreasDeActuacion/NuevoContextoDigital/


13/100


lchqk a` jb Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhg* rp` lìks`g jb ~kthdhg a` @t~bb x b~ksq`g

dkl~`qhqhvhaba* `}q`gah`gak tpt db~bdhaba`t qbgqk bj `gqksgk `psk~`k dklk bj

jbqhgkbl`shdbgk' Bt* `j Hgtqhqpqk qh`g` jb vkdbdhg a` t`s pg d`gqsk a` a`tbsskjjk a`dbsdq`s hggkvbaks x a` hgq`st ~cjhdk b ghv`j gbdhkgbj rp` dkgtqhqphs pgb hghdhbqhvb

`gshrp`dàksb x ahoptksb a` jbt gp`vbt q`dgkjkebt `g @t~bb `g djbsb thgqkgb dkg

@psk~b'

@j kci`qk tkdhbj a` HGQ@DK `t jb e`tqhg* bt`tksblh`gqk* ~sklkdhg x ahopthg a`

~skx`dqkt q`dgkjehdkt `g `j lbsdk a` jb Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhg' ^bsb `jjk* HGQ@DK

a`tbsskjjbs bdqpbdhkg`t* bj l`gkt* `g jg`bt `tqsbqehdbt a` Tèpshaba Q`dgkjehdb*

Bdd`thchjhaba x Dbjhaba a` Tkoqubs`'

2'2'3 Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

@j Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg t` hgt`sqb a`gqsk a` jb jg`b `tqsbqehdb

a` bdqpbdhg a` HGQ@DK `g lbq`shb a` Tèpshaba Q`dgkjehdb'

@j Kct`svbqkshk gbd` dkg `j kci`qhvk a` a`tdshchs a` lbg`sb a`qbjjbab x thtq`lqhdb `j

ghv`j a` tèpshaba x dkgohbgyb `g jb Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x a` e`g`sbs

dkgkdhlh`gqk `t~`dhbjhybak `g jb lbq`shb' A` `tq` lkak* t` `gdp`gqsb bj t`svhdhk a` jkt

dhpababgkt* jbt `l~s`tbt x jbt balhghtqsbdhkg`t ~cjhdbt `t~bkjbt ~bsb a`tdshchs*

bgbjhybs* bt`tksbs x ahopgahs jb dpjqpsb a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jb `,Dkgohbgyb'

^bsb `jjk mb aht`bak pg ^jbg a` Bdqhvhaba`t x @tqpahkt dkg `j kci`qk a` ~skapdhs

dkgkdhlh`gqk `t~`dhbjhybak x qhj `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba ~ks ~bsq` a` HGQ@DK* bt

dklk a` `jbcksbs s`dkl`gabdhkg`t x ~sk~p`tqbt rp` aòhgbg q`ga`gdhbt vjhabt ~bsb jb

qklb a` a`dhthkg`t opqpsbt ~ks ~bsq` a` jkt ~ka`s`t ~cjhdkt' A`gqsk a` `tq` ~jbg a`

bddhg t` s`bjhybg jbcks`t a` hgv`tqhebdhg* bgjhtht* `tqpahk* bt`tksblh`gqk x ahvpjebdhg

rp` bq`ga`sg* `gqs` kqsbt* b jkt theph`gq`t kci`qhvkt9

@jbcksbdhg a` `tqpahkt ` hgoksl`t ~sk~hkt `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba a` jbt

Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jb Dklpghdbdhg* dkg `t~`dhbj gobtht `g jbtèpshaba g Hgq`sg`q'

Tèphlh`gqk a` jkt ~shgdh~bj`t hgahdbaks`t x ~kjqhdbt ~cjhdbt s`jbdhkgbakt dkg jb

tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg x jb dkgohbgyb `g `j lchqk gbdhkgbj ` hgq`sgbdhkgbj'

E`g`sbdhg a` pgb cbt` a` abqkt rp` ~`slhqb `j bgjhtht x `vbjpbdhg a` jb

tèpshaba x jb dkgohbgyb dkg pgb ~`st~`dqhvb q`l~ksbj'

Hl~pjtk a` ~skx`dqkt a` hgv`tqhebdhg d`gqsbakt `g jb tèpshaba QHD'

Ahopthg a` `tqpahkt ` hgoksl`t ~pcjhdbakt ~ks kqsbt `gqhaba`t x ksebghtlkt

gbdhkgbj`t ` hgq`sgbdhkgbj`t* bt dklk a` hgokslbdhg tkcs` jb bdqpbjhaba



14/100


gbdhkgbj x `psk~`b s`jbqhvb b jb tèpshaba x dkgohbgyb `g jb Tkdhàba a` jb

Hgokslbdhg'

Bt`tksblh`gqk b jbt Balhghtqsbdhkg`t ~cjhdbt `g dpbgqk b tèpshaba a` jb

hgokslbdhg x dkgohbgyb* bt dklk b~kxk b jb `jbcksbdhg* tèphlh`gqk x

`vbjpbdhg a` ~kjqhdbt ~cjhdbt g tq` lchqk'

2'2'4 Esp~k a` Bgjhtht x @tqpahk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x jb `,

Dkgohbgyb

A` `tqkt akt jqhlkt kci`qhvkt a`j Kct`svbqkshk gbd` jb hghdhbqhvb a` hl~pjtbs a`ta`

HGQ@DK pg esp~k a`tqhgbak b b~ksqbs dkgkdhlh`gqk x bgjhtht a`j t`dqks* x rp` tpse` dkg

jb ohjktkob a` pg #qmhgf qbgf#* `t a`dhs* t`sg jbt ha`bt a` jkt `}~`sqkt jb lbq`shb ~shlb

~bsb e`g`sbs tkjpdhkg`t rp` jkes`g jkt kci`qhvkt lbsdbakt'

A` `tq` lkak* `tq` oksk gbd` dkg jb vkdbdhg a` dkgtqhqphst` `g b~kxk bdqhvk b jb qklb

a` a`dhthkg`t a` jkt be`gq`t hgvkjpdsbakt `g e`g`sbj* x a` jkt ~ka`s`t ~cjhdkt `g

~bsqhdpjbs* tkcs` `j ~s`t`gq` x opqpsk a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD x `g e`g`sbj jb

Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhg* x ~ks dkgtheph`gq`* `g esbg làhab* tkcs` `j opqpsk a` jb

dkl~`qhqhvhaba x ds`dhlh`gqk a` jb `dkgklb x tkdhàba t~bkjbt'

@g `tq` esp~k a` `}~`sqkt t` `gdp`gqsbg s`~s`t`gqbakt jkt ~shgdh~bj`t be`gq`t a`j

t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb* ~skdà`gq`t qbgqk a`j lchqk ~cjhdk dklk a`j~shvbak* bt dklk bjepgkt `}~`sqkt ~skdà`gq`t a` jb Pghv`sthaba x a` jbt ~shgdh~bj`t

btkdhbdhkg`t t`dqkshbj`t' Th ch`g `t dh`sqk rp`* ~ks jbt dbsbdq`stqhdbt ~sk~hbt a`j esp~k*

gk `t ~kthcj` hgdjphs b jb qkqbjhaba a` s`~s`t`gqbgq`t x `}~`sqkt a`j t`dqks* t` ~pà`

bohslbs rp` jb lp`tqsb `t jk tpohd`l`gq` bl~jhb x s`~s`t`gqbqhvb dklk ~bsb ~`slhqhs rp`

`j qsbcbik ohgbj ~pàb t`s dkgtha`sbak dklk jb `}~s`thg a` pg ahbegtqhdk dkl~bsqhak

~ks `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD'

@g dkgds`qk* dklk lh`lcskt a`j Esp~k mbg dkgqshcphak `g jb `jbcksbdhg a`j ~s`t`gq`

hgoksl` jkt theph`gq`t }~`sqkt9

Bakjok Ckss`sk' Dkgtì`sk A`jèbak' Q@J_@GQ HGQ@SBDQH_B

Bashg Lkps' ^s`tha`gq` Dklhthg ~bsb jb Dkgohbgyb x Tèpshaba Q`dgkjkebt a`

jb Hgokslbdhg' TBO@JBX@S

Bjhdhb jvbs`y' Tpcahs`dqksb E`g`sbj a` Thtq`lbt a` Hgokslbdhg x

Dklpghdbdhkg`t' LHGHTQ@SHK A@ HGQ@SHKS

C`sgbsahgk Dksqhik' Ahs`dqks a` Tèpshaba `g Hgq`sg`q' Q@J@OKGHDB

Dbsjkt Ihlg`y' ^s`tha`gq`' T@DPUBS@



15/100


@apbsak Cbssbgdb' D@GQSK A@ DKK^@SBDHG HGQ@SCBGDBSHB

@gshrp` Lbsqg`y' Ahs`dqks E`g`sbj' HGQ@DK

Ikse` ^s`y' Akdqks Hge`gh`sk a` Q`j`dklpghdbdhg Dbqàsqhdk a` jb @QTH a`

Q`j`dklpghdbdhg' PGH_@STHABA ^KJHQDGHDB A@ LBASHA

Ikt Bgqkghk Lbbt' Akdqks Hge`gh`sk a` Thtq`lbt Q`j`lqhdkt a` jb @QTH' a`

Q`j`dklpghdbdhg' PGH_@STHABA ^KJHQDGHDB A@ LBASHA

Ikt Dbscbiktb' Ahs`dqks ~bsb @t~bb' _HTB @PSK^@

Iktp Osbgdk' Ahs`dqks a` A`tbsskjjk Dks~ksbqhvk' ^BGAB TKQUBS@

Ipbg Dbsjkt Xptqbt' S`t~kgtbcj` a` Tèpshaba Jehdb Dks~ksbqhvb' S@^TKJ,

XÔ

Ipbg Ebtdg' Tpcahs`dqks a` Q`j`dklpghdbdhkg`t x Ahs`dqks' OPGABDHG

Q@DGKJKEBT A@ JB HGOKSLBDHG'

Ipbg Lhep`j Lsrp`y Ahs`dqks E`g`sbj a` Lka`sghybdhg' LHGHTQ@SHK A@

BALHGHTQSBDHKG@T ^CJHDBT

Jpt @gshrp` M`sgga`y' Ahs`dqks a` BB'^^' x Tbghaba' HGASB

Jpht Ihlg`y' Iò` a` Pghaba ^kjqhdbt x T`svhdhkt' LHGHTQ@SHK A@ A@O@GTB

DGH

Jpt Lbsqg' Ahs`dqks a` Lbsf`qhge ~bsb `j L`sdbak a` Esbga`t @l~s`tbt'

LHDSKTKOQ

Lbgp`j Ebjjk' Dkgtpjqks hga`~`gah`gq` a` a`tbsskjjk a` gèkdhk x tèpshaba a`

jbt q`j`dklpghdbdhkg`t'

Ktdbs btqks' E`s`gq` a` Tèpshaba' HTA@O@

Tbjvbaks Tkshbgk' Tpcahs`dqks Esbj' a` T`svhdhkt a` jb Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhg'

T'@'Q'T'H' LHGHTQ@SHK A@ HGAPTQSHB* QPSHTLK X DKL@SDHK'

]bvh`s Lhq}`j`gb' Ahs`dqks E`g`sbj' T32T@D'



16/100


@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 2? a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

