Tratado sobre el cultivo de la vid y los vinos de España (1869)

7/30/2019 Tratado sobre el cultivo de la vid y los vinos de España (1869)

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ncfhncds y gds drtfs y nudhta puf`f fipuldr fg `fsdrragga `f

gas chtfrfsfs iardgfs y idtfrcdgfs `f gd Hdncþh 2 fh ic' uh dr

`cfhtf prapdkdàr `f gas nahancicfhtas vcténagds' fhndhfncfh

à fh fg sfrvcnca `f tdh dgtd c`fd' sdnrcecndhà ics iflarfs

dôas y ics chtfrfsfs fh ocfh `f fsd ngdsf praùntard quf fstä

gunmdhà nah su ruchasd ckhardhncd(D( U ( F ( chnuiof prchncpdgifhtf fg eaifhta `f dqufggas

krdh`fs chtfrfsfs2 pfra sfiordr gd vfr`d` fh taàs tfrrfhas'

fs aogckdncþh `f taàs gas oufhas ncu`d`dhas( D gd krdh`f aord

`fg Ichcstfrca quf `ckhdifhtf anupd' `fof nahnurrcr gd nagd

oardncþh `f nudhtas fstcidh fg vfr`d`fra prakrfsa `fg pdcs' y

scfhtfh fh sus nardzahfs fg eufka `fg pdtrcatcsia' y fg `f gd

sdhtd erdtfrhc`d` pdrd nah sus mfridhas `f gd pdtrcd(



Nudtra dôas mdh trdsnurrcà' `fs`f quf' dhcidà `f fstas

icsias sfhtcicfhtas' gdhnã dg püogcna ic prcifrd aord2 gd

«FHAGAKCD F^ ZD ÔAG D' ² nuyd huifrasd f`cncþh ' nahsuic`d fh orfvfs iaifhtas' ifrfncþ `fg dhtfnfsar `f U( F( fg

Fxnia( ^r( Idrqufs `f Ufkd `f Dricla' gd ids gcsahlfrd dna

kc`d2 `f vdrcds sancf`d`fs Fnahþicnds y narpardncahfs ncfhté

ecnds' gas `cntäifhfs quf fhndofzdh dqufggd f`cncþh' y sah

pdrd ic `f chdprfncdogf fstcid y fichfhtf dpaya( Nudtra dôas

fh gas quf' sch àricr saorf gas gdurfgfs)d`qucrcàs' mf pa`cà

rfuhcr hufvas `dtas y nahancicfhtas nah gas `fiäs erutas `f

ugtfrcarfs fstu`cas' y earidr uhd hufvd aord' ids chtfrfsdh

tf ' ids naipgftd quf d qufg gd ' gd quf tfhka gd dgtéscid mahrd

`f `f`cndrgf(

@ékhfsf U ( F( naocldrif odla su haogf y pa`frasd sckhc ec

ndncþh( Gd dkrcnugturd rfncocrä nah fgga uh rfgfvdhtf cipugsa'

y fg dutar uhd `cstchncþh sfôdgd`d' quf gf fstciugdrä vcvdifh

tf fh gd mahrasd ã cipraod ndrrfrd quf ggfvd fiprfh`c`d(

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ây `f U( F( nah gd ids `cstchkuc`dnahsc`frdncþh su muicg`f y defntéscia sfrvcàr T( ^( I( O(

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Cgustrdr' fh su drtf' dg sfhncgga vctcnugtar'

fs sdgvdrgf `f gd paorfzd' gdordhà fg ocfhf stdr `f su edicgcd(

Odla fstf gfid fiprfh`cias' mdnf iunma tcfipa' gasprcifras fstu`cas y fhsdyas' nuya rfsugtdà fg püogcnayd nahanf' drùd tdrfd quf mfias cà nahtchudhà schchtfrrupncþh' y sfkucias duh nah fg vcva `fsfa `f prfstdr atra sfrvcnca dg pdcs' y fh pdrtcnugdr ä fsf pufogavcténagd gdoarcasa y mahrdà' quf' `ckha `f iflar sufrtf'suerf nah rfsckhdncþh gas fefntas `f su euhfstd rutchd(@fs`f quf fh 4=56 puogcndias gd Fhagakcd fspdôagd'quf tdhtd dnfptdncþh aotuva `f gd ngdsf dk réna gd' ä qufeuã `fstchd`d' naia tdiocãh `fg Nahsfla ûpfrcar `fChstrunncþh püogcnd `fg rfcha ' y `f `cstchkuc`ds sancf`d`fs' hufvds aosfrvdncahfs prapcds mdh vfhcà' par

uhd pdrtf' ä narraoardr hufstras dhtfrcarfs fstu`cas' yä suichcstrdrhas' par at rd ' fg mdggdzka `f dgkuhas f xpfrcifhtas `f gd idyar cipartdhncd(

Gd vc` fspdôagd ' trdtd`d `foc`difhtf y naia sfifrfnf' rfnarrf taàs gas pfréaàs `f su fxcstfhncd sfnugdr nah fspgfh`c`fz y efnuh`c`d` dìcrdogfs' sdgcfhàyd `f su chedhncd ä gas nudtra þ nchna dôas `f su f`d`'



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sfküh gas ngcids' y narrfspah`cfhà `fs`f fhtahnfs nahgd kfhfrasc`d` quf gf fs prapcd ä(gas dedhfs `f su fhtfh

`cà ùfôa( Fipfra' `fskrdncd`difhtf sah panas gas`cstrctas vchénagds `f gd pfhéhsugd ' àh`f vfdias ä gdvc` dùgt d' gazdhd' vckarasd' y ocfh nahstctuc`d' pra ùncfhà su nahtchkfhtf `f eruta 2 dg nahtrdrca' chlustdifhtf aprcic`d' y nugtcvd`d `f uhd idhfrd fipércndy vcncasd' gd vcôd nrfnf y sf `fsdrraggd naiuhifhtfodla gds earids y dspfntas ids dharidgfs y naheusas'

ard fhefriczd y tartuasd' ard fhngfhquf y drrdsträhàsfpar fg sufga naia pgdhtd)muicg`f y icsfrdogf' vcvcfhàuhd vc`d ids þ ifhas trcstf y `f pand ùrdncþh( ûsrfh`cicfhtas sah kfhfrdgifhtf ifzquchas' y ' nudhàdouh`dhtfs' `f iuy idgd ndgc`d`' pufs duh fh gas ndsasquf fg rüstcna nagaha ggfvd ä sus qufrc`ds nfpds fg doahahfnfsdrca cipahcãhàsf pdrd fgga ic g edtckds y sdnrc ecncas ' fg vdgar `f gds rfnagfnncahfs dpfhds narrfspah`fdg `f gas `cspfh`cas y nuc`dàs ' parquf gd vflftdncah `fgds vc`fs gcd scà idg `crclc`d `fs`f uh prchncpca' þ ocfhparquf gas fxnfscvas rdias y maldrdsnd mdh dosarvcày dscicgdà gd idyar pdrtf `fg dgcifhta `fstchdà pdrdgd praùnncþh `fg eruta( ^fùncà fhtahnfs fg sfhncgganasfnmfra par gd erahàsc`d` `f su vc ôd ' suecncfhtfifhtfdoahd`d' ha sdof `drsf rdzþh `f gds fsndsds nasfnmds

quf aotcfhf' hc `f gd chefrcar ndgc`d` `f sus vchas' y fhvdhds fspfrdhzds' `f uha ä atra dôa' nahsuif fh gd ch`ckfhncd gd egar `f su f`d`' fsngdva `f gas frrarfs y `f gdsdôflds nastuiorfs quf mfrf`drd `f sus prf`fnfsarfs(

^c `f gd vcôd pdsdias dmard dg vcha' mdggdrfias tdiocãh gd icsid chnurcd `fpgardogf( Dsé ga gcfias fhnahtrdà y dsé ga `fldrfias2 tdg fs fg nérnuga vcncasa' `fhtra

fg nudg apfrdh iunméscias nasfnmfras dg fgdoardr sus



vchas' gas nudgfs' dg ckudg `f gd id`rf `f quf pranf`fh'ggfvdh yd nahscka fh su hdncicfhta fg kfrifh `f su `fstrunncþh ' scfhà tdr`f þ tfiprdha véntcids `f gd ef rifhtdncþh dnãtcnd ids þ ifhas prahuhncd`d( Gd uvdsdhd y gd uvd `dôd`d' gd vfr`f' gd tfrrfd y gd idùrd'ta`ds sf rfnalfh ä uh tcfipa' y ' ifzngd`ds' sf fstruldhä ta`d prcsd pdrd fnmdrgds gufka nah su fsnaodla fh fgg d kd r ' àh`f pfridhfnfh `c ds' sfidhds þ ifsfs fhtfras' sfküh gd naia`c`d` þ nastuiorf `f nd`d nasfnmfra(

Fg vcha rfsugtdhtf sf `fpasctd par ügtcia fh tchdlds 5tahfgfs idg prfpdrdàs ' y fh oa`fkds `f pfarfs nah`cncahfs' quf`dhà dggé sfpugtdà mdstd gd mard `f sunahsuia(

@f dmé pufs' fg parquã' odla fg yu ka `f su c k h a rdhncd' icggdrfs `f vctcnugtarfs fspdôagfs fhndhfnfh fhgds idyarfs prcvdncahfs y trdodlas' gfkdhà ä sus mclasy ä sus fspasds fg ühcna pdtrciahca `f su paorfzd y gdifhtdogf dtrdsa(

Ä gfvdhtdrgas `f tdh prfndrca fstdà ' cgusträhàgas y`fsvdhfncfhà sus huifrasds prfanupdncahfs' y ä kfhfrdgczdr dg icsia tcfipa fg nrã`cta y gd oufhd fgdoardncþh`f gas vchas `fg pdés' fhndichdias taàs hufstras fseufrzas' ha sch sfrgas prcifras fh rfnahanfrgd prapcd`focgc`d`( Zdrd fgga usdrfias' naia scfiprf' uh gfh

kudlf ngdra y prfncsa' difhczdhà fh ga pascogf nahdgkuhds nahsc`frdncahfs cipartdhtfs gd dustfrc`d` `fgfstcga ' chmfrfhtf ä gd idtfrcd `f quf sf trdtd' y `fldhàodla fg tdpftf gd fspgcndncah `f gds rfdnncahfs quéicndsquf tcfhfh gukdr fh gd arkdhczdncþh `f gas iastas y `fcas vchas' fspgcndncah chnaipdtcogf nah gas dgndhnfs `fgd ngdsf dkrénagd fh kfhfrdg(

S naia hd`cf' quf sfpdias' mdyd dgzdà su vaz dg



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pufoga vcténagd fspdôag' chnugnähàgf dutfs quf hasa

tras' nah gd pguid y fg flfipga' fsds +präntcnds y `ftdggfs prfncasas' quf sah gd sdgvdkudr`cd `f gds mcfhds nasfnmds' y gd ùrdncþh pfrpftud `f gd vcôd y `fg vcha hdncahdgfs'pfriétdsfhas nrffr quf sah dgka ifrctarcas hufstras`fsvfgas(

Dg Fxnfgfhtéscia ^r( Ichcstra `f eaifhta' fh prcifrgukdr' ä gas cgustrdàs praefsarfs `fg rdia' y ä gas nasf

nmfras y prapcftdrcas chnuiof `cspfhsdr ä gd prfsfhtfaord gd pratfnncþh y edvardogf dnakc`d `f quf sfd `ckhd(

¡ Gaar ä gds `cstchkuc`ds Dutarc`d`fs y Narpardncahfsquf' fh su pdtrcatcsia y oufh nfga' praiavfräh gas d`fgdhtas `f gd vctcnugturd y `f gd vchcecndncþh `fg rfcha$¡ Mahrd y pravfnma pdrd nudhtas gas sfnuh`fh y prdntcqufh fh Fspdôd$

Ä hasatras gd sdtcsednncþh `f mdofr dggdhdà ä taàs fg

ndicha' nahtrcouyfhà uhd vfz ids dg ocfh y praspfrc`d` `f gd pdtrcd(

Pdrrdsd 4(º Fhfra `f 4=53(



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g8f gd vcôd(

Kfhfrdgc`d`fs( Hd`d ids `ckha y pravfnmasa quf fg

fsgü ca `f gas vfkftdgfs ütcgfs dg maiorf( @f fstas ' uha

`f gas quf ids mdh ggdidà gd dtfhncþh fh taàs tcfipas

y f`d`fs fs sch `csputd gd vc` ' nuya sudvf gcnar dhcid dg

lavfh fh sus fiprfsds' sastcfhf fh fg dhncdha gds eufrzds

`focgctd`ds par gas dôas' fvandhà gds cguscahfs pfr`c`ds'

ã cheuh`f fh fg fspérctu `fg maiorf uhd dgfkrcd pdrtcnu

gdr ' quf tfipgd y fhùgzd gas dzdrfs y schsdoarfs `f gd

vc`d( Gds huifrasds ndstds `f `cnma vfkftdg `dh gukdr ä

uhd sfrcf `f praùntas tdh `cgdtd`d' quf' `fs f fg rüstcna

gdorcfka mdstd fg ids fgfvdà pfrsahdlf' taàs fhnufhtrdh

fh su dkrd`dogf zuia fg kusta dprapcdà ä su ngdsf y

ednugtd`fs' mdocãhàsf arckchdà `f dqué uh rdia cipar

tdhtéscia `f chùstrcd y `f naifrnca pdrd gas pdésfs

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praùntarfs `f tdh dprfncdà ndgà2 pfra fstd pgdhtd nuyd

rcnd y fspgãh`c`d vfkftdncþh `fsdrraggd gds earids idsndprcnmasds' trfpdhà par gds pfh`cfhtfs y iahtdôds' y

earidhà scfiprf uh tdpcz `f vfrùrd' fh if`ca `fg nudg

astfhtd prfncasas erutas' fstd pgdhtd' `fncias' vcvf y

if`rd dggé àh`f atra vfkftdg ha puf`f if`rdr hc vcvcr'

y' ha aostdhtf ' sf mdggd iuy idg sfrvc`d y pfar trdtd`d

par gd idyar pdrtf `f hufstras gdordàrfs y prapcftdrcas'

quf `fsnahanfh gd efnuh`c`d` fxtrfid ' y gfs krdh`fs rfnursas `f vctdgc`d` `f quf gd àgþ fg Nrcdàr' dg earidrgd

pdrd dgcifhta' anupdncþh y fstu`ca `fg maiorf( ^frédias

iuy chkrdtas sc narrfspah`cãsfias nah fg ch`cefrfhtcsia ä

fsf àh `f gd Zravc`fhncd' quf has aerfnf rcnas ã chdkatd

ogfs tfsaras( S ha agvc`fias quf ãg qucfrf sfr fg diar

prcifra' qucfrf sfr fstu`cdà ta`d gd vc`d2 pufs' saga dsé'

fg `cvcha drousta has rch`f kfhfrasds praùnncahfs y has`fsnuorf sus sfnrftas' sus idrdvcggds' y sus fhndhtas' quf

sah atra chnfhtcva `f diar y `f fstu`ca pdrd fg maiorf

mahrdà y gdoarcasa quf gf pra`ckd sus nuc`dàs(

Fg nugtcva `f gd vc` fh Fspdôd sf md fstfh`cà fh fstas

ügtcias dôas `f uhd idhfrd fstrdar`chdrcd' sé ocfh ha nad

gd pfrefnncþh `fg trdodla quf muocfrd scà `f `fsfdr( May

suoscstfh duh' y vdh pfrpftuähàsf' gds ids euhfstds ydôflds pranupdncahfs fh tdh cipartdhtf rdia `f gd dkrc

nugturd pdtrcd' scfhà kfhfrdgifhtf rfnahanc`d gd hfnfsc

`d` `f dprahtdr sfrcds rfearids ä gd chùstrcd vchénagd

ch`ékfhd' sc sf qucfrf quf sus praùntas' ndéàs fh su

pastrdncþh y idrdsia' dgndhnfh hufvd y vckarasd vc`d

fh fg naifrnca fxtfrcar' gfvdhtdhà `f gd paorfzd quf

difhdzd ä icggdrfs `f maiorfs' quf tcfhfh ncerd`d su



prchncpdg suoscstfhncd fh gd edorcndncþh y parvfhcr `f gas

vchas(

Gd Erdhncd' fsd hdncþh ia`fga `f gas d`fgdhtas `f gd

vctcnugturd y `f gd vchcecndncþh ' dg pdsa quf eaifhtd fg

`fsdrragga `f tdh chtfrfsdhtf rdia `f su rcqufzd' `cspfhsd

y md `cspfhsdà scfiprf krdh pratfnncþh ä gas maiorfs'

quf sf `cstchkufh fh fg fstu`ca `f gd vfkftdncþh `f gd

vc` fh gas `cefrfhtfs ngcids y tfrrctarcas' y fh fg `f gd

fgdoardncþh y iflard `f sus vchas( Nätf`rds fspfncdgfs `f

vctcnugturd' gfnncahfs präntcnds ùrdhtf fg fsgéa fh vdrcas

nfhtras vchénagds' fxpascncahfs pravchncdgfs `f uvds y `f

vchas' nahnursas `f pa`d' prficas y maharfs ä gas nasf

nmfras' ä gas prapcftdrcas' y ä gds pfrsahds ncfhtéecnds quf

mdh `dà uh pdsa ids fh fg ndicha `f fstf prakrfsa

dkrénagd' taà' taà has idhcecfstd' ruoarczähàhas' quf

fstdias duh iuy `cstdhtfs `f pa`fr hcvfgdrhas nah gd

nctd`d hdncþh ' quf icrd nah pdrtcnugdr chtfrãs y prf`c

gfnncþh nudhta dtdôf ä gd vctcnugturd y ä gd vchcecndncþh

`f su sufga(

Ha odstd quf fg nugtcva `f gd vcôd duifhtf fhtrf hasa

tras nd`d `cd fh cipartdhncd' hc quf odla raoustas ordzas

vfdias `fsdpdrfnfr fxtfhsas frcdgfs' quf sf nahvcfrtfh fh

vfrlfgfs' trfpdhà fh fggas gd vc` gazdhd y vckarasd2 fsprfncsa' fs urkfhtf d`fiäs iflardr fstf nugtcva' ä ech `f

quf sus erutas puf`dh praùncr fxnfgfhtfs ndgàs' nah

quf nahstctucr fg nrã`cta `f nd`d gandgc`d`( S sc ocfh fs

ncfrta quf' dg naipäs `f `cnmd praùnncþh' nd`d vfz ids

chifhsd' äorfhsf pdrd fggd fh fg naifrnca furapfa hufvas

ifrndàs' `þ hfkancdr gas vchas ä trufquf `f atras pra

ùntas ' eaifhtähàsf gd rcqufzd `f gas pdésfs vchénagds'



ha aostdhtf ¡ earzasa fs `fncrga $ sfùncàs gas nagahas y

prapcftdrcas par gd c`fd `f fxpartdr sus ndgàs ä gas ids

gfldhas nahechfs `fg Hufva)Iuhà ' y fh dgds `f uhd

fspfnugdncþh idg fhtfh`c`d' sf mdh ecldà dhtf taà fh gd

ndhtc`d` `f gd praùnncþh2 y ¡dy `fg dkrcnugtar quf'

fsngdva `f gd rutchd y `f gd chàgfhncd ' sf idhtfhkd if

ncà fh gd fspfrdhzd `f quf sus vchas vdh ä sfr sagcnctdàs

fh sus icsids oa`fkds' ifrnf` dg idyar nahsuia' y ä

gds hufvds y dìcrdogfs vcds `f naiuhcndncþh uhcvfrsdg(+

Gd icsfrcd y fg `fsnrã`cta sf fstdogfnfh ocfh prahta àh`f

fxcstfh tdgfs chàgfhncd ã ch`cefrfhtcsia' dorcãhàsf ' par

fg nahtrdrca' vfr`d`fras idhdhtcdgfs `f rcqufzd pdrd

dqufggas `cstrctas quf' sch agvc`dr gd idyar ndhtc`d` pa)

pascogf `f gd praùnncþh ' ousndh nah prfefrfhncd fh sus

vchas gd iflard `f su ndgc`d`(

Zdgpctdhtf fs' par `fskrdncd `f hufstra pdcs y fh fspf

ncdg `f Ndtdguôd' gd vfr`d` `f ga quf dndodias `f idhc

efstdr2 gas ndgàs vdh sunfscvdifhtf pfr`cfhà fg prfstckca

fh Vgtrdidr' nf`cfhà su pufsta ä gas `fg vfncha cipfrca'

quf ' fgdoardàs fh uh ngcid chkrdta y iunma ifhas

edvardogf quf Fspdôd' d`qucfrfh ids y ids rfhaiorf

y edid2 edid y rfhaiorf `focàs ä gas nahncfhzuàs

trdodlas `f gas `cstchkucàs dkrcnugtarfs y fhagakcstds Ir (Zdstfur' Kuyat' Gd`rfy ' Praucggft' @uocfe' Idnmdr`'

@u)Orfucg' Gunmft' ftn(

S sc dg gdà `f fsas dpfggcàs cgustrfs pu`cfsf eckurdr

fg hufstra muicg`f' has pfrictcrédias nahsckhdr dquc quf

ha mdh scà `fg taà chütcgfs dg prakrfsa `f gd vchcecndncþh

hdncahdg gas `fsvfgas y fstu`cas präntcnas' quf yd mfias

nahsdkrdà dg pdés' ifrfncfhà gd supfrcar dpraodncþh `fg



Kaocfrha' y gd `f vdrcds narpardncahfs ncfhtéecnds( Fgga fs'

quf sf md chcncdà yd efgczifhtf fh dgkuhds pravchncdsuhd idyar dntcvc`d` ' nfga ã chtfgckfhncd fh fg nugtcva `f

gd vcôd' y fh gd fgdoardncþh y iflard `f gas ndg as `f gd

pfhéhsugd(

@fsfasas `f nahtrcoucr hufvdifhtf dg ocfh `f gd id`rf

pdtrcd' fh nudhta ga pfrictdh hufstrds fsndsds eufrzds' y

sch rfiahtdrhas' naia huhnd ' ä gds fsndorasc`d`fs f gd

ncfhncd' has nahsfrvdrfias fh gds ggdhurds `fg drtf ' ggfvdhà dg vctcnugtar par uhd sfh`d trcggd`d y nahanc`d' ids

nahearif quf gds prcifrds' ä su rdzþh y nahancicfhtas(

Dkrcnugtarfs präntcnas' mdogdrfias fh präntcnd ä gas dkrc

nugtarfs2 sch prftfh`fr pgdzd `f chhavdàrfs' gfs prapah

`rfias rfearids rd`cndgfs' cipartdhtfs' urkfhtfs' nah gd

sfkurc`d` quf has cheuh`fh hufstrds prapcds aosfrvdncahfs

y fxpfrcfhncds ' y fh gd nahecdhzd `f quf gds icsidsdrraldräh uh rdya `f guz' duh pdrd dqufggas quf fstäh

ids àifôdàs par gd vcfld y ncfkd rutchd(

?( Pfrrfhas prapcas ä gd vcôd( Gd vc`' quf suic

hcstrd dg maiorf vdrcas praùntas iuy ügcgfs y sdgu`dogfs'

prchncpdgifhtf fg vcha' fs uhd pgdhtd vfr`d`frdifhtf

nasiapagctd' parquf praspfrd pfrefntdifhtf fh ta`d ngdsf

`f tfrrfhas' icfhtrds gf sfdh edvardogfs gds chegufhncdsngcidtagþkcnds' y rfncod `fg sfr quf gd nugtcvd gd pdrtf `f

gas dgcifhtas quf hfnfsctd( Fstd pand `fgcnd`fzd `f gd vc`'

fh nudhta ä gd hdturdgfzd `fg sufga' md `dà gukdr ä quf

su nugtcva sf mdyd fxtfh cà y sf fxtcfh`d duh `f uhd

idhfrd fxtrdar`chdrcd 2 y naia fh gd ndgc`d` `f su eruta

cheguyfh pa`frasdifhtf `cefrfhtfs ncrnuhstdhncds' asfdh gd

fxpascncþh y vdrcf`d` `f gds nfpds' gd fspfncf y ndhtc`d`



`f gas doahas' gas dnnc`fhtfs dìaseãrcnas' gd ãpand `f gd

vfh`cicd' ftn(' sf nahncofh iuy ocfh gds `cstchtds y hu

ifrasds ndgc`d`fs `f vchas quf sf aotcfhfh( ^c pu`cãsfias

sfôdgdr gas géictfs þ gds zahds `f vflftdncah fh quf puf`f

`cvc`crsf fg tfrrctarca vchénagd `f gd Zfhéhsugd' mdorédias

`dà uh pdsa cipartdhtf pdrd fg parvfhcr `f gd dkrcnug

turd hdncahdg2 pfra `fskrdncd`difhtf fstd nufstcþh fs

odstdhtf `ceéncg `f rfsagvfr' parquf ta`dvéd ha tfhfias

rfuhcàs gas `dtas hfnfsdrcas pdrd fgga' fefnta ids ocfh `fhufstrd chnurcd' duhquf has ùfgf fg nahefsdrga ' quf `f

gds iuy `cvfrsds tapakrdeéds y naipascncþh `f gas tfrrfhas

`f Fspdôd(

^ch fiodrka ' iunmas tfrrfhas `f hufstrds pravchncds

ifrc`cahdgfs' y gds vdstds ggdhurds vagnähcnds `f gd Idhnmd'

dordzd`ds par `cgdtd`ds nagchds' prfsfhtdh nahtchuc`d` fh

su earid y pfrictfh trdzdr gd géhfd `f `fidrndncþh `fgnugtcva `f gd vc`( D`fiäs ' gd nastd `f Dh`dgunéd' y gd `f

Gfvdhtf fh Ndtdguôd' nah tdhtd pczdrrd chnugtd fh dqufggd'

y douh`dhncd `f ägndgcs fh ãstd' sch nahtdr atras iunmésc)

scias tfrrfhas' dodhàhdàs uhas' y atras `fstchdàs ä

nugtcvas `f fsndsa chtfrãs' pa`rcdh suichcstrdr chifhsds

ndhtc`d`fs `f vchas fxnfgfhtfs quf rch`cfrdh krdh`fs

ofhfecncas dg pdés( Gd vcôd nrfnf y sf `fsdrraggd fh fg sufgaids ärcà ã chdnnfscogf ä atrds vfkftdncahfs' `fsdecd gds sf

quéds ã chtfipfrcfs ids rckurasds' y naipfhsd scfiprf

nah usurd gas dedhfs `fg fxpfrta nagaha( Fggd nahstctuyf fg

ocfhfstdr `f gas fhtfh`càs dkrcnugtarfs' dvfnfs gd rcqufzd

`f taà uh `cstrcta þ pravchncd' y gd kgarcd y praspfrc`d` `f

gd hdncþh quf sdof dprfncdrgd ' pratflcfhà y eaifhtdhà

su fsifrdà nugtcva(



Q ; ‐

Gas fhagakcstds `f nd`d pravchncd pa`rédh trdzdr fh sus

rfspfntcvds `fidrndncahfs gas géictfs `f gd vflftdncah `fgd v c ` ' y prfsfhtdr chtfrfsdhtfs `dtas quf scrvcfrdh `f

odsf pdrd sfôdgdr fg ndicha quf fh Fspdôd puf`f rfnarrfr

nah eruta hufstrd vctcnugturd( Dg Kaocfrha tand eaifhtdr

gd rfdgczdncþh `f tdh cipartdhtfs trdodlas(

^c has eufsf ocfh nahanc`d gd ngcidtagakéd y naipascncþh

quéicnd `fg tfrrctarca vchénagd ' pa`rédias iflardr `fs`f

gufka iunmas pgdhtéas' chtraùncfhà fh gas icsias dqufggds vdrcf`d`fs `f vc`fs quf fh atras puhtas `f nah`cncahfs

kfþgaka)ngcidtagþkcnds sfifldhtfs praùnfh vchas oufhas

y nfgfordàs(

Fh Lfrfz' Prnoulfhd' ^dhgündr `f Odrrdif`d' _atd y

atras puhtas `f Dh`dgunéd' àh`f sf praùnfh vchas iuy

fxqucsctas y dprfncdàs' sf `cstchkufh nudtra ngdsfs `f

tfrrfhas prchncpdgfs' nahancàs odla gas haiorfs `f dgodrc) zds' odrras' drfhds y muyfas( Fg tfrrfha `f prcifrd ngdsf

fstä earidà ' fh nd`d 4:: pdrtfs' `f ndroahdta `f ndg

5=' dgüichd ?4' drfhd 5 ' þxcà `f mcfrra ? ' y fh ãg sf

`dh nah prfefrfhncd gds vc`fs ggdid`ds Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz

y Zf`ra Lcifhfz( Fg tfrrfha `f ? ( d ngdsf fstä naipufsta

`f ndroahdta `f ndg 53 ' dgüichd ? ? ' drfhd 5 ' þxcà `f

mcfrra >' y fstä `fstchdà fspfncdgifhtf pdrd fg nugtcva `f`cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f nfpds' chnguc`ds par _alds Ngf

ifhtf fh gd trcou `f gas Zfrruhas y fh gd `f gas Idhtüas'

naia par flfipga fg idhtüa ndstfggdha' idhtüa tarrfhtfs'

ftn( Fh fg tfrrfha `f >( d ngdsf ' earidà `f ndroahdta `f

ndg 55' dgüichd ? ? ' drfhd 4 4 ' þxcà `f mcfrra 4' pras

pfrdh pfrefntdifhtf' d`fiäs `f gas vcùfôas Zdgaicha `f

Lfrfz y Zf`ra Lcifhfz ' fg Ndôfndza y fg Iaggdr ogdhna'



