TABLA DE CONTENIDOSTABLA DE CONTENIDOS
Tabla de contenidos.....................................................................................................................................1
TIEMPOS VERBALES...............................................................................................................................7
Present Simple (Presente Simple)........................................................................................................................7
Present Continuos (Presente Continuo)................................................................................................................9
Present Simple vs. Present Continuos...................................................................................................................10
Past Simple (Pasado Simple)..............................................................................................................................11
Past Continuos (Pasado Continuo).......................................................................................................................13
Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing:............................................................................................13
Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto)....................................................................................................................15
Past simple vs. Presen perfect...............................................................................................................................17
Present Perfect Continuos (Presente Perfecto Continuo)......................................................................................18
Past Perfect (Pasado Perfecto)...........................................................................................................................19
Pasado Perfecto Continuo (Past Perfect Continuos)............................................................................................20
Futuro Simple (Future Simple)............................................................................................................................21
To Be Going To..................................................................................................................................................22
Present Continuos (Presente continuo).................................................................................................................23
Diferencia entre presente continuo y to be going to:............................................................................................23
Future Continuos (Futuro Continuo)...................................................................................................................23
Futuro Perfecto (Future Perfect)..........................................................................................................................24
Future Perfect Continuos (Futuro Perfecto Continuo).......................................................................................25
PHRASAL VERBS...................................................................................................................................37
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................42
VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE PREPOSICION..............................................................................................47
THE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUND.............................................................................................50
THE INFINITIVE................................................................................................................................................50
THE GERUND.....................................................................................................................................................51
Curso intermedio inglés 1
Verbos seguidos de infinitivo o de gerundio sin variación de significado...........................................................52
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................53
MODAL VERBS.......................................................................................................................................55
MODALES PERFECTOS....................................................................................................................................59
EXERCISES ON MODAL VERBS.....................................................................................................................60
Modals With Perfect Infinitive.............................................................................................................................61
DO / MAKE...............................................................................................................................................62
Make - Do.............................................................................................................................................................62
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................64
LA ORACIÓN...........................................................................................................................................65
Orden básico de las palabras en la oración...........................................................................................................65
QUESTIONS WORDS.........................................................................................................................................67
QUESTIONS TAGS............................................................................................................................................67
CLASES DE ORACIONES. SINTAXIS...............................................................................................69
THE PASSIVE VOICE........................................................................................................................................69
PASSIVE INFINITIVES......................................................................................................................................70
HAVE CAUSATIVE/ HAVE SOMETHING DONE..........................................................................................71
PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISES..........................................................................................................................72
DEFINING OR RESTRICTIVE RELATIVES CLAUSES (ESPECIFICATIVAS) who / which / that. .74
NON-DEFINING OR NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES (EXPLICATIVAS)....................77
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................78
CONDITIONALS ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIALES CONDICIONALES CONDITION RESULT / CONSEQUENCE.............................................................................................80
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................81
CONDICIONALES SIN IF..................................................................................................................................82
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................83
WISH.........................................................................................................................................................84
FORMA Y USOS.................................................................................................................................................84
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EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................85
REPORTED SPEECH...............................................................................................................................86
REPORTED STATEMENTS (ENUNCIATIVAS).............................................................................................88
REPORTED QUESTIONS (INTERROGATIVAS)............................................................................................88
REPORTED ORDERS OR COMMANDS (IMPERATIVAS)...........................................................................88
REPORTED SUGGESTIONS (SUGERENCIAS)..............................................................................................89
OTHERS REPORTING VERBS..........................................................................................................................89
REPORTED SPEECH. EXERCISES...................................................................................................................91
ADVERB CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIALES).......................................94
TIME CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS DE TIEMPO).................................................................94
PURPOSE CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS DE FINALIDAD)..................................................94
CONCESSION CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONCESIVAS)..............................................95
CAUSE CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CAUSALES)..............................................................95
RESULT CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONSECUTIVAS)..................................................95
EXERCISES.........................................................................................................................................................96
Write concessive sentences...................................................................................................................................96
PREFERIRÍA / ES HORA DE.................................................................................................................98
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER; IT´S TIME........................................................................................98
EXERCISE B...............................................................................................................................................99
EXERCISE C...............................................................................................................................................99
EXERCISE D...............................................................................................................................................99
GRAMMAR REVIEW (REPASO DE GRAMÁTICA)....................................................................101
Ortografía / Spelling..........................................................................................................................................101
Spelling...............................................................................................................................................................102
PREFIJOS Y SUFIJOS.......................................................................................................................................104
EL ARTICULO.......................................................................................................................................113
El artículo determinado o definido “The”..........................................................................................................113
El artículo indeterminado a / an..........................................................................................................................114
Curso intermedio inglés 3
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................114
PRONOUNS............................................................................................................................................116
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................117
QUANTIFIERS.......................................................................................................................................119
SOME / ANY......................................................................................................................................................119
SOME / ANY / NO / EVERY............................................................................................................................119
ALL / BOTH-EACH / EVERY-EITHER / NEITHER - A LOT OF / PLENTY OF / (A) FEW / (A) LITTLE / MANY / MUCH / NO........................................................................................................................................119
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................121
ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS........................................................................122
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................123
ADVERBS...............................................................................................................................................125
PREPOSITIONS......................................................................................................................................128
TIME: FOR / DURING / BY / UNTIL / AT / IN / ON......................................................................................128
LUGAR: IN / AT / ON / TO...............................................................................................................................128
MODO................................................................................................................................................................129
PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.....................................................................................129
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................131
WRITING / COMPOSITION (REDACCIÓN)....................................................................................133
PUNCTUATION AND SPELLING RULES (REGLAS DE PUNTUACIÓN Y ORTOGRAFÍA)..................133
CONECTORES..................................................................................................................................................134
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................136
VOCABULARY......................................................................................................................................137
School and education..........................................................................................................................................137
Film and tv..........................................................................................................................................................140
Adventure............................................................................................................................................................141
Feelings...............................................................................................................................................................141
Other vocabulary.................................................................................................................................................142
History.................................................................................................................................................................143
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Natural disasters..................................................................................................................................................143
Myths and legends..............................................................................................................................................144
Possessions..........................................................................................................................................................146
Computer technology..........................................................................................................................................146
Jobs.....................................................................................................................................................................147
Health problems and first aid..............................................................................................................................147
Ambitions............................................................................................................................................................149
The world we live in...........................................................................................................................................150
Fun and games....................................................................................................................................................152
Places to visit......................................................................................................................................................153
FALSE FRIENDS...................................................................................................................................155
EXERCISES.......................................................................................................................................................156
A NARRATIVE..................................................................................................................................................158
Extra writing practice..........................................................................................................................................160
AN OPINION ESSAY........................................................................................................................................161
AN OPINION ESSAY........................................................................................................................................162
Extra writing practice..........................................................................................................................................163
A DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE......................................................................................................................164
A DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE.......................................................................................................................165
Extra writing practice..........................................................................................................................................166
A PERSON THAT YOU ADMIRE...................................................................................................................167
A PERSON I ADMIRE......................................................................................................................................168
Extra writing practice..........................................................................................................................................169
DISCUSSING AN ISSUE (FOR AND AGAINST).......................................................................................170
A FOR AND AGAINST COMPOSITION....................................................................................................171
Extra writing practice..........................................................................................................................................172
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES..................................................................................................................175
TIEMPOS VERBALES......................................................................................................................................175
Curso intermedio inglés 5
PRESENT PERFECT: JUST, ALREADY, EVER, FOR, SINCE.....................................................................176
REVIEW.............................................................................................................................................................180
THE FUTURE....................................................................................................................................................181
VERBOS IRREGULARES (IRREGULAR VERBS)...........................................................................182
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TIEMPOS VERBALESTIEMPOS VERBALES
Present Simple (Presente Simple)
Forma
Afirmativa
I work You work
He / she / it works
We work You work They work
En la tercera persona HE/SHE/IT hay que añadirle a la forma básica del verbo la terminación:
–s –es -ies según el verbo.
Reglas ortográficas para formar la tercera persona HE / SHE / IT.
Si el verbo acaba en -consonante, -e o -vocal + y añadimos una -s a la forma básica del verbo.
Si el verbo acaba en -o, -ss, -ch, -sh, -x o –z se le añade –es. watch / watches
Si el verbo termina en –consonante + y se le añade -ies study / studies
· Negativa
I do not work I don´t work
You do not work You don´t work
He / she / it does not work He / she /it doesn´t work
We do not work We don´t work
You do not work You don´t work
They do not work They don´t work
Interrogativa
Do I work? Yes, I do No, I don´t Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don´t
Does he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesn´t
Do we work? Yes, we do No, we don´t Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don´t
Do they work? Yes, they do No, they don´t
Curso intermedio inglés 7
Usos
a/ Para expresar acciones habituales, rutinas, lo que realizamos con una cierta frecuencia.
En estos casos el verbo va acompañado por adverbios de frecuencia como never (nunca), usually (normalmente), always (siempre), sometimos (a veces), often (frecuentemente), generally (con asiduidad), seldom (rara vez). Todos estos adverbios se colocan delante del verbo principal y si es el verbo to be detrás.
También pueden aparecer con este tiempo verbal expresiones temporales como every day, year, month…on Monday… once a week, year , day…Al ser expresiones de tiempo se colocan al final de la oración.
I usually go to the gym. My mother is sometimes late at home. We meet our friends everyday
b/ Para expresar hechos o verdades generales y definiciones científicas.
My mother works in a factory. Ice is solid.
c/ Al hablar de horarios y programas.
The train arrives at 7.30.
d/ Hay verbos que normalmente siempre se usan en presente simple. Se llaman “stative verbs” y son
- Los que expresan sentimientos y emociones love, like, dislike, hate, need, hope, want, prefer…
- Los que expresan comprensión u opinión think, believe, know, understand…
- Los verbos de sentido y de percepción see, smell, sound, taste, touch…
- Los precios y las medidas: cost weigh measure
- La posesión: belong have own
Algunos pueden indicar estado y actividad y usarse en la forma simple y en la continua. Por ejemplo, think.
Dona thinks the book is wonderful He is thinking about going to Ireland in summer
Mientras que el verbo see en Present Continuos indica una acción futura fijada de antemano.
I’m seeing the doctor this afternoon.
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Present Continuos (Presente Continuo)
Forma S+ Present to be+ V-ing
Afirmativa
I am working I´m working
You are working you´re working
He / she / it is working he / she / it´s working
We are working We´re working
You are working You´re working
They are working They´re working
· Negativa
I am not working I´m not working
You are not working You aren´t working
He / she / it is not working he / she /it isn´t working
We are not working We aren´t working
You are not working You aren´t working
They are not working They aren´t working
Interrogativa
Am I working? Yes, I am No, I´m not
Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t
Is he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn´t
Are we working? Yes, we are. No, we aren´t.
Are you working? Yes, you are . No, you aren´t
Are they working? Yes, they are No, they aren´t
Curso intermedio inglés 9
Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing:
- Los verbos que acaban en una sola –e pierden esta vocal y añaden –ing:
write writing have having come coming
- Los verbos de una sílaba acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la consonante y añaden –ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put /putting stop/ stopping shop /shopping
Usos
a/ Para acciones que están sucediendo en el mismo momento de hablar. Las expresiones más frecuentes que le acompañan son now, at present, at the moment…
En español suele equivaler a “estar + gerundio”.
b/ Para acciones que no han terminado en el mismo momento de hablar pero períodos de tiempo un poquito más amplios.
These days, this year, this morning… This year I’m revising the tenses in class.
c/ Para acciones que ocurrirán en un futuro próximo con seguridad porque han sido programadas anteriormente. Las expresiones temporales que le acompañan son tonight, tomorrow, next week, in a minute, in a couple days... Tomorrow I’m moving to a new flat.
d/ Algunos “stative verbs” pueden aparecer en forma continua siempre que no expresen su significado original.
I have a car I’m having a shower
Present Simple vs. Present Continuos
· El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren habitualmente o en general:
- James studies German at university. - My parents live in the south
- Water boils at 100 Celsius degrees. - Sharks are dangerous animals.
· El presente continuo, en cambio, se utiliza para hablar de cosas que están ocurriendo en el momento en el que se habla:
- Mary is playing the guitar now. - Take an umbrella. It´s raining.
- Let´s go to the park! The sun is shinning. - They are working in the garage at the moment.
Las oraciones en presente continuo a menudo van acompañadas de expresiones que indican que la acción se está realizando en ese momento:
Now, right now, at the moment, at present...
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Past Simple (Pasado Simple)
Forma S+Vpast
Afirmativa
Verbos regulares forman el pasado añadiéndoles la terminación –ed a la forma básica del verbo.
(work) I / You / He / She / It / We / They worked.
Reglas ortográficas para añadir la teminación -ed
-Si el verbo en infinitivo acaba en –e sólo añadiremos –d move / moved
-Los verbos que se acentúan en la última sílaba doblan la consonante final. Permit / permitted
-Los que terminan en consonante + y cambian -y por -i añadiendo después –ed study / studied
-Los verbos monosílabos que terminan en cons + vocal + cons doblan la consonante final. Stun / stunned
-Los verbos que acaban en –l también doblan la consonante final. Travel / travelled
Verbos irregulares (go)
Tienen su propia forma para el pasado.
Afirmativa
I went You went He / she / it went
We went You went They went
Negativa
Verbos regulares (work)
I did not work I didn´t work You did not work You didn´t work
He / she / it did not work He / she / it didn´t work
We did not work We didn´t work You did not work You didn´t work They did not work They didn´t work
Verbos irregulares (go)
I did not go I didn´t go You did not go You didn´t go
He / she / it did not go He / she / it didn´t go
We did not go We didn´t go You did not go You didn´t go They did not go They didn´t go
Curso intermedio inglés 11
Interrogativa
Verbos regulares (work)
Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didn´t Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t
Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn´t
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn´t
Verbos irregulares (go)
Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didn´t
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did he/she/it go? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didn´t
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did they go? Yes, they did No, they didn´t
Usos
a/ Para acciones acabadas que ocurrieron en un momento definido del pasado.
I saw your cousin yesterday My father bought a book last week
Con el pasado simple pueden ir todas las partículas temporales que indiquen pasado por ejemplo: last year, month, week… ago (hace) detrás de años, meses o minutos, yesterday…
b/ Para expresar acciones que ocurrieron consecutivamente en el pasado.
Last night I heard a terrible noise; I got up inmediately and closed my window.
c/ Para expresar una acción corta en el pasado que interrumpe a otra acción larga que también sucedió en el pasado.
I was watching TV (acción larga), when the phone rang (acción corta).
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Past Continuos (Pasado Continuo)
Forma S+ past “to be” + V-ing
Afirmativa
I was working You were working
He / she / it was working
We were working You were working They were working
Negativa
I was not working I wasn´t working You were not working you weren´t working
He / she / it was not working he / she /it wasn´t working
We were not working we weren´t working You were not working you weren´t working
They were not working they weren´t working
Interrogativa
Was I working? Yes, I was No, I wasn´t
Were you working? Yes, you were No, you weren´t
Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn´t
Were we working? Yes, we were No, we weren´t Were you working? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Were they working? Yes, they were No, they weren´t
Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing:
- Los verbos que acaban en una sola –e pierden esta vocal y añaden –ing: write writing have having come coming
- Los verbos de una sílaba acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la consonante y añaden –ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put putting stop stopping shop shopping
Curso intermedio inglés 13
Usos
a/ Para expresar una acción incompleta, continuada, que estaba ocurriendo en un momento determinado del pasado. Yesterday evening I was doing my homework
b/ Para indicar que dos o más acciones largas estaban ocurriendo simultáneamente.
En este uso podemos utilizar la partícula temporal while (mientras).
I was eating a sándwich while my mother was cooking in the kitchen.
En español equivale normalmente a “estaba + gerundio”.
c// Para señalar que una acción larga estaba teniendo lugar en el pasado cuando fue interrumpida por otra acción breve. I was watching TV (acción larga) when the phone rang..
Past Simple/Past continuos
El pasado simple se utiliza para referirnos a situaciones o acciones completas del pasado o a situaciones permanentes o de larga duración, también en el pasado.
- I lived in Rome till I was 10.
- She bought chocolates because she thought you liked them.
El pasado continuo, sin embargo, se refiere a situaciones o eventos temporales de un momento del pasado.
-She arrived when we were having dinner.
Cuando hablamos de situaciones o eventos simultáneos en el pasado, puede utilizarse el pasado simple o el pasado continuo:
-They went on holiday while their son was at university. -Jill was making dinner while he was laying the table.
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Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto)
Forma
Sujeto + have/has + participio del verbo principal
Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares añaden –ed en el participio.
En el caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo.
Afirmativa
I have worked I´ve worked
You have worked you´ve worked He / she / it has worked he/she/it´s worked
We have worked we´ve worked You have worked you´ve worked
They have worked They´ve worked
Negativa
I have not work ed I haven´t worked
You have not work ed You haven´t worked
He / she / it has not worked He / she / it hasn´t worked
We have not worked We haven´t worked
You have not worked You haven´t worked
They have not worked They haven´t worked
Interrogativa
Have I worked? Yes, I have No, I haven´t
Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you haven´t
Has he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasn´t
Have we worked? Yes, we have No, we haven´t
Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you haven´t
Have they worked? Yes, they have No, they haven´t
Curso intermedio inglés 15
Uso del Present Perfect::
a/ Para expresar acciones que habiendo ocurrido en el pasado afectan al presente.
I have lost my ballet He perdido mi cartera, y el resultado es que ahora no tengo dinero.
b/ Para una acción que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el momento presente.
They have been married for two years (llevan casados dos años, todavía siguen casados).
c/ Acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo pasado pero no se expresa cuando por ser desconocido o poco importante pero siempre guarda relación con el presente.
I have been to United States.
d/ Para acciones que acaban de suceder, en este caso llevan la partícula just.
I have just lost my keys. (Acabo de perder mis llaves).
NOTA: Al contrario que en español, el present perfect no se utiliza para hablar de algo ocurrido en el pasado reciente. En esos casos se usa el pasado simple:
- He desayunado a las diez (hoy) I had breakfast at 10.
- Ha llegado esta tarde He arrived this afternoon.
- ¿Qué has hecho por la mañana? What did you do this morning?
Expresiones temporales que acompañan al present perfect
Already / Yet
Already (ya) es una partícula temporal que va con el verbo en forma afirmativa para expresar que una acción se ha realizado ya y se coloca detrás del auxiliar have o has.
I have already seen that film.
Yet en la forma negativa significa (aún, todavía) y la utilizamos para decir que una acción todavía no ha tenido lugar, se coloca al final de la oración.
I haven’t seen that film yet.
Yet con la forma interrogativa significa (ya) y la utilizamos para preguntar si la acción del verbo se ha realizado ya. También va situada al final de la oración.
Have you seen that film yet?
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JustJust Esta partícula temporal se utiliza para expresar que la acción acaba de suceder, podríamos traducirla por la expresión perifrástica en español “acabar de + infinitivo” Se coloca detrás del auxiliar have / has.
I have just met your sister in the street.
Ever / NeverEver (alguna vez) es una expresión temporal que utilizamos en oraciones interrogativas para preguntar si alguna vez ha sucedido esa acción.
Have you ever eaten Indian food?
Never Se utiliza con el verbo en forma afirmativa para expresar que nunca se ha realizado la acción. Se coloca detrás del auxiliary have / has.
I have never eaten Indian food.
How long?Utilizamos esta partícula interrogativa para preguntar cuánto tiempo ha durado una acción.
How long have you studied in London?
For / SinceFor (durante o desde hace) Indica el tiempo completo que dura una acción.
I have studied French for two hours. Período completo dos horas.
Since (desde) Indica el momento concreto en el que comenzó la acción.
I have studied French since five o’clock. Momento en el que comienza.
Past simple vs. Presen perfect
Uno de los aspectos gramáticales del inglés más conflictivos para los hablantes de español es el uso del pasado simple y el presente perfecto. De hecho, en este punto el inglés se diferencia bastante del español. Por ello, observa atentamente los siguientes pares de ejemplos:
Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado:
- I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 años (Aún vivo allí)
- I lived in Brussels for 3 years = Viví en Bruselas durante tres años. (Ya no vivo allí)
Acciones acabadas que tuvieron lugar en algún momento del pasado:
- I have read that book. (No se especifica cuando, quizá porque no es relevante o se desconoce)
- I read that book two summers ago. (Se especifica cuando)
Curso intermedio inglés 17
Acciones que han tenido lugar en un pasado reciente.
- I´ve lost my keys and I can´t go out now. (La acción pasada tiene una relación directa con el
presente)
- I had cereals and orange juice for breakfast this morning. (La acción no tiene ninguna repercusión en el presente, aunque haya ocurrido en el mismo día en el que se habla).
Present Perfect Continuos (Presente Perfecto Continuo)
Así se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + have/has + been + verbo principal acabado en –ing
Afirmativa
I have been working I´ve been working
You have been working you´ve been working
He / she / it has been working he/she/it´s been working We have been working we´ve been working
You have been working you´ve been working They have been working they´ve been working
Negativa
I have not been working I haven´t been working
You have not been working You haven´t been working
He / she / it has not been working He / she / it hasn´t been working We have not been working We haven´t been working
You have not been working You haven´t been working They have not been working They haven´t been working
Interrogativa
Have I been working? Yes, I have No, I haven´t
Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you haven´t
Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasn´t Have we been working? Yes, we have No, we haven´t
Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you haven´t
Have they been working? Yes, they have No, they haven´t
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El presente perfecto contínuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se han producido durante un tiempo y han finalizado hace muy poco o aún continúan. Este tiempo verbal enfatiza la duración de la sacción.. A menudo se acompaña de una expresión de tiempo con since o for, por ejemplo.
- I ´ve been trying to talk to him for weeks.
- She´s been studying French since she was 15, but she still can´t speak fluently.
- He´s been living in Rome for five months now.
También se utiliza frecuentemente en preguntas que comienzan con How long...?
- How long have you been waiting for the bus? - How long has she been trying to find a job
Past Perfect (Pasado Perfecto)
Así se forma el pasado perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + had + participio del verbo principal
Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares añaden –ed en el participio. En el caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo.
Afirmativa
I had worked I´d worked
You had worked you´d worked He / she / it had worked he/she/it´d worked
We had worked we´d worked You had worked you´d worked
They had worked they´d worked
Negativa
I had worked I hadn´t worked You had worked You hadn´t worked
He / she / it had not worked He / she / it hadn´t worked
We had not worked We hadn´t worked You had not worked You hadn´t worked
They had not worked They hadn´t worked
Interrogativa
Had I worked? Yes, I had No, I hadn´t Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t
Had he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadn´t
Had we worked? Yes, we had No, we hadn´t Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t Had they worked? Yes, they had No, they hadn´t
Curso intermedio inglés 19
Uso del Pasado Perfecto:
Este tiempo se utiliza para referirnos a un hecho pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra acción también pasada o antes de algún momento concreto del pasado:
- When he arrived, the film had finished. 1º acción: the film had finished. 2º acción: he arrived..
· Pasado perfecto con already y just.
- I had already had dinner when he phoned. (Ya había cenado cuando él llamó)
- She told me to buy some bread when I had just come back from the supermarket. (Me pidió que comprara pan cuando yo acababa de volver del supermercado)
Pasado Perfecto Continuo (Past Perfect Continuos)
Así se forma el pasado perfecto continuo en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + had + been + verbo principal acabado en –ing
Afirmativa
I had been working I´d been working
You had been working you´d been working
He / she / it had been working he/she/it´d been working
We had been working we´d been working You had been working you´d been working They had been working they´d been working
Negativa
I had not been working I hadn´t been working
You had not been working You hadn´t been working
He / she / it had not been working He / she / it hadn´t been working
We had not been working We hadn´t been working You had not been working You hadn´t been working They had not been working They hadn´t been working
Interrogativa
Had I been working? Yes, I had No, I hadn´t
Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t
Had he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadn´t
Had we been working? Yes, we had No, we hadn´t Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t Had they been working? Yes, they had No, they hadn´t
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- El pasado perfecto continuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se produjeron durante cierto tiempo en el pasado y finalizaron en un momento concreto también del pasado, o poco antes de ese momento:
- Jim had been watching TV all evening when she phoned.
- I had been doing some work before going to bed.
- They had been trying to save for the summer holidays.
- Her parents had been trying to persuade her for weeks but she didn´t listen to them.
El pasado perfecto continuo enfatiza la duración de una acción o situación, mientras que el pasado perfecto se refiere más a la finalización de una actividad o sus efectos:
- She had been phoning for hours but she hadn´t got any answer.
Futuro Simple (Future Simple)
Afirmativa
I will work I´ll work
You will work you´ll work
He / she / it will work he / she / it´ll work
We will work we´ll work You will work you´ll work They will work they´ll work
Negativa
I will not work I won´t work
You will not work you won´t work
He / she / it will not work he / she /it won´t work
We will not work we won´t work You will not work you won´t work They will not work they won´t work
Interrogativa
Will I work? Yes, I will No, I won´t
Will you work Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it won´t Will we work? Yes, we will No, we won´t
Will you work? Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will they work? Yes, they will No, they won´t
Curso intermedio inglés 21
Shall: con I y we se puede utilizar shall en lugar de will, pero su uso es menos común:
- I will go to work in five minutes = I shall go to work in five minutes.
- We will buy vegetables this afternoon = We shall buy vegetables this afternoon.
Usos
a/ Para expresar hechos futuros.
The members of Parliament will hold a special meeting on Monday
b/ Para hacer predicciones sobre lo que creemos que ocurrirá en el futuro basadas en la opinión.
Pueden aparecer con verbos de opinión por ejemplo think, believe…
In the future We will study with computers instead books.
c/ Para decisiones que se toman en el mismo momento de hablar, espontáneamente, y ofrecimientos.
I’m getting tired. I’ll take a taxi. – I have a lot of work. I will help you!
To Be Going To
Forma
AfirmativaSe forma con el presente del verbo “to be” más going to + infinitivo.
I am going to + inf We / You / They are going to + inf He / She / It is going to + inf
NegativaI’m not going to + inf We / You / They are not (aren’t) going to + inf
He / She / It is not (isn’t) going to + inf
InterrogativaAm I going to + inf? Are We / You / They going to + inf? Is He / She It going to + inf?
Usos
a/ Para expresar planes o intenciones (ir a, pensar en).
I’m going to visit my grandmother next week.
b/ Para expresar predicciones sobre el futuro basadas en indicios o evidencias.
Look at these clouds! It is going to rain!
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Present Continuos (Presente continuo)
Forma S+am/are/is+V-ing
Diferencia entre presente continuo y to be going to:
Aunque ambos se utilizan para referirnos a acciones futuras ya planeadas, existe una pequeña diferencia.
El presente continuo se utiliza para expresar actividades que se realizarán casi con total seguridad porque ya se han planeado, mientras que to be going to no implica tanta certeza, sino más bien una intención.
Ejemplos:
- I think I´m going to start looking for another job. (intención, no un plan definido) - The film is starting in one hour. (según un horario fijo)
- She´s coming for dinner tonight. (ya se ha planeado antes y es algo seguro) - We´re going to start learning Italian. (intención)
Future Continuos (Futuro Continuo)
Así se forma el futuro continuo en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + will + be + verbo principal en su forma –ing
Afirmativa
I will be working I´ll be working
You will be working you´ll be working
He / she / it will be working he / she / it´ll be working
We will be working we´ll be working You will be working you´ll be working They will be working they´ll be working
Negativa
I will not be working I won´t be working
You will not be working you won´t be working
He / she / it will not be working he / she /it won´t be working
We will not be working we won´t be working You will not be working you won´t be working They will not be working they won´t be working
Curso intermedio inglés 23
Interrogativa
Will I be working? Yes, I will No, I won´t
Will you be working Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will he / she / it be working? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it won´t Will we be working? Yes, we will No, we won´t
Will you be working? Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will they be working? Yes, they will No, they won´t
- El futuro continuo se utiliza para referirnos a acciones que ocurrirán en un momento concreto del futuro o durante cierto tiempo en el futuro. A veces se trata de acciones ya planeadas. Se suele mencionar el complemento circunstancial de tiempo (tomorrow, next time, etc.)
- I ´ll be wearing a suit at work every day. - She´ll be leaving tomorrow morning at 9.
Futuro Perfecto (Future Perfect)
Afirmativa
I will have worked I´ll have worked
You will have worked you´ll have worked
He / she / it will have worked he / she / it´ll have worked
We will have worked we´ll have worked You will have worked you´ll have worked They will have worked they´ll have worked
Negativa
I will not have worked I won´t have worked
You will not have worked you won´t have worked
He / she / it will not have worked he / she /it won´t have worked
We will not have worked we won´t have worked You will not have worked you won´t have worked They will not have worked they won´t have worked
Interrogativa
Will I have worked? Yes, I will No, I won´t
Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will he / she / it have worked? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it won´t
Will we have worked? Yes, we will No, we won´t Will you have worked?
