Week of Innovative Regions in Europe 2010 (Eng)/ La Semana de las Regiones Innovadoras en Europa...

7/31/2019 Week of Innovative Regions in Europe 2010 (Eng)/ La Semana de las Regiones Innovadoras en Europa 2010 (Ing)

1/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B


2/223


YJ\D


3/223

DBJRG\^3\gb|itds Nmdedfrd- \hahdm

Eh|rfds \jd|h- Nh|mg~Nh~r|jmmg Nhfndmh- \gng

HTR@G\^ (HM[@HLDRJNHM G\BD\*3Hitjfhih- Cdhf%A|hfgj~

Hmrehff- N`|j~rjhfHfrgf- Hfrgf

H|rdm~ehj|- Idg|iLjhmdo%Yz|szogy~oh- T|stmh

L|tfdr- Gmjqjd|Nh~r|jmmg Nhfndmh- \gngDbmtfb- ^qdf Itffh|

Ahrg|t~~g- D|fd~rgIhqj|h- Ehftdm

Ijmld|r Bdnmd|no

Igbjf- [jd||dIgdfhih- Phljd|

Igjngmdh- Cthf Jifhnjg@g|qhr- Ehfa|db

Js~ho- Ojfn~gCg`hf~~gf- Odfr

Ohzhehfjbgt- Eh|jhMhfbhlh~g- EjodmEhmg- Cdhf%Bhqjb

Eh|rfds \jd|h- Nh|mg~Ehz|- Hmdphfb|hEgtidgr- D~rdmmd

[dr|jf- Rdh

[g|rtit~ Nh||jmmg- Nh|mg~\d{{dm- Ohrch

\gb|itds Nmdedfrd- \hahdm^htlmdf~- N`|j~rjhf

^n`tn`- Omht~^jdeh~sog- Hfb|sdc

^gdrd- MtnRsdfgt- Idg|ijhQhmqd|bd- Hfrgfjg

Qhf Fj~rdm|ggjc- Mheld|rQhf|jd- [`jmj{{dYdjd|~- ^rdahf

BD^JIF- MHZGTR HFB [\JFRJFIEhb|jbngmg| J&B&- ^&M&

FJ[G29;%8;%;8:%0

MDIHM BD[G^JRE%4;804%


4/223

;N G F R D F R


5/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;2

N g f r d f r ~


6/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B4

; & N G F R D F R

Ag|dyg|b :

Dpdntrjqd ~teeh|z 8>

8& Jfr|gbtnrjgf 84

&> \gtfb Rhlmd >3 Nmt~rd|~3 h {gmjnz g| h rggm ag| h {gmjnz7O& Js~ho >4

>&2 Idfd|hm |d{g|r ga r`d bhz D& Egtidgr >:

2& \d{g|r gf r`d ngfad|dfnd \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm 28

2&8 Jfr|gbtnrjgf E& Ohzhehfjbgt 2>

2&< \gtfb Rhlmd 23 Md~~gf~ mdh|fr ag| \DI[GR {|gi|heed hfb{g~~jlmd yhz~ ag|yh|b I& Rsdfgt 21

2&> \gtfb Rhlmd 43 H |dijgfhm {gmjnz ag| r`d Gtrd|eg~r |dijgf~7^& Ydjd|~ 20

2&2 Idfd|hm |d{g|r ga r`d bhz E& @g|qhr 42

4& \d{g|r gf r`d ngfad|dfnd \dijgfhm bjedf~jgf ga jffgqhrjgf3jr~ jf~r|tedfr~- igqd|fhfnd hfb je{hnr 49

4&8 Jfr|gbtnrjgf 4:

4&< \gtfb Rhlmd 8& ^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf3 h|d r`dz {g~~jlmd7E& Ihqj|h 1;

4&> \gtfb Rhlmd 13 Hnhbdejh%Jfbt~r|z |dmhrjgf~`j{3 Jfrdmmdnrthm[|g{d|rz \ji`r~ hfb Rdn`fgmgiz R|hf~ad| H& Qhmqd|bd 12

4&2 \gtfb Rhlmd 93 Igqd|fhfnd& Ng`d|dfnd hr |dijgfhm-fhrjgfhm hfb Dt|g{dhf mdqdm O& \d{{dm 10

4&4 \gtfb Rhlmd 03 Jf~r|tedfr~3 Y`hr h|d r`dz hfb `gy nhf r`dzyg|o jf ngeljfhrjgf7 @gy |dijgf~ {|gegrd r`d t~d ga bjd|dfr

jf~r|tedfr~ hfb r`dj| jfrd|hnrjgf~ 9>


7/223


N g f r d f r ~


N g f r d f r ~N g f r d f r

4&1 \gtfb Rhlmd :3 Dqhmthrjgf hfb je{hnr& Ngfbjrjgf~ rgje{|gqd'jfn|dh~d r`d \RB ~t{{g|r rg |dijgfhm dngfgejnbdqdmg{edfr& Atrt|d ga r`d Ng`d~jgf [gmjnz 94

1& Odz ed~~hid~ a|ge YJ\D 99

9& [gmjrjnhm je{hnr hfb edbjh je{hnr ga YJ\D 0>

9&8 [gmjrjnhm je{hnr3 edfrjgf jf bdnj~jgf%ehojfi ag|h 04

9&< Edbjh hfhmz~j~ 0:

0& \ddnrjgf~ a|ge YJ\D& Egqjfi a|ge ~zfd|ijd~ ga {gmjnjd~ rg ~zfd|ijd~ gahnrjgf~3 h ngfnd{rthm a|hed ag| Jffgqhrjgf hfb \d~dh|n` [gmjnjd~ :8

0&8 H ngfnd{rthm a|hedyg|o ga jffgqhrjgf :>

0&< Jffgqhrjgf jf r`d |dijgfhm ngfrdpr :4

0&> Etmrjbjedf~jgfhm ngg|bjfhrjgf j~~td~ :9

0&2 ^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf3 h|d r`dz {g~~jlmd7 :0

0&4 Hr h imhfnd3 ^jp {gjfr~ ag| ~zfd|ijd~ ~dh|n`jfi 8;>

0&1 Yhz~ ag|yh|b3 r`d atrt|d bdlhrd 8;2

Mj~r ga hn|gfze~ 8;9

Hffdp J& G|ihfjshrjgf ga YJ\D3 ngfrdfr hfb ag|ehr 8;:

J&8 YJ\D atmm hidfbh3 ~{ddn`d~ hfb \gtfb Rhlmd~ 888

J&< Hfhmz~j~ ga {h|rjnj{hrjgf 8 Dp`jljrjgf ga ~rhfb~ 82

\gtfb Rhlmd 8 8>4

[d|imgqh- R& ^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf3 h|d r`dz {g~~jlmd7Qjdy ga ehjf hnrg|~ 8>4

\gtfb Rhlmd < 8>0

Itfrd|- N& G{rjehmmz {g~jrjgfjfi N|dhrjqd Jfbt~r|jd~ nmt~rd|~jf r`d yjbd| dngfgejn hfb {gmjrjnhm ngfrdpr 8>0

Hmrehff- N& R`d \DIJGF~ {|gi|heed- r`d Nmt~rd|{mh~r dp{d|jdfnd 82


8/223


NGFRDFR


NGFRDFR


NGFRDFR

\gtfb Rhlmd > 824

[dr|jf- R& Nmt~rd|~3 h {gmjnz g| h rggm ag| h {gmjnz7 824

Dbmtfb- ^&I& @gy rg ltjmb t{ Dt|g{dhf mdqdm ~r|dfir`~ hfbn|jrjnhm eh~~ r|gti` jfrd|fhrjgfhm nmt~rd| ngg{d|hrjgf7 829

\gtfb Rhlmd 2 82:

Ydjd|~- ^& R`d \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm [|gi|heed (\DI[GR*3md~~gf~ mdh|fdb hfb {g~~jlmd yhz~ ag|yh|b 82:

Ahrg|t~~g- D& R`d Fhr[`h|eh [|gcdnr& \djfag|ndedfr ga |d~dh|n`{grdfrjhm ag| r`d |dhmjshrjgf ga h nge{mdrd b|ti bdqdmg{edfr~n`ded a|ge fhrt|hm nge{gtfb~ (\DI[GR%

Ljhmdo%Yz|szogy~oh- T& \DI[GR [|gi|heed Nh~d ~rtbz3R`d @DHMR@%[\GR[|gcdnr& [|grdjf~ jf @dhmr` hfb Bj~dh~d3@DHMR@%[\GR-


9/223


N g f r d f r ~

^jdeh~sog- H& @gy rg edh~t|d hfb `gy rg je{|gqd r`dje{hnr ga \RB hfb jffgqhrjgf ~t{{g|r rg |dijgfhm dngfgejnbdqdmg{edfr 8:1

Hffdp JJJ& H~~d~~edfr ga YJ\D 8::

Hffdp JQ& Mj~r ga {h|rjnj{hfr~ y`g hi|ddb rg {tlmj~` r`dj| {|gad~~jgfhm bdrhjm~


10/223

A G \ D Y G \ B

R`d rd|e ga r`d ^{hfj~` [|d~jbdfnz ga r`d Ngtfnjm ga r`d Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf`h~ lddf hf jfrdf~d {d|jgb jf y`jn` r`d Ejfj~r|z ga njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf`h~ l|gti`r h fteld| ga {|jg|jrjd~ hr r`d ag|da|gfr ga r`d Dt|g{dhf{gmjnz hidfbh& R`d nmg~d {h|rfd|~`j{- `h|b ngeegf yg|o hfb a|tjratmngmmhlg|hrjgf ga r`d ^{hfj~` [|d~jbdfnz yjr` r`d Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf`h~ ehbd jr {g~~jlmd rg atmmz bdqdmg{ hmm r`d glcdnrjqd~ eh|odb ag| ^njdfnd

hfb Jffgqhrjgf hr r`d ldijffjfi ga r`d [|d~jbdfnz&Gfd ga r`d~d jfjrjhrjqd~ |d~tmrjfi a|ge r`j~ bzfhejn {h|rfd|~`j{ yh~ r`dndmdl|hrjgf ga r`d |~r Yddo ga Jffgqhrjqd \dijgf~ jf Dt|g{d % YJ\D-y`jn` rggo {mhnd gf 84r`%89r` ga Eh|n` jf I|hfhbh ^{hjf*& R`d DT {hfj~`[|d~jbdfnz ngfad|dfnd- ~t{{g|rdb lz r`d DT 9r` A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed ag||d~dh|n`- rdn`fgmgijnhm bdqdmg{edfr hfb bdegf~r|hrjgf hnrjqjrjd~ A[9*-l|gti`r rgidr`d| hmeg~r 4;; ~rhod`gmbd|~ ga >4 bjd|dfr ngtfr|jd~- eg~rga r`de a|ge Dt|g{dhf Edeld| ^rhrd~ hfb A[9 H~~gnjhrdb ngtfr|jd~&

YJ\D `h~ {|gqjbdb h ag|te ag| bdlhrd mdhbjfi rg fdy {|g{g~hm~ jf r`dmgfi~rhfbjfi xtd~r ag| ~gmtrjgf~ rg r`d g{rjehm t~d ga DT jf~r|tedfr~- yjr`hf hje rg ltjmb r`d ofgymdbid dngfgez jf r`d |dijgf~& R`d ngfad|dfnd`h~ lddf h~~d~~db qd|z {g~jrjqdmz lz {h|rjnj{hfr~- h~ yjrfd~~db lz r`d YJ\D

~hrj~ahnrjgf ~t|qdz ngfbtnrdb hard| r`d ngfad|dfnd& Jr j~ yg|r` `ji`mji`rjfir`hr :0$ ga r`d |d~{gfbdfr~ `hqd ngf~jbd|db r`hr r`d ngfad|dfnd yh~


Egfr~d||hr Rg|f \gld|r%Chf ^ejr~ Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf-


11/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;8;

N g f r d f r ~

iggb- qd|z iggb g| dpndmmdfr r`d |d~{gf~d |hrd j~


12/223

H N O F G Y M D B I D E D F R ^

R`d htr`g|~ ygtmb mjod rg hnofgymdbid r`d jfqhmthlmd ngfr|jltrjgf gar`d YJ\D ^rdd|jfi Ngeejrrdd rg r`d ~tnnd~~ ga YJ\D- y`jn` hnr~ h~ h r|tdjf~{j|hrjgf lgbz ag| jr~ bdqdmg{edfr&

^{hfj~` Ejfj~r|z ga njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf

Egfr~d||hr Rg|f- [|d~jbdfr ga r`d ^rdd|jfi Ngeejrrdd- ag|ed|* Bj|dnrg|Idfd|hm ag| Jfrd|fhrjgfhm Ngg{d|hrjgf hfb Jf~rjrtrjgfhm \dmhrjgf~&

Hmetbdfh Hid|g Bd{h|redfr ga Dt|g{dhf [|gi|heed~- Bj|dnrg|hrdIdfd|hm ag| Jfrd|fhrjgfhm Ngg{d|hrjgf hfb Jf~rjrtrjgfhm \dmhrjgf~*&

^{hfj~` Ejfj~r|z ga Dngfgejn~ hfb Ajfhfnd

Cg|id G|gsng ^tl%bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm ag| r`d ehfhidedfr ga r`d Dt|g{dhf\dijgfhm Bdqdmg{edfr Atfb %D\BA%*&

Hfhrgmjg Hmgf~g Bd{trz ^tl%bj|dnrg| ag| r`d ehfhidedfr ga r`dDt|g{dhf \dijgfhm Bdqdmg{edfr Atfb %D\BA%*&

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

\gld|r C& ^ejr~- Bj|dnrg|- BI \RB L- Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh3 |d~dh|n`{|gi|heed~ hfb nh{hnjrz- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf&

Cdhf Bhqjb Ehmg- ag|ed|* @dhb ga Tfjr L&2 \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid hfb\d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- BI \RB&

Mtnh~ Chf~~df- BI \RB L&2- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf&

Ejodm Mhfbhlh~g- @dhb ga Tfjr BI \DIJG B&


13/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;8&

Agt| odz ed~~hid~ |d~tmrdb a|ge YJ\D- y`jn`- jf ~`g|r- h|d23

Ngfrjftd bdqdmg{edfr rgyh|b~ i|dhrd| ~zfd|ijd~ ga |d~dh|n`- jffgqhrjgfhfb |dijgfhm {gmjnjd~&

N|dhrjfi ahqgt|hlmd ngfbjrjgf~ ag| r`d~d {gmjnjd~ rg jfrd|g{d|hrd qjh r`dj|

jf~r|tedfr~&Ag~rd|jfi r`d gyfd|~`j{ hfb de{gyd|edfr ga |dijgf~ rg hnnge{mj~`r`dj| qj~jgf ga |dijgfhm ~t~rhjfhlmd bdqdmg{edfr jf r`d ngfrdpr ga r`dDT


16/223

8J F R \ G B T N R J G F


17/223


18/223


8 & J F R \ G B T N R J G F

R`d Yddo ga r`d Jffgqhrjqd \dijgf~ jf Dt|g{d YJ\D* yh~ hf dqdfr cgjfrmzg|ihfjsdb lz r`d ^{hfj~` [|d~jbdfnz rg r`d DT |~r ~ded~rd|


19/223


N g f r d f r ~

^njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf ga r`d Hfbhmtnh |dijgfhm Igqd|fedfr- Eh|rf gmd|&Jf r`d nmg~jfi ~d~~jgf- r`d ^{hfj~` ^dn|drh|z ga ^rhrd ag| \d~dh|n`- Admj{d[r|js-cgjfdb r`d gg| yjr r`d Ejfj~rd| ga r`d L|t~~dm~ |dijgf- |d~{gf~jlmd gar`d Ldmijhf [|d~jbdfnz jf r`d h|dh ga \d~dh|n` ~dngfb ~ded~rd| - 2 hfb 4 jfnmtbd r`d |d{g|r ga r`d bjaad|dfr~d~~jgf~ ehbd lz r`d |h{{g|rdt|~ ga r`d ngfad|dfnd& R`dz `hqd lddf


20/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B8:

JFR\GBTNRJGF

i|gt{db jfrg r`|dd n`h{rd|~ ng||d~{gfbjfi rg r`d r`|dd ngfad|dfnd~rhojfi {mhnd tfbd| YJ\D3

h& r`d ddnrjqd hfb d njdfr t~d ga r`d bjd|dfr atfbjfi jf~r|tedfr~ ag| \RBhfb jffgqhrjgf-

l& r`d h~~d~~edfr ga r`d |d~tmr~ hfb r`d jbdfrjnhrjgf ga ld~r {|hnrjnd~ hfbyhz~ ga je{|gqdedfr ga \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid {|gi|heed atfbdb lzr`d DN 9r` A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed ag| \d~dh|n` A[9*- hfb

n& r`d h~~d~~edfr ga r`d |d~tmr~ hfb r`d jbdfrjnhrjgf ga ld~r {|hnrjnd~ hfbyhz~ ga je{|gqdedfr ga \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm {|gi|heed atfbdb lz r`d DN9r` A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed ag| \d~dh|n` A[9*

Yjr`jf dhn` n`h{rd|- r`d|d j~ h |~r jfr|gbtnrjgf ga r`d j~~td- agmmgydb lzr`d |d{g|r ga jr~ \gtfb Rhlmd~& R`d atmm ngfr|jltrjgf~ ga r`d ~{dhod|~- y`dfhqhjmhlmd- h|d jfnmtbdb jf Hffdp JJ&