QQ = ‐

nuyas vchas sah draiätcnas hdturdgifhtf y iuy fstcidàs(

Gd drfhd `f fstf tfrrfha nahtcfhf erdkifhtas pfqufôas `f

rand nþrhfd vfràsd' pczdrrd drncggasd krcs y odstdhtf

icnd( Fg `f 0( d ngdsf ' nuyd naipascncþh fs ndroahdta `f

ndg 5?' dgüichd ?; ' drfhd ; ' þxcà f mcfrra 0 ' nah uh

pana `f nudrza ralcza y rand nþrhfd vfràsd ' scrvf iuy

ocfh pdrd gds nfpds ügtcidifhtf ch`cnd`ds' y tdiocãh pdrd

gd vdrcf`d` ggdid`d Pchtcggd ' quf suichcstrd fg gdiasa

vcha nahancà nah fg haiorf Pchtcggd `f _atd(

Fh gd Äglärqucd dh`dguzd' þ sfd fh gas Iahtfs `f Iägd

kd àh`f sf aotcfhfh gas iflarfs vchas `f fstd naidrnd'

àichd saorf taà gd pczdrrd drncggasd' ids þ ifhas `fs

naipufstd' ga icsia quf fh gas tfrrfhas `f Drdkþh quf

`dh fg nãgforf vcha `fg ndipa `f Ndrcôfhd' y fh gas `fg

Zrcardta `f Ndtdguôd nuyas vchas sah tdiocãh iuy fspc

rctuasas y dprfncdàs(

@f àh`f sf `fùnf quf gas tfrrfhas prfefrcogfs pdrd

gd vc` sah fh kfhfrdg gas pczdrrasas y gas ndgczas' ids þ

ifhas drncggasas' quf tfhkdh dgkuhd fgfvdncþh y sfdh fx

pufstas dg su`fstf ' dg su`' þ dg suàfstf( Zar ügtcia' gds

nfpds pgdhtd`ds fh pdrdlfs müifàs y saioréas' sc ocfh

rch`fh idyarfs fsqucgias quf gds vc`fs sctud`ds fh scggas

sfnas y fgfvdàs' ha aostdhtf gas vchas pranf`fhtfs `fdqufggds sah egalas' äncàs y douh`dhtfs fh prchncpcas

iuncgdkchasas' icfhtrds quf gas `f ãstds sah ids rcnas fh

dzündr y fh dgnamag' ids ùrd`fras y gas ühcnas ndpdnfs

`f nahstctucr fg nrã`cta `fg pdés praùntar(

Ggdidà quf sfd fg prapcftdrca ä euh`dr uh vcôfà fh

sufga `fsnahancà ' þ `fsfasa `f iflardr gd ndgc`d` `f sus

dntudgfs nasfnmds' gf sfrä `f krdh`f cipartdhncd sdofr



‐ 3 ‐

nah dhtfrcarc`d` gd hdturdgfzd `f gas `cstchtas tfrrfhas pdrê

ocfh prfpdrdrgas' sc ha sf qucfrf naipraiftfr fg vckar `f

gds nfpds y gd oah`d` `f sus praùntas( Fstd pdrtf tdh ch

tfrfsdhtf `f gd vctcnugturd pdtrcd fs kfhfrdgifhtf agvc`d`d'

par nuya iatcva ha pa`fias ifhas `f ggdidr sfrcdifhtf

gd dtfhncþh `f gas dkrcnugtarfs saorf fg pdrtcnugdr( Vh tfr

rfha quf nahtfhkd prchncpdgifhtf gd pczdrrd þ ndgczd' gd

drfhd y gd drncggd' puf`f nahsc`frdrsf fg ids ä prapþscta dg

nugtcva `f gd vc`' fh rdzþh `f quf' ä gd prfsfhncd `f gas

ägndgcs hfnfsdrcas' sf luhtdh gd drfhd y gd drncggd' quf

idhtcfhfh nahvfhcfhtf gd muif`d` dosaroc`d `f gd dtiþs

efrd par rdzþh `f su parasc`d`( Fh tdgfs nah`cncahfs' gd

tcfrrd' nahsfrvähàsf gclfrd y fspahlasd' sf mdggd fh fg

iflar fstdà pdrd edncgctdr dg nagaha gds gdoarfs' y ä gd

pgdhtd fg `focà `fsdrragga y raoustfz( Iunmas sah gas vc

ôfàs fspdôagfs' fh gas nudgfs fxcstf uhd `fspraparncþh fx

nfscvd fhtrf gds ndhtc`d`fs `f gas rfefrcàs naipahfhtfs' y

mã dqué gd prcifrd nahndusd `f gas trcstfs y ifhkudàs

nrfncicfhta y eruntcecndncþh quf prfsfhtdh naiuhifhtf gds

nfpds `f hufstra pdés' nuyd vc`d if`cd' par ga saordà

nartd' aogckd dg nasfnmfra ä rfhavdrgds nah mdrtd erfnufh

ncd ' ha sch pfrlucnca hatarca `f sus chtfrfsfs y `f gd oufhd

ndgc`d` `f gas vchas(Vrkfhtf fs' par ga tdhta' quf fg prapcftdrca' `cgclfhtf

y nfgasa par gd echurd y nrã`cta `f gas praùntas `f sus na

sfnmds ' trdtf dhtf taà `f driahczdr fh ga pascogf gd nai

pascncþh quéicnd `f sus tcfrrds gdoardogfs' dôd`cãhàgfs fg

edntar þ edntarfs quf gfs edgtfh pdrd quf sfdh `foc`difhtf

parasds ã mckrasnþpcnds' naia sf md mfnma yd ' y sf mdnf

duh may `cd fh krdh`éscid fsndgd fh Erdhncd y fh Chkgd)>



‐ 4: ‐

tfrrd' àh`f sf cipartdh' ä ids `f gas doahas dhcidgfs'

fharifs ndhtc`d`fs `f ichfrdgfs ndgczas y pczdrrasas' ifr

nf` ä ga nudg egarfnf nd`d vfz ids' ha sch ifhkud `f F s

pdôd' gd dkrcnugturd fxtrdhlfrd( S par ids quf has ùfgd

fg nahefsdrga' `crfias quf' dôas mdnf' sf fxtrdf `fg sufga

pdtrca nah `fstcha ä `cvfrsas pdésfs' y saorf taà ä gd Ch

kgdtfrrd' fg rcquéscia y douh`dhtf dpdtcta y easearctd `f

gds chif cdncahfs `f Gakrasdh' -Fxtrfidùrd# quf fs fg

easedta ndgcza ids pura quf may sf nahanf(

@fs`f quf' fh 4=0:' fg sfôar @( Lugcdh `f Guhd d`

qucrcþ fg `frfnma `f gd fxpgatdncþh `f `cnma ichfrdg' vcfhf

mdncãhàsf su fxpartdncþh fh iuy nahsc`frdogf fsndgd' sch

quf sf mdyd utcgczdà naia `focfrd' fh ocfh `fg pdés' fsf

easeakudha ch`élfhd' `fstchdà ä eaifhtdr fhãrkcndifhtf

gd praùnncþh dkrénagd' y fh pdrtcnugdr gd vctcnugturd'

scfhà rfdgifhtf gdifhtdogf ha mdofrga dpgcndà pdrd efr

tcgczdr vdrcas tfrrfhas sch sustdhncd' fh quf sf md pgdhtdà

gd vc` fspdôagd' y fh gas nudgfs' krdncds ä su drc`fz y ä

uh vcncasa nugtcva' ha vfias ids quf nfpds fhngfhqufs y

idg earid`ds(

Fg dpdtcta fs uh naipufsta `f trfs ätaias `f easedta `f

ndg oäscna y uha `f ngarura þ `f eguarura `f ndgnca ' `f ds

pfnta vc`rcasa þ tfrrfa' vdrcdogf fh tfxturd' nagarfs ykrdàs `f trdspdrfhncd' easearfsncfhà `f `cstchtds idhf

rds sc sf gf fnmd fh pagva saorf gds dsnuds( û hdturdgfzd

quéicnd has `d ä nahanfr `fs`f gufka su krdh`f y pravf

nmasd chegufhncd fh gd vfkftdncþh `f gd vc`' pufsta quf ä

gd douh`dhncd `f gd ndg tdh nahvfhcfhtf ä gd pgdhtd' rfühf

fg äncà easeþrcna ha ifhas cipartdhtf pdrd su nrfncicfhta

y `fsdrragga 2 idrdvcggasa nahluhta quf sdgcfrd dg pdrfnfr



‐ t c )

`f gds idhas `fg Nrcdàr pdrd dgcifhta y praspfrc`d` `f

gds nfpds( Mã dqué' pufs' fg doaha rfy pdrd ta`ds gds tcfrrds vchéefrds `fspravcstds `f gd suecncfhtf dgndgchc`d`( S'

hþtfsf ocfh$ tdhta idyar fs gd gahkfvc`d` y vckar `f gd

vcôd' nudhta ifhas dzadàs y ids rcnas fh ägndgcs sah Cas)

doahas quf sf gf suichcstrdh( âga dsé puf`f nahsfkucrsf du

ifhtdr hatdogfifhtf fg praif`ca `f gd vc`d `f gds nfpds'

naia sf aosfrvd fh gds arcggds `fg _mch' y fh vdrcas `cstrc

tas `fg vfncha cipfrca' àh`f fxcstfh vcôfàs paogdàs `fnfpds nfhtfhdrcds(



N D Z C P V G A CC(

N f p d s pr fe fr co gf s pd rd gd ao tf hn cþ h nGf o u f h a s v c h a s (

>( Gd odsf `f uh oufh vcha fs gd oufhd ndgc`d` `f gd

nfpd( Fg prcifr pdsa `f gas dkrcnugtarfs ggdidàs ä fstd

ogfnfr uh vcôfà þ ä rfhavdr gds vcôds dhtckuds' fs mdnfr

uhd oufhd fgfncah `f gds nfpds quf `fofh nahstctucr gas

pgdhtéas( Gds vdrcf`d`fs `f gd vc`' vctcs vchcefrd' quf may

sf nahanfh sah fh hüifra chechcta' y ta`ds prfsfhtdh sus

ndrdntfrfs fspfncdgfs' dsé fh gd pgdhtd' naia fh fg eruta'

quf gds `cstchkufh uhds `f atrds' ndrdntfrfs quf nahsfr

vdh nahstdhtfifhtf' nudgfsqucfrd quf sfdh gas tfrrfhas y

nah`cncahfs fh quf fggds vfkftdh( Fs chù`dogf' sch fiodr

ka' quf fg sufga' gd fxpascncþh' fg ngcid y `fiäs ncr

nuhstdhncds ia`cecndh ids þ ifhas gas praùntas `f gd

vc`' pfra `f hchkuhd idhfrd gds chegufhncds gandgfs pa

`räh trdsearidr uhd vdrcf`d` `f nfpd fh atrd vdrcf`d`

`cstchtd `f dqufggd' hc ldiäs fg dgouga ogdhna' par flfi

pga' pa`rä nahvfrtcrsf hdturdgifhtf fh dgouga hfkra' hc

ãstf iunma ifhas fh Ldãh þ fh Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz(

Fg kfhca `fg vcha fstä fh gd nfpd' md `cnma Ir( Kuyat(



‐ 40 ‐

S fh fefnta' nd`d vdrcf`d` `f gd vc` praùnf su vcha fspf

ncdg' nuya ndräntfr ha pa`räh ldiäs fngcpsdr gds chegufhncds`f nd`d gandgc`d`( Fg arélfh y gd ndusd pfridhfhtf `f gd

krdh`f rfputdncþh quf mdh dgndhzdà ncfrtas `cstrctas vché

nagds' md scà fg nugtcva `f nfpds `ftfrichd`ds quf gd fx

pfrcfhncd md `fiastrdà sah supfrcarfs pdrd gd fgdoardncþh

`f fxnfgfhtfs vchas( @ékdhga Our`fas' Ifàn' Pmaifry'

fg _ausscggah' ftn(' fh gd hdncþh erdhnfsd ' fg dhtckua ù

ndà `f Hdssdu fh gds iärlfhfs `fg _mch ' fg nãgforf Pabdy `f gd Muhkréd' Ctdgcd nah su Dgfätcna' Gdnryid Nmrcs)

tc y Iahtf)Zugncha' hufstrd ediasd Dh`dgunéd' fg Ndipa

`f Ndrcôfhd' fh fg Drdkþh ' gd Idhnmd nah su Udg`fpf

ôds ' fg Zrcardta y fg Dipdr`dh `f Ndtdguôd' y tdhtas

atras `cstrctas ' nuyas nfgfordàs vchas sah aotfhcàs nah

gas iastas `f uh gcictdà y fsnalcà hüifra `f vdrcf`d`fs

`f gd vc`() Fh `cnmas puhtas sf nahsfrvdh naia uhd trd`cncþh rfs

pftdogf dgkuhds ndstds `f vc`fs echds' dngcidtd`ds par

dkrcnugtarfs y fhagakcstds chtfgclfhtfs' `f gd icsid idhf

rd' duhquf fh sfhtcà nahtrdrca' quf sf rfspftdh y pfrpf

tüdh ch`fechc`difhtf gds präntcnds rutchdrcds `f gd vc hc ec

ndncþh fstdogfnc`ds par gd ckhardhncd þ fg edhdtcsia `f gas

nasfnmfras( Gds oufhds þ idgds nastuiorfs' uhd vfz drrdckd`ds' sah iuy `ceéncgfs `f `fstfrrdr' fh rdzþh `f quf

fg chstchta `f cictdncþh y fg mäocta flfrnfh uh prfàichca

iuy hatdogf saorf fg maiorf( Hah d` rdtcahfi' sf` d`

scicgctu`chfi vcvcius(c

Fs' par ga tdhta' iuy hfnfsdrca chtraùncr fh taàs gas

vcôfàs' pgdhtdàs `f nfpds ifzquchds' dqufggds vdrcf`d

`fs prcvcgfkcd`ds' `f quf mdogdrfias gufka' y eaifhtdr



‐ 46 ‐

fg nugtcva `f gds icsids quf ids sf dnaia`fh ä gas `cef

rfhtfs ngcids y tfrrctarcas( Ha mdh edgtdà dgkuhas' schfiodrka' quf mdh dtrcoucà prchncpdgifhtf gd oah`d` `f

gas vchas ids nfgfordàs ä gds ncrnuhstdhncds kfþgaka)ngc

idtagþkcnds `fg pdés fh quf sf praùnfh' sch pdrdrsf fh

gds fspfncfs þ vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds quf gas suichcstrdh2 fstd

c`fd' quf ta`dvéd suoscstf' par `fskrdncd' fh gd ifhtf `f

ncfrtas dkrcnugtarfs quf' dg euh`dr uh pgdhtéa ' taidh c h

`cstchtdifhtf nudgfsqucfrd sdricfhtas' fs uh dosurà `fiastrdà par gd fxpfrcfhncd( Fh fg Dgta Kdrahd y fh gd

Nmdipdôd erdhnfsd ' fh gds iärkfhfs `fg _mch' fh fg If

`ca`éd `f Fspdôd y fh ta`ds pdrtfs àh`f sf aotcfhfh vchas

fxnfgfhtfs y ediasas' fhnahtrdias gas vcùfôas ids echas

y uh nugtcva fsifrdà( Tuctd` ä gd Dh`dgunéd fg Zdgaicha

`f Lfrfz ' fg Zf`ra Lcifhfz ' fg Iasndtfg y `fiäs vc`fs

fspfncdgfs' y sustctuc`gds par atrds nfpds krasfrds ü ar`chdrcds2 quctd` dg Drdkþh y ä hufstra Zrcardta gd uvd tchtd'

gd Kdrhdnmd y fg Idndofa' rffipgdzdhà fstds uvds par

atrds ndstds paorfs hdturdgifhtf fh dzündr þ sch ndgc`d`'

y ocfh prahta fstdrä pfr`c`d gd rfputdncþh vchénugd `f `c

nmas `cstrctas2 quctd` ä Our`fas y ä Ifàn fg Ndrofhft' fg

Erdh)pchfdu' gas Zgdhts)àrãs' fg Nruxchft' fg ^duvckhah'

ftn(' pgdhtdhà fh su gukdr fg Kdidc' fg Nmdssfgds' fgKaics ü atras vcùfôas sfifldhtfs' y gufka mdorãcs fi

paorfncà dqufg mfriasa pdés f gd Erdhncd( Fh uhd pdgd

ord' sch nfpds echds þ rcnds hdturdgifhtf fh dzündr ha fs

pascogf aotfhfr vchas oufhas hc `f saorfifsd' naia tdi

pana fs pascogf nfgfordr uh fspgãh`cà diockü sch fg edh

tästcna ã chfvctdogf vcha `f Nmdipdôd( Ufr`d` fs quf nah

gas iastas ids paorfs `f dzündr pa`fias fgdoardr vchas



‐ 45 ‐

quf sfräh iuy dgnamþgcnas y f gdrkd ùrdncþh' dôd`cãhàgfs

gd ndhtc`d` hfnfsdrcd `f `cnmd sustdhncd y tfipgdhà su dnc`fz fxnfscvd par gas if`cas quéicnas2 pfra fstas vchas sah

ids ocfh aord `fg drtf quf hdturdgfs' y ndrfnfh `fg vfr

`d`fra oauquft quf tdh saga fs `dà dgndhzdr ä gas ndgàs

pranf`fhtfs `f uvds `f oufhd ndgc`d` y ocfh sdzahd`ds(

Fh uh icsia tfrrfha' odla uh icsia sag y nah fg ics

ia nugtcva' scfiprf uhd nfpd fxqucsctd rfh`crä erutas ids

ùgnfs y sdorasas quf uhd nfpd odstd þ `f sé pana dzundrd`d( ^c fh ldr`chfréd y fh droarcnugturd sah sagcnctd`ds

nah deäh gds fspfncfs þ vdrcf`d`fs `f egarfs y `f äroagfs

erutdgfs ids fxqucsctas' ckudg prf`cgfnncþh `fof sfr `cspfh

sd`d par fg vctcnugtar ä gds ndstds `f gd vc` quf gd fxpf

rcfhncd `fiufstrd sah ids ä prapþscta pdrd gd edorcndncþh

`f gas vchas( D fstf ech `fofias mdnfr dmard uhd rfsfôd

`f gds vdrcf`d`fs þ nfpds ids `ckhds `f sfr nugtcvd`ds fhkrdh`f fsndgd par gas nasfnmfras fspdôagfs(

0( Zf`ra Lcifhfz( Gd prcifrd vdrcf`d` `f gd vc`' y

gd ids dprfncdogf odla iunmas nahnfptas' fs gd ggdid`d

Zf`ra Lcifhfz fh ^dhgündr y Lfrfz' Zfra Lcifh fh Iägd

kd' y Zfra Lcifhfz fh Drdhlufz' Andôd' ftn( Arcuh`d `f

Ndhdrcds y `f Id`frd' sf trdspgdhtþ prcifra ä gds iärkf

hfs `fg _mch y `fg Iasfgd' `f àh`f euã cipartd`d ä gd Dh`dgunéd' às sckgas mdnf' par Zf`ra ^ciah+' qucfh prfstþ ä

gd vchcecndncþh fspdôagd uh `cstchkucà y iuy sfôdgdà

sfrvcnca' quf' `ckha `f gd idyar fstcidncþh' fstä `fstchd

à ä praùncr krdh`fs y efnuhàs rfsugtdàs fg `cd fh quf

gas prapcftdrcas' fh kfhfrdg' sf `fnc`dh ä eaifhtdr fg nug

tcva `f gd fxprfsd`d vdrcf`d`( D nahsfnufhncd `f gds ch`c

ndncahfs y nahsflas quf has mdh pf`c a vdrcas dkrcnugta)



Q h Q rfs' sf md prapdkdà yd efgczifhtf fstd nfpd fh `cstchtds

zahds `fg rfcha' pdrtcnugdrifhtf fh gds nudtra pravchncdsndtdgdhds' ha ù`dhà quf su dngcidtdncþh crä `fsdrra

ggähàsf fh idyar fsndgd' ä if`c`d quf `f sus vfhtdlds sf

nahvfhzdh par sé icsias gas nasfnmfras( Fs pgdhtd `f krdh

rfh`cicfhta' y sus rdncias' quf sah dgka krufsas' prfsfh

tdh gas krdhas ndsc rfàhàs' ogdhnas' `f rfkugdr tdidôa'

pana dprftdàs' y `f pcfg `fgkd`d( û iasta' nudhà id

ùra' fs fg ids ùgnf quf sf nahanf' y par ga icsia fgids sagcnctdà par gds doflds y dvcspds' `f sdoar ifgasa'

dgndhzdhà fh gas `cstrctas ifrc`cahdgfs uhd krdùdncþh

`f ?: ä ?0 krdàs kgfunaiãtrcnas( @f ãg has `cnf fg krdh

oatähcna y hdturdgcstd _alds Ngfifhtf' fh su Fhsdya saorf

gds vdrcf`d`fs `f gd vc` naiüh' quf fs chndpdz `f `dr taà

su fspérctu' sc ha sf gf dôd`f dkud pdrd edncgctdrgf quf efr

ifhtf naipgftdifhtf' par sfr `f gd ndstd ids dzundrd`d`fg kgaoa2 dutarczd`ds pdgdords' quf' pdrd fg ocfh y pras

pfrc`d` `f gd vctcnugturd' `focdh mdofr fhnahtrdà idyar

fna fhtrf gas dkrcnugtarfs( Gas ediasas vchas Iägdkd

ùgnf y Zfra gcifh sah fgdoardàs ühcndifhtf nah gds

uvds `f gd vc` `f quf sf trdtd' fhtrdhà fggds tdiocãh na

ia edntards fh gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas vchas ggdidàs Zdld

rftfs' Iasndtfgfs' y `f atras ha ifhas nfgfordàs( @f dméfg nahsc`frdogf dprfnca y rfspfta quf `cspfhsdrah ä fstd

vc` `fs`f uh prchncpca' y sckufh `cspfhsähàgf gas fhtfh`c

às nasfnmfras `f Iägdkd' Lfrfz' ^dhgündr' Iatrcg' Krdhd

`d' y f taàs gas puhtas `f gd pfhéhsugd àh`f md scà

fhsdydà su nugtcva( Fg iasta saga `f gd vdrcf`d` quf has

anupd suichcstrd gas ids rcnas ndgdorfs' y vchas ogdhnas

iuy echas' sfnas þ ùgnfs' sfküh fg ngcid y gds nah`cncahfs



‐ 4= ‐

`fg sufga `f quf pranf`f2 naiochdà nah fg zuia `f gd

uvd Iasndtfg' praùnf fg tdh rfputdà vcha `f fstf haiorf 2 fh gas tfrrfhas drncggasas þ drfhasas y pana dgndgchas'

`f fxpascncþh ids þ ifhas saioréd' tcfhf nahstdhtfifhtf

uhd idyar `fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd quf fg iasta `f nudg

qucfr atrd ndstd quf vfkftf fh ckudgfs ncrnuhstdhncds' `dh

à vchas sfnas' suecncfhtfifhtf dgnamþgcnas y nahsfrvdogfs2

fh gds tcfrrds if`cdhds fh fxpascncþh y dgndgchc`d`' fs yd

dgka ids `fhsa' pfrictcfhà gd aotfhncþh `f ndgàs ids

eufrtfs y dkrd`dogfs2 par ech' fh gds sctudncahfs fgfvd`ds'

ndgcfhtfs y ids douh`dhtfs `f ägndgcs' sf prfsfhtd fg ids

rcna `f dzündr' praùncfhà vchas fxnfgfhtfs gas ids dg

namþgcnas( Zdrd gd nahefnncþh `f vchas tchtas `f supfrcar

ndgc`d` odstd ifzngdr fg iasta fh nufstcþh fh gds `foc`ds

praparncahfs' nah fg `f uhd ndstd hfkrd `f oufhds nah`c

ncahfs ' naia gd Kdrhdnmd ü atrd sfifldhtf' pranf`cfhà

fh gds `fiäs apfrdncahfs vchénagds `f uhd idhfrd rdncahdg

y iftþ`cnd(

Fh ^ftcfiorf `f 4=55 ' y pana dhtfs `f gds napcasds

gguvcds quf'saorfvchcfrah dg tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd' fxd

ichdias fg iasta `ãgd rfefrc`d nfpd' fg nudg ' vfràsa

duh' sfôdgþ fh fg kgfunþiftra gas 45º' `ähàhas ä fhtfh

`fr' quf sc gds chegufhncds dtiaseãrcnds gf muocfsfh scàedvardogfs' pfrictcãhàgf sdndrcecndr par uhd pragahkd`d

vfkftdncþh fg fxnfsa `f sus äncàs gcorfs' mdoréd dgndhzdà

mdstd gas 4= y ?: krdàs' `fhsc`d` supfrcar ä gd `f taàs

gas `fiäs iastas ids idùras `fg pdés(

Fh vcstd' pufs' `f gds nudgc`d`fs quf mdnfh tdh rfna

ifh`dogf pdrd vchas ä gd nfpd Zf`ra Lcifhfz ' fxnctdias

fg nfga `f gas vctcnugtarfs' ä ech `f quf gd chtraùzndh y



‐ 43 ‐

prapdkufh fh sus pgdhtéas' `flähàgf rfprfsfhtdr fg ids

cipartdhtf pdpfg quf gf fstä rfsfrvdà fh gd vchcecndncþh

`f Fspdôd(6( Zdgaicha( Gd sfkuh`d vdrcf`d` `f gd vc` ' `ckhd

tdiocãh `f ta`d fstcidncþh ' fs gd `fhaichd`d Zdgaicha

fh Lfrfz' Pfiprdha fh Iägdkd' y Gcstdh fh ^dhgündr `f

Odrrdif`d( Fstd nfpd' iuy àichdhtf fh gas vcôfàs `f

Dh`dgunéd' earid gd odsf `f gas nfgfordàs vchas `f Lfrfz

y `f Nahcg' eckurdhà ckudgifhtf fh `cstchtds praparncahfs

fh gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas ggdidàs Zdldrftfs' Lcifhfz'Iasndtfgfs' y Pchtcggds< praspfrd pfrefntdifhtf fh taàs

gas sctcas sfnas y nägcàs `f ncfrtd fgfvdncþh ' `dhà erutas

iuy tfiprdhczas quf idùrdh taàs ä gd vfz2 par nuyd

rdzþh `fofrédh gas nasfnmfras pgdhtdrgd fh gds ch`cnd`ds

rfkcahfs `f quf douh`d hufstra sufga ' fxnguyãhàgd `f

taàs gas pdrdlfs müifàs y saioréas' fh gas nudgfs' sc

ocfh `fsdrraggd uhd vflftdncah gazdhd' rch`f fh gd ãpand `fsu sdzþh uh iasta pana dzundrdà( Gas rdncias `f fstd

vdrcf`d`' quf fs iuy fsqucgifôd' tcfhfh gas krdhas rf

àhàs' ogdhnas y `f sdoar suidifhtf krdta 2 sus vchas

sah echas y draiätcnas hdturdgifhtf' d`qucrcfhà dg ndoa

`f panas dôas uh agar fspfncdg quf sf ggdid fh fg pdés

diahtcggdà( Fhtahnfs fg Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz fs uha `f gas

vchas kfhfrasas ids sagcnctdàs( Nugtcvd`d gd pgdhtd fh gastfrrfhas ndgcza drncggasas y fh gds pczdrrds ids þ ifhas