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Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will they have worked? Yes, they will No, they won´t
Uso: se utiliza para expresar que algo ya habrá sucedido o se habrá completado en cierto momento futuro:
- I´ll have finished my exams by 20th June. (Ya habré terminado los exámenes el 20 de junio)
- She´ll have paid her mortgage when she is 55. (Habrá terminado de pagar cuando tenga 55)
- I ´ll have done the shopping by the time you get home. (Habré hecho la compra antes de que llegues)
Future Perfect Continuos (Futuro Perfecto Continuo)
Así se forma el futuro perfecto en su forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + will + have + been + verbo principal acabado en –ing
Afirmativa
I will have been working I´ll have been working
You will have been working you´ll have been working
He / she / it will have been working he/she/it´ll have been working We will have been working we´ll have been working
You will have been working you´ll have been working They will have been working they´ll have been working
Negativa
I will not have been working I won´t have been working
You will not have been working You won´t have been working
He / she / it will not have been working He / she / it won´t have been working We will not have been working We won´t have been working
You will not have been working You won´t have been working They will not have been working They won´t have been working
Interrogativa
Will I have been working? Yes, I will No, I won´t
Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you won´t
Will he/she/it have been working? Yes, he/she/it will No, he/she/it won´t
Curso intermedio inglés 25
Will we have been working? Yes, we will No, we won´t Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will they have been working? Yes, they will No, they won´t
- El futuro perfecto continuo se utiliza para expresar cuanto tiempo habrá durado una acción o situación cuando llegue cierto momento. Es necesario mencionar la duración de dicha acción (one year, two days...) y el momento futuro que se toma como referencia (next summer, tomorrow...)
- Next year we´ll have been living in this house for 2 years.
- He´ll have been travelling around the world for one month on Monday.
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EXERCISES
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1.Choose the correct answer
a. Sally isn't here. She visits / is visiting a friend in hospital.
b. Our English teacher gives / is giving us spelling dictations every week.
c. We don't stay / aren't staying at home tonight.
d. These flowers are beautiful and they smell / are smelling wonderful, too.
e. Don't talk loudly. They try / are trying to sleep.
d. We don't think /aren't thinking his suggestion is a good one.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous.
a. How much______________this book __________?(cost)
b. Call the doctor later. He______________a patient (see) at the moment.
c. I'm so excited. My best friend __________(arrive) now.
d. That's ridiculous. Dogs __________ (not fly)
e. __________ you __________at home tonight? (stay)
f. We __________ (not know) what to do.
g. I _______________ (have) a birthday party next week so please come and celebrate with me.
h. I never_______________ (forget) a person's face.
3. Complete the letter with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous.
Dear Anne,
I 1_______________(write) to you about my friend, Mary. My problem is 2_I______________ (not understand) her at all. She 3_______________ (lack) self-confidence and she's very shy. We 4. _______________ (take) a kickboxing course this year and we often 5___________ (go) to parties together, but she 6. _______________ (not talk) to anyone. It's strange because we _______________(get along) so well.. 8_______________(see) her later this weekend to talk about things. 19_______________ (know) that she's worried about the party at our school next week. 10_I___________ (like) Mary a lot, but I’m not sure how to help her.
Thanks for your advice. Tina
Curso intermedio inglés 27
PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
4) Complete the sentences with a suitable time expression below.
*while” *when” *this morning” *last year” *10 o'clock last night” *fifty years ago”
a. Nobody had computers or microwave ovens………………………………………………………….
b. I was standing outside the cinema_______________it began to rain.
c. _______________ my sister won the talent contest at our school, I hope she wins again this year.
d. Our friends came to visit_______________ we were having dinner.
e. What were you doing at ._______________
f.. John got up late_______________and missed the bus to school.
5)Write questions using the words below. Use the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
a. you /study / for the exam / all weekend
____________________________________________________________________________________
b. what /she /say /when / you / tell her / the truth
____________________________________________________________________________________
c. they / sleep / when / you / arrive / last night
____________________________________________________________________________________
d. why / you / cry / when /1/ see / you
____________________________________________________________________________________
6)Complete the e-mail with a suitable verb below. Use the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
eat - not forget - try - concentrate - meet - arrive - not speak - rain - have – look-be
Hi Andy,
Here I am in London. Its a good thing 1. I_____________ my umbrella because it 2. ____________ very hard when 3.I ____________ My cousin Jill 4____________ me at the airport. We 5 ____________much to each other on the way home because she 6. ____________on driving.
Anyway, while Jill was driving. 7 I____________ out of the window. It 8. __________strange driving on the "wrong" side of the road. My first meal here was fish and chips, which I wasn't mad about but 9I__________ it anyway because 10. I ____________to be polite. That's all for now - more tomorrow.
Sue
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PAST SIMPLE AND PAST PERFECT
7)Choose the correct answer.
a. The ground was wet / had been wet because it rained / had rained the night before.
b. I started writing the answers after / by the time I had read all the questions.
c. She offered / had offered to help, but we eventually solved / had solved the problem on our own.
d. Sally burnt / had burnt her mouth when she had drunk / drank the hot coffee.
e. Dad had realised / realised that he had forgotten / forgot to lock the front door.
8)Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences. Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
a. She made tea. Then she washed the dishes. (after)
....................................................................................................
b. Sally came to live here 20 years ago. (for)
...................................................................................................
c. Do you know how to play tennis? (ever)
..................................................................................................
d. I haven't seen him since we finished school. (last time)
……………………………………………………………………………………..
e. Thanks, but I had lunch earlier. (already)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
9)Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
Frozen foods 1. ____________(be) part of our lives for so long that it’s hard to imagine how we once 2.____________(manage) without them. Like many other inventions, the discovery of frozen food 3. ____________ (happen) by chance. A scientist called Clarence Birdseye was working in the Arctic, when he 4. ____________ (notice) people were eating fish that local fishermen 5. ____________ (catch) several days before. The freezing temperatures 6. ____________ (keep) the fish fresh Birdseye realized the importance of his discovery because until then, there 7. ____________(be) no satisfactory way of keeping meat, fish and vegetables fresh for any length of time Food companies quickly 8____________ (adopt) his ideas and methods for freezing food. Since then, we 9_________________ (benefit) from Birdseye's discovery.
Curso intermedio inglés 29
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE
10) Complete the mini dialogues with a suitable time expression below.
Already yet last weekend just in 2006 never
a. Do you want to see the film? No thanks. I have____________seen it twice.
b. Are you planning a picnic this Saturday? No. We had a picnic ____________
c. Is Danny's sister pretty? I don't know. I've_________ met her.
d. How long have they lived in this neighborhood? Not very long. They came here____________
e. Why are you still wearing your coats? We have____________arrived.
f. Is the TV working now? No. The man hasn't come to repair it____________
11)Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or Present Perfect.
a. When ___________ this new restaurant ___________ (open)? I don't think I ___________ (eat) here yet.
b. Jessica _________ (fail) two driving tests so far. Both times, she ___________ (drive) too quickly
c. They ___________ (know) each other for years, but they only ___________ (start) dating last year.
d. This watch ___________ (not work) properly since ___________ (buy) it.
e. I ___________ (already hear) about the accident Sue __________(call) last night to tell me the news.
FUTURE SIMPLE, BE GOING TO AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS WITH FUTURE MEANING
1.Choose the correct answer.
a. I can't wait! He _________ tonight.
is arriving will arrive is going to arrive
b. Ellen _________ a course in computers next year.
is doing is going to do will do
c. Hurry, or we _________ to the station in time.
aren't getting aren't going to get won't get
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d. Be careful! You __________
are falling are going to fall will fall
e. I don't understand the homework. "Don't worry. I.. _________ you."
will help am going to help am helping
2.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Future Simple, Present Continuous or be going to. There may be more than one possible answer.
a. I _________ they _________ the game tomorrow? (win)
b. Our friends _________ us this evening. (visit)
c. Do you think he _________ me his car? (lend)
d. Don't climb that tree. You _________ (fall)
e. Look at those clouds. It _________ soon. (rain)
f. I _________ my doctor this afternoon. (see)
g. It's a long journey. They probably _________ before midnight. (not arrive)
h. The lesson _________ (begin) in an hour.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE AND FUTURE CONTINUOUS
3. Choose the correct answer.
a. During the next few months, we will be working / will have worked in another building.
b. Don't worry! By the time you arrive, we will have cleaned / will be cleaning everything.
c. At this time tomorrow, I will be travelling / will have travelled to Paris.
d. I have to cancel our plans. It looks like I will be studying / will have studied all weekend.
e. You can call me after 8 o'clock. I won't have slept / won't be sleeping.
4.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use the Future Continuous or Future Perfect. You will need to use some verbs more than once.
Make finish work sleep save
a. For the next few months, Jack _________________ extra hours to make more money.
b. By January, he _____________________________ enough money to pay for the trip.
Curso intermedio inglés 31
c. Don't call John before midday. You'll wake him because______________________ At noon, you can call him. He _____________________________________ enough by then.
d. On 15th June, we ____________________________ in this company for exactly ten years.
e. I believe we _______________________________________ still here ten years from now.
f. By the end of next week, we _______________________ all our exams, and we _________________ plans for a celebration.
6.Write a suitable response for each question. Use the correct future tense of the verbs in brackets. There may be more than one possible answer.
a. What do you need the eggs for? I __________________________________ (bake) a cake this evening.
b. What's the best time to call you? After 9 o'clock. I ________________ (finish) my homework by then.
c. Are you busy tonight? Yes, I _____________________. (help) my brother study for his math’s exam.
d. He's a great musician. Yes. I agree. He _______________________________ (be) famous one day
REVIEW EXERCISES
1.Complete the sentences with a suitable word or expression below. Pay attention to the tense in each sentence.
by then / one day / last year / yet / every day / this time, next month / at the moment / at eight o'clock, last night
a. How many students failed the exam ___________________________ ?
b. __________________________________ we'll be spending our days on the beach.
c.Eleanor likes exercising. She walks to work.__________________________________
d.I haven't finished my homework ________________
e.Come at 8 o'clock ________________________ we'll have finished dinner.
f.What were you doing ___________________________
g.Sally is busy. She's doing homework ______________________________________
h.Fred is a marvelous guitarist. He'll be famous _______________________________
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2.Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or the present continuous.
a. Jill is interested in politics but she _________ (not / belong) to a political party.
b. Don't put the dictionary away. I _________________ (use) it.
c. Don't put the dictionary away. I _________________ (need) it.
d. Who is that man? What _________________ (he / want)?
e.. Who is that man? Why _________________ (he / look) at us?
3.Complete the sentences. Use past simple or past continuous.
a. A man _________ (leave) his house when he _________ (see) some workmen who _________ (put) rubbish in the road outside his front door.
b. I _________ (watch) TV when I _________ (hear) the news of John Lennon's death.
c. Paul _________ (join) a group when he was fifteen.
d. The Beatles _________ (play) in The Cavern when Epstein ___________(see) them for the first time.
4. Complete the sentences. Use simple present, simple past or present perfect.
a. When the magazine _________ (begin) Howard only _________(have) a few readers.
b. He_____________________________ (sell) over five hundred copies at his last match.
c. People often ______________________ (tell) me that I'm lucky to have my own room.
d. My father _______________________________ (decorate/recently) my room.
e. In the last few years, over 150 football magazines _________ (appear) in Britain.
5.Complete the sentences. Use past perfect or past simple.
a. I _________ (go) to sleep by the time he arrived.
b. He _________ (leave) school by the age of sixteen.
c. They waited until we were all there before they _________ (start).
d. I was sure that I _________ (see) her somewhere before.
e. I couldn't watch the film because it _________ (start) before I ___________(arrive).
f. It _________ (take) me an hour to get there on the bus. By the time __________(get) there all the stars _________ (go) in, so I __________________(not get) any autographs.
g. Robbie _________ (come) on stage at nine. Most of the audience____________(arrive) hours earlier.
Curso intermedio inglés 33
6.Complete the sentences. Use past perfect or past perfect continuous.
a. They _________ (talk) for hours before they realized what time it was.
b. The kitchen was a mess because the boys _________ (cook).
c. I _________ (know) him since primary school.
d. The boys _________ (do) their homework by the time I arrived.
e. I went to England after I _________ (study) English for three months.
7.Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verb in the correct form: present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, past perfect or past perfect continuous.
a.. Ann is sitting on the ground. She's out of breath. (she/run)
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Where's my bag? I left it under this chair. (somebody/take/it)
______________________________________________________________________________
c. We were all surprised when Jenny and Andy got married last year. (they / only / know / each other / few weeks)
______________________________________________________________________________
d. Suddenly I woke up. I was confused and didn't know where I was. ( I / dream)
______________________________________________________________________________
e. I wasn't hungry at lunchtime so didn't have anything to eat. (I / have / a big breakfast)
______________________________________________________________________________
8.Complete the sentences. Use will, shall or going to.
a. "These books are very heavy." "Don't worry, I _________ (carry) them for you."
b. __________________we go out now?, I'm bored.
c. "There's someone at the door." "Ok, I ______________________ (open) it."
d. __________ we go to the cinema tonight?" "I can't, I ____________________ (study),
e. Look at that man hanging form the top of the building! He ________________________ (fall).
f. "How are you getting home?" "I _________ (take) the number 57 bus as usual." "I _________ (come) with you. It stops near my house."
g. My father has decided that we _________ (visit) Sarah in New York next summer.
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9. Complete the sentences with either the future or the future continuos form of the verbs in brackets.
a. In five years time he _________________________________ (be) a millionaire.
b. This time next year I ____________________________________ (live) in America.
c. Ask Peter. I'm sure he ___________________________________ (know) the answer.
d. On 27th July he _________________________ (watch) a football match at Wembley.
e. I _________ __________________ (work) late in the office if you need to contact me.
f. I ______________________________ (meet) you in front of the cinema at 7.00 pm.".
"Ok see you then."
10. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of do or make.
a. I feel really nervous before _____________________ a speech.
b. You can't _________________ an international call from this office.
c. Have you finished _________________ the housework?
d. Don't ________________ any noise when you leave.
e. Could you _________________ me a favour?
f. In war, people _________________ terrible things.
11. Write the verbs in the correct tense: Present Simple/Cont., Past Simple/Cont
Present Perfect (Simple/Continuous), Past Perfect (Simple/Continuous).
1. I closed the door quietly because he(try)...................................to sleep.
2. How many times (she-call)....................................since he came to N.Y.?
3. The children are filthy. Where (they-be)...............................................?
4. I´m going to bed. I (work)..........................................for hours and I am tired.
5. Mary was cleaning the windscreen when she (notice)................................ a crack in the glass.
6. I couldn´t open the office door because someone (lock)................................it.
7. I agree: I (not think)......................................you should apologize.
8. When I phoned her she (do).........................................her homework.
9. When I shouted they (jump)...............................off the roof and (run)..................away.
Curso intermedio inglés 35
10. Don´t phone her just now. She (talk).........................................to her boss.
11. Oh! You (have).....................................a shave! You look strange without a beard.
12. Sorry, I (not understand)........................................... Could you say that again, please?
13. There was nobody at the office. Mr. Brownlow (tell).................................... the staff to go home.
14. How many times (you see)................................................him since he went to Edinburgh?
15. They are very angry. They (try)..............................................to see you for the last two or three hours.
16 I had a pleasant surprise when I got to my room: someone (put).....................................some flowers there for me.
17. Don´t make a noise: the children (try).............................................to sleep.
18. We (sit).............................................in the sunshine for about twenty-five minutes when I suddenly felt sick.
19.He´ll be ready in a moment. He (clean).....................................his shoes.
20. It´s the most comfortable car I (ever-drive).....................................................
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PHRASAL VERBSPHRASAL VERBS
Son un grupo especial de verbos que van seguidos por una o dos partículas: back, up, on, out, off …
Un phrasal verb es por tanto una unidad con significado especial y distinto al de las palabras que lo forman por separado.
To PUT- poner To PUT UP WITH —tolerar To PUT OFF- aplazar, apagar...
Mark got out of the car to have a look at the engine. (salir fuera)
Transitivos (Object)
Separables : pueden llevar la partícula junto all verbo o detrás del CD (object).
I have looked up the word/ looked the word up in the dictionary.
Si el CD es un sustantivo acepta las dos posiciones.
OJO con esto: Si el complemento es un pronombre como “him”, “it” o “that”, debe ir siempre entre el verbo y la partícula
I have looked it up in the dictionary.
Inseparables: llevan la partícula unida al verbo y el CD (object) se coloca detrás de la partícula.
My sister takes after my mother My sister takes after her
Ahora, cuando una frase tiene dos complementos, deben ir siempre separados:
I can’t put the painting on the wall. No puedo poner el cuadro en la pared.I can’t put on the painting on the wall.
Intransitivos
No llevan CD (object) son inseparables.
To stand up —levantarse To sit down- sentarse To come to- volver en sí
To go away- irse To lie down- tumbarse.
Los que se forman con dos partículas son siempre inseparables
To look up to —respetar To look forward to-esperar con illusion To put up with —tolerar
To stick up for-apoyar.
La dificultad de este tipo especial de verbos estriba en que no hay reglas para orientarte qué tipo de phrasal verb es. No hay otro medio que aprender su uso y su significado juntos.
A menudo utilizamos verbos con las siguientes partículas.
Curso intermedio inglés 37
In, out, on, off, up, away, round, back, through, about, along, over, forward, by.
On, off, back, round van con verbos de movimiento para indicar subir, bajar...
IN / INTO
break in- introducirse en una casa. Burglars usually break in at night.
bring in – incluir Can we bring in Susan in on this decision?
call in- visitar a alguien sin cita, pasarse por casa de alguien.
come in- entrar. Come in quickly and close the door, please.
deal in- comerciar en. That shop deals in anticues.
fill in- rellenar. I need fill this form in to get my passport.
get into- meterse, por ejemplo, en problemas. He ge tinto trouble.
give in- rendirse. He gives in quickly when things get difficult.
join in- juntarse. He is antisocial, he never joins in our games.
look into- investigar. The police are looking into the burglary.
take part in- participar. Sue took part in the New York marathon.
turn into- volverse, convertirse. The young vandal turned into a responsible adult.
OUT
break out- fugarse. Three prisoners broke out of jail last night.
carry out- llevar a cabo. They should carry out her final wishes.
come out- salir. Heat magazine comes out on Fridays.
find out- descubrir. It’s a secret, nobody must find out.
get out- sacar. Bill got euros out of the bank to buy a phone.
get out of- escaparse. Only two survivors got out of the burning building.
give out- repartir. The air hostess gave out drinks and snacks.
leave out- excluir. Leave out question 2, you don’t need to do it.
pick out- elegir. We picked out a lovely tie for your dad’s birthday.
put out- apagar. The fire service put the fire out inmediately.
run out- agotar. My phone has run out of credit.
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set out- partir. They set out for the mountains at dawn.
spell out- deletrear. I often have to spell my name out.
stand out- destacar. Her work is excellent, it really stands out from the rest.
take out- sacar. He takes the dog out three times a day.
turn out- resultar. The festival turned out to be a great sucess.
work out- resolver. I can’t work out the answer. It’s too hard.
ON
carry on- continuar, seguir. We must carry on until the end.
come on- darse prisa. We must come on to finish work.
drive on- seguir conduciendo. They drove on all day.
get on- “irle a alguien bien o mal, por ejemplo en un examen, trabajo...”
get on with- llevarse bien con alguien. He doesn’t get on with her dad, they always argue.
go on- seguir, continuar haciendo algo.
go on- ocurrir. Look! There’s something strange is going on in the street.
go on- conectarse (Internet). I’ll go on the internet and find a hotel.
switch on- encender. It’s too dark, switch the light on please.
try on- probarse. Try the shoes on before you buy them.
OFF
get off- bajarse. Get off the bus here, it’s our stop. También puede significar colgar. Get off the phone! I need to make an urgent call.
go off- explotar. The bomb went off at midnight.
put off- posponer. You shouldn’t put off going to the dentist.
switch off- apagar. Switch the lights off when you go to bed.
take off- despegar. The plane took off from runway 7.
take off- quitar. Please come in and take off your coat.
turn off- apagar.
UP
blow up- explotar. The terrorists blew the plane up.
Curso intermedio inglés 39
break up- dejar una relación. He broke up his new girlfriend after a week.
bring up- educar. He brought his six children as a single parent.
build up- aumentar, desarrollar. Traffic always builds up on Sunday morning.
dress up- disfrazarse. It is a tradition to dress up on Halloween.
dry up- secarse. The reservoirs could dry up again this Summer.
fill up- llenarse. It costs 30 euros to fill the tank up with petrol.
get up- levantarse. He ges up at 6 o’clock because he stars work at 7.30.
give up- dejar de. She got up smoking alter she got bronchitis.
go up- subir. Is the lift going up or down?
look up- buscar. Can you look up “warrior” in the dictionary?
make up- desmaquillarse como verbo, como sustantivo significa maquillaje y también tiene otros significados como por ejemplo, inventar. She makes incredible stories up.
pick up- recoger. I will pick up you at the station at six o’clock.
put up- exponer. They put election posters up all over the town.
put up with- tolerar.
ring up- llamar por teléfono. He rang me up at midnight.
set up- establecerse, asentarse. The company set up for new offices last year.
shut up- callarse. Shut up! Stop shouting!
take up- empezar a hacer algo, practicar, por ejemplo un deporte. She took up running a few years ago.
throw up- vomitar.He threw up after eating too much.
turn up- acudir. He didn’t turn up for his exams. Tambien puede significar subir el volumen.
use up- gastar. Use up this cereal before you open a new one.
wash up- lavar los platos. wake up- despertarse.
DOWN
blow down- derrumbar. The wind blew the fence down.
break down- averiarse, estropearse. The car broke down on the motorway.
cut down- reducir. If you want to lose weight, cut down on fast food.
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knock down- derribar por ejemplo un edificio, también puede significar atropellar. The man was knocked down by a train.
lie down- tumbarse.
sit down- sentarse.
slow down- bajar la velocidad.
turn down- bajar el volumen. write down- apuntar, anotar. The police wrote down the suspect’s name.
OVER
fall over- perder el equilibrio, caerse.
get over- recuperarse. She never got over the death of her husband.
knock over- tirar, hacer caer objetos y knocked over, en pasiva ser atropellado.
turn over – dar la vuelta. Turn over the page and begin the test.
AWAY
get away with- salirse con la suya. He smiles and gets away with anything.
give away- regalar. They give a DVD away with this magazine.
go away- marcharse, irse.
put away- guardar algo en un sitio, colocar.
run away- huir. The boy run away after a family argument.
take away- quitar algo de un sitio. Take the dirty dishes away to wash.
throw away- tirar. Don’t throw bottles away, recycle them!
BACK
come back- volver. When are the Rolling Stones coming back to Spain?
give back- devolver. Give me back my pen, please.
go back- regresar, volver. Are you going up home for Christmas.
pay back- devolver dinero a alguien. I paid back the money I owned my parents.
FOR ask for- pedir. They asked for two coffees.
call for- reclamar. Ring this bell to call for attention.
FROM come from- proceder, venir de. Where does caviar come from?
ACROSS come across- encontrar. Bob came across an old friend in the supermarket.
Curso intermedio inglés 41
AFTER look after- cuidar de. The nurse looks after the patients.
THROUGH get through- comunicarse.I can’t get through to him at work , his phone is engaged.
WITH deal with- encargarse de algo. She’s great, she can’t deal with any problem.
TO put to- poner. The manager put the idea to the meeting.
OF think of- recordar. I can think of his name. Bill? Bob?.
EXERCISES
Come
come through something = survive an illness ora crisis
come round = become conscious after fainting
come across something = find something by accident
come up with something = find an answer or solution to something
come forward = offer to help, or volunteer to do something
1 Match the sentences.
The examiner asked Joe a difficult question. c
1 Gill fainted during the marathon run. …
2 Tom has an operation last year. …
3 Mary gave the wallet to the police officer. …
4 Police arrested the man who robbed the bank. ...
a Fortunately he came through it all right.
b She had come across it in the street.
c He still managed to come up with an answer.
d A witness came forward and identified him.
e She didn't come round for half an hour.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.
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When Dave asked for volunteers, five people came forward.
1 Clare fainted at a pop concert. When she……………… the concert had finished.
2 Mark worked on the maths problem until he ……………… a solution.
3 Karen had a car accident last year. She was badly injured, but she managed to ……………… it.
4 Tom ……………… some old roman coins in his garden.
Go
go down with something = become ill
go with something = look right together
go without something = manage without something
go along with something = agree to something
go up = increase in price
3 Choose the correct phrasal verbs.
Put a coat on. You don’t want to go down with /go up with a cold.
1 Which T-shirt will go up / will go with my new jeans?
2 If my parents go with / go along with the idea, I’ll have the party next week.
3 You should buy your computer now. Prices will go up / will go without soon.
4 After the earthquake, many people went without / went with fresh water for weeks.
Take
take something off = remove a piece of clothing
take something on = accept or decide to do something
take something over = take control of or responsibility for something, e.g. a business
take to someone = like someone who you’ve just met
take something back = admit that something you said was wrong
4 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions.
Curso intermedio inglés 43
When I take my glasses off, I can’t see a thing.
1 Julie is often tired. She has taken too much work ……………… .
2 When his father died, Simon took the family business ……………… .
3 My parents haven’t taken …......... my new boyfriend. He’s much older than me.
4 If he doesn’t take what he said ……………, she’ll be angry.
Put
put someone off = make someone lose interest in something
put yourself out = do something that is inconvenient for you
put someone up = let someone live in your house or flat for a while
put something on = put clothes on your body
put something forward = introduce something for discussion
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.
The idea that Mary put forward was the best.
1 Rachel didn’t want to go out with Steve. His smoking ……………… her ……………… .
2 Carol is very kind. She always ……………… herself ……………… for other people.
3 Tina ……………… Tom ……………… last month while he looked for a new flat.
4 Maria decided to ……………… her black dress ……………… for the party.
Bring
bring something forward = move a meeting or a plan to an earlier time
bring something out = produce a new product
bring something on yourself = cause something to happen to yourself
bring something up = introduce a subject into a conversation
bring something down = cause the defeat of someone or something
6. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs.
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GameBoy are bringing a new computer game out next month.
1 ‘Greg failed all his exams last year.’
‘He ……………… it ……………… . He should have worked harder.’
2 Jane wanted to split up with Rob, but she didn’t know how to ……………… the subject ……………… .
3 They decided to ……………… the date of the wedding …………… by two weeks.
4 The scandal might ……………… the government ……………… .
Get
get on with someone = have a good relationship with someone
get someone down = make someone feel unhappy
get away with something = escape punishment for something
get round to (doing) something = finally do
something after finishing other things get by on something = manage to survive with something
7. Match the dialogues.
Why wasn't Maria at Rachel's party? b
1 Did you hear about the boy who stole a computer game? …
2 Have you started your homework? …
3 Why do you need more pocket money? …
4 Do you want to watch Saving Private Ryan tonight? …
a No, I haven't got round to it yet.
b She doesn't get on with her.
c I'd rather do something else. War movies really get me down.
d I can't get by on £5 a week.
e No, I didn't. How did he get away with it?
8 Choose the correct phrasal verbs.
Curso intermedio inglés 45
Kevin gets on with / gets by with Jack really well.
1 Revising for exams really gets on with me / gets me down!
2 When they were young my grandparents managed to get by on / get round to very little.
3 After watching TV for hours, Jackie eventually got away with / got round to tidying her bedroom.
4 Although Karen cheated in the exam, she got by on / got way with it.
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VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE PREPOSICIONVERBOS SEGUIDOS DE PREPOSICION
Hay verbos en inglés que rigen una determinada preposición
We don't agree with you He tried hide from the police.
Otros pueden llevar diferentes preposiciones detrás dependiendo de su significado.
I dreamt about you last night. He dreams of leaving the country.