3 HGQSKAPDDHG

@g 3>>5* dbth `j 80% a` jbt dkl~bbt dkg lt a` 2> `l~j`bakt a` jb Pghg @psk~`bq`gb dkg`}hg b Hgq`sg`q x jb lbxksb a` `jjbt dkgqbcb dkg ~ksqbj u`c1' @j ptk a`j

q`jokgk lvhj x `j ksa`gbaks `tq e`g`sbjhybak `g `j `gqksgk jbcksbj* x jb hgokslqhdb x

jbt dklpghdbdhkg`t t` mbg dkgv`sqhak `g pgb ~bsq` `t`gdhbj a` jb vhab a` jkt dhpababgkt

x a` tpt k~dhkg`t a` kdhk x `gqs`q`ghlh`gqk' @g 3>>5* `j 10% a` jkt mkebs`t `psk~`kt

aht~kgb a` dkg`}hg a` cbgab bgdmb b Hgq`sg`q0 x jb qbtb a` ~`g`qsbdhg a` jb q`jòkgb

lvhj `g @t~bb t` thqp `g `j 22>*0%?' Jkt dkjèhkt x jbt pghv`sthaba`t qh`g`g dkg`}hg

b Hgq`sg`q x `t pgb ~sdqhdb mbchqpbj jb hgqèsbdhg a`j ptk a` jkt ksa`gbaks`t ` Hgq`sg`q

`g jkt ~skd`tkt a` `tqpahk x b~s`gahybi`' Jbt balhghtqsbdhkg`t ~cjhdbt mbg ~p`tqk `g

lbsdmb `tqsbqèhbt a` a`tbsskjjk a` jb Balhghtqsbdhg `j`dqsghdb ~bsb ~s`tqbs pg gl`skds`dh`gq` a` t`svhdhkt ~cjhdkt b qsbvt a` Hgq`sg`q' @g aòhghqhvb* ksa`gbaks`t x

dklpghdbdhkg`t `j`dqsghdbt okslbg ~bsq` a`j dklg a` gp`tqsbt bdqhvhaba`t'

@tqb hgqèsbdhg `g jb vhab ahbshb `tq dkgqshcpx`gak bj gbdhlh`gqk a` pgb ds`dh`gq`

dkgdh`gdhb bd`sdb a` jbt ~kthcj`t vpjg`sbchjhaba`t x jkt sh`tekt `g tp opgdhkgblh`gqk' @g

`tq` dkgq`}qk t` a`tbsskjjb `j dkgd`~qk a` tèpshaba QHD* aòhghak dklk jb db~bdhaba a`

jbt sà`t k a` jkt thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg a` s`thtqhs* dkg pg a`q`slhgbak ghv`j a`

dkgohbgyb* jkt bddha`gq`t k bddhkg`t hjdhqbt k lbjhgq`gdhkgbabt rp` dkl~skl`qbg jb

aht~kghchjhaba* bpq`gqhdhaba* hgqèshaba x dkgoha`gdhbjhaba a` jkt abqkt bjlbd`gbakt kqsbgtlhqhakt x a` jkt t`svhdhkt rp` ahdmbt sà`t kos`d`g k mbd`g bdd`thcj`t5'

@j ~shgdh~bj kci`qk a`j ~s`t`gq` hgoksl` `t ~sk~ksdhkgbs pgb vhthg ejkcbj tkcs` jb

thqpbdhg a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb* bcksabak a`ta` pgb akcj`

~`st~`dqhvb9 jbt g`d`thaba`t rp` dhpababgkt* `l~s`tbt x balhghtqsbdhkg`t a`lbgabg x

jb ko`sqb a` tkjpdhkg`t x t`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba `}htq`gq`t `g `j l`sdbak' @tqb vhthg

ejkcbj gkt ~`slhqhs ha`gqhohdbs làhabt x bdqpbdhkg`t dkgds`qbt rp`* jha`sbabt ~ks `j

t`dqks ~cjhdk x dkg jb ~bsqhdh~bdhg a`j s`tqk a` jkt be`gq`t hgvkjpdsbakt* ~kasbg

hl~pjtbs `j a`tbsskjjk a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb'

1 @psktqbq -3>>5(* Pqhjhybdhg a` Hgq`sg`q ~ks jbt @l~s`tbt'

0 @psktqbq -3>>5(* Hgq`sg`q bdd`tt bga ,tfhjjt hg @P35 hg 3>>5

?

Sà'`t -3>>5(* Hgahdbaks`t t`dqks QHD* Kct`svbqkshk a` jbt Q`j`dklpghdbdhkg`t x jb Tkdhàba a` jb Hgokslbdhgmqq~9++kct`svbqkshk'sà'`t

5 Lbbt* I' B' -3>>?( Ejktbshk'
http://observatorio.red.es/http://observatorio.red.es/


17/100



4 L@SDBAK A@ JB T@EPSHABA QHD

Jb tèpshaba QHD dkgokslb pg t`dqks `g ds`dhlh`gqk' Dpbgqhohdbs `j qblbk a` pgl`sdbak gpgdb `t pgb qbs`b odhj x `g `j dbtk a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba `t bg lt

dkl~jìk' Jb bpt`gdhb a` dhosbt dkgtkjhababt a`j t`dqks tèpshaba* pghab bj tkjb~blh`gqk

a` lpdmbt a` jbt `l~s`tbt rp` k~`sbg `g `j lhtlk dkg kqsbt sblbt a` jb bdqhvhaba QHD*

mbd` rp` kcq`g`s abqkt vbjhabakt x bd`~qbakt ~ks qkakt jkt be`gq`t t`b pgb jbcks ahodhj'

Gh thrph`sb ~pà` bohslbst` rp` `j t`dqks dp`gq` dkg pgb qb}kgklb x pgb djbthohdbdhg

a` jbt bdqhvhaba`t `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD rp` dkgtqhqpxb pg lbsdk a` sò`s`gdhb'

Tkg lpdmbt jbt qb}kgklbt aòhghabt* x lpx aho`s`gq`t jbt dhosbt a` l`sdbak ~pcjhdbabt*

a`gqsk a`j bl~jhk lbsdk rp` `gejkcb `j dkgd`~qk a` tèpshaba QHD'

B `tqb ahohdpjqba a`c` bbahst` jb sb~ha`y dkg jb rp` t` a`t`gvp`jv` `tq` l`sdbak* qbgqk

`g jk rp` t` sòh`s` b gp`vbt bl`gbybt dklk b gp`vkt ~skapdqkt x t`svhdhkt' @g pg

`gqksgk qbg dblchbgq` gk `t odhj aht~kg`s a` abqkt a` l`sdbak x* l`gkt bg* a` t`sh`t

mhtqshdbt'

Bpg s`dkgkdh`gak `tqb ahohdpjqba* dkgqbs dkg dhosbt a` l`sdbak `t `t`gdhbj ~bsb ~ka`s

~skopgahybs `g `j dkgkdhlh`gqk a` jb thqpbdhg' @tq` b~bsqbak ~sk~ksdhkgb pgb

dpbgqhohdbdhg a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb cbtbak `g jkt hgoksl`t

~pcjhdbakt ~ks jbt dkgtpjqksbt HAD x Ebsqg`s' ^ks qkak `jjk* ~kg`s `g lbsdmb jbt

hghdhbqhvbt g`d`tbshbt ~bsb ~ka`s dkgqbs dkg pgbt dhosbt a` l`sdbak rp` sòjì`g jb

s`bjhaba a`j t`dqks t` s`v`jbs dklk pg obdqks hl~ksqbgq` ~bsb hl~pjtbs a` okslb ò`dqhvb

`j a`tbsskjjk a` `tq` l`sdbak'

4'2 Qb}kgklb a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD

Jb tèpshaba a` jbt sà`t x jkt thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg a`c` ebsbgqhybs jb aht~kghchjhaba

a` t`svhdhkt x abqkt* hl~àhs jb hgq`ssp~dhg x jb hgq`sd`~qbdhg gk bpqkshybab a`

dklpghdbdhkg`t* dkgohslbs rp` jkt abqkt `gvhbakt* s`dhchakt k bjlbd`gbakt `tqg

dkl~j`qkt ` hgbjq`sbakt* btèpsbs tp dkgoha`gdhbjhaba* ~skqè`s jkt thtq`lbt a`hgokslbdhg dkgqsb bdd`tkt gk bpqkshybakt k bqbrp`t s`jbdhkgbakt dkg tkoqubs`

lbjhdhktk x ebsbgqhybs jb bpq`gqhdbdhg ohbcj` rp` dkgohsl` jb ha`gqhaba a` `gqhaba`t k

ptpbshkt='

^bsb dpbgqhohdbs `j l`sdbak rp` ab s`t~p`tqb b qkabt jbt g`d`thaba`t s`dkehabt `g `tq`

dkgd`~qk a` tèpshaba QHD t` mb `l~j`bak pgb tèl`gqbdhg `g qs`t s`bt a` bdqhvhaba9

mbsaubs` a` tèpshaba* tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba x t`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba' @g jb theph`gq`

ohepsb t` a`qbjjb jkt `j`l`gqkt dkgtha`sbakt `g dbab pgk a` jkt tèl`gqkt' @j Bg`}k HHH

s`dke` jbt aòhghdhkg`t btkdhbabt b dbab pgb a` `tqbt s`bt a` bdqhvhaba'

= Dklhthg @psk~`b -3>>4(' @tqbcjhtmhge qm` @psk~`bg G`quksf bga Hgokslbqhkg T`dpshqx Be`gdx'


18/100


@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 2= a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

Esohdk 29 Qb}kgklb ~bsb `j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba

Op`gq`9 HAD

4'3 L`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb

@j l`sdbak lpgahbj a` jb tèpshaba mb `}~`shl`gqbak op`sq`t ds`dhlh`gqkt `g jkt jqhlkt

bkt* tplbgak ds`dhlh`gqkt hl~ksqbgq`t a` okslb hghgq`sspl~hab' @j l`sdbak `t~bkj a`

tèpshaba bjdbgy `g 3>>?* a` bdp`sak dkg jbt `tqhlbdhkg`t a` HAD8* jkt ?25*3L' @tqb

dhosb s`~s`t`gqb `j 1*3% a`j qkqbj a`j l`sdbak QHD `t~bkj* rp` op` `g `t` lhtlk bk a`

21'01>*5L' Jb esohdb theph`gq` lp`tqsb jb b~ksqbdhg a` dbab tèl`gqk bj l`sdbak

qkqbj a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb'

8 HAD -3>>?(* @j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba `g @t~bb

Tèpshaba QHD

Mbsaubs` a` tèpshaba Tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba T`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba

MU a`

bpq`gqhdbdhg

Aht~kthqhvkt

othdkt

E`tqhg a`

ha`gqhaba`t x

dkgqskj a`

bdd`tkt -HBL(

E`tqhg a`

vpjg`sbchjhaba`t

-T_L(

T`dpshybdhg

a` dkgq`ghakt

-TDL(

E`tqhg a`

bl`gbybt

Kqsk tkoqubs`

a` tèpshaba

Aht~kthqhvkt

chklqshdkt

Aht~kthqhvkt a`

bpq`gqhdbdhg

Qbsi`qbt

hgq`jhe`gq`t

Kqskt

TDL

HAT/H^T

PQL

OU+_^G

^skvhthg a`

ptpbshkt

Bpq`gqhdbdhg

jèbj

TTK

Bpq`gqhdbdhg

bvbgybab

^FH

T`svhdhkt a`

ahs`dqkshk

Kqskt

Dpl~jhlh`gqk a`

gkslbt

E`tqhg a`

vpjg`sbchjhaba`t

E`tqhg a`

`v`gqkt

Kqskt -bgqh,

`t~bt(

Tèpshaba g

l`gtbi`sb

Ohjqsbak U`c

Bgqhvhspt

HAT/H^T

TU a` Ohsùbjj

@apdbdhg

T`svhdhkt

e`tqhkgbakt

Hl~j`l`gqbdhg

a` tkjpdhkg`t

Dkgtpjqksb


19/100



Esohdk 39 L`sdbak `t~bkj a` tèpshaba `g 3>>? 2>

448*2L6 01*8%331*1L6 4?*1%

04*5L6 =*5%

T`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba Tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba Mbsaubs` a` tèpshaba