`fsnaipufstds' nahsfrvd ta`ds sus prapcf`d`fs y ndrdntf

rfs2 pfra fh gds `fiäs ngdsfs `f tfrrfhas' nudgqucfrd quf

sfd su sctudncþh y fxpascncþh' sc ocfh ha pcfr`f su hatdogf

efnuh`c`d` ' `fkfhfrd ha aostdhtf fh nudhta ä su draid'

praùncfhà vchas sfnas' `f oufhd ndgc`d`' pdrfncàs ä gas

`fg Ldãh y Dgouga ogdhna( ^frcd ' pufs' `f `fsfdr quf gas



‐ ?: ‐

prapcftdrcas dpravfnmdrdh gds ofggds nudgc`d`fs `fg prf

sfhtf vcùfôa' eaifhtdhà su dngcidtdncþh fh gds rfspfn

tcvds `fidrndncahfs(

5( Iasndtfg( Atrd `f gds nfpds quf ifrfnfh par ncfrta

idyar fstcidncþh' `f gd quf naiuhifhtf sf Lfs `cspfhsd'

fs fg Iasndtfg y gds suovdrcfngd`fs `fg icsia( D`fiäs `f

gd rcnd pdsd `f Iägdkd' y `f gds tdh sdorasds y sagcnctd`ds

uvds pdrd ifsd quf suichcstrd fg ediasa iasndtfg karà

ogdhna' sf aotcfhfh tdiocãh nah su iasta vchas suidifh

tf echas y draiätcnas' nuyas fgfvdàs prfncas ' fhrcqufnfh

ä gas nasfnmfras quf mdh fstu`cdà ocfh fstd vdrcf`d`(

Fipfra' par `fskrdncd' fggd fs ckhard`d f iunmas dkrc

nugtarfs' rfgfkd`d par atras dg agvcà' naia pgdhtd `f fs

ndsa rfh`cicfhta' y dprfncd`d tdh saga par dgkuhas quf'

nahvfhncàs `f sus vfhtdlds' gd fxtcfh`fh nahsc`frdogfifhtf

fh sus pgdhtéas( Gd fxpfrcfhncd has `fiufstrd nah ngdrc`d`

quf fg iasndtfg fxprfsdà fxckf uhd tcfrrd `f sustdhncd'

uhd fxpascncþh ndgcfhtf y gd pa`d gdrkd( _fuhc`ds gds trfs

nah`cncahfs' gf vfias `fsdrraggdr uhd vfkftdncþh gulasd'

prfsfhtdhà douh`dhtfs erutas' suecncfhtfifhtf dzundrdàs

y iuy dkrd`dogfs( Gflas' pufs' `f sulftdr su vc`d y su

nrfncicfhta odla fg yuka dtraz `f gd pa`d`frd `fg rüstcna

gdorcfka' nahnã`dsfgf idyar magkurd y gcofrtd` ' dpgcnäh

àgf gd pa`d `f Kuyat' ids þ ifhas ia`cecnd`d' sfküh gd

ngdsf `f gas tfrrfhas ' þ gd `f Ir( Praucggft ' quf fs ids

sfhncggd' y `f ckudgfs rfsugtdàs quf dqufggd' y fh vfz `f

uh vcùfôa ifzqucha y icsfrdogf' ga aotfh`rfias raousta

y cahlfva ' naipfhsdhà nah usurd gas nuc`dàs quf sf gf

pra`ckufh( Fg iasndtfg idg nugtcvdà' fs naia fg pdldrcgga

yd nrfncà y `fsdrraggdà' ä qucfh sf mdh nartdà sus dgds



Q ?4 ‐

fh fg iaifhta fh quf' gdhzähàsf par gas dcrfs' cod ä flfnu

tdr fg ids dìcrdogf y) sarprfh`fhtf iavcicfhta quf aosfrvdias fh gas sfrfs `f gd hdturdgfzd( Mäkdsf' pufs' fg fxpf

rcifhta `f quf sf trdtd' þ fipcãnfsf scqucfrd `fldhà ä gd

rfefrc`d nfpd' nudhà su pa`d' às þ trfs alas ids `f ga quf

sf dnastuiord' y' ha fsndsfähàgf fg dgcifhta' y `crckcfhà

ocfh su vfkftdncþh dhudg' ha sf mdrä fspfrdr uh ndioca

iuy edvardogf fh su praspfrc`d` y eruntcecndncþh( Fg ias

ndtfg vfkftdhà fh nagchds ndgnärfds þ naipufstds fsfhncdgifhtf `f gd pczdrrd `fgfzhdogf' y nah gds `fiäs nah`cnca

hfs fxpufstds' praùnf fg vfr`d`fra y nfgfordà vcha `f su

haiorf' ndpdz `f naipftcr fh oah`d` y rcqufzd dgnamþgc

nd' nah gas gfkétcias vchas iasndtfgfs `f Iägdkd' ^dhgü

ndr y `f Lfrfz quf tdh dprfncdàs sah fh fg naifrnca( Fh

tahnfs su iasta idùra' aerfnf gd `foc`d `fhsc`d` kgfuna)

iãtrcnd' y ha mdy hfnfsc`d` `f ifzngdrga nah fg `f atrdnfpd ids ùgnf' nudg sf prdntcndrfh vdrcas puhtas `f Dh

`dgunéd 2 ids sc sf mdggd fh uh sufga dsdz drncggasa þ scgénfa'

y sch gd nahvfhcfhtf praparncþh `f odsfs dgndgchds' `d uh

iasta quf' sc ocfh ha fs fsndsa `f draid' gf edgtd sch fi

odrka uh tdhta `f dzündr' par nuya iatcva sf `fof nai

ochdrga nah fg zuia `f gd uvd Zf`ra Lcifhfz' Idndofa'

ü atrd dhägakd' ä ech `f aotfhfr uh praùnta nudg narrfspah`f' duhquf ha sfrä tdh fxqucscta naia fh fg ndsa dh

tfrcar( Gds suo)vdrcf`d`fs iasndtfg iardà y iasndtfg if

huà ogdhna' quf tdh ocfh sf `dh fh gd nastd `f Gfvdhtf'

y fh atrds naidrnds `f Ndtdguôd' suichcstrdh ckudgifhtf

prfncasas vchas' ids þ ifhas ùgnfs y draiätcnas sfküh gd

naipascncþh quéicnd `fg sufga' ngcid y `fiäs ncrnuhstdh

ncds gandgfs(



Dtfh`c`ds gds vfhtdlds quf gd dngcidtdncþh `f `cnmas vc

ùfôas puf`f praparncahdr ä gd chùstrcd vchénagd' has pra

iftfias uh prahta y `fnc`cà fstéiuga `f pdrtf `f gas

prapcftdrcas pdrd chtraùncrgas y prapdkdrgas fh sus vcôf

às' sustctuyfhà nah fggas ä `cefrfhtfs ndstds krasfrds quf

praùnfh ndgàs `f supfrcar ndgc`d`(

;( Pchtcggd( Ha ifhas cipartdhtf' sc ndof' quf fg ias

ndtfg fs gd nfpd tchtcggd nahanc`d nah fg haiorf `f kdrhd

nmd( û eruta nahstctuyf gd odsf `f gas nfgfordàs vchas `fg

ndipa `f Pdrrdkahd' scfhà fg ühcna quf sf fipgfd fh

_atd' Nmcpcahd' y fh atras pufogas dh`dgunfs pdrd fgdoa

rdr fg ediasa vcha ggdidà Pchtcggd `f _atd' fg nudg fs iuy

sagcnctdà pdrd `dr nagar ä atras vchas hdturdgifhtf pana

nagardàs( Gd vc` `f quf trdtdias sufgf `fkfhfrdr ä gas

panas dôas `f sfr cipartd`d ä ncfrtas puhtas `fg pdés2 sch

fiodrka' fh gas tfrrfhas ndgczas y pczdrrasas `f fxpascncþh

ifrc`cahdg praspfrd pfrefntdifhtf' `dhà uh iasta iuy

ùgnf quf dgndhzd ä vfnfs gas 45 krdàs `fg kgfunþiftra(

Nasfnmfras mdy fh hufstras `cstrctas quf pa`rédh y `fof

rédh pasffr vcôds fhtfrds pgdhtd`ds sagdifhtf `fg ch`cndà

vcùfôa' par rfuhcr fh sus rfspfntcvds mdncfh`ds gds ncr

nuhstdhncds prapcds dg `fsdrragga `fg icsia' y' ha aostdhtf'

sf gcictdh y quf`dh nahtfhtas nah tfhfr `f ãg ühcndifhtfdgkuhas pcfs' pdrd aotfhfr uh vcha quf' lustdifhtf nahsc

`frdà naia fg iflar `f gd nasfnmd' sf gf dodhàhd ä sé

icsia' y sf rfsfrvd pdrd fhrdhncdrsf nah fg trdhsnursa `f

gas dôas( Fh gas pdrdlfs fh quf fstd nfpd sf vufgvf odstdr

`d þ `fsif`rd`d puf`f sustctucrgd' nah sfkurc`d` `f uh

ãxcta efgcz' gd suo)vdrcf`d` tchtcggd þ kdrhdnmd `f gas ggdhas'

{Nruxchft `f gas erdhnfsfs# quf fs fh gds ggdhurds y vdggfs ga



‐ rÿ ‐

quf gd dhtfrcar fh gds vfrtcfhtfs y iahtdôds2 idùrd tdi

ocãh dgka tdr`éd' y su ¡eruta' odstdhtf draiätcna ' praùnfvchas hatdogfs par su ofgga nagar tchta `f iunmd chtfhsc`d`

y par su eufrzd dgnamþgcnd( Fs pgdhtd kfhfrdgifhtf `fsna

hanc`d ä hufstras prapcftdrcas' ä qucfhfs ha pa`fias if

has `f rfnaifh`drgd nah fecndncd par nahsc`frdrgd ocfh prf

efrcogf ä `cefrfhtfs ndstds hfkrds quf sf nugtcvdh fh Fspdôd(

=( Iähtuas( /Ucfhfh dmard par rdzþh `f su cipartdh

ncd rfspfntcvd gds vdrcf`d`fs ggdid`ds Iähtuas quf eckurdhfh krdh`f fsndgd fh ncfrtds naidrnds `f Dh`dgunéd( Fg

Iähtua Gdyrfh fs fg quf suichcstrd prchncpdgifhtf gas nf

gfordàs vchas `f Udg`fpfôds( Fh Ndtdguôd tfhfias yd

iuy ocfh dngcidtdà' `f panas dôas dnä' fg Iähtua ndstf

ggdha quf' saorf aerfnfr uh nahsc`frdogf rfh`cicfhta' rfü

hf gd ncrnuhstdhncd `f tfhfr odstdhtf krufsd gd pfgénugd quf

nuorf fg krdha `f gd uvd' gd nudg rfscstf pfrefntdifhtf gasfefntas `f gds gguvcds quf iunmds vfnfs saorfvcfhfh dg

tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd( Zuf`f `fncrsf quf hc gds sfquéds

ids pfrtchdnfs' hc gds muif`d`fs fxnfscvds dgtfrdh `f uh

iaà sfhscogf gd vfkftdncþh `f fstf prfncasa vcùfôa( Dsé

has ga `fiastrþ fh fg ataôa pdsdà' prfsfhtähàhas d`f

iäs uh iasta `f 46 krdàs' ä pfsdr `f quf gds chegufhncds

dtiaseãrcnds ha `fldrah `f sfr nahtrdrcds ä gd oufhd idùrfz `f gd uvd(

3( Idndmfa( Fh fg prfsfhtf fsndgdeþh `f gds nfpds prf

efrcogfs pdrd gd aotfhncþh `f ndgàs `f prcifrd ndgc`d`'

mfias `f nahtchudr dqué gds quf naiuhifhtf àichdh fh

dgkuhas `f hufstras vcôfàs' ha ifrfncfhà scqucfrd fg

mahar `f gd ifhncþh fsd iugtctu` `f icsfrdogfs ndstds'

nugtcvd`ds tdh saga pdrd `ftrcifhta `f gas nasfnmfras( Fh)



‐ ?0 ‐

Crf dqufggds sf has prfsfhtd `fs`f gufka ä gd vcstd fg dprf

ncdogf +Idndofa' nuya eruta' ocfh sdzahdà' fs iuy rcna `f

dzündr' y `d vchas quf' `foc`difhtf (fgdoardàs' sah f xnfgfhtfs par su echurd' fspcrctuasc d` y par su nagar did

rcgga àrdà( D pfsdr `f quf `cnmd nfpd idhcecfstd par ga

kfhfrdg uhd efnuh`c`d` if`cdhd' gas dkrcnugtarfs idhtcf

hfh `fidscdà rfùncà su nugtcva' ifrnf` dg pa`fr `f gd

rutchd y ê gd aostchdncþh cheuh`d`d fh nahsfrvdr atrds vd

rcf`d`fs ifhas ütcgfs mfrf`d`ds `f sus idyarfs(

4:( Zchunga( Fg Zchufga ggdidà vugkdrifhtf suiagg fs tdiocãh cipartdhtf' parquf suichcstrd par sc saga vchas

`f gd eufrzd nahvfhcfhtf' y àtdàs `f krdh nagar( Gds

prapcf`d`fs chtréhsfnds y hatdogfs `f fstf vcùfôa sfrcdh

ids astfhscogfs' sc `fg icsia sf pgdhtdrdh zahds fhtfrds'

saorf taà fh dqufggas puhtas àh`f sf aosfrvd quf praù

nf iunma eruta' oufha y tfiprdhcza( Fh ncfrtas ngcids'

ha aostdhtf' `fiufstrd uhd idrnd`d prapfhscþh dg doarta`f gas krdhas fh gd ãpand `f su chegarfsnfhncd y efnuh`d

ncþh' gp prapca quf ä gd `fkfhfrdncþh `fg rdncia' gufka

`fspuãs `f su idùrfz' chnahvfhcfhtfs quf ga `fsfstcidh

uh tdhta rfspfnta ä atrds vc`fs ifhas `fgcnd`ds(

44( Ldãhfs( Fg Ldãh ogdhna þ àrd`÷ga' vugka nmdrfga'

eckurd ckudgifhtf fh krdh pdrtf fh vdrcas vcôfàs' fstfh

`cãhàsf pdrtcnugdrifhtf su nugtcva fh gd Dgpuldrrd' Kud

`cx' Odzd' gas Ufgfz' Vof`d' Pfiogfquf y Ldãh ' p d t r c d

suyd' Fh Iägdkd sf prfpdrd nah su eruta y fg `fg Zfra Lc)

ifh fg nfgfordà vcha quf sf ggdid fh fg pdés Zfra Lcifh

icsta( Fs pgdhtd quf `ä uvds scfiprf tdr`éds' y vchas kf

hfrdgifhtf sfnas' `focfhà `fstfrrärsfgd `fg taà `f gds

sctudncahfs müif`ds y ercds' àh`f gd vfias nah mdrtd



‐ ?a ‐

erfnufhncd `dhà uh iasta egala y fh fxtrfia dkudhasa'

icfhtrds quf' dg nahtrdrca' mdggähàsf fh sctcas ndgcfhtfs

idùrd naipgftdifhtf( Ha agvc`fh' pufs' gas nagahas gdsncrnuhstdhncds fspfncdgfs `fg vcùfôa `f quf sf trdtd' sc sf

qucfrf aotfhfr nah ãg oufhas praùntas(

4?( Dgougas( Atrd nfpd' nuyd cipartdhncd narrf pdrf

lds nah gd dhtfrcar' fs fg Dgouga ogdhna þ ndstfggdha' pcnd)

pagc `f Ndtdguôd' fg nudg sf iugtcpgcnd fh ncfrtas `cstrctas

ids `f ga quf sfrcd `f `fsfdr' dg pdsa quf fh atras sunf`f

taà ga nahtrdrca( Udgf gd pfhd `f aosfrvdr gd hatdogf c h egufhncd quf saorf gd vfkftdncþh `f fstd ndstd' naia `f gds`fiäs' flfrnfh gd hdturdgfzd `fg sufga' fg ngcid y gd fx

pascncþh( Dsé fs' quf fh ncfrtds naidrnds naia gd `f Drtãs

y pufogas chif`cdtas' fh gd pravchncd `f Odrnfgahd' prf

sfhtdh gas Dgougas uhd praspfrc`d` nahsc`frdogf' rch`cfhà

uvds douh`dhtfs y sdorasds' nah gds nudgfs sf aotcfhfh

vchas ogdhnas' fxqucsctas y iuy dprfncdàs( Prdspgdhtdà

fg Dgouga `f Drtãs ä vdrcas puhtas `fg Zrchncpdà' vuãgvfsf

par ga naiüh rdquétcna þ fhefricza' praùncfhà ifhar

hüifra `f rdncias' nuyas krdhas sah ifhas vaguichasas

y ids paorfs `f dzündr( D pfsdr `f taà' y ä tfhar `f gd

fxnfscvd rfputdncþh `f quf kazd fstd vc`' vãrhasgd ta`dvéd

prapdkdrsf ch`cstchtdifhtf fh nudgfsqucfrd tfrrfhas y ngc

ids' ha sch pfrlucnca `f gas chtfrfsfs `fg nasfnmfra(

Gd nfpd `f uvd pdsd' nahanc`d fhtrf hasatras nah fg

haiorf `f vdgfhncdhd' fs' kfhfrdgifhtf mdogdhà ' prfef

rcogf dg Dgouga ndstfggdha' fh rdzþh `f quf ' dngcidtähàsf

pfrefntdifhtf fh ta`ds pdrtfs' rch`f taàs gas dôas krdh

napcd `f eruta ids dzundrdà quf fg `f dqufg(

4>( Iaggdrfs( Echdgifhtf' gas iaggdrfs ogdhnas y tch‐6



‐ ?5 ‐

tas' nahstctuyfh dgkuhds suo)vdrcf`d`fs `f gd vc`' `ckhds

`f sfr chtraùnc`ds fh gas sctcas ids drfhasas' `f oufhd

fxpascncþh' parquf `dh uvds iuy gchds y draiätcnds( Fgiaggdr `f Lfrfz y Prfoulfhd' ggdidà tdiocãh ndôandza'

fs dscicsia odstdhtf dprfncdà fh _uf`d' gd Hdvd y atras

pufogas `f Ndstcggd gd Scfld' icfhtrds quf fh Drnas' Zdld

rftf y Zdgdncas sf nugtcvdh ndsc fxnguscvdifhtf gas iaggd

rfs hfkras(

Pdgfs sah' fh rfsuifh' gds vdrcf`d`fs `f gd vc` quf

`focfrdh earidr prchncpdgifhtf gas vcôfàs fspdôagfs' ea

ifhtähàsf ids fg nugtcva `f uhds quf `f atrds' sfküh gd

fxpfrcfhncd `fiufstrf su idyar þ ifhar praspfrc`d` fh

gds `cefrfhtfs gandgc`d`fs( Nah fggds' y dpgcndhà ä gas tfr

rfhas gd iflaréd `f quf sah susnfptcogfs' nah gd dàpncþh

sciugtähfd `f oufhds präntcnds vcténagds y fhagþkcnds' ha

ndof ù`d fh quf hufstras ndgàs sfrcdh hatdogfifhtf pfr

efnncahdàs' `fstruyfhà gd trcstf' rfdg y àichdhtf nai

pftfhncd quf has mdnfh gas vchas erdhnfsfs fh fg naifrnca

`f Vgtrdidr(

40( Udrcf`d`fs `f ¡d vc` chütcgfs quf sf nugtcvdh fh

Fspdôd( -4# Fxdichdhà gd iugtctu` `f ndstds `f nfpds

quf eckurdh fh gas chechctas pgdhtéas `f gas `cstrctas vchéna

gds `fg rfcha' y gd haifhngdturd `f dqufggds tdh vdrcd`dnaia naheusd' fg nardzþh `fg Fhagakcstd y `f taàs gas

dkrcnugtarfs cgustrdàs sf nahtrcstd dg nahtfipgdr quf gds

-g# Mf dqué gas haiorfs ndtdgdhfs `f uhds nudhtds ' y ha id s ' `f gds

`cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f vc`fs vdstds þ kr as fr ds ' nuya nugtcva `focfrd sus

tctucrsf par fg `f gds drrcod fxprfsd`ds(‐Pd rr ds fh n' Ggard' Pravdt' Zdr)

rfggd' Iugtahdn' _dsft' Zcnd)pagc hfkrf' Zdhsdifhut' Kdrhdnmd ogdhnd'

Kudsff' Zgdhtdiaggft' Idrtarnggd' Nctd `f iagtþ' Isdôi' Zrcidrfhnm(



Q ?; ‐

vc`fs krasfrds y paorfs `f dzündr sah gds quf pufogdh gd

idyar supfrecncf `f gas vcôfàs fh kfhfrdg' quf dhà rfùncà ä uh nérnuga ifhar fg nugtcva `f gds nfpds echds y

ids dzundrd`ds( Fstd fs uhd `f gds ndusds prchncpdgfs `f

gd idgd ndgc`d` y `fg `fndcicfhta `f gas ndgàs ar`chdrcas

`f gd pfhéhsugd( Iunmds' iunméscids sah gds vdrcf`d`fs

`f gd vc` chütcgfs y mdstd pfrlu`cncdgfs quf may sf nugtcvdh

fh hufstrds pravchncds' ifrnf` dg edhdtcsia nah quf dquf

ggds sah nahsfrvd`ds par dgkuhas vctcnugtarfs supfrstcncasas' y dg nahtdkca `fg flfipga nah quf fstas mdh nahtdic

hdà ä gas `fiäs nasfnmfras( D uhas y ä atras has `crckc

ias fh fstas iaifhtas prfncasas fh quf sf mdnf nd`d vfz

ids urkfhtf gd hfnfsc d` `f iflardr gd vchcecndncþh fspd

ôagd' ä ech `f quf sf `ã sch tdr`dhzd fg prcifr pdsa fh

dsuhta `f tdhtd trdsnfh`fhncd' dorcfhà uh nugtcva ids

`cgdtdà ä gds nfpds rcnds fh dzündr þ fsqucsctds' y fidhncpdhà fg `f gds vdrcf`d`fs vdstds þ `fsif`rd`ds( Dodh

`þhfsf' pufs' `f uhd vfz fg ch`cefrfhtcsia mdrta nahtchudà

`f fstdogfnfr hufvas vcôfàs þ `f rfhavdr gas fxcstfhtfs

nah idlufgas `f nudgqucfrd ngdsf y pranf`fhncd' y nahnã

`dsf gd suprfidncd `f fstds cipartdhtfs apfrdncahfs dkré

nagds ä gd oah`d` y ä gd rcqufzd `f gas vcùfôas quf mfias

ifhncahdà dhtfrcarifhtf y quf tdhta ga ifrfnfh( Fipfra' pdrd aordr nah fg iflar dncfrta fh uh trdodla `f fstd

hdturdgfzd' fs prfncsa quf fg vctcnugtar pranf`d odla prch

ncpcas sþgcàs y sfkuras( Fg Kgfunþiftra' @fhséiftra þ

Zfsärhasga `fof sfr fg Hartf `fg nasfnmfra fh gd fgfnncþh

`f gds nfpds quf ids sf dnaia`fh ä su pgdhtéa( Pa`d vc`'

nuyds uvds ocfh sdzahd`ds prfsfhtfh uh iasta chefrcar ä gd

+•`fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd `f =‘º' `fof prasnrcocrsf `f taà



‐ ?= ‐

nugtcva' y sfr sustctuc`d par atrd nfpd nuya iasta sfôdgf uhd

krdùdncþh idyar( Fh ckudgfs ncrnuhstdhncds `f tfrrfha'fxpascncþh y idùrfz `fg eruta' gds nfpds nuyas iastas

sfôdgfh fh fg Kgfunþiftra uhd `fhsc`d` ids fgfvd`d' ä

nahtdr `fs`f gas =(º drrcod `f gd fsndgd `f `cnma chstruifh

ta' `fofh sfr prfefrc`ds pdrd gas fefntas `fg nugtcva' y gds

ids fstcid`ds `fg nasfnmfra( Fstas fhsdyas `fofh fefntudr

sf saorf vc`fs ggfkd`ds ä gd f`d` dùgtd' þ sfd' `f ids `f

sfcs dôas `f fxcstfhncd fh gas `cstrctas ifrc`cahdgfs y `fids `f anma dôas fh gds pravchncds `fg Hartf( Gd apfrdncþh

`fg chkfrta fs fg krdh rfnursa `fg dkrcnugtar pdrd rffipgd

zdr gas vcùfôas chütcgfs par atrds oufhds ndstds( Pdgfs

sah gas prfnfptas ä quf `fofh dtfhfrsf gas vctcnugtarfs nf

gasas `f gd oah`d` `f sus vchas(

Gas nasfnmfras edhätcnas fh nahsfrvdr fsds vdrcf`d`fs

`f gd vc`' nuyas erutas dnuasas `dh vchas `ãocgfs' chkrdtas' y `f pand ùrdncþh' ha tdr`dräh fh cictdr fg flfipga

`f gas nasfnmfras vfnchas quf' ifhas prfanupdàs' sf `fnc

`dh ä eaifhtdr fg nugtcva `f gds nfpds echds y ids dzund

rd`ds' pdrd fgdoardr nah fggds vchas `f oufhd ndgc`d`( Gd

fxnfgfhncd' gd supfrcarc`d` `f fstas hufvas praùntas ä

gas quf dhtfs sf aotfhédh nah gas iastas `f gds vc`fs kra

sfrds' nahstctucrä gd rcqufzd `f gas prcifras nagahas quftaifh gd chcncdtcvd fh fstd pdrtf `f gd vctcnugturd( Ucôds

mdy' y ha pands fh Fspdôd' quf fstäh paogd`ds nah 5' ='

4? y ids vcùfôas `cstchtas' nuyd idyar pdrtf sah krasf

ras y sdzahdh sus rdncias fh ãpands vdrcd`ds( Fh tdgfs

ncrnuhstdhncds' ±nþia fs pascogf quf fh uh icsia tfrrfha

praspfrfh pfrefntdifhtf gas ch`cndàs vcùfôas y rch`dh

erutas douh`dhtfs y sdorasas1 Fh sfifldhtfs pgdhtéas sch+



‐ ?3 ‐

ar`fh' icfhtrds quf uhds ndstds sf vufgvfh ndrrdsqufôds þ

`fsif`rd`ds dg gdà `f atrds quf `dh `f sé pana y idgeruta' vflftdh tdiocãh dgkuhds nfpds quf' par sfr hdturdg

ifhtf ids rcnd fh dzündr quf gds `fiäs' praùnfh ias

tas ids ùgnfs( Fh if`ca `f fstd dhdrquéd y naheuscah

`f vc`fs y `f iastas' ±nþia fs pascogf `fldr `f aotfhfr

idgas praùntas1 Mf dqué fg vcnca prcifra' fg ids nugic

hdhtf `f gd vctcnugturd fspdôagd' nahtrd fg nudg sf suogfvdh

gd sdhd rdzþh y gd fxpfrcfhncd( Dordh' pufs' gas alas ä gdguz gas nasfnmfras nfkdàs fh sastfhfr fsf rdhnca nugtcva

`f tdh `cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f nfpds' y scipgcecqufh ' fh

nudhta sfd pascogf' gd `cvfrsc`d` `f ndstds fh uh icsia

sufga' fgckcfhà fhtrf gds ids echds dqufggds quf ids sf

d`dptfh ä sus vcôfàs(

Vh vcha dhcidà nah fg suecncfhtf fspérctu hdturdg' ids

þ ifhas nagardà' pfra echa y dkrd`dogf dg pdgd`dr' ocfhtrdhspdrfhtf' y àtdà `f uh oauquft sfhscogf' fs y sfrä

scfiprf uh vcha oufha y sagcnctdà( Gas vchas oufhas sah'

par `fskrdncd' pana kfhfrdgfs' pfra ga sfräh ids fg `cd fh)

quf sdgkdias f gd rutchd' sfhtdhà dggä fh su arckfh' þ

fh gas icsias nfhtras `f praùnncþh vchénagd' gas prchnc

pcas präntcnas `f gd ncfhncd Fhagþkcnd(



N D Z C P V G A CCC(

Dtaþhas héds n a h v f h c f h t f s ä gd v c ô d (

4^( Chegufhncd `f gas doahas saorf gas vchas( Nahanc

`ds yd par fg nasfnmfra gds vdrcf`d`fs `f nfpds ndpdnfs `f

praùncr iflarfs ndgàs' y mfnmd tdiocãh par fg icsia

uhd dnfrtd`d fgfnncþh `f dqufggds quf puf`fh ids praspf

rdr fh su pgdhtéa' has nuipgf dmard fictcr dgkuhds nahsc

`frdncahfs cipartdhtfs saorf gd hdturdgfzd `f gas doahas

ids nahvfhcfhtfs ä gd vc`( Fstd pgdhtd nrfnf y sf `fsdrra

ggd `f uhd idhfrd fxtrdar`chdrcd odla gd chegufhncd chif

`cdtd `f gds sustdhncds dzad`ds pranf`fhtfs `f idtfrcds

dhcidgfs fh `fsnaipascncþh' pfra fstas doahas ha sah gas

ids ä prapþscta pdrd gd vc`' fh rdzþh `f quf `dh gukdr ä

gd earidncþh `f uh fxnfsa `f prchncpcas hctrakfhdàs þ

efrifhtas fh fg iasta `f gd uvd ' hd`d edvardogfs ä gas

vchas rfsugtdhtfs `f gd efrifhtdncþh1 `f fstf ügtcia( Fh+

fstd ngdsf `f doahas sf fhnufhtrdh gas mufsas' gds pfzuôds'

gas `fspfr`cncas `f gdhd' gds dstds' gas fxnrfifhtas muid

has y atrds idtfrcds sfifldhtfs' fipgfdàs ta`dvéd nah

mdrtd erfnufhncd par vdrcas dkrcnugtarfs' sfùncàs sch ù`d

par gd vckarasd vflftdncah quf astfhtdh gds nfpds' dsé



‐ >? ‐

doahd`ds' pravcstds `f iunmas sdricfhtas y douh`dhncd

`f eruta( Gas tfrrfhas `f fstas vcôfàs doahdàs nah `c

nmds idtfrcds ha tdr`dh' par ga kfhfrdg' iunmas dôas fh

quf`dr fstãrcgfs' parquf mdh pfr`cà gds sdgfs ichfrdgfs

quf mdh nahsuicà gds malds' gas rdncias y gd pdrtf gfôasd

`f gds vc`fs( S naia fh taàs gas nugtcvas fs ch`cspfhsdogf

`fvagvfr ä gd tcfrrd' odla nudgqucfr earid' taà ga quf sf

md sfpdrdà `f fggd par if ca `f gds nasfnmds' y scfhà

chsuecncfhtfs pdrd fgga gds sustdhncds dgndgchds fxcstfhtfs fhgas rfefrcàs doahas dhcidgfs' fs fvc`fhtf quf' fh fg ndsa

`f quf sf trdtd' `fspuãs `f dgkuhas dôas `f krdh`fs rfna

gfnncahfs' ha puf`f ifhas `f saorfvfhcr uhd praùnncþh

rdquétcnd y iuy ifhkud`d `f rdncias( Pdg fs fg rfsugtdà

quf' ha sch krdh pfrlucnca `f sus chtfrfsfs' aotcfhfh gas

nasfnmfras ch`cefrfhtfs fh suichcstrdr ä gd vcôd nudgfs)

qucfrds sustdhncds pdrd su dgcifhtdncþh(Gd vc`d `f gas vflftdgfs fstä gckd`d nah gd prfsfhncd `f

gas ägndgcs2 `f dmé gd hfnfsc`d` `f idhtfhfr nahstdhtfifh

tf fh gas tfrrfhas `f gdordhzd fg icsia fqucgcorca `f gas

prchncpcas ichfrdgfs quf dqufggas mdh nf`cà ä gds pgdhtds'

y quf `fofh sfr rffipgdzdàs par if`ca `f gas narrfspah

`cfhtfs doahas2 `f ga nahtrdrca' gd tcfrrd sf fipaorfnf' y

sf `cnf quf sf ndhsd parquf gd vflftdncah `fld `f praspfrdrfh fggd( @f dmé fg parquf gd vc` sf `fsdrraggd pfrefntdifhtf

praùncfhà erutas iuy ùgnfs y sdorasas' sc fs `f oufhd

ndstd' nudhà sf mdggd fh uh tfrrfha rcna fh odsfs dgndg c

hds2 fhtahnfs ä pfhds hfnfsctd doahas' parquf gd Hdturd

gfzd gf pra`ckd gas dgcifhtas' edncgctähàgf dg prapca tcfipa

fg äzaf hfnfsdrca par if ca `fg diahédna dtiaseãrcna( Gd

vcôd `f ids `f anma dôas `f fxcstfhncd' vflftdhà fh tfr)