Verbos con preposición
To accuse (someone) of (something)
To apologise to (someone) for (something)
To apply for (a job)
To ask (someone) about (someone / something)
To ask (someone) for (something) (pedir algo)
To believe in (something)
To complain to (someone) about (someone / something)
To concentrate on (something)
To congratulate (someone) on (something)
To crash into (something) (estrellarse)
To depend on (someone / something)
To die of (an illness)
To dream about (someone / something)
To hear about (something)
To insist on
To invite (someone) to (a party)
To laugh at
To listen to (someone / something)
Curso intermedio inglés 47
To look after (someone / something) To look at (someone / something)
To look for (someone / something) (to try to find)
To pay (someone) for (something)
To protect (someone / something) from (someone / something)
To provide (someone) with (something)
To punish (someone) for (something)
To remind (someone) of (someone / something) (me hace redordar)
To remind (someone) about (something) (recordarle a alguien algo)
To run into (something) (estrellarse) / (someone) (atropellar)
To spend (money) on (something)
To shout at (someone) (angrily) / to (someone) (para que se entere)
To speak to (someone) about (someone / something)
To succeed in
To suffer from (an illness)
To take care of (someone / something)
To talk to (someone) about (someone / something)
To thank (someone) for (something)
To think about (someone / something) (reflexionar sobre algo, recordar)
To think of (pensar en algo, imaginar, recordar)
To throw (something) at (someone / something) (para golpearle)
To throw (something) to (someone / something) (para que lo coja)
To translate (a book) from (one language) into (another language)
To wait for (someone / something)
To warn(someone) about (someone / something)
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Prepositions With VerbsSupply appropriate prepositions to complete the sentences
1. Jim usually complains ________ everything.
2. Our neighbours complained ________ us ________ the noise we made last night.
3. You were very rude to Tom. Don't you think you should apologize ________ him?
4. Are you going to apologize ________ what you did?
5. Tom and I ran ________ each other in town yesterday.
6. I dreamed ________ Antonio Banderas last night. We were dancing together.
7. The accident was my fault so I had to pay ________ the damage.
8. I didn't have enough money to pay ________ the bill so they cut off the electricity.
9. Did you hear ________ the accident on M-30 last night?
10. Jill used to write to me quite often but I haven't heard ________ her for a long time.
Curso intermedio inglés 49
THE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUNDTHE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUND
THE INFINITIVE
Es la forma en la que aparece en el diccionario el verbo. Expresa el significado del verbo en un sentido general .
Simple Perfect
(To) write (To) have written
Normalmente el infinitivo va precedido de to He wants to learn English .
Funciones del infinitivo
1. Complemento de verbos que indiquen gustos y preferencias o lo contrario cuando van precedidos de would o expresan una preferencia específica. Living like this is to enjoy life.
2. . Subordinadas adverbiales de finalidad I went there to see him
3. Detrás de adjetivos y adverbios , solos o acompañados de too/enough heavy to carry
4. Detrás de verbos como:
afford (permitirse) learn (aprender) agree (estar de acuerdo) come (venir)
promise (prometer) appear (aparecer) decide (decidir) happen (suceder)
manage (dirigir) prepare (preparar) be (ser o estar) hope (esperar)
offer (ofrecer) refuse (rechazar) plan (planear) seem (parecer)
My family can’t afford to go away on a holiday They agreed to go to Paris together.
5. Detrás de verbos que lleven complemento indirecto tales como: advise (aconsejar), invite (invitar), tell (contar), warn (advertir), teach (enseñar), persuade (convencer).
He persuade me to join the club
Pero…ADVISE (aconsejar) ALLOW (permitir) FORBID (prohibir) ENCOURAGE (animar)
PERMIT (permitir) van seguidos del verbo en ING cuando la persona del complemento indirecto no se menciona. I don’t allow smoking I don’t allow my students to smoke in class.
I wouldn’t advise taking the car, there’s nowhere to park I wouldn’t advise you to take the car,there’s nowhere to park.
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El infinitivo sin to se utiliza detrás de los modales, excepto en aquellos que lleven to en su forma original , después de los verbos de percepción: feel (sentir), hear (oir), see (ver), watch (mirar/ver), notice (caer en la cuenta/notar), listen (escuchar) cuando van seguidos de infinitivo sin to expresan una acción terminada.
Cuando van seguidos de gerundio ing expresan una acción continuada.
I saw her cross the road (She had crossed it ) I saw her crossing the road (She was crossing it )
make y let.también van seguidos de infinitivo sin to pero si son utilizados en pasiva se les añade to.
El verbo help a veces, y sobre todo en el inglés de América va seguido del infinitivo sin to.
THE GERUND
El gerundio es la forma del verbo en ING y se considera como un nombre por tanto puede desempeñar todas las funciones de un nombre.
Funciones del gerundio
1. Como sujeto de la oración Working in these conditions is a pleasure.
2. Como complemento de verbos (object) que expresen gustos y preferencias o lo contrario.
Like / dislike (gustar/no gustar) love / hate (encantar /odiar) prefer (preferir) enjoy (disfrutar)
He loves sending Valentine’s cards
3. Como complemento de algunos verbos.
Continue (continuar) finish (terminar) miss (perder) recommend (recomendar) practise (practicar)
Avoid (evitar) imagine (imaginar) keep (guardar) mind (importar) suggest (sugerir).
4. Detrás de estas expresiones:
IT’S NO USE / IT’S NO GOOD / THERE’S NO POINT IN (No sirve de nada, no vale la pena).
IT’S (NOT) WORTH / BE (NOT) WORTH (Valer, no merecer)
HAVE DIFFICULTY IN (Tener dificultad en)
A WASTE OF MONEY / A WASTE OF TIME (Derrochar dinero / tiempo)
SPEND/WASTE (TIME) (Pasar, perder tiempo)
BE BUSY (Estar ocupado)
GO/COME + SPORT/ACTIVITY Go swimming / skiing / fishing
BE USED TO / GET USED TO (Estar acostumbrado, acostumbrarse)
Curso intermedio inglés 51
5. Detrás de preposiciones
You can ask for advise by writting a letter.
Verbos seguidos de infinitivo o de gerundio sin variación de significado
Verbos como begin (empezar), propose (proponer), forbid (prohibir), Intend. (intentar), start (empezar) pueden ir con gerundio o infinitivo sin variar su significado.
They started to answer/ answering the letter.
Verbos seguidos de infinitivo y gerundio con variación de significado
Remember + gerundio Acordarse de haber hecho o no algo. I remember posting the setter
Remember + to inf. Acordarse de hacer algo. I remember to post the letter
Forget + gerundio Olvidar algo en el pasado We forgot meeting the writer of the book.
Forget + to inf. Olvidarse de hacer algo He always forget to bring the keys
Stop + gerundio Dejar de hacer algo Bob stopped going out with Gina
Stop + to inf. Interrumpir una acción para pasar a hacer otra. Can we stop to have a coffee?
Try + gerundio Experimentar I tried clicking on the box but it doesn’t work.
Try + to inf. Intentar You must try to be more careful.
Go on + gerundio Continuar haciendo algo. We go on playing computer games.
Go on + to inf. Continuar con otra cosa. They went on to explain the school regulations.
Regret + gerundio Lamentarse de algo que ha sucedido. I regret lending him some money.
Regret + to inf. Lamentar algo I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
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EXERCISES
A. INFINITIVE WITH "TO", INFINITIVE WITHOUT "TO" OR -ING FORM.
1. Fancy ____________ an overcoat on a hot summer's day! WEAR
2. Do you like ___________________________ to the cinema? GO
3. "You ought __________ today." "It may ____________ " GO / RAIN
4. Do you want_______________ to Susan? Can you speak to her for me? SPEAK
5. I couldn't help ____________ what you said about me. HEAR
6. Do you want _______________ the football on TV tonight? WATCH
7. "Let's ____________ the film on TV" "I don't really want ____________ TV now." WATCH
8. She hates ____________ DANCE
9. Why on earth did you suggest _____________ the car red? PAINT
10. I can't imagine George ____________ a motorbike. RIDE
11. Would you mind ____________ ____________ the door? CLOSE
12. He continued ____________ after his illness. WORK
13. I tried ____________ you several times but I couldn't get through. PHONE
14. It has started ____________ RAIN
15. We decided ____________ because of the weather. NOT GO
16. She enjoys ____________ French very much. SPEAK
17. I'll do the shopping when I've finished ____________ the flat. CLEAN
18. Would you like ____________ to the cinema? GO
19. I don't like ____________ very much. SWIM
20. Would you mind ____________ me ten euros? LEND
21. I like ____________ to music. LISTEN
22. I'm not very fond of ___________ after pets. LOOK
23. ____________to much is not good for your health, ____________ is just as bad. EAT / DRINK
24. I can't stand ____________ in queues. WAIT
25. We decided ____________ married. GET
26. She wanted to stop ____________ out because she was very tired of working. GO
27. I'd prefer __________ out. I always have dinner outside. GO
28. Most people prefer ___________ money to ____________ it. SPEND / EARN
Curso intermedio inglés 53
B TRY / REMEMBER / FORGET / STOP
Complete the sentences with the given verbs . Use the infinitive with” to” or the “ING” form
1.I tried ...................................................in a shop, but it didn't interest me. WORK
2. She wanted to stop ................................... out because she was very tired of working. GO3. Has it stopped ....................................................yet? RAIN4. He promised ...................................... her a car. BUY5. I always remember ............................................... my pills. TAKE6. Remember .................................................. him my regards. GIVE7. Where are the keys? I remember .......................................... them on the table. LEAVE8. The door was opened but he said he remembered ............................. the door before leaving.
LOCK9. They stopped ........................................their homework when the teacher told them. DO10. He was talking and he stopped ...............................................a cigarette. HAVE11. I had to ask the boys ....................................................STOP / PLAY12. I don't remember ...............................................you a Christmas card this year. SEND13. She didn't remember ................................................ the dinner. BUY14. I remember him ............................................my bag. STEAL15. He could remember .................................... along the road just before the accident happened but
he couldn't remember the accident. DRIVE16. Stop ....................................... ! TALK17. She was walking along the street and he stopped .................................................to me. SPEAK18. Can you stop........................................................ that noise, I'm trying to study. MAKE19. Sam often forgets ............................................. the door. LOCK
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MODAL VERBSMODAL VERBS
MODAL VERB USE EXAMPLECAN (poder)
*habilidad en el presente *permiso informal*posibilidad*pedir algo
- I can drive a car- Can i go out?- She can come to the party- Can you lend me some money?
CAN'T -*imposibilidad *deducción
- I can't lift this box- Those can't be my keys. I've got them
COULD (podia/podria)
*habilidad en el pasado *preguntar formalmente *especular*sugerir
- I could play the guitar when I was 4 - Could you tell me the time, please?- Whose could these glasses be?- We could go to the theatre.
COULDN'T * imposibilidad en el pasado - We couldn't pay so much money
HAVE TO (tener que)
* obligation (external) - Simon had to finish his homework
DON'T HAVE TO(no tener que)
*ausencia de obligación/ no ser necesario
- You don't have to stand
MAY (podria)
*permiso formal*posibilidad*especular*pedir formalmente
- May I go out?- Take a taxi or you may lose your way- It may be too late to phone them- May I have your opinion?
MIGHT (podria) *posibilidad remota *especular
- It might rain tomorrow- Andy might be waiting for us
MUST (deber) *obligación *consejo fuerte*deducción
- You must be quiet in the library- You must take this medicine- John must be busy. He didn't phone
MUSTN'T (o deber) *prohibición - You mustn't cross when the light is red
NEED/NEEDN'T (necesitar)
*ausencia de obligación - You needn't do all the exercises
WILL *certeza en el futuro*predecir*prometer*preguntar educadamente *ofrecerse a hacer algo *ordenar
- This lesson will finish at 11.00 - Atlético de Madrid will win the league- I will write to you when I am away - Will you lend me your pen?- I will carry those bags for you - You will stand at the back
WOULD *pedir educadamente *ofrecer*hábitos en el pasado
- Would you pass me the salt, please? - Would you like something to drink?- At that time we would go on foot
SHALL *ofrecerse a hacer algo *sugerir*determinación/amenaza
- Shall I help you?- Shall we go to the park?- You shall not see me again
SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER
*consejo *obligación moral
- You should work less- You should spend more time with the
Curso intermedio inglés 55
(deberías) family.USED TO (solía) Hábitos/ estados en el pasado. - She used to spend her holidays in Mallorca
Son un tipo especial de verbos que expresan habilidad, capacitación, prohibición, permiso, obligación posibilidad…
Características:
-Siempre van seguidos de un verbo en infinitivo sin to (excepto los que llevan to en su forma como have to / has to(Tener que...) o ought to (Deberías...)
-Sólo tienen forma de presente, excepto can/could(poder…) y have to /had to (Tener que…), que también tienen pasado.
-Para referirse al pasado pueden ir seguidos de Have + participle entonces forman los modales perfectos.
You should have visited the doctor (Deberías haber visitado al médico)
-No cambia la forma en tercera persona (He/She/It) excepto en Have to / Has to (Tener que…)
Peter has to wear uniform in his school.
-Negativa: Se coloca not o n’t detrás del verbo modal.
Jean can’t / can not drive. She’s too young.
-Interrogativa: Se coloca la forma modal delante del sujeto
Can you speak English?
HABILIDAD / CAPACITACIÓN
Can
Indica habilidades en el presente o posibilidad.
I can speak english (Sé hablar inglés) The doctor can see you at 3.00 ( El doctor le puede visitar a las tres )
Could
Indica habilidad en el pasado. Tony could swim when he was six.(Toni sabia nadar cuando tenía seis años )
Will be able to + Infinitivo
Indica habilidad en el futuro. Utilizamos esta forma modal porque can no tiene forma futura.
I will be able to study medicine Podré estudiar medicina.
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PERMISO
Utilizaremos:
CAN + S + INF? Para pedir permiso o hacer una petición de una manera informal.
Can you lend me a pen? ¿Puedes prestarme un boli?
COULD + S * INF? Para formular una petición o una pregunta de una manera más formal.
Could you pass me the salt, please? ¿Podría pasarme la sal, por favor?
MAY + S + INF? Cuando el permiso que se pide o la pregunta que se hace se encuentra en un registro muy educado.
May I use your computer, please? ¿Podría utilizar su ordenador, por favor?
WOULD + S + INF? Para hacer un ofrecimiento o para un permiso formal.
Would you like something to drink? ¿Le apetecería algo de beber?
OBLIGACIÓN, AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACIÓN, PROHIBICIÓN, CONSEJO
Obligación
MUST / HAVE TO –HAS TO
Estos dos modales expresan obligación, son equivalentes pero en MUST la obligación es más fuerte, a veces, expresa un consejo enérgico que es casi un mandato.
You must arrive home at 12 o’clock. Debes llegar a casa a las doce.
Jean has to do her homework everyday. Jean tiene que hacer deberes todos los días
You must take your medicine! ¡Debes tomarte la medicina!
Ausencia de obligación
DON’T HAVE TO –DOESN’T HAVE TO / NEEDN’T
En forma negativa significa que no tienes obligación de hacer algo, es decir, no tienes necesidad ni es obligatorio. Es opcional.
You don’t have to make your bed when you stay in a hotel. No tienes que hacer la cama cuando estás en un hotel.
You needn’t bring her any gift. No era necesario traerle a ella un regalo.
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Prohibición
MUSTN’T
En forma negativa significa prohibición. No es sólo que no debas hacer algo porque no es correcto o peligroso sino que no puedes hacerlo porque está prohibido.
You mustn’t smoke in class. No puedes fumar en clase.
Podemos utilizar también el modal CAN (Poder) en forma negativa CAN’T (no poder) para expresar la imposibilidad de hacer algo.
Peter can’t use the mobile phone at school.Peter no puede utilizar el teléfono móvil en el colegio.
Consejo
SHOULD / SHOULDN’T OUGHT TO
Expresan consejo. Se puede traducir por: Deberías / No deberías…
Should expresa un consejo más personal por parte del hablante; una opinión.
Mary should be more polite. Mary debería ser más educada.
Ought to expresa un consejo más general de lo que se debe o no se debe hacer.
Students ought to study for the exam every day. Los alumnos deberían estudiar…..
En la forma negativa sólo utilizaremos Shouldn’t
You shouldn’t behave like that. No deberías comportarte de esa manera.
Posibilidad, Probabilidad
Expresan la probabilidad de que algo suceda en el presente o en el futuro. Según el grado de posibilidad que establecemos podemos emplear:
MUST
.Expresa deducción, es decir, prácticamente tenemos la certeza cuando estamos especulando sobre lo que puede ocurrir.
Paul must have problems because He looks like sad. Paul debe tener problemas porque parece triste.
CAN’T
Cuando tenemos la misma certeza en la deducción pero de forma negativa.
It can’t be truth what you tell me !No puede ser verdad lo que me cuentas.
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MAY/ COULD
Expresan una posibilidad remota de que algo suceda “puede ser” “quizás”…
I may / could go to aerobics class.Puede que vaya a clase de “aerobic”
MIGHT
Es el pasado de may. Expresar una posibilidad pero aún más remota. “Pudiera ser que…”
I may go for a walk in the evening.Pudiera ir esta tarde a dar un paseo.
MODALES PERFECTOS
MUST HAVE + PARTICIPIO
Expresar conclusiones lógicas sobre el pasado teniendo en cuenta lo que sabernos ahora. Milton must have given too much information to Joe.Milton debe de haber dado demasiada informaci6n a Joe.
COULD HAVE + PARTICIPIO
A/ Expresar una posibilidad en el pasado que no se materializó.Milton could have been more careful. Milton podía/podría/pudo haber sido mas cuidadoso B/ En forma negativa se usa para indicar que creemos que algo no ocurri6 asi.She couldn't have done anything wrong. Seguro que no hizo nada malo.
MAY/MIGHT HAVE+ PARTICIPIO
Expresar una suposición sobre el pasado.She may have made a mistake. Puede que ella haya cometido un error. Si usamos might la suposición es aún más remota.
SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE + PARTICIPIO
Se utiliza para lamentarnos sobre lo que no hemos hecho en el pasado.I should have studied harder for the exam. Debería haber estudiado mas.
SHOULDN'T HAVE + PARTICIPIO
En negativa expresa que la acción pasada no estaba bien o no debería haber ocurrido. She shouldn't have told him anything. No debería haberle dicho nada.
NEEDN'T HAVE + PARTICIPIO
Indicar que no había necesidad de hacer al go que ya se ha hecho.You needn't have bought anything for the party. No necesitabas haber comprador nada para fiesta.
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EXERCISES ON MODAL VERBS
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals1. __________ order a taxi for you?
2. The car broke down and we __________ have it towed to a garage.
3. I'm sorry to __________ tell you this but you leave me no alternative.
4. The house had just been decorated so we __________ do anything before moving in.
5. I realize how difficult the situation is, but you __________ Iet it get you down.
6. You __________ see a doctor if you're still feeling ill tomorrow.
7. He talks about walking to the moon, he __________ be crazy.
8. You __________ be my mother, she never say __________ such a thing in a million years.
9. The main road was under repair but luckily we __________ find an alternative route.
10. We expect to __________ move into our new house at the end of the month.
11. His eyesight __________ be poor. He wears glasses all the time.
12. I'm not sure but you __________ find him in his office during the week.
13. You __________ reveal my secrets to everyone, do you?
14. Despite the heavy rain, the footballers __________ play an excellent game.
15. I __________ stop for a while. My feet are killing me.
16. According to the brochure, the facilities __________ be superb but in fact they were dreadful.
17. Whenever the dog wants to go out, I __________ get up and open the door.
18. When I am 18, I'll be of age. Then I __________ Iive at home if I don't want to.
19. Philip suggests that the money __________ be raised by public subscription.
20. A: Excuse me! I'm looking for the deputy manager.B: Oh, I'm not sure, but he __________ be upstairs in his office.
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Modals With Perfect Infinitive
Modals with perfect infinitive ( MODAL + HAVE + PAST PART.) Complete the sentencesusing perfect modals.In some cases more than one alternative might be suitable.
1. A: I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer.B: I'm sorry. I __________ been in the garden.
2. A: I've opened another bottle.B: You __________ done that. We haven't finished this one yet.
3. A: Perhaps he swam across.B: He __________ done that. He can't swim.
4. A: I saw Ann in the library this morning.B: Are you sure? You __________ seen someone else.
5. A: I had to get down the mountain in a very thick fog.B: Really! It __________ been pretty difficult.
6. A: Joe returned home with a tiger cub in his hands.B: His wife __________ been very pleased about that. She's fond of animals you know.
7. You __________ made two copies. One would also have been enough.
8. You two went to that party and didn't even tell me. You __________ called me at least.
9. You __________ informed the company's accountant much earlier. The boss will surely getcrazy on learning this.
10. Look! It's raining now. You __________ watered the garden at all.
11. I heard the way you were talking to your granny last night and got upset. You __________talked to her like that since she is a lot older than you.
12. You __________ been at the museum on Tuesday! It was closed all day.
13. Janet said she had bought a brand new car. It __________ cost her a fortune.
14. You __________ told Kate about the accident. I had already told her.
15. My father told me that he himself had taken my mother to the doctor's, so I __________ driveher there.
16. I saw the light coming out of his livingroom window last night. He __________ been reading orwatching TV. I'm not sure.
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DO / MAKEDO / MAKE
Make - Do
Qué son Make y Do?
Las dos formas verbales significan hacer. Donde en castellano se usa hacer, en inglés puede ser make o do, según el caso. Ahora la pregunta es, ¿cuándo usamos make y cuándo usamos do?
Distinguir entre make y do puede resultar algo complicado. Hay algunas reglas generales, si bien hay también excepciones o casos que no van con regla alguna. Seguimos con las reglas.Cuándo usar Make?
Examples
Make para: construcción, creación, fabricación, invención, producción.
They made a bridge
He makes films
In that factory they make chairs
Make para: cosas abstractas
She made a decision
They made an agreement
I’m making plans for the future
Make para: preparar comida
I make a cake every Saturday
I make breakfast for myself every morning
I sometimes make new meals
Excepciones del verbo Make
No decimos make damage, sino DO DAMAGENo decimos make a favour, sino DO A FAVOUR
Cuando usar el verbo Do?
Examples
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Do para: tareas domésticas
Peter does the cooking
Mary does the ironing
Susan does the cleaning
Do para: actividades generales (a menudo tareas rutinarias)
To do business
To do exercise
Do con adverbios y pronombres
He does well
We do badly
To do so
Casos de Make y Do
Ejemplos
Make an exam: El profesor confecciona el examen.Do an exam: Soy el estudiante y hago el examen
I do/make an exam
I do/make a puzzle
I do/make a course
I do/make a test
I do/make a Sudoku
En algunos casos la expresión va con make, pero si hablamos de la acción como tarea rutinaria también se puede decir do.*
I make a phone call/I do the phone calls
I make the beds/ I do the beds
I make breakfast/ I do breakfast
*La expresión correcta es “to make a phone call” (hacer una llamada), pero si hablas de la acción como tarea rutinaria puedes decir do
Por ejemplo: “At work I always do the phone calls, in fact I have to make a phone call now.” (en el trabajo yo siempre hago las llamadas, de hecho tengo que hacer una llamada ahora mismo)Recuerda entonces: que cuando se trata de una tarea rutinaria pero también de algo nuevo, make siempre es correct, aunque do a veces, también, se puede usar.
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EXERCISES
Make or Do
1. Put the correct answer .
1. I have to ___ a telephone call.a. do b. make
2. She didn't ___ her best so she felt sad.a. do bmake
3. It was the first time she didn't ___ the beds.a. do b. make
4. She was late so she didn't ___ breakfast for them.a. do b. make
5. He ___ the assignment, but forgot to bring it to school.a. did b. make
6. He has to ___ the housework before he can go.a. do b. make
7. There are so many decisions to ___.a. do b. make
8. Did you ___ a reservation for tonight?a. do b. make
9. Did he ___ the doctor's appointment yet? a. do b. make
10. He was busy ___ the food shopping.a. doing b. making
11. He ___ a lot of research.a. does b. makes
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LA ORACIÓNLA ORACIÓN
Orden básico de las palabras en la oración
El orden de las palabras en la oración en Inglés es más rígido que en español , por tanto , resulta frecuente encontrarse con faltas de este tipo .
La norma básica sería :
A. SUJETO+VERBO + OBJETO + COMPLEMENTOS
CORRECTO INCORRECTO
We like pizza very much We like very much pizza
I don´t speak English very well I don´t speak very well English
Con los adverbios de frecuencia el orden cambia .Con cualquier verbo ( menos con el verbo “to be“) ,se sigue el orden siguiente:
B. SUJETO + ADVERBIO + VERBO + OBJETO + COMPLEMENTO
CORRECTO INCORRECTO
I usually wear jeans to go to school I wear jeans usually to go to school
My mother doesn´t always go shopping .
My mother doesn´t go shopping always
Con el verbo TO BE el orden cambia :
C. SUJETO + TO BE+ ADVERBIO + COMPLEMENTOS
CORRECTO INCORRECTO
My father is never at home. He travels a lot.
My father never is at home. He travels a lot.
The teacher is always asking me questions
The teacher always is asking me questions
En este caso se ha generalizado, aplicando la regla anterior al verbo to be
Hay otras expresiones adverbiales de frecuencia que van situadas al FINAL de la frase como : once a week, twice a moth , every day .
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CORRECTO INCORRECTO
We go to La Pola every weekend We every weekend go to La Pola
I go to the gym twice a week I twice a week go to the gym
En oraciones interrogativas con el verbo to be el orden es el siguiente:
D. ´(WH QUESTION )+ TO BE + SUJETO ?
CORRECTO INCORRECTO
Where´s my notebook? Where does my notebook?
When was your birthday? When your bithday was?
En el primer ejemplo se ha puesto un verbo auxiliar innecesario, mientras que en el segundo ejemplo se ha cambiado el orden de los elementos de la oración interrogativa
En oraciones interrogativas con con los verbos restantes son necesarios los verbos auxiliares do,does,did
E. (WH QUESTION ) + DO/ DOES/ DID + VERBO EN INFINITIVO?
CORRECTO INCORRECTO
Where did you go last weekend? Where you went last weekend?
Did they stay at home yesterday? Stayed they at home yesterday?
En estos dos casos se han olvidado el verbo auxiliar
F. FRASES NEGATIVAS
En frases negativas tambien suelen omitir el verbo auxiliar
CORRECTO INCORRECTO
We didn´t play football because it rained
We not played football because it rained
Our team didn´t win the match Our team not won the match
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G. VERBOS CON PARTÍCULA
El objeto de los verbos con partícula acepta varias posiciones .
CORRECTO INCORRECTO EXPLICACIÓN
I tried a sweater on.
I tried it on
I tried on a sweater
I tried on it El pronombre objeto no puede ir al final después de la partícula
Turn the lights on
Turn them on
Turn on the lights
Turn on them El pronombre objeto no puede ir al final después de la partícula
QUESTIONS WORDS
Who...? ¿quién / quienes? Who puede funcionar como sujeto o como complemento en la oración interrogativa. Cuando funciona como sujeto no ponemos auxiliar y hacemos la interrogativa como si fuera una enunciativa. Who lives in this house?(Subject question) Si por el contrario funciona como complemento sí tenemos que poner auxiliar Who did Silvia see? (Object question)
What…? ¿qué, cuál? What también puede funcionar como sujeto en ese caso no necesitaría auxiliar o como complemento en el que si lo necesitaría .What happened? What does George like?
Where..? ¿dónde? When…? ¿Cuándo? Why…? ¿Por qué?
Which…? ¿cuál, cuales? How…? ¿cómo? Whose…? ¿De quién?
How much / many…? ¿cuánto/os? How long...? ¿cuánto tiempo?
How often...? ¿con qué frecuencia? How old…?
QUESTIONS TAGS
Una question tag se forma con el verbo to be o un auxiliar (have, do) o un modal (can. could…) + un pronombre sujeto que se añade a la oración negativa o afirmativa.
Como regla general si la oración va en afirmativa la question tag va en negativa y vice-versa.
It’s 5 o’clock. Isn’t it? There aren’t enough planes. Are there?
Si hay un auxiliar o un modal o el verbo to be en la oración , éste se repite en la question tag.
I haven’t seen Stuart. Have you?
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Si hay un verbo en forma simple en una oración do se usa en la question tag.
His plane arrives at 10.p.m., doesn’t it? It snowed this time last year, didn’t it ?
Nota. Cuando have funciona como verbo con su significado completo y no como auxiliar, utilizamos do en la question tag y no have. They had a good time, didn’t it ¿
Después de un imperativo utilizamos las siguientes formas:will you? Would you? Can you? Could you? Take that to Mary, will you?, would you? (formal) Speak up, will you?
Nota. Después de un imperativo en negativa solamente es posible poner will.
Don’t make a mess, will you?
Despues de palabras que contienen significado negativo como:nothing, nobody, none, utilizamos la question tag en afirmativa. Nothing was stolen, was it? Nobody was hurt, were they?
Nota. Con palabras como: Nobody, somebody, utilizamos el pronombre plural they.
EXERCISES
1.Answer with Do you? / Doesn’t she? / Didn’t they? Etc.