N`h{rd| 1 nge{|j~d~ r`d ehjf ed~~hid~ ga r`d ngfad|dfnd r`hr yd|d mhtfn`dbhr r`d ngfnmt~jgf~ ~d~~jgf- gf r`d mh~r bhz ga YJ\D& At|r`d|eg|d- N`h{rd| 9hfhmz~d~ r`d je{hnr ga YJ\D |d~tmr~ jf r`d {gmjrjnhm ngeetfjnhrjgf~- gf r`dgfd `hfb- hfb jf r`d edbjh- gf r`d gr`d|&

G{dfjfi


21/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;


22/223

*& DT {gmjrjnhmmdhbd|~ ldmgfijfi rg Edeld| ^rhrd~- Dt|g{dhf [h|mjhedfr hfb Dt|g{dhfNgeej~~jgf `hqd jbdfrjdb |d~dh|n` hfb jffgqhrjgfhfb ngf~dxtdfrmz r`dbdqdmg{edfr ga r`d Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh D\H*- h~ h ndfr|hm glcdnrjqd gar`d Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf~ dngfgejn {gmjnz gqd| r`d fdpr 4 rg 8; zdh|~- tfbd|mjfjfir`d ahnr r`hr yd nhf gfmz ~tnnddb ja r`d|d j~ ehpjete ng%g{d|hrjgf ldryddfr`d DT hfb r`d Edeld| ^rhrd~& R`d gmb bjn`grgez ldryddf Edeld| ^rhrd~hnrjgf~ hfb DT hnrjgf~ et~r ld |d{mhndb lz ng%g|bjfhrdb hfb nge{mdedfrh|zhnrjgf~ 4*& R`d {jnrt|d r`hr |ddnr~ r`d nt||dfr ~jrthrjgf nhf ld gtrmjfdb lzh ady gl~d|qhrjgf~3

^t~rhjfdb i|gyr` nhf nged a|ge hbqhfnd~ jf ofgymdbid hfb8&jffgqhrjgf&

Dt|g{d j~ rgg ~ehmm rg ld hlmd rg hg|b mdhqjfi {h|r~ ga jr~ rd||jrg|z yjr` h&rg jffgqhrd hfb ld jfrd|fhrjgfhmmz nge{drjrjqd& R`j~ yjmm fgr gnnt|tfmd~~ |dijgf~ hfb njrjd~ lgg~r r`dj| |d~dh|n` ndfr|d~ hfb r`dj| hnhbdejnjf~rjrtrjgf~&

Dt|g{dhf |dijgfhm {gmjnz et~r ld jfqgmqdb jf df`hfnjfi jffgqhrjgf- ltjmbjfi2&mjfo~ hfb dp{mgjrjfi ~zfd|ijd~ yjr` gr`d| {gmjnjd~ hfb {|gi|heed~ >*&

H~ Ngeej~~jgfd|~ @h`f hfb Idgi`dihf%Xtjff ~r|d~~db- r`d {|gegrjgfga ddnrjqd ~zfd|ijd~ jf r`d t~d ga r`d DT atfbjfi jf~r|tedfr~ ag| |d~dh|n`hfb jffgqhrjgf j~ hr r`d `dh|r ga r`dj| hidfbh~- h~ |ddnrdb lz r`d Dt|g{dhf


25/223



27/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;*- fgy jr j~ rjed rg d~rhlmj~`~jfimd eh|odr ag| |d~dh|n` hfb jffgqhrjgf 4*&

\hj~gf br|d ga h |dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf hfb |d~dh|n` {gmjnz3h~~dr~ hfb b|hylhno~

R`d dngfgez bdqdmg{~ {|jeh|jmz hr h |dijgfhm mdqdm&

Y`df hf~yd|jfi r`d xtd~rjgf y`dr`d| Dt|g{dhf |dijgf~ h|d hlmd rg ldnge{drjrjqd hr r`d imglhm mdqdm- jr ~`gtmb |~r ld ~r|d~~db r`hr Dt|g{dhf|dijgf~ `hqd qd|z bjd|dfr mdqdm~ ga dngfgejn bdqdmg{edfr- y`jn` ehod~jr `h|b rg nge{h|d r`d DT~ nge{drjrjqdfd~~ rg r`hr ga r`d Tfjrdb ^rhrd~ g|Ch{hf- y`d|d dngfgejn bdqdmg{edfr j~ etn` eg|d `gegidfdgt~ hn|g~~r`d rd||jrg|z >*&

R`d eg~r jffgqhrjqd |dijgf~ h|d rz{jnhmmz jf r`d eg~r jffgqhrjqd ngtfr|jd~&Fdh|mz hmm r`d `ji` jffgqhrjfi |dijgf~ h|d jf r`d i|gt{ ga jffgqhrjgfmdhbd|~& ^jejmh|mz hmm ga r`d mgy jffgqhrjfi |dijgf~ h|d mgnhrdb jf ngtfr|jd~r`hr `hqd hf tfbd|%hqd|hid {d|ag|ehfnd 1*& Fdqd|r`dmd~~- h~ jffgqhrjgfj~ hf je{g|rhfr b|jqd| ag| i|gyr` hfb cgl~- ng`d~jgf {gmjnz et~r hje hr|hj~jfi r`d jffgqhrjgf {d|ag|ehfnd ga hmm |dijgf~? ja fgr- yd yjmm ahnd bjd|dfr

bdqdmg{edfr ga |dijgf~ hfb r`d ~gnjhm- dngfgejn hfb rd||jrg|jhm bj~{h|jrjd~


28/223


29/223



30/223

>\ D [ G \ R G F R @ D N G F A D \ D F N D \ D I J G F ^ G A O F G Y M D B I D


31/223

Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf-


32/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B>8

> & \ D [ G \ R G FR @ D N G F A D \ D F N D \ D I J G F ^ G AO F G Y M D B I D

R`d YJ\D Ngfad|dfnd hjedb hr ehojfi hr h~~d~~edfr ga r`d bdqdmg{edfrt{ rg {|d~dfr ga r`d [|gi|heed \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid- lh~db gf hf gqd|hmmbd~n|j{rjgf ga r`d jfjrjhm hje~ hr r`d bdqdmg{edfr ga r`d {|gi|heed- r`d{|d~dfrhrjgf ga ngfn|drd {|gcdnr~ hfb h bj~nt~~jgf ga odz h~{dnr~ |dmhrdbrg r`d it|d ga nmt~rd|~ h~ h rggm rg n|dhrd h nge{drdfr jfrd|ahnd ldryddf|d~dh|n` hfb jr~ dngfgejn dp{mgjrhrjgf&

Ryg \gtfb Rhlmd~ hbb|d~~db r`d j~~td~ |dmhrdb rg r`d {|gi|heed \dijgf~ga Ofgymdbid&

R`j~ N`h{rd| jfnmtbd~ hf jfr|gbtnrjgf lz r`d [|gi|heed |d~{gf~jlmd jfBI \RB- Gmjqjd| L|tfdr- r`d rh|idrdb glcdnrjqd~ ga r`d~d \gtfb Rhlmd~- r`d^teeh|z \d{g|r ga r`d \gtfb rhlmd~ hfb- h~ Hffdpd~- r`d ~teeh|z gangfn|drd jfrd|qdfrjgf~ ga ~ged {h|rjnj{hfr~& Ajfhmmz- h idfd|hm |d{g|r ga r`dNgfad|dfnd gf \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid yjmm ld jfnmtbdb hr r`d dfb&

>&8 Jfr|gbtnrjgf G& L|tfdr9

R`d lh~jn~ ga r`j~ [|gi|heed h|d {|d~dfrdb jf r`d lgp ldmgy- agmmgydb lzr`d ~rhrd gamd~~gf~ mdh|fr a|ge r`d {gjfr ga qjdy ga r`d DN&

9 Gmjqjd| L|tfdr j~ ngg|bjfhrg| ga r`d \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid [|gi|heed jf r`d Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ag|\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

R`d \dijgf~ ga ofgymdbid j~ h atmmz dbidb {|gi|heed tfbd| A[9yjr` h ltbidr ga DT\ 8


33/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;>>

\D[G\R GF R@D NGFAD\DFND

\DIJGF^ GA OFGYMDBID


35/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;>2

N g f r d f r ~

\gtfb Rhlmd {h|rjnj{hfr~3

N`hj|3

Gmjqjd| L|tfdr [gmjnz G nd|- \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid hfb \d~dh|n`[grdfrjhm Tfjr- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga \d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

^d~~jgf |h{{g|rdt|3

[jd||d Igbjf [gmjnz Hfhmz~r- R`dehrjn ngg|bjfhrjgf- Jffgqhrjgf Tfjr-Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ag| \dijgfhm [gmjnz- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

[h|rjnj{hfr~3

Eh|rh Fhbhlhf % Bd{trz Bj|dnrg|- JFFGQH \dijgfhm Bdqdmg{edfr hfbJffgqhrjgf Hidfnz @tfih|z*

^qd||d ^giid % ^dfjg| Hbqj~d|- \d~dh|n` Ngtfnjm hfb Fhrjgfhm Ngfrhnr[gjfr ag| \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid hfb \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm {|gi|heed~Fg|yhz*

^zmqjh n`d|djld| % Bj|dnrg|- rtrrih|r \dijgf DT G nd Id|ehfz*

N`|j~rjhf Hmrehff % Nmt~rd| ehfhid| Nmt~rd|mhfb Ht~r|jh*

^teeh|z

8& ^ged bj ntmrjd~ ahndb lz h{{mjnhfr~ g| {grdfrjhm h{{mjnhfr~

n`hfijfi \gO r`dehrjn {|jg|jrjd~ 3 jr j~ bj ntmr ag| |dijgfhm nmt~rd|~ rg `hqdh mgfi rd|e ~r|hrdiz ag| r`dj| {h|rjnj{hrjgf jf r`d {|gi|heed- jf ~gedEdeld| ^rhrd~

bdfjrjgf ga h |d~dh|n` b|jqdf nmt~rd| \BN* 3 ldzgfb r`d bdfjrjgf ijqdfjf r`d Yg|o {|gi|heed- h|d yd rhmojfi hlgtr nmt~rd|~- nmt~rd|~ ga nmt~rd|~-fdryg|o~ ga nmt~rd|~7

ahjmt|d |hrd jf r`d ~dmdnrjgf ga r`d h{{mjnhfr~ 3 jr j~ bj~h{{gjfrjfi- btd rgmjejrdb atfbjfi- dqdf ja r`d ahjmt|d |hrd ag| \gO j~ mgyd| r`hf r`d gfd gaehfz gr`d| A[9 nhmm~&

ngg|bjfhrjgf ldryddf r`d {h|rfd|~ 3 jr j~ rjed%ngf~tejfi yjr` ehfz{h|rfd|~- hfb bj ntmr rg fb nge{mdedfrh|jrz ldryddf {h|rfd|~-

R|j{md `dmjp bj ntmr rg |dhmjsd3 ag| jf~rhfnd- r`d jfqgmqdedfr hfbngeejredfr ga r`d Ehfhijfi Htr`g|jrjd~ EH* ag| r`d ^r|tnrt|hm Atfb~{|gi|heed~ j~ je{g|rhfr ltr jr j~ ~gedrjed~ bj ntmr rg fb r`d odz{d|~gf jf r`d EH- fgr r`d {d|~gf jf n`h|id ga r`d fhfnjhm ehfhidedfrltr ~gedgfd hlmd rg ngfr|jltrd rg r`d ~tl~rhfnd ga r`d {|gcdnr?

Y`hr j~ dp{dnrdb h~ gtrnged ga h \gO {|gcdnr7 Jr j~ fgr hmyhz~ nmdh|3 j~jr dpndmmdfnd- ng`d~jgf- jffgqhrjgf- cgjfr ~r|hrdiz ag| hnrjgf7 Y`jn`{gmjnz ejp mggo~ r`d ld~r7


36/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B>4



ldrrd| nge{mdedfrh|jrz ldryddf {h|rfd|~- hfb ldrrd| {|gegrjgf ga R|j{md@dmjp h{{|ghn`-

>& [g~~jlmd ngg{d|hrjgf ldryddf \gO hfb DT fhrjgfhm g| |dijgfhm {|gi|heed~

Jr j~ je{g|rhfr rg {|gegrd l|jbid~ ldryddf r`d bjd|dfr atfbjfig{{g|rtfjrjd~ ag| nmt~rd|~& Gf r`d gfd ~jbd- yd `hqd {jmgr {|gcdnr~ ~tn`h~ tfbd| \gO- NJ[ hfb r`d \dijgf~ ag| Dngfgejn N`hfid jfjrjhrjqd yjr`

Ah~r R|hno Fdryg|o~ ~t{{g|rdb lz JFRD\\DI g| T\LHNR*& Gf r`d gr`d|~jbd- yd `hqd r`d G{d|hrjgfhm [|gi|heed~ G[~* ga r`d ^r|tnrt|hm Atfb~yjr` `tid hegtfr~ ga egfdz&

Rg df~t|d ~t~rhjfhljmjrz jf r`d je{mdedfrhrjgf ga iggb {|hnrjnd- jr j~je{g|rhfr rg ~{ddb t{ r`d r|hf~ad| ga iggb {|hnrjnd a|ge r`d {jmgr ~nhmdrg r`d mh|id ~nhmd tfbd| r`d G[~& R`d|d h|d ~ged dphe{md~ ga hnrjgf {mhf~hfb ehfhidedfr itjbd~ atfbdb jf h |~r ~rhid yjr` {jmgr {|gcdnr~ hfbngfnd|fjfi hnrjqjrjd~ r`hr h|d ~t{{g|rdb hr h mhrd| ~rhid yjr` ^r|tnrt|hmAtfb~& Eg|d ~zfd|ijd~ ldryddf r`j~ {|gi|heed hfb JFRD\\DI JQ N~`gtmb ld ~t{{g|rdb&

R`d|d j~ h fddb rg bdqdmg{ ~zfd|ijd~ hr r`d mdqdm ga r`d \dijgfhm Jffgqhrjgf^r|hrdijd~ \J^~* bd~jifdb ag| r`d t~d ga r`d ^r|tnrt|hm Atfb~& \J^~ ~`gtmb

rhod jfrg ngf~jbd|hrjgf r`d |d~tmr~ ngejfi a|ge r`d {jmgr {|gcdnr~- ~tn`h~ r`g~d atfbdb tfbd| \gO- hfb jfqgmqd A[9 Fhrjgfhm Ngfrhnr [gjfr~ hfb[|gi|heejfi Ngeejrrdd~&

R`d xtd~rjgf ga ~ged {g~~jlmd ej~ehrn` ldryddf rg{ bgyf hfb lgrrgeh{{|ghn` yh~ |hj~db& R`d|d j~ h {mhnd ag| bdfjfi ~r|hrdijd~ hfb itjbdmjfd~hr DT hfb fhrjgfhm mdqdm~ hfb r`df- jf r`j~ ngfrdpr- jr j~ t{ rg r`d |dijgf~rg fb r`dj| yhz~ hfb r`dj| ~eh|r ~{dnjhmj~hrjgf- hnng|bjfi rg r`dj| fddb~hfb {grdfrjhm hfb jf {h|rfd|~`j{ yjr` r`d |dmdqhfr |dijgfhm ~rhod`gmbd|~&

>&> \gtfb Rhlmd >3 Nmt~rd|~3 h {gmjnz g| h rggm ag| h{gmjnz7 O& Js~ho:

Ngfrdfr

R`d Ltmmdr [gjfr~ tfbd| bj~nt~~jgf yd|d3

DT Nmt~rd| {gmjnz&8&

Dt|g{dhf Nmt~rd| [gmjnz I|gt{ DN[I* atrt|d |dngeedfbhrjgf~&&

Md~~gf~ mdh|fr3 ~tnnd~~'ydhofd~~'ngf~r|hjfr~&2&

[|gcdnr~ fdryg|o~ g| {|gcdnr~ nmt~rd|~7 Hbqhfrhid~ hfb bj~hbqhfrhid~4&ga r`d ryg egbdm~&

Gr`d| rggm~ rg ~t{{g|r \dijgfhm Dngfgejn Bdqdmg{edfr&1&

: Ojfn~g Js~ho j~ {gmjnz gand| jf r`d Tfjr ,^t{{g|r ag| Jffgqhrjgf,- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm Dfrd|{|j~d hfbJfbt~r|z- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf&


37/223


N g f r d f r ~

R`d dfihidedfr ga r`d Ngeej~~jgf ^d|qjnd~ jf nmt~rd|~ {|gegrjgf&9&H~~d~~edfr hfb atrt|d hnrjgf~&

R`d odz xtd~rjgf~ {g~db rg r`d {h|rjnj{hfr~ yd|d3

Nmt~rd|~3 h {gmjnz g| h rggm ag| h {gmjnz7 Nhf nmt~rd|~ ld h rggm ag| {gmjnjd~8&~zfd|ijd~7

Y`jn` h|d r`d b|jqjfi ag|nd~ ag| nmt~rd|jfi7 Hbejfj~r|hrjgf- Jfbt~r|z-&

H|d r`d|d ngf~r|hjfr~ ag| jfrd|fhrjgfhm ngg{d|hrjgf yjr`jf r`d DT72&

Y`hr h|d r`d ld~r {|hnrjnd~ ag| ngmmhlg|hrjgf egbdm~ hn|g~~ {|gcdnr~74&

\gtfb Rhlmd {h|rjnj{hfr~3

N`hj|3

N`h|mgrrd L|gidf % Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm hr QJFFGQH ^ydbdf*