‐ >> ‐

rfhas pana douh`dhtfs `f ägndgcs' sdnd iflar pdrtcà `f

gas doahas ùras y gfhtas fh `fsnaipahfrsf ' quf `f gas

idtfrcdgfs tcfrhas Þ `cspufstas yd ä sfr dscicgdàs( Fstf

mfnma fstä rfnahancà y sdhncahdà par gd fxpfrcfhncd `f

iunmas vctcnugtarfs quf' pdrd doahdr gd vc`' fnmdh idha'

y ha sch rdzþh' `f gas droustas' `f gd gfôd ifhu`d' `f gds

rdids `f pcha' `f idtds scgvfstrfs' y `f atras doahas vf)

lfgdgfs quf' ä if`c d quf vdh fxpfrcifhtdhà su frfid)

nduscd' suichcstrdh fg idhtcgga y gds sdgfs dgndgchds' quf

`fofh hutrcr ä gds nfpds dùgtds y nahnurrcr prchncpdgifhtf

dg `fsdrragga `f gas sdricfhtas' malds y erutas( S naia fg

ndroaha' `f quf douh`dh `cnmas doahas' fs dosarvcà par

gds rdcncggds `f gds vc`fs fh fstdà `f äncà ndroþhcna þ `f

ndroahdta dgndgcha saguogf' y ecldà `fspuãs par gds pgdhtds'

fs chù`dogf quf gd idyar praùnncþh `f dqufg prchncpca'

quf fs uha `f gas fgfifhtas `fg dzündr' chegucrä pa`frasd

ifhtf saorf gd ndhtc`d` `f fstd sustdhncd quf `fofrä ear

idrsf `fhtra fg krdha `f gd uvd(

Gas fstcãrnagfs `f vdnd' ndrhfra y `f atras ruicdhtfs

sah fxnfgfhtfs doahas pdrd gd vcôd' parquf' d`fiäs `f gds

idtfrcds vflftdgfs ndroahasds' nahtcfhfh scgcndta `f patdsd'

easedta `f ndg y sdg naiüh' sustdhncds quf pfhftrdh eäncg

ifhtf y sch tdr`dhzd fh gd fnahaiéd `f gds nfpds( Fipfra'fstas doahas rfncfhtfs þ fh `fsnaipascncþh nahvcfhfh ids

ocfh ä gds vcôds lþvfhfs quf ä gds vcôds vcflds' pufs quf

scfhà dosarvcàs y dscicgdàs nah rdpc`fz par gas þrkdhas

`f gds pgdhtds' fstds sf `fsfhvufgvfh y nrfnfh fh pana

tcfipa( Mã dqué uh if`ca `f dnfgfrdr fg nrfncicfhta `f gd

vc` fh sus prcifras dôas' scfiprf quf fg ngcid y `fiäs

ncrnuhstdhncds gandgfs ha sf apahkdh ä fgga( Fg nasfnmfra'5



‐ >0 ‐

fh su prfvcscah y fxpfrcfhncd' `fof nahanfr gd fspfncf y

ndhtc`d` `f gas doahas quf `fofrä fipgfdr fh sus vcôfàssfküh gd oufhd' if`cdhd þ idgd ndgc`d` `fg tfrrfha `f gas

icsias( Vhd àscs pru`fhtf þ praparncahd`d `f gas dgcifh

tas quf `fofh sdtcsednfr gds hfnfsc`d`fs `f gds nfpds fs ga

quf nahvcfhf pdrd nahsfrvdr fg vckar y gd efrtcgc`d` `f gd

vcôd -4#( Dgkuhas vctcnugtarfs' dhtfpahcfhà gd ndhtc`d` ä

gd ndgc`d` `fg praùnta' doahdh fxnfscvdifhtf gas pgdhtéas'

pfra ndgnugdh iuy idg gas quf dsé pranf`fh ' parquf gdsuvds rfsugtdhtfs sah ifhas dzundrd`ds y ifhas echds quf

`f ar`chdrca' y par nahsckucfhtf gas vchas' quf nah fggds sf

aotcfhfh' ndrfnfh `f gd eufrzd dgnamþgcnd y `fg sdoar pra

pcas `f gas vchas oufhas y `f gdrkd ùrdncþh(

45( If`cas fnahþicnas `f sastfhfr gd efrtcgc`d` `f gd

vcôd dùgtd( Gas krdh`fs ofhfecncas quf pa`réd rfpartdr dg

pdés fg fsifrdà nugtcva `f gd vc` sf mdggdh anugtas odla fgvfga `f gd ckhardhncd `f gd idyaréd `f hufstras nasfnmf

ras( @fvuãgvdsf nd`d dôa ä gd vcôd ga icsia quf has md

`dà ä fxnfpncþh `fg räa()Mã dqué gd rfkgd kfhfrdg' gd

krdh rfearid' `f eäncg flfnuncþh y efnuhàs rfsugtdàs( Gds

mfnfs `f gas gdkdrfs y `f gas tahfgfs àh`f mdh efrifhtd

à gas vchas' gd ndsnd þ fg arula `f gd uvd y sus nfhczds' þ

gds `f gas sdricfhtas' y gas rfscùas `f gd `fstcgdncþh `fgvcha fvdpardàs mdstd sfquf`d` dg dcrf gcorf' sah gas doa

has ids prfncasas pdrd gd vc` par rdzþh `f su rcqufzd fh

sdgfs dgndgchds( @cnmds idtfrcds ha sah `fskrdncd`difhtf

-4# Gd vcôd sf dpa`frd nah dvc`fz `fg fstcãrnag r fncfh tf< odla su c h

egufhncd oratd nah vckar y praùnf iunmas rd nc ias' pfra fstas sf pu`rfh

nah gd idyar edncgc`d`(‐Zr fn cs fgfifhgdcrf `f Nmcicf dkrcnþgf' pdr gf @r(

E( ^dnn'pdkf =6' sfnah`f f`ctcah(



‐ >6 ‐

fstcid`ds' fh ga quf vdgfh' par hufstras nasfnmfras2 uhds

sah tcrd`ds þ `fspfr`cncd`ds naia chütcgfs' y atrds sf `fstchdh ä atras usas ifhas cipartdhtfs( Gd ngdsf `f gas dgc

ifhtas quf sf suichcstrdh ä gds nfpds cheguyf hatdogf

ifhtf saorf sus praùntas' `f sufrtf qu f' nudhta ids

dqufggas sf dnaia`dh ä gd hdturdgfzd `f gds icsids' gas

iastas `f gds uvds ggfkd`ds ä su idùrfz' sah ifhas

douh`dhtfs fh prchncpcas dzadàs þ fh efrifhtas ' prfsfh

tdh uh sdoar ids echa' y nahtcfhfh uhd idyar praparncþh`f dzündr( S ' ±quf sustdhncds ids hutrctcvds y edvardogfs

dg `fsdrragga y ä gd eruntcecndncþh `f gds vc`fs' quf dqufggds

quf gds icsids pgdhtds fh pgfhd vfkftdncþh mdh suichcs

trdà1 par fstd rdzþh vdrcas dkrcnugtarfs fhtfh`càs mdh

rfnaifh`dà tdiocãh gd präntcnd `f fhtfrrdr fh gd icsid

vcôd gas sdricfhtas y gds malds quf fggd praùnf( Mã dqué

atra if`ca' ä ids `fg ch`cndà' fg ids fxpf`cta y fecndzpdrd sastfhfr fg vckar y gd efrtcgc`d` `f gd vcôd dùgtd(

Zanas sah gas vctcnugtarfs' quf sfpdias' fnmfh idha `f

`cnmas rfnursas fnahþicnas tdh dnahsfldàs par gd ncfhncd'

pufs quf nah fggas sf `fvufgvfh ä gd tcfrrd gds sdgfs ichf

rdgfs y gas fgfifhtas `fg muius quf `fofh nahstctucr fg

prchncpdg dgcifhta `f gd vflftdncah `f gd vc` fh su prþxc

id fvaguncþh( D ofhfecnca `f fstd ratdncþh ch`fechc`d `fgd idtfrcd' quf fhtrftcfhf gd vcrtu` efrtcgczdhtf `fg sufga'

sf puf`f eäncgifhtf nahsfrvdr uh vcôfà fh fg iflar fs

tdà `f gazdhéd y eruntcecndncþh quf gf fs `dà dgndhzdr

sfküh fg ngcid y `fiäs ncrnuhstdhncds gandgfs( ^frcd' pufs'

iuy ütcg y vfhtdlasa quf sf kfhfrdgczdsfh fhtrf hasatras

gds präntcnds quf has anupdh' Lds nudgfs' dg pdsa quf fvc

tdh gas trdspartfs `f atras doahas ä gas pgdhtéas ' cheuh)



‐ >5 ‐

`fh ä gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs nudgc`d`fs iuy dprfncdogfs(

4;( Iaà `f dpgcndr gas doahas ä gd vcôd( Dg mdnfrsfgd pa`d prfpdrdtarcd '( `f quf mdogdrfias ids d`fgdhtf'

`fofh fhtfrrdrsf fh gas sctcas ids hfnfsdrcas `fg vcôfà gas

sdricfhtas y sus malds' ä ech `f quf gd muif`d` y gds ggu

vcds `f chvcfrha fipcfzfh ä `cskrfkdr fg tflc a `f gd pdrtf

gfôasd' `cspahcãhàga ä quf' luhta nah gds malds' suichcs

trfh prcifra gas äncàs þ sdgfs dnc`ds' gd kaid y `fiäs

prchncpcas `f gd sdvcd prcidvfrdg' y gdfka `fspuãs fg idhtcgga y gds sustdhncds dgndgchds quf mdh `f hutrcr prchncpdg

ifhtf gds vc`fs( Paàs gas `fiäs doahas `fofräh dpgcndr

sf fh fg ifs `f Eforfra þ Idrza' pana dhtfs `f fhtrdr fh

iavcicfhta gd vfkftdncþh kfhfrdg( Mdy nasfnmfras quf ggf

vdh ä gd vcôd gas fstcãrnagfs ids þ ifhas `fsnaipufstas'

rfuhcãhàgas fh iahtahfs quf quf`dh gufka dodhàhdàs

par iunma tcfipa ä gd dnncþh `fg sag' `f gas vcfhtas y `fgds gguvcds( Fstas dkfhtfs fxtfrcarfs ha `fldh `f `fshdturd

gczdr odstdhtf tdgfs doahas' nuyas kdsfs' diahédna' äncà

ndroþhcna y atras' sf fvdpardh y `fspfr`cncdh ä if`c`d

quf sf praùnfh( Fs prfncsa ' pufs ' `fstfrrdr tdh vcncasd

nastuiorf' y nuorcr ocfh y prahtdifhtf nah tcfrrd taàs

gas idtfrcdgfs `fstchdàs ä gd dgcifhtdncþh `f gds nfpds(

Fas doahas' nudgqucfrd quf sfd su ngdsf' `fofh sfr fhtfrrdàs dgka praeuh`difhtf y ä pand `cstdhncd `f gds v c

`fs' pufsta quf' sc sf `fldh chif`cdtas ä gd supfrecncf `fg

sufga' gds idgds yfrods quf dggé hdnfh' nrfnfh nah vckar y

ga `fsustdhnédh( Dg prapca tcfipa gds rdénfs pfqufôds y

supfrcarfs `f gds nfpds fxpfrcifhtdh uh fxnfscva `fsdrra

gga ä ofhfecnca `f gas lukas hutrcncas `f gas doahas quf nmu

pdh par sus fspahlcggds àtd`ds `f krdh eufrzd dosarvfhtf'



‐ >4

y naia dg ndvdr þ fsndr`dr gd tcfrrd puf`fh nargdrsf eäncg

ifhtf gds fxprfsd`ds rdénfs' sunf`f iunmds vfnfs quf fstdiutcgdncþh defntd `f uh iaà iuy sfhscogf gd vc`d `f gds

nfpds' gds nudgfs fhefridh taidhà rfpfhtchdifhtf sus

malds y `fiäs pdrtfs vfr`fs uh nagar didrcgga' quf rfvfgd

fg fstdà dharidg `f gds pgdhtds( @f nahsckucfhtf ' vdydsf

nah fg idyar nuc`dà dg dpgcndr gas doahas ä gd vcôd' y

ha sf agvc`f tdipana gd ndgc`d` y ndhtc`d` `f gas icsias

ids nahvfhcfhtf ä gd praspfrc`d` `f gas vcùfôas y ä gdfxnfgfhncd `f su eruntcecndncþh( Gd oah`d` `f gas vchas y gd

fnahaiéd dkrénagd' þ sfdh mahrd y pravfnma' sfräh pdrd

fg nasfnmfra nfgasa fg prfica `fg nugtcva fsifrdà `f su

vcôfà(



N D Z C P V G A C U (

CZgdhtdacaxc `f gd vcôd(

Gd pgdhtdncþh `f gd vc` fs uhd apfrdncþh nuyd ifrfnc`d

cipartdhncd fs ocfh rfnahanc`d par taàs gas dkrcnugtarfs

fh kfhfrdg' ha aostdhtf' sc nahsugtdias gd fxpfrcfhncd'

puf`f `fncrsf quf nd`d uha f fggas gd flfnutd ä tfhar `f

sus c`fds y `f sus nastuiorfs' rfnmdzdhà nudgqucfrd ch havdncþh' par euh`d`d quf sfd fh gas prchncpcas `f gd Ec

scagakéd vfkftdg' fh gd hdturdgfzd fspfncdg `f gd nfpd' þ fh

ga quf gd fxpfrcfhncd icsid has `fiufstrd ids dnfptdogf

fh pra y vfhtdld `f gd vc`d y gahkfvc`d` `fg fxprfsdà

drousta(

4=( Zgdhtfgfs `f gd vc` fh sfndha' pgdhtfg `f 0 huàs(

Zdrd gd idyar sfkurc`d` `fg ãxcta `f gd apfrdncþh quf hasanupd' fs iuy nahvfhcfhtf quf fg prapcftdrca tfhkd `cs

pufsta `fg dôa dhtfrcar fg suecncfhtf hüifra `f idlufgas

drrdckdàs quf mdh `f nahstctucr fg vcôfà( Fstd präntcnd'

kfhfrdgifhtf ckhard`d' vä fxtfh`cãhàsf nd`d `cd ids fh

fg vfncha cipfrca' àh`f sf dnastuiord pgdhtdr gd vc` nah

rdcz `f às dôas( Fh Fspdôd' ifrnf` ä gd tfipgdhzd y oah

`d` `fg ngcid' puf`fh aotfhfrsf pgdhtfgfs fxnfgfhtfs `f gd



‐ 0: ‐

vc` fh uh saga dôa' naia has ga mdh praodà gas rfpftcàs

fhsdyas quf mfias mfnma saorf fg pdrtcnugdr' fh nuyd vcrtu` ha pa`fias ifhas `f nahtchudr dqué gas iãtaàs quf

praiftfh iflarfs rfsugtdàs( Fsnþldsf uh tfrrfha ggdha y

dgka erfsna' gckfra y f sustdhncd' `ãsfgf dhtf taà uhd gd

oar kfhfrdg dgka praeuh`d' `flähàga ocfh marczahtdg y gc

orf `f ta`d yfrod2 gufka sf dorf uhd zdhld `f ?: ä >:

nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d`' nagandhà pfrpfh`cnugdrifhtf

ä nd`d gdà `f gd icsid gas sdricfhtas ' prfpdrdàs `fgiaà dodla fxprfsdà' y pranurdhà quf fstãh fh géhfd

rfntd' y ä gd `cstdhncd f ?6 nfhtéiftras gas uhas `f gas

atras2 mfnma fsta' sf pahf fh fg surna uhd ndpctd `f oufh

fstcãrnag `f nud`rd' þ `f atra doaha dhcidg ocfh `cvc`cà'

fg nudg' ifzngdà nah tcfrrd' sf dprcftd ocfh dg rf`fàr `f

nd`d pgdhtd pdrd ecldrgd sþgc`difhtf fh fg sufga' y `f gas

nudtra huàs þ yfids quf dqufggd `fof nahtfhfr' às quf`dräh fhtfrrdàs y gas atras dg fxtfrcar( Dsé `cspufstd gd

prcifrd zdhld' sf dorcrä gd sfkuh`d ckudg fh praeuh`c`d`'

y ä gd `cstdhncd `f >: ä 0: nfhtéiftras `f gd dhtfrcar'

pgdhtähàgd par fg icsia fstcga' y nahtchudhà ckudgifh

tf mdstd fg ech `f gd pgdhtdncþh ' tfrichd`d gd nudg sf gf

`drä uh rcfka sc fs pascogf( Gas idlufgas hfnfsdrcas ä gd

earidncþh `fg ch`cndà pgdhtfg' þ dg fstdogfncicfhta `f uhhufva vcôfà' mdh `f taidrsf scfiprf `f oufhds nfpds

id`rfs' sdhds y vckarasds' pana dhtfs `f su pgdhtdncþh'

scfhà prfefrcogf quf gas `fstchdàs chif`cdtdifhtf pdrd

vcôd' tfhkdh fh su odsf às þ trfs géhfds `f gd id`frd þ

sdricfhta `fg dôa prþxcia pdsdà' fsta fs' quf ndgnfh uh

vcfla' naia sf `cnf fh Dh`dgunéd y fh vdrcas puhtas `f

Ndstcggd( Dg pcã `f fstd sufrtf `f idlufgas fxcstf naiüh)



‐ 04 ‐

ifhtf uhd yfictd quf `fof nartdrsf iuy nuc`dàsdifhtf

nah gd pa`d`frd' sch `fldr mfrc`d dgkuhd fh `cnmd rfkcah'

nuyd supfrecncf md `f quf`dr fhtfrdifhtf gcsd( Gd ndpctdgfôasd þ dhtckud quf nuorf gd odsf `fg sdricfhta fs `f

krdh cipartdhncd pdrd fg parvfhcr `fg vcôfà' pufsta quf

rfskudr`d fg nardzþh þ ifagga `f gd tcfrhd pgdhtd `f gd mu

if`d` fxnfscvd y `f gas kusdhas2 dnnc`fhtfs quf pfrlu`c

ndh nahsc`frdogfifhtf dg arkdhcsia `f dqufggd' `cspahcãh

àgd ä `cstchtds fhefrif`d`fs' naia mdrta ifhuà sunf`f(

Fxdichd`d `f nfrnd gd rfefrc`d pdrtf gfôasd' sf gf aosfrvdh uh krdh hüifra `f puh tcgas rd`cnugdrfs' `fstchdàs ä

sfr atrds tdhtds rdcnfs id`rfs' quf' rdicecnähàsf' cräh ä

muh`crsf `fhtra `f gd tcfrrd fh ousnd `fg dgcifhta( ±Tuã

eufrzd `f vfkftdncþh' ha mdy' pufs' quf fspfrdr `fg id

lufga dsé prfpdrdà1 Ocfh fs vfr`d` quf ãstf' fh fg prcifr

dôa `f su pgdhtdncþh' ha sf `fsdrraggd nah fg vckar `fg sdr

icfhta naiüh' fh rdzþh `f quf gd nahscstfhncd `f su f x trfia chefrcar mdnf ids gfhtd gd dosarncþh `f gd muif`d`

`fg sufga' pfra ' fh ndioca ' fh ga sunfscva nrfnf `f uh

iaà fxtrdar`chdrca ' suichcstrdhà uhd nfpd raoustd'

gahkfvd' susnfptcogf `f `dr oufhas y douh`dhtfs erutas(

Fh `fefnta `fg suecncfhtf hüifra `f idlufgas `f odsf gf

ôasd' prfncsa sfrä fnmdr idha `f gas sdricfhtas naiuhfs'

gas nudgfs' ä pfsdr `f quf nahstctuyfh pgdhtds kfhfrdgifh

tf `cspufstds ä dgkuhd defnncþh arkähcnd' y par nahsckucfh

tf `f ifhar ùrdncþh quf gas dhtfrcarfs' puf`fh iflardr

uh tdhta nah gd prfnduncþh `f nartdr gd odsf `f nd`d uha

chif`cdtdifhtf `fodla `f uh oatþh þ yfid' sch `fldr par

ncþh dgkuhd `f iãùgd `fsnuocfrtd' naia sf flfnutd i u

nmds vfnfs' fhtrdhà gufka gd icsid fh putrfednncþh' y

;



Q 0? ‐

apahcãhàsf dg oufh `fsdrragga `f gds prcifrds rdcncggds

quf hdnfh(

43( Zgdhtfg `f às huàs( Fh gds tcfrrds ids egalds y

`f eäncgfs gdoarfs mdy quf prfpdrdr gas idlufgas `f gd id

hfrd sckucfhtf< sf taid uhd parncþh `f sdricfhta nah trfs

huàs' dgka `cstdhtfs fhtrf sé' sf nartd ocfh gcsa y ggdha gd

odsf `fg huà chefrcar' fvctdhà gdstcidr fh ga ids iéhcia

gd pdrtf ids gfccasd f gd id`frd' þ sfd gd chtfrsfnncþh `fg

ndhdg ifùgdr `fg sdricfhta' quf fs gd rfkcah `f quf odh`f sdgcr gds iflarfs rdénfs2 gufka sf quctd `fg taà gd yfid

`fg huà supfrcar' nartähàgd fh fg nfhtra `f gd fxprfsd`d

chtfrsfnncþh ifùgdr' y' par ügtcia' sf sfpdrdh' sc gds mdy'

gds tfhdzufgds þ pf`ühnugas `f rdncias' `fldhà chtdnta fg

huà sfkuhà þ `fg nfhtra( @cspufsta prfvcdifhtf fg tfr

rfha' y nahvfhcfhtfifhtf doahdà' sf pgdhtdh gas idluf

gas')prfpdrdàs naia dndod `f ch`cndrsf' `fldhà gd yfid`fg if`ca `f nd`d uha dg hcvfg `f gd supfrecncf `f gd tcfrrd'

y naganähàgas ä gd icsid `cstdhncd quf gas idlufgas `fg

iãtaà dhtfrcar' sc ocfh nah gd `crfnncþh dgka aogcnud'

-idrnd`d fh gd eckurd 4# ä ech `f quf gd yfid `fg nfhtra

quf`f vfrtcndgifhtf nahstctuc`d( Fg rfsugtdà `f `cnma

pgdhtfg fs scfiprf sfkura ' dsé fg prfpdrdà fh fg ataôa'

naia fg `f chvcfrha y fg `f prcidvfrd 2 sch fiodrka ' scgd apfrdncþh sf prdntcnd fh fg ifs `f Havcfiorf' quf

fs ga prfefrcogf' fs prfncsa nuorcr gas às huàs supf

rcarfs `f nd`d sdricfhta nah uh nfrrcgga `f tcfrrd gckf

rd' odla fg nudg gd tcfrhd pgdhtd pdsdrä iuy ocfh su

nudrtfg `f chvcfrha' sdgcfhà `fspuãs `f gd tcfrrd ids

prahta y ids frkuc`d quf fg pgdhtfg earidà ids tdr

`f( • Ggfkd`d gd prcidvfrd' sf `csichuyf þ dodld uh



‐ 0> ‐

tdhta fg ifhncahdà nfrrcgga' rfùncãhàga sagdifhtf ä

uh krufsa `f às nfhtéiftras fhncid gd yfid `fg nfhtra'gd nudg' prfsfrvd`d yd `f gas mcfgas tdr`éas' gfvdhtd apar

tuhdifhtf su tdgga' dgndhzdhà fh ncfrtas dôas gd gahkctu`

`f uh iftra' y dvfnfs ids( Fh dgkuhas ndsas sf aosfrvd

quf `fg huà chefrcar sdgf' ä ids `fg nufrpa `f rdénfs

prchncpdgfs' uh oratf iuy gazdha' quf `fof fxtchkucrsf fh

su arckfh' pdrd ha pfrlu`cndr dg oufh `fsdrragga `f gd yf

id nfhtrdg' ha aostdhtf ' fstd yfid `fld `f fstdggdr fhncfrtds(andscahfs' y fhtahnfs mdy quf rfspftdr y pratflfr

dqufg oratf' quf fs uh fxnfgfhtf rfnursa pdrd gd nahstctu

ncþh `fechctcvd `f gd lavfh pgdhtd(

?:( Zgdhtfg `f yfid þ `f rfkd`éa( Zdrd gd earidncþh

`f fstf pgdhtfg fs ch`cspfhsdogf gd tcfrrd sudvf y rfkd`éa'

sch quf sf nrfd prfncsdifhtf quf fg huà)sdricfhta fhtfrrdà

hfnfsctf rcfkas erfnufhtfs( Sd mfias `cnma y `fiastrdàdhtfrcarifhtf quf gd patfhncd `f vfkftdncþh `f gd vc` fs

iuy krdh`f' kfhfrdgifhtf `fsnahanc`d y idg dpravfnmd

`d2 `f dmé fs quf par pana duscgca quf rfncod `f su ùfôa'

gd vc` rfscstf gas ids ùras nahtrdtcfipas' gd muif`d`

ids fsndsd gd edvarfnf fh fxtrfia' y uhd vfz scfhtd sus

rfdgfs fh gds prcifrds ndpds `f gd tcfrrd ' su iavcicfhta

vctdg' quf dhtfs frd iuy gfhta ' sf vufgvf dnfgfrdà' y gdfh`fogf yfid nrfnf' sf gfvdhtd' y taid uh `fsdrragga f x

trdar`chdrca' vfr`d`frdifhtf dìcrdogf( Fg tfrrfha quf

sf `fstchf pdrd fg rfefrcà pgdhtfg md `f sfr gckfra' y `foc

`difhtf doahdà nah fstcãrnag dhcidg ocfh `cvc`cà y efr

ifhtdà2 gds tcfrrds ids þ ifhas efrrukchasds þ pfsd`ds'

y gds quf sf fhùrfnfh dgkuh tdhta par gd sfpdrdncþh `f

su muif`d`' ha `focfrdh utcgczdrsf pdrd fg aolfta' parquf



‐ 00 ‐

fxckfh nuc`dàs ids ichuncasas y fspfncdgfs' y ndsc scfi

prf quf`dh odla `fg sufga uh ncfrta hüifra `f yfids sch

fstdggdr' y `f nahsckucfhtf pgdhtds pfr`c`ds(Gas idlufgas `fg iãtaà quf has anupd odh `f taidrsf