1. I speak four languages……………………..? Which ones?
2. I work in a bank..........................................? I work in a bank too.
3. I didn’t go to work yesterday……………….? Were you ill?
4. Jill doesn’t like me………………………….? Why not?
5. You look tired..............................................? I feel fine.
2. Complete the sentences with a questions tag isn’t it? / haven’t you? / did she? / do you? ...
1. It’s a beautiful day,...............................? Yes, It’s lovely.
2. These flowers are nice……………........? Yes what are they?
3. Judy was at the party.............................? Yes, but I didn’t speak to her.
4. I’ve lost my keys...................................? When did you last have it?
5. You don’t know Mike’s sister................? No, I’ve never met her.
6. I met Paula last week.............................? How is she?
7. I’ve bought a new car…………………...? What make is it?
8. You speak German………………………? Yes, but not very well.
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CLASES DE ORACIONES. SINTAXIS.CLASES DE ORACIONES. SINTAXIS.
THE PASSIVE VOICE
-La voz pasiva se utiliza mucho en inglés y se construye con un sujeto paciente, la forma correspondiente del verbo “To be” más el participio del verbo principal y un complemento agente introducido por la preposición” by” cuando éste fuera necesario.
Sujeto+verbo to be+ participio +by C.ag.
-Utilizamos la pasiva para evitar el uso de un sujeto indeterminado bien sea nombre o pronombre.
I have been shot (Someone has shot me).
-Para mostrar que el foco o interés de la oración está en lo que sucede, es decir en la acción.
The criminal was arrested. (The police arrested the criminal).
-En oraciones impersonales. Three new factories have been opened.
-Evitamos cambiar de sujeto. The pop singer arrived at the airport and was welcomed by thousands of fans. (The pop singer arrived at the airport and thounsands of fans welcomed him)
Pasos para convertir una oración en pasiva:
El complemento directo/indirecto de la oración activa (object) pasa a ser el sujeto (subject) de la pasiva.
Elegimos el tiempo correcto y ponemos la forma correspondiente del verbo “To be” en ese tiempo.
Ponemos el verbo principal en participio.
Si el sujeto de la oración activa no es necesario para entender el significado de la oración, es decir, es un pronombre personal o Somebody, Anybody, People o se sobreentiende se omite en la oración pasiva, si es necesario pasaría a ser complemento agente precedido de la preposición BY.
Example: THE DOG BIT THE POSTMAN
El object es THE POSTMAN que pasa a ser el nuevo sujeto.
El verbo BIT está en pasado simple. El pasado simple del verbo be es WAS/WERE elegimos la forma correcta para nuestro sujeto haciendo la concordancia con el verbo. WAS
El participio del verbo BITE es BITTEN.
THE POSTMAN WAS BITTEN (BY THE DOG)
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ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Somebody cleans this room everyday This room is cleaned everyday.
Ruth cleaned this room yesterday. This room was cleaned everyday.
Somebody is cleaning the room This room is being cleaned at the moment
Somebody was cleaning the room This room was being cleaned when I arrived. when I arrived.
Somebody has cleaned the room. The room has been cleaned.
Somebody had cleaned the room. The room had been cleaned.
Somebody will clean the room. The room will be cleaned.
. En inglés muchos verbos pueden estar seguidos de dos complementos directo e indirecto.
Verbos como offer, ask, tell, give, send, show, teach, play... Podemos hacer la pasiva de dos formas.
They offer Ann the job Ann wasn¨t offered the job The job is offered to Ann.
(C.I) Forma más frecuente (C:D) Forma menos frecuente
.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES
Algunos verbos van seguidos de infinitivo, por ejemplo, los verbos modales:can, must, should, will, would, etc. También algunas formas como used to cuando estos verbos tienen que ir en construcción pasiva utilizamos el infinitivo de pasiva be+participle.
Active: We must treat our listeners with respect.
Passive: Our listeners must be treated with respect.
Si el modal es perfecto la estructura es have been+participle
Active: He shouldn´t have insulted Mrs. Hind.
Passive: Mrs. Hind shouldn´t have been insulted.
Utilizamos el infinitivo de pasiva en construcciones después de verbos como want to, expect to, agree to, hope to…
I hope to be offered a job by another radio station
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IT IS SAID THAT/HE IS SAID TO/ SUPPOSED TO
En oraciones en estilo indirecto con that con verbos como think, believe, say, report…tenemos dos formas de hacer el cambio a pasiva, con la estructura impersonal “it” o con el infinitivo de pasiva.
People say that John works hard.
. . Forma impersonal con “it” +verbo pasiva. It is said (that) John works hard
Forma con infinitivo (personal)
John is said to work hard. Se toma el sujeto de la oración introducida por that hacemos la pasiva con el verbo introductorio y añadimos el infinitivo simple si el verbo está en presente o en futuro –
Si el verbo estuviera en pasado:
They believe( tha)t this sword belonged to King Arthur.
It is believed( that) this sword belonged to King Arthur.
This sword is believed to have belonged to King Arthur.
HAVE CAUSATIVE/ HAVE SOMETHING DONE
Utilizamos la estructura causativa para describir servicios que nos hacen otras personas, es decir, el sujeto no realiza la acción la ordena.
Se forma con el verbo “to have” en cualquier tiempo + Object (something) +participio del verbo principal. Suject+have+object+ participle.
Last year I had my car repaired.
La misma construcción puede describir pequeñas desgracias que nos suceden, causadas por una persona indeterminada.
Peter had his car stolen last week. He had his leg broken playing football.
El “have causativo” sirve para marcar la diferencia entre algo que me han hecho y algo que yo he hecho.
I have checked my teeth. I have my teeth checked.
La diferencia afecta a la forma de la oración y al significado también. Con “have causativo” el sujeto no realiza la acción. Podemos utilizar GET en lugar de HAVE cuando queremos decir que nos las arreglamos para hacer algo o para dar más énfasis a la oración.
It was difficult but I got the painting done in the end.
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PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISES
1. PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE PASSIVE VOICE
a. Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b. Someone will serve refreshments.
_______________________________________________________________________________
c. People must not leave bicycles in the hall.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
d. The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine.
_______________________________________________________________________________
e. Who wrote it?
_______________________________________________________________________________
f. They showed her the easiest way to do it.
_______________________________________________________________________________
g. Did the idea interest you?
_______________________________________________________________________________
h. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will.
_______________________________________________________________________________
i. Children couldn't have done all this damage.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. WRITE ALL THE POSSIBILITIES.
a. People consider that this surgeon is a brilliant practitioner,
________________________________________________________________________________
b. I saw him enter the shop.
_____________________________________________________________________________
c. People expected that the brewers increased the price of beer in the near future.
_____________________________________________________________________________
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d. We're going to offer a really suitable applicant. a good salary.
_____________________________________________________________________________
e. Did his bank manager turn clown his request for a loan?
_____________________________________________________________________________
f. People reported that the police didn't act with great restraint.
_____________________________________________________________________________
g. She lets her doctor decide what's the best for her.
_____________________________________________________________________________
l. The teacher saw the pupil cheating.
_____________________________________________________________________________
CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE. HAVE SOMETHING DONE
3. MAKE SENTENCES WITH A FORM OF HAVE SOMETHING DONE FOR THESE SITUATIONS. USE THE CORRECT TENSE.
a. Tom's windows were dirty, but he didn't have time to clean them himself.
Last Saturday, Toni ________________________________________________________
b. The shop delivers Mary's food to her house.
Mary ___________________________________________________________________
c. At the butcher's Fred said, "Please cut the meat into small pieces,"
Fred ____________________________________________________into small pieces.
d. The hairdresser cuts Rachel's hair about twice a year.
Rachel _________________________________________________about twice a year.
e. Last week, the optician checked Mr Stone's eyes.
Last week, Mr Stone _______________________________________________________
f. Mrs Frost's doctor says to her: "When you come to see me next week, I'll check your blood pressure."
When Mrs Frost goes to see the doctor next week, she ______________________________________
g. Last week, the garage serviced Jane's car.
Last week Jane ____________________________________________________________________
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DEFINING OR RESTRICTIVE RELATIVES CLAUSES DEFINING OR RESTRICTIVE RELATIVES CLAUSES (ESPECIFICATIVAS) WHO / WHICH / THAT(ESPECIFICATIVAS) WHO / WHICH / THAT
RELATIVE PRONOUNS/ADVERBS
Pronouns Adverbs
Who When
Which Where
Whose Why
Whom
That
DEFINING
Antecedente Personas Cosas
Object Who,* whom, that, 0 Which, that, 0Subject Who, that Which, thatComplement (after a prepositon) Whom WhichPossesive Whose Whose, of which
NON-DEFINING
Antecedente Personas Cosas
Object Who,* whom WhichSubject Who WhichComplement (after a prepositon) *Whom Which
Possesive Whose Whose
Las oraciones subordinadas de relativo nos sirven para identificar o describir a una persona lugar o cosa en la oración principal
Las oraciones subordinadas de relativo especificativas (defining) expresan una información muy relevante para el sentido de la frase que definen. Restringen o limitan al antecedente. Cuando la función del pronombre relativo es de sujeto se puede sustituir por that.
No van nunca entre comas.
The man is coming to tea. ¿Qué hombre? The man wrote this poem.
The man who (that) wrote this poem is coming to tea. (El hombre que escribió ese poema va a venir a tomar el té)
This is my new car. The car cost me $15,000. This is the new car which (that) cost me $15,000.
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(Este es el nuevo coche que me costó 15,000 dólares.)
En los dos ejemplos who y which actúan como sujeto del verbo en la oración de relativo.
El relativo que utilizan puede omitirse cuando funcione de complemento. Nunca cuando funcione de sujeto.
Omisión de WHO/WHICH cuando actúan como complemento en la oración de relativo.
Las llamamos en inglés CONTACT CLAUSES.
The man is coming to tea. You want to see the man. The man who / that you want to see is coming to tea. The man you want to see is coming to tea.
(El hombre que tu quieres ver va a venir a tomar el té). Si no se desea omitir es preferible usar that.
The man that you want to see is coming to tea.
The book is on the table. You want to read the book. The book which/that you want to read is on the table. The book you want to read is on the table.
(El libro que quieres leer está sobre la mesa) Si no se desea omitir es preferible usar that.
The book that you want to read is on the table.
Oraciones de relativo con preposiciones.
Cuando las oraciones de relativo contienen preposiciones es posible emplear tanto
who como that para personas cuando la preposición se coloca al final de la frase.
Sin embargo, cuando la preposición va delante del pronombre relativo, debemos
usar whom para personas. No se puede poner that después de preposición.
The police found the man. The police had been searching for the man.
The police found the man who/that they had been searching for.
The police found the man for whom they had been searching. Esta estructura es demasiado formal por lo que normalmente omitimos el relativo y dejamos la preposición al final,
The police found the man they had been searching for. (La policía encontró al hombre que estaban buscando)
Igual ocurre en las oraciones de relativo que se refieren a cosas.
The company is very successful. He works for the company. The company that/which he works for is very successful. The company for which he works is very successful.
The company he works for is very successful.
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WHOSE se usa para la posesión (cuyo,a,os,as). Suele sustituir a my, her, John´s, etc.
This is the girl. Her sister lives near us. This is the girl whose sister lives near us.
(Esta es la chica cuya hermana vive cerca de nosotros)
The man is coming to tea. I always forget his name.
The man whose name I always forget is coming to tea. (El hombre cuyo nombre yo siempre olvido va a venir a tomar el té)
ADVERBIOS RELATIVOS
WHERE
Utilizamos where para referirnos a lugares
That the shop where you can buy decorations ( Esta es la tienda donde puedes comprar adornos )
WHEN
Utilizamos when para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo.
That was the year when she wrote her first poem. ( Eses fue el año cuando ella escribió su primer poema)
WHY
Utilizamos why para introducir una razón.
That’s the reason why he was late.(Esa es la razón por la que él llegó tarde).
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NON-DEFINING OR NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE NON-DEFINING OR NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES (EXPLICATIVAS)CLAUSES (EXPLICATIVAS)
Las oraciones subordinadas explicativas (non-defining) expresan una información no esencial para el significado de Ia oración principal . Dan una información adicional, extra, no relevante.
Charlie Chaplin, who was a star of silent films, died in 1977.
(Charlie Chaplin, que fue una estrella de las películas mudas, murió en 1977.)
La oración de relativo da una información extra de Charlie Chaplin. Aunque prescindiéramos de la oración de relativo, sabemos de quién estamos hablando. Por tanto podríamos omitirla sin crear ninguna confusión.
Por ello, y como es algo añadido, las oraciones de relativo explicativas van entre comas.
THAT no puede usarse nunca en las oraciones explicativas de relativo.
Pompei, which was destroyed by a volcanic eruption, was once a very prosperous Roman
.No puede omitirse el relativo en ningún caso.
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EXERCISES
Relatives
A. Read these sentences then, write a sentence with the same meaning.
1. The street is very wide. The street leads to the school.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The person is not very clever. The person is sitting next to me.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Women are to be admired. Women work in hospitals.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The lady has gone to London. She was here yesterday.
______________________________________________________________________________
8.. The girl is very pretty. She lives opposite my house.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. The dress is lovely. Mary is wearing the dress.
.______________________________________________________________________________
10. The Tower of London attracts more than two million visitors a year. It was the largest fortress in mediaeval Europe.
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. A surgeon is a man. He operates on people.
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. A pencil is something. You use it for writing.
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. A book-shop is a place. You can buy books there.
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. I bought a dress. Where is it? Where ____________________________________________
15. . Our manager made us feel very welcome. He was a very nice man.
_____________________________________________________________________________
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16.. Our television set is always making funny noises. It cost us a lot of money.
_____________________________________________________________________________
17..Here comes the girl. I am hiding from her.
______________________________________________________________________________
18. . There´s the lady. Her purse has been stolen.
_______________________________________________________________________________
WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHERE, WHY, HOW...
D. Complete the following sentences with who, what, which, where, why, how, etc.
1. She doesn´t know ______________ to do the exercise.
2. I can´t think ________________.to buy for dinner.
3. Have you decided ____________to ask to the party?
4. They don´t know .______________to meet us tomorrow.
5. I´m wondering _______________to do with my clothes.
6. Tell me _______________to be there, and I´ll not be late.
7. It´s difficult to know_______________to choose.
8. We can´t think __________________to go for our holidays.
9. They were not sure_________________roon to give you.
10. Do you know _________________to get a good meal in this town?
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CONDITIONALS ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONDITIONALS ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIALES CONDICIONALES CONDITION RESULT / ADVERBIALES CONDICIONALES CONDITION RESULT / CONSEQUENCECONSEQUENCE
If you press the button, the machine starts to work(if clause) (result clause)
ZERO CONDITIONAL
Utilizamos la “zero” condicional cuando hablamos de cosas que generalmente son ciertas , es decir, la condición y el resultado son lógicos. Por eso ponemos presente simple en las dos oraciones.
Situaciones generales que siempre son verdadIf + present................................................................S + present..................................
If you heat water, it boils.If we leave the door open, the dog runs away.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Utilizamos la primera condicional cuando estamos hablando de algo que puede suceder en el presente o en el futuro.
Situaciones posibles y probables en el presente y/o futuroIf + present................................................................will, can, could, may might, must
If we go to bed early, we will feel better tomorrow.If Julia comes this evening, we can /could /may /might go to the cinema.
If + present................................................................imperativeIf you want to come with us, take your coat.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Utilizamos la segunda condicional para hablar de algo que sería poco probable que sucediera en presente o en futuro..
Situaciones poco probables, hipotéticas o imaginariasIf + past simple.........................................................would, could, might, should + INFINITIVE
If we had a million dollars, we wouldn't live here.if + I was / were........................................................would, could, might, should + INFINITIVEif+ he/she was/ were.................................................would, could, might, should + INFINITIVE
If I were alone, I would /might be sad.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
Utilizamos la tercera condicional para hablar de situaciones que no se pueden realizar porque se refieren al pasado, por lo tanto es imposible que se cumpla la condición.
Situaciones pasadas que no ocurrieron. LamentosIf + past perfect........................................................would have + PARTICIPLE,'....................................................................................could have + PARTICIPLE ....................................................................................might have + PARTICIPLE
If we had stayed at home, we could have seen him.
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CONDITIONAL CONJUNTIONS
Unless = if…notI don’t watch TV unless there’s something interesting(If there's not anything interesting, I don't watch TV)
EXERCISES
CONDITIONALS
A. Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the correct tense.
1. If you´d stayed at home, there (not be)_________________________any trouble.
2. What would you do if he (resign)____________________________tomorrow?
3. I´ll do it if he (ask)_______________________________.me.
4. If we offered him more money, (he stay)______________________________here?
5. It´s a pity John didn´t come to the football. He (like)_________________________it.
6. I wouldn´t have been so upset if Judy (write)_________________________to me earlier.
7. I´m going to scream if you (not stop)._____________________________playing the guitar.
8. We would have missed the train if we (be)_____________________________two minutes later.
Complete the conditional sentences with the correct tenses. (type 0, I, II,and III)
1.Somebody stole my father's car. If he ________________(lock) it, nobody__________(steal) it.
2.I don't have any money. If I _________(have) some money, I__________.(buy) this beautiful dress.
3.If you _________________(mix) red and blue, you_______________________(get) purple.
4.I didn't know he was going to the party. If I __________.(know) he was going, I ________(go) too.
5. I don't like fighting. I ______________(not / hit) you unless you._________________.(hit) me.
6. Perhaps I will go to Cuba. If I _______________.(go). I ______________(send) you a postcard.
7. You are always arriving late at school. If I _________(be) you. I __________(try) getting up earlier.
8. 1Sometimes the machine doesn't work. If it ______________(stop)__________(press) this button
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C. . Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the original sentence (conditionals).
1. The runner twisted his ankle because he fell.
If_____________________________________________________________
2. Diana is always late for work because she wakes up late.
If_____________________________________________________________
3. We didn´t buy the house we wanted because it was too far from the city.
We would______________________________________________________
4. Brenda doesn´t pass her driving because she´s always so nervous.
If_____________________________________________________________
5. We didn´t move to Paris last year and so I didn´t learn French.
If______________________________________________________________
CONDICIONALES SIN IF
. UNLESS ( a no ser que... ; a menos que... ):
Podemos utilizar unless para significar “if...not”:
Unless I hurry, I´ll miss the train. ( If I don’t hurry...)
A menudo utilizamos unless para amenazas Unless you stop making that noise, I´ll scream!
También en advertencias You´ll be late unless you go now.
..AS LONG AS ; PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT) (siempre que... ; mientras / con tal de que... ; a condición de que...)
Utilizamos estas expresiones para significar “if but only if”: (si, pero sólo si…)
You can borrow my camera as long as you´re careful wiith it .
I´ll go to the party provided that you go too.
. SUPPOSED / SUPPOSING ( si..., en el caso de que...)
Podemos utilizar también supposed o supposing Supposed / Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do? en lugar de if especialmente si es una condicional improbable (II condicional)
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EXERCISES
A) Rephrase the sentences using UNLESS
1. If you don´t wear your coat, you´ll be cold.
....................................................................................................................................................
2. We´ll play tennis tomorrow if it doesn´t rain.
....................................................................................................................................................
3. He won´t receive the letter tomorrow if you don´t post it before 1 o´clock today.
...................................................................................................................................................
4. If I don´t get a pay rise at work, I´ll start looking for another job.
..................................................................................................................................................... .
B) Choose the correct word or expression
1. Unless / Provided you tell the truth, everything will be all right.
2. In Britain you can marry at the age of sixteen unless / providing you have your parents’ permission.
3. He won´t forgive you unless / as long as you say you are sorry.
4. Unless / Providing you lend me the money, I won´t be able to go on holiday.
5. I´ll buy the car unless / as long as it´s not too expensive.
C) Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Make sentences beginning
Supposed / Supposing.
A B
1. I moved to Scotland, would you have taken it?
2. someone finds my wallet, what would the prize have been?
3. they had stayed at our house, do you think they will take it to the police?
4. they had offered you the job, would you come and visit me?
5 . you had won the competition where would they have slept
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WISHWISH
Se utiliza para expresar deseo y se traduce por el subjuntivo "ojalá"
FORMA Y USOS
WISH+PAST SIMPLE
Expresamos el deseo de que algo sea distinto de como es en el presente. Se traduce por el pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo.
I wish I knew the answer! ¡Ojalá supiera la respuesta!
Wish + could Expresa un deseo o arrepentimiento en el presente referente a una falta de habilidad.
WISH + PAST PERFECT
Expresa el deseo de que el pasado hubiera sido distinto de lo que fue. Se traduce por el pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo.
I wish we had discovered the cause of his problems so that we could have helped him.Ojalá hubiéramos descubierto la causa de sus problemas para haberle ayudado.
WISH + WOULD + VERBO (FORMA BÁSICA)
Expresa
Un mandato formal I wish you would return me the Cd.without asking you.
El deseo de que una situación o el comportamiento de una persona cambie en el futuro.
I wish Sue would reply to my e-mail!
WISH tiene relación con la construcción If only tiene un sentido casi idéntico y lo utilizamos de la misma manera. If only es más enfático.If only + pastIf only I felt better. Si al menos me sintiera mejor (Tengo el deseo de sentirme mejor)If only + past perfectIf only we had listened to our teacher. Si al menos hubiéramos escuchado al profesor.If only + wouldIf only they would stop smoking. Si al menos dejaran de fumar.
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EXERCISES
A. Write sentences beginning I wish ....
1 I don't know many people (and I'm lonely). __________________________________ more people. 2 I don't have a mobile phone (and I need one). I wish ____________________________________
3 Helen isn't here (and I need to see her)_______________________________________________
4 It's cold (and I hate cold weather). __________________________________________________
5 I live in a big city (and I don't like it). _______________________________________________
6 I can't go to the party (and I'd like to). _______________________________________________
7 I have to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed) ___________________________________
B. Write your own sentences beginning I wish ....
1 (somewhere you'd like to be now - on the beach, in New York, in bed etc.)
I wish I _________________________________________________________________
2 (something you'd like to have - a computer, a job, lots of money etc.)
_______________________________________________________________________
3 (something you'd like to be able to do - sing, speak a language, fly etc.)
_______________________________________________________________________
4 (something you'd like to be - beautiful, strong, rich etc.)
_______________________________________________________________________
C. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish.
1 You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.You say:____________________________________________________________so much.
2. When you were younger, you never learned to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.You say:_______________________________________________________________________
3. You've painted the gate red. Now you think that red was the wrong colour.You say_______________________________________________________________________
4. You are walking in the country. You'd like to take some photographs, but you didn't bring your camera.You say: ______________________________________________________________________
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REPORTED SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para comunicar lo que alguien ha dicho pero sin citar sus palabras exactas.
Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de decir, para lo cual basta con suprimir las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto y la persona del verbo. “I am tired” He says that he is tired pero lo normal es contarlo en pasado. Entonces usamos el verbo introductorio en pasado said, told…, el verbo siguiente da “un salto atrás”: el Present Simple pasa a Past Simple, este a Past Perfect, etc...y además de los pronombres cambian los demostrativos, los posesivos, y las expresiones de tiempo y lugar.
La oración subordinada va introducida por la conjunción that pero en inglés hablado se suele omitir.
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present simple Past simple
“I live in London” He said he lived in London
Present continuos Past continuos
“You are having breakfast” He said he was having breakfast
Present perfect Past perfect
“You have failed the exam” He told me He had failed the exam
Present perfect continuos Past perfect continuos
“My father has been working all life” She said her father had been working...
Past simple Past perfect
“I didn’t recognize you” He said that he hadn’t reconized…
Past continuos Past perfect continuos
“ I was lying” She admitted she had been lying
Past perfect Past perfect
“I hadn’t seen her before” He said that he hadn’t seen her before
Past perfect continuos Past perfect continuos
“They have been playing since 11 o’clock” They told me they had been playing…
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Future simple Conditional simple
“You will be late” They told me I would be late
Can, May Could, Maight
“I can speak English” She said she could speak English
“It may rain” He thought it might rain
Would, could, might, ought to… Would, could…
“It could be true” He said it could be true
Must “I must pass the exam” Had to She said that sehe had to...”
Direct Speech Reported Speech
This That
These Those
Here There
Tomorrow The next day/The following day.
The day after
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
Now Then
Today That day/The same day
Tonight That night/The same night
Yesterday The day before/The previous day
Last year The previous year/A year before
A year/week ago The previous week/year
The day before yesterday Two days before
Yet?
Already
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REPORTED STATEMENTS (ENUNCIATIVAS)
SUBJECT+SAID+(TO/CI)+ (THAT) + SUBJECT+VERB (cambios)+COMPLS(cambios)
SUBJECT+TOLD+(CI)+ (THAT) + SUBJECT+VERB(cambios)+COMPLS(cambios)
Otros verbos utilizados a menudo con las oraciones enunciativas.
COMPLAIN (quejarse, reclamar) EXCLAIM (exclamar, manifestar) REPORT(informar)
EXPLAIN (explicar) REMARK (comentar) ASSURE (asegurar)
REPORTED QUESTIONS (INTERROGATIVAS)
Hay dos tipos de preguntas en inglés:
Las Yes / No questions son las que se pueden contestar con un “si” o un “no”. Para ponerlas en estilo indirecto empleamos el verbo ask y la conjunción if. Entonces como la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una oración enunciativa no hay inversión sujeto-verbo ni signo de interrogación y tampoco comillas.
Las Wh-questions comienzan con una partícula interrogativa (what, where, when, why, whose, how, how long, etc.) y cuando las ponemos en estilo indirecto dicha partícula interrogativa va en lugar de if y después el sujeto y el verbo con sus cambios como las enunciativas.
SUBJECT+ASKED(CI) + IF + SUBJECT+VERB (cambios)+COMPLS (cambios)
SUBJECT+ASKED(CI) + WH + SUBJECT+VERB (cambios)+COMPLS (cambios)
Otros verbos que podemos utilizar en las interrogativas:
WANT TO KNOW (querer saber) INQUIRE (preguntar) WONDER (preguntarse)
“What time is it?” He asked me what time it was
“How much money do you need?” She asked how much money I need
“Are you tired?” He asked if I was tired
REPORTED ORDERS OR COMMANDS (IMPERATIVAS)
Para pasar una orden, una petición, una invitación o una advertencia a estilo indirecto hay que cambiar el imperativo por un infinitivo. Debemos usar un verbo que exprese mandato como tell y order seguido de un CI y el verbo en forma imperativa pasa a infinitivo con to to+inf , cuando la oración es negativa se pone not delante de to.
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Otros verbos que podemos utilizar en las imperativas:
ASK (pedir) BEG (pedir) NIVITE (invitar) WARN (advertir) PERSUADE (convencer)
SUBJECT+ TOLD/ORDERED (CI) + TO +INFINITIVE+COMPLS
“Please, sit down!” The bank manager said to her The bank manager asked her to sit down
“Don’t move!” The policeman ordered the burglar not to move
“Sit down, Rover!” The boy told his dog to sit down.
REPORTED SUGGESTIONS (SUGERENCIAS)
Las sugerencias se pasan al estilo indirecto de dos maneras: una en la que el hablante se incluye dentro de la sugerencia, en este caso, ponemos suggested y el verbo en –ing y otra en la que no se incluye el hablante en cuyo caso tendríamos que utilizar una oración subordinada de complemento directo introducida por that con su sujeto y verbo en la forma base.
SUBJECT+SUGGESTED+ ING (Included)
SUBJECT+SUGGESTED+ THAT + SUBJECT+V Present /( should )+ inf
Speaker included Speaker not included
Shall we...? You could...
Let’s ... Would you mind + ing...?
We could... Why don’t you...?
What about...?
“Let’s go home” He suggested going home
“You could go home” He suggested that they (should) go home
OTHERS REPORTING VERBS
AGREE WITH SOMEONE ABOUT SOMETHING/ AGREE TO DO SOMETHING / AGREE THAT
Estar de acuerdo con alguien sobre algo / Estar de acuerdo para hacer algo / Estar de acuerdo que...
ADVISE SOMEONE (NOT) TO DO SOMETHING / ADVISE THAT
Aconsejar a alguien que haga o no algo / Aconsejar que...
APOLOGISE FOR DOING SOMETHING
Disculparse por hacer algo
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ASK SOMETHING / ASK SOMEONE (NOT) TO DO SOMETHING
Pedir algo / Pedir a alguien que haga o no algo
COMPLAIN THAT / COMPLAIN TO SOMEONE ABOUT SOMETHING
Quejarse de / Quejarse a alguien sobre algo
EXPLAIN TO SOMEONE THAT / EXPLAIN THAT
Explicar a alguien que / Explicar que
PROMISE (SOMEBODY) TO DO SOMETHING / PROMISE THAT
Promete a alguien hacer algo / Prometer que
INVITE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING / OFFER TO DO SOMETHING
Invitar a alguien para hacer algo / Ofrecer para hacer algo
REFUSE TO DO SOMETHING
Rechar hacer algo
WARN SOMEONE (NOT) TO DO SOMETHING / WARN SOMEONE AGAINST DOING SOMET.