Op`gq`9 HAD

Mbsaubs` a` tèpshaba

@j l`sdbak a` mbsaubs` `t `j tèl`gqk lt ~`rp`k* s`~s`t`gqbgak `j =*5% a`j qkqbj'@g jb bdqpbjhaba* `j l`sdbak a` mbsaubs` t` dkgd`gqsb cthdbl`gq` `g `j tèl`gqk a`

ohsùbjjtx _^G -_hsqpbj ^shvbq` G`quksf* sà ~shvbab vhsqpbj(* ~`sk ~pà` kct`svbst` pgb

djbsb q`ga`gdhb a` ds`dhlh`gqk a` jkt tèl`gqkt a` TDL -T`dps` Dkgq`gq Lbgbe`l`gq(

x* tkcs` qkak* PQL -Pghohà Qms`bq Lbgbe`l`gq(' Jb g`d`thaba a` tkjpdhkg`t hgqèsbabt

x dkgtkjhababt a` bjlbd`gblh`gqk tq hl~pjtbgak tq` l`sdbak'

T`svhdhkt a` tèpshaba

@j tèl`gqk lt s`~s`t`gqbqhvk `g jb bdqpbjhaba `t `j a` t`svhdhkt* dkg pg vbjks rp`

s`~s`t`gqb `j 01*8% a`j qkqbj a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba' @g `j tèl`gqk a` t`svhdhkt

`tqg dkgv`seh`gak pg esbg gl`sk a` be`gq`t rp` a`tbsskjjbg `j gèkdhk a` jb

dkgtpjqksb x jb hgqèsbdhg a` tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba' Qblchg t` kct`svb `j

~kthdhkgblh`gqk `g tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba e`tqhkgbabt'

Tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba

@j l`sdbak a` tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba dkgd`gqsb `j 4?*1% a`j l`sdbak `t~bkj a`

tèpshaba' @tq` l`sdbak `tq bjqbl`gq` dkgd`gqsbak `g `j tèl`gqk a` e`tqhg x

2> @j mbsaubsà` bpq`gqhdbdhg gk `tq hgdjphak


20/100


t`dpshybdhg a` dkgq`ghakt* `j lt s`~s`t`gqbqhvk `gqs` jbt tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba

bak~qbabt ~ks `j l`sdbak a` dkgtplk x TKMK -Tlbjj Koohd`,Mkl` Koohd`(' @j tèpgak

l`sdbak lt s`j`vbgq` `t `j a` e`tqhg a` bl`gbybt'

4'4 Be`gq`t a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba `g @t~bb

B jk jbsek a` jkt jqhlkt bkt t` mb ~`sdhchak pgb `tqspdqpsb dblchbgq` a`j t`dqks a` jb

tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb* dkg ahtqhgqkt ~skd`tkt a` hgqèsbdhg a`gqsk a` jb hgaptqshb x jb

dkgtqbgq` b~bshdhg a` gp`vkt bdqks`t* ~skapdqkt x t`svhdhkt' A`gqsk a` `tqb `tqspdqpsb

jkt be`gq`t s`j`vbgq`t `g `j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD ~pà`g besp~bst` `g dhgdk

dbqèksbt9

Obcshdbgq`t a` tkoqubs` a` tèpshaba' Jkt a`tbsskjjbaks`t a` m`ssblh`gqbt a`tkoqubs` ipèbg pg ~b~`j ~bsqhdpjbsl`gq` s`j`vbgq` `g `j l`sdbak* dkgqbgak

@t~bb dkg hl~ksqbgq`t `l~s`tbt `g `j dbl~k a` jb ~skq`ddhg os`gq` b dahek

lbjhdhktk -bgqhvhspt('

Obcshdbgq`t a` mbsaubs` a` tèpshaba' @gqs` jkt be`gq`t hgqèsbgq`t a`j

l`sdbak `t~bkj t` `gdp`gqsbg `l~s`tbt rp` dpcs`g qkabt jbt dbqèksbt a` jb

qb}kgklb pqhjhybab `g jb a`tdsh~dhg a`j l`sdbak9 aht~kthqhvkt chklqshdkt*

mbsaubs` a` bpq`gqhdbdhg* qbsi`qbt hgq`jhe`gq`t* qd'

Ahtqshcphaks`t a` tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba' Hgq`slàhbshkt rp` tplhghtqsbg jbtahtqhgqbt tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba -mbsaubs`* tkoqubs` x t`svhdhkt( b esbga`t

`l~s`tbt* ~xl`t x ~bsqhdpjbs`t'

Hgqèsbaks`t `t~`dhbjhybakt `g tèpshaba' Jkt hgqèsbaks`t `t~`dhbjhybakt `g

tèpshaba qblchg ipèbg pg hl~ksqbgq` ~b~`j `g `j l`sdbak `t~bkj* bj t`s jkt

rp` ahs`dqbl`gq` `gqsbg `g dkgqbdqk dkg jkt ptpbshkt'

Dkgtpjqks`t x bpahqks`t a` tèpshaba' Jbt `l~s`tbt a` dkgtpjqksb x bpahqksb

tkg bdqks`t s`j`vbgq`t `g `j t`dqks* ~p`tqk rp` bxpabg b jbt `l~s`tbt b aòhghs~kjqhdbt a` tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg* bgbjhybs jkt sh`tekt a` hgokslbdhg x qklbs

làhabt `gejkcbabt `g jkt ~jbg`t ahs`dqks`t a` tèpshaba'

@j BG@]K H_ s`dke` pgb bl~jhb sò`s`gdhb a` jbt `l~s`tbt a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba

QHD `g @t~bb' Jkt theph`gq`t b~bsqbakt l`gdhkgbg bjepgbt a` jbt `l~s`tbt `t~bkjbt

rp` a`tqbdbg `t~`dhbjl`gq` ~ks tp bvbgybab q`dgkjkeb k ~ks tp op`sq` hl~jbgqbdhg `g

`j l`sdbak'



21/100


1 OBDQKS@T HL^PJTKS@T @ HGMHCHAKS@T

Jb a`tdsh~dhg a` jb thqpbdhg bdqpbj a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb a`càbs ~btk bj bgjhtht a` jkt obdqks`t obdhjhqbaks`t k hgmhchaks`t a`j a`tbsskjjk a` `tq`

l`sdbak'

A`j bgjhtht a` jkt obdqks`t rp` qh`g`g jb db~bdhaba a` hgojphs `g jb `vkjpdhg a`j l`sdbak

a` jb tèpshaba QHD ~pà`g a`shvbst` `j`l`gqkt ~bsb aòhghs ~kjqhdbt ` hghdhbqhvbt rp`

hl~pjt`g jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb x ~`slhqbg cbtbs jb tèpshaba `j a`tbsskjjk a` pgb

hgaptqshb QHD a` s`j`vbgdhb'

1'2 Obdqks`t hgmhchaks`t a` jb tèpshaba QHD

@j l`sdbak `t~bkj ~s`t`gqb bjepgkt obdqks`t rp` ahohdpjqbg `j a`tbsskjjk a`j t`dqks a` jb

tèpshaba QHD* `gdkgqsgakt` jkt lt hl~ksqbgq`t `g `j jbak a` jb a`lbgab' Jb cbib

~`sd`~dhg a`j sh`tek x jbt bdqhqpa`t s`bdqhvbt a` jkt ptpbshkt dkgohepsbg `j ~shgdh~bj

a`tbok rp` a`c`g tp~`sbs jkt be`gq`t a`j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD'

1'2'2 Cbib ~`sd`~dhg a`j sh`tek9 th `j ~skcj`lb gk t` v`* gk `}htq`

Jb cbib ~`sd`~dhg a`j sh`tek ~ks ~bsq` a` jkt ptpbshkt -qbgqk s`tha`gdhbj`t dklk

`l~s`tbshbj`t( dkgqshcpx` b jb `}htq`gdhb a` thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg a`t~skqèhakt x b jb

s~hab ahopthg a`j lbjubs`b qsbvt a` jbt sà`t a` dklpghdbdhg'

Pgk a` jkt ~shgdh~bj`t obdqks`t rp` hgojpx`g `g jb cbib ~`sd`~dhg a`j sh`tek `t jb okslb

thj`gdhktb rp` bak~qbg jb lbxks ~bsq` a` jkt bqbrp`t dkgqsb jb tèpshaba QHD' @j

ì`l~jk lt djbsk a` `tq` qh~k a` bqbrp`t tkg jbt ckqg`qt* sà`t a` ksa`gbaks`t rp`

mbg thak hgo`dqbakt dkg bjeg qh~k a` lbjubs`rp` ~`slhq`g bj k~`sbaks a` jb ckqg`q`j

dkgqskj a` `tqkt `rph~kt* gkslbjl`gq` ~bsb ohg`t ~kdk qhdkt* thg rp` `j ~sk~h`qbshk

jjèp` b t`s dkgtdh`gq` a` `jjk' @j ptpbshk gk jjèb gpgdb b ~`sdhchs jbt bl`gbybt k

sh`tekt* ~ks jk rp` t` dkgtha`sb tpohdh`gq`l`gq` ~skqèhak x tp ~`sd`~dhg bgq` `j sh`tek

qh`ga` b ahtlhgphs'

1'2'3 Bdqhqpa s`bdqhvb os`gq` b jb tèpshaba

@g e`g`sbj jkt ptpbshkt gk qklbg làhabt ~skbdqhvbt ~bsb `vhqbs ~skcj`lbt a`

tèpshaba' @tqb bdqhqpa s`bdqhvb os`gq` b jkt ~skcj`lbt a` tèpshaba qh`g` dklk

dkgt`dp`gdhb pg qh~k a` a`lbgab a` pse`gdhb* `g jb rp` `j djh`gq` cptdb tkjpdhkgbs

s~habl`gq` tp ~skcj`lb x s`dpss` b tkjpdhkg`t ~bsdhbj`t* `g jpebs a` cptdbs pgb

hl~jbgqbdhg ò`dqhvb x ejkcbj* cbtbab `g pg cp`g bgjhtht a` sh`tekt'

Jb dkgt`dp`gdhb a`j dbsdq`s s`bdqhvk a` pgb ~bsq` hl~ksqbgq` a` jb a`lbgab dkgohepsb

pg l`sdbak ~kdk `tqbcj` x tpi`qk b ojpdqpbdhkg`t ~kdk ~sà`dhcj`t' @tqb thqpbdhgs`~s`t`gqb pgb ahohdpjqba thgepjbs ~bsb jbt `l~s`tbt rp` a`tbsskjjbg x dkl`sdhbjhybg



22/100


~skapdqkt* t`svhdhkt x tkjpdhkg`t s`jbdhkgbabt dkg jb tèpshaba QHD* jk rp` dkgjj`vb `g

lpdmkt dbtkt `tqsbgepjblh`gqkt a` jb ko`sqb x b pgb objqb a` ba`dpbdhg `gqs` jbt

g`d`thaba`t x jbt tkjpdhkg`t ~sk~p`tqbt'

1'2'4 Dktq` x dkl~jìhaba a` jbt m`ssblh`gqbt a` tèpshaba QHD

Bj hepbj rp` kdpss` dkg kqskt ~skapdqkt QHD* jbt m`ssblh`gqbt a` tèpshaba b l`gpak

cbpqhyb dkg gklcs`t qdghdkt b jbt bl`gbybt rp` tjk tkg ba`dpbabl`gq` lbgìbakt

~ks ~`stkgbt db~bdhqbabt `g `tqbt s`bt' B jbt ahohdpjqba`t a`shvbabt a`j ptk a`

gklcs`t ~kdk dkl~s`gthcj`t t` tplbg jbt ahohdpjqba`t a` hgtqbjbdhg* lbgìk x

pqhjhybdhg rp` ~pà`g dkgapdhs b pgb hgb~sk~hbab pqhjhybdhg a` jkt lhtlkt k pgb cbib

vbjksbdhg ~ks ~bsq` a`j djh`gq` a` bjepgbt tkjpdhkg`t'