`f sdricfhtas sdhas y vckarasas' nuyd vfkftdncþh dùgtd

mdyd sc a ocfh `crckc`d 2 su prfpdrdncþh fs iuy sfhncggd'

ha mdy ids quf nartdr fg sdricfhta fh nd`d fhtrfhuà' y

pranurdr quf fh nd`d gdà `f gd yfid þ huà quf`f uhd

parncþh `f sdricfhta `f gd gahkctu` `f nudtra ä sfcs nfhté

iftras( Gas idlufgas `fofräh suifrkcrsf fh fg dkud dgkuhds mards dhtfs `f su pgdhtdncþh' quf md `f fefntudrsf fh

fg ifs `f Eforfra þ Idrza sfküh gas ngcids y gandgc`d`fs(

Gd apfrdncþh sf naicfhzd trdodldhà dhtf taà fg tfrrfha

mdstd gas ?6 nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d`' y fh gd sfkuh`d

gdoar quf gufka sf gf `ä' pdrd ckudgdrga ids y ids' sf gf

vd ifzngdhà ocfh fg doaha dhcidg' y sf ga `cvc`f fh sur

nas dgka fspdncasas2 gufka fh nd`d uha `f gas gdàs `fgsurna sf vdh nagandhà ga ids marczahtdgifhtf pascogf gas

huàs `fg pgdhtfg ä uhd praeuh`c`d` `f `cfz nfhtéiftras' y

ä gd `cstdhncd rfnéprand `f nudrfhtd nfhtéiftras nud`rdàs'

pranurdhà quf nd`d yfid quf`f nah gd `crfnncþh vfrtcndg2

par ügtcia sf dprcftd nah sudvc`d` gd tcfrrd `f gas gdàs

`fg idlufga' fg nudg sf nuorf ocfh ä if`c`d `f su pgdhtd

ncþh' `dhà `fspuãs ä gd icsid uh rcfka kfhfrdg(

Gds lþvfhfs pgdhtds quf suichcstrd fg prfsfhtf' iãtaà

dvfhtdldh fh idkhctu` y raoustfz ä gds quf rfsugtdh `f gas

atras scstfids' y ha puf`f ifhas `f sfr dsé' parquf gd vc`

sf mdggd chstdgd`d odla gds nah`cncahfs ids edvardogfs y

nahearifs ä su hdturdgfzd( Cipugsd`d gd yfid)sdricfhta

par fg âg prcidvfrdg' y ä ofhfecnca `f gd muif`d` quf



Q 06 ‐

nahsfrvd' sf iufstrd yd iuy sfhscogf ä gd chegufhncd `f

gd hufvd fstdncþh' y ha tdr`d ä fnmdr ä su dgrf`fàr y fh

sus fxtrfias dgkuhds rdcncggds' quf' àtd`ds `f krdh eufr

zd vctdg' dosarvfh gas lukas `f gd tcfrrd' quf mdh `f `dr

arckfh' `fs`f gufka' ä gd earidncþh `f gds prcifrds malds'

y' nah fstds' dg tdggcta vfrtcndg( Hdnf gd pgdhtd' y `fs f fh

tahnfs su nrfncicfhta ha nfsd `f sfr dntcva' vfgaz y sar

prfh`fhtf' parquf gds vfr`d`frds rdénfs id`rfs quf sf mdh

praùncà fhtrf gd tcfrrd vfkftdg' ids prþxcid ä gds ch

egufhncds `fg dcrf y `f gd guz sagdr' sf vckarczdh nahsc`frd

ogfifhtf+ rdicecnähàsf fh ta`ds `crfnncahfs fh ousnd

scfiprf `f hufva dgcifhta( -Eckurd ?(#

Fsta has `d atrd prufod `f gd hfnfsc`d` `f gd pgdhtdncþh

pana praeuh`d `f gd vc`' sc qufrfias quf fg hufva vcôfà

sfd hdturdgifhtf ocfh nahstctucà2 gd nfpd' fh dgds `f su

krdh`f vcvdnc`d`' `fidh`d y sf `fgfctd fh gd tcfrrd supfrecncdg' `fidh`d fxpdhscah y gcofrtd`2 fggd ha qucfrf sfr

fhtfrrd`d fh gas sufgas müifàs y asnuras' naia sf dnas

tuiord kfhfrdgifhtf ' nah`fhähàgd ä uhd vc`d trcstf y

suotfrrähfd' sulftd ä vdrcds defnncahfs y fhefrif`d`fs quf

dnartdh hatdogfifhtf fg praif`ca `f su fxcstfhncd' ha sch

pfrlucncas `f iahtd pdrd fg nagaha(

Drrfkgdàs gas pgdhtfgfs `f gd vc` fh gd earid ch`cnd`d'fg nagaha nuc`dàsa pranurdrä ùrdhtf fg dôa idhtfhfr gd

tcfrrd gcipcd `f ta`d yfrod' ha `fldhà' fh fg prcifr ndsa'

scha uhd yfid' gd ids vckarasd' `f gds às quf mdydh

oratdà dg dnfrndrsf' þ fhtrd`d yd' gd prcidvfrd( ^c fh fg

nursa `f gd vfkftdncþh fg tdggcta þ rdia prchncpdg dgndhzd

uhd gahkctu` idyar `f =: nfhtéiftras' sflf dnartdrä guf

ka fh `cnmd dgturd2 fstd apfrdncþh `ftfrichd uh rftranfsa



‐ 05 ‐

`f gd sdvcd' quf rfùh`d fh krdh ofhfecnca `fg krasar `f

gd nfpd( Dscicsia sf fxtchkucräh' uh pana ids drrcod `fg

puhta `f su chsfrncþh' gas oratfs gdtfrdgfs quf sdgkdh `fgtdgga vfrtcndg( Ids d`fgdhtf sf has aerfnfrä andscþh f ec

ldrhas `ftfhc`difhtf saorf fstds cipartdhtfs y sfhncggds

idhcpugdncahfs dhudgfs' quf sah `f ciprfsnch`cogf hfnfsc

`d` fh ta`ds gds f`d`fs `f gd vc`' sc sf qucfrf nahtrcoucr

fecndzifhtf ä su iflar nah`cncþh y praspfrc`d`(

Pdgfs sah gas iãtaàs quf' sfkuras `f su ãxcta efgcz'

rfnaifh`dias fecndzifhtf ä gas dkrcnugtarfs ' nuyas tfr

rfhas fspfncdgfs nahscfhtdh gd earidncþh `f pgdhtfgfs `f gd

vc`( Nudhà gd vcôd md `f pgdhtdrsf nah sdricfhtas ar`c

hdrcas þ sch rdcz' fs iuy nahvfhcfhtf suifrkcrgas `f

dhtfidha fh fg dkud' y par fspdnca `f dgkuhas `cds' fh

su parncþh chefrcar quf md `f chtraùncrsf fh fg sufga ' fh

nuya ndsa fg géqucà dosarvcà fs dgtdifhtf edvardogf dg

oufh rfsugtdà `f gd pgdhtdncþh(

?4( Zgdhtdncþh fh idrnmd( @cspahcogfs y ocfh prfpd

rdàs' nah þ sch rdénfs' `f gd idhfrd fxprfsd`d' gas id

lufgas quf mdh `f nahstctucr' fg vcôfà' sf pranf`frä ä

pgdhtdrgas fh tfrrfhas dhtcncpd`difhtf rfiavcàs y trdod

ldàs mdstd gd praeuh`c`d` `f 6: ä 5: nfhtéiftras' y dr

iahczdàs fh taà ga pascogf nahearif ä ga quf yd ggfvdias ch`cndà' scfhà fg ataôa gd ãpand ids apartuhd `f

`cnmds gdoarfs' ä ech `f quf gas mcfgas `f chvcfrha' puf`dh

fspahldr gd tcfrrd' y dprfsurdr gd `csaguncþh `f gas fgfifh

tas hutrctcvas quf fggd nahtfhkd' þ gufka sf gf praparnca

hfh2 taà fh fvc`fhtf y hatdogf ofhfecnca `f gd pgdhtdncþh

prþxcid( Fstd' f fipfzdrä dorcfhà zdhlds ä `cnmd pra

euh`c`d`' y ifzngdhà ocfh gd tcfrrd chefrcar nah gd `f gd



‐ 04 ‐ supfrecncf y gas doahas narrfspah`cfhtfs( Dsé quf`d ifla

rdà taà fg tfrrfha `f uhd idhfrd odstdhtf maiakãhfd'icfhtrds quf fnmdhà prcifra fg doaha' naia sf dnastui

ord' fh fg eahà `f gd zdhld' sf aogckd ä gds rdénfs `f gd

nfpd ä ousndr fg dgcifhta fh uh suo)sufga ä vfnfs `fspa

ldà `f prchncpcas vfkftdtcvas' ncrnuhstdhncd quf `ftfric

hd tfiprdha gd ngarascs `f gd pgdhtd( Fipfra' fh gas ndsas

quf fg sufga sf prfsfhtd ndgcza ü drncggasa' puf`f nahsfh

tcrsf tdg präntcnd' parquf gas ägndgcs dggé `fpasctdàs nahnurrfh sfhscogfifhtf dg sastfhcicfhta y vckar `f gd vcôd'

pufs duh nudhà gd drncggd àichf' gf dnaipdôdh scfiprf

gas `cvfrsas efg`fspdtas ä odsf `f patdsd' `f sasd þ `fndé(

Fg iäxciui `f praeuh`c`d` ä quf md `f nagandrsf nd`d

idlufga sfrä fg `f >: nfhtéiftras' eclähàga sþgc difhtf

fh su odsf' par if ca `f tcfrrd ocfh dprftd`d ' ä ech `f

quf ãg' par su chif`cdta nahtdnta nah gd icsid' puf`d crdosarvcfhà `fs`f gufka gd nahvfhcfhtf muif`d`( Ndgzdà

yd uh pana fg sdricfhta' sf dôd`fh `cefrfhtfs idtfrcds

vfkftdgfs `fhtra gd zdhld y fh ta`d su fxtfhscah' nuorcãh

àgd `fspuãs nah gd icsid tcfrrd prfpdrd`d 2 par ügtcia'

sf nartd fg rfidtf `fg sdricfhta' `f iaà quf sdgkdh tdh

saga fxtfrcarifhtf às yfids þ huàs ' nah uh gdrka fh)

trfhuà supfrcar y quf`d tfrichd`d gd pgdhtdncþh' sc fstdtcfhf gukdr fh tfrrfha ggdha2 pufs fh gds dgturds y vfrtcfh

tfs `f iahtdôds mdy quf mdnfr dgka ids' naia vfrfias

gufka' sc sf qucfrfh sdgvdr gas pfrlucncas' y ha pfqufôas'

quf vcfhf fhkfh`rdhà pdrd gas nagahas gd vcfld rutchd(

Fh gds tcfrrds erfsnds' ogdh`ds y fspahlasds' puf`f md

nfrsf' y duh nah vfhtdld' gd pgdhtdncþh `f gd vc` ä gas ?:

nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c d` ' parquf fggds' parasds ã m c )



‐ 0= ‐

krasnþpcnds ä gd vfz' dosarvfh y rftcfhfh nahvfhcfhtfifh

tf gd muif`d` dìaseãrcnd' apahcãhàsf ä gas fefntas `fgds sfquéds quf fh ncfrtas dôas `fstruyfh ndsc tatdgifhtf

gas pgdhtéas( Gd Hdturdgfzd' dg earidr gd vc`' `cspusa quf

fg nufrpa `f rdcnfs id`rfs `f gd pgdhtd hdznd `f gd chtfr

sfnncþh `f gd iãùgd `fg ügtcia huà iftcà fh fg sufga2 `f

dqué fs' quf sc sf pgdhtd praeuh`difhtf fg sdricfhta' na

ia ä ifhuà sunf`f' y `fhtra uh suo)sufga ids þ ifhas

nruà y sch sustdhncd' sf earidrä uh `fefntuasa scstfidrd`cnugdr' nuyds mforcggds id`rfs' prfncsd`ds' dhtc)hdturdg)

ifhtf ä rfiahtdrsf mdncd gd tcfrrd vfkftdg `f gd supfrecncf

fh ousnd `fg dgcifhta' `fg dcrf' y `fg ndgþrcna quf tdhta

hfnfsctdh' ha pa`räh ggfhdr `foc`difhtf gds euhncahfs quf

gfs narrfspah`fh' `focfhà fhtahnfs gd pgdhtd sdndr sus

prchncpdgfs rfnursas `f gds rdénfs sfnuh`drcds quf sdgfh `f

gas huàs supfrcarfs( Fh tdh idgds nah`cncahfs' nrfnf iuyifhkud`d gd vc`' vcvcfhà uhd vc`d trcstf' pana eruntéefrd'

y `f fsndsd ùrdncþh(

S ±quã `crédh hufstras prapcftdrcas `f gas nasfnmfras

`fg Fstf `f Erdhncd quf' dôas mdnf' pgdhtdh `f gas 46 ä

gas ?: nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d` uh narta sdricfhta nah

odsf gfôasd' y nah nudtra þ nchna yfids sagdifhtf1 ±Tuã

`crédh `f gas efnuhàs' pdtfhtfs' ã crrfeutdogfs rfsugtdàsaotfhcàs nah fstf scstfid fh icggdrfs `f mfntärfds `f vc

ôd pgdhtd`ds fh gas `fpdrtdifhtas `fg Duof' `f gd >Cfusf'

`f gd Ifurtmf' `f g+Dcshf' `fs Uaskfs ftn(1 Krdncds ä gas

trdodlas `fg krdh präntcna Ir( Praucggft' quf nahnufr`dh

fh fstf puhta nah gas fstu cas y fhsdyas `fg nãgforf àn

tar Kuyat' gd rfearid `f quf sf trdtd vd nahqucstdhà

dhudgifhtf hufvas `cstrctas fh fg vfncha cipfrca( Zdrd



‐ 03 ‐

prfsfrvdr dg nctdà sdricfhta `f gas dràrfs `fg sag y `f

gds sfquéds' sf gf ra`fd `f uh iahtahncta `f oufhd tcfrrd'

fg nudg dodldh nah fg tcfipa gds gguvcds' pfra fh andscþh

quf gds rdcncggds id`rfs mdh gaidà yd su `fsdrragga y na

iuhcndh gd vc`d ä gd pgdhtd( Mã d qué' pufs' uhd c`fd

fxdntd `fg ²XSaé!a)ia`fga' sfhncgga fh gd präntcnd y krdh

`f fh gas rfsugtdàs' quf `focfrd sfrvcr `f pdutd þ kucd ä

fsas rdhncas dkrcnugtarfs quf dmakdh gd vc` fh gds fhtrdôds

`f uh sufga ercþ ã cheãrtcg' þ iflar `cnma' quf idtdh gd

vcôd pgdhtähàgd(

Gd `cstdhncd ä quf mdh `f nagandrsf gas sdricfhtas fhtrf

sé' naia gd quf `fof fxcstcr fhtrf uhd y atrd géhfd `f gas

icsias' puf`f vdrcdr `f uh iftra ä iftra y if`ca sfküh

gd hdturdgfzd f gas `cstchtas tfrrfhas' pranurdhà scfi

prf `fldr dhnma fspdnca dg rf`fàr `f nd`d vcùfôa' ha

saga pdrd edncgctdrgf fg oufh `fsdrragga `f su tdgga y rdcnfs'sc quf tdiocãh pdrd quf fg dcrf y gd guz' tfhcfhà gcorf dnnf

sa fh ta`ds pdrtfs' puf`dh flfrnfr su fecndz chegufhncd fh gd

earidncþh `fg gfôasa' y fh gd idùrfz `fg eruta' dkastdhà

suecncfhtfifhtf gd id`frd' quf fs gd fxpdhscah y fg par

vfhcr `fg vfkftdg( @f dqué' pufs' ga chnahvfhcfhtf y pfr

lu`cncdg f gd oärodrd ã chvftfrd`d nastuiorf `f pgdhtdr

fh gas vcôfàs fg agcva y vdrcas äroagfs erutdgfs quf' ä ids`f gd saiord quf prayfntdh saorf gds nfpds' taidh `f gd

tcfrrd ncfrtas prchncpcas charkähcnas hfnfsdrcas ä gds ics

ids' rfsugtdhà taà fh `ftrcifhta hatdogf `f su rfnéprana

vckar' y `f gd ndgc`d` y ndhtc`d` `f gas vchas( D pfsdr `f

tdh krdvfs `dôas quf crrakd ä gd vc` y ä su ùfôa fg nug

tcva sciugtähfa `f `cefrfhtfs äroagfs' y ha aostdhtf `f quf

fg agcva `f dgkuhds naidrnds `ä ühcndifhtf par quchqufhca=



‐ sa ‐ uhd nasfnmd rfkugdr' pana y idg eruta fh gas `fiäs dôas'

nahtchud ta`dvéd y vä pfrpftuähàsf tdh tfhdz fipfôa fhNdtdguôd' Udgfhncd y fh atrds pravchncds fspdôagds' scfhà

ha ifhas sfhscogf quf fg droagdà `f quf sf trdtd chvd`d

zahds y nagchds ofggéscids y gds ids ä prapþscta pdrd gd

vcôd sagd' nuyas ndgàs' ocfh fgdoardàs' eufrdh uh `cd

gd mahrd y fg arkugga `f fsas prcvcgfkcdàs pdésfs(

Zfra fg maiorf' fh su krdh`f diocncþh ã ckhardhncd'

ftfrhczd fh sus pgdhtéas gd ids gdifhtdogf dhdrquéd y `fsar`fh(

Dg pranf`frsf ä gd pgdhtdncþh `f gd vc` nah gas idlufgas

drrdckdàs' fs prfncsa nartdr gds rdénfs supfrcarfs y sfnuh

`drcds quf fggas prfsfhtfh' `fldhà tdh saga' y ä gd gahkc

tu` `f 4? nfhtéiftras' gds quf muocfrfh hdncà `fg ügtcia

huà fhtfrrdà' fh nuya puhta sf mdggdh scfiprf gds vfr

`d`frds rdénfs id`rfs' àtd`ds par gd hdturdgfzd `f gdidyar fhfrkéd vctdg( @f ga nahtrdrca' fxcstcfhà vdrcas

scstfids rd`cnugdrfs fh uhd icsid pgdhtd ' naia sunf`f

fh gds pgdhtdncahfs praeuh`ds' gds mforcggds supgfifhtdrcds

`f gas huàs chif`cdtas ä gd supfrecncf `f gd tcfrrd ' fstc

iugd`ds par gd idyar dnncþh `fg ndgar sagdr' dosarvfh gas

lukas' `ftfrichdhà gd dtraecd `f gds rdénfs id`rfs ' y gd

nahsckucfhtf ncrnugdncþh gfhtd ã crrfkugdr `f gd sdvcd ' `ftaà ga nudg' sf arckchdh `cefrfhtfs huàsc d`fs y ugnfrd

ncahfs quf rfvfgdh fg fstdà pdtagþkcna y dharidg `f gds

nfpds( Fsta has fxpgcnd fg parquf sf aotcfhf fh uh dôa uh

fxnfgfhtf rfhufva `f gd vc`' nudhà sf pgdhtd ä pand pra

euh`c`d` uhd nartd parncþh `f sdricfhta quf tfhkd fh su

nfhtra uhd sagd yfid `crckc`d vfrtcndgifhtf mdncd gd rf

kcah `fg dcrf y `f gd guz( Fhtahnfs' ha edggähàgf gd ou)



‐ 64 ‐

if`d` nahvfhcfhtf' praùnf uhd nfpd vckarasd' pravcstd

`fg ühcna nufrpa `f rdcnfs eufrtfs' quf ' rdicecnähàsf

`fhtra `f gd tcfrrd fh ta`ds `crfnncahfs' fs ãg saga ndpdz`f sdtcsednfr ta`ds gds hfnfsc`d`fs `f gd pgdhtd( Pdiocãh

fs `f d`vfrtcr quf gas idlufgas `fg tfrrfha)pgdhtfg `fofh

drrdhndrsf nuc`dàsdifhtf y ä if`c`d `fg nursa `f gd

pgdhtdncþh' dg aolfta `f cipf`crgfs fg nahtdnta pragahkdà

y fxnfscva `fg dcrf' quf gfs pfrlu`cnd fh fxtrfia2 dg pra

pca tcfipa sf fvctdrä quf fg doaha dhcidg' dôd`cà fh gas

mayas þ zdhlds' ha sf mdggf fh chif`cdta nahtdnta nah gdsrdcncggds `fg idlufga' ä nuya fefnta sf md `f chtfrpahfrgfs

uhd ndpctd `f oufhd tcfrrd( Zar ckhardr þ ha dtfh`fr ä

fstds ncrnuhstdhncds' ids `f uhd vfz sf md naipraiftcà

fg ãxcta `ã gd apfrdncþh' pfrfncfhà uh krdh hüifra `f

pgdhtds(

Dmard mfias `f rfnaifh`dr uhd präntcnd quf mfias

vcsta dàptd`d par dgkuhas nasfnmfras dg fstdogfnfr uh vcôfà' y nahscstf fh sfiordr fg kdrodhza dg pcã `f nd`d

idlufga( Fh fefnta' fstd gfkuichasd' àtd`d `f krdh pa

`fr dosarvfhtf pdrd nah gd muif`d` dìaseãrcnd' idhtcf

hf dg rf`fàr `fg sdricfhta uh diocfhtf y tfrrfha dgka

erfsnas' quf gf sah dgtdifhtf edvardogfs' fh nuyd vcrtu`

puf`f iuy ocfh `fncrsf' quf fg hüifra `f idrrds þ nfpds

quf sf pcfr`fh' fh gas hufvas pgdhtéas àh`f nrfnf fg kdrodhza' fs scfiprf iuy chefrcar dg `f gds quf prfsfhtdh gds

pgdhtdncahfs ar`chdrcds( @f nahsckucfhtf fs `f fspfrdr sf

kfhfrdgcnf fstd präntcnd' quf' ä su sfhncggfz' rfühf utcgc`d`

y ofhfecnca pdrd gas nasfnmfras(

Fh gds nagchds þ sctudncahfs ids þ ifhas fgfvd`ds' fg

fhtfh`cà prapcftdrca `cspah`rä gd pgdhtdncþh `f gd vc` od)



‐ i ‐la fg scstfid `f nurvds ä hcvfg2 fsta fs' quf nd`d uhd `f

gds zdhlds docfrtds ä gd nahsdoc`d praeuh`c`d`' y ä tfhar`f gds schuasc`d`fs þ nurvdturds `fg tfrrfha' `fofrä quf

`dr naipgftdifhtf ä hcvfg' prfsfhtdhà ocfh dgchfdàs y

fquc cstdhtfs gas idlufgas pgdhtdàs' y dgka gfvdhtd`d gd

tcfrrd fh fg gdà chefrcar `f dqufggd( _fsugtd `f dqué gd

chdprfncdogf vfhtdld `f quf fg dkud f gguvcd ha sf sdgkd

`f gd zdhld' quf gd dosarvf' ä if`c`d quf sf ndf' sch pãr

`c`d dgkuhd `f su tcfrrd vfkftdg' y fh hatdogf ofhfecnca `fgas vcùfôas( Dsé `cspufstd gd prcifrd zdhld' sf dorcrä

atrd chif`cdtd y ä gd `foc`d `cstdhncd' par fg icsia fstcga

y fh pfrefnta pdrdgfgcsia nah gd dhtfrcar' tfrichdhà' nd

`d ànf géhfds þ ecgds pgdhtd`ds nah atrd zdhld idyar'

pana praeuh`d' fspdncasd ' ckudgifhtf ggdhd þ ä hcvfg' y

pravcstd `f uh pfqufôa iura `f tcfrrd fh su nastdà ch

efrcar' Fstds zdhlds)ndichas' vugka rdsds' nahtrcouyfh pa`frasdifhtf dg fhnfrrdicfhta `f gds dkuds eguvcdgfs' y

scrvfh `f pdsa pdrd fg dndrrfa `f doahas' y fxtrdnncþh `f

praùntas `f gd vcôd( @fskrdncd`difhtf sah iunmas gas

vcôfàs `f hufstras `cstrctas quf' gflas `f aerfnfr uh d s

pfnta driþhcna y dkrd`dogf ' prfsfhtdh fg ids naipgfta

`fsar`fh2 ecgds `f nfpds fhngfhqufs þ fsqufgãtcearifs' fh

trfifzngd`ds uhds nah atrds' y dpfhds nah tcfrrd vfkftdg'par mdofr scà drrdstrd`d par gds gguvcds2 naheuscah `f

ndstds' äroagfs fh ta`ds `crfnncahfs' y gds zdhlds)ndichas

fstrfnmds y fh idrndà `fngcvf2 tãtrcna nahluhta quf eata

krdeéd ä ga vcva gd chàgfhncd y fg dtrdsa `fg pdés(

Fg scstfid `f pgdhtdncþh par if`ca `f mayas tdh saga

`focfrd dpgcndrsf ä gas tfrrfhas gckfras' hdturdgifhtf eãr

tcgfs y nugtcvdogfs' fh nuyas ndsas' prfvcd gd narrfspah)



`cfhtf rfiancþh' y dcrfdà `fg sufga' sf naicfhzd dorcfhà

ecgds `f dhnmas dkulfras' ä uh iftra y if`ca `f `cstdhncd

uhas `f atras' y taàs `f uhd praeuh`c`d` vfrtcndg `f nud

rfhtd nfhtéiftras2 gufka sf ggfhd gd ictd` `f nd`d maya

nah doaha dhcidg ocfh `cvc`cà y ifzngdà nah tcfrrd' sf

pgdhtd fg idlufga' y sf gf ecld sþgc`difhtf nah gd icsid

tcfrrd ocfh dprftd`d quf sf gf dôd`f fhncid' earidhà guf

ka nah fggd uh nfrrcgga quf dorckuf ocfh gdyfid chefrcar'

`f gds às quf sf `fldh fh nd`d sdricfhta saorf gd supfr

ecncf `fg sufga( Fh tdgfs ncrnuhstdhncds gd vc` nrfnf prahtd

y raoustd' hfnfsctdhà dpfhds atras dgcifhtas quf gas `f

gd icsid hdturdgfzd quf sf gas pra`ckd luhta nah fg äzaf

`fg diahédna dìaseãrcna( Echdgifhtf' fh ta`d pgdhtdncþh

`f vcôd md `f nagandrsf' ecrif y dg pcã `f nd`d idlufga'

uh pdga' tutar þ ra`rckþh quf gf scrvf `f dpaya ' pdrd

taidr fh su nrfncicfhta gd vfr`d`frd `crfnncþh vfrtcndg

quf gf narrfspah`f(

Dtfh`cà' pufs' nudhta `fldias fxpufsta' fg prapcftd

rca y fg nagaha' fh sus rfspfntcvas gukdrfs' `fofräh chcncdr

präntcndifhtf gds rfearids quf vfhcias y sfkucrfias

dpuhtdhà fh pra `f sus iutuas chtfrfsfs' fxcicãhàsf

`fs`f gufka `f gd pãscid y vcncasd nastuiorf `f fhtfrrdr

mah`difhtf gd vc`' dg nrfdrgas hufvas vcôfàs ' y dàptdhà gds rfkgds sfhncggds quf mfias `fsnrcta y rfnaifh

`dà pdrd gds oufhds pgdhtdncahfs( Fstds sfrédh fhtahnfs

nahearifs ä gd ecscagakéd hdturdg `f gd nfpd' y ä gas prchnc

pcas `f gd ncfhncd quf md hdncà `f gas fxtfhsas' rfpfgcàs

y praeuhàs trdodlas mfnmas par dkrcnugtarfs sdocas y

fhndhfncàs fh fg fstu`ca f fsf prfncasa drousta ' quf

fs gd fspfrdhzd `f gdorcfkas chhuifrdogfs' fg ocfhfstdr



‐ 60 ‐

`f iunmas pufogas, y gd kgarcd y uh idhdhtcdg `f rcquf

zd pdrd ta`ds gds hdncahfs vchénagds quf sdofh ocfh dprf

ncdrga(

Fhtahnfs hufstras prapcftdrcas eufrdh `ckhas cictdàrfs

`f fsas cgustrdàs nasfnmfras `fg Fstf `f Erdhncd ' quf'

präntcnas `csnépugas `fg mäocg praefsar Ir( Praucggft' idr

nmdh nah su qufrcà idfstra dg erfhtf `f gd ncvcgczdncþh

vcténagd(

Zgdhtd`d gd vcôd ä tfhar `f gds rfkgds fxpufstds' fggdquf`d chstdgd`d odla gds iflarfs nah`cncahfs' y' fh su

krdh`f y hdturdg patfhncd `f vfkftdncþh' edvarfnc`d par

uh pru`fhtf nugtcva' nrfnf y sf `fsdrraggd pra`ckcasdifhtf'

dsc fh gas tfrrfhas ids ärcàs y dnnc`fhtdàs' naia fh gds

ggdhurds ids ùgnfs y gdoardogfs' rch cfhà fh su f`d`

dùgtd erutas iuy douh`dhtfs y sdorasas ' quf naipfhsdh

nah usurd gas dedhfs `f su nagaha(



N D Z É P V G A U (

Ap fr dn ca hf s dhudg fs ä gd v cô d ' `fs`f su

che dhn cd ä s u f`d` dù gtd (

??( Zrcifr dôa( Gufka quf fg lavfh sdricfhta na

icfhzd ä `dr sfôdgfs `f vc`d' sf aosfrvd iunmds vfnfs

quf hdnfh `fg icsia vdrcas rdictas gdtfrdgfs quf fs prfncsa

`fstrucr prahta' `fldhà tdh saga fg oratf quf sdgf idsrfnta y ids vckarasa `f uhd `f gds às yfids fxtfrcarfs(

Atrds vfnfs sunf`f quf gd yfid supfrcar fxcstfhtf fh gd

tcfrrd vfkftdg' rfskudr`d`d quf md scà `f gd chtfipfrcf'

fs gd quf suof nah ids eufrzd' dosarvcfhà `fs`f uh prch

ncpca gd idyar pdrtf `f gd sdvcd2 fhtahnfs nahvcfhf rfspf)

gdr fstd yfid' `fstchd`d ä gd earidncþh `f uh oufh tdgga

vfrtcndg' ä nuya fefnta sf `fsndgzdrä uh pana gd pgdhtd'dnartdhà fg sdricfhta iuy nfrnd `fg arckfh `fg oratf à

ichdhtf( Fs uhd gdifhtdogf hfkgckfhncd gd `f iunméscias

nagahas' quf' tfrichd`d gd pgdhtdncþh `f gd vc` ' gd dodh

àhdh ä sc icsid ùrdhtf fg prcifr dôa' gcictähàsf ühc

ndifhtf ä nartdr fg fxnfsa `f gahkctu` `f nd`d sdricfhta'

`flähàgf nah às þ trfs alas saorf gd tcfrrd' y ä `dr ä gd

icsid uhd þ às gdoarfs kfhfrdgfs( Gas cefrfhtfs rdias



‐ a 5 ‐

quf naiuhifhtf hdnfh `f nd`d idlufga' gufka `f fstdggd

`d gd vfkftdncþh prcidvfrdg' nahsuifh gd sdvcd quf `f

ocfrd degucr ä gd yfid quf od sdgcà ids frkuc`d y gazdhd' rfsugtdhà uh nahluhta `f vfkftdncþh `ãocg y sch `c

rfnncþh dgkuhd' quf trdsncfh`f dg parvfhcr `f gd nfpd'

rftdr`dhà su oufh `fsdrragga y dharidgczdhà yd su

nahstctuncþh( D`fiäs' naia fh fg chvcfrha prþxcia dnas

tuiordh pa`dr ä às yfids uhd `f gds nctd`ds rdicecnd

ncahfs +' gd quf ids ocfh pdrfnf ä gas alas `fg dkrcnugtar'

prfsnch`cfhà scfiprf `f gd oufhd þ idgd chngchdncþh quf

taid fg tdgga prchncpdg' y `f atras nuc`dàs hfnfsdrcas' ha

fs `f fxtrdôdr quf gds nfpds ha eruntcecqufh mdstd fg dôa

tfrnfra þ nudrta `f su fxcstfhncd' hc quf' nrfd`ds odla tdh

paorfs duspcncas' gds vfdias nrfnfr idg nahearid`ds'

rdstrfrds y pana raoustds( Nudhà fg rdia ühcna y prchnc

pdg' quf' fh sdhd präntcnd' sf md `fldà ä gd pgdhtd' d g

ndhnf gd dgturd `f trfchtd ä nudrfhtd nfhtéiftras' `fofrä

`ftfhfrsf' quctähàgf nah gas `fàs éh`cnf y pugkdr su

mfroänfa y pfqufôa rfidtf( Fstd nahnfhtrdncþh `f gd

sdvcd' dgtdifhtf edvardogf dg vckar `fg rdia)tdgga' sufgf

`ftfrichdr fg `fsdrragga `f hufvds rdicecndncahfs' yd fh fg

fxprfsdà rfidtf' yd fh fg arckfh `f gds malds' fh nuyas

ndsas cipartd ckudgifhtf `ftfhfrgds ä às þ trfs malds fh

ncid `f su odsf( Fh gds vcôds ocfh pgdhtd`ds fh tfrrfhas

eãrtcgfs y edvarfncàs par gds ncrnuhstdhncds iftfrfagþkcnds'

sunf`f ä vfnfs quf gds ch`cnd`ds rdicecndncahfs `dh gukdr

ä atrds sfkuh`ds' gds nudgfs' `fofräh tdh saga `ftfhfrsf

sc su fxtfhscah ggfkd ä gas trfchtd nfhtéiftras(

D ofhfecnca `f gds sfhncggds idhcpugdncahfs quf dndod

ias `f chschudr' gas alas gdtfrdgfs quf hdnfh ä ga gdrka



‐ 6; ‐

`fg tdgga' nrfnfh éhtfkras y sch iutcgdncþh dgkuhd' y' fh

su pgfhd hutrcncþh mdstd fg ech `fg dôa' quf`dh ids dptas

pdrd `dr eruta fh fg dôa chif`cdta( Fh fefnta' gd aosfrvdncþh has md idhcefstdà ids `f uhd vfz quf' fh gd sfkuh