Advertir a alguien para hacer o no hacer algo / Advertir a alguien contra hacer algo.
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REPORTED SPEECH. EXERCISES
1. STATEMENTS
1. Phil said, "I haven't any money."
2. Tim said, "I've only been in England since yesterday."
3. They said, "We prefer pop music to classical music."
4. Joanne said, "It's the best film I have ever seen."
5. She said, "I want to go on holiday, but I can't afford it."
6. He said, "If it rains this afternoon, the grass will be too wet to play the football match
tomorrow."
7. She said, "I'm going out, but I'll come back by 9.30."
8. She said, "They should put traffic lights here or there'll be more accidents."
2. QUESTIONS
2.A Wh-Questions.
1. The boss said to him, "How much money do you want to earn in this job?"
2. He said to the shop assistant, "How much are the cigarettes?"
3. He said to me, "How long did it take you to get to Paris by train last summer?"
4. The secretary said to him, "Who do you want to speak to?"
5. She asked the policeman, "Where can I park my caravan?"
2. B YesJNo Questions
1. She said to him, "Are you all right?"
2. He said to Susan "Are you going to the party tonight?"
Curso intermedio inglés 91
3. She said to him, "Have you worked before?"
4. He said to her, "Would you like to go for a walk?"
5. She said to him, "Did you work hard the day before yesterday?"
6. She said to him, "Do you want to know my address?
7. “Can you speak French?”, she asked him.
3. COMMANDS
1. He said to her, "Get out of my way."
2. "Don't eat too much fried food", the doctor said to him.
3. The teacher said to students, "Read the exam questions twice."
4. "Don't take more than two pills." The doctor said to her.
5. The policeman said to the driver, "Avoid High Street, because there's a big demonstration."
6.I said to him, "Go to a dentist, before your toothache gets worse."
7. "Close all the doors", he said to them.
8."Don't touch the hot bottle." She said to him.
4. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech.
1. “If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow”, the captain said. _________________________________________________________________________
2. “Did any of you see the accident happen last night?” said the policeman. __________________________________________________________________________
3. “We have a lift but very often it doesn´t work”, said my aunt. __________________________________________________________________________
4. “Can you tell me why Paul left the university without taking his degree?”
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Paul´s sister asked me. ________________________________________________________
5. “Please don´t make an official complaint.”, the manager said to her. ___________________________________________________________________________
6. “I don´t think you should go to England in the winter” Mary said to Peter. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. “How long have you been learning English?”, the examiner said.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. “Stand still!”, he said to the children.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. “When are you planning to come to Darlington?”, Bill said to his friend.
10.Let’s go to swim with all friends!
_________________________________________________________________________
Curso intermedio inglés 93
ADVERB CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADVERB CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIALES)ADVERBIALES)
TIME CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS DE TIEMPO)
Son proposiciones subordinadas introducidas por un nexo que las relaciona con la acción de la oración principal, indicando si ésta ocurrió antes, después o al mismo tiempo que la subordinada.
when (cuando) , whenever (cuando), while (mientras), as soon as (tan pronto como), once (una vez que…), by the moment (en el momento que…), soon after (poco después).
Si el verbo de la oración subordinada está en presente el verbo de la principal en futuro, si va en pasado los dos deben ir en pasado.
Give me the exam, when you’ve finished. She was reading while I was studying.
After he had finished As (cuando), after (después), before (antes), since (desde), till (hasta), until (hasta que), his work, he went back home.
As soon as I had heard the news, I phoned him.
After, befoe...+ing.
After finishing your exam, you can give it to me. Cuando el sujeto de la proposición subordinada y el de la principal es el mismo podemos poner la partícula temporal seguida del verbo en –ing.
PURPOSE CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS DE FINALIDAD)
Son proposiciones subordinadas que expresan la finalidad de la acción principal.
In order to / So as to + infinitive Es una estructura formal podemos traducirla por ´´a fin de que´´ ´´con el fin de´´. She went abroad in order to / so as to find a better job.
So that o bien in order that + suj-verb-compls. Suelen ir seguidas de can, will, could., should, o would + infinitivo.
I’m going to buy my son a computer so that / in order that he can practise at home.
To+infinitive Cuando el sujeto de la oración principal es el mismo que el de la subordinada.
We spent the summer in Rome to learn Italian.
For+noun In case También con estos nexos puede expresarse la finalidad
He went to the restaurant for lunch. I’ll be there in case you need help.
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CONCESSION CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONCESIVAS)
Este tipo de subordinadas oponen un obstáculo para que se realice la acción de la oración principal.
a. Although + S + verb Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
b. In spite of / Despite + noun / -ing In spite of the rain/raining we enjoyed our holiday.Despite the rain/raining, we enjoyed our holiday.
c. In spite of / Despite + the fact that + SVC
I didn’t get the job in spite of / Despite the fact that I had the necessary qualifications.
f. Even though su uso es el mismo que although pero es más enfático. Though se utiliza también en lugar de although.
CAUSE CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CAUSALES)
Expresan la causa por la que se realiza la principal.
Because + SVC / Seeing that + SVC / As + SVC
All the best seats had been taken because we arrived late.
The reason why + SVC / The reason for + -ing
The reason why he did it was that he was very nervous.
The reason for doing it was that he was very nervous.
Because of / As a result of + noun
Many of the deaths of old people are because of heart attacks.
RESULT CLAUSES (ORACIONES SUBORDINADAS CONSECUTIVAS)
Expresan la consecuencia de la acción principal.
So, consequently, as a result + SVC He lost all his money in the war, so he’s ruined.
So + adj /adv... (that) + SVC
So much + noun / So many + noun So few or So little + that
The exam was so easy that everybody passed. He ate so much food that he felt ill.
Such + a/an + adj + noun + that
It was such an easy exam that everybody passed.
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EXERCISES
Write concessive sentences
1. We were desperately hungry; we had no time for lunch. (although)_______________________________________________________________________________
2. We enjoyed our holiday but the weather was awful. (as)_______________________________________________________________________________
3. She kept her coat on, it was very warm. (however / in spite of))_______________________________________________________________________________
4. I used to play the piano when I was younger. I don't play the piano now. (although)_______________________________________________________________________________
5.You look very like your grandfather but you are not as tall as he was. (despite)_______________________________________________________________________________
6.The traffic was heavy. The air was fresh and clean. (in spite of)_______________________________________________________________________________
Write time sentences
1. The building had almost burnt down. The fire brigade arrived. (by the time)______________________________________________________________________________
2. We realized that something had got wrong. We saw him run towards us. (as soon as)______________________________________________________________________________
3. You'll live a little nearer us. Then we'll see you often. (when)______________________________________________________________________________
4. Mr. Smith. had spent nearly 40 years with the company. Then he retired at the age of 70. (after)______________________________________________________________________________
5. She had already opened the letter. then she realized it wasn't addressed to her. (before)______________________________________________________________________________
6. The man tried on a few pairs of shoes. Then he bought a pair. (before / after) (2)______________________________________________________________________________
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Purpose clauses
1. Complete with a suitable verb to form purpose clauses
1. We are having a party ____________________.Ann´s birthday.
2. I didn´t have enough time _____________________the newspaper today.
3. We have no furniture – not even a bed _______________in.
4. I think I need some new clothes _____________________________
5. Tom didn´t have enough energy ____________________________.the mountain.
6. There will be a meeting next week._________________________.the problem.
7. We wore warm clothes. We didn´t want to get cold.
We wore _______________________________________________________
Choose the correct answer.
1. I´m going to study harder __________.pass my exams in June.
a. so to b. for to c. in order that d. in order to
2. We invited lots of children _____________.our son could enjoy his birthday party.
a. in order to b. so as to c. so that d. for that
3. Helen is going to be on a diet_____________.lose weight.
a. so as to b. so that c. for d. in order that
4. They went to the town centre _______________.do some shopping.
a. so as b. to c. for to d. for
Result clauses
1. Complete the sentences with so, such or such a(n).
1. He was _________________happy that he invited us for a drink.
2. They´re _________________lovely people that we enjoy their company.
3. Joanne is _________________.elegant woman that everybody admires her.
4. He´s __________________popular singer that he sells thousands of CDs.
5. They were __________________.cheap books that we bought quite a few.
6. Sunday afternoons are _______________.boring that we never know what to do.
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PREFERIRÍA / ES HORA DEPREFERIRÍA / ES HORA DE
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER; IT´S TIME.....
WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER
Would rather/would sooner van seguidos de infinitivo sin to y tienen el significado de preferir.
Ejemplos:
- I´d rather go to the disco. Preferiría ir a la discoteca.
- I´d sooner stay here. Prefiriría quedarme aquí.
Si se comparan dos acciones, el segundo verbo va precedido de than.
Ejemplo:
- I´d rather laugh than cry. Prefiero reir que llorar.
Esta forma verbal también puede ir seguida de una oración subordinada nominal, cuyo sujeto es
distinto de would rather y cuyo verbo va en pasado simple.
Ejemplo:
- I´d rather she spent the night with us. Preferiría que ella pasara la noche con nosotros.
El ejemplo anterior podría expresarse también así: I´d prefer her to spend the night with us.
Exercise A
Rewrite these sentences with the words provided.
1. I prefer to go to the cinema this evening.
I´d rather_____________________________________________________
2. I prefer reading to watching TV.
I´d rather _____________________________________________________
3. We´d prefer her to stay with us.
We´d rather she ________________________________________________
4. She´d prefer to work on her own.
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She´d sooner___________________________________________________
5. I´d rather you didn´t come with me tonight.
I´d prefer you __________________________________________________
EXERCISE B
Answer these questions using “I´d rather...” Use the words in brackets.
1. Would you like to play tennis? (go for a swim)
2. Do you want to watch television? (read a book)
3. Shall we leave now? (wait for a few minutes)
4. Would you like to go to a restaurant? (eat at home)
5. Should we decide now? (think about it for a while)
EXERCISE C
Now make sentences using “I´d rather..............than...”
1. (go for a swim/play tennis)
2. (read a book/watch television)
3. (wait for a few minutes/leave now)
4. (eat at home/go to a restaurant)
5. (think about it for a while/decide now.
EXERCISE D
Use “I´d rather you (did something)”. You are talking to a friend. You say you´ll do something, but really you want your friend to do it.
1. I´ll cook the dinner if you really want me to, but_____________________________________
2. I´ll call Tom is you really want me to, but__________________________________________
3. I´ll go to the bank if you really want me to, but _____________________________________
4. I´ll do the dishes if you really want me to, but ______________________________________
5. I´ll tell Ann what happened if you really want me to, but ______________________________
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IT´S TIME........
“It´s time...” Esta expresión puede ir seguida de tres estructuras:
a) It´s time + infinitivo
Ejemplo: It´s time to go to bed. ( Es hora de acostarse)
b) It´s time for + objeto + infinitivo.
Ejemplo: It´s time for them to go to bed. ( Es hora de que se acuesten)
c) It´s time + sujeto + verbo en pasado simple.
Esta estructura se emplea, a menudo, para expresar reproche o crítica.
Ejemplo: It´s time they went to bed. (Ya es hora de que se acuesten)
También podríamos decir: “It´s high time/ It´s about time.
Exercise E
Rewrite these sentences with the words provided.
1. It´s time for her to go back home. It´s time she _________________________________
2. It´s time for us to say goodbye. It´s time we____________________________________
3. It´s time for him to start doing some work. It´s time he __________________________
4. It´s time to have some dinner. It´s high time we ________________________________
5. It´s time to go to bed. It´s about time we.______________________________________
EXERCISE F
Write these sentences with “It´s time someone did something.”
1. You think you should take a vacation because you haven´t taken one in a very long time.
2. You think Tom should write to his parents. He hasn´t written to them for ages.
3. This room should be redecorated. It looks awful.
4. You´re waiting for Ann. She is late. She should be here by now.
5. You´re sitting on a plane waiting for it to take off. It´s already five minutes late.-
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GRAMMAR REVIEW (REPASO DE GRAMÁTICA)GRAMMAR REVIEW (REPASO DE GRAMÁTICA)
Ortografía / Spelling
Short Forms
En inglés hablado normalmente decimos: I’m / you’ve / didn’t etc. (formas cortas o contraciones).en lugar de I am / you have / did not…etc. También utilizamos las formas cortas en lengua escrita de tipo informal por ejemplo, una carta a un amigo o un mensaje.
Al escribir las formas cortas utilizamos un apóstrofo (‘) para las letras omitidas.
‘m……..am I’m ‘s……..is o has he’s she’s it’s
‘re........are you’re we’re they’re ‘ve........have I’ve you’ve we’ve they’ve
‘ll.........will I’ll he’ll she’ll you’ll we’ll they’ll
‘d........would/had I’d he’d she’d you’d we’d they’d
Let’s - significa Let us Let’s go away. (Let us go away)
‘d- puede ser would or had I’d see a doctor if I were you= (I would see)
I’d never seen her before = (I had never seen)
Utilizamos algunas de estas formas cortas (especialmente ‘s después de question words:who, what,…
y después de that, there o here. Who’s, what’s, where’s…
Tambien puede ir después de un nombre. Catherine’s going out tonight. (Catherine is)
No se puede utilizar ‘m / ‘s / ‘re / ‘ve / ‘ll / ‘d al final de la oración porque el verbo lleva el acento en esa posición. Are you tired? Yes, I am y no Yes, I’m. Do you know where she is? No ...where’s.
Negative short forms
Isn’t = is not don’t = do not haven’t = have not Aren’t = are not doesn’t = does not hasn’t = has not Wasn’t = was not didn’t = did not hadn’t = had not
Weren’tCan’t = can not couldn’t = could not mustn’t = must not
Won’t = will not wouldn’t = would not needn’t = need not
Shan’t = shall not shouldn’t = should not daren’t = dare not
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Spelling
Nombres, verbos y adjetivos pueden tener las siguientes terminaciones:
Noun + -s/-es (plural books ideas matches
Verb + -s/ -es (dp. He/She/it ) works enjoys washes
Verb + -ing working enjoying washing
Verb + -ed worked enjoyed washed
Adjective + -er cheaper quicker brighter
Adjective + -est cheapest quickest brightest
Adjective + -ly cheaply quickly brightly
Cambios en las terminaciones:
Se añade –es cuando la palabra termina en -s /-ss /-sh / -ch / -x
Bus / buses miss / misses wash / washes
Match / matches search / searches box / boxes
También: potato / potatoes tomato / tomatoes do / does go / goes
Palabras que terminan en –y (baby, carry, easy...etc.)
Si la palabra termina en cons + y (by, ry, sy, vy etc.) -y cambia a –ie delante de –s:
Baby / babies story / stories country / countries secretary / secretaries
Hurry / hurries study / studies apply / applies try / tries
Cuando la palabra termina en cons + y y tenemos que a ñadir – ed , -y cambia a -i:
Hurry / hurried study / studied apply / applied try / tried
-y cambia a -i delante de las terminaciones –er y -est:
easy / easier / easiest heavy / heavier / heaviest lucky / luckier / luckiest
-y cambia a -i delante de –ly :
easy / easily heavy / heavily temporary / temporarily
-y no cambia delante de –ing: hurrying studying applying trying
-y no cambia si la palabra termina en voc + y (-ay / -ey / -oy / -uy ):
play / plays / placed monkey / monkeys enjoy / enjoys / enjoyed buy / buye
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Una excepción es day / daily y también pay / paid lay / laid say / said
Verbos terminados en -ie, (die, lie, tie ) –ie se convierte en -y delante de la terminación -ing
die / dying lie / lying tie / tying
Palabras terminadas en -e (hope, dance, wide etc. )
Verbos Si el verbo termina en –e se pierde delante de la terminación –ing:
Hope / doping smile / smiling dance / dancing confuse / confusing
Excepciones: be / being y los verbos terminados en –ee see / seeing agree / agreeing
Si el verbo termina en -e añadimos -d en el pasado de los verbos regulares. Hope / hoped
Adjetivos y adverbios Si el adjetivo termina en –e añadimos –r o -st para el comparativo y el superlativo:
Wide / wider / widest late / later / latest large / larger / largest
Si el adjetivo termina en -e se mantiene la –e delante de –ly :
Polite / politely extreme / extremely absolute /absolutely
Si el adjetivo termina en –le (simple, terrible etc.) la terminación del adverbio es –ply, -bly etc.:
Simple / simple terrible / terrible reasonable / reasonably
Doble consonante
Doblamos la consonante (stop/stopping, wet/wetter/wettest etc.) cuando una palabra termina en voc + cons y es de una sílaba delante de los finales en -ing/-ed/-er/-est
Stop p___pp stopping stopped
Plan n___nn planning planned
Big g___gg bigger biggest
Thin n___nn thinner thinnest
En las palabras que tienen más de una sílaba (prefer, begin, etc.) se dobla la consonante al final sólo si la sílaba es tónica.
PreFER / preferring / preferred perMIT / permitting / permitted
ReGRET / regretting / regretted beGIN / beginning
Si la sílaba final no es tónica no se dobla la consonante. VISit / visiting / visited
Si la palabra termina en –l pasa a –ll delante de –ing y -ed tanto si la sílaba es tónica como si no lo es. Travel / travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled
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No se dobla la consonante final si la palabra termina en dos consonantes (-rt, -lp, -ng, etc. )
Start / starting / started help / helping / helped long / longer / longest
No se dobla la consonante si hay dos vocales delante de ella. (-oil, -eed,. Etc. )
Boil / boiling / boiled need / needing explain / explaining / explained
No se dobla –y y -w cuando van al final de una palabra porque tanto –y como –w en esa situación no se consideran consonantes.
Stay / staying grow / growing new / newer / newest
PREFIJOS Y SUFIJOS
PREFIJOS
Los prefijos se añaden al principio de algunas palabras para formar otras nuevas, normalmente, cambiando su significado pero no su categoría gramatical.
Prefijos negativos para formar nombres, verbos y adjetivos.
Un- (opuesto o ausencia de) adjetivos, precede a adjetivos, participios y verbos.
Unable unbelievable undo unfair undressed
Incapaz increible deshecho injusto desvestido
Non- no Forma nombres y adjetivos.
Non-smoker nonconformist non-essential non-fiction
No fumador inconformista sin importancia no ficción, real
In- (opuesto o no ) Forma adjetivos
Inaccesible incomplete incorrect inevitable insane
Inaccesible incompleto incorrecto inevitable insano
Il- (delante de l) Opuesto de o no. Forma adjetivos.
Illegal illegitimate illicit illiterate illogical
Ilegal ilegítimo ilícito analfabeto ilógico
Im- (antes de m y p ) Opuesto de o no. Forma adjetivos
Immature impatient imperfect impolite imposible
Inmaduro impaciente imperfecto maleducado imposible
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Ir- (antes de r ) Opuesto o no. Forma adjetivos.
Irracional irregular irrelevant irresistible irresponsable
Irracional irregular irrelevante irresistible irresponsable
Dis- (opuesto o no ) Forma adjetivos, verbos, y nombres.
Disconnect dishonest dislike disloyalty disobedient disobey dissatisfied
Desconectado deshonesto desagradar deslealtad desobediente verbo insatisfecho
OTROS PREFIJOS
Inter. (entre) Forma adjetivos y adverbios.
Interactive intercontinental internacional interweave
Interactivo intercontinental internacional entrelazado
Re- (repetición) Forma verbos y nombres
React re-apply rebuild recycle re-use
Reaccionar aplicar de nuevo reconstruir reciclar reutilizar
Cyber- (relacionado con ordenadores e internet) Forma nombres.
Cyberspace cybercafé cyberpunk
Ciberespacio cibercafé ciberpunk
Anti- (contra) Forma adjetivos y nombres.
Antibody anticlímax antinuclear anti-racist antisocial
Anticuerpo anticlimax antinuclear anti-racista antisocial
Super- (más que…algo especial) Forma adjetivos y nombres
Superimpose supermarket supernatural supersonic superstar
Superponer supermercado sobrenatural supersónico superstar
Over- (demasiado) Forma adjetivos y verbos
Overconfident overeat overstimate overpopulated overreact overwork
Presumido comer mucho sobreestimar superpoblado reaccionar trabajar mucho
Under- (por debajo) Forma adjetivos, verbos, participios y adverbios
Undercharge undercook understimate underprivileged understatement
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Cobrar menos poco hecho infravalorado desfavorecido poco explicado
Extra- (excepcional o extraordinario) Forma adjetivos.
Extracurricular extraordinary extraterrestrial
Extracurricular extraordinario extraterreste
Mis- (equivocado o algo malo) Forma verbos y nombres
Misbehave misconception misunderstand
Portarse mal idea equivocada comprender mal
Pre- (anterior) Forma adjetivos y nombres
Pre-Christmas pre-Raphaelite prewar
Antes de Navidad antes de Rafael Antes de la guerra
Post- (posterior) Forma adjetivos y nombres
Postgraduate postmodern post-war
Posgraduado posmoderno posguerra
SUFIJOS
Son terminaciones que añadimos a unas palabras para formar otras de categoría gramatical diferente.
Sufijos nominales Son los que se usan para formar nombres a partir de adjetivos, verbos y otros nombres.
Nombres formados a partir de adjetivos
-ety Adjetive Noun
Anxious anxiety anhelante/ansiedad
-ity active activity activo/actividad
creative creativity creativo/creatividad
-ness aware awareness consciente/conciencia
ill illnes enfermo/enfermedad
-ence confident confidence seguridad/confianza en sí mismo
different difference diferente/diferencia
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Nombres formados a partir de verbos
-ant / -ent Verb Noun
assist assistant ayudar/ayudante
immigrate immigrant inmigrar/inmigrante
-ation examine examination examinar/examen
imagine imagination imaginar/imaginación
-er / -or drive driver conducir/conductor
profesiones teach teacher enseñar/profesor
conduct conductor realizar/director
-ion act action actuar/actuación
connect connection conectar/conexión
-ment achieve achievement lograr/logros
amuse amusement distraer/distracción
develop development desarrollar/desarrollo
-ism capitalize capitalism capitalizar/capitalismo
criticize criticism criticar/crítica
Nombres formados a partir de otros nombres
Noun Noun
-ist art (arte) artist (artista)
biology (biología) biologist (biólogo)
optimism (optimismo) optimist (optimista)
pacifism (pacifismo) pacifist (pacifista)
-ship citizen (ciudadano) citizenship (ciudadanía)
friend (amigo) frienship (amistad)
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Sufijos adjetivales. Los añadimos a nombres y verbos para formar adjetivos.
Adjetivos formados a partir de nombres
-ful Noun Adjective
beauty beautiful belleza /bello
care careful cuidado/cuidadoso
colour colourful color/colorido
-less care careless cuidado/descuidado
colour colourness colorido/descolorido
faith faithless confianza/desconfiado
-al accident accidental accidente/accidental
environment environmental medioambiente/medio-
ambiental.
logic logical lógica/lógico
-y cloud cloudy nube/nublado
cream creamy crema/cremoso
dirt dirty suciedad/sucio
dust dusty polvo/polvoriento
Adjetivos formados a partir de verbos
-ive Verb Adjective
act active actuar/activo
attract attractive atraer/atractivo
compete competitive competir/competitivo
create creative crear/creativo
-able accept aceptable aceptar/aceptable
-ible access accesible acceder/accesible
convert convertible convertir/convertible
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EXERCISES
. Word formation: nouns and adjectives
We can make adjectives from nouns with the suffixes -ous, -ic and -al.
fame > famous, ambition > ambitious photography > photographic, drama > dramatic
music > musical, maths > mathematical Be careful! Sometimes the spelling changes
when you add a suffix. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you find the correct spelling.
1 Write the related adjectives.
1 logic ………………
2 fury ………………
3 person ………………
4 apology ………………
5 rebel ………………
6 technology ………………
7 optimism ………………
8 caution ………………
9 nation ………………
10 advantage ………………
11 theory ………………
12 pessimism ………………
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words.
Jackie is very ambitious. She wants to be a actress. (ambition)
1 The holiday was ……………… . There was nothing to do and it rained all the time. (disaster)
2 Brenda was very ……………… when she heard that I’d split up with Pete. (sympathy)
3 You have to be fit and extremely……………… to take part in this sport. (energy)
4 The ……………… party promised to cut taxation when it was elected. (politics)
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Word formation: verbs and nouns
We can make nouns from verbs with the suffixes -ment, -tion/-sion and -ance/-ence.
amaze > amazement introduce > introduction annoy > annoyance
Be careful! Sometimes the spelling changes when you add a suffix. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you find the correct spelling.
2. Write the related nouns.
1. 1 imagine ………………
2 arrange ………………
3 discuss ………………
4 educate ………………
5 excel ………………
6 manage ………………
7 amuse ………………
8 organize ………………
9 tolerate ………………
10 enjoy ………………
11 avoid ………………
12 confirm ………………
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words.
According to experts, digital television is the future of home entertainment.
(entertain)
1 When Clare entered the skateboarding ……………… , she didn’t expect to win. (compete)
2 Jane couldn’t taste the ……………… between the two cola drinks. (differ)
3 After discussing the results of the experiment, the scientists finally reached a ……………… . (conclude)
4 Greg’s parents gave him ……………… to go on holiday with his friends. (permit)
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Nombres compuestos
Se forman con dos palabras, la palabra básica es la segunda. La primera tiene valor de adjetivo y es invariable. Las dos palabras de la combinación se pueden escribir unidas por un guión, unidas en una sola palabra o separadas:
(*) El lenguaje inglés tiene gran facilidad para formar palabras con un significado propio a partir de palabras que tienen cada una por separado un significado independiente.
Bedroom (Bed+Room) / Dormitorio Postcard (Post+Card) / Tarjeta postalBreakfast (Break+Fast) / Desayuno Washing-machine / Lavadora
EL PLURAL DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS COMPUESTOS
Hay tres reglas para la formación del plural de estos sustantivos:
1. Añadiendo una -s
Bedroom, bedrooms (Dormitorio-s) Armchair, armchairs (Sillón-es) Overcoat, overcoats (Abrigo-s)
2. Cuando el nombre está compuesto por dos sustantivos y el segundo sirve solamente de complemento, el primero toma el plural:
Father in law (Suegro) Fathers in law (Suegros)
3. En los nombres compuestos con los sustantivos man y woman, los dos sustantivos toman el plural:
Man-servant (criado) Men-servants (Criados)
ADJETIVOS COMPUESTOS
Hay varias maneras de formar en inglés adjetivos compuestos:
a.) Sustantivo + adjetivo:
Blood-thirsty / Sediento de sangre Sky-blue / Azul celeste
b.) Adjetivo + adjetivo:
Dark-Blue / Azul oscuro
c.) Adjetivo (o adverbio) + participio presente:
Good-looking / Buen aspecto
e.) Sustantivo + participio presente:
Hard-working / Trabajador Heart-rending / Descorazonador
f.) Sustantivo + participio pasivo: Well-dressed / Bien vestido g.) Adjetivo + sustantivo + ed: Well-mannered / De buenos modales Fair-haired / De pelo rubio
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EXERCISES
1. Form compounds with these words
sick, , line, way, work, proud, plant, bound, light, office, coming, town, page
HOME:
HEAD:
HOUSE:
2. Form compounds adding one word in the column A to the column B
A B
Tooth/paste cut
monthly on
swimming ground
Under pool
Hair paste
hanger ticket
dry- put
Out cleaning
3. Form compounds joining one word in line 1 to a word in line 2
1.Pass, pencil, news, suit, guide, first-aid, shop, vacuum, travellers,
2.port, case, cleaner, case, paper, lifter ,book, cheques, kit, passport,
1.Study, book, bird, land, work, head, office, tool, knife, master, service
2.case, room, lady, cage, stone, table, block, edge, box, key, station studyroom,
1.Passers-, Lay, Mothers-, Shoe, Women, Travel, Bus, Antique, Physics, Runners
2.in-law, bys, shops, by, judges, agencies, shops, teachers, stations, uppassersby
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EL ARTICULOEL ARTICULO
El artículo determinado o definido “The”
El artículo definido o determinado se traduce en inglés por The. Es invariable y corresponde a las formas españolas el, la, los, las.
The boy (el niño) The boys (los niños) The girl (la niña) The girls (las niñas) The book (el libro)
The books (los libros)
El artículo definido puede ir precedido de las preposiciones of, to. En inglés no hay contracción de preposición y artículo: del y al se traducen por of the (de el) to the (a el).