@v`gqpbjl`gq` jbt `l~s`tbt ~pà`g dkgtha`sbs `j`vbak `j dktq` a` jbt m`ssblh`gqbt a`

tèpshaba' Jbt hgv`sthkg`t `g tèpshaba QHD gk tkg odhj`t a` iptqhohdbs th gk `}htq` pgb

dpjqpsb a` tèpshaba x pgb djbsb ~`sd`~dhg a`j sh`tek' Jb bjhg`bdhg a` jb hgv`sthg `g

tèpshaba QHD dkg `j gèkdhk a` jbt ~xl`t `t pgb qbs`b ~`gah`gq` `g jb lbxksb a` jbt

`l~s`tbt t~bkjbt'

1'3 Obdqks`t hl~pjtks`t a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD

Mbtqb bmksb `j ~shgdh~bj obdqks a` hl~pjtk a`j l`sdbak a` tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb mb

q`ghak tp kshe`g `g jbt kcjhebdhkg`t a`shvbabt a` jb gkslbqhvb' Thg `lcbsek* `tq` obdqks

gk `t `j ghdk dkg db~bdhaba ~bsb hl~pjtbs `j l`sdbak6 `}htq`g kqskt dklk jb dkl~sb

~cjhdb* `j b~kxk b jb H&A&h* jb d`sqhohdbdhg* `qd'

1'3'2 Jèhtjbdhg x sèpjbdhg

Jb jèhtjbdhg dkgtqhqpx` pg ~ka`sktk hgtqspl`gqk ~bsb dkgohepsbs jb a`lbgab x tp~jhs ~ks

jb vb a` jb kcjhebdhg jèbj thqpbdhkg`t a` objqb a` t`gthchjhybdhg ~ks ~bsq` a` jkt

ptpbshkt' Pg cp`g ì`l~jk a` `jjk t`sb jb J`x Kseghdb a` ^skq`ddhg a` Abqkt

^`stkgbj`t rp` `tqbcj`d` kcjhebdhkg`t dkgds`qbt tkcs` jb okslb `g rp` dpbjrph`s

`l~s`tb p ksebghtlk mb a` ebsbgqhybs jb tèpshaba a` jkt abqkt rp` bo`dqbg b jb

hgqhlhaba a` jbt ~`stkgbt* x rp` `t a` b~jhdbdhg b qkab djbt` a` `l~s`tbt p ksebghtlkt

dkg hga`~`ga`gdhb a` tp ahl`gthg'

@tq` obdqks* ~ks tp s`j`vbgdhb* t` bgbjhyb dkg lt a`qbjj` `g `j Db~qpjk 5* aàhdbak b jbt

~kjqhdbt ~cjhdbt' A`j lhtlk lkak* `j BG@]K H s`dke` jb jèhtjbdhg `t~bkjb dkg

hgdha`gdhb ahs`dqb k hgahs`dqb `g `j lchqk a` jb tèpshaba QHD'

1'3'3 Hl~pjtk b jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD

Thg apab* `j `tjbcg lt achj a`j l`sdbak `t~bkj `t jb a`lbgab' Jb cbib ~`sd`~dhg

a`j sh`tek x jb bdqhqpa s`bdqhvb dkgtqhqpx`g* dklk t` mb t`bjbak* os`gkt djbskt bja`tbsskjjk a`j t`dqks' Bpgrp` t` hgq`gqb tp~`sbs `tqkt obdqks`t b qsbvt a` làhabt a`



23/100


dkgdh`gdhbdhg a` jkt ptpbshkt -xb t`bg s`tha`gdhbj`t* ~xl`t k esbga`t `l~s`tbt(* gk

~bs`d` rp` `tqg abgak* ~ks `j lkl`gqk* jkt ospqkt `t~`sbakt' Jb lkahohdbdhg a` jkt

mchqkt a` jb a`lbgab t` ~`sohjb dklk `j `j`l`gqk djbv` ~bsb jb dkgtkjhabdhg a` pgl`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba lbapsk'

b( Okslbdhg x dkgdh`gdhbdhg s`t~`dqk b jb tèpshaba QHD

Jkt mkebs`t x jbt `l~s`tbt gk th`l~s` tbc`g rp tèpshaba QHD ~s`dhtbg* gk tkg

dkgtdh`gq`t a` jb dblchbgq` gbqpsbj`yb a` jbt bl`gbybt gh dkgkd`g tpohdh`gq`l`gq` tpt

kcjhebdhkg`t jèbj`t' @g `tq` `td`gbshk ~bs`d` djbsb jb g`d`thaba a` bpl`gqbs jbt

hghdhbqhvbt okslbqhvbt x ahvpjebqhvbt ~bsb ds`bs pgb dpjqpsb a` jb tèpshaba bgq` jb objqb a`

dkgdh`gdhbdhg a` lpdmkt dhpababgkt x cp`gb ~bsq` a` jbt `l~s`tbt `t~bkjbt*

`t~`dhbjl`gq` jbt ~xl`t'

Jb db~bdhaba a` jkt làhkt a` dklpghdbdhg ~bsb jb ahvpjebdhg a` jb dpjqpsb a`

tèpshaba x jb t`gthchjhybdhg a` jb ~kcjbdhg `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD t` mb ~p`tqk

a` lbghoh`tqk `g gpl`sktbt kdbthkg`t' @g `tq` t`gqhak* `t g`d`tbshk a`tqbdbs jb jbcks

rp` ~pcjhdbdhkg`t `t~`dhbjhybabt dklk jbt s`vhtqbt `t~bkjbt THD* Sà Tèpshaba*

Bpahqkshb x Tèpshaba k `T`dpshqx vh`g`g s`bjhybgak a`ta` mbd` bkt* kos`dh`gak

hgokslbdhg shepsktb rp` thsv` ~bsb abs b dkgkd`s* okslbs x t`gthchjhybs b `l~s`tbt x

balhghtqsbdhkg`t ~cjhdbt tkcs` jkt ahtqhgqkt bt~`dqkt a` jb tèpshaba hgokslqhdb x jkt

~skapdqkt x t`svhdhkt* bt dklk hl~pjtbgak x dkm`thkgbgak b jb hgaptqshb a` tèpshabaQHD `g gp`tqsk ~bt'

Thg `lcbsek* `t hl~ksqbgq` t`bjbs rp` `g bjepgbt kdbthkg`t `g jkt làhkt a`

dklpghdbdhg e`g`sbjhtqbt `tq` qh~k a` gkqhdhbt ~pà` ~`dbs a` pg qkgk bjbslhtqb rp`

~pà` ds`bs s`qhd`gdhbt mbdhb `j ptk a` jbt q`dgkjkebt' ^bsb `vhqbs `tq` sh`tek t`sb

~s`dhtk ~kg`s b aht~kthdhg a` jkt làhkt abqkt rp` ~`slhqh`t`g dkgq`}qpbjhybs jbt

bl`gbybt rp` t` ~skapd`g x okslbs b jkt ~`shkahtqbt `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD'

T` mbd` hl~s`tdhgahcj`* hepbjl`gq`* ds`bs `j `gqksgk ba`dpbak ~bsb rp` ~`stkgbt k

hgtqhqpdhkg`t ~kdk hgokslbabt* k a`t`ktbt a` oblb* gk `gdp`gqs`g dbchab `g jbt gkqhdhbt

s`dkehabt ~ks jkt làhkt a` dklpghdbdhg'

c( D`sqhohdbdhg a` jb tèpshaba

Jb b~bshdhg a` `tqgabs`t hgq`sgbdhkgbj`t x t`jjkt a` d`sqhohdbdhg ~sk~ksdhkgb b jbt

`l~s`tbt pg lka`jk ~bsb jb ~p`tqb `g lbsdmb a` hghdhbqhvbt a` tèpshaba QHD

~sklkvh`gak dahekt a` cp`gbt ~sdqhdbt x obdhjhqbgak `j dpl~jhlh`gqk a` jbt

kcjhebdhkg`t jèbj`t' Ipgqk bj hl~bdqk `g jb dbjhaba x mklke`g`haba a` jbt ~kjqhdbt a`

tèpshaba* lpdmbt `l~s`tbt qblchg vbjksbg `j ò`dqk ~kthqhvk rp`* ~bsb tp hlbe`g* tà`shvb a`j dpl~jhlh`gqk a` `tqgabs`t x gkslbt' Jkt `tqgabs`t x jkt t`jjkt a`



24/100


d`sqhohdbdhg tkg pg `j`l`gqk cthdk ~bsb dkksahgbs jkt `top`sykt a` hgtqhqpdhkg`t*

`l~s`tbt x mkebs`t'

Jb d`sqhohdbdhg ~pà` t`s jb cbt` a` pgb `tqsbqèhb `g tèpshaba QHD rp` hl~pjt` `j

a`tbsskjjk a`j l`sdbak' @tqgabs`t dklk Dkllkg Dshq`shb k jbt gkslbt HTK mbg

tp~p`tqk pg hl~pjtk ~kthqhvk ~bsb jb dkgdh`gdhbdhg x ~p`tqb `g lbsdmb a` ~skx`dqkt `g

tèpshaba QHD a`gqsk a`j lchqk `l~s`tbshbj' @g `j Bg`}k HH t` s`dke`g jkt ~shgdh~bj`t

`tqgabs`t pqhjhybakt g j t`dqks'

1'3'4 Ds`dh`gq` sh`tek bgq` jbt bl`gbybt a` tèpshaba

b( ^sko`thkgbjhybdhg a` jkt bqbrp`t

^pà` dkgtqbqbst` rp` `g jkt jqhlkt bkt t` mb ~btbak a` bqbrp`t cbtbakt `g vhspt*qskxbgkt x eptbgkt b kqskt os`dp`gq`l`gq` cbtbakt `g ksebghybdhkg`t a`jhdqhvbt rp`

dp`gqbg dkg sà`t a` `rph~kt t`dp`tqsbakt x ljqh~j`t m`ssblh`gqbt q`dgkjehdbt rp`

dklchgbg tèg tpt g`d`thaba`t' @j kci`qhvk a`j bqbdbgq` mb aìbak a` t`s jb l`sb

gkqkshàba ~bsb ~btbs b q`g`s ohg`t `dkglhdkt* a` `}qksthg* skck x `t~hkgbi`' @g

aòhghqhvb* jkt bqbrp`t b jb tèpshaba t` mbg ~sko`thkgbjhybak a` lbg`sb hl~ksqbgq`*

a`t~jbybak tp okdk b jb kcq`gdhg a` c`gòhdhkt `dkglhdkt'

Jb ~sko`thkgbjhybdhg x jb lbxks esbvàba a` jkt bqbrp`t ~pà`g t`s dkgtha`sbakt dklk

hl~ksqbgq`t obdqks`t a` hl~pjtk `g `j lchqk a` jb tèpshaba QHD* `g jb làhab `g rp`kcjhebg b s`bddhkgbs dkg gp`vkt t`svhdhkt x ~skapdqkt ba`dpbakt lt dkl~jìkt rp`* b

tp v`y* t`sg kci`qk a` gp`vkt x lt tkohtqhdbakt bqbrp`t'

c( ^skq`ddhg a` hgosb`tqspdqpsbt dsqhdbt

T` dkgtha`sbg hgosb`tqspdqpsbt dsqhdbt qkabt brp`jjbt rp` tkg hl~s`tdhgahcj`t ~bsb `j

cp`g opgdhkgblh`gqk a`j ~bt* qbj`t dklk jb `g`seb `jdqshdb* q`j`dklpghdbdhkg`t*

tplhghtqsk a` dklcptqhcj`* t`svhdhkt a` qsbgt~ksq`* t`svhdhkt tbghqbshkt* tèpshaba* `qd' Pg

hgdha`gq` `g pg thtq`lb QHD ~pà` ~skvkdbs pgb dba`gb a` hgdha`gq`t `g jb sà a`

hgosb`tqspdqpsbt dsqhdbt* rp` b tp v`y ~pà`g ~skvkdbs jb ~bsbjhybdhg a` jbt bdqhvhaba`t