^d~~jgf |h{{g|rdt|3

Ojfn~g Js~ho [gmjnz G nd|- Tfjr ^t{{g|r ag| Jffgqhrjgf- Bj|dnrg|hrdIdfd|hm Dfrd|{|j~d hfb Jfbt~r|z- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

[h|rjnj{hfr~3

[hr|jno Qtjmmd|egs % \d~dh|n` hfb Jffgqhrjgf Ehfhid|- {gmd gange{drjrjqdfd~~ [mh~rj{gmj~ A|hfnd*

Rdh [dr|jf [|gad~~g| hr Tfjqd|~jrz ga Mctlmchfh- N`hj| ga DN[I ^mgqdfjh*

^qdf%Itffh| Dbmtfb Bj|dnrg| hr Qjffgqh- Lhmrjn dh \dijgf R|hf~fhrjgfhmNmt~rd| ^ydbdf*

Odjr` @h||h{ Ehfhijfi Bj|dnrg| ga ^njdfnd Ngf~tmrhfnz Mrb- AGGBnmt~rd| ngg|bjfhrg| TO*

Ejn`dm Ihfggrd Dt|g{dhf Bdmdihrd- ^r|hrdiz hfb Bdqdmg{edfr G^DG*hfb RHNRJN^'DNH ngg|bjfhrg| A|hfnd*

^teeh|z

Ehjf ngfnmt~jgf~3

Nmt~rd|~ h|d hf je{g|rhfr rggm ag| df`hfnjfi nge{drjrjqdfd~~ h~ jr {|gqjbd~hf h|dfh y`d|d bjd|dfr hnrg|~ nhf eddr rg lgr` n|g~~ ad|rjmjsd jbdh~ jfrgfdy g{{g|rtfjrjd~ h~ ydmm rg ngeljfd ag|nd~ rg n|dhrd ngfn|drd |d~tmr~mdhbjfi rg fdy hfb je{|gqdb lt~jfd~~ g{{g|rtfjrjd~&

Jf~r|tedfrhm ag| r`d ~tnnd~~ ga h nmt~rd| j~ h ngeegf lt~jfd~~ qj~jgf hfbh nmt~rd| ehfhidedfr nh{hlmd rg ed|id lt~jfd~~ g{{g|rtfjrjd~ yjr`

{g~~jljmjrjd~ ga fdy rdn`fgmgijd~- ~d|qjnd~ hfb lt~jfd~~ egbdm~&


38/223


39/223


N g f r d f r ~

Dt|g{d fddb rg ld dp{mg|db jf g|bd| rg ldrrd| ahnjmjrhrd r`d bdqdmg{edfrga ded|ijfi jfbt~r|jd~&

Nmt~rd|%~{dnjn a|hedyg|o ngfbjrjgf~ et~r ld rhodf eg|d hnngtfrga& Bd{dfbjfi gf r`d jbdfrjdb fddb~- h nmt~rd|%~{dnjn {gmjnz ejp gajf~r|tedfr~ eji`r jfqgmqd df`hfnjfi r`d mdqdm ga mjfohid~ ga etrthmr|t~r- bdehfb ~jbd {gmjnjd~ ~tn` h~ ~eh|r |ditmhrjgf- `ji`d| dbtnhrjgfhfb `tehf |d~gt|nd~ bdqdmg{edfr- hfb edh~t|d~ ag| r`d {|gegrjgf ga

jfrd|fhrjgfhm mjfohid~& R`d~d ~`gtmb ld bd~jifdb hfb je{mdedfrdb hrfhrjgfhm g| |dijgfhm mdqdm- nge{mdedfrdb yjr` DT%mdqdm {|gi|heed~ hfbjfjrjhrjqd~&

Igqd|fhfnd hfb mdhbd|~`j{ h|d qd|z je{g|rhfr jf g|bd| rg ag~rd| ~tnnd~~atmyg|mb%nmh~~ nmt~rd|~ hfb r|hf~fhrjgfhm ngmmhlg|hrjgf~& H R|j{md @dmjp lh~dbehfhidedfr rdhe yjr` mdhbjfi |d{|d~dfrhrjqd~ a|ge r`d lt~jfd~~~dnrg|- hnhbdejh hfb r`d {tlmjn ~dnrg| nhf rhod bdnj~jgf~ gf ngeegfqj~jgf- ighm~ hfb ~r|hrdiz hfb nhf df~t|d r`hr r`d jfqd~redfr~ glrhjfdbyjmm ld {|jg|jrjsdb hfb ~zfn`|gfjsdb y`jmd rhojfi hnngtfr ga eh|odrg{{g|rtfjrjd~&

Nh|datm h~~d~~edfr ga r`d je{hnr ga nmt~rd| {gmjnjd~ j~ n|tnjhm hfb et~rld hbb|d~~db hr |dijgfhm- fhrjgfhm hfb Dt|g{dhf mdqdm h~ ydmm& Nmt~rd|

{d|ag|ehfnd hfb r`d {d|ag|ehfnd ga nmt~rd| g|ihfj~hrjgf~ et~rld ngfrjftgt~mz egfjrg|db hfb ldfn`eh|odb hr dqd|z ~nhmh| mdqdmjfrd|fhrjgfhmmz- fhrjgfhmmz- |dijgfhmmz hfb jf~rjrtrjgfhmmz jf g|bd| rg ~dd r`dhbbdb qhmtd nmt~rd|~ nhf l|jfi rg hn`jdqjfi {gmjnz glcdnrjqd~&

gf jfrd|fhrjgfhm ngg{d|hrjgf

R`d |h{jbmz jfn|dh~jfi imglhm nge{drjrjgf |dxtj|d~ mh|id| n|jrjnhm eh~~-fdy n|g~~ ~dnrg|hm ngeljfhrjgf~ ga ofgymdbid hfb |d~gt|nd~ ga h~jsd r`hr |dijgf~ eji`r `hqd bj ntmrjd~ rg {|gqjbd hmgfd& R`j~ nhmm~ ag|jfrd|fhrjgfhm nmt~rd| ngg{d|hrjgf hfb fdy nmt~rd| ngfnd{r~ r`hr ahnjmjrhrdr`d ded|idfnd ga yg|mb%nmh~~ nmt~rd|~ jf Dt|g{d& R`j~ j~ jf rt|f nhf hm~gnhrhmz~d r`d bdqdmg{edfr ga ~r|gfid| hfb mh|id| |dijgfhm hfb ~dnrg|hmi|gt{jfi yjr` jfn|dh~db nge{drjrjqd {grdfrjhm&

^t{{g|rjfi r`d jfrd|fhrjgfhm egljmjrz ga nmt~rd| hnrg|~ ngtmb ~r|dfir`dfjfrd|fhrjgfhm mjfohid~ hfb r`d bj~ngqd|z ga hbqhfrhidgt~ nge{mdedfrh|jrjd~ag| r`d ldfdr ga nge{hfjd~& N|dhrjfi ~r|gfid| mjfohid~ ldryddf nmt~rd|~jf bjd|dfr mgnhrjgf~ y`jn` gd| nge{mdedfrh|z ~r|dfir`~ nhf {|gqjbdhnnd~~ rg r`d eg~r hbqhfndb rdn`fgmgijd~ hfb ofgy%`gy&

Ehn|g%|dijgfhm ngfnd{r~ ~tn` h~ r`d Lhmrjn ^dh g| r`d Bhftld \dijgf~`gtmb ld ldrrd| dp{mg|db ag| bdqdmg{jfi jfrd|fhrjgfhm nmt~rd| ngg{d|hrjgf&^r|hrdijn ngg{d|hrjgf yjr`jf r`d ehn|g |dijgfhm nmt~rd|~ jfqgmqjfimdhbjfi nge{hfjd~ hfb |d~dh|n` g|ihfj~hrjgf~ ag~rd|~ odz ngeed|njhmhfb jffgqhrjgf {g~jrjgf~ hfb `dm{~ nmt~rd|~ ldnged hrr|hnrjqd {h|rfd|~Dt|g{d%yjbd hfb imglhmmz&


40/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B>:



>&2 Idfd|hm |d{g|r ga r`d bhz D& Egtidgr8;

Ryg g{df dpn`hfid~ bdhmjfi yjr` r`d h~~d~~edfr ga r`d |d~tmr~ hfbr`d g{rjejshrjgf ga {|gi|heed je{hnr~ hfb ryg |gtfb rhlmd~ gf j* r`dmd~~gf~ mdh|fr hfb {g~~jlmd yhz~ ag|yh|b hfb jj* Nmt~rd|~3 jfqgmqdedfr yd|dbj~nt~~db lz ~{dhod|~ bt|jfi r`j~ bhz bdqgrdb rg r`d \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid{|gi|heed&

Gmjqjd| L|tfdr jfr|gbtndb r`d r`ded lz {gjfrjfi gtr r`d \dijgf~ gaOfgymdbid {|gi|heed lh~jn~- jf gr`d| yg|b~- `gy |d~dh|n` hfb jffgqhrjgfjf r`d fdryg|odb nmt~rd|~ nhf je{|gqd r`d dngfgejn ~jrthrjgf ga r`d jfqgmqdb|dijgf~7& Jfbddb- r`d \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid {|gi|heed- jfnmtbdb jf r`dNh{hnjrjd~ ^{dnjn {|gi|heed- j~ h ~ehmm [|gi|heed yjr` |d~{dnr rg gr`d|[|gi|heed~ jf A[9& Yjr` h rgrhm ga 8


41/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;2;

N g f r d f r ~

R`d fdy Dt|g{dhf {gmjnjd~ hfb Dt|g{dhf jf~r|tedfr~ ~`gtmb df`hfndDt|g{d~ nh{hnjrz ag| nge{drjrjqdfd~~ hfb jffgqhrjgf& Dhn` ~rhid ga r`djffgqhrjgf n`hjf et~r ld ~t{{g|rdb hfb r`t~ n`hfid jffgqhrjqd {|gcdnr~ jfrgjfbt~r|jhm- ngfn|drd hfb ng~r%ddnrjqd {|gbtnr~- {|gnd~~d~ hfb'g| ~d|qjnd~&

R`d|d j~ h mgr hr ~rhod&

Ag| r`d fdpr {|gi|heejfi {d|jgb- ~{dhod|~ ~tiid~rdb r`hr ~je{mjnhrjgfga r`d fdy a|hedyg|o j~ dp{dnrdb ~g r`hr- jr nhf ld dqdf eg|d ddnrjqd& Hr|td Jffgqhrjgf Tfjgf j~ mggodb ag| hfb h tfjxtd {|gi|heed rg df`hfndjffgqhrjgf dng~z~rde hr |dijgfhm mdqdm ngtmb ld h {g~~jljmjrz& ^{dhod|~|dehjfdb t~ r`hr yd et~r `hqd hf g{df ejfb hfb bd~jif- y`z fgr- fdyedr`gbgmgijd~- hnrjgf~ hfb jf~r|tedfr~&


42/223

2\ D [ G \ R G F R @ D N G F A D \ D F N D \ D ^ D H \ N @ [ G R D F R J H M


43/223

Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf-


44/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B2>

2 & \ D [ G \ R G FR @ D N G F A D \ D F N D \ D ^ D H \ N @[ G R D F R J H M

R`d YJ\D Ngfad|dfnd hjedb hr ehojfi hr h~~d~~edfr ga r`d bdqdmg{edfrt{ rg {|d~dfr ga r`d [|gi|heed \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- lh~db gf hf gqd|hmmbd~n|j{rjgf ga r`d jfjrjhm hje~ hr r`d bdqdmg{edfr ga r`d {|gi|heed- r`d{|d~dfrhrjgf ga ngfn|drd {|gcdnr~ hfb h bj~nt~~jgf ga odz h~{dnr~ |dmhrdb rgr`d Jfrd|fhrjgfhm bjedf~jgf ga r`d {|gi|heed g| jr~ je{hnr jf r`d Gtrd|eg~r\dijgf~&&

Ryg \gtfb Rhlmd~ hbb|d~~db r`d j~~td~ |dmhrdb rg r`d {|gi|heed \d~dh|n`[grdfrjhm&

R`j~ N`h{rd| jfnmtbd~ hf jfr|gbtnrjgf lz r`d [|gi|heed |d~{gf~jlmd jf BI\RB- Eh|jh Ohzhehfjbgt- r`d rh|idrdb glcdnrjqd~ ga r`d~d \gtfb Rhlmd~-r`d ^teeh|z \d{g|r ga r`d \gtfb rhlmd~ hfb- h~ Hffdpd~- r`d ~teeh|z gangfn|drd jfrd|qdfrjgf~ ga ~ged {h|rjnj{hfr~& Ajfhmmz- h idfd|hm |d{g|r ga r`dNgfad|dfnd gf \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid yjmm ld jfnmtbdb hr r`d dfb&

2&8 Jfr|gbtnrjgf E& Ohzhehfjbgt88

J& Glcdnrjqd~ hfb ^rhrd ga r`d H|r

Ehfz |d~dh|n` hnrg|~ mgnhrdb jf r`d Ngfqd|idfnd hfb Gtrd|eg~r \dijgf~ h|d~rjmm ydmm jfrdi|hrdb jf r`d D\H hfb admm mg~r jf r`d nge{drjrjqd h{{|ghn` ga r`d9r` A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed- ldnht~d r`dz h|d ahnjfi {|glmde~ ga l|hjf b|hjf-jfa|h~r|tnrt|d- dngfgejn hfb jf~rjrtrjgfhm g|ihfjshrjgf- mhno ga h{{|g{|jhrdhnnd~~ rg fhfnd&

H bdbjnhrdb hnrjgf rg ~rjetmhrd r`d |dhmjshrjgf ga r`d atmm |d~dh|n` {grdfrjhm ga r`d Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf lz tfmgnojfi hfb bdqdmg{jfi dpj~rjfi |d~dh|n`dpndmmdfnd jf r`d DT~ ngfqd|idfnd hfb gtrd|eg~r |dijgf~ `h~ lddfje{mdedfrdb ~jfnd


45/223


N g f r d f r ~

\d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm `h~ h rgrhm ltbidr ga >2; E gqd| 9 zdh|~ hfb j~je{mdedfrdb qjh r`d ^t{{g|r Hnrjgf~ atfbjfi ~n`ded& Jr hbb|d~~d~ hfz|d~dh|n` rg{jn ngqd|db lz r`d DN A[9 hfb j~ je{mdedfrdb r`|gti` r`dt{i|hbjfi |d~dh|n` {grdfrjhm ga dpndmmdfr ndfr|d~ ng|d nhmm& Jf hbbjrjgf rgr`d ng|d hnrjqjrjd~- \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm bdqdmg{db jf


46/223



\D^DH\N@ [GRDFRJHM

JJJ& Jbdfrjaz hfb ~t{{g|r tfedr g{{g|rtfjrjd~ r`hr ~r|dfir`df r`d D\H- n|g~~%ad|rjmjsd r`d ^!R bj~nj{mjfd~ hfb {|gej~d ~jifjajnhfr atrt|d {hz%gaa~ ag| Dt|g{d

R`d d~nhmhrjfi nge{mdpjrz ga ^njdfnd hfb Rdn`fgmgiz j~ egqjfi |d~dh|n`rgyh|b~ h ngmmhlg|hrjqd egbd yjr` i|dhrd| agnt~ gf jfrdmmdnrthm jfrdi|hrjgfhfb r`d |dxtj|dedfr ga ddnrjqd g|ihfjshrjgfhm a|hedyg|o~& Jfbddb- r`ddpndmmdfr Ngfqd|idfnd hfb Gtrd|eg~r \dijgf~ |d~dh|n` ndfr|d~ ga~jifjnhfr ~jsd ~`gtmb |dndjqd h{{|g{|jhrd atfbjfi rg ldrrd| jfn|dh~d r`dj|

nge{drjrjqdfd~~ hfb {grdfrjhm jf nmg~d ngmmhlg|hrjgf yjr` gr`d| Dt|g{dhfgtr~rhfbjfi |d~dh|n` ndfr|d~& R`d ighm- r`df- j~ rygagmb3

Ag~rd| r`d ded|idfnd ga rg{ nmh~~ |d~dh|n` ndfr|d~ jf r`d DT~ Ngfqd|idfndhfb Gtrd|eg~r \dijgf~- r`t~ dprdfbjfi r`d D\H rg r`d dfrj|d Dt|g{dhfrd||jrg|z?