`d ãpand `f vfkftdncþh' dpdrfnfh yd fh iunmds nfpds

dgkuhas rdncias quf' ocfh sdzahdàs' rch`fh su nahtch

kfhtf `f iasta(

@urdhtf fg prcifr dôa' mdy quf `dr ä gd nfpd às þ trfs

gdoarfs kfhfrdgfs ä ech `f dfrfdrgd `foc`difhtf' pahfrgd

ids nugtcvdogf' y `fstrucr gds yfrods ä if`c`d quf sf rf praùzndh( Zar ügtcia' fh `cncfiorf þ fhfra sckucfhtfs

md `f pa`drsf gd nfpd' quctähàgf ta`ds gds rdicecndncahfs

gdtfrdgfs' y `fldhà sagdifhtf fg tdgga prchncpdg ä uhd

dgturd `f trfchtd nfhtéiftras fh gas tfrrfhas ggdhas' y ä

gas ?: nfhtéiftras fh gds pfh`cfhtfs y iahtdôds( D gd ear

idncþh `f fstf tdgga ühcna' dgta' vckarasa y rfnta' md `f

`crckcr fg nagaha sus icrds pdrd sagc`dr fg parvfhcr `f susvcôfàs( -Eckurd >(#

?>( ^fkuhà dôa( Dhtf taà nahvcfhf fh fstf dôa rf

pahfr gds nfpds quf edgtdrfh `f gd dhtfrcar pgdhtdncþh' ä

nuya ech fg vctcnugtar `fofrä tfhfr prfpdrdà `f dhtfidha

uh sctca þ vcvfra `f hufva pgdhtfg nrfdà fh gd icsid

ãpand `f fstdogfnfr fg vcôfà( Dg pranf`frsf ä gd rfpgdhtd)

ncah' sf fgckfh gas idlufgas drrdckdàs ids frkucàs' yprfpdrdàs `foc`difhtf' sf nagandh fh sus rfspfntcvas

mayas' docfrtas dg chtfhta y pravcstas `fg suecncfhtf doaha

dhcidg' ocfh `cvc`cà y ifzngdà nah tcfrrd' sckucãhàsf

fh ga `fiäs `f gd idhfrd ch`cnd`d dg trdtdr `f gd pgdhtd

ncþh kfhfrdg( Fh gd prþxcid prcidvfrd ta`ds gds yfids sf

`fsdrraggdh2 fhtahnfs fg fhtfh`cà nagaha `fofrä nahsfrvdr

y rfspftdr sagdifhtf gds às yfids supfrcarfs' `fstchd`ds

3



‐ 6= ‐

ä earidr gd ndofzd y ordzas `f gd pgdhtd' nartdhà `fs`f

gufka nah chstruifhta echa y ä prapþscta gds yfids rfstdh

tfs' sch `fldr pratuofrdhncd hc rfoar`f dgkuha fh fg tdgga(

D if c`d quf gd fstdncþh dvdhzd' dpdrfnf yd dgkuh rdnc)

icta fh uh krdh hüifra `f nfpds' sc gd pgdhtdncþh md scà

mfnmd nahearif ä gas ch`cndàs prfnfptas' par nuya iatc

va sf `fld ä gd vc` nahtchudr gcorfifhtf su fxtfhscah'

mdstd quf md sdgcà uhd þ às malds fhncid gd prcifrd

tfhdzufgd quf hdnf fh nd`d rdia' ncrnuhstdhncd quf ch`cndgd ha dpdrcncþh `f atra rdncia' `fg nudg gd tfhdzufgd fs uh

doarta( Fh sfkuc`d sf dnatdh gas às rdias `f su fxtrfic

`d` ' y' uh tcfipa `fspuãs' gd nfpd quf yd vd d`qucrcfh

à su vckar' drrald vdrcds rdicecndncahfs quf' ä su vfz'

nahvcfhf `ftfhfr ä nudtra þ nchna malds `f su hdncicfhta'

nahtchudhà par ügtcia' y sch rfstrcnncþh dgkuhd' fg ugtf)

rcar nrfncicfhta y fxpdhscah `f gd pgdhtd mdstd fg ifs `f`cncfiorf þ `f fhfra sckucfhtfs( Fh fstd ãpand' y odla uh

tcfipa sfna y ercþ' sf pa`dräh gas às rdias prchncpdgfs

`fodla y iuy nfrnd gd tfrnfrd yfid `f nd`d uha' fg nudg

quf`d nah às yfids ü alas erdhnas y efnuhàs' y uh

gdrka fhtrfhuà fh su rfidtf2 gas oratfs gdtfrdgfs y `fiäs

quf muocfrfh sdgcà fh nudgqucfr puhta sf quctdräh `fg

taà( Fg nartf `fcd pa`d md `f cr dnaipdôdà scfiprf `fgrfefrcà fhtrfhuà' quf cipc`f fg `frrdidicfhta `f gd

sdvcd prcidvfrdg' euhfsta iunmds vfnfs ä gas alas `f gd

vc` quf' rfkdàs par dqufggd' pfrfnfh véntcids `f uhd

mfgd`d tdr`éd( ^c ocfh fs ch`cefrfhtf mdstd ncfrta puhta quf

gd pa`d sf mdkd fh rfàhà' þ fh pcna `f egdutd' naia fs

ga kfhfrdg' ha `focfrd sfrga ldiäs fg quf fggd' àifôd`d

par gd ncfkd rutchd `f hufstras gdorcfkas' sf fefntüf iuy



‐ 63 ‐

chif`cdtd ä gd yfid supfrcar quf sf `fld' y nah fg nartf

`crckcà ädgkuhd `f gds yfids chefrcarfs( ¡Chnahnfocogf y

edtdg präntcnd quf naipraiftf taàs gas dôas fg parvfhcr `f

gd nasfnmd vfhc`frd$ â prftfsta `f gd pfrspfntcvd dkrd`d

ogf `f gd nfpd pa`d`d' y fhndhfncàs fh fg mäocta `f

pa`dr ä prcsd y ä su idhfrd' cas gdordàrfs sf mdnfh

saràs ä ta`d chhavdncþh ütcg y rdncahdg( Mäkdsf pufs' y

sc sf qucfrf fh pfqufôa y par vcd `f fhsdya' gd sfhncggd

ia`cecndncþh quf dnahsfldias' y sfd naia eufrf gd `crfnncþh `fg nartf `fg sdricfhta' sf fvctdräh ä gds nfpds sus

ggaras prcidvfrdgfs' y gas nahsckucfhtfs rcfskas y pfrlucncas

ä gas chtfrfsfs `fg dkrcnugtar(

@urdhtf fg nursa `f gd vfkftdncþh dhudg quf has anupd'

fs prfncsa `dr ä gd tcfrrd às þ trfs gdoarfs supfrecncdgfs'

dg aolfta `f idhtfhfrgd gcipcd `f atras vfkftdgfs' rferfs

ndr fg pcã `f gds pgdhtds' y edvarfnfr su dzadicfhta y `fsdrragga odla gd dnncþh chif`cdtd `fg dcrf y `fg ndgar sagdr(

Fh fg ataôa' y ga ids tdr`f pascogf' sf rfnakfräh gds prc

icncds `f gds nfpds(

Nahngucrfias fstf pfréaà `fhuhncdhà uhd präntcnd vc

ncasd' kfhfrdgczd`d fh gd naidrnd `f Lfrfz( Gd vcôd' nfga

sd `f gd fxcstfhncd `f sus rdénfs pana praeuh`ds' parquf

fggds sah gds quf' dhcid`ds par gas dkfhtfs fxtfrhas' euhncahdh ids fhãrkcndifhtf quf gds rdénfs `f gas huàs ids

chefrcarfs' dpftfnf gds ndvds saifrds' pdrtcnugdrifhtf fh

gas tfrrfhas gckfras y `f sé nugtcvdogfs( @f dqué' pufs ' gd

hfnfsc`d` `f flfnutdr gds gdoarfs ids nuc`dàsdifhtf `f

ga quf naiuhifhtf sf mdnf' ä ech `f ha iutcgdr gds rdcnc

ggds fxcstfhtfs fh fg sufga vfkftdg' scfhà iuy gdifhtdogf

gd nastuiorf `f gas nasfnmfras `f Lfrfz quf' fh fg sfkuhà



‐ 5: ‐

dôa `f gd vc`d `f gds nfpds' nartdh gds rdénfs quf mdh

hdncà fh gds prcifrds ndpds gdoardogfs `f gd tcfrrd'`fsndgzdhà dg fefnta gds pgdhtds ' apfrdncþh quf sf ggdid

fh fg pdés gd `fsordkd y `fsodrod( Fipfra' ifrnf` ä gas

krdh`fs rfnursas `f vctdgc`d` quf gd Hdturdgfzd nahnf`cfrd

ä gd vc`' y krdncds dg sag `f Dh`dgunéd' y ä su tfrrfha ngä

scna y tépcna pdrd gd vcôd' ãstd nrfnf y praspfrd Rdggé ods

tdhtf ocfh' ä pfsdr `f gds nahtrdrcf`d`fs quf yd fh su ch

edhncd gf arckchd fg ckhardhtcsia `f iunmas dkrcnugtarfs(^c gd vc`' fh dgds `f sus prapcds eufrzds y `f su nasiapa

gctcsia' rfscstf y sdgf ndsc scfiprf vfhnfàrd `f gas aostä

nugas quf fxpfrcifhtd fh su nrfncicfhta y `fsdrragga'

duhquf ha cipuhfifhtf rfspfnta ä su efnuh`c`d` y vc`d

if`cd' ±quã ha pa`rcd fspfrdrsf `f fggd ' sc uh nugtcva rd

ncahdg y pru`fhtf gd pratfkcfrd1 Iunmds sah gds nfpds nuya

rfh`cicfhta fsndsa y nahstdhtf rfnahanf par ndusd prchncpdg dgkuh vcnca ü aicscþh fh gas nuc`dàs quf gfs `cspfhsd

su nagaha( -Eckurd 0(#

?0( Pfrnfr dôa( Fh fstd ãpand gds tcfrhds vc`fs na

icfhzdh ä taidr eufrzd y vckar' fh tãrichas quf' sc mdh

scà trdtd`ds nahearif ä gd vfr`d`frd ncfhncd' `fs`f fg

prchncpca `fg nudrta dôa puf`fh yd prfsnch cr `fg tutar þ

ra`rckþh fh quf sf mdoédh dpaydà mdstd fhtahnfs( D ofhfecnca `f gd hufvd dsnfhscah `f gas lukas prcidvfrdgfs'

fstdggdh `fnc`c`difhtf gds nudtra yfids erdhnds `f gas às

rdias pa`dàs fg dôa dhtfrcar' dpdrfncfhà tdiocãh atrds

rdicecndncahfs fh vdrcas puhtas `f gd nfpd' gd nudg sf `fld

fxtfh`fr mdstd quf sf chschüd su chegarfsnfhncd( Fhtahnfs

sf quctd tdh saga gd puhtd mfroänfd `f gas nudtra rdias

prchncpdgfs y `f gas `fiäs oratfs quf ggfvfh dgkuh rdncia'



‐ 54 ‐

`fstruyfhà naipgftdifhtf gds rdicecndncahfs `fstctuc`ds

`f eruta' y quf ha puf`dh `fstchdrsf fh gd sckucfhtf pa`d ärfkugdrczdr gddroarczdncah `f gd pgdhtd( -Eck( ^(# Fipfra'

rfspftf scfiprf fg dkrcnugtar fg oratf hufva quf sdgkd' nah

þ sch eruta' fh uh puhta nudgqucfrd quf edvarfznd gd fxpdh

scah haridg `f gd vc`' quf md `f fstdogfnfrsf fh earid `f

napd fhsdhnmd`d( D`fgdhtähàsf gd fstdncþh' y fh nahsf

nufhncd `f gds fsprfsd`ds idhcpugdncahfs' hdnfh ä gas gdàs

y fh fg vãrtcnf `f gas rdias dnatdàs atrds vfkftdncahfs'nuya fxnfscva nrfncicfhta cipartd ckudgifhtf suspfh`fr'

nartähàgds ä uhd þ às malds `fg puhta `f su chsfrncþh(

Fh gds vcôds ids erahàsds y iflar chstdgd`ds sdgfh ids

tdr`f icfvas oratfs gdtfrdgfs' quf ha mdh `f `ftfhfrsf scha

fh fg ndsa `f taidr uhd gahkctu` fxtrdar`chdrcd ' fxnfp

tuähàsf scfiprf fh tdgfs ndsas uhd þ às rdicecndncahfs

`f ga dgta quf' pdrd `fsdmaka hdturdg `f gd eufrzd droþrfd`f gd pgdhtd' md `f pfridhfnfr chtdntd mdstd fg ech `f su

vfkftdncþh(

Pdgfs sah' fh rfsuifh' gas nuc`dàs quf' nah gds `foc`ds

gdoarfs ä gd tcfrrd' mdh `f `cspfhsdrsf ä gd vc` fh fg p rf

sfhtf pfréaà `f su fxcstfhncd' nuc`dàs nrétcnas ã cipar

tdhtéscias pdrd gd eruntcecndncþh y parvfhcr `f gds nfpds' y

quf fs hfnfsdrca rfpftcr fh ga sunfscva taàs gas dôas' sc sfqucfrf fhtrdr `f ggfha fh fg prakrfsa `f gd vctcnugturd fs

pdôagd(

Fs uh mfnma' sdhncahdà par gd fxpfrcfhncd `f gas fh

tfh`càs dkrcnugtarfs' quf gd nfpd douh`dhtf fh gfôd `ä

pana y idg eruta' y quf gas rdncias `f gdrkas sdricfhtas

ggfkdh dpfhds ä uhd idùrfz naipgftd' praùncfhà vchas

`f chefrcar ndgc`d`( Odla fstas sþgcàs prchncpcas sf euh`dh



Q 5? ‐

gds ch`cnd`ds idhcpugdncahfs y nuc`dàs( Fefntcvdifhtf'

dg `ftfhfr par gd prcifrd vfz fg `fsdrragga `f gds yfidsquf mdh drraldà yd sus rdncias' gas lukas hutrctcvas' quf

scrvcfrdh ä gd chütcg y fxnfscvd pragahkdncþh `f gas sdr

icfhtas' deguyfh prchncpdgifhtf ä gds egarfs `f gd pgdhtd'

quf' prþxcids ä dorcrsf' d`qucfrfh `fs`f gufka fg idyar

vckar pdrd fefntudr su efnuh`dncþh haridg' fgdoarähàsf

uh oufh pagfh quf fs dosarvcà nah rdpc`fz y fhfrkéd par

fg fstckid `fg pcstcga( Fstas þrkdhas' tdh tfhufs y `fgcndàs'dg prfpdrdrsf ä flfrnfr sus hdturdgfs y dìcrdogfs euhnca

hfs' mdh taidà uhd idyar eufrzd vctdg quf ' mdncãhàgfs

rfscstcogfs ä gds chegufhncds dìaseãrcnds ids pfrhcncasds'

gfs pfrictf ä nd`d uha su dnncþh rfkugdr ey naipgftd( Mã

dqué' pufs' uh if`ca patfhtf y sfkura `f cipf`cr fg doarta

`f gas avdrcas `f gds egarfs `f gd vc`2 fhefrif`d` naiüh fh

vdrcds gandgc`d`fs -ggdid`d vugkdrifhtf Icid#' fh`ãicndfh dgkuhds naidrnds' y quf fh taàs gas `cstrctas `cfzid fh

idyar þ ifhar krdà gd nasfnmd `fg vcha ' sfküh gds vcnc

sctu`fs dìaseãrcnds quf prfsc`fh gd chegarfsnfhncd `f gd

uvd( ^c fg martcnugtar fhtfh`cà sdof iuy ocfh y par f x

pfrcfhncd prapcd gd hfnfsc`d` `f prdntcndr gd idhcpugdncþh

`f quf sf trdtd fh `cefrfhtfs pgdhtds ähhuds' quf `f atrd

idhfrd `drcdh egarfs kfhfrdgifhtf fstãrcgfs' y `f nahsckucfhtf sch eruta' ha `fsnuc`dhà ãg ldiäs `f flfnutdrgd fh

gds rfspfntcvds y ids nahvfhcfhtfs ãpands' ±parquã gas vctc

nugtarfs ha mdh `f mdnfr ga prapca nah gd nfpd quf `f fgga

sdnd tdhta pdrtcà1 ±parquã hufstras prapcftdrcas ids `cs

tchkucàs ha mdh `f naifhzdr fh sus vcôfàs fsds idhcpu

gdncahfs' tdh sfhncggds naia cipartdhtfs' ta`d vfz quf nah

fggds sf duifhtd nahsc`frdogfifhtf fg praùnta `f gd nasf)



‐ 5> ‐

nmd 1 Gas krdh`fs' pdgpdogfs y efnuhàs rfsugtdàs quf ha

sf md`dh fspfrdr `f su dpgcndncþh ä nudgqucfr ngdsf `f nfpds' eufrdh chù`dogfifhtf fstéiuga y flfipga pdrd gas

nagahas ids rferdntdrcas( Fh Erdhncd sf nahanfh y prdntc

ndh `fs`f iunmas dôas gds rfefrc`ds apfrdncahfs' fxtfh

`cãhàsf nd`d `cd ids fh gas `cstchtas `fpdrtdifhtas(

Gd sfkuh`d idhcpugdncþh quf sf md ch`cndà' fsta fs' gd

`f dnartdr ä uhd þ às malds `f su arckfh gas oratfs gdtf

rdgfs quf drrdhndh `f gas rdias idyarfs' `fof mdnfrsf fhfg ifs `f Idya' y fs ha ifhas chtfrfsdhtf quf gd prcif

rd( Fstd apfrdncþh' ggdid`d vugkdrifhtf fsparkdr ' if

`cdhtf gd nudg sf gcipcd þ fspurkd gd nfpd `f gas päipdhas

y rdicecndncahfs chütcgfs' cipfrtchfhtfs ' y mdstd pfrlu`c

ncdgfs' sf nahecd kfhfrdgifhtf ä iulfrfs y hcôas' þ ä tar

pfs gdorcfkas quf' `f gd idhfrd ids cipru`fhtf ã chmu

idhd' raipfh y `fsdrtcnugdh `f gas sdricfhtas prchncpdgfsgas rdictas gdtfrdgfs' cipgdhtdàs sþgc`difhtf dg pcã `f

gas alas þ yfids `fstchd`ds pdrd `dr gd nasfnmd euturd(

Eclfh ocfh dqué su dtfhncþh prapcftdrcas y nagahas ' y ao

sfrvfh taàs gd mfrc`d idrnd`d y krdvf' quf aerfnfh gas

alas þ yfids hufvds -quf mdh `f `fldrsf fh gd prþxcid

pa`d#' chif`cdtdifhtf `f fefntudr fg vcncasa fspurka quf

has anupd2 fxdiéhfsf fh fg ataôa fg tdidôa `f fstds yfids' y fg vaguifh `f atrds `f dgkuh rdia prchncpdg `f gd

icsid nfpd fspurkdà `foc`difhtf 2 naipärfhsf par ech

fh fg dôa sckucfhtf fg hüifra y vckar `f gas rdncias `f

fhtrdioas rdias' y eäncgifhtf sf naiprfh`fräh gds dprf)

ncdocgéscids vfhtdlds `f gd rfearid `f quf sf trdtd( Fg ala

þ gd yfid mfrc`d nrfnf iuy pana fh ga sunfscva ' y su ef

nuh`c`d` fs nartd' parquã' d`fiäs `f su iutcgdncþh pdr)



‐ 50 ‐

ncdg' fnmd `f ifhas gd prfsfhncd `f su d`luhta rdicta' quf

mdocd `f quf`dr nah uhd þ às malds pdrd dtrdfrgf y ggfvdrgf gd sdvcd fgdoard`d mdstd fg ech `f gd vfkftdncþh( Gds

yfids quf mdh scà ocfh trdtd`ds' sah' dg nahtrdrca' ids

vaguichasds' fhtfrds y sf mdggdh pravcstds `f fiorcahfs

vckarasas$<y eruntéefras( -Eckurd 5(#

Fh `cstchtds andscahfs' y dhcidàs `f gas iflarfs

`fsfas' has mfias fhtrftfhcà fh fhsfôdr tfþrcna y prän

tcndifhtf ä gas gdordàrfs gds fsprfsd`ds y sfhncggds idhcpugdncahfs ' y ' ä pfsdr `f hufstrd pdncfhncd y fseufrzas'

ha mfias pa`cà dgndhzdr `f dqufggas ids quf uh trd

odla cipfrefnta' iatcvdà par gd eufrzd crrfscstcogf `f uh

mäocta vcncasa ã chvftfrdà( Cipascogf pdrfnf ga quf dnd

odias `f ch`cndr ' y ' sch fiodrka ' fs gd trcstf rfdgc`d`

quf has `fiufstrd gd praeuh`d ckhardhncd `f fsd iugtctu`

`f nagahas' quf mdh fhndhfncà nugtcvdhà sus vcôds sfkühnastuiorfs y prfanupdncahfs `f sus prf`fnfsarfs' y fi

pdpdhà `f gds icsids ä sus mclas y ä sus hcftas(

Mã dqué' pufs' gd ndusd prchncpdg `f quf sf vfd ' nd`d

dôa' fh ndsc taàs gas vcôfàs uh nahsc`frdogf hüifra `f

nfpds `fspravcstds `f eruta' þ nah iuy ifhkudàs rdnc

ias' ha aostdhtf sfr dùgtds' sdhds' raoustds y `f oufhd

ndstd( D ta`ds fstds nfpds' `fhaichd chlustdifhtf vdkdouh`ds fg icsia nasfnmfra' quf gds mcrcfrd `f iufrtf fh

sus yfifnctds fh gd ãpand `fg fxpurka ifhncahdà( Hþtf

sf' d`fiäs' gd ncrnuhstdhncd `f quf gas mcfgas tdr`éas `fldh

sfhtcr ids chtfrfsdhtfifhtf sus fstrdkas saorf `cnmds yf

ids ü alas ndsc fstfrfgczdàs par naipgfta' y ha sfräh yd

`f fxtrdôdr gds fsndsds nasfnmds quf aotcfhfh iunmas vctc

nugtarfs rutchdrcas ã ch`cefrfhtfs(



_ °

Eckurd 5(



‐ N 6 ‐

Fs uhd krdh rfiard' pdrd kfhfrdgczdrsf gds prfsfhtfs

rfearids fhtrf hufstras dkrcnugtarfs' gd nrffhncd iuy dr

rdckd`d fh gas icsias' `f quf gds nfpds nuyas sdricfhtasmdh scà iuy dnartdàs fh pgfhd vfkftdncþh' sf fstfrcgczdh'

scha iufrfh ä gas panas dôas2 y fstd nrffhncd fs uhd vfr

`d` tdhta ids pdgidrcd y rfdg' nudhta ids raoustds sah

gds vc`fs trdtd`ds par `cnmd apfrdncþh( ^ch fiodrka prf

ncsa sfrä rfnahanfr quf ga rfgdtcva ha fs ga dosaguta' y quf

ga pdrncdg ha fs ga tatdg( Sd mfias rfnaifh`dà gd hfnfsc

`d` `f nahsfrvdr fh gds nfpds ids vckarasds uha þ àsrdias éhtfkras y fh naipgftd gcofrtd` `fspuãs `f sus

prcifras fxpurkas2 tdiocãh sf md idhcefstdà gd apartu

hc`d` `f gd sfkuh`d idhcpugdncþh fh gas rdias yd suec

ncfhtfifhtf fxtfh`càs y `fsdrraggdàs' nah taà ga nudg

sf edvarfnf nahvfhcfhtfifhtf gd eufrzd fxpdhscvd `f gd

pgdhtd( Ha sf naheuh`d pufs fg if`ca nah gas fxtrfias'

hc gd pdrtf par fg taà2 y ha sf agvc`f ldiäs quf fg fxprfsdà dnatdicfhta `f gas sdricfhtas y `f sus `frcvdncahfs'

mfnma nah gd `csnrfncþh ã chtfgckfhncd `foc`ds' fs scfiprf

uh idhdhtcdg `f vc`d y gahkfvc`d` pdrd gd vcôd' y uh prf

ncasa rfnursa pdrd gd iugtcpgcndncþh `f gds nasfnmds( ^c ä

pfsdr `f taà sf vfrcecnd fh gds nfpds fg doarta prfidtura

`fg eruta' rfnahþzndsf fhtahnfs par ndusd prciar`cdg `f gd

fhefrif`d` fg fxnfscva hüifra `f rdncias quf ggfvdh' þ gd

`focgc`d` kfhfrdg `f gds pgdhtds' mcld `fg fipaorfncicfhta

`fg tfrrfha' þ `f uh pãscia ã chvftfrdà nugtcva' ndusds

quf d`vcfrtfh dg nagaha gd urkfhncd `f su fxtchncþh' sc

qucfrf sdgvdr ä tcfipa gd vc`d y fg rfh`cicfhta haridg `f

sus vcôfàs(

D ofhfecnca `fg trdtdicfhta quf ggfvdias fxpufsta' ta)

4:



‐ 55 ‐

às gas rdias y alas hufvas rfncofh gd hutrcncþh qufcfs

naipftf odstd fg ech `f su vfkftdncþh ' y fg sdricfhtaquf md ataôdà fh gds ids ofggds nah`cncahfs ' quf`d iuy

vckarasa y fh gd idyar dptctu` quf puf`d `fsfdrsf' dsé

pdrd gd pgdhtdncþh ' naia pdrd chlfrtas y rfhufvas `f gd

icsid vcôd( Za`fias dsfkurdr quffh fg idyar hüifra

`f gas vcôfàs `f gd pfhéhsugd' gas sdricfhtas sah trdtd

às idgéscidifhtf ' `fs`f quf sf dpraxcid gd chegarfsnfh

ncd `f gd vc`( Mdy nagahas quf drrdhndh ndsc ta`ds gds malds `f gd ictd` chefrcar `fg tcfrha sdricfhta ' dorcãhàgf

ha pands mfrc`ds2 atras' yd dgka pru`fhtfs' mdnfh ga

prapca' pfra fh ifhar krdà' y scfiprf ä ala `f oufh

nuofra2 taàs d`fiäs' þ iunmas `f fggas `fldh chtdntds

gds rdicecndncahfs gdtfrdgfs `fg if ca sdricfhta supfrcar'

dodhàhdhà gufka ä sus dhnmurds fg nrfncicfhta ugtfrcar

`ãgds nfpds ' sc ocfh quf dvfnfs sf gds `fsmald `f nudgqucfr iaà dg fhtrdr fg eruta fh sdzþh( -Eckurds ; y =(#

Vh rfspftdogf hüifra `f rdncias fs naiuhifhtf véntc

id `f gds präntcnds dhtfnf`fhtfs y vcncasds( Vhd gguvcd

nartd' sfkuc`d `f uhas rdyas f âg dr`cfhtf' þ `f uh

vcfhta sfna y nägcà' uh ndioca eufrtf y orusna `f gd tfi

pfrdturd dìaseãrcnd' þ uhd gclfrd krdhczd`d tdh saga'

ndusdh fh fsas vcôfàs idg nugtcvdàs fstrdkas `f nahsc`frdncþh' ard mdncfhà doartdr gd efnuh`dncþh `f gds egarfs