~skapdqhvbt a` lpjqhqpa a` ksebghybdhkg`t' Abak `j bjqk sh`tek* jb tèpshaba a` `tqbt

hgosb`tqspdqpsbt t` ~`sthep` dkg `t~`dhbj gobtht* x ~ks `jjk opgdhkgb dklk pg hl~ksqbgq`

obdqks a` hl~pjtk a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD'

1'3'1 B~kxk bj t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD

b( ^skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t hl~pjtbakt ~ks jkt ~ka`s`t ~cjhdkt

Jkt ~skx`dqkt hl~pjtbakt ~ks `j t`dqks ~cjhdk ~pà`g q`g`s pgb hgdha`gdhb ahs`dqb `g `j

a`tbsskjjk a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD' @g `tq` t`gqhak* jb Balhghtqsbdhg mb ~p`tqk`g lbsdmb ~skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t `lcj`lqhdkt rp` a`c`sbg q`g`s pg op`sq` hl~bdqk `g `j



25/100


opqpsk a`j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba' Jkt ~skx`dqkt qsbdqks`t obdhjhqbg b jbt `l~s`tbt

ko`s`gq`t a` tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba QHD jb ~jbghohdbdhg a` tpt hgv`sthkg`t `g H&A&h

q`gh`gak `g dp`gqb jbt g`d`thaba`t b làhk ~jbyk a` jkt dkl~sbaks`t ~cjhdkt' @gqs`jbt hghdhbqhvbt ~p`tqbt `g lbsdmb `g gp`tqsk ~bt a`tqbdb* ~ks tp `gksl` ~kq`gdhbj* `j

~skx`dqk a`j AGH `j`dqsghdk' ^ks tp hl~ksqbgdhb* `tq` obdqks a` hl~pjtk t` bgbjhyb dkg

lt a`qbjj` `g `j Db~qpjk 5 aàhdbak b jbt ~kjqhdbt ~cjhdbt'

Lt bjj a` tp bdqhvhaba dklk jèhtjbaks k sèpjbaks* `j t`dqks ~cjhdk `t pg esbg

dkgtplhaks a` jbt tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba QHD* g`d`tbshbt ~bsb `j a`tbsskjjk a` jkt

t`svhdhkt rp` ~s`tqb b jkt dhpababgkt -tbghaba* iptqhdhb* àpdbdhg( k ~bsb bq`ga`s tpt

~sk~hbt g`d`thaba`t -aò`gtb* qshcpqkt(' @j ~`tk a` jb tèpshaba `g jb lbxksb a` jkt

~skx`dqkt QHD ~cjhdkt gk `t bg jk tpohdh`gq`l`gq` bjqk dklk ~bsb hgdhahs* `g `j esbak `g

rp` ~kasb* `g `j a`tbsskjjk a`j t`dqks'

c( B~kxk b jb H&A&h x b jb ohgbgdhbdhg a` gp`vbt `l~s`tbt a` tèpshaba QHD

Jb tèpshaba QHD ~s`t`gqb pg `j`vbak esbak a` dkl~jìhaba qdghdb* rp` ~bsb `j

a`tbsskjjk a` gp`vkt ~skapdqkt x tkjpdhkg`t `}he` hl~ksqbgq`t `top`sykt a` H&A&h

apsbgq` ~`shkakt a` qh`l~k ~skjkgebakt' Qkak `jjk t` qsbapd` `g pgb ahohdpjqba ~bsb jb

kcq`gdhg a` s`dpstkt `dkglhdkt* a`shvbab a` jb ~`sd`~dhg a` sh`tek rp` jkt be`gq`t

ohgbgdh`skt lp`tqsbg mbdhb pg l`sdbak gk a`j qkak lbapsk x dkg pgb a`lbgab ds`dh`gq`

~`sk dpxbt jg`bt gk `tqg tpohdh`gq`l`gq` aòhghabt' @t `tqb thqpbdhg jb rp` bdkgtìbvbjksbs `j b~kxk b jb hgv`sthg `g H&A&h dklk pg obdqks a` hl~pjtk lpx theghohdbqhvk'

@tq` b~kxk tp~kg` pg hgd`gqhvk ~bsb rp` jbt gp`vbt `l~s`tbt t` `tqbcj`ydbg `g `j

l`sdbak x jbt xb `tqbcj`dhabt* ~pàbg kcq`g`s pg s`qksgk ~ks `j `top`syk s`bjhybak `g `j

~btbak'



26/100


0 BGJHTHT A@ JB A@LBGAB A@ T@EPSHABA QHD

@j bgjhtht a` jb thqpbdhg a` jb a`lbgab dkg bdqks`t dkg pg dkl~ksqblh`gqk lpx ~kdkmklkeg`k `t pg `j`l`gqk cthdk ~bsb hl~pjtbs `j l`sdbak a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g

gp`tqsk ~bt'

Jbt esbga`t dks~ksbdhkg`t* jbt Balhghtqsbdhkg`t ^cjhdbt x a`q`slhgbakt t`dqks`t

`dkglhdkt dklk jkt t`svhdhkt ohgbgdh`skt* ~bsb jkt rp` jkt thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg x `j

ptk a` jbt QHD s`tpjqbg dsqhdkt mbg bjdbgybak* `g e`g`sbj* pg hl~ksqbgq` esbak a`

dkgdh`gdhbdhg tkcs` jb hl~ksqbgdhb a` jb tèpshaba QHD* x mbg hak akqgakt` a` jkt

s`dpstkt g`d`tbshkt ~bsb ~s`v`ghs ~kthcj`t ~skcj`lbt x ~bsb btèpsbs jb dkgqhgphaba a`

tp bdqhvhaba b qsbvt a` jb aht~kghchjhaba a` jbt tkjpdhkg`t QHD'

^ks kqsk jbak `}htq` pg tèl`gqk* qblchg m`q`skeg`k* dkl~p`tqk ~ks `l~s`tbt x

ksebghybdhkg`t esbga`t x làhbgbt a` t`dqks`t `g jkt rp` jb tèpshaba QHD s`tpjqb

l`gkt dsqhdb* `l~s`tbt x ksebghybdhkg`t a` ahl`gthg lt sàpdhab* ~sko`thkgbj`t x

ptpbshkt akltqhdkt' @tq` tèl`gqk ~s`t`gqb pg ghv`j a` a`lbgab lpdmk lt sàpdhak

` hg`tqbcj`* lpx s`bdqhvk b ~skcj`lbt dkgds`qkt'

^bsqh`gak a` `tqb s`bjhaba `j bgjhtht a` jb a`lbgab t` bcksab aho`s`gdhbgak dklk

tèl`gqkt ahtqhgqkt jkt mkebs`t* jbt ~xl`t x jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt'

0'2 A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g mkebs`t

@j bgjhtht a` jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g mkebs`t `tq cbtbak `g `j @tqpahk tkcs`

jb Tèpshaba x jb `Dkgohbgyb `g jkt mkebs`t `t~bkj`t s`bjhybak ~ks HGQ@DK* rp` xb

bjdbgyb tp dpbsqb kj`bab' @g tp aht`k l`qkakjehdk t` dklchgbg làhabt kci`qhvbt a`

hgdha`gdhbt x `rph~blh`gqk dkg làhabt tpci`qhvbt a` ~`sd`~dhg a` jb tèpshaba x

dkgohbgyb `g jb Sà' ^bsb `jbcksbs ahdmk hgoksl`* HGQ@DK dp`gqb dkg pg ~bg`j lt a`

4'>>> mkebs`t dkg`dqbakt b Hgq`sg`q a` jkt rp` t` `}qsb` hgokslbdhg a` tèpshaba s`bj b

qsbvt a` pg tkoqubs` rp` bgbjhyb jbt hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba' Qblchg t` bgbjhyb jb

~`sd`~dhg x ghv`j a` dkgohbgyb a` jkt ptpbshkt làhbgq` jb s`bjhybdhg a` `gdp`tqbt

~`stkgbj`t' Jb dklchgbdhg a` blcbt op`gq`t a` abqkt ~`slhq` dkgkd`s jbt aho`s`gdhbt

`}htq`gq`t `gqs` jb ~`sd`~dhg a` jb tèpshaba x jb thqpbdhg s`bj a` jkt mkebs`t

bgbjhybakt'

0'2'2 Làhabt bak~qbabt

@g opgdhg a`j esbak a` hgq`sv`gdhg a` jkt ptpbshkt* t` ahtqhgep`g akt qh~kt a` làhabt

a` tèpshaba bak~qbabt9 ~bthvb x bdqhvb'

Jb tèpshaba ~bthvb t` sòh`s` b qkabt jbt làhabt a` dbsdq`s bpqklbqhybcj` rp` gks`rph`s`g hgq`sv`gdhg `t~`dohdb ~ks ~bsq` a`j ptpbshk' Jb lbxksb a` tpt bddhkg`t tkg

dkgohepsbcj`t* a` okslb rp` `j ptpbshk hgvh`sq` ~kdk qh`l~k `g `j lbgq`ghlh`gqk a` jbt



27/100



lhtlbt' @gqs` `tq` qh~k a` làhabt t` `gdp`gqsbg jkt ~skesblbt bgqhvhspt* dksqbopèkt*

bgqht~bl* bgqht~xubs`* ~skesblbt a` cjkrp`k a` v`gqbgbt `l`se`gq`t* bdqpbjhybdhkg`t

a` tèpshaba a`j thtq`lb k~`sbqhvk x ~skesblbt a` dkgqskj ~bs`gqbj

Jb tèpshaba bdqhvb `gejkcb qkabt brp`jjbt làhabt rp` s`rph`s`g hgq`sv`gdhg ahs`dqb

x lbgpbj ~ks ~bsq` a`j ptpbshk' @gqs` `tqbt làhabt t` `gdp`gqsbg jb `gdsh~qbdhg a`

akdpl`gqkt* dkgqsbt`bt* dk~hbt a` tèpshaba a`j ahtdk a` bssbgrp` k a` akdpl`gqkt

hl~ksqbgq`t* jhlhgbdhg a` bsdmhvkt q`l~ksbj`t x ~bsqhdhg a`j ahtdk apsk'

@g jb theph`gq` ohepsb t` a`qbjjb `j esbak a` pqhjhybdhg a`djbsbak ~ks jkt ptpbshkt a`

blckt qh~kt a` làhabt x tp `vkjpdhg b jk jbsek a` jbt dpbqsk kj`babt s`dkehabt ~ks

HGQ@DK apsbgq` 3>>5'

Esohdk 49 Làhabt a` tèpshaba bak~qbabt ~ks jkt mkebs`t `t~bkj`t

>* 1

5* 8

?* 8

2=*?

3 5 *4

3 = *0

1 1 *8

1 0 *=

1 8 *8

1 8 *>

0 0 *3

?2*0

? 0 *4

8 1 *1

2*?

5* 8

8* ?

3 4 *4

4 > *?