Lgg~r%t{ r`d ~gnjg%dngfgejn bdqdmg{edfr ga r`d Ngfqd|idfnd hfbGtrd|eg~r \dijgf~ y`d|d gardf r|hbjrjgfhm jfbt~r|z ~dnrg|~ `hqdbj ntmrjd~ jf hbg{rjfi fdy rdn`fgmgijnhm {|gnd~~d~ |d~tmrjfi rg h qjnjgt~%nznmd ddnr jf {|gbtnrjqjrz- de{mgzedfr hfb atrt|d i|gyr`&

\d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm~`gtmb hbb|d~~ nge{mdp j~~td~ t~jfi h {|glmde%g|jdfrdbh{{|ghn`- jf g|bd| rg {|gqjbd ~dma%rhjmg|db |d~{gf~d~- ~d|qjnd~ hfb {|gbtnr~ rgr`d dfb%t~d|~- fgrhlmz ~rhod`gmbd|~ jfnmtbjfi jfbt~r|z hfb ED~* hfb ~gnjdrz&

Rg r`j~ dfb- hf jfqd~rjihrg|%jfjrjhrdb {|glmde g|jdfrdb |d~dh|n` h{{|ghn`~`gtmb ld je{mdedfrdb& R`d glcdnrjqd j~ rg ~t{{g|r Dt|g{dhf {h|rfd|~`j{~a|ge jf g|bd| rg bdmjqd| |d~{gf~d~- ~d|qjnd~ g| {|gbtnr~ rg ydmm%jbdfrjdbfddb~ ga ^!R hfb ~gnjg%dngfgejn bdqdmg{edfr ga r`d Ngfqd|idfnd hfbGtrd|eg~r \dijgf~&

JQ& Idgi|h{`jnhmmz g|jdfrdb nhmm~3 Yd~rd|f Lhmohf Ngtfr|jd~- Edbjrd||hfdhf[h|rfd| Ngtfr|jd~

^{dnjhm jfqd~redfr jf r`d Yd~rd|f Lhmohf Ngtfr|jd~ yh~ ehbd jf g|bd| rgngf~gmjbhrd dpndmmdfnd- |dijgfhm jfjrjhrjqd~- hfb nh{hnjrz ltjmbjfi rg ag|ndr`d ~gnjhm n`hfid hfb rg ijqd r`d~d jf~rjrtrjgf~ r`d ld~r edhf~ ag| atmmz{h|rjnj{hrd jf A[9 a|ge r`d ldijffjfi& R`d ryg nhmm~ ~{dnjnhmmz hbb|d~~db rgr`de


47/223


N g f r d f r ~

2&< \gtfb Rhlmd 23 Md~~gf~ mdh|fr ag| \DI[GR{|gi|heed hfb {g~~jlmd yhz~ ag|yh|b I& Rsdfgt8

0 & \ D A M D N R J G F ^A \ G E Y J \ D & E G Q J F IA \ G E ^ Z F D \ I J D ^G A [ G M J N J D ^ R G

^ Z F D \ I J D ^ G AH N R J G F ^

\hahdm \gb|jitds Nmdedfrd- Nh|mg~ Eh|rjfds \jd|h- EjodmMhfbhlh~g- Cdhf%Bhqjb Ehmg- \gng Nh~r|jmmg

H ngfnd{rthm a|hedyg|o ga Jffgqhrjgf

Jffgqhrjgf jf r`d |dijgfhm ngfrdpr

Etmrjbjedf~jgfhm ngg|bjfhrjgf j~~td~

^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf3 h|d r`dz {g~~jlmd7

Hr h imhfnd3 ^jp {gjfr~ ag| ~zfd|ijd~ ~dh|n`jfi&

Yhz~ ag|yh|b3 r`d atrt|d bdlhrd

0&8 H ngfnd{rthm a|hedyg|o ga Jffgqhrjgf

H {h|rjntmh| nh~d j~ ehbd ag| ~dmdnrjfi Jffgqhrjgf h~ h ng|d {|jg|jrz& [mhnd%lh~dbjfrd|qdfrjgf~- ltjmbjfi gf r`d ~r|dfir`~ hfb rhojfi hnngtfr ga r`d ydhofd~~d~ ga{|dqjgt~ dp{d|jdfnd h~ |dih|b~ ng`d~jgf {gmjnz jf r`j~ h|dh- ngtmb nge{mdedfr {gmjnjd~hjedb hr bdqdmg{jfi h Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh- lz ~dmdnrjfi jf dhn` |dijgf h mjejrdbfteld| ga ~dnrg|~ jf y`jn` jffgqhrjgf nhf eg~r |dhbjmz gnnt| hfb h ofgymdbidlh~d ltjmr t{& R`|gti` ~tn` hf h{{|ghn` bdfdb jf r`d nt||dfr {gmjnz bdlhrd h~~eh|r ~{dnjhmjshrjgf % r`d eg~r ngtmb ld ehbd ga r`d {|d~dfr bjqd|~jrz ga jfbt~r|jhmhiimged|hrjgf~ hfb fdryg|o~- y`jmd r`dj| g{dffd~~ ldzgfb |dijgfhm g| fhrjgfhm

lgtfbh|jd~ ygtmb ld {|gegrdb (R`d Lh|nh |d{g|r-


95/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;:2

N g f r d f r ~

\dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf nh{hnjrjd~ h|d eg|d |dmhrdb rg {d|~gfhm dfihidedfr-jf~rjrtrjgf~- fdryg|o~- ngg{d|hrjgf ~gnjhm nh{jrhm* r`hf rg fh||gymz agnt~db~njdfnd hfb rdn`fgmgiz dg|r~& R`d ehjf j~~td~ ag| |dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf jfeg~r |dijgf~ jf r`d DT h|d lh~jnhmmz hlgtr ofgymdbid hl~g|{rjgf dbtnhrjgfhfb r|hjfjfi- hbqhfndb lt~jfd~~ ~d|qjnd~* hfb bjt~jgf rdn`fgmgiz r|hf~ad|-JNR- dfr|d{|dfdt|~`j{*- h~ jmmt~r|hrdb lz r`d Lh~xtd Ngtfr|z dphe{md jf {hjf-r`hf hlgtr ofgymdbid idfd|hrjgf ~njdfnd dg|r~*&

Jffgqhrjgf `h~ h ~r|gfi rd||jrg|jhm bjedf~jgf rhnjr ofgymdbid%fdryg|odbdngfgez* hfb r`d|d j~ fg gfd ~jsd r~ hmm jffgqhrjgf {gmjnz3 |dijgfhm bjqd|~jrzj~ hf h~~dr r`hr hbqgnhrd~ ag| bjd|dfr |gtrd~ rg i|gyr` r`|gti` ~eh|r~{dnjhmjshrjgf& Jfbddb- r`d Dt|g{dhf \dijgfhm [gmjnz `h~ {|gbtndb r`d ~g%nhmmdb \dijgfhm Jffgqhrjgf [h|hbgp3 r`g~d |dijgf~ yjr` lji fddb~- idr hnnd~~rg lji egfdz- ltr ehfz rjed~ r`dz bg fgr `hqd r`d nh{hnjrjd~ rg hl~g|l r`datfbjfi- g| {|g{d|mz dp{mgjr jr jf rd|e~ ga jffgqhrjgf&

R`d|dag|d- Jffgqhrjgf j~ fg mgfid| hlgtr y`hr g| y`z ltr hlgtr `gy hfby`g& N`hfijfi ntmrt|hm ~drrjfi~ j~ eg|d bj ntmr r`hf g{dfjfi |ghb~ jrfddb~ ~r|hrdijn {mhffjfi nh{hnjrjd~ ga |dijgfhm'fhrjgfhm igqd|fedfr~ a|gebd~jif rg gfigjfi mdh|fjfi dqhmthrjgf* hfb h ntmrt|d ga |j~o rhojfi&

Nt||dfrmz jf Dt|g{d- eg~r |d~dh|n` hfb jffgqhrjgf {gmjnjd~ `hqd ~gti`r rg

{|gegrd r`d ~t{{mz ga jffgqhrjgf~- y`d|dh~ bdehfb%~jbd {gmjnjd~ hqd |dehjfdbmh|idmz tfbd|bdqdmg{db& R`j~ `h~ mdb rg hf jelhmhfnd g| ljh~ jf jffgqhrjgf{gmjnjd~& R`d i|hbthm bdqjhrjgf ga r`d Dt|g{dhf |d~dh|n` ~z~rde hr r`d ~t{{mz~jbd `h~ hnrthmmz lddf h~rgfj~`jfi3 r`d|d j~ rgbhz h nmdh| rdfbdfnz rgyh|b~at|r`d| jfrdi|hrjgf ga Edeld| ^rhrd~ fhrjgfhm |d~dh|n` {gmjnjd~ jf h Dt|g{dhfa|hedyg|o r`|gti` d&i& r`d ngfnd{r ga r`d ~g%nhmmdb cgjfr {|gi|heejfi ga|d~dh|n`& R`d ngfnd{rthm jbdh yh~- hfb ~rjmm j~- r`hr ~tn` ~t{{mz%~jbd jf~rjrtrjgfhm|dag|e~ ygtmb addb hfb ld b|jqdf lz r`d ^jfimd Eh|odr hn`jdqdedfr~&

Bdehfb bgd~ fgr |dhmmz dfrd| jfrg r`d {jnrt|d- dpnd{r ag| ngfnd|f~ yjr`|d~{dnr rg r`d {g~~jlmd ded|idfnd jf Dt|g{dhf `ji`%rdn` ~dnrg|~ ga eh|odrbgejfhfnd hfb mhno ga nge{drjrjgf& Jffgqhrjgf {gmjnz |dehjfdb h odz {gmjnzbjedf~jgf ga BI Dfrd|{|j~d3 r`d ngfnd|f ga dfrd|{|j~d~- h{{h|dfrmz r`d gfmzgfd~ ngfa|gfrdb yjr` bdehfb& Yjr` r`d jfrdi|hrjgf ga jffgqhrjgf tfbd| r`d`dhbjfi ga r`d Ngeej~~jgfd| ag| \d~dh|n` jf r`d fdy Lh||g~g~ Ngeej~~jgf-r`d|d j~ fgy h nmdh| {gmjnz ~`jar jf r`d |dngifjrjgf ga r`d fddb ag| hf ddnrjqd~t{{mz%bdehfb ehrn`jfi jf |d~dh|n` hfb ag| r`d {h|rjntmh| |gmd ga bdehfb%b|jqdf jffgqhrjgf ag| i|gyr`- ydmah|d hfb ydmm%ldjfi&

Jf ady yg|b~- \!B dpndmmdfnd hfb \dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf h|d nge{mdedfrh|z hfbyd fddb lgr`& Dp{mgjrjfi hiimged|hrjgf hfb dngfgejd~ ga ~nhmd j~ je{g|rhfrh~ {t|~tdb lz r`d D\H* ltr hm~g bjt~jgf hfb hl~g|{rjgf edn`hfj~e~ lh~dbgf |dijgfhm {grdfrjhm& Ldzgfb \!B dp{dfbjrt|d hfb {hrdfr~- yd ~rjmm bg fgr`hqd r`d |dxtj|db jfbjnhrg|~ rg {|g{d|mz n`h|hnrd|jsd |dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf{grdfrjhm g| edh~t|d {gmjnz je{hnr& Jf hfz nh~d- ehrn`jfi lt~jfd~~ bdehfbyjr` \RB ~t{{mz j~ {h|hegtfr rg ag~rd| dngfgez& Jf r`d g{{g~jrd yhz- r`dg{dffd~~ ga r`d lt~jfd~~ yg|mb rg ldr gf r`d gd|~ ga jffgqhrjqd |d~dh|n`

|d~tmr~- j~ r`d ihrdyhz ag| r`d ofgymdbid ~gnjdrz&

^dd r`d ngfr|jltrjgf ga Mtn ^gdrd jf Hffdp J&


96/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B:4

\DAMDNRJGF^ A\GE YJ\D& EGQJFI A\GE ^ZFD\IJD^

GA [GMJNJD^ RG ^ZFD\IJD^ GA HNRJGF^

Hmm r`j~ ~`gy~ r`hr ejn|gdngfgejn nge{drjrjqdfd~~ {|glmde~ nhffgr ldd njdfrmz rhnomdb lz gqd|bg~d~ ga ehn|gdngfgejn g| ~dnrg| lh~db {gmjnjd~ltr lz jfrdi|hrdb- {mhnd%lh~db |dijgfhm {gmjnjd~& [tlmjn ~dnrg| ~`gtmb {|gqjbdmdhbd|~`j{ hfb qj~jgf- |hr`d| r`hf ngfr|gmhfb nhrhmzsd dngfgejn bdqdmg{edfrlz {|gegrjfi fdy jbdh~ hfb {h|rfd|~`j{~ yjr` r`d {|jqhrd ~dnrg|- hqgjbjfiegbdm~ lh~db gf r`d Dfmji`rdfdb hl~gmtrj~e ehpjeag| r`de ltr yjr`gtrr`de& ^t{{g|r ~n`ded~ et~r ld mgfi%rd|e- tfbd|~rhfbhlmd hfb |dhbjmzhnnd~~jlmd lz ^ED~& [mhnd%lh~db |dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf ~r|hrdijd~ hfb hnrjgf{mhf~ jfrdi|hrjfi etmrj%mdqdm igqd|fhfnd fhrjgfhm%|dijgfhm* hfb `g|jsgfrhmjfrd|%ejfj~rd|jhm* ngg{d|hrjgf h|d h fdnd~~h|z |~r ~rd{& \dhm gyfd|~`j{ lzr`d ~rhod`gmbd|~ ga jffgqhrjgf ~r|hrdijd~ hfb {tlmjn {|gnt|dedfr i|ddf hfbjffgqhrjgf b|jqdf* h|d je{g|rhfr rggm~ rg ngf~jbd|&

Jffgqhrjgf {gmjnjd~ |dxtj|d |j~o rhojfi a|ge hmm ~jbd~- r|jhm hfb d||g| hfb ~gtfbdqhmthrjgf- jf hbbjrjgf rg r`d fdnd~~h|z {hrjdfnd rg ng{d yjr` r`d rjedmhi ldryddf r`d jfqd~redfr~ hfb r`d |d~tmr~& R`j~ ~ndfh|jg fddb~ {gmjrjnhmngf~df~t~ hfb ~t{{g|r rg ng{d yjr` r`d {g~~jlmd |j~o~&

0&< Jffgqhrjgf jf r`d |dijgfhm ngfrdpr

R`d DT


97/223


N g f r d f r ~

egbdm yjmm ld i|dhrmz mhnojfi jf ehfhidedfr& R`j~ {|gnd~~ et~r ld agtfbdbgf jbdfrjazjfi iggb {|hnrjnd~ jf bjd|dfr idgi|h{`jn hfb ~gnjhm ~ndfh|jg~hfb gf ~dh|n`jfi ag| h ngeegf bdfgejfhrg|&

^ged ga r`d xtd~rjgf~ r`hr h|j~d y`df igjfi bdd{d| jfrg r`d jfrd|hnrjgf ldryddfr`d bjd|dfr {gmjrjnhm bjedf~jgf~- g| igqd|fhfnd ga r`d jffgqhrjgf- h|d3

Y`hr rz{d~ ga {gmjnjd~ h|d eg~r h{{|g{|jhrd ag| dhn` bjedf~jgf Dt|g{dhf-

fhrjgfhm- |dijgfhm*7 Jfqd~rjfi jf jffgqhrjfi nh{hnjrz7 Idgi|h{`jnhmn`he{jgf~7 Nmt~rd|~7 Gr`d| {g~~jljmjrjd~7

Y`hr {gmjnjd~ agnt~db gf jfr|gbtnjfi ntmrt|hm n`hfid jffgqhrjgf j~ hfhrrjrtbd* nhf ld {|gegrdb7 @gy nhf hnhbdejh hfb lt~jfd~~ ld l|gti`rnmg~d| rgidr`d|7 Y`hr j~ bgfd jf dhn` ngtfr|z g| |dijgf7 Nhf yd mdh|fa|ge dhn` gr`d|7

Y`hr h|d r`d jffgqhrjgf h{{|g{|jhrjgf ~r|hrdijd~ gf h |dijgfhm mdqdm7

Y`hr j~ r`d eg~r d njdfr {|gnd~~ ag| je{mdedfrjfi r`d |dijgfhm ~r|hrdijnjffgqhrjgf hidfbh~7 Y`hr ddnr bgd~ r`d hbejfj~r|hrjgf rz{d `hqd7 J~ jr{g~~jlmd rg dpn`hfid iggb {|hnrjnd~ jf jffgqhrjgf ~r|hrdiz bd~jif hfbehfhidedfr ldryddf bjd|dfr |dijgf~ g| ngtfr|jd~7

Jf ~`g|r3 @gy nhf yd je{|gqd r`d igqd|fhfnd- r`d d njdfr t~d ga

jf~r|tedfr~ hfb r`d je{hnr ga r`d jffgqhrjgf {|gnd~~d~ hr |dijgfhmmdqdm7

Gfd n|tnjhm j~~td ag| hmm r`d~d xtd~rjgf~ j~ r`d h{{h|dfr ~nh|njrz ga bjhmgitdldryddf r`d nge{gfdfr~ ga r`d r|j{md `dmjp3 r`d {gmjnz mdqdm- r`d hnhbdejhhfb r`d {|gbtnrjgf ~z~rde& R`d ngeegf Dt|g{dhf {gmjnjd~ rh|idrdb hr{|gbtnrjgf ~z~rde ~t{{g|r ngtmb ld ~rjetmt~ ahnrg|~ ag| r`j~ bjhmgitd?fted|gt~ Dt|g{dhf jfjrjhrjqd~ h|d lh~db gf ~njdfrjn ~rtbjd~ r`hr `hqdjbdfrjdb |j~o~ hfb `hqd {|g{g~db ~gmtrjgf~- ltr r`dz `hqd fgr `hb eh|odr|d~{gf~d& R`d|d j~ fg {|gbtnrjgf ~z~rde g| ~dnrg| r`hr j~ hlmd rg atfnrjgfjf j~gmhrjgf a|ge r`d t{bhrdb g| fdy ~rhfbh|b~ g| dprd|fhm nge{drjrg|~& Jfahnr- r`d h{{dh|hfnd ga nmt~rd|~- h iggb jf~r|tedfr ihr`d|jfi r`d jfrd|d~rdb{h|rjd~ ga h ~dnrg|- jfnmtbjfi r`d nge{gfdfr~ ga r`d r|j{md `dmjp dqdf hr

r`dj| bjd|dfr mdqdm~- `h~ lddf h bdadf~jqd |d~{gf~d rg r`d mhy~ ga imglhmnge{drjrjgf? nge{hfjd~ bg fgr addm r`d fddb rg yg|o yjr` dprd|fhm hidfr~ g|yjr` r`dj| mgnhm nge{drjrg|~ ja r`dz bg fgr addm r`|dhrdfdb&