Of the village. (del pueblo) Of the house. (de la casa) To the garden (al jardín) To the door (a la puerta)
Usos del artículo the:
1. Cuando sabemos de quiën o de quë estamos hablando. Can I have the drink? (¿puedo tomar la bebida?) cuando sabemos de que bebida hablamos
2. Cuando hablamos de un nombre que lo hemos mencionado en una frase anterior. Mr and Mrs Jones have a daughter and two sons. The daughter is a doctor. (El sr. y la sra. Jones tienen una hija y dos hijos. La hija es doctora)
3. Con los adjetivos en grado superlativo. She is the best. (ella es la mejor)
4. Con los nombres propios de océanos, mares, montañas, naciones en plural... The Alps. (los alpes)
5. Con los adjetivos abstractos. The fantastic (lo fantástico)
Casos en los que no usamos el artículo the:
1. Cuando hablamos de algo en general. Houses are expensive. (las casas son caras) Life isn't easy. (la vida no es fácil)
2. Delante de términos geográficos o topónimos. Fifth Avenue. (la quinta avenida) Spain. (España)
3. Delante de nombres de personas aunque estos estén precedidos de títulos. King Charles (el rey Carlos)
4. Delante de meses, estaciones y días festivos. We see you in September. (te veremos en septiembre)
5. Delante de las comidas generales como almuerzo, cena..Have luch, dinner…
6. Cuando hablamos de partes del cuerpo usando el verbo to have (tener) I broke my leg last year.
7. Delante de next (próximo, siguiente) y last (último, pasado)
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El artículo indeterminado a / an
A o an, corresponde los siguientes artículos en español: un, una. se usa con nombres que comienzan por consonante.
a book = un libro a pen = un bolígrafo a chair = una silla
An se usa con nombres que comienzan por vocal.
an animal = un animal an answer = una contestación an example = un ejemplo
Usamos a antes de una palabra comenzada por la letra u cuando esta es pronunciada como el sonido figurado "yu". A University
Usamos an antes de una palabra comenzada por una h que no pronunciamos. an hour
Usos del artículo
Usamos a / an delante de los nombres singulares.
Have you got a bicycle? (¿tienes una bicicleta?) I've got an umbrella. (Yo tengo un paragüas)
Usamos a / an cuando hablamos del oficio de alguién.
Maria is a journalist. (Maria es una periodista)
Tom Cruise is an actor (Tom Cruise es un actor)
No usamos a / an delante de nombres plurales.
Have you got two bicycles? (¿tienes dos bicicletas?)
EXERCISES
Put in, the or a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty.
1 A: Where did you have — lunch? B: We went to a restaurant.
2 A: Did you have ___________ nice holiday?B: Yes, it was ___________ best holiday I've ever had.
3 A: Where's ___________ nearest shop?B: There's one at ___________ end of this street.
4 A: Do you often listen to ___________ radio?B: No. In fact I haven't got ___________ radio.
5 A: Would you like to travel in ___________ space?B: Yes, I'd love to go to___________ Moon.
6 A: Do you go to ___________ cinema very often?B: No, not very often. But I watch a lot of films on ___________ television.
7 A: It was ___________ nice day yesterday, wasn't it?B: Yes, it was beautiful. We went for a walk by ___________ sea.
8 A: What did you have for ___________ breakfast this morning?B: Nothing. I never eat ___________ breakfast.
9 A: Excuse me, where is ___________ Room 25, please?B: It's on ___________ second floor.
10 A: We spent all our money because we stayed at ___________ most expensive hotel in town.B: Why didn't you stay at _________ cheaper hotel?
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Put in, the where necessary. If you don't need the, leave the space empty.
1 lay down on ___________ground and looked up at ___________ sky.3 Sarah spends most of her free time watching ___________ television.4 ___________ television was on, but nobody was watching it.5 Lisa and I arrived at ___________ same time.6 Have you had ___________ dinner yet?7 You'll find ___________ information you need at ___________ top of ___________ page 15.8 What's ___________ capital city of Canada?
Put in, the or a/an where necessary.
1, Sun is star. ______ sun shines.2 Paul lives in_______ small village in________ country.3 Moon goes round________ earth every 27 days.4 I'm fed up with doing_______ same thing every day.5 It was very hot day. It was________ hottest day of ___________year.6 I don't usually have_____ lunch, but I always eat good breakfast.7 If you live in__________ foreign country, you should try and learn_____ language. 8 We missed our train because we were waiting on ____________wrong platform. 9 Next train to London leaves from____________ Platform 3.
Curso intermedio inglés 115
PRONOUNSPRONOUNS
Subject pronouns Object prouns Possesive pronouns Reflexive pronouns
I (yo) me (a mí) mine (mío) myself (me)
You (tú, usted) you (a tí, usted) yours (tuyo) yourself (te)
He (él) him (a él) his (suyo) himself (se)
She (ella) her (a ella) her (suyo) herself (se)
It (ello,eso) it (ello,eso) its (suyo) itself (se)
We (nosotros/as) us (a nosotros/as) ours (nuestro) ourselves (nos)
You (vosotros/as) you (a vosotros/as) yours (vuestro) yourselves (os)
They (ellos/ellas) them (a ellos/ellas) theirs (suyo) themselves (se)
Possesive adjectives Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
my (mi) This (este/esta) cercanía That (ese,esa/aquel, aquella) lejanía (si
your (tu,su) These (estos/estas) Those (esos,esas/aqullos,aquellas) (plur
his (su)
her (su)
its (su) our (nuestro) your (vuestro) their (su) de ellos/as
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EXERCISES
A Complete these sentences with the correct possesive adjective or pronoun
1. Whose camera is this? Is it ____________________? (you)
2. Excuse me, those are __________________.seats. (we)
3. Is it _________________suitcase or _________________? (you/he)
4. Is the dog eating_________________food? (it)
5. They are not _____________keys – they´re __________________. (I/she)
6. I don´t think it´s ____________room; I think it´s ______________(you/they)
7. The policeman is asking me for _____________.address. (I)
8. I think this is________________.book. Oh no, it´s _________________ (I/you)
9. The cat wants ___________________dinner. (it)
10. You know it´s not _______________.money. It´s ________________ (you/I)
B Choose the correct possesive pronouns
1. I´ve got a car. The car is mine / his.
2. Alan, that is not your bike. It´s not hers / yours.
3. Students, are those your books? Are they theirs / yours?
4. The football is not Peter´s. It´s not hers / his.
5. Mary and Jane have got a computer. It´s theirs / yours.
6. We´ve got a new game. The game is ours / mine.
G) Replace the underlined words by : me, him, her, it, us, them.
1. Write these letters and send the letters.
2. Look at this boy.
3. Open the door.
4. Take Peter and me to the zoo.
5. Close these boxes.
Curso intermedio inglés 117
6. Close this box.
7. Speak to Mary.
8. Speak to the teachers.
9. Don´t help those students.
10. Read this book.
11. Dance with John and me.
12. Put those books under the table.
13. Help that old woman.
14. Talk to that man.
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QUANTIFIERSQUANTIFIERS
SOME / ANY
Se usa some y any para expresar cantidades indefinidas. Normalmente se usa some delante de sustantivos contables en plural o incontables para indicar la existencia de algunos de estos sutantivos pero no todos. (unos, algunos, algo).
I’ve got some sweets for you. There is some mineral water in the fridge.
Utilizamos any delante de sustantivos contables e incontables para referirse a un sustantivo no específico, por eso va en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, sin embargo se utiliza some para realizar ofrecimientos o peticiones corteses.
Would you like some coffee?. Could I have some water, please?
Are there any yoghurts in the fridge?. There isn’t any sugar in this coffee.
SOME / ANY / NO / EVERY
Se combinan con body para decir: “alguien, cualquiera, nadie, todo el mundo”
Anybody – Anyone – Nobody- Noone – Everybody – Everyone
Se combinan con thing para decir “algo, cualquier cosa, nada y todo”
Somthing - Anything – Nothing – Everything
Se combinan con where para decir “en algún, cualquiera, ningun sitio o en todos los sitios”
Somewhere – Anywhere – Nowhere – Everywhere
ALL / BOTH-EACH / EVERY-EITHER / NEITHER - A LOT OF / PLENTY OF / (A) FEW / (A) LITTLE / MANY / MUCH / NO
- All (of) Se usa para referirnos a más de dos personas o cosas con el sentido de todos. Esta expresión rige un verbo en plural cuando hace función de sujeto.
I like all animals. All of us are very happy.
- Both Se usa para referirnos a dos personas o cosas con el sentido de ambos. Esta expresión rige un verbo en plural cuando hace función de sujeto y no se usa en oraciones negativas.
I like both children. Both of his sisters are doctors.
Curso intermedio inglés 119
- Each / Every Se utilizan con sustantivos contables en singular y por tanto, rigen verbos en singular cuando hacen función de sujeto. Each cuando nos referimos a nombres como entidades separadas. Every cuando nos referimos a nombres que son parte de un grupo.
He gave a prize to each child. I’ve been to every country in Europe.
-Either / Neither Acompañan siempre a un nombre singular por tanto el verbo va también en singular. Neither con un sentido negativo (ninguno de los dos).
Neither of us is going to the party.
También se utiliza nor como conjunciones disyuntivas neither…nor (ni…ni…)
I like neither apples nor pears. I like neither you nor your friend.
Either con un sentido positivo (cualquiera de los dos).
Would you like strawberry or vanilla? Either I don’t mind.
También se utiliza con or como conjunción disyuntiva. Esther…or (o…o…)
What flavour do you like, Sir? I’ll have either chocolate or strawberry.
Either también puede tener un valor negativo si se combina con un verbo en negativa.
I like esther car. I don’t like neither car.
-A lot of Se usa con nombres plurales contables e incontables con el sentido de muchos o una gran cantidad de.
I have a lot of children. She drinks a lot of coffee.
-Plenty of Se usa con nombres contables en plural e incontables con el sentido de más que suficiente.
Don’t worry! We’ve got plenty of time. There are plenty of books to read.
-A few / A little A few se usa sólo con nombres contables y con el sentido de unos pocos / cuantos. A little se usa sólo con nombres incontables y con el sentido de -un poco de
There are a few sándwiches in the fridge. I’d like a little help.
- Few / Little Few se usa sólo con nombres contables y con el sentido de ‘pocos’. Few se usa sólo con nombres incontables y con el sentido de ‘poco’.
There are few sándwiches in the fridge. They have little time.
-Many / Much Many se utiliza con nombres contables y Much con nombres incontables. Ambos con el sentido de mucho/os. Normalmente se utilizan en oraciones negativas más que en afirmativas donde ponemos A lot of.
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I don’t have many hats. I haven’t got much money/time I don’t like much sugar in my coffee.I like a lot of sugar in my coffee.
Many y Much Se usan normalmente para hacer preguntas sobre cantidad, la estructura utilizada en este tipo de preguntas es. How many…? y How much…?
How much…? Se usa sólo con nombres incontables How much water is there in the lake?
How many…? Se usa sólo con nombres contables. How many eggs are there in the fridge?
-No Se usa para referirnos a más de dos personas o cosas podemos usarlo tanto con nombres contables como incontables con el sentido de ninguno/a, ningunos/as o nada de.
I’ve got no patience for this. There are no cars in the garage. There were no people at the concert.
Estas oraciones también se pueden expresar usando el verbo en negativa y la partícula any
I haven’t got any patience for this. There aren’t any cars in the garage. There weren’t any people at the concert.
EXERCISES
A. Choose the correct answer:
a) We don´t need.................tomatoes. (some any no).
b) The homeless man had...........................to sleep. (somewhere nowhere anywhere)
c) She refused to say...........................to the police. (nothing something anything)
d) ..................people today have TV sets.(any either many)
e) ...................coffee or tea will be fine, thank you. (either either of neither)
f) ................newspaper will do; they all have the TV programmes in them. (some any none)
g) Dave has ....................very valuable stamps. ( a little a few little)
h) Will you get me ......................stamps when you go out? (any some a little)
i) Can you lend me............................to read?(anything some something)
j) ......................people go to the South Pole for a holiday! (very few very little)
k) This room is so full. There isn´t.................to put.............................. (nothing anywhere something anything)
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ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOSADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Utilizamos los adjetivos en modo comparativo cuando comparamos a una persona, cosa, acontecimiento, etc., con otra.
Utilizaremos los adjetivos en grado superlativo cuando comparamos a una persona o un objeto con otros del mismo grupo..
Generalmente utilizaremos than para el grado comparativo y the para el grado superlativo,
Formación del comparativo y el superlativo
Los adjetivos de una sílaba o dos sílabas terminados en consonante + y hacen el comparativo en –er -ier y el superlativo en –est –iest.
Nota: Los adjetivos de una sílaba que terminen en con+vocal+cons doblan la consonante.
Los adjetivos de dos sílabas que no terminen en consonante + y o más de dos sílabas hacen el comparativo con la partícula more + adjetivo. Y el superlativo con la partícula the most + adjetivo.
Para añadir el matiz de igualdad al grado comparativo del adjetivo, utilizaremos las partículas
as + adjetivo……as (tan/tanto …como) o bien su forma en negativa not as + adjetivo……as.
Para establecer la inferioridad utilizaremos less.....than (menos que) .
Hay un grupo de adjetivos que son irregulares tienen sus propias formas para hacer el comparativo y el superlativo. Estos son los más importantes.
Positivo Comparativo Superlativo
Good better the best
Far farther the farthest
further the furthest
Old older the oldest
elder the eldest
Little less the least
Bad worse the worst
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Para enfatizar al adjetivo podemos utilizar so + adjetivo
Adjetivos que terminan en –ED e -ING
Los adjetivos terminados en –ED describen cómo se siente alguien (bored, interested, worried…).
Los adjetivos que terminan en –ING describen cómo es algo o alguien (interesting, surprising, dissappointing…)
Los adjetivos delante del nombre van en el siguiente orden: opinión, dimensiones, edad, forma
color, procedencia y material.
Utilizaremos la estructura comparativa the…..+comparativo the …..+comparativo ( the….the…..)
para decir que dos cosas varían a la vez o cómo una afecta a la otra.
Estas estructuras pueden combinarse
Adjetive…adjetive.......................... The harder as job is, the more rewarding I find .
Adverb.....adverb........................... The sooner we start, the quicker we’ll finish.
More.....+ noun more + noun ..... The more money Jack earn, the more clothes he bought
Less + clause less (+uncountable noun) fewer (+plural contable noun)
The less Bor earned, the less food / the fewer holidays he could afford.
More + clause less + clause
The more you sleep, the less you do.
Comparative+and+comparative Indica que algo aumenta o se reduce.
The city centre is becoming more and more coged.
EXERCISES
A. Fill in with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. Today´s food tastes much (good)...........................than yesterday´s.
2. The statistics on child abuse are quite (shock)...................................
3. David is (funny)...........................person I know.
4. Karen´s mother is very (satisfy)................................with her school marks.
5. Personally, I´m not (interest)...............................in stamp-collecting, although I´m sure it´s an (interest)...............................hobby.
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6. She left him because she was(happy)................................in her marriage.
7. My uncle´s (child).......................behaviour embarrassed everyone at the wedding.
8. Flights to England are (frequent)..............................than flights to America from this airport.
9. The (soon)...........................we do it, the (good)..............................
10. She isn´t (pretty)...........................her mother was at that age.
11. Many foreigners find the situation (confuse).......................... They are (confuse)............................about the facts.
12. The litter in our streets is (disgust)...............................
13. We are talking about his job, so your comments about his dog are quite (relevant).....................................
14. In my opinion , York is(interesting).............................city in the north of England.
15. My graduation day was one of (happy).............................days of my life.
IDIOMATIC CONSTRUCTIONS. TRANSLATE -
1. Él estaba cada vez más delgado.
2.Cuanto más frio hace, menos gente hay en la calle.
3. Cuanto más frio, peor.
4, Cuanto más nos reímos, mejor nos sentimos.
5. Cada vez hace más calor.
6. Se está haciendo más y más difícil encontrar un trabajo.
7. Cuanto más templado es el tiempo, mejor me siento.
8. Cuanto antes nos vayamos, antes llegaremos.
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ADVERBSADVERBS
El adverbio puede ir al principio, en medio o al final de la oración. Hay seis principales tipos de adverbios o locuciones adverbiales.
MODO- Describe cómo se realiza la acción del verbo. Va colocado después del verbo o después del objeto si lo hay. quickly, badly, quietly, well, forwards, in a hurry.
He looked at me suspiciously. He looked suspiciously at me.
LUGAR- Describe el lugar donde se realiza la acción. Va situado detrás del objeto si lo hay, si no detrás del verbo. Abroad, upstairs, somewhere, where, here, there.
She painted that picture here. I looked everywhere.
TIEMPO- Este tipo de adverbio nos dice cuando sucede la acción. Se coloca o al principio o al final de la oración. Afterwards, eventually, lately, recently, soon, now, today, tomorrow…
Late, inmediately, yet se colocan al final. Already justo detrás del auxiliar con perfectos.
FRECUENCIA- Describe la frecuencia con la que sucede la acción. Se colocan delante del verbo o detrás del verbo “to be”. Always, never, sometimos, hardly-ever…
AFIRMACIÓN- Se coloca antes del verbo principal o detrás del verbo “to be”.
Apparently, certainly, evidently, obviously.
Clearly se coloca al principio o al final de la oración. Surely al principio de la oración o al final al lado del verbo.
CANTIDAD- Modifican a un adjetivo o a otro adverbio dando el grado de la cantidad, y se coloca delante del adjetivo o del adverbio. Every, fairly, rather, almost, quite…
El orden de los adverbios en una misma oración es. Modo – Lugar – Tiempo.
Los adverbios que expresan una opinión o un punto de vista normalmente van al principio de la oración. Amazingly it didn’t rain all weekend.
TOO / ENOUGH / VERY
TOO- Significa más de lo necesario (demasiado) se utiliza de las siguientes maneras:
Too + adj/adv It’s too hot here. Can I open de window? You’re driving too fast. Slow down.
Too + adj/adv + for This food is too hot for me. You’re walking too slowly for me.
Too + adj/adv + (for+object) + to + verb My father was too ill to look after himself.
Too + quantifier + noun I ate too much food at lunchtime, so I don’t feel hungry.
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ENOUGH- Significa lo que necesito (suficiente) y se utiliza de las siguientes maneras:
Adj/adv + enough Holidays are never long enough. I didn’t go to bed early enough.
Adj/adv + enough + for + noun or pronoun My car isn’t big enough for the whole family.
Adj/adv + to + verb My parents didn’t think we were old enough to get married.
Enough + noun We didn’t have enough money to buy a car.
VERY- Simplemente da énfasis (muy) y se utiliza de estas maneras:
Very + adj Concorde is a very fase plane.
Very + adj I can walk very quickly
Very + quantifier I’m on a diet, so I’m eating very little.
EXERCISES
A. Complete these sentences using enough with one of the following words:
big old warm well cups money qualifications room time
1. She can´t get married yet. She´s not ...........................................................
2. Tom would like to buy a car, but he doesn´t have.........................................
3. I couldn´t make coffee for everybody. There weren´t ..................................
4. Are you....................................................? Or shall I turn on the heat?
5. It´s only a small car. There isn´t ..................................................for all of you.
6. George didn´t feel .............................................to go to work this morning.
7. I didn´t finish the exam. I didn´t have...........................................................
8. Do you think I´ve got........................................to apply for the job?
9. Try this jacket on and see if it´s .......................................................for you.
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B. Answer these questions using the words in parentheses (...).
Example: “Is she getting married?” (not old enough)
“No, she isn´t old enough to get married.
1. “Why can´t you talk to me now?” (too busy) “I´m too ........................................................now”
2. “Let´s go to the movies.” (too late) “No, it´s ................................................................movies.”
3. “Why don´t we sit outside?” (not warm enough) “It´s not..........................................................
4. “Would you like to be a politician?” (too nice) “No, I´m ............................................................
5. “Are you going away on vacation this year? “ (not enough money) “No, I don´t have..............
6. “Shall we take a picture?” (too dark) “No, ................................................................................
7. “Did you hear what he was saying?” (too far away) “No, we....................................................
8. “Can she make herself understood (in English)?” (not enough English) “No, she doesn´t speak
.................................................................................
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PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
TIME: FOR / DURING / BY / UNTIL / AT / IN / ON
For Período de tiempo en el que se realiza la acción. (durante)
We watched T.V. for two hours last night.
During + noun Nos indica el momento en el que ha sucedido la acción.
Hill asleep during the film.
By Nos indica el tiempo en el que se realizará la acción.
I sent the setter to them yesterday, so they should receive by Monday.
By the time “en el momento· It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there. It will be closed. También puede referirse a una acción que ha sucedido en el pasado.
By the time we arrived the concert had already started. “cuando”.
Until Indica el fin del período del tiempo en el que ha sucedido una acción. “hasta”
David stayed in bed until half past ten.
At Indica horas y períodos de tiempo. At five o’clock, at midnight, at weekend, at Christmas, at the moment...
On Días y fechas On Monday..., on 22 November..., on Saturday evenings...
In Partes del día o períodos largos de tiempo. In the morning, in a few days, in Winter…
On time Significa estar “puntual” The 11.45 train left on time
In time Significa tener tiempo “con tiempo” I hope it arrives in time.
LUGAR: IN / AT / ON / TO
In En (dentro) In a room, in a car, in a garden, in a shop...Estar en In the front, in the back. Edificios In hospital, in prison...
At En pero no dentro. At the bus stop, at the door, at home, work, University, concert...
Ponemos at cuando nosotros explicamos los lugares en los que tiene lugar la acción.
We went to a concert at The Royal Festival Hall.
On “encima” on the wall, on the table...
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Otras expresiones on the left, on the right, on the corner, on holidays, on a tour.
To “dirección” To London, to the airport, to work, to bed...
Under (debajo) behind (detrás) opposite (enfrente) in front of (delante)
Beside (al lado) Next to (al lado) between (entre) above (encima)
Up (hacia arriba) down (hacia abajo) over (por encima de) through (a través de)
Round (rodeando) along (a lo largo de) across (atravesar algo) past (pasar por un lug)
MODO
By Para expresar el modo en el que se realiza la acción, medios de transporte, autores, y para la pasiva .
By post, by car, a book by Cervantes, A painting by Picasso.
PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
English Spanish Example
about acerca de about the history of the USA
above más arriba de above the clouds
across a través de (de un lado al otro) across the street
after después de after the lesson
against en contra de against the enemy
along a lo largo de along the coast
among entre (varios) among all the girls
around alrededor de around the house
at en, a at home, at 4.15
at the back of en la parte posterior de at the back of the room
at the bottom of en la parte inferior de at the bottom of the map
at the top of en la parte superior de at the top of the shelf
before antes de before the lesson
behind detrás de . behind the door
below más abajo de below the carpet
beneath más abajo de beneath the ground
beside al lado de beside the table
besides edemas de besides John Clark
Curso intermedio inglés 129
between entre (dos) between you and me
beyond más allá de beyond the hill
by por, cerca de by the river
despite a pesar de despite the noise
down hacia abajo down the coast
during durante during the day
far from lejos de far from London
for pare for the students
from desde, de from the USA
in en in the garden
in front of al frente de in front of the school
in the corner of en la esquina de in the corner of the room
inside dentro de inside the classroom
into hacia adentro into the room
near cerca de near the hospital
next to próximo a next to the supermarket
of de of the week
off lejos de off the coast
on encima de (sobre) on the desk
onto hacia encima de onto the table
opposite frente a opposite the bank
out afuera out in the street
out of hacia afuera out of the room
outside fuera de outside the office
over sobre over the roof
since desde since that day
through a través de through the tunnel
till hasta till tomorrow
to a, hacia to the office
towards hacia, en dirección a towards the east
under debajo de under the table
until hasta until next Sunday
up hacia arriba de up the road
with con with my friends
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within dentro de within a week
without sin without money
EXERCISES
1. Write in / at / to
1 I like reading ........................................ bed.
2 We're going ......................................... Italy next month.
3 Sue is on holiday............................................ Italy at the moment.
4 I must go ...................................................... the bank today.
5 I was tired, so I stayed .......................................... bed late.
6 What time do you usually go ............... bed?
7 Does this bus go ............................................... the centre?
8 Would you like to live ............................................. another country?
2. Write to / at / in Sometimes there is no preposition
1 Paula didn't go ...................................... work yesterday.
2 I'm tired. I'm going..".............................................. home.
3 Ann is not very well. She has gone ................................. the doctor.
4 Would you like to come ........................................... a party on Saturday?
5 'Is Liz ......................................... home?' 'No, she's gone ................................... work.'
6 There were 20,000 people ............................................ the football match.
7 Why did you go ................................................. home early last night?
8 A boy jumped into the river and swam.......................................... the other side.
9 There were a lot of people waiting.................... the bus stop................. the hotel.
10 We had a good meal............ a restaurant and then we went back ..................
3. Write in / at / to Sometimes there is no preposition
1 I'm not going out this afternoon. I'm staying ...................... home.
2 We're going ........................................ a concert tomorrow evening.
Curso intermedio inglés 131
3 I went......................................................... New York last year.
4 How long did you stay ............................................. New York?
5 Next year we hope to go .................................................. Canadá to visit some friends.
6 Shall we go ............................................................ the cinema this evening?
7 Is there a restaurant............................................................. the station?
8 After the accident three people were taken ............................................................. hospital.
4. Complete the sentences with a prepositions (in, to, at, by...)
1 In tennis, you hit the ball................................... a racket.
2 It's cold today. Don't go out........................................ a coat.
3 Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth are plays.............. William Shakespeare.
4 Do you know anything .................... computers?
5 My grandmother died.................. the age of 98.
6 How long does it take from New York to Los Angeles .................. plain?
7 I didn't go to the football match, but I watched it............. televisión.
8 My house is the one .............. the red door on the right.
9 These trains are very fast. They can travel................ very high speeds.
10 I don't use my car very often. I prefer to go ....................... bike.
11 Can you give me some information ............... hotéls in this town?
12 I was arrested ............... two policemen and taken to the pólice station.
13 The buses here are very good. They're nearly always ............... time.
14 What would you like to drink ............... your meal?
15 We travelled from Paris to Moscow ............... train.
16 One of the most famous paintings in the world is the Mona Lisa ............... Leonardo da Vinci.
132 Kepler Centro de Estudios
WRITING / COMPOSITION (REDACCIÓN)WRITING / COMPOSITION (REDACCIÓN)
PUNCTUATION AND SPELLING RULES (REGLAS DE PUNTUACIÓN Y ORTOGRAFÍA)
Utilizamos letras mayúsculas (capital letters) al principio de una frase, detrás de un punto, con los días de la semana, los meses del año, nombres de idiomas, nacionalidades, nombres propios de persona o lugar.
Ejemplos:
We´ll go to Buckingham Palace on Wednesday morning. Iremos al palacio de Buckingham el miércoles por la mañana.
I´m Spanish and I speak English, French, Italian and Catalan. Soy español y hablo inglés, francés, italiano y catalán.
Our summer holidays start at the beginning of July. Nuestras vacaciones de verano empiezan a principios de julio.
La coma se emplea:
a) Para indicar una pausa corta, , generalmente entre dos oraciones coordinadas y cuando la
oración principal va detrás de la oración subordinada.
We thought we were right, but actually we were wrong. Pensábamos que teníamos razón,
pero, en realidad, estábamos equivocados.
Although it was warm and sunny, we didn´t go to the beach. Aunque hacía calor y sol, no
fuimos a la playa.
b) Para indicar una aposición.
Lady Di, Princess of Wales, died tragically in a car accident. Lady Di, Princesa de Gales,
murió trágicamente en un accidente de coche.
c) En las cartas detrás del nombre de la persona a la que escribimos. En castellano utilizamos dos
puntos (: ):
Dear Harry, Querido Harry:
d) Delante o detrás de palabras de enlace: however, on the other hand, as a matter of fact, etc.
Curso intermedio inglés 133
El punto y coma se emplea para indicar una pausa más larga que la de la coma y suele utilizarse
entre dos frases que no están relacionadas gramaticalmente entre sí.
Phil lives at the outskirts of the town; he always goes to work by underground. Phil vive en las
afueras de la ciudad; siempre va a trabajar en metro.
El punto se utiliza detrás de una frase para indicar una pausa más larga que la de la coma y el punto y coma.
En inglés sólo hay un signo de interrogación (?) y uno de exclamación (!) que se colocan siempre al final de la oración interrogativa y exclamativa.
El apóstrofo se utiliza en el caso posesivo de los sustantivos y básicamente para indicar que
se ha omitido parte de una palabra en las formas verbales.
This is Alice´s suitcase. Esta es la maleta de Alice.
She´s got two brothers. Ella tiene dos hermanos.
CONECTORES
In spite of / despite = A pesar de
In spite of/Despite the late hour, they went on with the meeting
He arrived on time in spite of/despite getting up lat
Although, though, even though, in spite of the fact that = Aunque
Although/Though/ Even though / In spite of the fact that the pupils had
not studied as hard as they could, they all passed their exams.