4 3 *>

1 5 *1

1 8 *0

0 3 *5

0 4 *4

0 = *0

? ? *5

5 4 *0

8 3 *5

> 2> 3> 4> 1> 0> ?> 5> => 8> 2>

Ghgepgb a` jbt l`gdhkgbabt

^skesblbt a` dkgqskj ~bs`gqbj

@gdsh~qbdhg a` akdpl`gqkt

Dk~hb a` tèpshaba a`j ahtdk a`bssbgrp`

^bsqhdhg a`j ahtdk apsk

Dk~hbt a` tèpshaba a` bsdmhvkthl~ksqbgq`t

Dkgqsbt`bt -bdd`tk `rph~kt xakdpl`gqkt(

Bdqpbjhybdhkg`t a` tèpshaba a`jTK

^skesblbt bgqh,dkss`k cbtpsb kbgqh,t~bl

^skesblbt bgqh,`t~b k bgqh,t~x

@jhlhgbdhg a` bsdmhvktq`l~ksbj`t x dkkfh`t

Cjkrp`k a` v`gqbgbt `l`se`gq`t

Dksqbopèkt k ohsùbjjt

^skesblbt bgqhvhspt

>

2 kj`bab 3>>5 3 kj`bab 3>>5 4 kj`bab 3>>5 1 kj`bab 3>>5

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK22

@g e`g`sbj x tbjvk bjepgb `}d`~dhg -dklk jkt bgqhvhspt* rp` tpos`g pg lghlk s`qskd`tk(

jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba dkgtha`sbabt mbg `}~`shl`gqbak pg hgds`l`gqk a`

22 Hgtqhqpqk Gbdhkgbj a` Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Dklpghdbdhg -3>>5 (* @tqpahk tkcs` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg x `,Dkgohbgyb a` jkt mkebs`t t~bkj`t* Kct`svbqkshk a` jb tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg' 1 kj`bab' mqq~9++uuu'hgq`dk'`t
http://www.inteco.es/http://www.inteco.es/


28/100


@tqpahk tkcs` `j t`dqks a` jb tèpshaba QHD `g @t~bb êhgb 3= a` 2>>Kct`svbqkshk a` jb Tèpshaba a` jb Hgokslbdhg

~`g`qsbdhg `g jkt mkebs`t `t~bkj`t `gqs` `g`sk x ahdh`lcs` a` 3>>5' @tq` bpl`gqk

`tq `g jg`b dkg kqsk abqk s`j`vbgq` rp` t` `}qsb` a`j bgjhtht* rp` hgahdb rp` bjek

l`gkt a`j 3% a` mkebs`t gk ptb ghgepgb làhab a` ~skq`ddhg'

Jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba ~bthvb tkg jbt rp` lbxks ~`g`qsbdhg bjdbgybg `g jkt

mkebs`t `t~bkj`t* a`tqbdbgak jb bak~dhg dbth qkqbj a` jkt ~skesblbt bgqhvhspt' @gqs`

jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba bdqhvb a`tqbdb `j ptk a` dkgqsbt`bt* rp` bjdbgyb b jb lhqba

a` jkt mkebs`t' Jb dkgdjpthg rp` ~pà` `}qsb`st` `t rp` jkt ptpbshkt s`tha`gdhbj`t

dkgobg jb tèpshaba QHD b jbt m`ssblh`gqbt a` tèpshaba hgtqbjbabt `g tpt `rph~kt

hgokslqhdkt* ~s`tqbgak l`gks bq`gdhg b tpt mchqkt `g `j ptk a` jbt gp`vbt

q`dgkjkebt'

0'2'3 Hgdha`gdhbt a`djbsbabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt'

Jbt hgdha`gdhbt a`djbsbabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt ~skvh`g`g a` jbt `gdp`tqbt qshl`tqsbj`t

s`bjhybabt `g jkt mkebs`t rp` dkl~kg`g `j ~bg`j a` HGQ@DK' Jbt vbjksbdhkg`t tkcs` jb

tèpshaba s`bjhybabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt tkg jb `}~s`thg a` tp ~`sd`~dhg a` jb tèpshaba'

Esohdk 19 Hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba a`q`dqbabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt `g dbab qshl`tqs`

1* >

1* 2

=* 0

=* 2

24*2

2=*>

3 0 *=

4 3 *=

= 4 *4

0* 2

0* 2

8* 2

2>*1

23*0

20*5

28*0

4 0 *0

5 5 *=

> 2> 3> 4> 1> 0> ?> 5> => 8> 2>

Osbpa`t k skckt s`jbdhkgbakt dkgqbsi`qbt a` dsahqk

Osbpa`t k skckt dp`gqbtcbgdbshbt kgjhg`

Hgqspthkg`t `g kqsbt dp`gqbt a`t`svhdhk u`c

Skck a` bgdmk a` cbgab U hoh

Kcq`gdhg osbpapj `gqb a` tptabqkt ~`stkgbj`t

Hgqspthkg`t `g qp dkss`k`j`dqsghdk

Hgqspthkg`t s`lkqbt `g tpksa`gbaks

_hspt Hgokslqhdkt

S`d`~dhg a` dkss`kt gktkjhdhqbakt

>

2 kj`bab 3 kj`bab 4 kj`bab 1 kj`bab

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK23

@g `j esohdk bgq`shks b~bs`d`g jbt hgdha`gdhbt a`q`dqbabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt* `t hl~ksqbgq`

a`tqbdbs rp` bj t`s hgdha`gdhbt a`djbsbabt ~pà`g gk dkss`t~kga`st` `}bdqbl`gq` dkg

jb s`bjhaba'

23 HAD' K~' Dhq'22


29/100



@g jbt dpbqsk kj`babt* jb hgdha`gdhb lt os`dp`gq` mb thak jb s`d`~dhg a` dkss`k gk

a`t`bak -t~bl(* rp` bo`dqb bj 55*=% a` jkt ptpbshkt* tèphak ~ks jkt dahekt lbjhdhktkt*

a`q`dqbakt ~ks `j 40*0% a` mkebs`t `g `j jqhlk qshl`tqs`' Bpgrp` qkabvb lhgkshqbshkt*a`tqbdbg ~ks tp ds`dhlh`gqk jkt osbpa`t cbgdbshkt kgjhg` x dkg qbsi`qbt a` dsahqk' @j

gl`sk a` ptpbshkt rp` a`djbsb24 mbc`s thak kci`qk a` bjeg osbpa` `g `j ptk a` jb

cbgdb kgjhg` bjdbgyb vbjks`t làhkt a`j 1*0%' @j bpl`gqk `g dbth qkabt jbt hgdha`gdhbt

a` tèpshaba dkgqsbtqb dkg `j hgds`l`gqk `g jb bak~dhg a` làhabt a` tèpshaba

bgbjhybak bgq`shksl`gq`' Jb dkgdjpthg rp` t` ~pà` `}qsb`s a` `tq` bgjhtht `t rp` jbt

hgdha`gdhbt a`~`ga`g qbgqk a` jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba bak~qbabt x `j `rph~blh`gqk

hgokslqhdk dklk a` jkt mchqkt a` pqhjhybdhg a` jkt t`svhdhkt a` Hgq`sg`q'

0'2'4 Hgdha`gdhbt a`q`dqbabt ~ks HGQ@DK `g jkt ksa`gbaks`t a` jkt ptpbshkt'

Qsbt bgbjhybs jbt hgdha`gdhbt ~`sdhchabt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt x a`djbsbabt `g jbt `gdp`tqbt*

`t dkgv`gh`gq` `tqpahbs jbt a`q`dqbabt ~ks HGQ@DK làhbgq` pgb b~jhdbdhg

lpjqh~jbqbokslb a`tbsskjjbab `t~`dohdbl`gq` ~bsb `tq` `tqpahk x ~ks qbgqk* rp`

~kasblkt a`gklhgbs dklk hgdha`gdhbt s`bj`t21'

T` ~pà` dkgdjphs rp` jb `vkjpdhg a` jbt hgo`ddhkg`t a` `rph~kt akltqhdkt mb

lbgq`ghak pgb jhe`sb q`ga`gdhb bj bjyb apsbgq` `j bk 3>>5' Bt ~p`t* = a` dbab 2>

`rph~kt lbgqh`g` pgk k lt dahekt lbjhdhktkt `g `j thtq`lb' Jb làhb bgpbj a` 3>>5

t` thqb `g pg 58*4% a` `rph~kt hgo`dqbakt -gk th`l~s` a` okslb esbv`( `g jkt mkebs`t

`t~bkj`t'

24 @t hl~ksqbgq` s`dksabs rp` HGQ@DK lbgìb akt qh~kt a` abqkt9 ~ks pg jbak* brp`jjkt a`djbsbakt ~ks jkt ptpbshkt -rp`qh`g`g jbt jhlhqbdhkg`t rp` t` `}~kg`g b jk jbsek a`j `tqpahk( x* ~ks kqsk* jkt kcq`ghakt ~ks HGQ@DK làhbgq` `j `tdbg`ka` jkt `rph~kt'

21 @tq` tkoqubs` `tdbg`b l`gtpbjl`gq` jkt `rph~kt a` jkt ~bg`jhtqbt* a`q`dqbgak qkak `j lbjubs` s`tha`gq` `g jktlhtlkt* làhbgq` 43 lkqks`t bgqhvhspt ahtqhgqkt* s`dkeh`gak ba`lt abqkt a`j thtq`lb k~`sbqhvk k a`j `tqbak a` tpbdqpbjhybdhg' @j tkoqubs` `gvb `tqb hgokslbdhg b HGQ@DK rp` jb qsbqb a` lbg`sb qkqbjl`gq` bgghlb x besèbab'


30/100


Esohdk 09 @rph~kt hgo`dqbakt ~ks dahek lbjhdhktk 3>>5 -%(

5=*3 51*858*? 55*5 58*4 5=*= 5?*3

=>*5 =1*> 55*==3*= =2*?

32*= 30*23>*1 33*4 3>*5 32*3 34*=

28*4 2?*> 33*325*3 2=*1

>%

3>%

1>%

?>%

=>%

2>>%

@gsk

O`cs

sk

Lbsyk

Bcshj

Lbxk

Ipghk

Ipjhk

Bekt

qk

T~qhlcs

`

Kdqpcs

`

Gkvhlcs

`

Ahdhlcs

`

Hgo`dqbak Jhl~hk

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK

S`t~`dqk b jb `vkjpdhg a` jb ~s`t`gdhb a` lbjubs` ~ks dbq`eksbt `g jkt `rph~kt

`tdbg`bakt* `g e`g`sbj t` kct`svb pgb `tqbchjhaba `g jkt abqkt x jkt qh~kt a` lbjubs`

lt os`dp`gq`t `gdkgqsbakt `g jkt ksa`gbaks`t* a`tqbdbgak jkt qskxbgkt x `j tkoqubs`

~pcjhdhqbshk'

Esohdk ?9 @vkjpdhg a` jb ~s`t`gdhb a` lbjubs`~ks dbq`eksbt -% tkcs` qkqbj a`

ksa`gbaks`t tdbg`bakt(

15*2

01*0 04*50?*2

00*8 03*5 04*0

08*80?*=

13*=

45*=1>*?