R`d ehfhidedfr ga r`d ~t{{g|r atfb~ lz bjd|dfr hbejfj~r|hrjgf~ n|dhrd~h {|gnd~~ ga ntmrt|hm h{{|g{|jhrjgf ag| dhn` hbejfj~r|hrjgf- ehojfi hfz|d~gt|nd jfrdi|hrjgf bj ntmr& Bjhmgitd ldryddf hbejfj~r|hrjgf~ j~ bj ntmr-d~{dnjhmmz y`df hnrjfi hr bjd|dfr mdqdm~? hfb r`d ~drrjfi ga {|jg|jrjd~ |d~{gfb~rg bjd|dfr {gmjnz mgij~rjn~- h~ ydmm h~ bjd|dfr ~n`dbtmd~&

Hbbjrjgfhm {|glmde~ h|d r`d bjd|dfr dp%hfrd hfb dp%{g~r dqhmthrjgf~ ga r`dbjd|dfr {|gi|heed~& Jr j~ bj ntmr rg ehrn` r`d edn`hfjn~ ga bdfjrjgf hfbh{{mjnhrjgf ga r`d ^A G{d|hrjqd [|gi|heed~ yjr` r`d bdfjrjgf ga {|jg|jrjd~hfb r`d nhmm ag| {|gcdnr~ a|ge r`d A[& R`d h~~d~~edfr n|jrd|jh h|d bjd|dfr-hfb ag| eg~r {mhffdb hnrjqjrjd~ hjedb hr {|gegrjfi jffgqhrjgf g| ~t{{g|rrg jfa|h~r|tnrt|d~ fddbdb jr j~ bj ntmr rg ngeljfd r`d t~d ga {d|ag|ehfnd


98/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B:9



jfbjnhrg|~ ga- hr mdh~r- lgr` {|gi|heed~& Eg|dgqd|- Hbejfj~r|hrjgf~ t~thmmz bgfgr `hqd {|g{d| n|jrd|jh yjr`jf jr~ |ditmh| atfnrjgfjfi rg jbdfrjaz dpndmmdfnd-y`jn` ~gedrjed~ rt|f~ gtr rg ld h {|glmde ag| ~`h|jfi n|jrd|jh ag| atfb~`h|jfi&

Jf ~teeh|z3 {|gndbt|hm egbdm~ fgr ~t{{g|rdb lz bdd{ ofgymdbid ga r`dntmrt|hm atfbhedfrhm~ hfb qhmtd~ ga h {h|rjntmh| |dijgf h|d dhqjmz eg|rihidbjf rd|e~ ga {g~~jlmd |d~tmr~&

0&> Etmrjbjedf~jgfhm ngg|bjfhrjgf j~~td~

Hmr`gti` hr r`d DT mdqdm- |~r ~rd{~ `hqd lddf rhodf rg hn`jdqd eg|d hfbldrrd| ~zfd|ijd~ ga {gmjnjd~ ldryddf 9r` A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed A[9*-r`d Nge{drjrjqdfd~~ hfb Jffgqhrjgf A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed NJ[* hfb r`d^r|tnrt|hm Atfb~ ^A*- r`d|d j~ ~rjmm h fddb rg ag~rd| r`j~ ngg{d|hrjgf hfb at|r`d|r|hf~mhrd r`d~d jfrg jfn|dh~db ~zfd|ijd~ jf {|hnrjnd&

H~ edfrjgfdb- r`d|d j~ h {|glmde ga igqd|fhfnd hfb ngffdnrjqjrz ldryddf r`dbjd|dfr mdqdm~ y`d|d hnrjgf~ ~`gtmb ld rhodf jf g|bd| rg |hj~d r`d d njdfnzhfb ddnrjqdfd~~ jf r`d t~d ga r`d bjd|dfr jf~r|tedfr~- hfb r`d ng`d|dfndldryddf r`d |dijgfhm- fhrjgfhm hfb Dt|g{dhf {gmjnz rgyh|b~ jffgqhrjgf-

lt~jfd~~ ~t{{g|r hfb t~d ga r`d \RB nh{hnjrz& [mhrag|e~ ag| bdqdmg{jfimdh|fjfi {|gnd~~d~ gf r`d~d j~~td~ hegfi |dijgf~ `hqd lddf bdqdmg{db&@gydqd|- jf g|bd| rg ld d njdfr hfb rg |dhn` h n|jrjnhm eh~~- r`dz fddb rgld eg|d ~z~rdehrjn hfb ihr`d| ~dqd|hm Bj|dnrg|hrd~%Idfd|hm~& Atfb~ b|jqdflz ng`d~jgf hfb yjr` h {mhnd%lh~db%{d|~{dnrjqd et~r ld nge{mdedfrh|zyjr` r`g~d b|jqdf lz ~njdfrjn hfb rdn`fgmgijnhm dpndmmdfnd hfb'g| r|hf~%Dt|g{dhf ngg{d|hrjgf hfb jfrd|fhrjgfhm g{dfjfi&

R`d eg~r dqjbdfr lh||jd|~ rg hn`jdqd r`d etmrjbjedf~jgfhm ngg|bjfhrjgf h|dr`d agmmgyjfi3

Bjd|dfnd~ jf {|gndbt|d~ y`jn` bg fgr |d~{gfb rg atfnrjgfhm bjd|dfnd~ldryddf jf~r|tedfr~ hfb mhno ga jfrd|hnrjgf ldryddf igqd|fhfnd~r|tnrt|d~ jf {h|rjntmh| ngeejrrdd~*& Fdqd|r`dmd~~ r`j~ eji`r mh|idmz ld

je{|gqdb r`|gti` ldrrd| ngg{d|hrjgf'ngg|bjfhrjgf ldryddf ^A hfb A[~~rhod`gmbd|~- hr |dijgfhm- fhrjgfhm hfb Dt|g{dhf mdqdm~&

Dqhmthrjgf egbdm~ hfb ~`h|db ehfhidedfr |d~{gf~jljmjrz egbdm~& Jr j~bj ntmr rg nge{h|d {|gi|heed~ y`g~d fhfnjfi hfb ehfhidedfr h|dngfndfr|hrdb jf h ~jfimd hidfr a|ge {|gi|heed~ y`d|d bjd|dfr hidfr~h~~ted r`d rh~o~ ga fhfnjfi hfb ehfhidedfr& Jf r`j~ ~dngfb nh~d- jrj~ fgr nmdh| y`g |d~{gfb~ rg r`d eg~r d njdfr t~d ga atfb~ g| y`g j~ jfn`h|id ga {d|ag|ejfi r`d dqhmthrjgf&

Jfrdfbdb je{hnr bgd~ fgr hmyhz~ ehrn` hnrthm |d~tmr& A g{rjehm t~d ~`gtmbi`r hihjf~r r`d a|hiedfrhrjgf ga r`d Tfjgf~ cgjfr |d~dh|n` nh{hnjrzlz jfqd~rjfi jf r`d ngfrdpr ga h Dt|g{dhf hbbdb%qhmtd ~r|hrdiz- r|hf~%fhrjgfhm ngg{d|hrjgf {d|~{dnrjqd hfb ~zfd|ijd~ yjr` ydmm%atfnrjgfjfi

r|hf~%fhrjgfhm {mhrag|e~ ~tn` h~ r`d Dfrd|{|j~d Dt|g{d Fdryg|o&Mhno ga h nge{|d`df~jqd etmrj%mdqdm igqd|fhfnd egbdm& Dt|g{d


99/223


N g f r d f r ~

^r|hrdiz hfb r`d DT \d~dh|n` hfb Jffgqhrjgf [mhf ~`gtmb {|gqjbd r`j~fdy ~r|hrdijn a|hedyg|o yjr`gtr bt{mjnhrjgf ga dg|r~&

Hf h{{h|dfr ngfr|hbjnrjgf ~rhfb~ gtr ldryddf r`d ng`d~jgf hfb dngfgejnbdqdmg{edfr ighm~ ga r`d ^r|tnrt|hm Atfb~ hfb r`d A|hedyg|o [|gi|heed~~dh|n` ag| dpndmmdfnd& @gydqd|- jr j~ fgr |dhmj~rjn rg ngf~jbd| r`hr r`d~djf~r|tedfr~ `hqd bjd|dfr ighm~& A[ hfb ^A h|d ryg nge{mdedfrh|zjf~r|tedfr~ yjr` h ngeegf glcdnrjqd3 ehpjej~d ofgymdbid%lh~db

dngfgejn {grdfrjhm r`|gti`gtr r`d Tfjgf& R`d |dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf j~ n|tnjhmag| bdehfb%mdb jffgqhrjgf lh~db gf r`d bdqdmg{edfr ga jffgqhrjgf a|jdfbmzlt~jfd~~ dfqj|gfedfr~&

Jf r`d nt||dfr bdlhrd gf r`d atrt|d DT atfb~ tfbd| r`d fdy fhfnjhm{d|~{dnrjqd~ ~ged {g~jrjgf~ ~dde rg ~tiid~r r`hr r`d Ng`d~jgf [gmjnz Atfb~`jfbd|~ r`d dpndmmdfnd ga A[9 yjr` ng`d~jgf h~{dnr~& @gydqd|- r`d ehcg|bjd|dfnd ldryddf r`d A[ hfb r`d ^r|tnrt|hm Atfb~ j~ r`hr r`d mhrrd| h|deg~rmz {|d%hmmgnhrdb- y`jmd r`d A[ hmmgnhrjgf~ h|d lh~db gf nge{drjrjgf& Lgr`rz{d~ ga atfb~ nhf ~t{{g|r dpndmmdfnd& Ld~jbd~- r`d A[9 hm|dhbz `h~ h ~ehmm{h|r y`jn` j~ hmmgnhrdb gf r`d lh~j~ ga fddb ag| {gmjnz bdqdmg{edfr hfbnh{hnjrz ltjmbjfi- fgr dpndmmdfnd3 r`d \DI[GR {|gcdnr~&

0&2 ^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf3 h|d r`dz {g~~jlmd7R`d rjrmd ga r`j~ ~dnrjgf {gjfr~ gtr gfd ga r`d odz xtd~rjgf~ hbb|d~~db jf r`dYJ\D ngfad|dfnd& H~ |d{mjdb lz ~dqd|hm ~{ddn`d~ hfb |gtfb rhlmd~- r`d hf~yd|j~ nhrdig|jnhmmz ZD^- r`dz h|d {g~~jlmd& @gydqd|- fgr hmm ~rhod`gmbd|~ h|d jfr`d {g~jrjgf ga g{rjehmmz dp{mgjrjfi r`d~d ~zfd|ijd~&

Ag| r`d|dhmjshrjgf ga ~zfd|ijd~- hnrg|~ ~`gtmb eddr ~ged {|dngfbjrjgf~3Nmdh| tfbd|~rhfbjfi ga glcdnrjqd~ rg hn`jdqd yjr` hnrjgf~

Nmdh| jbdh ga r`d ~ng{d hfb n`h|hnrd|j~rjn~ ga DT fhfnjhm jf~r|tedfr~

Nh{hnjrz rg mggo ag| jfrd|hnrjgf~ hegfi {|gcdnr~ hfb hnrjqjrjd~ rg fhfnd&

Yd nhf fb dphe{md~ ga ~zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf~ jf r`d h|dh ga nmt~rd|~ hfb

jf |d~dh|n` jfa|h~r|tnrt|d~& Tfbgtlrdbmz- r`d jbdfrjnhrjgf ga ~tnnd~~atmdp{d|jdfnd~ jf ngeljfjfi bjd|dfr atfbjfi nhf ld qd|z t~datm ag| gr`d||dijgf~ r`hr yhfr rg ngfrjftd r`j~ {hr`& Ag| dphe{md- jf {hjf- NBRJ FhrjgfhmJffgqhrjgf [|gegrjgf Hidfnz* t~d~ r|tnrt|hm Atfb~ rg |djfag|nd ngg{d|hrjgf'ngeetfjnhrjgf'ngg|bjfhrjgf ldryddf Fhrjgfhm Ngfrhnr [gjfr~ FN[* gaA[9 hfb fhrjgfhm ehfhid|~ ga jfrd|fhrjgfhm \!B {|gi|heed~ hfb \dijgfhm{tlmjn hidfr~ {|gegrjfi- fhfnjfi hfb ~rjetmhrjfi \!B hfb Jffgqhrjgfr`|gti` jfag|ehrjgf nhe{hjfi~- hnrjqd ~dh|n` ga {h|rfd|~ hfb h~~j~rhfndjf {|d{h|hrjgf ga {|g{g~hm~& R`d ~g%nhmmdb Rdn`fgmgiz Atfb


100/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B::



fhfndb tfbd| r`d \d~dh|n` hfb Bdqdmg{edfr ag| Jffgqhrjgf G{d|hrjgfhm[|gi|heed- jr yh~ bdegf~r|hrdb r`d yjmm ga ldfdnjh|jd~ rg ngeljfdbjd|dfr DT rggm~& ^zfd|ijd~ ldryddf fhrjgfhm hfb bjd|dfr DT jf~r|tedfr~h|d {g~~jlmd ltr r`d|d h|d ~rjmm ~jifjnhfr lh||jd|~ y`jn` ehod r`d n|dhrjgf ga~zfd|ijd~ hfb nge{mdedfrh|z t~d ga atfb~ bj ntmr& R`d~d lh||jd|~ et~r ldjbdfrjdb hfb mjardb&

R`d \dijgfhm [grdfrjhm [|gi|heed \DI[GR* ga r`d Nh{hnjrjd~ [|gi|heed

ga A[9 j~ hfgr`d| nh~d y`d|d ~zfd|ijd~ h|d {g~~jlmd& R`j~ [|gi|heed- hjedb hr~t{{g|rjfi dpndmmdfr |d~dh|n` ndfr|d~ mgnhrdb jf Ngfqd|idfnd |dijgf~- j~ gfdga r`d eg~r nge{drjrjqd {|gi|heed~ jf A[9& Jf ahnr- r`d fteld| ga ~tlejrrdb{|g{g~hm~ j~ qd|z `ji` hlgtr 4;; jf r`d mh~r


101/223


102/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B8;8



bj~ngqd|z& R`d ~tlcdnr ga h |dijgfhm ~{dnjhmjshrjgf fddb~ rg ld jbdfrjdb jfh lgrrge%t{ dfr|d{|dfdt|jhm {|gnd~~& Gyfd|~`j{ lz |dijgfhm mdqdm hnrg|~{tlmjn lgbjd~ hfb gr`d| ~rhod`gmbd|~* hfb de{gyd|edfr yjr`gtr jd|h|n`zetmrj%mdqdm igqd|fhfnd* yd|d ~ddf h~ r`d ld~r ngfbjrjgf~ ag| ngeejredfrhfb ~t~rhjfdb dg|r~ ag| je{mdedfrhrjgf&

R`d n`gjnd ga jf~r|tedfr~ hfb edr gb~ ag| r`d je{mdedfrhrjgf ga |dijgfhmjffgqhrjgf ~r|hrdijd~ ~`gtmb ld glcdnrjqd%b|jqdf- fgr jf~r|tedfr%b|jqdf& Jf

gr`d| yg|b~- r`d fddb~ ga r`d jffgqhrjgf hnrg|~ hfb r`d hje~ ga r`d ~r|hrdiz ~`gtmbld r`d ~rh|rjfi {gjfr rg bd~jif h bdmjqd|z edn`hfj~e& R`d|dag|d- at|r`d| dp%{g~rdqhmthrjgf ~`gtmb t~d h~ h n|jrd|jgf r`d atmmedfr ga r`d d~rhlmj~`db glcdnrjqd~&

Eg|dgqd|- ~{jmm%gqd| ddnr~ a|ge gr`d| |dijgf~ ~`gtmb ld ngf~jbd|db jf r`dbd~jif ga hf je{mdedfrhrjgf edr`gb& Ag| dphe{md- r`d nmg~dfd~~ ga |d~dh|n`ahnjmjrjd~ jf h fdji`lgt|jfi |dijgf g| r`d {grdfrjhm bdehfb ag| {h|rjnj{hrjgfjf ngmmhlg|hrjgf {mhrag|e~ g| mjqjfi mhl~ a|ge dfrd|{|j~d~ jf gr`d| |dijgf~~`gtmb ld ngf~jbd|db& R`d g{df jffgqhrjgf h{{|ghn` rg |dijgfhm jffgqhrjgf~t{{g|r ~z~rde~ ygtmb ej||g| r`d g{df jffgqhrjgf ~r|hrdijd~ ga dfrd|{|j~d~-y`jn` hnofgymdbid r`d n|dhrjqd hfb jffgqhrjqd {grdfrjhm lz idrrjfi a|d~`jbdh~ a|ge gtr~jbd&