However, Nevertheless, Even so = Sin embargo
She was quite ill. However/ Nevertheless/Even so, she went to school.
On the one hand...............On the other hand = Por una parte........por otra parte
On the one hand, the beach is fun. On the other hand, I don´t like the sand.
On the contrary = Al contrario
“I thought you liked classical music.” “On the contrary, I hate it.”
While, whereas = mientras
134 Kepler Centro de Estudios
This soap opera is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring
Because/As/Since/Seeing that = Porque, puesto que, ya que
We should all go home because/as/since/seeing that it´s late
Because of/On account of/Owing to/ Due to = A causa de, debido a
We stayed at home because of/on account of/owing to/due to the weather.
In order to, so as to, to = Para, con la finalidad de
She uses her video in order to/so as to/to record her favourite shows
For example/for instance = por ejemplo
Vegetables are a good source of vitamins; for example/for instance,
pepper has vitamin C.
Such as = tal(es) como, como
Singers such as Michael Jacson and Madonna are popular throughout the
world.
Moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition = Además
I´m too busy to take a holiday. Moreover/Furthermore/Besides/In addition,
I don´t have the money.
In addition to/ As well as = Además de
In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.
The city has several main roads as well as a ring road aroung it.
Apart from, except (for) = Aparte de, excepto
Apart from English, she speaks three other foreign languages
He eats nothing except (for) bread and fish.
First of all/To begin with/First/ Firstly = Lo primero de todo, en
primer lugar.
First of all/To begin with/First/Firstly, we should talk to the manager.
Second/Secondly, Then = En segundo lugar, después
Second/Secondly/Then, we must make a detailed plan.
Curso intermedio inglés 135
The next stage is = El siguiente paso es
The next stage is to view...
Finally/In short/To sum up/In conclusion/Lastly but not least =
Finalmente/En resumen/En conclusión/Por último/Último pero
no de menor importancia.
Finally/In short/To sum up/In conclusion/Lastly but not least, we
need to have good ideas before we present our plan to the whole
company.
Therefore/As a result /Consequently/For this reason= Por lo
tanto, Como resultado, Por consiguiente, Por esta razán.
Tina keeps her car in good condition. Therefore/As a result /
Consequently/For this reason, it always passes its annual road test.
EXERCISES
A. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the original sentences. Use the words in brackets.
1. Owing to my illness, I cancelled my holiday. (because)
2. In my family, we all have long conversations on the phone. Consequently,
our phone bills are high. (result)
3. Although the jacket was expensive, he bought it. ( in spite of)
4. My brother is very busy at work. My sister is on holiday. (whereas)
5. There is a shopping centre in this town and many small shops as well. (In addition)
6. Despite his age, he´s very active. (although)
7. Despite the doctor´s advice to stop smoking, she hasn´t stopped. (even though)
8. I took a cookery course in order to be able to make special dishes. (so that)
9. Contrary to me, my sister is an excellent swimmer. (whereas)
10. He drove through a red light and was given a ticket. (as a result)
136 Kepler Centro de Estudios
VOCABULARYVOCABULARY
School and education
go to school ......ir al colegio study ............................estudiar
learn (by heart) ..aprender (de memoria) do homework ................hacer la tarea
ask......................preguntar answer ..........................responder
know...................saber revise..............................estudiar para examen
take an exam ....hacer un examen pass an exam. ................aprobar
fail an exam .......suspender repeat a year ................repetir
leave school .......dejar el colegio take the register attendance . pasar lista
expel .................expulsar
punish.................castigar punishment. ..................castigo
skip classes* ......saltarse las clases absent. ..........................ausente
present ..............presente hard-working. ................trabajador
inattentive..........distraido undisciplined..................indisciplinado
high / secondary school instituto state school ...................colegio público
private school ....colegio privado
At school
class ..................clase classroom. .....................clase
headmaster ......director deputy ..........................vicedirector
director of studies jefe de estudios counsellor .....................orientador
teacher ..............profesor tutor. .............................tutor
caretaker ...........conserje secretary .......................secretario
cleaner ...............limpiador language assistant asistente lingüístico
desk ...................pupitre table .............................mesa
ruler ..................regla glue /stick ......................pegamento
Curso intermedio inglés 137
scissors ..............tijeras stick ...............................pegar
calculator............calculadora brush .............................cepillo
computer ..........ordenador keyboard .......................teclado
mouse ...............ratón headphones ..................auriculares
loudspeakers .....altavoces laptop ............................portátil
netbook.............. miniportatil map ...............................mapa
drawing pin ........chincheta duster, eraser ................borrador
rubber. ...............goma sharpener. .....................sacapuntas
schoolbag. .........mochila pencilcase .....................estuche
exam .................examen break ............................recreo
bell ....................campana chair. .............................silla
Teaching
Term...................trimestre timetable........................horario
subject................asignatura lesson ............................lección
period ................hora de clase free period ....................hora libre
french class ........clase de francés vocabulary .....................vocabulario
grammar.............gramática
Facilities
playground ........patio library.............................biblioteca
assembly hall .....salón de actos language lab...................laboratorio de idiomas
canteen ..............cafetería reception .......................recepción
staffroom............sala de profesores registration room secretaría
laboratory ..........laboratorio gym................................gimnasio
headteacher’s office despacho del director
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In the classroom
classmate ...........compañero chair...............................silla
cupboard............armario locker ............................taquilla
stapler ...............grapadora hole punch ....................taladradora
schoolbag ..........mochila board..............................pizarra
notice board ......tablón dictionary.......................diccionario
notebook ...........libreta sheet .............................hoja
pen ....................bolígrafo pencil .............................lápiz
marker ...............subrayador boardpen rotulador pizarra
chalk ..................tiza crayons ..........................ceras
coloured pencils. lápices de colores correction fluid ..............líquido corrector
spelling ..............ortografía essay .............................redacción, trabajo
translation .........traducción exam .............................examen
mistake ..............fallo good mark .....................buena nota
bad mark ...........mala nota pass ...............................markaprobado
school report......boletín prize...............................premio
GCSE ..................graduado de Secundaria holidays..........................vacaciones
Subjects
maths .................matemáticas computer studies ..........informática
history ...............historia geography .....................geografía
science................ciencias biology ..........................biología
chemistry............química physics ...........................física
languages...........idiomas English ...........................inglés
physical education E.F. religion ..........................religión
French ................Francés
Curso intermedio inglés 139
Film and tv
Film types
action ................de acción adventure .....................de aventuras
animated ...........de animación comedy .........................comedia
fantasy ..............de fantasía horror ............................de terror
musical ..............musical romantic comedy...........comedia romántica
science-fiction . . .de ciencia ficción thriller ...........................de suspense
war ....................de guerra/ bélica western .........................del Oeste
Tv programmes
cartoon ..............dibujos animados chat show.......................prog de tertulia
comedy programmecomedia documentary .................documental
drama ................serie game show ....................concurso
reality show ......telerrealidad soap opera ....................telenovela
the news ...........informativo sports programme.........programa de deportes
Verbs
get enough sleep dormir lo suficiente hold................................ celebrarse
look for ..............buscar
Nouns
award ................premio celebrities .....................los famosos
cinema complex. multicines contestant ....................concursante
event..................un acontecimiento mask ..............................máscara
popcorn .............palomitas quiz(show)......................preguntas y respuestas
report.................informe snacks aperitivos ...........salados
survivor ..............superviviente teenagers ......................adolescentes
weather ............el tiempo (meteorológico) ......................................wedding boda
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Adjectives
gold ...................de oro English speaking.............de habla inglesa
popular .............famoso theatrical .......................teatral
Linkers
so........................así que
Other expressions
I can’t stand .......no aguanto I don’t mind ...................me da igual
I’m great fan of . . me encanta It is about......................trata de
Let’s see ............vamos a ver. special effects ................efectos especiales
to be in love ......estar enamorado to fall in love .................enamorarse
twice as much ....el doble Film (BrE) = movie (AmE)
stay up late ........quedarse levantado hasta tarde
Adventure
Survival skills
build ..................construir camp .............................acampar
chop ..................cortar (leña) climb .............................escalar
cook. ..................cocinar find ................................encontrar
fish ....................pescar sleep ..............................dormir
hike ....................hacer senderismo look for ..........................buscar
Feelings
angry ..................enfadado bored .............................aburrido
embarrassed ......avergonzado excited ...........................emocionado
jealous ...............celoso nervous .........................nervioso
pleased ..............contento sad ................................triste
scared.................Asustado surprised .......................sorprendido
Curso intermedio inglés 141
Other vocabulary
Adjectives
brand new .........recién salido nervous .........................nervioso
safe ....................a salvo
Linkers
however ............sin embargo while .............................mientras
Nouns
(in) isolation .......aislado canoe ............................canoa
course. ...............cursillo outdoors ........................al aire libre
resources ..........recursos skills ...............................habilidades
summer .............camp campamento .................de verano
survival ..............supervivencia tool ...............................herramienta
tribe ...................tribu ways ..............................maneras
wood .................leña
Verbs
find out ..............averiguar hunt ...............................cazar
join ....................apuntarse look after........................cuidar
survive ..............sobrevivir
Other words
together ............juntos whole ............................entero
Global issues (temas de importancia global)
in the wild ..........en la naturaleza make friends .................hacer amigos
life swap ............intercambio de vida of course. .....................por supuesto
Are you free…?. . ¿Estás libre…?
That’s fine. Where shall we meet? Estupendo. ¿Dónde quedamos?
Sorry, I’m busy....Lo siento, estoy ocupado.
What about…? . ¿Y si …? (para proponer) How about + -ing? ¿Y si …? (para proponer)
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History
Verbs of discovery
arrive ................llegar discover ........................descubrir
drive ..................conducir explore .........................explorar
fly........................volar/ pilotar go ..................................ir
land .................... aterrizar leave .............................dejar, partir, irse
ride ....................montar sail ................................navegar
take off .............despegar travel ............................viajar
Natural disasters
drought ..............sequía earthquake.....................terremoto
famine ..............hambruna fire ................................incendio
floods .................inundaciones hurricane. ......................huracán
landslide ............alud tornado .........................tornado
tsunami. .............tsunami volcanic eruption...........erupción volcánica
Other vocabulary
wheat ................trigo wide ..............................ancho
Nouns
ash .....................ceniza biscuits ..........................galletas
century .............siglo descent .........................descenso
dessert................postre environment .................Medio Ambiente
explorer .............explorador flour ...............................harina
guide...................guía mountaineer ................montañero
paintings.............pinturas sweets............................golosinas
top......................cima trader ...........................comerciante
Verbs
appear ...............aparecer bury ...............................enterrar
Curso intermedio inglés 143
create ................crear erupt .............................entrar en erupción
hide. ...................esconder invade............................invadir
reach ..................alcanzar
Other words
both ...................los dos several ...........................varios
Other expressions
A long time ago. .hace mucho tiempo As we know it, ...............como lo conocemos
At the age of.......con la edad de … años. In fact.............................De hecho
Thanks to ..........gracias a To be responsible for.....ser responsable de
Very little + N......muy poco + SUST
Can I help you? . .¿En qué puedo ayudarle?
I’m looking for information on Estoy buscando información sobre
I’d like to find out about Me gustaría encontrar algo sobre
What type of information do you need? ¿qué tipo de información necesita?
Come and ask me if you need anything else. ......................................Venga y pregúnteme si necesita algo más.
Thanks for your help Gracias por su ayuda.
biscuits (BrE) = cookies (AmE)
Myths and legends
Character adjectives
brave. ................valiente cheerful ........................alegre
cruel ..................cruel friendly .......................... simpático
funny ................divertido kind ...............................amable
lazy ...................vago loyal ...............................leal
selfish ................egoísta shy .................................tímido
stubborn ...........testarudo wise ...............................sabio
144 Kepler Centro de Estudios
Movement verbs
carry ..................transportar, llevar cross ..............................cruzar
drop ...................tirar, dejar caer fall .................................caer
follow .................seguir jump .............................saltar
lead ....................conducir, liderar lift ..................................levantar
move .................mover pull ................................tirar
push ...................empujar sit .................................sentarse
stand .................levantarse
Verbs
conquer .............conquistar rule ...............................regir
fight ...................pelear invade ...........................invadir
Nouns
myth ..................mito legend ...........................leyenda
witch. .................bruja wizard ............................brujo
sword ................espada stone. ............................piedra
king ...................rey queen ............................reina
fact ....................hecho real fiction ............................hecho ficticio
sighting .............avistamiento ghost. ............................fantasma
highwayman .....bandolero cliff ...............................acantilado
Adjectives
dangerous ..........peligroso sure ..............................seguro
merry ................feliz
Linkers
while. .................Mientras when..............................cuando
Other expressions
in fact .................de hecho at that time ...................en ese tiempo
take around four hours durar unas cuatro horas
Curso intermedio inglés 145
nearby ...............cercano one day .........................un día
then ...................después later ...............................más tarde
in the end...........al final
Possessions
Money
borrow. ..............tomar prestado buy ...............................comprar
earn ...................ganar (sueldo) lend ...............................prestar
pay (for) ............pagar save ...............................ahorrar
sell ....................vender spend ............................gastar
swap ..................intercambio, trueque win ................................ganar (premio)
Computer technology
desktop ..............ordenador sobremesa flash drive...................... memoria externa (lápiz)
keyboard ............teclado laptop ............................ordenador portátil
memory card .....tarjeta de memoria mouse ...........................ratón
printer ...............impresora scanner ..........................escáner
screen ................pantalla speakers ........................altavoces
webcam .............cámara web
Verbs
walk ...................andar, sacar a pasear look after .......................cuidar
go shopping .......ir de compras throw away ...................tirar, descartar
click ....................pulsar search ............................buscar
Nouns
part-time job......trabajo a tiempo parcial pocket money ..............dinero suelto
tips .....................consejos initiative ......................iniciativa
change. ..............cambio charity............................caridad, beneficencia
146 Kepler Centro de Estudios
donations ...........donativos coin ...............................moneda
£ (pound sterling) libra esterlina ................€ (euro) euro
$ (dollar) ...........dólar website..........................sitio web en internet
Adjectives
second hand .....de segunda mano smart ............................inteligente
expensive ...........caro, cara cheap ............................barato, barata
Linkers
Either … or .........o … o
Other expressions
do the maths ..... hacer los cálculos piece of advice. .............consejo
means of transport medios de transporte
for sale ..............en venta
Jobs
actor ..................actor architect ........................arquitecto
electrician ..........electricista engineer .......................ingeniero
lifeguard ...........socorrista mechanic .......................mecánico
nurse .................enfermero, enfermera police officer .................oficial de policía
sportsperson ......deportista surgeon .........................cirujano
teacher .............profesor, profesora vet..................................veterinario, veterinaria
Health problems and first aid
broken arm ........brazo roto cold ...............................resfriado
cough .................tos cut .................................corte
earache ..............dolor de oído headache .......................dolor de cabeza
insect bite .........picadura de insecto sick.................................enfermo,(con ganas de vomitar)
throat ................dolor de garganta stomach ache.................dolor de estómago
Curso intermedio inglés 147
temperature ......fiebre
Verbs
design ................diseñar work ..............................trabajar
repair ................reparar play ...............................practicar
install ................instalar perform .........................actuar
queue ...............hacer cola donate ...........................donar
lie down .............tenderse
Nouns
equipment ........equipamiento queue ............................cola de espera
partner ..............compañero, compañera sanitation ......................condiciones de higiene
volunteer ...........voluntario, voluntaria fireman ..........................bombero
uniform ..............uniforme helmet. .........................casco
rescue . ..............rescate first aid primeros............auxilios
plaster. ..............escayola exhaustion .....................cansancio extremo
Adjectives
professional. ......professional boring ............................aburrido, aburrida
busy ...................ocupado, ocupada exciting ..........................emocionante
distinctive .........distintivo, característico healthy .........................sano, sana
Linkers
also ...................también, además too .................................también
Other expressions
make a difference hacer algo importante
developing countries países en desarrollo
sentence stress...acento en oración
in my opinion. ....en mi opinion I think............................. yo creo
I imagine.............me imagino I would prefer ................yo preferiría
148 Kepler Centro de Estudios
Ambitions
Musical instruments
acoustic guitar....guitarra acústica drums ...........................batería
electric guitar.....guitarra eléctrica flute................................flauta
harmonica .........armónica keyboards ......................teclados
percussion .........percusión piano ............................piano
saxophone .........saxofón trumpet .........................trompeta
violin .................violin
Life events
anniversary .......aniversario birth...............................nacimiento
christening .........bautizo death .............................muerte
divorce ...............divorcio engagement ..................compromiso
first communion. primera comunión funeral............................entierro,funeral
retirement .........jubilación wedding ........................boda
Other vocabulary
nearly .................casi probably.........................probablemente
regularly ............con regularidad soon ..............................pronto
until ...................hasta
Verbs
be born . nacer . .compete competir
fail .....................suspender get a job .......................conseguir trabajo
get married .......casarse go to university .............ir a la uni
have children ....tener niños learn to drive..................aprender a conducir
train to be ..........formarse para ser leave school ..................terminar los estudios
live to..................llegar a start school ...................empezar las clases
leave home ........irse de casa de los padres
Curso intermedio inglés 149
Adjectives
Average..............media, promedio both...............................ambos, los dos
real ....................auténtico, de verdad second-hand .................de segunda mano
similar to............parecido a successful .....................de éxito, exitoso
teenage .............adolescente
Nouns
aerobics ............aerobic ambition. .......................ambición
band ..................grupo choir .............................coro
contest ...............concurso computer graphics.........gráficas por ordenador
demographics ....estadística de población economics .....................economía
folk music ..........música tradicional Gospel music .................música gospel
hymn .................himno mathematics ................matemáticas
orchestra. ..........orquesta physics ...........................física
politics. .............política pop música ....................pop
scientist ............científico statistics ........................estadística
vet .....................veterinario vocalist ..........................cantante
Other expressions
a few .................. algunos at least ..........................por lo menos
how long ............cuánto tiempo most .............................la mayoría de
no problem .......no hay problema per cent ........................por ciento
the same as .......igual what kind of ..................qué tipo de
The world we live in
Materials and containers
aluminium .........aluminio bag ................................bolsa
bottle .................botella box ...............................caja
can ....................lata cardboard .....................cartón
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carton. ...............envase de cartón cotton. ...........................algodón
glass. ..................cristal jar ..................................tarro
metal .................metal paper .............................papel
plastic ...............plástico wool. .............................lana
Endangered animals
dolphin ..............delfin elephant ........................elefante
leopard ..............leopardo orangutan .....................orangutan
panda .................oso panda polar bear .....................oso polar
rhinoceros .........rinoceronte snake .............................serpiente
tiger. ..................tigre turtle .............................tortuga
Adverbs
before. ...............antes ever ...............................alguna vez
fase ....................rápido finally .............................por último
firstly ..................en primer lugar really .............................de verdad
sometimos .........algunas veces soon ..............................pronto
then ...................luego yet. ................................todavía
Verbs
hunt ...................cazar rebuild ..........................reconstruir
recycle ...............reciclar reduce ...........................reducir
refuse ................negarse resend ..........................reenviar
restart ...............reiniciar reuse .............................reutilizar
rewrite ...............reescribir save ..............................ahorrar
survive ..............sobrevivir
Adjectives
Asian .................asiático African............................africano
Indian .................hindú homeless........................sin hogar
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land....................terrestre marine ...........................marino
inusual ...............insólito
Nouns
cliff .....................acantilado coast ..............................costa
desert ................desierto forest..............................bosque
habitat ...............habitat hill ................................colina
ice ......................hielo ivory ..............................marfil
land....................tierra mammal ........................mamífero
mountain range..cordillera neighbourhood..............barrio
pet......................mascota pond...............................laguna
rainforest ...........selva tropical recycling bin...................contenedor de reciclaje
rubbish ..............basura savannah........................sabana
stream ...............arroyo territory .........................territorio
tusk.....................colmillo valley..............................valle
waterfall.............catarata
Other expressions
a few...................algunos at least...........................por lo menos
how long ............cuánto tiempo in danger of extinction...en peligro de extinción
most ..................la mayoría de no problem ....................no hay problema
per cent..............por ciento the same as ...................igual
what kind of.......qué tipo de
Fun and games
Playing games
action .................acción brain game. ...................juego de agilidad mental
beat ...................vencer,derrotar cheat .............................hacer trampas
chess .................ajedrez computer games............juegos de ordenador
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count .................contar give up ...........................rendirse
guess .................adivinar,suponer land ...............................caer (en una casilla)
life simulation ....que imita la vida real lose ................................perder
miss a turn .........perder un turno move a counter .............mover ficha
noughts and crosses tres en raya ...................
platform .............plataforma roll a dice ......................tirar un dado
playing cards .....jugar a las cartas role-play ........................juego de rol
Places to visit
aquarium ...........acuario art gallery.......................galería de arte
campsite ............camping castle .............................castillo
cathedral ..........catedral fishing port ....................puerto de pesca
market ...............mercado monument ....................monumento
safari park ..........parque zoológico donde los animales están en libertad
statue.................estatua town square ..................plaza
water park .........parque acuático
Adverbs
at the moment ..en este momento at weekends ..................los fines de semana
last ....................por última vez later. ..............................más tarde
never .................nunca professionally ................profesionalmente
right now ...........ahora mismo tonight ...........................esta noche
Verbs
come true ..........hacerse realidad earn ...............................ganar (un sueldo)
send....................enviar solve...............................resolver
take part.............participar win.................................ganar (un premio)
Adjectives
addicted .............adicto boring ............................aburrido
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busy ...................ajetreado fair..................................justo
favourite.............preferido fun..................................divertido
honest................honrado peaceful ........................tranquilo
racing .................de carreras sandy ............................arenoso
wild.....................salvaje worried ..........................preocupado
Nouns
borrad.................tablero century...........................siglo
console...............consola counter ..........................ficha
laptop.................ordenador portátil player ............................jugador
rules ...................reglas seaside ..........................costa
strategy .............estrategia surfer.............................surfista
tournament .......torneo tower.............................torre
toy shop..............juguetería war ................................guerra
winner ...............ganador
Other expressions
how often ..........con qué frecuencia at the beginning.............al principio
I don't feel like ...no tengo ganas I don't fancy...................no me apetece
I'd rather.............preferiría in fact ............................en realidad
on holiday ..........de vacaciones while .............................mientras
there was once . .había una vez
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FALSE FRIENDSFALSE FRIENDS
ENGLISH-SPANISH SPANISH-ENGLISH
Actual: real, verdadero
Actually: en realidad
Advice: consejo
Argument: discusión
Carpet: alfombra, moqueta
Casualty: víctima, baja en combate
Conference: congreso
Constipation: estreñimiento
Diversion: desvío
Educated: culto
Embarrassed: avergonzado
Exciting: interesante, entretenido, emocionante.
Exit: salida
Flan: tarta de frutas
Gracious: afable, cortés
Idiom: modismo, dicho
Illusion: espejismo
Large: grande
Lecture: Conferencia
Library: biblioteca
Miserable: triste
Misery: tristeza
Motorist: conductor de coche
Actual: present-day, modern
Actualmente: currently, at present
Aviso: warning
Argumento: plot, story
Carpeta: file, folder
Casualidad: chance, accident
Conferencia: lecture, talk
Constipado: cold
Diversión: fun
Educado: polite, well-mannered
Embarazada: pregnant
Excitante: stimulating
Éxito: success
Flan: caramel custard
Gracioso: funny
Idioma: language
Ilusión: hope, thrill
Largo: long
Lectura: reading
Librería: bookshop
Miserable: shameful
Miseria: poverty
Motorista: motorcyclist
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Notice: anuncio, letrero, aviso
Parcel: paquete
Parents: padres
Petrol: gasolina
Scholar: erudito, sabio, estudioso
Sensible: sensato
Stranger: forastero
Sympathetic: compasivo
Vicious: agresivo, feroz
Noticia: news item
Parcela: plot of land
Parientes: relatives
Petróleo: petroleum, crude oil
Escolar: schoolchild
Sensible: sensitive
Extranjero: foreigner
Simpático: nice, pleasant
Vicioso: dissolute person
EXERCISES
A. Read the following sentences and decide which of the words in bold are false friends.
1. John is such a sensible person; he always knows the best thing to
do in any situation.
2. I wasn´t actually there, but I heard it was a fantastic party.
3. Steve is so insecure; he always asks us to help him make a decision.
4. She had good intentions, but everything went completely wrong.
5. He was so embarrassed that his face turned bright red.
B. Match each false friend with it correct meaning.
1. demonstrate a. take away
2. sensible b. very big
3. remove c. a place where you can borrow books
4. actually d. very unhappy.
5. embarrassed e. kind, understanding
6. large f. something positive which you achieve
7. sympathetic g. practical, reasonable
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8. library h. really, in fact
9. success i. uncomfortable or ashamed
10. miserable j. take part in a march or meetin
C. Complete the sentences with the false friends in Exercise B.
1. I haven´t got an encyclopedia at home so I have to go to the ..............
2. The students plan to .............................against the new law.
3. She was very ...............................when I told her my terrible story.
4. Daniel was ...................................when everyone saw what he had done.
5. The bookshop in the town centre has got a ......................selection of books.
6. Please.........................your books from the table immediately!
7. I wasn´t at the party last night. Tell me what........................happened
8. Everyone wished him .............................and happiness in his new job.
9. Everyone agreed that he had made a ..............................decision.
10. Marta was...............................when she heard she had failed the exam.
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A NARRATIVE
Escribir una narración es contar una historia. En ella tienen que aparecer todos los recursos narrativos a nuestro alcance para que el lector entienda dónde, cuándo, cómo y por qué se desarrolla nuestra historia en la que no faltaran ni los personajes ni el narrador.
OPENING
En la introducción vamos a describir la escena situando al lector en el tiempo y en el lugar donde se desarrolla la acción y crearemos una atmósfera en la cual presentaremos también a los personajes.
BODY
Desarrollaremos la historia relatando los acontecimientos de una manera secuencial, en el orden en los que éstos sucedan. Utilizaremos los conectores secuenciales y ¡cuidado! Tenemos que utilizar los tiempos verbales correctos.
CLOSING
Terminaremos la historia poniendo las razones por las que sucedió o las consecuencias finales.
No olvides
-Organización-Gramática (orden de palabras en la oración, tiempos verbales…)-Ortografía yPuntuación.
Connectors of Sequence
In the beginning at that moment once
To begin with suddenly then
At first eventually finally
Later in the past in the end
Afterwards while/as at last
First by the time
What a terrible/wonderful/lucky day!
I was thrilled/ upset/frightened/happy/glad…
To my surprise…
I couldn’t believe my eyes!
Fortunately/Unfortunately/Luckily,…
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It turned out to be that… We/I felt confused, happy, disappointed, shocked, relieved…
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A NARRATIVE
Topic: Describe a funny experience.
I was trying to get into University and I was terribly nervous.
This was a very important interview and I just had to do well. My mouth felt dry when I walked into the room.
I sat down and smiled at the interviewer. My hands were shaking and I felt hot.
At first, the interviewer didn’t look up, which made me feel more nervous. I sat there waiting quietly, hardly looking at him. Suddenly, he began to ask me question about school, my hobbies and books I had read. Then, he wanted to know why I wanted to study archaeology. Finally, he asked if I had any experience. I took a deep breath and began to tell him about my summer in Egypt. At that moment, he started to laugh, I couldn’t understand why.
I looked at him closely and began to laugh, too. The interviewer had been my teacher in Egypt! He was the one who had encouraged me to study archaeology. I felt much better.
I knew I was going to be accepted.
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Extra writing practice
A Narrative
1 Choose the correct answer.1. Jake got off the bus. Then / Finally, he entered the shopping centre.2. Kate was confused. At first / Eventually, she didn’t know what to do.3. Before / Later the firefighters left the house, they checked that it was empty.4. As soon as / In the beginning it was safe, he landed the plane.5. Mrs Tate parked the car. After / Next, she got out and helped the injured people.
2 Look at the words and expressions below and answer the questions that follow.then • at first • eventually • next • as soon as • after • finally1. Which expression refers to actions at the beginning of a story? ……………………2. Which words and expressions are usually used to talk about actions that happen in themiddle of a story?…………………… , …………………… , …………………… , ……………………3. Which words generally refer to actions at the end of a story? …………………… , ……………………
3 Complete the chart with the expressions below to show the correct plan for a narrative.gives the details of the story • sets the scene • gives the ending of the storygives the consequences • introduces the charactersOpening:Body:Closing:
4 These sentences are taken from different narratives. Write where they belong: O (in theopening), B (in the body) or C (in the closing).…… 1. Finally, Lucy found her way back to the hotel.…… 2. It was a cold, dark night and there was nobody on the street.…… 3. As soon as the search party arrived, they began to check the area.…… 4. Mike Grainger was a young pilot who worked for British Airways.…… 5. In the end, Paul won first prize.