4=*3 48*?12*3

45*112*5

11*548*8

1?*3 10*8

30*=34*0 30*0

3?*0 3?*> 30*0 3?*238*3 38*5 35*1

32*? 33*1

05*2

?1*2

02*=

>%

2>%

3>%

4>%

1>%

0>%

?>%

5>%

=>%

8>%

2>>%

@gsk

O`cs

sk

Lbsyk

Bcshj

Lbxk

Ipghk

Ipjhk

Bekt

qk

T~qhlcs

`

Kdqpcs

`

Gkvhlcs

`

Ahdhlcs

`

Qskxbgk Baubs` ~pcjhdhqbshk M`ssblh`gqb @t~bt M`pstqhdk _hspt Eptbgk Kqskt

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK



31/100



T` bavh`sq` pg bpl`gqk theghohdbqhvk `g `j lbjubs`pqhjhybak ~ks jkt bqbdbgq`t ~bsb qklbs

dkgqskj a` jkt `rph~kt hgokslqhdkt dkg ohg`t a`jhdqhvkt -qskxbgkt( bt dklk brp`jjkt rp`

~`slhq`g tèphs jb hgokslbdhg e`g`sbab ~ks jkt ptpbshkt `g `j ptk a`j `rph~blh`gqkdklk dkgqsbt`bt* hgokslbdhg cbgdbshb* `qd' -`t~bt(' Thg `lcbsek* ahtlhgpx` jb

~s`t`gdhb a` lbjubs`rp` gk qh`g` lkqhvbdhg `dkglhdb* dklk jkt vhspt'

0'3 A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g ^XL@

@j bgjhtht a` jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g jbt ~xl`t `tq cbtbak `g `j @tqpahk

tkcs` hgdha`gdhbt x g`d`thaba`t a` tèpshaba `g jbt ~`rp`bt x làhbgbt

`l~s`tbt `t~bkjbt s`bjhybak ~ks HGQ@DK20' Jkt s`tpjqbakt a`j `tqpahk t` cbtbg `g

hgokslbdhg a`djbsbqhvb* ~ks jk rp` jb objqb a` dpjqpsb a` tèpshaba `g jb ^XL@ hgqskapd`

dh`sqk t`tek `g bjepgkt a` jkt s`tpjqbakt kcq`ghakt' Jb hgokslbdhg ~skdà`gq` a` jbt`gdp`tqbt gk t` mb ~kahak v`s dkl~j`l`gqbab ~ks jkt abqkt kcq`ghakt ~ks jb hgtqbjbdhg

a` ~skesblbt `t~`dohdkt hgtqbjbakt `g jkt ksa`gbaks`t a` jbt ~xl`t xb rp`* b

aho`s`gdhb a` jk rp` tpdà` dkg jkt mkebs`t* `t lpx ahodhj rp` jbt `l~s`tbt bddàbg b

hgtqbjbs `tq` qh~k a` ~skesblbt `g tpt ksa`gbaks`t'

@g `tq` b~bsqbak t` bgbjhybg jbt hgdha`gdhbt x bl`gbybt lt hl~ksqbgq`t rp` jbt ~xl`t

mbg a`q`dqbak `g `j `l~j`k a` jbt gp`vbt q`dgkjkebt* x t` ~s`t`gqbg jbt tkjpdhkg`t

hl~jbgqbabt x jbt g`d`thaba`t `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba rp` jbt ~xl`t `t~bkjbt

a`djbsbg q`g`s'

0'3'2 Dkgkdhlh`gqk a` hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba

Jbt hgdha`gdhbt lt dkgkdhabt ~ks jbt ~xl`t tkg jbt rp` dp`gqbg dkg lbxks s`dksshak

mhtqshdk* dklk jkt vhspt k `j t~bl* rp` b tp v`y tkg jbt hgdha`gdhbt rp` lt b~bs`d`g

`g jkt làhkt a` dklpghdbdhg' @g `j kqsk `}qs`lk t` thqbg hgdha`gdhbt rp` mbg

b~bs`dhak lt s`dh`gq`l`gq` x a` jbt rp` gk mb mbchak qbgqb dkc`sqpsb hgokslbqhvb dklk

jbt cklcbt jehdbt k `j ~mbslhge* a` jbt dpbj`t `g qksgk bj ?>% a` jbt ~xl`t qh`g` pg

dkgkdhlh`gqk cbik k gpjk'

@j esohdk theph`gq` a`gkqb rp` jbt ~xl`t gk qh`g`g jb okslbdhg g`d`tbshb ~bsb dklcbqhsjbt gp`vbt bl`gbybt' @tqb objqb a` dkgkdhlh`gqk ~pà` `tqbs lkqhvbab ~ks jb bpt`gdhb

a` ~`stkgbj dpbjhohdbak `g lbq`shb a` tèpshaba QHD `g jbt ~xl`t `t~bkjbt9 ghdbl`gq`

`j 2?% a` jbt ~xl`t `gdp`tqbabt a`djbsb aht~kg`s a` `}~`sqkt `g tèpshaba QHD `g tp

~jbgqhjjb'

20 Hgtqhqpqk Gbdhkgbj a` Q`dgkjkebt a` jb Dklpghdbdhg -3>>5(* @tqpahk tkcs` hgdha`gdhbt x g`d`thaba`t a` tèpshaba `gjbt ~`rp`bt x làhbgbt l~s`tbt t~bkjbt* Kct`svbqkshk a` jb tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg' mqq~9++uuu'hgq`dk'`t
http://www.inteco.es/http://www.inteco.es/


32/100


Esohdk 59 Esbak a` dkgkdhlh`gqk a` jbt hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba

?*0%

?*=%

4*=%

5*?%

?*0%

?*2%

?*0%

=*=%

8*8%

=*1%

=*5%

22*>%

8*=%

38*8%

4?*8%

45*8%

4=*?%

4=*=%

48*3%

48*8%

15*4%

0>*3%

04*>%

?2*5%

?5*1%

51*?%

3>*=%

4>*=%

3>*1%

34*2%

13*3%

48*0%

14*5%

41*1%

3?*3%

3?*2%

3>*8%

2?*4%

21*=%

13*=%

30*0%

45*8%

4>*5%

23*0%

20*3%

8*8%

8*0%

24*5%

23*0%

=*5%

0*4%

>*=%

>% 2>% 3>% 4>% 1>% 0>% ?>% 5>% =>% 8>% 2>>%

^mbslhge

Cklcbt jehdbt

Skckt a` hgokslbdhg

Osbpa`t

Objjkt qdghdkt

T~xubs`

_hspt

Bjqk Làhk Cbik Gpjk

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK

0'3'3 Hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba a`djbsbabt ~ks jbt ~xl`t

Jbt hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba a`djbsbabt ~ks jbt ~xl`t `t~bkjbt tp~kg`g pg ~skcj`lb

dsqhdk ~bsb `j a`tbsskjjk a`j gèkdhk' Dbab v`y lt* jkt bqbrp`t tkg ahshehakt ~ks

hgq`s`t`t dkglhdkt rp` ~skvkdbg ~sahabt a` ahg`sk k hgokslbdhg dkgoha`gdhbj'

Esohdk =9 ^`sd`~dhg a` hgdha`gdhbt a` tèpshaba ~ks jbt ~xl`t

8 *5 %

24*1%

28*0%

1 3 *5 %

0 = *5 %

5 5 *4 %

= 8 *8 %

8 = *1 %

8=*2%

8=*2%

8 5 *4 %

8 ? *8 %

8?*2%

8 0 *1 %

8 > *4 %

= ? *? %

= > *0 %

0 5 *4 %

12*4%

3 3 *5 %

2>*2%

1 *? %

2*?%

2*8%

2*8%

3 *5 %

4 *8 %

4*2%

>% 2>% 3>% 4>% 1>% 0>% ?>% 5>% =>% 8>% 2>>%

Skck a` bgdmk a` cbgab U H,OH

Osbpa`t s`jbdhkgbakt dkg qbsi`qbt a` dsahqk

Osbpa`t s`jbdhkgbakt dkg cbgdb kgjhg`

Kcq`gdhg osbpapj`gqb a` abqkt ~`stkgbj`t

Skckt a` hgokslbdhg

Cklcbt jehdbt

Hgqspthkg`t `g kqsbt dp`gqbt a` t`svhdhk U`c

Hgqspthkg`t `g `,lbhj

Hgqspthkg`t s`lkqbt `g ksa`gbaks

T~xubs`

_hspt

T~bl

Qskxbgkt

A`gèbdhg a` t`svhdhkt

T Gk

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK



33/100



Bq`gah`gak b jb qh~kjkeb a` hgdha`gdhbt rp` jbt ~xl`t `t~bkjbt a`djbsbg mbc`s tposhak*

a`tqbdbg jkt qskxbgkt hgokslqhdkt -55*4%( jkt vhspt -13*5%( x jb s`d`~dhg a` dkss`k gk

a`t`bak -12*4%(' Pg abqk s`v`jbaks a` jb `tdbtb okslbdhg rp` qh`g`g jbt ~xl`t `glbq`shb a` tèpshaba `t rp` pg 8>% a` `jjbt a`djbsb mbc`s tposhak bqbrp`t a`

a`gèbdhg a` t`svhdhkt-pg qh~k a` hgdha`gdhb* `g s`bjhaba* ~kdk os`dp`gq`(dpbgak lt

a`j 0>% bohslb q`g`s pg dkgkdhlh`gqk cbik k gpjk a` `tqb hgdha`gdhb'

0'3'4 Tkjpdhkg`t a` tèpshaba QHD hl~jbgqbabt `g jbt ~xl`t

Jbt làhabt a` tèpshaba QHD rp` a`djbsbg q`g`s hgtqbjbabt jbt ~xl`t t` d`gqsbg `g

~skapdqkt a` tèpshaba' Dklk `g `j dbtk a` jkt mkebs`t* `j ~skapdqk k m`ssblh`gqb lt

pqhjhybab `t `j bgqhvhspt -8=*8%( ipgqk dkg jkt dksqbopèkt -8>*8%(' @g `j `}qs`lk k~p`tqk*

`j dhosbak a` dklpghdbdhkg`t -34%( x jkt aht~kthqhvkt othdkt a` bpq`gqhdbdhg -35*2%(tkg jkt l`gkt pqhjhybakt ~ks jbt ~xl`t' Bj hepbj rp` `g `j dbtk a` jkt mkebs`t* jbt

làhabt ~bthvbt a` tèpshaba tkg jbt lt hl~j`l`gqbabt'

Esohdk 89 Làhabt a` tèpshaba `l~j`babt `g jbt ~xl`t

3 4 *> %

35*2%

42*4%

4 3 *> %

12*2%

1 = *> %

1 = *1 %

0 5 *4 %

? ? *1 %

? ? *0 %

? ? *5 %

? 5 *? %

52*3%

=2*1%

= 0 *1 %

8 > *8 %

8 = *8 %

5 5 *> %

5 3 *8 %

? = *5 %

? = *> %

0 = *8 %

0 3 *> %

02*?%

1 3 *5 %

4 4 *? %

4 4 *0 %

4 4 *4 %

4 3 *1 %

3 = *= %

2=*?%

21*?%

8*2%

2*2%

>% 2>% 3>% 4>% 1>% 0>% ?>% 5>% =>% 8>% 2>>%

Dhosbak a` dklpghdbdhkg`t

Aht~kthqhvkt o thdkt a` bpq`gqhdbdhg

_^G ~bsb `j bdd`tk s`lkqk


Ohslb `j`dqsghdb x d`sqhohdbakt ahehqbj`t

^bsqhdhg a`j ahtdk apsk

Ohjqsbak a` dkgq`ghakt

@jhlhgbdhg a` q`l~ksbj`t+dkkfh`t

Dkgqsbt`bt

Cbdfp~ a` abqkt

Dk~hb a` tèpshaba

Bdqpbjhybdhkg`t a` tèpshaba

Cjkrp`k a` ~k~,p~t

Bgqht~xubs`

Bgqht~bl

Dksqbopèkt

Bgqhvhspt

T Gk

Op`gq`9 HGQ@DK

0'4 A`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g esbga`t `l~s`tbt

^bsb `j bgjhtht a` jb a`lbgab a` tèpshaba QHD `g jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt t` mbg

pqhjhybak abqkt a` `gdp`tqbt s`bjhybabt ~ks ^shdùbq`smkpt`Dkk~`st2? x @sgtq/Xkpge25

b `l~s`tbt a` qkak `j lpgak -5'3>> ksebghybdhkg`t* jb ~shl`sb* x 2'3>>* jb tèpgab('