Bt|jfi r`d ngfad|dfnd- jr `h~ h|j~df h {|g{g~hm ag| r`d n|dhrjgf ga hf

Gl~d|qhrg|z ga Dt|g{dhf atfbjfi- y`jn` ygtmb `hqd r`d rh~o ga jbdfrjazjfinh~d~ ga iggb {|hnrjnd~&

Jffgqhrjgf h~ h g|jsgfrhm rh|idr- rg ~r|dfir`df {gmjnz ~zfd|ijd~>&

R`d Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf j~ rhojfi r`d mdhbjfi |gmd jf ehojfi Jffgqhrjgf h`g|jsgfrhm rh|idr& Jfbddb- Jffgqhrjgf j~ gfd ga r`d {|jg|jrjd~ ga r`d ^r|hrdizDT


103/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;8;;%:324 Ydmnged

Egfr~d||hr Rg|f % Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm ga Jfrd|fhrjgfhmNgg{d|hrjgf hfb Jf~rjrtrjgfhm \dmhrjgf~`j{~- Ejfj~r|z ga njdfndhfb Jffgqhrjgf ^{hjf*

\gld|r%Chf ^ejr~ % Bj|dnrg| ga Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh3|d~dh|n` {|gi|heed~ hfb nh{hnjrz- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

:324%883;; G{dfjfi ~d~~jgf3 zfd|ijd~ ga [gmjnjd~& ^{hfj~` hfb DThtr`g|jrjd~

N|j~rjfh Ih|edfbjh % Ejfj~rd| ga ^njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf^{hjf*

Cg`hffd~@h`f % Ngeej~~jgfd| ag| \dijgfhm [gmjnz- Dt|g{dhfNgeej~~jgf

Ehj|d Idgi`dihf%Xtjff % Ngeej~~jgfd| ag| \d~dh|n`-Jffgqhrjgf hfb njdfnd- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Bhftrh @lfd| % [|d~jbdfr ga r`d Ngeejrrdd ag| \dijgfhmBdqdmg{edfr- Dt|g{dhf [h|mjhedfr

Eh|rjf ^gmd| \dijgfhm Ejfj~rd| ga Jffgqhrjgf ^njdfnd hfbDfrd|{|j~d ga r`d Hfbhmt~jhf Igqd|fedfr ^{hjf*


113/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;88; Ngaadd ([\D^^ NGFAD\DFND AG\ EDBJH BDMDIHRD^*

883>;%83;;%843;; Mtfn` hfb {g~rd| dp`jljrjgf

843;;%893;; \gtfb Rhlmd 83 ^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf3 h|d r`dz {g~~jlmd7 % Qjdy gaehjf hnrg|~

N`hj|3 \tbgma r|g`edjd| Bd{trz Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm ga \d~dh|n`-Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

\h{{g|rdt|3 Id|ef I|hfbh % @dhb ga Tfjr A|hfnd- Bj|dnrg|hrdIdfd|hm \dijgfhm [gmjnz- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Eh|jg [dssjfj % @dhb ga Rd||jrg|jhm \dqjdy~ hfb Igqd|fhfndBjqj~jgf- GDNB

Mh|~ Egfrdmjt~% Bj|dnrg| ag| |d~tfb~ Tfjqd|~rjrz- jfrd|%ngtfr|z^ydbdf Bdfeh|o hfb Id|ehfz ^ydbdf*

Cg~d Bgejfitds%Hlh~nhm ^dn|drh|z Idfd|hm HLDFIGH^{hjf*


114/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B88>

HFFDP J& G\IHFJSHRJGF GA YJ\D3

NGFRDFR HFB AG\EHR

Rhfh [d|imgqh Bd{trz Bj|dnrg| ga r`d DT G{d|hrjgfhm[|gi|heed~ ~dnrjgf- Ejfj~r|z ga Dbtnhrjgf- Zgtr` hfb ^{g|r~Nsdn` \d{tlmjn*

893;;%893>; \d~dh|n` hfb Jffgqhrjgf jf r`d mji`r ga r`d Ng`d~jgf [gmjnz hfbDT


115/223


N g f r d f r ~

:3>;%803;; NGFAD\DFND \DIJGF^ GA OFGYMDBID [H\HMMDM*

R`j~ ~d~~jgf j~ bdqgrdb rg r`d [|gi|heed \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid- y`jn` j~ {h|r gar`d A[9 Nh{hnjrjd~ [|gi|heed& R`d glcdnrjqd ga r`j~ {|gi|heed j~ ~r|dfir`dfjfi

r`d |d~dh|n` {grdfrjhm ga Dt|g{dhf |dijgf~- jf {h|rjntmh| lz dfngt|hijfi hfb~t{{g|rjfi r`d bdqdmg{edfr- hn|g~~ Dt|g{d- ga |dijgfhm |d~dh|n`%b|jqdf nmt~rd|~h~~gnjhrjfi |dijgfhm htr`g|jrjd~- tfjqd|~jrjd~- |d~dh|n` ndfr|d~- dfrd|{|j~d~ hfbgr`d| ~rhod`gmbd|~Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf N3;; \gtfb Rhlmd


116/223



NGFRDFR HFB AG\EHR

^qd||d ^giid % ^dfjg| Hbqj~d|- \d~dh|n` Ngtfnjm hfb FhrjgfhmNgfrhnr [gjfr ag| \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid hfb \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm{|gi|heed~ Fg|yhz*

^zmqjh ^n`d|djld| % Bj|dnrg|- ^rtrrih|r \dijgf DT G ndId|ehfz*

N`|j~rjhf Hmrehff % Nmt~rd| ehfhid| Nmt~rd|mhfb Ht~r|jh*

8>3;;%823>; Mtfn` hfb {g~rd| dp`jljrjgf

823>;%813>; \R > Nmt~rd|~3 h {gmjnz g| h rggm ag| h {gmjnz7

N`hj|3 N`h|mgrrd L|gidf % Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm hr QJFFGQH^ydbdf*

^d~~jgf \h{{g|rdt|3 Ojfn~g Js~ho [gmjnz G nd|- Tfjr ^t{{g|rag| Jffgqhrjgf- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm Dfrd|{|j~d hfb Jfbt~r|z-

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf[hr|jno Qtjmmd|egs % \d~dh|n` hfb Jffgqhrjgf Ehfhid|- {gmd gange{drjrjqdfd~~ [mh~rj{gmj~ A|hfnd*

Rdh [dr|jf [|gad~~g| hr Tfjqd|~jrz ga Mctlmchfh- N`hj| ga DN[I^mgqdfjh*

^qdf%Itffh| Dbmtfb \d~{gf~jlmd ag| r`d Lhmrjn ^dh \dijgfR|hf~fhrjgfhm Nmt~rd|- QJFFGQH ^ydbdf*

Odjr` @h||h{ Ehfhijfi Bj|dnrg| ga ^njdfnd Ngf~tmrhfnz Mrb-AGGB nmt~rd| ngg|bjfhrg| TO*

Ejn`dm Ihfggrd Dt|g{dhf Bdmdihrd- ^r|hrdiz hfbBdqdmg{edfr G^DG* hfb RHNRJN^'DNH ngg|bjfhrg| A|hfnd*

813>;%893;; Ngaadd

893;;%803;; @gy rg G{rjej~d r`d je{hnr ga r`d \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid[|gi|heed&

N`hj|3 Cdhf%Bhqjb Ehmg % @dhb ga Tfjr ag| \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbidhfb \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- DN Bd~jifhrdb ^d|qjnd Ehfhid|ag| \^AA je{mdedfrhrjgf- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga \d~dh|n`-

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf


117/223


N g f r d f r ~

N`|j~rjhf ^htlmdf~ % ^dn|drh|z Idfd|hm ga DT\HBH Dt|g{dhfH~~gnjhrjgf ga Bdqdmg{edfr Hidfnjd~*

^r{`hfd Yh`h @dhb ga Dt|g{dhf Hhj|~- Tfjgf ga YhmmggfDfrd|{|j~d~ Ldmijte*

:3>;%803;; NGFAD\DFND \D^DH\N@ [GRDFRJHM [H\HMMDM*

R`j~ ~d~~jgf j~ bdqgrdb rg r`d [|gi|heed \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- y`jn` j~ {h|r gar`d A[9 Nh{hnjrjd~ [|gi|heed& R`d glcdnrjqd ga r`j~ {|gi|heed j~ ^rjetmhrjfi r`d|dhmj~hrjgf ga r`d atmm |d~dh|n` {grdfrjhm ga r`d dfmh|idb Tfjgf lz tfmgnojfi hfb bdqdmg{jfidpj~rjfi g| ded|ijfi dpndmmdfnd jf r`d DT~ ngfqd|idfnd |dijgf~ hfb gtrd|eg~r |dijgf~-hfb `dm{jfi rg ~r|dfir`df r`d nh{hnjrjd~ ga r`dj| |d~dh|n`d|~ rg ~tnnd~~atmmz {h|rjnj{hrdjf |d~dh|n` hnrjqjrjd~ hr Ngeetfjrz mdqdm Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf N


118/223



NGFRDFR HFB AG\EHR

^d~~jgf \h{{g|rdt|3 Idg|ijh Rsdfgt Hbejfj~r|hrg| jfFhrjgfhm Bgntedfrhrjgf Ndfr|d'F@\A- Ngg|bjfhrg| gaDt|g{dhfFdryg|o ga \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm FN[~ I|ddnd*

Hmhjf Lg|idm \d~dh|n`d| hr Jf~rjrtrd ga \d~dh|n` ag|Bdqdmg{edfr J\B*- Ngg|bjfhrg| \TF^DH^NJDFND {|gcdnrA|hfnd*

D|fd~rg Ahrg|t~~g [|gad~~g| hr Tfjqd|~jrz ga Fh{md~-

Ngg|bjfhrg| Fhr[`h|eh {|gcdnr Jrhmz*Rhzatf Hojf [`&B& jf Dmdnr|gfjnhm Dfijfdd|jfi- EjbbmdDh~r rdn`fjnhm tfjqd|~jrz Rt|odz*

^rdahf Ydjd|~ [gmjnz G nd|- Tfjr \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid hfb\d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga \d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhfNgeej~~jgf

8>3;;%823>; Mtfn` hfb {g~rd| dp`jljrjgf

823>;%843>; R`d |gmd ga Yd~rd|f Lhmohf Ngtfr|jd~ jf r`d \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm[|gi|heed

N`hj|3\gld|r%Chf ^ejr~ % Bj|dnrg| ga Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh3|d~dh|n` {|gi|heed~ hfb nh{hnjrz- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Qjorg| Fdbgqjn % H~~j~rhfr Ejfj~rd| ag| Jfrd|fhrjgfhm Ngg{d|hrjgf^d|ljh*

Qjgmdrh Hrhfh~gq~oh % Ejfj~r|z ga ^njdfnd Ag|ed| Ztig~mhq\d{tlmjn ga Ehndbgfjh % AZ\GE*

843>;%813>; \R 43 H |dijgfhm {gmjnz ag| r`d Gtrd|eg~r |dijgf~7N`hj|3 Cthf \tjs Hmsgmh % Bj|dnrg| ga Hidfnz ag| \d~dh|n` hfbJffgqhrjgf- Nhfh|z J~mhfb~ Igqd|fedfr ^{hjf*

^d~~jgf \h{{g|rdt|3 ^rdahf Ydjd|~ [gmjnz G nd|- Tfjr\dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbid hfb \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- Bj|dnrg|hrdIdfd|hm ga \d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Nh|mg~ [g|rtit~ Nh||jmmg % Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm ag| |dmhrjgf~ yjr`Dt|g{d- Nhfh|z J~mhfb~ |dijgf ^{hjf*

Cg~d Lgfe \d~dh|n`d| NJ^D[ % \d~dh|n` Ndfr|d ga r`d Ahntmrzga Dngfgejn~ ga r`d Rdn`fjnhm Tfjqd|~jrz ga Mj~lgf [g|rtihm*

^rd{`hfd \htb % Bj|dnrg| ga rdn`fgmgiz r|hf~ad| hfb jfbt~r|jhm

|dmhrjgf~- Jf~rjrtrd ga \d~dh|n` ag| Bdqdmg{edfr J\B* A|hfnd*Cdhf%Mgtj~ BHfimdld|ed~ % \dijgfhm Ejfj~rd| ga Fdy NhmdbgfjhA|hfnd*


119/223


N g f r d f r ~

813>;%893;; Ngaadd

893;;%803;; @gy rg g{rjej~d r`d je{hnr ga r`d \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm[|gi|heed&

N`hj|3 Eh|jh Ohzhehfjbgt [gmjnz G nd|- Tfjr \dijgf~ gaOfgymdbid hfb \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Hfrgf Hfrgf [|gad~~g| hr Rdn`fjnhm Tfjqd|~jrz ga NjqjmDfijfdd|jfi Ltn`h|d~r- ag|ed| ejfj~rd| ag| \d~dh|n`\gehfjh*

Hpdm Mdèhf % [|gad~~g| hr Tfjqd|~jrr bd| Ltfbd~yd`|- EtfjnÌd|ehfz*

803;4%803>; [MDFH\Z D^^JGF

803;4%803>; \d{g|r~ ga|h{{g|rdt|~ hfb Ngfnmt~jgf~

D~rdmmd Egtidgr%Md|gz % dfjg| ngf~tmrhfr D njdfr Rdn`fgmgiz-hnrjfi h~ r`d idfd|hm |h{{g|rdt| ag| r`d \dijgf~ ga Ofgymdbidngfad|dfnd A|hfnd*:3>;%803>;*

Ehfa|db @g|qhr % [|gad~~g| hr Qjdffh Tfjqd|~jrz ga Rdn`fgmgizhfb Jfbd{dfbdfr Dp{d|r ag| Dt|g{dhf hfb Jfrd|fhrjgfhm\d~dh|n` hfb Rdn`fgmgiz Ngg{d|hrjgf- hnrjfi h~ r`d idfd|hm|h{{g|rdt| ag| r`d \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm ngfad|dfnd Ht~r|jh*:3>;%803>;*

\gld|r%Chf êjr~ % Bj|dnrg| ga Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh3|d~dh|n` {|gi|heed~ hfb nh{hnjrz- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

; Ihmh bjffd|


120/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B88:


NGFRDFR HFB AG\EHR

BHZ >3 EH\N@ 89R@

:3;;%8;3>; [MDFH\Z D^^JGF

:3;;%:3;4 [|d~dfrhrjgf ga r`d cgt|fdz\hahdm \gb|jitds%Nmdedfrd [|gad~~g| hr ^{hfj~` \d~dh|n`Ngtfnjm hfb ^{hfj~` |d{|d~dfrhrjqd jf \DIJGF~ hfb \DI[GR{|gi|heed~ ^{hjf*

:3;4%:3>; GDNB ^rtbz gf \dijgfhm Bjedf~jgf ga Jffgqhrjgf

Nmhj|d Fhtydmhd|~ % [gmjnz Hfhmz~r- Jffgqhrjgf Tfjr- Bjqj~jgfag| Nge{drjrjqdfd~~ hfb \dijgfhm Igqd|fhfnd ga r`d [tlmjnIgqd|fhfnd hfb Rd||jrg|jhm Bdqdmg{edfr Bj|dnrjgf- GDNBG|ihfj~hrjgf ag| Dngfgejn Bdqdmg{edfr hfb Ngg{d|hrjgf*

N`hj|3 \hahdm \gb|jitds%Nmdedfrd [|gad~~g| hr ^{hfj~`

\d~dh|n` Ngtfnjm hfb ^{hfj~` |d{|d~dfrhrjqd jf \DIJGF~ hfb\DI[GR {|gi|heed~ ^{hjf*

:3>;%8;3>; \gtfb Rhlmd 13 Hnhbdejh%Jfbt~r|z |dmhrjgf~`j{3 Jfrdmmdnrthm[|g{d|rz \ji`r~ hfb Rdn`fgmgiz R|hf~ad|

N`hj|3 Cthf Jifhnjg Igjngmdh \dijgfhm Qjnd%Ejfj~rd| ag|Jffgqhrjgf hfb Rdn`fgmgiz- Lh~xtd Ngtfr|z ^{hjf*

\h{{g|rdt|3 Hfrgfjg Qhmqd|bd % Bj|dnrg| ga JBDH Hidfnz- Ctfrhbd Hfbhmtnh ^{hjf*

Idg|i H|rdm~ehj| % Tfjr Ng%g|bjfhrg| ag| Edeld| ^rhrd~-Dt|g{dhf [hrdfr G nd

N`|j~rjhf htlmdf~ % ^dn|drh|z Idfd|hm ga DT\HBH Ldmijte*

Hmdphfb|h Ehz| Rdn`fgmgiz R|hf~ad| Dp{d|r hr r`dJfrd|fhrjgfhm [|gcdnr Ehfhidedfr G nd- Tfjqd|~jrz gaHmjnhfrd ^{hjf*

8;3>;%883;; Ngaadd


121/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;83;; [H\HMMDM ^D^^JGF H3 IGQD\FHFND