`fsidhtfgd`ds `f gds nfpds' ard tastdhà gas krdhas `f gd

uvd+ yd dgka dvdhzdàs ' quf ' suspfh`c`d su vfkftdncþh '

sf sfndh' sf pcfr`fh y sf ndfh( Zf`rczna sarà' nasfnmd `fs

krdncd`d ' `fofias nahearidrhas2 dsé fxngdidh ndsc taàs

gas dôas gas rüstcnas y sfhncggas nasfnmfras( @cspfrtdas' gfs

`crfias hasatras' y dorc` gas alas ä gd guz `f gd ncfhncd



ÿaI )cuwt»a @f ±Mvc)fucet `c hud(

nfpa' nuttcvndd' d'é dLcta8¡uwW'a`

nVt tuufff x8cuuW8 tdnpctcnnw'

xfpd «tdld vflcVncaté ôdcucvbtu

71¡+V| ugdff f yfuuu X y w ' ‘ v



‐ 5; ‐

quf `fsfd cgustrdras2 sdnu`c` fsd chfrncd ã ch`cefrfhncd quf

as fipaorfnfh ' y sdof` quf eäncgifhtf pa`ãcs fvctdr tdh

krdvfs pfrndhnfs( Paid` par kuéd hufstra scstfid `f nug

tcva ' quf sdgvdhà dgkuhds aosfrvdncahfs quf has pfrtf

hfnfh' ãs fh fg eahà fg icsia scstfid `f gas ids nãgf

orfs y `cstchkucàs vctcnugtarfs nahtfiparähfas2 `crclc` fg

`fsdrragga `f nd`d rdia prchncpdg `f gd nfpd dùgtd `fg

iaà quf yd sf md ch`cndà' ` d ` d L d tcfrrd gds apartuhds

gdoarfs' `f quf has anupdrfias ids d`fgdhtf' sf` pdrnas

y pru`fhtfs fh gas prcifras fspurkas' ã cictd` gas flfi

pgas quf pdrd gd idyar chtfgckfhncd vdh `fgchfdàs fh

gds d`luhtds Eckurds' napcd`ds `f gd icsid Hdturdgfzd2 y

vfrãcs `fs`f uh prchncpca efnuh`d`ds gds egarfs `f gd vc`'

nuyas krdhas nrfncfhà y `fsdrraggähàsf nah gd idyar

rfkugdrc`d` ' earidräh rdncias naipgftas mfriasas y

dougtdàs' quf sfräh vufstras éàgas y mdgdk÷fôds+ fspfrdhzds 2 aosfrvdrãcs tdiocãh gd idrnmd haridg `f ta`d

uhd vfkftdncþh fspgãh`c`d y raoustd' y par ech nahtfi

pgdhà gd idùrfz pfrefntd ' rfnalfrãcs uhd vfh`cicd na

pcasd quf as rftrcoucrä ä idhas ggfhds taàs gas `cspfh`cas'

edtckds y trdodlas(

Dg dpraxcidrsf)fg sdzahdicfhta `f gd uvd, `fofh quc

tdrsf ühcndifhtf gds malds nuyd saiord gf cipc`d gd d nncþh `crfntd `fg sag( Ha ) edgtdh nasfnmfras quf sf `fsidh

`dh `fsmaldhà ndsc naipgftdifhtf Ld vc`' pfra ndgnugdh

iuy idg gas quf dsé pranf`fh ' parquf gds malds `f gas vf

kftdgfs rfprfsfhtdh ga quf ä gas dhcidgfs gas þrkdhas rfs

pcrdtarcas2 fggds sah gds quf icfhtrds fg sag odôd fg marc

zahtf ' `fsprfh`fh fg axékfha ' y dosarofh fg äncà ndroþ

hcna `fg dcrf' `fsnaipahcfhà dg pdsa fg diahédna dìas)



~) A^ ‐

eãrcna ' `f ga quf rfsugtd gd `csaguncþh `fg ndroaha y `fg

äzaf fh gd sdvcd dsnfh`fhtf `f gd vc`' fh nuyd vcrtu` fstf

géqucà sf ia`cecnd y d`qucfrf hufvas fgfifhtas' quf dg

ncrnugdr par gd fnahaiéd `f gds nfpds' scrvfh ä gd hutrc

ncþh y `fsdrragga hdturdgfs `f taàs sus þrkdhas(

Echdgifhtf ' fg nagaha nahnguyf sus trdodlas fh fg nar

rcfhtf dôa nah gd cipartdhtf apfrdncþh `f gd pa`d' quf sf

rfùnf ä `fldr ä nd`d nfpd' sfküh su eufrzd y vckar' às þ

trfs sdricfhtas hufvas nah às alas þ yfids fh nd`d uha y

uh gdrka fhtrfhuà supfrcar' pranurdhà scfiprf `crckcr

m d n c d eufrd gd droarczdncah `f gd pgdhtd' nuya nfhtra md `f

quf`dr nahstdhtfifhtf gcorf y `fspaldà pdrd quf fg dcrf

y fg sag puf`dh odôdrgd par ta`ds pdrtfs( Dg prapca tcfi

pa `fofräh nartdrsf ga ids nfrnd pascogf `fg tdgga' y sch

`fldr uôfra hc rfoar`f dgkuha taàs gas rdias saordhtfs ã

ciprapcas ä gd oufhd nahstctuncþh `f gd vc`( Ha aostdhtf gdeäncg dpgcndncþh `f fstas sfhncggas prfnfptas' tdh dnahsfld

às par gd ncfhncd' fs suidifhtf sfhscogf fg ch`cefrfhtcsia

`f iunmas dkrcnugtarfs' quf dg pa`dr' prfsnch`fh `f gd `c

rfnncþh quf vdh taidhà gas hufvas sdricfhtas' dsé naia

`fsnuc`drah fh uh prchncpca gd earidncþh `fg tdgga prchnc

pdg ' rfsugtdhà `f taà quf gd vc` hdnf y nrfnf ids þ

ifhas aogcnud y rdstrfrd' nruzähàsf gas sdricfhtas y gaspäipdhas' ncrnuhstdhncd quf sf apahf dg oufh dkastdà `f

gd id`frd' y ä gd pfrefntd idùrfz `fg eruta( -Eckurd 3(#

?6( Nudrta dôa( Paàs gas nuc`dàs y idhcpugdncahfs

`fsnrctds y rfnaifh`d`ds fh fg nursa f gd vfkftdncþh `fg

dôa dhtfrcar sah fhtfrdifhtf dpgcndogfs dg prfsfhtf y dg

parvfhcr( Naia gd vc` fstä yd ndsc earid`d' y su raoustfz

vä scfhà nd`d vfz idyar' sf aosfrvd quf gd yfid chefrcar



Eckurd 3(



‐ 53 ‐

`f nd`d sdricfhta sufgf sfr àogf' fsta ãs' quf drrald às

rdias frkucàs' fh gas nudgfs dpdrfnfh kfhfrdgifhtf gasids ofggas rdncias( Fstas rdias' naia gas `fiäs pravcs

tas `f eruta' y gas `fstchdàs ä nahnurrcr dg nahluhta droþ

rfa `f gd nfpd' mdh `f dnartdrsf fh sus puhtds mfroänfds'

y ä às þ trfs malds fhncid `fg ügtcia rdncia quf gcd sdgc

à' vfrcecnähàsf gas `fiäs fxpurkas nah gd apartuhc`d`

ia`frdncþh y tcha präntcna hfnfsdrcas( @fs`f fhtahnfs

puf`f `fncrsf quf gd vcôd fhtrd fh gd f`d` dùgtd ùrdhtfgd nudg `fofräh dorcrsf gds nahvfhcfhtfs zdhlds fh gds dg

idhtds nuyds nfpds idhcefstdsfh `csichucr fh vckar y

rfh`cicfhta' fhtfrrdhà fh dqufggds gas narrfspah`cfhtfs

doahas nah quf sastfhfr fg fqucgcorca `f gas prchncpcas ic

hfrdgfs ' tdh hfnfsdrca ä gas tfrrfhas `f gdordhzd2 `f ga

nahtrdrca' gd tcfrrd sf fipaorfnf' y sf `cnf quf sf ndhsd'

(parquf gds pgdhtds `fldh `f praspfrdr fh fggd( Fh gd ãpand`f gd pa`d ' `fofrä nahnf`frsf ä gds nfpds dgkuhd idyar

gdtctu`' duifhtähàgfs `f uha þ às pugkdrfs' sfküh sfd

su vckar y su nahstctuncþh' nahsc`frähàsf yd `fs f fh

tahnfs nahstctuc`ds `fg taà gds vc`fs' quf trdtd`ds ä tfhar

`f gas rfefrcàs prfnfptas' praiftfh ä su nagaha oufhas y

douh`dhtfs praùntas( Fh ga sunfscva y par rfkgd kfhfrdg

fg pa`dàr md `f nartdr dhudgifhtf taà fg sdricfhta nahsu odsf gfôasd pranf`fhtf f gd yfid supfrcar `fg ndoa þ

pugkdr pa`dà fg dôa ügtcia' fg sdricfhta chefrcar' rfùnc

à ä às þ trfs alas erdhnas' fs fg `fstchdà par gd Hdturd

gfzd pdrd suichcstrdr gas iflarfs erutas' y driahczdr nah

vfhcfhtfifhtf gd fxpdhscah `f gd vc`( -Eckurd 4:(#

?5( Gdoarfs ä gd tcfrrd)vcôfà( Paàs gas dedhfs y

nuc`dàs `cspfhsdàs ä gd vc` eufrdh pana ifhas quf fstã)



‐ 4: ‐

rcgfs fh rfsugtdàs' sc fg nagaha `fldsf `f prdntcndr fh fg

sufga gds `foc`ds y apartuhds gdoarfs( Fh fstf puhta `f

tdhtd trdsnfh`fhncd pdrd gd praspfrc`d` y fg parvfhcr `f

gds nfpds' aosfrvdias tdiocãh `f pdrtf `f iunmas gdord

àrfs uhd chnurcd gdifhtdogf2 dgkuhas `dh gds gdoarfs ä gd

vcrcd fh andscþh quf uhd iugtctu` `f yfrods md chvd`cà yd

fg tfrrfha' y dosarvcà krdh ndhtc`d` `ãgas lukas `fstchd

às ä gd dgcifhtdncþh `f gds vc`fs' pfr`cãhàsf dgþifhas gd

ictd` `f gd nasfnmd `fg vcha2 atras(`dh fh ãpands ch`ftfrichd`ds às þ trfs ndvds praeuh`ds2 y ha panas gdordh ä

ta`d prcsd gd tcfrrd' `fstrazdhà sch pcf`d` dgkuhd nudhtds

rdcnfs y aostänugas sf apahfh dg pdsa `fg drdà( Paàs

puf`f `fncrsf' quf aordh sch nahncfhncd `f ga quf mdnfh'

kucdàs ühcndifhtf par fg flfipga rutchdrca `f sus pd`rfs

þ doufgas' y prfncsa sfrä quf fggas sf nahvfhzdh `fs`f guf

ka' quf gds gdoarfs `f gd vcôd' mfnmds nah gd apartuhc`d` ã+chtfgckfhncd narrfspah`cfhtfs' sah gd odsf prchncpdg `f gd sd

gu` y eruntcecndncþh `f gds nfpds' y quf gd idrnmd haridg `f

gd vfkftdncþh `f gds icsids ha `fof sfr pfrturod`d ldiäs

par atrd vfkftdncþh fstrdôd( Gd prapcf`d` y fg fxnguscvcs

ia `fg tfrrfha sah `f rckar ä gd vc` ocfh trdtd`d' y nudh

tds yfrods y pgdhtds nrfnfh ä su dgrf`fàr gd pfrlu`cndh

iuy sfhscogfifhtf' yd cipc`cfhà su erdhnd rfspcrdncþh ygd chegufhncd `crfntd `fg ndgar sagdr' yd sastfhcfhà ä su pcã

uhd muif`d` fxnfscvd' y nmupähàgf fg dgcifhta quf hf

nfsctd( Mdy fh Fspdôd icgfs `f mfntärfds `f tfrrfha' `fs

tchd`ds fh tfaréd pdrd vcôfà' pfra quf fh gd rfdgc`d` ga sah

pdrd äroagfs' nfrfdgfs' gfkuiorfs' ftn( Fg prapcftdrca y

fg nagaha' fh su chia`frd`d diocncþh' ha nahtfhtas nah

mdofr quctdà ä gd vcôd sfnncahfs fhtfrds `f tfrrfha' dg



‐ 4W ‐

aolfta `f sfiordr fh fggds trckas ü atras vfkftdgfs' mdh

pgdhtdà fhtrf gds dgidhtds fg agcva' fg dgifh`ra' gd m c kufrd y fg nfrfza' quf par su idyar tdggd y narpugfhncd

raodh ä gd tcfrrd gd idyar pdrtf `f gas lukas y `f gds sus

tdhncds dgndgchds fh krdvf `ftrcifhta `f gd vfkftdncþh y

praspfrc`d` `f gds nfpds( Fg äroag dosarvf fg drousta' y gd

vcôd nrfnf iuy gähkuc`d y gfhtdifhtf' rch`cfhà erutas

ifzquchas y `f idgd ndgc`d`( @f atrd pdrtf' fh gas pdrd

lfs ä quf dgu`cias' hcfg agcva' hc gas nfrfdgfs naipfhsdh`foc`difhtf gas `cspfh`cas y trdodlas fipgfdàs fh su

nugtcva' hc fg `ãecnct `fg vcha quf drrfodtdh `fg nasfnmfra'

parquf gd hdturdgfzd `fg tfrrfha' fg ngcid y `fiäs chegufh

ncds `f gandgc`d`' nahanc`ds y par nahanfr' ha gfs sah e d

vardogfs( Fhtrf gds iunmds prufods quf pa`rédias dùncr

fh dpaya f ga quf dndodias `f sfhtdr' nctdrfias' sch cr

ids gflas' hufstrd vfnchd vcggd `f Agfsd' nahsc`frd`d lustdifhtf fh gd pfhéhsugd naia ia`fga par gd oah`d` y echu

rd `f sus dnfctfs( Fstd paogdncþh dkrénagd prfsfhtdréd d n

tudgifhtf y sch ù`d dgkuhd' uh fstdà `f praspfrc`d`

iuy sdtcsedntarca' sc fh ga quf vd `f sckga' sus gdordàrfs

fh vfz `f agcvdrfs' muocfsfh eaifhtdà y pfrefnncahdà fg

nugtcva `f gd vcôd' pufsta quf sfküh `dtas ec`f`ckhas ã

crrfnusdogfs fh fg ügtcia pfréaà `f 5: dôas' sf mdh aotfhcà sagdifhtf fh `cnmd naidrnd nudtra nasfnmds naipgf

tds `f dnfctf' scfhà ta`ds gds `fiäs rfnagfnncahfs ids þ

ifhas fsndsds y `fskrdncd`ds( Agfsd pufs y naia fggd

uh rfspftdogf hüifra `f nasfnmfras' `f paorf pdsdréd ä

sfr /rcnd sc su dkrcnugturd eufsf prchncpdgifhtf vcténagd2 gd

sctudncþh fxnfgfhtf `f sus nagchds y iahtdôds' gd naipa

scncþh quéicnd `f su sufga' y fg âg dr`cfhtf `f su ngcid



`fidh`dh cipfrcasd y fxnguscvdifhtf gd vcôd2 gd supfrca

rc`d` hdturdg `f gas vchas `f dqufg pdcs' uhc`d dg nahsc`frdogf duifhta `f su ndhtc`d`' ggfvdrédh ocfh prahta ä fsf

pfqufôa Zrcardta gd rcqufzd y fg ocfhfstdr kfhfrdg' dgzäh

àsf `f gd icsfrcd iunmds edicgcds `f gdordàrfs praoas y

gdoarcasas(

Fh vcstd `f ga fxpufsta' ha `fld `f sfr dgtdifhtf sfhsc

ogf quf' ha aostdhtf gas rfpfgcàs `fsfhkdôas' ha sf dodh

àhf duh fsf pãscia scstfid `f nugtcvas àogfs' trchas' þnudtfrhas y sciugtähfas( S fs quf gd gfy `fg mäocta' fh

uhcah nah gd ckhardhncd' flfrnf saorf dqufggas dkrcnugtarfs

uh àichca dosaguta2 fg sfhncgga gdorcfka quf md nahsdkrd

à ta`d su vc`d nugtcvdhà gds nfpds' gas agcvas y atras

äroagfs `f su ia`fstd prapcf`d`' sf mdggd c`fhtcecndà nah

fggd `f tdg sufrtf' quf ä ta`ds sus pgdhtds gfs praefsd gd

icsid fstcidncþh y ndrcôa2 `fsprfncdr þ `fstrucr gds uhds'pdrd ids qufrfr y eaifhtdr gds atrds' fs uh sdnrcecnca pdrd

ãg pana ifhas quf cipascogf2 mdogd`gf dg gdorcfka quf fh

aosfquca ä sus ids ndras chtfrfsfs y dg parvfhcr `f su ed

icgcd ' fs prfncsa quf rfearif sus mäoctas y sus c`fds dkré

nagds tdh pfrlu`cncdgfs' `fnc`gf quf dhtf taà mdh `f scipgc

ecndrsf fsas vdrcdàs ã chnaipdtcogfs nugtcvas sciugtähfas'

`fnrftdhà `fs`f gufka gd iufrtf `f sus agcvas nfhtfhdrcas ' pdrd nf`fr su pgdzd ä hufvds nfpds y rfdhcidr gds

fxcstfhtfs2 prfsfhtd gf par ech gas `dtas fstd éstcnas ids

ncfrtas' y nahnguyfhtfs pdrd fg maiorf pru`fhtf' quf lus

tcecndh fg fsndsa rfh`cicfhta dhudg `f su agcvdr y `fg kf

hfrdg `f gd naidrnd' y ä pfsdr `f taà+ha pa`rãcs `fnc

`crgf ä gd rfearid2 gd `fstrunncþh `f sus agcvas' quf sah

aord `f uh sckga' eufrd uh sfhtcicfhta `fidscdà chtfhsa



‐ ;> ‐

pdrd su nardzþh( Ãg as nahtfstdrä fipfra' quf ä eufrzd

`f ordzas y `f doahas taà sf dgndhzd `f gd tcfrrd2 ids

fh(gas ndsas `f quf has anupdias' gd fxpfrcfhncd `fiufs

trd ga nahtrdrca2 fg pgus `f gas dgcifhtas prapchdà dg

tfrrfha' fs scfiprf dosarvcà fh su idyar pdrtf par gas

äroagfs y `fiäs pgdhtds fxtrdôds' quf nahnrftähàhas dg

agcva' ga dscicgdh y nahvcfrtfh prchncpdgifhtf fh gfôd y

maldrdsnd' quf saga scrvf pdrd su idyar vckar' mfriasu

rd y `fsdrragga< sus erutas sch fiodrka ha narrfspah`fh`foc`difhtf ä `cnmas nuc`dàs y dedhfs' fh tdhta quf gd

vcôd nahtchüd ckudgifhtf' scha ids' aprcic`d y dvdsdggd

`d par fg pa`fr `fg ids eufrtf(

Vhd nasfnmd if`cdhd `f dnfctf par quchqufhca' nah

atrd dhudg y fsndsd `f vcha' fs naiuhifhtf gd trcstf rf

naipfhsd `f gas trdodlas y suàrfs `f gas rfefrcàs nasf

nmfras 2 fgga fs ha aostdhtf ga suecncfhtf pdrd fhtrftfhfrgd paorfzd `fg nagaha y dgcifhtdrgf `f hufvds y mdgdk÷fôds

fspfrdhzds( Gd fsndsfz `fg dkud `fg ncfga y atrds chegufh

ncds fspfncdgfs `f vdrcas `cstrctas vchénagds' nahtrd gds

nudgfs fs cipatfhtf gd idha `fg maiorf' sah gds ndusds

quf nahtrdrcdh gd oufhd eruntcecndncþh `fg agcva' `ftfric

hdhà iunmds vfnfs fh fg icsia `cefrfhtfs fhefrif`d`fs

y sfnrfncahfs vfrrukasds' quf idhcecfstdh fg fstdà dharidg `f gd pgdhtd' Fstd fs gd vfr`d` sdhncahd`d par gd f x

pfrcfhncd `f gdrkas dôas' vfr`d` quf has mfias fsearzdà

fh checgtrdr fh fg ähcia `f hufstras dkrcnugtarfs' y fh fg

`f dgkuhas prapcftdrcas' quf maiorfs ha `f cgustrdncþh hc

nägnuga' pfra sc `f rcqufzd y ocfhfstdr' sah tdiocãh pdrtc

`drcas ã c`þgdtrds `f gas nugtcvas icxtas sciugtähfas' quf

ggfvdias ch`cndàs( @flfias ä fstas edhätcnas ã chàgfhtfs'44



Q ;0 ‐

quf' rfôcàs dg pdrfnfr nah taà d`fgdhta' sfräh fh taà

ndsa gas ügtcias fh cictdr fg flfipga `f atras prapcftdrcasifhas prfanupdàs' quf `dhà acàs ä hufstras nahsflas'

mdh naifhzdà yd gds nctd`ds rfearids y aotfhcà gas if

larfs rfsugtdàs( Fs urlfhtf pufs' quf fg vctcnugtar idh

tfhkd nahstdhtfifhtf gd tcfrrd gcipcd `f fstrdecas vfkftd

gfs' y quf flfnutf ä pand praeuh`c`d` fg hüifra `f gdoa

rfs hfnfsdrcds' fvctdhà scfiprf nah gd idyar ndutfgd gd

iutcgdncþh þ `fstrunncþh `f gds rdcnfs supfrecncdgfs' quf sahgds ids cipartdhtfs ä gd vc`d `f gds nfpds( Gd ndvd `f Ef

orfra þ Idrza' gd `f Idya' y gd `fg ifs `f Dkasta sah

par ga kfhfrdg' gds trfs gdoarfs ch`cspfhsdogfs ä gd vcôd2

fg dzd`þh' ggdha þ `f puhtd sfküh gd sctudncþh y hdturdgf

zd `f gas `cefrfhtfs tfrrfhas' fs pdrd fgga fg chstruifhta

ids ä prapþscta quf md `f sdofr ocfh idhfldr fg präntcna

vctcnugtar2 fg drdà' tdh naiuhifhtf qufrcà y fipgfdàfh `fidséd par gas nagahas `f vcôfàs ggdhas' `focfrd gcic

tdrsf fstrcntdifhtf ä gds dgidhtds iuy fspdncasds y dh

nmds' nuyds ecgds `f nfpds sfdh rckarasdifhtf rfntds y

ocfh dgchfd`ds' pranurdhà d`fids fvctdr fg pdsa `fg

chstruifhta par gds nfrndhéds `f gds vc`fs' nuyd tcfrrd tdh

saga `fof trdodldrsf ä idha y ä gd praeuh`c`d` iäxcid `f

sfcs nfhtéiftras( Ga nahtrdrca fs dgtdifhtf pfrlu`cncdg ä gdsdgu` y praspfrc`d` `fg vcôfà ggdha( Chscstcrfias uh tdhta

saorf gd idtfrcd' parquf gd nahsc`frdias `f iunma chtf

rãs( Nahtfipgd` uhd vcôd' naia mdy iunmds' nuyds d g

idhtds ha dgndhnfh às iftras `f gdtctu`' y sfd ocfh nug

tcvd`d fh tfrrfha rfiavcà scfiprf nah fg dzd`þh2 fg

dspfnta kfhfrdg ha puf`f sfr ids dkrd`dogf' y su rfh`c

icfhta dhudg ggfhd `f sdtcsednncþh y `f arkugga ä su fhtfh)



Q & Q`cà ùfôa( @d`gf ä fsd vcôd fg drdà nah uh hufva y

paorf nagaha2 prahta gd vfrãcs mfrc`d `f iufrtf2 gd orcggdhtfz `f su vfkftdncþh ha tdr`d) ä idrnmctdrsf' y su efr

tcgc`d` `csichuyf nahsc`frdogfifhtf' parquf fnmd `f

ifhas gd iugtctu` `f rdcnfs id`rfs quf tfhcd chstdgd`ds fh

gds prcifrds ndpds `f gd tcfrrd vfkftdg( _fùnc`d fhtahnfs

su vctdgc`d` ä uh nérnuga fstrfnma y gcictdà' gd vcôd pdsd

uhd vc`d trcstf y pfhasd' ggfvd nah rfsckhdncþh fg yuka `f

gd fsngdvctu`' ha sch vcvas `fsfas `f rfnaordr gd gcofrtd`pfr`c`d( Fipfra fg nagaha scipätcna nah fggd' suerf

tdiocãh rfsckhdà gas fefntas `f gd fsngdvctu` `f su prapcd

rutchd' y sf dnastuiord ckudgifhtf ä vcvcr uh fstdà prf

ndrca y `f ch`ckfhncd' parquf ckhard quf fg `cvcha drousta

fs pgdhtd `f fxpdhscah y `f gcofrtd` ' y iavcà par gd

hatdogf fnahaiéd `fg trdodla' sf pfrsud`f ä sc icsia `f

gd cipuhc`d` `f gds nfpds' uhd vfz mdoctud`ds dg drdà'dtrcouyfhà ä atrds ndusds fg `ãecnct `f gd vfkftdncþh y `fg

rfh`cicfhta `f su vcôfà(

Aosfrvfias dmard fg dhvfrsa `f gd if`dggd' y sustc

tuydias par fg dzd`þh dg nrþhcna drdà2 gd fsnfhd `fg

ndipa suerf tdiocãh' duhquf fh sfhtcà nahtrdrca' uh

ndioca rfpfhtcha ã chfspfrdà( Gcorf gd vcôd `fg idrtcrca

`f su dhtckua nagaha' fg hufva y fhtfh`cà ùfôa gd rfspftd `foc`difhtf' y gf nahnf`f fg dhnmurasa fspdnca `f gds

dgidhtds' anupd`ds dhtfrcarifhtf par gd vfkftdncþh `f

atrds pgdhtds ifhas ütcgfs2 prahta hdnfh dggé y sf `fsdrra

ggdh chechctds rdcncggds' quf sf fxtcfh`fh y rdicecndh fh

ta`ds `crfnncahfs' fh ousnd `f hufvas dgcifhtas' y fh

dgds `f gd chegufhncd tdh sdgu`dogf `fg âg y `fg dcrf' rfic

tfh dg tarrfhtf kfhfrdg `f gd ncrnugdncþh `f gd sdvcd krdh



Q ;5 ‐

ndhtc`d` `f prchncpcas fichfhtfifhtf hutrctcvas' fh nuyd

vcrtu` gd nfpd drrald ä nahsc frdogfs `cstdhncds sus rdias

y sdricfhtas' astfhtdhà fh ta`ds sus pdrtfs uhd pgãtard

`f vfkftdncþh y `f eruta( @ufôd dosagutd `fg ndipa' gd

vcôd rfspcrd `f hufva fg diocfhtf `f gd gcofrtd`' y ha

tdr`d fh rfnaipfhsdr nah usurd gas trdodlas y sdnrcecncas

`f su fxpfrta nagaha(

?;( Pcfipas chnaipdtcogfs nah gds gdoarfs( Nahngucrf

ias fg cipartdhtf dsuhta quf has anupd' d` vcrtcfhà ä gasnasfnmfras gd hfnfsc`d` `f mdnfr gds gdoarfs y `fiäs apf

rdncahfs `f gd vcôd odla uh tcfipa oahdhncogf y sfna2

pufsta quf' sc sf trdodld gd tcfrrd iald`d 2 d`qucfrf `fs

puãs `f gd `fsfndncþh ugtfrcar uhd nahscstfhncd fxtrdar`c

hdrcd' quf vufgvf `ceéncgfs y iuy pfhasds gds suo)sckucfhtfs

gdoarfs2 d`fiäs' gds yfrods y sficggds drrdhnd`ds dr rd c

kdh `f hufva y sf rfpraùnfh nah edncgc`d`' y fg arkdhcsia kfhfrdg `f gds nfpds fxpfrcifhtd uhd dgtfrdncþh fspf

ncdg' ha sch `ftrcifhta `f su sdgu` y efnuh`c`d`( Krdvfs'

iuy krdvfs sah gas pfrlucncas quf dtrdf dg nagaha gd ch`c

efrfhncd fh prdntcndr apfrdncahfs fh gd vcôd' pana `fspuãs

`f gds gguvcds þ `f gds eufrtfs mfgd`ds ' þ fh gds ãpands

ids dràrasds `fg vfrdha< pdrd ãg fs' y md`f sfr fhtahnfs

gd vcôd tfrrfha vf`dà' quf `fof rfspftdr ä taà trdhnf' sapfhd `f mdnfr `dôa( Gds pa`ds y gas fspurkas par flfi

pga' tdipana `fofh vfrcecndrsf ùrdhtf gas ranéas `f ncfr

tds idôdhds' parquf `f fgga sf rfscfhtf vcvdifhtf gd v f

kftdncþh `f gds nfpds( Zar ckhardr þ `fsdtfh`fr tdh sfhnc

ggds prfvfhncahfs ' mfias vcsta fhefridr vcôfàs fhtfras'

quf dpfsdr `f su luvfhtu` y fxnfgfhtf sctudncþh ' ha pra

ùnédh ids quf erutas fsndsas `f idgd ndgc`d`(



‘ ; 4 ‐

?=( Ufh`cicd( Vhd vfh`cicd douh`dhtf fh rdncias

sdhas y ocfh sdzahdàs' narahd`d par gas rdyas `f uh sagdr`cfhtf' fs uhd vfr`d`frd nahqucstd quf dgndhzd fg vctc

nugtar `fspuãs `f uhd ndipdôd `f sfcs ifsfs' ùrdhtf gd

nudg md tfhcà quf gunmdr nahtrd gas mcfgas `f gd prcidvf

rd' fg pf`rcsna' gas chsfntas' gds gguvcds `fg ataôa y `fiäs

dnnc`fhtfs quf tcfh`fh ä `fstrucr fg eruta `f gd vc`( @f dmé

gd dhcidncþh y dgfkrcd kfhfrdgfs quf sf idhcecfstdh fh gas

`cstrctas vchénagds nudhà gd rfnagfnncþh `f gds uvds ' iäxcif fh gas dôas fh quf fg oufh tfipardg gf fs edvardogf(