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AN OPINION ESSAY
Cuando nosotros escribimos una composición en la que vamos a dar nuestra opinión, queremos convencer al lector de que nuestro punto de vista es el mejor.
OPENING
La introducción constará de un párrafo y debe expresar claramente desde el principio nuestra opinión sobre del tema.
BODY
El cuerpo de la composición puede ocupar dos párrafos en los que aportaremos suficientes datos, ejemplos y razones para apoyar nuestra opinión Explicaremos también por qué estamos en desacuerdo con otras opiniones que fueran contradictorias a las nuestras, respetando siempre el punto de vista de los demás.
CLOSING
En la conclusión volveremos a establecer nuestra opinión otra vez y no olvidaremos dar una solución, una sugerencia o un consejo sobre el tema que estemos tratando.
No olvides: organización, gramática, ortografía y puntuación
Conectores y vocabulario útil.
In my opinión… I am in favour of… obviously
As I see it… I am against… perhaps
I (strongly) believe… I agree with… personally
I (strongly) feel… I disagree with… possibly
I don’t feel that… It is clear to me that… probably
It seems to me that... As far as I’m concerned... (un)fortunately
Of course clearly
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AN OPINION ESSAY
Topic: Is AIDS an important issue?
AIDS: An important issue.
In my opinion, AIDS is one of the most important issues facing teenagers today. The fact that many teenagers are sexually acive makes the problem even greater. It is clear to me that young people must constantly be told of the dangers of this disease and be offered ways of preventing it.
I believe that it is not enough to have educational programmes at school.
As I see it. Information on this important subject has to be clear and strong in order for it to make an impact on teenagers. I strongly feel that posters, films and adverts must appear in all public places.
In addition, there must be goverment campaigns. These campaigns should use the power of the media so that the maximum number of young people can become better informed. Everyone must realise that AIDS is nothing to be embarrassed about.
In conclusion, the issue of controlling this disease should be regarded as an important priority. Teenagers today must be shown how to take responsibility for their health and for the health of the others.
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Extra writing practice
An Opinion Essay
1 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun or possessive adjective.1. Many people who own mobile phones believe they couldn’t live without …………………….2. The Prime Minister spoke about homelessness and said that …………………… was aserious problem.3. Paul was very embarrassed when he told me that he had forgotten ……………………name.4. I called Julia to ask …………………… if she knew Tom’s address.5. We must make looking after the environment …………………… main goal.
2 Complete the expressions with the words below.seems • strongly • doubt • see • opinion1. As I …………………… it, …2. I …………………… agree that …3. In my …………………… , …4. There’s no …………………… that …5. It …………………… to me that …
3 Complete the chart with the expressions below to show the correct plan for an opinionessay.restates the writer’s opinion • states the topic and the writer’s opinionsupports the writer’s opinion with reasons, facts and examplesOpening:Body:Closing:
4 These sentences are taken from different opinion essays. Write where they belong:O (in the opening), B (in the body) or C (in the closing).…… 1. I believe that no one has the right to conduct experiments on animals.…… 2. Moreover, research shows that teens need between 8.5 and 9 hours of sleep atnight.…… 3. In conclusion, more should be done to protect the environment.…… 4. In my opinion, an examination is not the best way to test a student’s knowledge.…… 5. As a result, many people become ill.
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A DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE
Cuando nosotros escribimos sobre un lugar tenemos que recrear la atmósfera de ese lugar para nuestro lector, aportando datos sobre su situación, características geográficas, cultura, ocio…y creando una clara y colorida pintura sobre el lugar.
OPENING
A modo de introducción hablaremos del nombre del lugar, donde está situado y lo describiremos en general.
BODY
El cuerpo de la redacción lo dividiremos en dos párrafos.
El primer párrafo lo utilizaremos para hablar sobre las características físicas, si fuera un lugar de costa o montaña, si es una ciudad, hablaremos de sus puntos de interés más importantes por ejemplo: monumentos, museos etc.
En el segundo párrafo continuaremos hablando de la gente de esa ciudad de su ocio, de su cultura, su manera de vida incluyendo todo lo que tú puedas hacer en esa ciudad o pueblo: deporte, comida, espectáculos…y podemos poner también los sentimientos que a nosotros nos despierta ese lugar.
CLOSING
Para terminar pondremos una conclusión general que describa bien al lugar y nuestra opinión personal o actitud, e incluso podemos hacer una recomendación al lector para que visite el lugar objeto de nuestra redacción.
VOCABULARY
Geography Adjectives Culture and History Connectors
Beach ancient magnificent castles I think/believe
Coast beautiful peaceful churches In my opinion
Lakes delicious quiet festivals
Mountains friendly splendid markets
Valley kind wonderful museums
Country crowed narrow streets
City squares
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A DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE
The Isle of Skye
The Isle of Skye, is in the northwest of Scotland, is one of the most
beautiful places I have ever seen, in addition, it is a wonderful place for a holiday for people of all ages.
Skye is known for its magnificent coast and its beautiful mountains. Although there aren’t many hotels or restaurants, the area is so beautiful that many people go there each year for their summer holiday.
When we visited the island last summer, I loved taking long walks through the splendid mountains and along the beautiful coast.
Most of the people who live on the Isle of Skye earn a living from farming, tourism or forestry. They are quiet people who are proud of the history of their island.
It was fun touring the Clan Donald Centre where I learned the story of the MacDonald family, which was once the most powerful family of the island. Many of the people who live on the Isle of Skye today are still named MacDonald.
The Isle of Skye is a great place to visit if you like to look at beautiful scenary and meet kind and friendly people.
I recommend it as a holiday spot for anyone who loves peace and quiet.
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Extra writing practice
A Description of a Place
1 Choose the correct answer.1. Tokyo is a modern Japanese / large city.2. We saw a big impressive / stone castle at the top of the hill.3. Lily lives in a cute / ancient little French village.4. My parents stayed in a beautiful / new huge hotel in London.5. My grandfather showed me an old black and white / interesting photograph of thetown wherehe was born.
2 Look at the adjectives below and answer the questions that follow.beautiful • glass • narrow • Italian • ancient • boring • plastic • square • huge1. Which two adjectives are used to express an opinion? …………………… and ……………………2. Which two adjectives describe size? …………………… and ……………………3. Which adjective describes age? ……………………4. Which adjective describes shape? ……………………5. Which adjective describes origin? ……………………6. Which two adjectives describe material? …………………… and ………………
3 Form sentences by matching A and B.A B1. It is possible to …… a. very impressive.2. You shouldn’t miss …… b. see the sea from there.3. It is well known for its …… c. traditional food.‐4. The views are …… d. a boat trip along the river.5. It is located …… e. in the centre of town.
4 Complete the chart with the expressions below to show the correct plan for a description of a place.gives greater detail • includes an opinion • gives general detailstells you what you can see and do there • introduces the placegives a summary or conclusionOpening:Body:Closing:5 These sentences are taken from different descriptions of places. Write where they belong:O (in the opening), B (in the body) or C (in the closing).…… 1. I really recommend spending a weekend in Paris.
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A PERSON THAT YOU ADMIRE
Cuando vamos a escribir sobre una persona a la que admiramos sea una persona conocida para nosotros, es decir, un familiar o alguien desconocido como un cantante, actor …etc. tenemos que dar una amplia visión de cómo es esa persona por qué la admiramos y qué es lo que te impresiona de ella, sin olvidar describirla física y si podemos psicológicamente.
OPENING
En la introducción presentaremos a la persona sobre la que tú vas a escribir.
BODY
Aquí daremos las razones por las que admiramos a esa persona o porqué nos impresiona.
CLOSING
Una o dos oraciones en las que resumamos la idea principal, es decir, el por qué de ese sentimiento de admiración hacia la persona objeto de nuestra descripción.
Conectores
Vamos a utilizar los pronombres relativos who, that… las conjunciones cuando sea posible.
First before in (year) in order to… Later after in (month) so as to...
Then when in (season) so that... Eventually while on (day)
Finally soon on (a specific day)
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A PERSON I ADMIRE
My friend Katty
A person I admire is my friend Katty , she lives in Callao and we go together to University. We met in English class the first day of the course and we have become in good friends since then.
Katty is very pretty , she has long and black hair, her eyes are green and her mounth and nose small. She is not very tall but she is slim.
She is very interested in sports and trains every day of the year. Katty plays basketball.
She loves animals and has a dog called Puki.
We study a lot but she always gets better marks than me.
I like to go out with her because she is also a funny and charismatic person.
The most I admire of her is her kindness, she helps everybody who need it and everybody loves her.
I have great luck to be her friend.
Vocabulary
Hair: straight (liso) curly(rizado) blonde/fair(rubio) red haired(pelirrojo)
Face: thin-faced(delgado) round-faced(redondo) freckles(pecas)
General: fat/obese/overweight (gordo) slim(delgado)
Appearance well-built(buen cuerpo) smart/elegant(elegante) Beautiful(guapa) handsome(guapo)
Character: intelligent(inteligente) stupid(estúpido) optimist/pesimist extroverted/introverted sensible(sensato) sensitive(sensible) reliable (fiable) sociable/gregarious(sociable)
polite/impolite (educado) quarrelsome/argumentative (discutidor, peleón) jealous(celoso)
envious(envidioso) rude(grosero) honest(honesto)
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Extra writing practice
A Description of a Person
1 Choose the correct answer.1. John never talks to anybody. Furthermore / As well as, he is a very selfish person.2. Luke is an excellent swimmer. Moreover / In addition to, he plays for the schoolfootball team.3. Fiona studies chemistry in addition / as well as physics.4. My mother speaks French. She furthermore / also knows some German.5. Chris is active in the community. In addition to / Moreover working with old people,he volunteers at the local hospital.
2 Form sentences by matching A and B.A B1. My brother can be a bit …… a. computers.2. Tim is one of the most …… b. moody.3. Amy is into …… c. outgoing people I know.4. Grace has got …… d. long, dark hair.
3 Complete the chart with the expressions below to show the correct plan for a descriptionof a person.say how you know the person • describe the person’s appearance • introduce the persondescribe the person’s activities • give a summary including an opinion about the persondescribe the person’s personalityOpening:Body:Closing:
4 These sentences are taken from different descriptions of people. Write where they belong: O (in the opening), B (in the body) or C (in the closing).…… 1. In short, Mike is a wonderful person and a great friend.…… 2. She doesn’t like cooking, but she’s a good baker.…… 3. I have known Jessica since we were both ten years old.…… 4. He’s got an amazing sense of humour.…… 5. Mr Jenkins is an English teacher in my school.
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DISCUSSING AN ISSUE (FOR AND AGAINST)
Cuando debatimos un tema, intentamos presentar una postura objetiva mostrando la parte positiva y la parte negativa de manera clara y precisa.
OPENING
A modo de introducción presentaremos el tema de un modo general.
BODY
El cuerpo de la composición tendrá dos párrafos como mínimo, en el que uno de ellos consistirá en un argumento a favor y otro en contra. Los dos párrafos deben ir perfectamente explicados y con ejemplos.
CLOSING
Resumiremos los argumentos a favor y en contra estableciendo una conclusión lógica y adecuada al tema que hemos presentado en la introducción.
En este apartado podemos dar nuestra opinión si queremos.
Conectores
On the one hand moreover Some people believe...
On the other hand furthermore Other people believe...
In contrast finally Those who are in favour of ...
In the first place in conclusion Those who are against...
Secondly in short One aspect aspect of issue is...
Firstly to sum up Other aspect of issue is...
One advantage is... Another advantage is So...that / such...that
One disadvantage is... Another disadvantage is...
As opposed to too /enough (not) for this reason
The question is… Is this a good idea?
Many people feel that… It’s an effective/a legitimate way to…
This is/ This is not a good idea They should…
This may be true, but…
Because of this,…
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A FOR AND AGAINST COMPOSITION
Topic: Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life
Some people love living in the country. Others prefer life in a big city.
The type of life people prefer usually depens on their age, occupation, hobbies and how they grew up.
People who prefer country life generally talk about clean air, beautiful scenery and peace and quiet. These are people who have pets or who enjoy activities such as hiking and horse-riding. These people say that the country is a wonderful place for young children. They can run around outside without being afraid.
People who prefer city life say that country life is very boring. On the one hand, they know that cities are crowded and there are many traffic jams. On the other hand, they say that they can enjoy public transport, entertainment, shopping and cultural and sporting activities which are affered only in a big city. In addition, cities offer many jobs opportunities for people of all ages.
In conclusion, life in the country has both advantages and disadvantages.
If, however, I had the choice, I would choose country life .
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Extra writing practice
A For and Against Essay
1 Choose the correct answer.1. I really want to buy these jeans. However / On the one hand, they cost too much.2. The company spent a lot of money on adverts. Although / Nevertheless, they weren’tvery effective.3. That restaurant is very popular, but / on the other hand I don’t enjoy the food there.4. Even though / However everyone said the car was a bargain, I decided not to buy it.
5. On the one hand / Although I knew the shoes wouldn’t fit me, I tried them on anyway.
2 Look at the expressions below and answer the questions that follow.For this reason, ... • On the other hand, ... • It is a fact that ... • On the one hand, ...In addition, ... • It is true that ...1. Which two expressions are usually used together to compare two completely different ideas?…………………… and ……………………2. Which two expressions are used to show facts? …………………… and ……………………3. Which expression shows a result? ……………………4. Which expression gives extra information about a subject? ……………………
3 Complete the chart with the expressions below to show the correct plan for a for andagainst essay.introduces the issue • sums up the topic • presents arguments for and against the issuestates the writer’s opinion • gives examplesOpening:Body:Closing:
4 These sentences are taken from different for and against essays. Write where they belong: O (in the opening), B (in the body) or C (in the closing).…… 1. On the one hand, advertising adds to the cost of the things we buy.…… 2. In many countries, it is now forbidden to smoke in public places.…… 3. In addition, mobile phones disturb the people who are around you.…… 4. In conclusion, I believe that saving the environment should be one of the government’s main goals.
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WRITE AN INFORMAL E-MAIL
Cuando escribimos un e-mail utilizamos un lenguaje coloquial porque conocemos a la persona a la que va destinado el e-mail, pero no por eso dejamos la estructura básica de la redacción: opening, body y closing.
OPENING
Aquí saludamos a la persona que escribimos y le decimos el motivo de nuestro e-mail
BODY
En esta parte del e-mail introducimos el tema de nuestro e-mail y hablamos sobre amigos, actividades, estudios, sentimientos etc. Contamos también novedades que la otra persona no sepa si las hubiera y planes de futuro.
CLOSING
En la conclusión del e-mail vamos a poner la despedida y la firma.
Saludos (Greetings Opening remarks) Despedidas ( Closing remarks) Signing off
Dear… Hi…
It was great to hear from you / seeing you…
How are things? Did you get my…?
Sorry I haven’t written for so long
Congratulations! I haven’t heard from you for…
I’m writing because…What’s new?
I can’t wait to… Write soon!
Please let me know…That’s all for now
Say hello to… I hope to see you soon
Keep in touch
Love Regards
See you
Take care
All the best
Yours
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AN INFORMAL E-MAIL
Hi, Juan
Yesterday, I found a lost call from you on my mobile but I couldn't call you because I didn't stop the whole evening. The thing was, yesterday was my birthday (31 - although I don't look it!) and though I didn't have a proper party, I did go out for a few drinks to an open-air bar with friends.
Today, I'm dead tired through lack of sleep and I don't think I should make plans for tonight. But if it's OK for you to meet up on Monday or Tuesday of next week, tell me and I'll call you on one of those days, OK?
Fatima
AN INFORMAL LETTER
506 Country LaneNorth Baysville, CA 53286July 16, 2007
Dear Susan,
It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it's only been several weeks since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!
I spend my all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice tan and you can no longer say I am paler than you. I have been playing lots of volleyball, surfing and building a nice collection of sea shells. Just this past weekend I took second place in a sandcastle building contest!
On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice cream to the kids. It is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most, ice cream and kids. The pay isn't too great but I love the job so much.
I hope the summer's been going well for you too. There's only a month and a half left in summer vacation and after that it's back to school. Would you like to meet up some time before school starts? Your friend,
Signature
P.S. John Austin says hi.!
Curso intermedio inglés 175
ADDITIONAL EXERCISESADDITIONAL EXERCISES
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Present Simple- Present Continuous
A. Decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or wrong. Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. Look! Somebody is climbing that tree over there.
2. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?
3. Are you believing in God?
4. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
5. The moon goes around the earth.
6. What are you thinking about my idea?
7. The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing.
8. I´m usually going to work by car.
B. Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or simple present.
1. I (not/belong)..........................................to a political party.
2. Hurry! The bus (come)...............................I (not/want) ........................................to miss it.
3. The Nile river (flow) ..............................into the Mediterranean.
4. The river (flow)....................................very fast today – much faster than usual.
5. ....................................(it/ever/snow)in India?
6. We usually (grow)......................................vegetables in our garden, but this year we (not/grow)......................................any.
7. A: Can you drive? B: No, but I (learn).......................................
8. You can borrow my umbrella. I (not/need).............................it right now.
9. I (get).....................................hungry. Let´s go get something to eat.
10. George is a vegetarian. He (not/eat).........................................meat.
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C. Complete these sentences by putting the verbs into the past simple or the past continuous.
1. She was so tired that she (sleep) ……………………………….for twelve hours.
2. Do you like this picture? My uncle (paint) …………………….it.
3. We (have) ………………………….lunch when we heard the news.
4. He broke his arm when he (play) ………………………………rugby.
5. Kylie (make) ……………………….her first film when she was 21.
6. (you see) ……………………..the football match yesterday?
7. I (work) ………………………….on the computer when the earthquake happened.
8. Who was that man you (talk) …………………………….to when I came in?
9. The fire (destroy) ……………………………..the old church completely.
10. I (wait) …………………………..in the queue when the robber came in.
11. I (have) …………………………….a bath when she phoned.
12. They (knock) ………………………….on the door, then they went in.
13. John and Mary (live) ……………………………in Germany for many years.
14. The police (ask) ……………………….them lots of questions before they released them.
15. We (have) ……………………………tea when they arrived.
16. What (you do)……………………………. when the alarm sounded?
17. The factory (make) ………………………six thousand cars last year.
18. She (not say) …………………………..anything to my parents.
19. James (walk) ………………………………through the forest when the storm started.
PRESENT PERFECT: JUST, ALREADY, EVER, FOR, SINCE.
A. Use “just”. Answer the questions using the words given.
1. Have you seen Johnathan anywhere? (Yes/I/just/see/him).....
2. Has Ann called yet? (Yes/she/just/call)......................
3. Would you like a cigarette? (No thanks/I/just/put one out).......
4. Have they arrived yet? (Yes/they/just/arrive)............................
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B. Write sentences with “already”.
1. Don´t forget to call Eric. ..........................................................
2. Why don´t you read the paper?...............................................
3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I .....................................................
4. Shall I do the washing up? No, I ..............................................
5. Don´t forget to buy the tickets. ..................................................
C. You are asking someone about things she has done in her life. Use
the words in brackets (....) to make questions.
1. (you ever/be/to South America?)...........................................................
2. (you/read/any English novels?)..............................................................
3. (you/live/in this town all your life?).........................................................
4. (how many times/you/be/in love?).........................................................
5. (what´s the most beautiful country you/ever/visit?)...............................
6. (you ever/speak/to a famous person?)..................................................
D. Answer these questions using the words in brackets
1. When did it last rain? (for ages) It.......
2. When did they last visit you? (since June) They...
3. When did you last play tennis? (for a long time).........
4. When did you last eat caviar? (never) ........................
5. When did you last drive? (for six months) ........................
6. When did you last go to Puerto Rico? (never)......................
7. When did she last write to you? (since last summer)............
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Imagine that you are talking to a friend. Read the situation and ask a question beginning in the way shown.
Example: Your friend is studying Arabic. How long have you been studying Arabic?
1. Your friend is waiting for you? How long.................................................
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2. Your friend writes books. How many books ..........................................
3. Your friend writes books. How long .......................................................
4. Your friend is fishing by the river. How many fish...............................
Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect simple or continuous
1. Look! Somebody (break) ..........................................that window.
2. I (read).......................................the book you gave me, but I (not/finish)
......................................it yet.
3. “Sorry I´m late”. “That´s all right. I (not/wait).........................................long.”
4. Hello! I (clean)..........................................the windows. So far I (clean)......
............................................five of them and there are two more to do.
5. There´s a strange smell in here. (you/cook).................................something?
6. My brother is an actor. He (appear)..............................in several movies.
Put in the verb forms. Use the present perfect continuous or simple.
Example: (build) The Thorpes have been building a house for some time.
They ´ve built more than half of it now.
1. (run) Those young men .............................................nearly two miles. They ..............................................for ten minutes.
2. (do) Since tea time Elaine .....................sums in her exercise book. She ...........................sixty.
3. (drink) You ..........................................tea all day. You ........................................at least ten cups.
4. (deliver) Simon ....................................about two hundred newspapers. He ..........................them since early this morning.
5. (play) Bob and his friends .............................................golf since lunch time They................................ten holes.
Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect or simple past.
Mr. Clark (work) ...............................in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
George lives in Athens. He (live)....................................there all his life.
Bob and Alice are married. They (be).............................married for 20 years.
When we were on vacation, the weather (be)...................................terrible.
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The weather (be)..................................very nice lately.
My grandfather died 30 years ago. I (never/meet)...............................him.
I don´t know Carol´s husband. I (never/meet)......................................him.
Put the verbs in the present perfect or past perfect.
Example: It isn´t raining now. It has stopped.
We had no car at the time. We had sold our old one.
1.The square looked awful. People (leave).............................litter everywhere.
2. You can have that newspaper. I (finish) ......................................with it.
3.There´s no more cheese. We (eat) .....................................it all.
4.There was no sign of a taxi although I (order).............................one half an hour before.
5.This bill isn´t right. They (make)......................................a mistake.
6 I spoke to Melanie at lunch time. Someone (tell)..................................her the news earlier.
7 I was really tired last night. I (have) .....................................a hard day.
8. Do you want to see this programme? It (start) ............................................
9 I´ll get warmer in here. I (turn)........................................the heating on.
10. At last the committee were ready to announce their decision. They (make)...................up their minds.
Write two sentences as one. Use when and the past perfect in either the first or the second part of the sentence.
Example: I gave the book to a friend. I read it. I gave abook to a friend when I had read it.
1. Joe saved enough money. He bought a motor-bike. ...............................................................................
2. Max put all the dishes away. He dried them. ..........................................................................................
3. Jane signed the letter. She typed it on her word processor. .....................................................................
4. We completed the forms. We handed them in..........................................................................................
5. I looked both ways. I pulled out into the road. ........................................................................................
6. The golfers went into the club house. They played the last hole..............................................................
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E. Put in the correct form of the verbs: past perfect simple/past perfect continuous and past continuous.
1. Steve could hear shouts from the flat next door. His neighbours (argue) ............................................... 2. Lucy went into the living-room. It was empty but the television was still warm. Someone (watch).........................................................................it.
3. I (play)........................................tennis, so I had a shower. I was annoyed because I (not win).............................................a single game.
4. The walkers finally arrived at their destination. They (walk)...........................................all day, and they needed a rest. They (walk)...................................thirty miles.
5. When I saw Ben last week he said he (stop)..................................smoking. But when I saw him two days later, he (smoke)............................................a cigarette. He took the cigarette from his mouth and looked rather ashamed.
REVIEW
A) Write the verbs in the correct tense: Present Simple/Cont., Past Simple/Cont
Present Perfect (Simple/Continuous), Past Perfect (Simple/Continuous).
1. I closed the door quietly because he(try)...................................to sleep.
2. How many times (she-call)....................................since he came to N.Y.?
3. The children are filthy. Where (they-be)...............................................?
4. I´m going to bed. I(work)..........................................for hours and I am tired.
5. Mary was cleaning the windscreen when she (notice)................................ a crack in the glass.
6. I couldn´t open the office door because someone (lock)................................it.
7. I agree: I (not think)......................................you should apologize.
8. When I phoned her she(do).........................................her homework.
9. When I shouted they (jump)...............................off the roof and (run)..................away.
10. Don´t phone her just now. She (talk).........................................to her boss.
11. Oh! You (have).....................................a shave! You look strange without a beard.
12. Sorry, I (not understand)........................................... Could you say that again, please?
13. There was nobody at the office. Mr. Brownlow (tell).................................... the staff to go home.
14. How many times (you see)................................................him since he went to Edinburgh?
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THE FUTURE
Decide which form is correct (or more natural) in these sentences.
1. Tom isn´t free on Saturday. He will work/is working.
2. According to the weather forecast, it will rain/is raining tomorrow.
3. I´m sure Tom will get/is getting the job. He has a lot of experience.
4. I can´t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come/is coming to see me.
5. A: Have you decided where to go for your vacation yet?
B: Yes, we will go/are going to Italy.
6. Don´t worry about the dog. It won´t hurt/isn´t hurting you.
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VERBOS IRREGULARES (IRREGULAR VERBS)VERBOS IRREGULARES (IRREGULAR VERBS)
infinitive past tense past participle meaning
verbo en infinitivo pasado participio significado
to be was / were been ser, estar
to beat beat beaten golpear, batir
to become became become convertirse, llegar a ser
to begin began begun empezar
to bet bet bet apostar
to bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bled bled sangrar, desangrarse
to blow blew blown soplar
to break broke broken romper
to breed bred bred criar, reproducirse
to bring brought brought traer
to burn burnt / burned burn / burned quemar
to burst burst burst reventar, explotar
to buy bought bought comprar
to catch caught caught coger
to choose chose chosen elegir
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost costar
to cut cut cut corta r
to dig dug dug cavar
to do did done hacer
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infinitive past tense past participle meaning
verbo en infinitivo pasado participio significado
to draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dreamt dreamt soñar
to drink drank drunk beber
to drive drove driven conducir
to eat ate eaten comer
to fall fell fallen caer
to feed fed fed alimentar
to feel felt felt sentir
to fight fought fought luchar
to find found found encontrar
to fly flew flown volar
to forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to freeze froze frozen congelar
to get got got (also us gotten) obtener
to give gave given dar
to go went gone ir
to grow grew grown crecer
to hang hung hung colgar
to have had had tener, haber
to hear heard heard oir
to hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit pegar, golpear
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infinitive past tense past participle meaning
verbo en infinitivo pasado participio significado
to hold held held sujetar, mantener
to hurt hurt hurt herir
to keep kept kept conservar, guardar
to kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled arrodillarse
to know knew known saber
to lay laid laid poner, situar, colocar
to lead led led dirigir, liderar
to learn learnt / learned learnt / learned aprender
to leave left left salir, dejar
to let let let dejar
to lie lay lain tumbarse, yacer
to light lit lit encender
to lose lost lost perder
to make made made hacer
to mean meant meant significar
to meet met met encontrarse
to pay paid paid pagar
to plead pled / pleaded pled / pleaded suplicar, abogar
to put put put poner
to read read read leer
to ride rode ridden montar
to ring rang rung sonar
to rise rose risen levantarse, ascender
to run ran run correr
Curso intermedio inglés 185
infinitive past tense past participle meaning
verbo en infinitivo pasado participio significado
to say said said decir
to see saw seen ver
to sell sold sold vender
to send sent sent enviar
to set set set establecer, poner
to shake shook shaken temblar, sacudir
to shine shone shone brillar, dar brillo
to shoot shot shot disparar, tirar
to show showed shown enseñar
to shut shut shut cerrar
to sing sang sung cantar
to sit sat sat sentarse
to sleep slept slept dormir
to smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled oler, olfatear
to sow sowed sown sembrar, plantar
to speak spoke spoken hablar
to spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled deletrear
to spend spent spent gastar
to stand stood stood estar de pie
to steal stole stolen robar
to stick stuck stuck encolar, pegar
to swear swore sworn jurar
to sweep swept swept barrer
to swim swam swum nadar
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infinitive past tense past participle meaning
verbo en infinitivo pasado participio significado
to swing swung swung columpiar
to take took taken coger
to teach taught taught enseñar
to tear tore torndesgarrar, derramar lágrimas
to tell told told decir
to think thought thought pensar
to throw threw thrown lanzar, echar
to understand understood understood entender, comprender
to undo undid undone deshacer
to wake woke woken despertar
to wear wore worn llevar puesto, calzar
to win won won ganar
to wind wound wound bobinar, airear, ventilar
to wring wrung wrung estrujar, retrocer
to write wrote written escribir
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