883;;%8>3;; \R 9 Igqd|fhfnd& Ng`d|dfnd hr |dijgfhm- fhrjgfhm hfb Dt|g{dhfmdqdm

N`hj|3 Bhejdf [|j~~ \d~{gf~jlmd ag| Jffgqhrjgf hfbNge{drjrjqdfd~~ ga r`d Ngfad|dfnd ga [d|j{`d|jnhm hfb Eh|jrjed\dijgf~ NE[\*

\h{{g|rdt|3 Ohrch \d{{dm % Bd{trz @dhb ga Tfjr Jffgqhrjgf{gmjnz bdqdmg{edfr- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm Dfrd|{|j~d hfbJfbt~r|z- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Odfr Cg`hf~~gf \dijgfhm Ngtfnjmmg| ga |dijgf Q~r|h Irhmhfb^ydbdf*

Phljd| Igdfhih @dhb ga Ofgymdbid ag| I|gyr` Tfjr- Jf~rjrtrdag| [|g~{dnrjqd Rdn`fgmgijnhm rtbjd~ %J[R^%

Ijmld|r C& Bdnmd|no% Dpdntrjqd G nd| hfb Edeld| ga r`d Lgh|bga JEDN Jfrd|fhrjgfhm % Jfrd|tfjqd|~jrz Ejn|gDmdnr|gfjn~ Ndfrd|Ldmijte*

Nh|mg~ Eh|rjfds%\jd|h % Bj|dnrg| ga r`d Dt|g{dhf G nd- Ejfj~r|zga ^njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf ^{hjf*

^rdahfjh N|grrh % @dhb ga Tfjr \d~dh|n`- Jffgqhrjgf hfbNge{drjrjqdfd~~- [jdegfrd \dijgf Jrhmz*

883;;%8>3;; [H\HMMDM ^D^^JGF L3 JF^R\TEDFR^

883;;%8>3;; \R 0 Jf~r|tedfr~& Y`hr h|d r`dz hfb `gy nhf r`dz yg|o jfngeljfhrjgf7& @gy nhf |dijgf~ {|gegrd r`d t~d ga bjd|dfrjf~r|tedfr~ hfb r`dj| jfrd|hnrjgf~&

N`hj|3 Itz Nmht~~d % Dt|g{dhf Jfqd~redfr Lhfo DJL*

\h{{g|rdt|3 Cdhf%Bhqjb Ehmg % @dhb ga Tfjr ag| \dijgf~ gaOfgymdbid hfb \d~dh|n` [grdfrjhm- DN Bd~jifhrdb ^d|qjndEhfhid| ag| \^AA je{mdedfrhrjgf- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

[drd| Yg~rfd| Bd{trz Bj|dnrg| ga Igqd|fedfr G nd ag|Mgnhm dma%Igqd|fedfr hfb \dijgfhm [gmjnz ^mgqdfjh*

N`|j~rg{`d| Cg`f @tmm Idfd|hm ^dn|drh|z ga DH\RG TO*

Idg|dz L|jrrgf % N`hj|ehf Dt|g{dhf Adb& Hnngtfrhfr~ hfbHtbjrg|~ TO*

Ld|f|b \djn`d|b % @dhb ga Tfjr \d~dh|n` hfb ED~- Bj|dnrg|hrd

Idfd|hm ga \d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgfCdhf%A|hfgj~ Hitjfhih % @dhb ga Tfjr Lt~jfd~~ ng%g{d|hrjgf


122/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B83;; [H\HMMDM ^D^^JGF N3 DQHMTHRJGF HFB JE[HNR

883;;%8>3;; \R : @gy rg edh~t|d r`d je{hnr ga \RB hfb Jffgqhrjgf ~t{{g|rrg |dijgfhm dngfgejn bdqdmg{edfr&

N`hj|3 [drd| Ojfb % Bj|dnrg| J[R^

\h{{g|rdt|3 D|jn Btadjm % @dhb ga Tfjr ^{hjf- Bj|dnrg|hrdIdfd|hm ag| \dijgfhm [gmjnz- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

Cg~ Mtj~ Ohj~d| % Bd{trz Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm ag| Rd||jrg|jhm[|gi|heejfi hfb Dqhmthrjgf ga Ngeetfjrz [|gi|heed~-Ejfj~r|z ga Dngfgez hfb Ajfhfnd ^{hjf*

Hfb|sdc ^jdeh~sog % Bj|dnrg| Fhrjgfhm Ngfrhnr [gjfr~ G nd

[gmhfb*Omht~ n`tn` % dfjg| \d~dh|n`d|- S^J ^gnjhm Jffgqhrjgf Ndfr|d*Ht~r|jh*

[`jmj{{d Qhf|jd % N`jda dpdntrjqd G nd| DLF Dt|g{dhf Lt~jfd~~fdryg|o* Ldmijte*

Jhf EnNgtmm % Bj|dnrg| ga Jffgqhrjgf- ^ngrmhfb Bdqdmg{edfrHidfnz TO*

8>3;;%823;; Mtfn`

823;;%803;; [MDFH\Z D^^JGF

823;;%843>; \gtfb Rhlmd 8;3 \d{g|r lz |h{{g|rdt|~hfb bj~nt~~jgf

N`hj|3 Egfr~d||hr Rg|f % Bj|dnrg| Idfd|hm ga Jfrd|fhrjgfhmNgg{d|hrjgf hfb Jf~rjrtrjgfhm \dmhrjgf~`j{~- Ejfj~r|z ga njdfndhfb Jffgqhrjgf- ^{hjf*

\h{{g|rdt|3Nh|mg~ Eh|rjfds%\jd|h % Bj|dnrg| ga r`d Dt|g{dhfG nd- Ejfj~r|z ga ^njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf ^{hjf*

\R83 Ehftdm Ihqj|h % Tfjr A|hfnd- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm \dijgfhm[gmjnz- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf


123/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;8;%813;; Ngaadd

813;;%893;; ^zfd|ijd~ ga hnrjgf~3 Odz ed~~hid~ a|ge YJ\D&

N`hj|3 \gld|r%Chf ^ejr~ %Bj|dnrg| ga Dt|g{dhf \d~dh|n` H|dh3|d~dh|n` {|gi|heed~ hfb nh{hnjrz- Bj|dnrg|hrd Idfd|hm ga\d~dh|n`- Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf

[|d~jbdfr ga r`d Ngeejrrdd ag| \dijgfhm Bdqdmg{edfr-Dt|g{dhf [h|mjhedfr

Cthf Rge~ @d|fhfj % ^dn|drh|z Idfd|hm ga Jffgqhrjgf- Ejfj~r|zga njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf ^{hjf*

Lch|fd Oj|~dlge % N`jda Hbqj~d| Dt|g{dhf ! Jfrd|fhrjgfhm Hhj|~\d~dh|n`- Ejfj~r|z ga Dbtnhrjgf ^ydbdf*

893;;%893>; Ngfnmtbjfi |deh|o~N`hj|3 Admj{d [r|js % ^dn|drh|z ga ^rhrd ag| \d~dh|n`- Ejfj~r|z ga^njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf ^{hjf*

Ldfgr Nd|dp`d Ejfj~rd| ga r`d L|tpdmmd~%Nh{jrhmd |dijgf- jfn`h|id ag| \!B bt|jfi fdpr [|d~jbdfnz Ldmijte*

A|hfnj~ng Hfb|~ R|jitd|g % \dijgfhm ^dn|drh|z Idfd|hm ag|Tfjqd|~jrjd~- \d~dh|n` hfb Rdn`fgmgiz- \dijgfhm Ejfj~r|z gaJffgqhrjgf- ^njdfnd hfb Dfrd|{|j~d ga r`d Hfbhmtnh \dijgfhmIgqd|fedfr ^{hjf*

893>;%803;; [\D^^ NGFAD\DFND AG\ EDBJH BDMDIHRD^


124/223



NGFRDFR HFB AG\EHR

803;; Qj~jr rg r`d @dhmr` Rdn`fgmgijnhm [h|o jf I|hfhbh

BHZ 23 EH\N@ 80R@ (~jbd dqdfr~*

Eddrjfi ag| Fhrjgfhm Ngfrhnr [gjfr~ ga \DIJGF~ hfb \DI[GR{|gi|heed~&

Eddrjfi ag| fhrjgfhm |d{|d~dfrhrjqd~ ga \DIJGF~ hfb \DI[GR{|gi|heed~&


125/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;84bjd|dfr ngtfr|jd~& ^{hfj~` {h|rjnj{hrjgf nge{|j~db


126/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B8 Dp`jljrjgf ga ~rhfb~

Dmdqdf ~rhfb~ yd|d dp`jljrdb jf r`d ehjf `hmm ga r`d ngfad|dfnd- y`d|d ngdd~hfb mtfn`d~ yd|d g|ihfjsdb& R`d|dag|d- l|dho rjed~ yd|d iggb g{{g|rtfjrjd~ag| jfag|ehrjgf ihr`d|jfi hfb fdryg|ojfi h|gtfb r`d ~rhfb~& R`d jf~rjrtrjgf~`gmbjfi r`d ~rhfb~ yd|d r`d agmmgyjfi3

^{hfj~` Ejfj~r|z ga ^njdfnd hfb Jffgqhrjgf8&

Dt|g{dhf [h|mjhedfr&

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf3 BI \d~dh|n`2&

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf3 BI Dfrd|{|j~d hfb Jfbt~r|z4&

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf3 BI \dijg1&

Dt|g{dhf Ngeej~~jgf3 BI Jfag|ehrjgf gnjdrz9&

Aggb Nmt~rd| Jfjrjhrjqd0&

Dt|g{dhf \dijgf~ ag| \d~dh|n` hfb Jffgqhrjgf Fdryg|o D\\JF*:&

Hfbhmtnh |dijgfhm Igqd|fedfr8;&

Dt|g{dhf Fdryg|o ga Fhrjgfhm Ngfrhnr [gjfr~ ag| A[9 \DIJGF~ hfb \DI[GR88&{|gi|heed~


127/223



128/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B88 24 $

2 % Gr`d| {|gcdnr~ ~t{{g|rjfi |dijgfhm \RB/j 9 8; $Rgrhm 1: 8;; $

Nhrdig|z [g~rd|~ $

^{hjf 84 2->4$Nsdn` \d{tlmjn > 2->4$

Ajfmhfb <


129/223



130/223

JJ^ D M D N R D B N G F R \ J L T R J G F ^G A ^ [ D H O D \ ^

H F F D P


131/223

Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf-


132/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B8>8

H F F D P J J & ^ D M D N R D BN G F R \ J L T R J G F ^ G A^ [ D H O D \ ^ < 4

Odzfgrd ~{ddn`d~8& Qhf Fj~rdm|ggjc- M& R`d atrt|d ga Ng`d~jgf [gmjnz

J~ ng`d~jgf {gmjnz ~rjmm qhmjb7 Y`hr j~ r`d hbbdb qhmtd7 R`d|d h|d {g~~jljmjrjd~ag| h eg|d ddnrjqd- rh|idrdb hfb ldrrd| igqd|fdb {gmjnz&

Ng`d~jgf {gmjnz `h~ lddf hnrjfi h~ h tfjxtd hfb ddnrjqd jf~r|tedfr ag|r`d Tfjgf rg hrrhjf r`d heljrjgt~ {gmjnz glcdnrjqd~ ga r`d Mj~lgf ^r|hrdizag| i|gyr` hfb cgl~& Jr ~`gtmb ngfrjftd nh||zjfi gtr jr~ heljrjgt~ rh~o~ h~ h~jfimd tfjrdb ngeetfjrz {gmjnz- lz ngf~rjrtrjfi h odz edn`hfj~e ga DT


133/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;8>>

HFFDP JJ& ^DMDNRDB

NGFR\JLTRJGF^ GA ^[DHOD\^

R`d dfrj|d hbqhfnd~ {hjb jf


135/223

Y d d o g a J f f g q h r j q d \ d i j g f ~ j f D t | g { d < ; 8 ;8>2

N g f r d f r ~

Rd||jrg|jhm ng`d~jgf hfb ngfqd|idfnd ~`gtmb hnrthmmz ld {|dngfbjrjgf~ag| df~t|jfi nge{drjrjqdfd~~- jfn|dh~jfi \!B jfqd~redfr hfb lgg~rjfijffgqhrjgf& Jf r`j~ ngfrdpr- r`|dd je{g|rhfr ngfnd{r~ et~r ~d|qd h~ h{mhrag|e ag| ~{dnjn igqd|fedfr edh~t|d~3 ngfndfr|hrjgf- ngffdnrjgf hfbng%g{d|hrjgf& R`d~d ngfnd{r~ ~`gtmb ld ngf~jbd|db hfb dp{mgjrdb jf r`ddg|r~ rg |dhn` h eg|d lhmhfndb- ~t~rhjfhlmd rd||jrg|jhm bdqdmg{edfr yjr`jfr`d Dt|g{dhf Tfjgf&

R`d dngfgez hmyhz~ bdqdmg{~ {|jeh|jmz gf h |dijgfhm mdqdm& Y`jmd jffgqhrjgfhfb rdn`fgmgijnhm |d~dh|n` h|d ndfr|hm hfb qjrhm jf r`d dngfgez ga rgbhz hfbr`d atrt|d jr j~ fgr lgtfb rg ~{dnjn mgnhrjgf~& @d|d mjd~ h rh~o ag| Dt|g{d~mdhbd|~ rg rhod |hbjnhm hnrjgf gf |d~dh|n` hfb jffgqhrjgf hfb ~`gy r`dj|ngeejredfr rg n|dhrjfi hf Jffgqhrjqd Dt|g{d& R`j~ ngtmb ld bgfd lz r`dn|dhrjgf ga Ndfr|d~ ga Dpndmmdfnd& R`j~ {|gqd~ rg atfnrjgf ld~r lz edhf~ga r`d ag|ehrjgf ga dprdfbdb nmt~rd|~ jf y`jn` nge{hfjd~- ~njdfrjn hfb|d~dh|n` jf~rjrtrd~ h~ ydmm h~ |dijgfhm htr`g|jrjd~ yg|o nmg~dmz rgidr`d| jf~{dnjn dmb~& Ja yd odd{ \!B- jffgqhrjgf hfb de{mgzedfr jf Dt|g{d- yd yjmmld {h|rjnj{hrjfi jf r`d yg|mb nge{drjrjgf&

Dt|g{dhf |dijgfhm {gmjnz `h~ hm|dhbz {h~~db r`d ~tl~jbjh|jrz rd~r hfb fgy- jrfddb~ fdy dfd|iz rg rhod nh|d ga jr~ atrt|d& Rgbhz- r`j~ dfd|iz nhf ld |dmdh~dbr`|gti` bj|dnr dfihidedfr ga mgnhm hfb |dijgfhm mdqdm~ ga igqd|fhfnd jf r`d{t|~tjr ga ngeegf Dt|g{dhf glcdnrjqd~& R`d ~tl~jbjh|jrz%lh~d h{{|ghn`rg ng`d~jgf {gmjnz et~r ld |drhjfdb hfb at|r`d| dp{hfbdb& Rg r`j~ dfb- jr j~d~~dfrjhm rg ~r|dfir`df r`d |gmd ga mgnhm hfb |dijgfhm htr`g|jrjd~ hr dqd|z ~rhidga r`d {|gi|heejfi- je{mdedfrhrjgf hfb h~~d~~edfr ga ng`d~jgf {gmjnz& Gfr`j~ lh~j~- Dt|g{dhf ng`d~jgf {gmjnz yjmm {mhz hf je{g|rhfr hfb jfbd{dfbdfr|gmd jf r`d je{mdedfrhrjgf ga r`d DT


136/223


HFFDP JJ& ^DMDNRDB


ded|idfnd jf Dt|g{dhf `ji`%rdn` ~dnrg|~ ga eh|odr bgejfhfnd hfb mhnoga nge{drjrjgf& Jffgqhrjgf {gmjnz |dehjfdb h odz {gmjnz bjedf~jgf ga BIDfrd|{|j~d3 r`d ngfnd|f ga dfrd|{|j~d~- h{{h|dfrmz r`d gfmz gfd~ ngfa|gfrdbyjr` bdehfb&

Yjr` r`d jfrdi|hrjgf ga jffgqhrjgf tfbd| r`d `dhbjfi ga r`d Ngeej~~jgfd|ag| |d~dh|n` jf r`d fdy Lh||g~g Ngeej~~jgf- r`d|d j~ fgy h nmdh| {gmjnz ~`jarjf r`d |dngifjrjgf ga r`d fddb ag| hf ddnrjqd ~t{{mz%bdehfb ehrn`jfi jf

|d~dh|n` hfb ag| r`d {h|rjntmh| |gmd ga bdehfb%b|jqdf jffgqhrjgf ag| i|gyr`-ydmah|d hfb ydmm%ldjfi& Y`d|dh~ ~tn` ~t{{mz%bdehfb ehrn`jfi ldryddf|d~dh|n` hfb jffgqhrjgf yh~ |dmhrjqdmz ~r|hji`rag|yh|b jf ehftahnrt|jfi yjr`|e~ agnt~jfi jf r`dj| |d~dh|n` hfb bdqdmg{edfr \!B* hnrjqjrjd~ jfn|dh~jfimzgf r`d B {h|r- hfb {tlmjn |d~dh|n` jf~rjrtrjgf~ ~tn` h~ tfjqd|~jrjd~ hfb {tlmjn|d~dh|n` g|ihfj~hrjgf~ gf r`d \ ~jbd ga h eg|d lh~jn g| h{{mjdb fhrt|d- r`d~t{{mz%bdehfb ehrn`jfi j~ eg|d nge{mdp y`df bdhmjfi yjr` ~d|qjnd~dnrg|~& Jf r`g~d nh~d~ r`d |gmd ga t~d|~ h~ bdehfb b|jqd|~ j~ gardf {h|hegtfr?hr r`d ~hed rjed dpj~rjfi |ditmhrjgf~- g|ihfj~hrjgfhm ~r|tnrt|d~- `hljr~-ntmrt|hm ahnrg|~- ~gedrjed~ ngf~rjrtrd ag|ejbhlmd lh||jd|~ rg n`hfid hfb rgjffgqhrjgf jf {h|rjntmh|&