2? DHK* DTK x ^shdùbq`smkpt`Dkk~`st -3>>5(* Qm` Ejkcbj Tqbq` ko Hgokslbqhkg T`dpshqx 3>>5'


34/100



Jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt lp`tqsbg pg ghv`j a` bjqk a` ~s`kdp~bdhg x dkgdh`gdhbdhg ~ks jb

tèpshaba QHD' @g jkt jqhlkt bkt mbg hgv`sqhak `g q`dgkjkeb x mbg hl~jbgqbak

~skd`tkt x ksebghybdhkg`t ~bsb lìksbs tpt ghv`j`t a` tèpshaba' @j ~s`tp~p`tqkaàhdbak b jb tèpshaba mb ds`dhak gkqbcj`l`gq` mbtqb jjèbs b tp~`sbs `j 20% a`j qkqbj

aàhdbak b QHD2='

0'4'2 Ekc`sgbgyb a` jb tèpshaba

B jk jbsek a` jkt jqhlkt bkt mbg b~bs`dhak pgb t`sh` a` epbt* s`dkl`gabdhkg`t*

gkslbt x m`ssblh`gqbt -DkchQ* DKTK* GHTQ* HTK* DLL* EBHT^* OHTLB* `qd( 28 rp`

kos`d`g bxpab a` dbsb b `tqbcj`d`s dlk a`c`sb hl~jbgqbst` jb ekc`sgbgyb a` jb

tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg* `g `j dkgq`}qk a` jb ekc`sgbgyb a` jb Q`dgkjkeb a` jb

Hgokslbdhg -QH(' @tqbt s`dkl`gabdhkg`t mbg q`ghak cp`gb bdkehab ~ks jb hgaptqshb*~p`tqk rp` ~sk~ksdhkgb pgb mkib a` spqb `tqgabs b jb rp` jbt ksebghybdhkg`t ~pà`g

biptqbst` sbykgbcj`l`gq`'

@tqk mb ~`slhqhak rp` jbt `l~s`tbt ~kgebg `g lbsdmb hghdhbqhvbt a` tèpshaba rp`

qh`g`g dkgqhgphaba `g `j qh`l~k* rp` t` `tqbcj`d`g a` okslb ksebghybab x rp` bjhg`bg jb

`tqsbqèhb a` tèpshaba dkg jb `tqsbqèhb QH `g e`g`sbj x dkg jkt kci`qhvkt a` gèkdhk* jk

rp` tp~kg` pg hl~pjtk ~bsb jb tèpshaba QHD'

0'4'3 Làhabt bak~qbabt

Jb dkgdh`gdhbdhg a` jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt tkcs` jb hl~ksqbgdhb a` jb tèpshaba QHD t`

qsbapd` `g dpbqsk qh~kt a` làhabt9 dkgqsbqbdhg a` ~`stkgbj `t~`dhbjhybak* hl~jbgqbdhg

a` gp`vkt ~skd`tkt a` tèpshaba* hl~jbgqbdhg a` gp`vbt tkjpdhkg`t q`dgkjehdbt x

e`tqhg a` jb dkgqhgphaba a`j gèkdhk'

b( Dkgqsbqbdhg a` ~`stkgbj `t~`dhbjhybak

Mhtqshdbl`gq` jbt opgdhkg`t a` dkksahgbdhg x e`tqhg a` jb tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg

x ~skq`ddhg a` abqkt `sbg btplhabt ~ks jkt ahs`dqks`t a` Thtq`lbt a` Hgokslbdhg* `g jb

bdqpbjhaba `j gl`sk a` `l~s`tbt rp` dp`gqb dkg ~`sohj`t ahs`dqhvkt `t~`dohdkt ~bsbbdqhvhaba`t a` tèpshaba mb bpl`gqbak gkqbcj`l`gq` a` 3>>? b 3>>5 -2>%(' @tq` abqk

~bs`d` dkgohslbs rp` jb dkgdh`gdhbdhg tkcs` jb tèpshaba ds`d` a` okslb gkqbcj` `gqs`

jbt esbga`t `l~s`tbt x `t kci`qk ds`dh`gq` a` pg qsbqk aho`s`gdhbj s`t~`dqk bj s`tqk a`

thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg'

25 @sgtq/Xkpge -3>>?(* Bdmh`vhge Tpdd`tt hg b Ejkcbjhyba Uksja' Ht Xkps Ubx T`dps`; 3>>? Ejkcbj Hgokslbqhkg T`dpshqxTpsv`x'

2= HAD' K~' Dhq' 2?

28 T`jo,Btt`ttl`gq Rp`tqhkggbhs` ~s`~bsbak ~ks `j Pghqà Tqbq`t Gbqhkgbj Hgtqhqpq` ko Tqbgabsat bga Q`dmgkjkex -GHTQ(-ha`gqhohdbak `gqs` tpt ~pcjhdbdhkg`t dkg `j dahek =>>,3?(' EBHT^ -E`g`sbjjx Bdd`~qà Hgokslbqhkg T`dpshqx ^shgdh~j`t('Esp~kt a` akdpl`gqkt rp` mbg tpsehak bjsààks a` OHTLB -Pghqà Tqbq`t Oà`sbj Hgokslbqhkg Txtq`lt Lbgbe`l`gqBdq('


35/100


Esohdk 2>9 ^ksd`gqbi` a` `l~s`tbt dkg ahs`dqhvkt a` tèpshaba -DTK* DHTK* D^K(

32*>%33*>%

2?*>%

3=*>%

43*>%

33*>%

>%

0%

2>%

20%

3>%

30%

4>%

40%

1>%

DTK DHTK D^K

3>>? 3>>5

Op`gq`9 shdùbq`smkpt`Dkk~`st

c( Hl~jbgqbdhg a` ~skd`tkt a` tèpshaba

@j ~skd`tk rp` lt a`tqbdb ~ks tp `vkjpdhg `t `j aht`k a` pgb `tqsbqèhb ejkcbj a`

tèpshaba* rp` mb ~btbak a` `tqbs hl~j`l`gqbab `g `j 45*>% a` jbt `l~s`tbt `g 3>>?bj 05*>% `g 3>>5* jk rp` tp~kg` pg bpl`gqk a`j 01*>0% `g pg tkjk bk'

Esohdk 229 ^ksd`gqbi` a` `l~s`tbt rp` qh`g`g hl~j`l`gqbakt ~skd`tkt a` tèpshaba

45*>%

30*>%

41*>%

05*>%

13*>%11*>%

>%

2>%

3>%

4>%

1>%

0>%

?>%

@tqsbqèhb ejkcbj a` tèpshaba @tqbcj`dhlh`gqk a` cbt t a`

sò`s`gdhb a` tèpshaba ~bsb

djh`gq`t x tkdhkt

E`tqhg d`gqsbjhybab a` jb

tèpshaba a` jb hgokslbdhg

3>>? 3>>5




36/100


d( Hl~jbgqbdhg a` tkjpdhkg`t q`dgkjehdbt

Jb q`sd`sb làhab `g jb rp` t` b~s`dhb `j hgds`l`gqk `g jb dkgdh`gdhbdhg `t `ja`t~jhèp` a` q`dgkjkeb a` tèpshaba'

Esohdk 239 ^ksd`gqbi` a` `l~s`tbt rp` qh`g`g hl~j`l`gqbabt m`ssblh`gqbt a` tèpshaba

55*>%

14*>%

05*>%

5=*>%

54*>%

11*>%

42*>%

84*>%

53*>%

8>*>%

=3*>%

=8*>%

=4*>%

5>*>%

>% 2>% 3>% 4>% 1>% 0>% ?>% 5>% =>% 8>% 2>>%

Ohsùbjjt


Thtq`lbt a` a`q`ddhg a` hgqsptkt + Bgqhvhspt + kqskt thtq`lbt a`

a`q`ddhg

Cbdfp~t a` abqkt

E`tqhg a` ha`gqhaba`t

Thtq`lbt a` ~s`v`gdhg a` hgqsptkt + Ohjqskt

Tèpshaba `g Hgq`sg`q

3>>? 3>>5


a( E`tqhg a` jb dkgqhgphaba a`j gèkdhk

Pgk a` jkt lbxks`t sh`tekt b jkt rp` `tqg `}~p`tqbt jbt k~`sbdhkg`t a` Q`dgkjkebt

a` jb Hgokslbdhg a` jb dkl~bb xb gk `t pg mpsbdg* pgb hgpgabdhg* pgb hgq`ssp~dhg

a` jb `g`seb `jdqshdb gh qbg thrph`sb jb hgq`ssp~dhg a` pgb dkg`}hg' Jb ~jbghohdbdhg a`

jb dkgqhgphaba `g pg `gqksgk `,cpthg`tta`c` q`g`s `g dp`gqb jb vpjg`sbchjhaba b jkt

bqbrp`t b jb sà* jbt hgqspthkg`t a` jkt ~hsbqbt hgokslqhdkt* jkt vhspt x t~bl* bt dklk jkt

objjkt `g jbt jg`bt a` q`j`dklpghdbdhkg`t x a` jkt HT^ -~skv`àks`t a` t`svhdhkt a`

Hgq`sg`q('

B jb mksb a` làhs jb dkgdh`gdhbdhg a` jbt `l~s`tbt tkcs` jb tèpshaba QHD pg hgahdbaks

s`j`vbgq` `t `j `top`syk s`bjhybak ~bsb btèpsbs jb dkgqhgphaba a`j gèkdhk' @g `j

theph`gq` esohdk t` lp`tqsbg jbt bdqhvhaba`t a` e`tqhg a` jb dkgqhgphaba a`j gèkdhk x `j

~ksd`gqbi` a` `l~s`tbt rp` jbt hl~j`l`gqbg'

Pgb bl~jhb lbxksb a` `l~s`tbt ha`gqhohdb jkt ~skd`tkt dsqhdkt -58%( x `vbjb jkt

sh`tekt a` tpt thtq`lbt a` hgokslbdhg -50%(' Thg `lcbsek* b~`gbt pg 05% s`bjhyb~sp`cbt tkcs` jbt làhabt hgdks~ksbabt `g `j ~jbg a` dkgqhgphaba a` gèkdhk x l`gkt

a` jb lhqba gk dp`gqb dkg pgb `tqsbqèhb a` dklpghdbdhg a` ahdmk ~jbg -1?%('



37/100


Esohdk 249 ^ksd`gqbi` a` `l~s`tbt rp` e`tqhkgbg pg ~jbg a` dkgqhgphaba a` gèkdhk

1?*>%

05*>%

?0*>%

50*>%

58*>%

>% 2>% 3>% 4>% 1>% 0>% ?>% 5>% =>% 8>% 2>>%

@tqsbqèhbt a` dklpghdbdhg

a` ~jbg hgq`sgb+`}q`sgb

^sp`cbt a`j ~jbg a`

dkgqhgphaba

Aòhghdhg a` qh`l~kt a`

s`dp~`sbdhg os`gq` b

hgdha`gdhbt

@vbjpbdhg a` sh`tekt QH

Ha`gqhohdbdhg x ~shkshybdhg a`

~skd`tkt a` gèkdhk dsqhdkt

Op`gq`9 @sgtq/Xkpge

0'1 Dkgdjpthkg`t a`j bgjhtht

Mkebs`t* ~xl`t x esbga`t `l~s`tbt ~bsq`g a` ~pgqkt lpx aho`s`gq`t `g dpbgqk b tpt

a`lbgabt a` t