@gydqd|- jr ygtmb ld h ej~rhod rg ct~r ngf~jbd| jffgqhrjgf jf ~d|qjnd~ h~ ldjfingfa|gfrdb yjr` lh||jd|~& R`d|d h|d rgbhz ~g ehfz ag|yh|b hfb lhnoyh|bmjfohid~ ldryddf jfbt~r|jhm- hi|jntmrt|hm hfb ~d|qjnd ~dnrg|~ r`hr r`d ~`jarrgyh|b~ eg|d bdehfb%b|jqdf jffgqhrjgf |d{|d~dfr~ n`hmmdfid~ hn|g~~ h etn`yjbd| ~{dnr|te ga ~dnrg|~ r`hf ct~r ~d|qjnd~& At|r`d|eg|d- r`d Dt|g{dhf


137/223


N g f r d f r ~

tfbd| r`d G{d|hrjgfhm [|gi|heed \d~dh|n` hfb Bdqdmg{edfr ag| JffgqhrjgfJ bdegf~r|hrdb r`d yjmm ga ldfdnjh|jd~ rg ngeljfd bjd|dfr DT rggm~&@gydqd|- r`d eg~r ngeegf gfd~ h|d r`d ~zfd|ijd~ yjr` gr`d| g{d|hrjgfhm{|gi|heed~ r`hr t~thmmz r`d h{{mjnhfr~ ofgy qd|z ydmm hfb A[9&

^zfd|ijd~ ldryddf fhrjgfhm hfb bjd|dfr DT jf~r|tedfr~ h|d {g~~jlmd ltrr`d|d h|d ~rjmm ~jifjnhfr lh||jd|~ y`jn` ehod r`d n|dhrjgf ga ~zfd|ijd~ hfbnge{mdedfrh|z t~d ga atfb~ bj ntmr&

J ygtmb ~hz r`hr r`d|d h|d r`|dd mdqdm~ ga lh||jd|~ y`jn` h|d qd|z rji`rmzjfrd|mjfodb3

Lh||jd|~ hr r`d DT mdqdm8&

Lh||jd|~ hr r`d mdqdm ga |dijgf~'ehfhijfi htr`g|jrjd~ ga g{d|hrjgfhm&

8& Lh||jd|~ hr r`d DT mdqdm

[|gi|heed~ y`dr`d| {|gi|heed~ tfbd| ~r|tnrt|hm atfb~ g|

ngeetfjrz {|gi|heed~* mhno r`d ~hed |tmd~ hm|dhbz hr r`d DN mdqdm&Bj|dnrg|hrd idfd|hm~ jf n`h|id ga {|gi|heed~ ~`gtmb r|z rg ld`hqdh~ hf dphe{md hfb ~`gy r`hr tfjnhrjgf ga |tmd~ j~ {g~~jlmd rgidr`d|yjr` ~je{mjnhrjgf hm|dhbz hr DN mdqdm& Eg|dgqd|- r`dz ~`gtmbr|z rg ~je{mjaz ng`d~jgf {gmjnz lz n|dhrjfi gfmz gfd atfb y`jn`ygtmb ngqd| r`d dpj~rjfi r`|dd Ng`d~jgf atfb- Dt|g{dhf \dijgfhmBdqdmg{edfr Atfb hfb Dt|g{dhf ^gnjhm Atfb* jr ygtmb ahnjmjrhrdr`d je{mdedfrhrjgf hr r`d mdqdm ga edeld| ~rhrd~&

H~ ah| h~ r`d A[9 j~ ngfnd|fdb- `d|d ~je{mjnhrjgf ga bjd|dfrjf~r|tedfr~ ygtmb hm~g ld fddbdb& Fdy jfjrjhrjqd~ CRJ~- D\H Fdr~- DJRjfjrjhrjqd~ tfbd| H|rjnmd 804* l|gti`r fdy atfbjfi |ditmhrjgf~ hfbehbd r`d A[9 |tmd~ dqdf eg|d a|hiedfrdb&

Ag| ldrrd| d njdfnz ga ng`d~jgf {gmjnz- agnt~ gf ljiid| ~r|hrdijn

{|gcdnr~ ygtmb ld ga jfrd|d~r fgr gfmz jf r`d bgehjf ga |d~dh|n`-bdqdmg{edfr hfb jffgqhrjgf& Jr j~ etn` `h|bd| rg edh~t|d r`dd njdfnz ga r`gt~hfb~ ga ~ehmm {|gcdnr~- y`jn` h|d hm~g lz r`d yhzetn` eg|d bdehfbjfi rg je{mdedfr |dih|bjfi |d~gt|nd~ `tehf|d~gt|nd~- rjed- drn&* r`df gf adyd| ltr ydmm rh|idrdb gfd~&


138/223


HFFDP JJ& ^DMDNRDB


hfb bdqdmg{edfr j~~td~ jf r`d ~df~d ga rh|idr~ hfb bj|dnrjgf~ rg ldrhodf* ~`gtmb fgr ld gfmz t{gf {gmjrjnhm yjmm ltr ~`gtmb ld ~t{{g|rdblz dp{d|r~ bdnj~jgf- nmdh| qj~jgf hfb {g~~jlmz hm~g lhnodb lz hm|dhbzdpj~rjfi lh~j~ jf r`d |dijgf&

H~ ah| h~ r`d g{d|hrjgfhm {|gi|heed~ h|d ngfnd|fdb- ehfhijfihtr`g|jrjd~ ~`gtmb ld dfngt|hidb lz DN rg n|dhrd nge{mdedfrh|jrjd~yjr` gr`d| DT {gmjnjd~ hfb agnt~ gf ~r|hrdijn rh|idr~ hfb bj|dnrjgf~&

>& Lh||jd| hr r`d t~d|~ mdqdm

Bjd|dfr DT jf~r|tedfr~ `hqd bjd|dfr ngfrhnr g|ihfjshrjgf jfedeld| ~rhrd~& Dhn` g{d|hrjgfhm {|gi|heed h~ jr~ gyf ngfrhnr {gjfrhr fhrjgfhm mdqdm hfb ~ged ga r`de dqdf hr |dijgfhm mdqdm& R`d ~hed j~ag| ngeetfjrz {|gi|heed~& Tfag|rtfhrdmz jr j~ qd|z |h|d rg `hqd gfmzgfd g|ihfjshrjgf hr mdh~r hr |dijgfhm mdqdm y`jn` ygtmb ihr`d| hmm r`g~dhfb {|d~dfr gfd%~rg{%~`g{ ag| hmm {g~~jlmd atfbjfi g{{g|rtfjrjd~& H~h ngf~dxtdfnd jr j~ qd|z bj ntmr ag| {grdfrjhm h{{mjnhfr~ rg g|jdfrr`de~dmqd~ jf atfbjfi g{{g|rtfjrjd~ hfb rg ld hlmd rg n|dhrd eg|d~zfd|ijd~& Eg|dgqd| ngeetfjrz {|gi|heed~ h|d etn` md~~ ofgyfr`hf ~r|tnrt|hm atfb~- r`d hmmgnhrjgf j~ {d| ngtfr|z 5 fg jfrd|fhrjgfhmnge{drjrjgf hfb r`d|dag|d eg~r ga r`d dfrjrjd~ agnt~ gf ~r|tnrt|hmatfb~ |hr`d| r`hf r|zjfi rg fb {g~~jlmd nge{mdedfrh|jrjd~ hm~g yjr`ngeetfjrz {|gi|heed~&

Ajfhm t~d|~ hqd bj ntmrjd~ rg idr g|jdfrdb jf dmjijlmd |tmd~ hfb fhfnjhmh~{dnr~ ga bjd|dfr {|gi|heed~ h~ r`g~d h|d fgr tfjdb hfb r`d|dag|dnhf |dhmmz bj~ngt|hid r`de a|ge h{{mzjfi& At|r`d|eg|d ja r`dz h|djfqgmqdb jf ehfz {|gi|heed~ yjr` bjd|dfr |tmd~ r`dz t~thmmz fddbeg|d {dg{md rg hbejfj~r|hrd r`de h~ jr j~ eg|d rjed bdehfbjfi&

Ngeetfjrz {|gi|heed~ d~{dnjhmmz A[9 |dxtj|d `hqjfi {h|rfd|~jf gr`d| edeld| g| h~~gnjhrdb ~rhrd~& T~d|~ ehz mhno ngfrhnr~ rg idrjfqgmqdb jf ngf~g|rjh {|d{h|jfi {|gcdnr~& Eg|dgqd| mhfithid nhf|d{|d~dfr h |dhm lh||jd| `d|d&

Gfd ga r`d ljiid~r bj ntmrjd~ j~ hm~g r`d r|hbjrjgfhm {d|nd{rjgf gahnrg|~& T~thmmz {|jqhrd nge{hfjd~ h|d |dmtnrhfr rg yg|o yjr` hnhbdejn~{`d|d ldnht~d r`dz ~t{{g~d r`hr r`dj| hje j~ fgr r`d ~hed& Jfbt~r|zfddb~ jffgqhrjgf hfb fdy {|gbtnr~ gf r`d eh|odr- hnhbdejn~ fddbfdy {h{d|~& Eg|dgqd| r`d ~rhrd'|dijgfhm htr`g|jrjd~ h|d qd|z gardf{d|ndjqdb h~ gfmz {h|rmz `dm{atm hfb fgr |dhmmz ldjfi hyh|d ga r`d|dhmjrz& R`j~ {d|nd{rjgf j~ h ljr nh|jnhrt|jsdb nmjn` ltr hr h mgr ga {mhnd~jr ~rjmm |dehjf~ qd|z |emz |ggrdb hfb r`d|dag|d jr j~ qd|z bj ntmr rgn`hfid jr&

Ngfnmt~jgf3

^je{mjnhrjgf j~ fddbdb hr hmm mdqdm~ ga DT {gmjnz- je{mdedfrhrjgf ga

{|gi|heed~ hfb r`dj| hbejfj~r|hrjgf& Dqdf r`gti` je{g|rhfr ~rd{~ `hqd


139/223


N g f r d f r ~

lddf hm|dhbz rhodf rg ~je{mjaz |tmd~ hfb {|gndbt|d~- jr ~rjmm |dehjf~ gfd gar`d eg~r je{g|rhfr lh||jd|~ ga {h|rjnj{hrjgf& ^je{mjnhrjgf ~`gtmb ld hm~gtfbd|~rggb jf r`d ~df~d ga tfjnhrjgf ga |tmd~ hn|g~~ DT {gmjnz jf~r|tedfr~ ng`d~jgf {gmjnz hfb ngeetfjrz {|gi|heed~& H~ ah| h~ r`d rggm~ ga ng`d~jgf{gmjnz h|d ngfnd|fdb ed|id| ga Dt|g{dhf \dijgfhm Bdqdmg{edfr Atfbhfb Dt|g{dhf ^gnjhm Atfb ygtmb {|d~dfr hf je{g|rhfr ~je{mjnhrjgf h~r`d edeld| ~rhrd~ ygtmb ld hlmd rg ngqd| jf gfd g{d|hrjgfhm {|gi|heedfhfnd ag| `h|b hfb ~gar dp{df~d~ y`jn` j~ fgr {g~~jlmd ~g ah|- dpnd{r ag| r`dn|g~~ fhfnjfi y`jn` j~ jf idfd|hm t{ rg 8;$ ga r`d {|jg|jrz hpj~&

Ngg{d|hrjgf j~ r`d ~dngfb fgrjgf r`hr ~`gtmb ld ~r|d~~db hr hmm mdqdm~&Ngg{d|hrjgf ldryddf bjd|dfr BI~ y`df b|harjfi {|gi|heed~ hfb {gmjnjd~yjr` r`d hje ga ~je{mjazjfi mjad ga hmm ~rhod`gmbd|~ je{mdedfrhrjgf ~r|tnrt|d~hfb fhm ldfdnjh|jd~*& Ngg{d|hrjgf ldryddf DN hfb edeld| ~rhrd~ |dih|bjfir`d hje~ ga hmm r`d jf~r|tedfr~ nge{mdedfrh|jrjd~ hfb ~zfd|ijd~ ~`gtmb ldr`gti`r ga hm|dhbz bt|jfi r`d b|harjfi ga r`g~d {gmjnjd~& Iggb dphe{md eji`rld r`d |d~dh|n` jfa|h~r|tnrt|d~ {|d{h|hrg|z {`h~d j~ ngqd|db lz A[9 ltrr`d ngf~r|tnrjgf {`h~d nhf ld ngqd|db lz ~r|tnrt|hm atfb~ `gydqd| r`dDN ~`gtmb ~r|d~~ r`j~ {g~~jljmjrz hfb yjmm hm|dhbz bt|jfi r`d {|d{h|hrjgf gag{d|hrjgfhm {|gi|heed~&

\gtfb Rhlmd $ ID\B `h~ |emz ehjfrhjfdb jr~ {mhnd jf r`d |dg|jdfrhrjgfbj~nt~~jgf~ ga r`d Mj~lgf ^r|hrdiz& Jr j~ gfd ga r`d qd `dhbmjfd DT%mdqdm

rh|idr~ ~dr lz r`d |dndfrmz {tlmj~`db Ngeej~~jgf Ngeetfjnhrjgf Dt|g{d


140/223

R H O J F I ^ R G N O H F B E G Q J F I A G \ Y H \ B8>:

HFFDP JJ& ^DMDNRDB


^tl~dxtdfrmz- hf dp{d|r i|gt{ ag| r`j~ ~tlcdnr bdqdmg{db ~tiid~rjgf~>; ag|Edeld| ^rhrd~ hfb r`d Ngeej~~jgf& Jf r`d ngfrdpr ga dg|r~ rg df`hfndr`d gqd|hmm D\H igqd|fhfnd r`d Mctlmchfh [|gnd~~*- hfb eg|d ~{dnjnhmmzr`d Ajqd%Jfjrjhrjqd~ |ghbeh{- `ji`%mdqdm h{{|ghn`d~ yjr` r`j~ hje h|dldjfi bdqdmg{db- d&i& r`d Cgjfr [|gi|heejfi jfjrjhrjqd& \dhmjrz ~`gy~-`gydqd|- r`hr r`d~d h|d mdfir`z- nge{mdp hfb ~rjmm bj ntmr rg je{mdedfr{|gnd~~d~& R`d|dag|d- jr j~ ga `ji` je{g|rhfnd r`hr- jf hbbjrjgf- hmm dpj~rjfi{gmjnz%ngg|bjfhrjgf%rz{d jfjrjhrjqd~- ~tn` h~ r`d \dijgf~%ga%Ofgymdbid{|gi|heed- h|d je{mdedfrdb yjr` r`d gqd|hmm D\H%ngfrdpr jf ejfb& R`dhnrg|~ jfqgmqdb jf ~tn` jfjrjhrjqd~ ngtmb- hm|dhbz hfb ngfn|drdmz- g{rjej~dr`d t~d ga r`d ltbidr~ r`dz `hqd hnnd~~ rg&

\dijgfhm [|g~{d|jrz hfb \RBJ [gmjnz Ehojfi jf r`d Ngfrdpr ga Imglhmj~dbEh|odr~

Ehojfi g{rjete t~d ga h |dijgf~ jfa|h~r|tnrt|d~ hfb jr~ rdn`fgmgijnhm- ~gnjhmhfb `tehf |d~gt|nd~ j~ je{g|rhfr ag| dngfgejn d njdfnzhfb bjd|dfr\RBJ ~t{{g|r rggm~ yd|d bdqdmg{db rg `dm{ jffgqhrjgf hnrg|~ rg bg r`jfi~|ji`r& Jf r`j~ |d~{dnr- nmt~rd| ~t{{g|r {gmjnjd~ `hqd ihjfdb je{g|rhfnd- hfbh|d fgy yjbdmz ldjfi je{mdedfrdb hr r`d DT- fhrjgfhm hfb |dijgfhm mdqdm&@gydqd|- ja nmt~rd|~ h~ mgnhm fgbd~ jf imglhm ~dnrg|* fdryg|o~ h|d rg df~t|d

r`dj| mgfi%rd|e {|g~{d|jrz jf rgbhz~ imglhmj~db eh|odr~- jr j~ qjrhm r`hr r`dzhm~g rhod jfrg ngf~jbd|hrjgf ahnrg|~ a|ge gtr~jbd r`d |dijgf- d~{dnjhmmz atrt|d~njdfrjn- rdn`fgmgijnhm- ~gnjdrhm hfb {gmjrjnhm

Week of Innovative Regions in Europe 2010 (Eng)/ La Semana de las Regiones Innovadoras en Europa...

Documents

Transcript of Week of Innovative Regions in Europe 2010 (Eng)/ La Semana de las Regiones Innovadoras en Europa...