Fipfra' fsds mfriasds y douh`dhtfs vfh`cicds sah `fs

krdncd`difhtf rdrds fh hufstra pdés2 gd prftfh`c`d ndhtc`d`

fxnfscvd `f praùnta' gd cipdncfhncd' gds präntcnds `f uh

vcncasa nugtcva' þ gd hfnfsc`d` dg pdrfnfr ciprfsnch`cogf `f

sfkucr fg flfipga `fg prcifr ckhardhtf nasfnmfra quf vfh

`cicd su vcôd' þ fg `fg vfncha quf mdnf ga prapca ' sah gdsndusds `f gds ifzquchds nasfnmds ' y gds quf chùnfh ä

iunmas vctcnugtarfs ä rfnakfr prfidturdifhtf gas rdncias

y ä fgdoardr sch hartf vchas `f ndgc`d` chefrcar( Naia fg

dzündr nahtfhcà fh gds uvds fs fg prcifr fgfifhta ch`cs

pfhsdogf ä ta`d oufhd vchcecndncþh' fs fvc`fhtf quf fstds

ha `fofräh rfnakfrsf mdstd quf sf mdyd praùncà fh gds

icsids gd ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf `f dqufg prchncpca 2 y fstatdh saga sf rfdgczd if`cdhtf uhd idùrfz naipgftd( Tuf

gds uvds sf mdggfh ocfh sdzahd`ds dg fipfzdr gd vfh`cicd'

fs uh puhta fh quf nahvcfhfh taàs gas nasfnmfras 2 sch

fiodrka' y ä pfsdr `f nahanfr fg iaifhta fh quf dquf

ggds mdh ggfkdà äsu vfr`d`frd sdzþh' iunmas gds rfnakfh

dgkuh tcfipa dhtfs' `fsnuc`dhà yd `fs f uh prchncpca `f

dtfh`fr ä fstd nah`cncþh quf tdhta chtfrfsd ä gd oufhd nd)



‐ ;= ‐

gc`d` `f gas vchas( ¡Fxtrdôd y schkugdr chnahsfnufhncd quf

`fpfh`f `f uhd fspfnugdncþh idg fhtfh`c`d' þ `fuhd tarpfcictdncþh `f gas prcifras nagahas quf dhtcncpdh gd vfh`c

icd `f sus rdncias$

Fh hd`d aostdhtf ga quf has `cnf fg cgustrdà dutar `fg

Drt `f edcrf ù vch' `f quf fg oauquft tdh dprfncdà fh

gas vchas fs chnaipdtcogf nah uhd idùrfz pfrefntd ' ha

`fldrfias `f chscstcr saorf gds vfhtdlds `f uhd oufhd sd

zþh' parquf gds vdrcds aosfrvdncahfs prdntcnd`ds saorffstãpdrtcnugdr has mdh `dà ä nahanfr' quf gds uvds ocfh id

ùrds nahtcfhfh duh gd suecncfhtf ndhtc`d` `f gas äncàs'

quf ids tdr`f `fofh nahnurrcr ä gd earidncþh `f gds nai

ochdncahfs ftãrfds quf nahstctuyfh fg oauquft ndrdntfréstcna

`f gas vchas ids supfrcarfs( Gas fhsdyas quf saorf fstf

puhta tdh cipartdhtf `f gd Fhagakéd md fefntudà

fg fhtfh`c a quéicna `f _f cis' fxpufstas fh susCh`cndtcahs sur gf trdvdcg `fs vchs' y gds ndhtc`d`fs tdh su

idifhtf pfqufôds `f `cnmds naiochdncahfs' quf' sfküh

has `fiufstrd fg dhägcscs' fxcstfh fh gas vchas' vcfhfh fh

dpaya `f ga quf dndodias `f ch`cndr(

Zar atrd pdrtf' naia gas äncàs iägcna y tdrtärcna à

ichdhtfs fh gas vchas vfr`fs ha mdh pa`c a sdnrcecndrsf

`foc`difhtf par uhd vfkftdncþh ids pragahkd`d' rfsugtd'quf gd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr praùnc`d fh gd uvd fs chsuec

ncfhtf pdrd fhtrftfhfr gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd `fg iasta'

nuya efrifhta gufka quf ha fhnufhtrd ids dzündr quf

`fsnaipahfr' `ftfrichd gd dnftcecndncþh `f uhd pdrtf `fg

dgnamag' parquf ä fgga edvarfnf gd tfipfrdturd rfchdhtf `f

gd nuod( Mã dqué uhd `f gds ndusds `f quf iunmas vchas

nahtcfhfh yd fh gas ifsfs `f Havcfiorf y @cncfiorf `fg



QQ ;3 ‐

icsia dôa `f su edorcndncþh ndhtc`d`fs mdrta sfhscogfs `f

äncà dnãtcna' y pdsdh `fnc c`difhtf ä sfr dkrcas dg ggfkdr

gas prcifras ndgarfs `f gd oufhd fstdncþh( Fstas ndgàs' gf)

las `f nahtrcoucr dg idyar prfstckca f gas praùntas fspd

ôagfs' sah uh iatcva `f su `fsnrã`cta' y ha pu`cfhà rf

scstcr cipuhfifhtfWgd fxtrdnncþh' duhquf sf fhndofzdsfh

nah fg fspérctu' `fofh sfr nah`fhdàs ä nahsuicrsf fhtrf

gas mdoctdhtfs `f gas icsias puhtas `f su praùnncþh'

`fspuãs `f mdofrgas `fsdnc`cecndà' þ ocfh ä sfr `fstcgdàs

fh gds eäorcnds `f dkudr`cfhtfs y dgnamagfs( Fg dzündr y fg

dgnamag' quf sah fg dgid `f gas vchas' fxcstfh fh gas ndgàs

`f quf sf trdtd fh ndhtc`d` chsuecncfhtf pdrd su dgcifhtd

ncþh pragahkd`d' par nuya iatcva gas géqucàs tcfhfh uhd

vc`d iuy nartd' sufgfh ùrdr pana ids `f uh chvcfrha y

iufrfh' scha dhtfs' ä prchncpcas `fg fstéa `f rfsugtds `f gd

efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd( Fstd efrifhtdncþh' quf fs gd fhefrif`d` ids naiüh `f gas vchas' y gd quf dosarvf taàs gas

dôas uhd pdrtf `f gas ofhfecncas quf pa`rédh pfrncocr iu

nmas vctcnugtarfs if`édhtf uhd oufhd edorcndncþh `f sus

ndgàs' `fsdpdrfnfrä par naipgfta fg `cd quf sf kfhfrdgcnf

fh Fspdôd uh scstfid `f vchcecndncþh rdncahdg y ncfhtéecna(

?3( Apfrdncahfs kgfdnaiãtrcnds( @ãga drrcod fxpufsta

sf checfrf' quf fg vctcnugtar fhtfh`cà `fofrä fipgfdr taàssus fseufrzas pdrd fipfzdr gd vfh`cicd `f sus vcôfàs ga

ids tdr`f pascogf' sch quf sfdh iatcva odstdhtf pdrd prf

ncpctdrgd' gds gguvcds `f ^ftcfiorf y gds fsndrnmds `fg Ata

ôa' pana naiuhfs fh hufstra pdés( Nahvfhncàs `f fstd

vfr`d`' gas nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs pranurdh rfdgczdr ä ta a

trdhnf gds vfh`cicds tdr`éds' vdgcãhàsf ' sc fs prfncsa' `f

if`cas pratfntarfs pdrd kudrfnfr sus rdncias `f gdschegufh)



‐ ^ u

ncds iftfaragþkcnds quf puf`fh pfrlu`cndr ä su idùrfz(

Zfra dhtfs `f ecldrsf fg `éd fh quf `fof fipfzdrsf gd rf

nagfnncþh `f gds uvds' fs prfncsa mdnfr dgkuhas fhsdyaskgfunaiãtrcnas odsdàs fh fg prchncpca sckucfhtf< Icfhtrds

fg rdncia `f uhd nfpd nahanc`d duifhtd þ puf`f duifhtdr

fh krdàs kgfunaiãtrcnas' ha `fof vfh`cicdrsf sc ha md fx

pcrdà fg ifs `f Antuorf( Fstf prfnfpta euh`difhtdg' quf

ha `fof pfr`fr `f vcstd fg nasfnmfra nfgasa `f gd oah`d`

`f sus vchas' ha puf`f sfr dpgcndà `f uhd idhfrd dosa

gutd' fh dtfhncþh ä quf gds vcncsctu`fs dìaseãrcnds ü atrds

ndusds ga ia`cecndh fh ncfrtas ndsas(

Zdrd mdnfr uhd apfrdncþh kgfunaiãtrcnd ha mdy ids quf

fxprcicr fg zuia `f dgkuhas rdzcias' fsnakcàs `f gas ids

rdzahdàs' nagdrga par uh gcfhza ngdra y vfrtfrga fh uhd

praoftd2 gufka sf suifrkf fh fg géqucà fg Zfsärhasga' Kgfu)

nþiftra þ @fhséiftra' fg nudg sf muh`f ids þ ifhas sfküh

gd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr quf fg iasta nahtcfhf' y fg krdà

quf `cnma chstruifhta sfôdgd fh fg puhta quf narrfspah`f

ä gd supfrecncf `fg géqucà' ch`cnd ocfh dpraxcid`difhtf gd

`fhsc`d` þ sfd gas krdàs `f dzündr `fg icsia( Fstd `fh

sc`d` ha puf`f nahsc`frdrsf sch fiodrka `f uh iaà

dosaguta' pufsta quf d`fiäs `fg dzündr' fxcstfh fh fg

iasta vdrcds idtfrcds fxtrdôds quf rfprfsfhtdh par tãricha if ca uhd ùa`ãncid pdrtf `f dqufggd sustdhncd 2 par

nuya iatcva `fof `fùncrsf uhd uhc`d` par nd`d ànf uhc

`d`fs quf sfôdgf fg Kgfunþiftra suifrkcà fh fg iasta ä

gd tfipfrdturd `f 4?º _fduiur( Fstds apfrdncahfs' quf

sah suecncfhtfs pdrd gas fefntas `f uhd oufhd vchcecndncþh'

`fofh sfr rfpfgc`ds gds vfnfs hfnfsdrcds ùrdhtf fg sdzaud)

icfhta `f gas rdncias' y dpgcnd`ds ä nd`d uhd `f gds v d )



• ) =4 ‐

rcf`d`fs `f uvds quf fxcstdh fh gas vcôfàs( S mã dqué atrd

`f gds ndusds quf lustcecndh gd nahvfhcfhncd y mdstd gd hfnf

sc`d` `f earidr fg pgdhtéa `f gds vcôds nah fg ifhar hüifra pascogf `f vdrcf`d`fs `f nfpds( Ids sc fg nasfnmfra

qucscfrf fgdoardr vchas `f `cstchtd fspfncf par if`ca `fg

nugtcva `f vdrcas vcùfôas fspfncdgfs' `fofrä `cstrcoucr fg

vcôfà fh `cstchtds dgidhtds' pgdhtdhà fh nd`d uhd `f

fggds gd vdrcf`d` `f gd vc` quf ids nahvfhkd ä su sctudncþh

y tfrrfha rfspfntcvas( Dsé puf fh vfh`cicdrsf `f uhd vfz

taàs gas rdncias `f uhd dgidhtd' þ ta`d gd vcôd ä uh

tcfipa sc gds uvds `f taàs gas naipdrtcicfhtas sdzahdh fh

uhd icsid ãpand' prfvcas scfiprf gas fhsdyas kgfunaiã)

trcnas narrfspah`cfhtfs(

Gds apfrdncahfs kgfunaiãtrcnds quf fg vctcnugtar mcncfrf

taàs gas dôas `fofrédh nahsckhdrsf par su ar`fh fh uh gc

ora fspfncdg nah fg haiorf `fg pdés' `f gd vcôd y `f gds nf

pds' fxprfsdhà d`fiäs gds chegufhncds iftfaragþkcnds quf

mdh prfsc`cà ùrdhtf gds vfh`cicds( Gd rfuhcah `f taàs

fstas `dtas y su naipdrdncþh eufrdh cipartdhtéscias dg

prakrfsa `f gd vctcnugturd y fhagakéd fspdôagds( Fg Kgfu)

nþiftra fs gd odgdhzd quf ch`cnd gd rcqufzd sdndrchd `f gas

iastas' y sc ocfh fg ddzündr ha nahstctuyf gd echurd hc fg

draid `f gas zuias `f gds uvds' ndrdntfrfs prapcas `f gd

vdrcf`d` `f gd vc` `f quf dqufggas pranf`fh' ha aostdhtf

ãg praùnf par gd efrifhtdncþh uha `f gas fgfifhtas prch

ncpdgfs `fg vcha' þ sfd fg dgnamag(

>:( Hfnfsc`d` `f às vufgtds ä gd vcôd( Zar ids quf sf

mdyd rfùncà ä gd fxprfscþh ids sfhncggd fg fstdogfncicfh

ta `f uh vcôfà' nah rfspfnta ä gd vdrcf`d` `f ndstds quf

ga nahstctuyfh ' scfiprf fs uhd nah`cncþh dgtdifhtf edva)4?



‐ =? ‐

rdocf ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `f gas vchas' mdnfr ùrdhtf gd

vfh`cicd gd `foc`d fgfnncþh `f gds uvds ' sfpdrdhà saorftaà gas rdncias sdhas `f gas rdncias fhefrias þ `dôdàs

par nudgqucfr ndusd( @f dmé gd hfnfsc`d` `f `dràs vufgtds

ä gd vcôd' rfnakcfhà fh gd prcifrd iuy fsnrupugasdifhtf

gds uvds fhefrids y gds quf prfsfhtdh uhd idùrfz crrf

kugdr' dg aolfta `f fgdoardr dpdrtf uh vcha `f chefrcar nd

gc`d`( Ê nahtchudncþh' þ dg prapca tcfipa ' sf pranf`frä ä

gd rfnagfnncþh `f gds uvds idùrds þ hdturdgifhtf tfiprdhds' quf mdh `f suichcstrdr uhd pdrtf `fg vcha ndrdn

tfréstcna `f gd nasfnmd' `fldhà pdrd gd sfkuh`d vufgtd fg

eruta ids tdr`éa' quf ocfh sdzahdà' `drä uh praùnta

nudg narrfspah`f ä gd hdturdgfzd `f gds nfpds y ä gds `f

iäs ncrnuhstdhncds gandgfs( Iunmas nasfnmfras' fh fg pru

rcta þ idhéd `f naheuh crga taà' gfvdhtdh gd vfh`cicd `f

uhd vfz' ifzngdhà fg eruta sdha y fg fhefria' fg vfr`f'fg idùra' fg tfrrfa y fg pa`rcà( Gd oah`d` `f gas vchas'

fg nrã`cta `fg puhta praùntar' y fg prapca fkaésia ocfh

fhtfh`cà' pratfstdh nahtrd `cnmds präntcnds tdh vcncasds

y pfrlu`cncdgfs' y rfngdidh cipfrcasdifhtf gd ecfg aosfr

vdhncd `f gas prfnfptas quf vfhcias rfnaifh`dhà(

>4( Za`ds( Za`d prfpdrdtarcd( Pfrichd`d gd vfh`c

icd' þ iflar duh' `fträs `f gas vfh`cicdàrfs fh idrnmd'`fofh cr pa`d`frd fh idha gas präntcnas hfnfsdrcas' fh

ndrkdàs `f pa`dr pdrncdgifhtf gds nfpds quf dndodh f

vfh`cicdrsf( Fstd apfrdncþh' ggdid`d pa`d prfpdrdtarcd'

fs tdh sfhncggd naia cipartdhtf2 su chvfhtar' fg `cstchkucà

prapcftdrca vcténagd `f Gfnna' -Ctdgcd(# Ndrca Zazzagc' has

`cnf quf ä ofhfecnca `f gd icsid aotcfhf taàs gas dôas

uhd nasfnmd fxtrdar`chdrcd' fsta fs ' `f sfsfhtd ä sftfhtd



‐ => ‐

mfntagctras `f vcha oufha par mfntärfd `f vcôd( Gd apfrd

ncþh nahscstf fh `fspaldr ä gd vc`' gufka `fspuãs `f gd vfh`cicd' `f taàs gas rdias supãreguas y `fiäs quf sfrcd

quctdà fh gd pa`d `fechctcvd' `flähàgf tdh saga gas sdricfh

tas `fstchdàs ä eruntcecndr fh fg dôa prþxcia ' y dnartdhà

gas icsias sc tcfhfh uhd gahkctu` fxnfscvd( - E ( 44 y 4 ? ( #

@urdhtf gas ifsfs `f Antuorf y Havcfiorf' þ mdstd quf

gds prcifrds mfgd`ds dàrifnfh gd vfkftdncþh `f gd vc`

dsé trdtd`d' gas lukas hutrctcncas nahnfhträhàsf fh uh nérnuga ifhar' apfrdh prchncpdgifhtf fh ofhfecnca `f gds yf

ids rfsfrvd`ds pdrd `dr gd nasfnmd vfhc`frd ' eartcecndhà

ä gd vfz gas sdricfhtas y ta`d gd pgdhtd fh kfhfrdg' quf

rfncof `crfntdifhtf y sch fstaroa dgkuha gd dnncþh ofhãecnd

`fg sag `f ataôa( S sc mfias nugtcvdà gd vcôd ä tfhar `f

gds rfkgds quf ggfvdias fxpufstds' ±quã ha pa`rfias pra

iftfrhas `f gd icsid' quf nah tdhtd kfhfrasc`d` narrfspah`f scfiprf ä gas dedhfs `f su ùfôa1

Fh vcstd pufs `f gd krdh`f utcgc`d` `f gds präntcnds quf

mfias `fsnrcta dhtfrcarifhtf' y fh dtfhncþh ä quf fg vckar

`f gd nfpd fs dgtdifhtf edvardogf ä su rfh`cifhta' ä sf

ifldhzd `f iunmas erutdgfs quf saga `dh oufhas praùntas

if`cdhtf uhd vfkftdncþh sþgc`d' ia`frd`d y ocfh `crckc`d'

yd ha mfias `f dìcrdr gds pchk÷fs y ediasds rfnagfnncahfs `fg fichfhtf vctcnugtar `f Gfnna' hc quf fstf mdyd fs

nrcta dg nãgforf dutar Ir( Lackhfdux gds sckucfhtfs pdgd

ords' ha ids nasfnmds fsndsds pdrd gas quf fefntudräh gd

pa`d prfpdrdtarcd `f gd vcôd(

Fh fefnta< fstd apfrdncþh iuy fxtfh`c`d fh Ctdgcd md

scà dàptd`d `f panas dôas nah efgcz ãxcta par gas nasf

nmfras `f gds iflarfs naidrnds `f gd Oarkaôd' `fg Furf)



‐ =0 ‐

ft)Gacrf' y `f atras `fpdrtdifhtas erdhnfsfs' y rfncoc`d

nah fhtuscdsia par gas ids hatdogfs pfrcþ`cnas `f dkrcnugturd `fg vfncha cipfrca' àh`f vä kfhfrdgczähàsf ids y

ids taàs gas dôas( Gas krdh`fs rfsugtdàs aotfhcàs fh

nudhtas vcôfàs md scà fefntud`d gd pa`d pdrncdg `f quf

sf trdtd' y gas ha ifhas sarprfh`fhtfs quf hasatras mfias

dgndhzdà `f uh krdh hüifra `f nfpds saiftc ds dg fhsd

ya fh nufstcþh' `dh iatcva ids quf suecncfhtf pdrd rfna

ifh`dr nah gd idyar fecndncd ä taàs gas vctcnugtarfs gdfxprfsd`d apfrdncþh' quf `fof mdnfrsf ga ids prahta pa

scogf `fspuãs `f tfrichd`d gd vfh`cicd( Fstd sfrä nahstdh

tfifhtf iunma ids douh`dhtf quf gd `f gds vcôds pa`d

`ds ä gd dhtckud usdhzd `fg pdés' ha rfsugtdhà ldiäs `f

trcifhta dgkuha ä gds pgdhtds' quf dg nahtrdrca fh su

idyar vckarasc`d` tdh naipdtcogf nah su apcid eruntcec

ndncþh' duifhtdräh ta`dvéd fg praif`ca `f su vc`d(Nasfnmfras mdy fh hufstra pdés ä qucfhfs mfias vcsta

rfdgczdr ocfh quf cipfrefntdifhtf gd pa`d pdrncdg y dhtc

ncpd`d `f sus vcôfàs' y sch pdrdrsf fh tfaréds' hc sdofr

fictcr uhd rdzþh pgduscogf `f su pranf`cicfhta' ha `fsnuc

`dh rfpftcrgd taàs gas dôas' parquf fstäh nahvfhncàs `f

quf gfs praparncahd ids douh`dhtfs rfnagfnncahfs(

Atrds dprfncdogfs vfhtdlds `frcvdh `f gd cipartdhtfapfrdncþh quf has anupd( Gcorf y fxpf`cta fh ataôa fg suf

ga)vcôfà par gd sfpdrdncþh `f gd idyar pdrtf `f gas sdr

icfhtas' puf`fh y `fofh `ärsfgf sch tdr`dhzd gds nahvf

hcfhtfs gdoarfs' gds nudgfs flfnutähàsf naia fs nastui

orf' dg dnfrndrsf þ fhtrd`d yd gd prcidvfrd' cipartdh na

iuhifhtf ä gds nfpds gas krdvfs pfrlucncas nahsckucfhtfs ä

gds mfgd`ds tdr`éds' eäncgifhtf dtrdé`ds par gds tcfrrds quf



‐ =6 ‐

odh scà rfiavc`ds `f pana( S `f atrd pdrtf' gcipcd y

`fsndrkd`d gd vc` `f gas päipdhas y rdicecndncahfs chütcgfs'quf dosarvcfrdh ids þ ifhas su sdvcd mdstd gd ãpand `f

gd pa`d tatdg' pfrictf eäncgifhtf quf fstd apfrdncþh `fec

hctcvd sf fefntüf ids tdr`f(`f ga quf kfhfrdgifhtf sf mdnf'

fvctdhà gas fstrdkas `f gas mcfgas tdr`éas tdh erfnufhtfs

fh ncfrtds pravchncds(

>?( Za`d `fechctcvd( Iunméscias vctcnugtarfs' fh su

cipdncfhncd y rutchd ' prdntcndh prfidturdifhtf gd pa`dtatdg y gd vfh`cicd `f sus vcôfàs' ha aostdhtf gds äk!cds

pfra chstruntcvds gfnncahfs quf dhudgifhtf gfs `ä gd ics

id fxpfrcfhncd' pufs fh gas ndsas `f quf prdntcnd`d gd

pa`d prfpdrdtarcd fstdggdh fh Eforfra þ Idrza dgkuhds

yfids ä cipugsas `f uhd tfipfrdturd prfnaz ã ciprapcd

`f gd fstdncþh' naia ä vfnfs sunf`f' scfiprf fs uh mfnma

quf gds yfids docfrtds sah gds supfrcarfs y tfrichdgfs `fgas sdricfhtas' quf`dhà dg pdrfnfr chiþvcgfs gds `fstchd

`ds ä gd eruntcecndncþh prþxcid' y quf sdgvd`ds yd `f gas

mcfgas tdr`éas' sf `fsdrraggdh vckarasdifhtf gufka `f rfd

gczd`d gd pa`d `fechctcvd( Fstd pufs nah gds prfvcds apf

rdncahfs fxpufstds' `focfrd tfhfr gukdr nahstdhtfifhtf fh

fg ifs `f Eforfra þ Idrza' sfküh gds chegufhncds haridgfs

y ngcidtagþkcnds `f gas `cefrfhtfs `cstrctas' y ha fh @cncfiorf þ Fhfra' naia fs gd präntcnd kfhfrdg `f Fspdôd(

S dtfhcãhàsf ä fstf ügtcia prfnfpta' fg nfgasa vctcnugtar

`fofrä cr duifhtdhà fh gd pa`d pdrncdg fg hüifra `f nd

oas þ sdricfhtas' ä if`c`d quf gd nfpd vdyd d`qucrcfhà

idyar raoustfz' y rfùncr nd`d uha `f dqufggas ä às yf

ids erdhnds y uh gdrka fh trficà supfrcar' dg vfrcecndr gd

pa`d `fechctcvd `f Eforfra þ Idrza( Dpravfnmf scfiprf fg

http://tarde.de/

http://tarde.de/



‐ =5 ‐

pa`dàr nah tcfipa sfna y sfrfha ' prfsnch`d `fg pgfhc þ

havcguhca quf nachnc`d nah gd ãpand `f gds pa`ds' y ha ag

vc`f ldiäs quf md `f `crckcr gd droarczdncah `f gds nfpds

odla gd earid `f napd fhsdhnmd`d' docfrta y `fspfldà su

nfhtra( Dsé quf`dh nahncgcd`ds fh pgänc`d driahéd gd sagc

`fz y pfrspfntcvd `f gd pgdhtd nah su $ oufhd eruntcecndncþh

y parvfhcr(

±Nuäg fs fg iflar scstfid f pa`dr1 Mf dqué uh puhta

`f gas ids cipartdhtfs `f gd vctcnugturd' quf tcfhf `cvc`c

às gas nasfnmfras `f gas pdésfs vchénagds' `fefh`cfhà nd`d

nudg su idhfrd fspfncdg `f pa`dr' y agvc`dhà taàs fg

krdh prchncpca `f quf fh dkrcnugturd ha mdy hd`d dosagu

ta( Gas scstfids ggdidà fh rfàhà' ä gd ncfkd' vdrd y

pugkdrfs' yfid y ordkufra' fspd`d y `dkd' )Kuyat' Prauc)

ggft' Maacorrfhm' @unmfshf)P+maurfdu' Ngfrn ' Ndzfhdvf y

Idrnah' y atrds `fhaichdncahfs par fg fstcga ' ha has ch

tfrfsdh tdhta pdrd fg rãkcifh f gd pa`d' naia gds nah

`cncahfs `fg sufga y gd ecsahaiéd pdrtcnugdr `f gds nfpds fh

su pgfhd vfkftdncþh( Dg fxdifh `f fstds ncrnuhstdhncds md

`f suoar chdrsf cipfrcasdifhtf fh hufstra nahnfpta' gd

krdh`f apfrdncþh `f quf sf trdtd( Hc gd pa`d nartd `f prf

tfh càs chhavdàrfs ' quf tfþrcnas prchncpdgifhtf ' y ha

`cstchkucfhà pgdhtéas' fnmdh dodla iunmds vfnfs gd idsofggd nasfnmd `fg vcha odla fg kagpf iartdg `fg nartdàr þ

pa`d`frdX hc gd pa`d gdrkd y `cspfh`casd `f gas nãgforfs

Kuyat þ Ngfrn' dpgcndogf fspfncdgifhtf ä gds tcfrrds eãrtcgfs

y sudvfs' puf`fh prangdidrsf naia ia`fgas kfhfrdgfs quf

cictdr( ^ch fiodrka' fg sfhncgga gdorcfka quf ecfg ä sus

trd`cncahfs y nastuiorfs' pa`d iuy nartd su vcôd chstdgd`d

fh uh paorf tfrrfha' y pana doahd`d' aord chù`dogfifh)



‐ =; ‐

tf `f uhd idhfrd iuy rdncahdg' parquf fstä nahvfhnc a

`f quf sc fxckcfrd `f sus vcôfàs uh rfh`cicfhta iuy su

pfrcar ä sus eufrzds' ha tdr`drédh ä fstfrcgczdrsf' quf`dh

à fsqucgidà fg tfrrfha ' y pfr`cfhà ãg gd muicg`f nas

fnmd dhudg nah quf sf nahtfhtd( S fh fefnta' àh`f qucfrd

quf ha douh`fh gas vévfrfs' fg hüifra `f nahsuicàrfs

md `f sfr iuy gcictdà ' y fh tdgfs ndsas' `fldhà ä gd

vc` pands yfids' y rfùncfhà fh pdrtf su fxtfhscah nah

fg fxpurka ar`chdrca' panas sfrcdh gas rdncias' y pfqufôd

gd vfkftdncþh quf dgcifhtdr( Fipfra' fstd präntcnd iuy

susnfptcogf `f pfrefnncþh' pcfr`f taà su rdncahdgcsia `fs

`f fg iaifhta fh quf sf dpgcnd ' naia mdrta ifhuà su

nf`f' ä gds tcfrrds efrdnfs diarasds y praeuh`ds' àh`f

gd pa`d nartd `focgctd gds pgdhtds' `csichuyf su dpftcta y

dnartd su ùrdncþh' fxtchkucfhà iunma su efnuh`c`d`( Fh

fstas sctcas `f fxpascncþh ifrc`cahdg' y rcnas hdturdgifhtffh gds odsfs dgndgchds' fs ch`cspfhsdogf gd pa`d gdrkd' þ

ids ocfh `fldr fh nd`d nfpd uh hüifra idyar `f sdr

icfhtas nah às þ trfs yfids fh nd`d uha ' y ha `fsnuc

`dhà gufka gds idhcpugdncahfs rfnaifh`d`ds fh fg nursa

`f gd vfkftdncþh `f gd vc` dùgtd' sf aotcfhfh eäncgifhtf

pchk÷fs rfnagfnncahfs dhudgfs' nah fhtfrd cipuhc`d` `f gd

vc`d if`cd `f gas vcôfàs( Iuy trcstf fs ncfrtdifhtf nahtfipgdr fh vdrcas pgdhtéas fspdôagfs ocfh sctudàs' su

ifzqucha rfh`cicfhta' quf dpfhds ch`fihczd `f gas kds

tas ä sus rfspfntcvas nagahas' y sc ocfh sf aosfrvd' ha

vfias ids quf uh nugtcva vcncasa y uhd vchcecndncþh pfar(

Ucôfàs mdy' y ha panas ' quf tcfhfh vc`d `f saords' y

sch fiodrka gd fsndsfz `f sus nasfnmds fs nahstdhtf 2 sdr

icfhtas panas' pfra gdrkas' vckarasas y ggfhas `f maldrds)



‐ == ‐

nd' quf trdsearidh fh gfôd uhd krdh ndhtc`d` `fg prfncasa

gcnar vctdg `f gd nfpd `fstchdà pdrd dgcifhta `fg eruta ' y

gd pa`d nartd y tfrrcogf `f gas icsias ' tdg fs atrd `f gds

pa`frasds nahndusds quf pfrpftüdh fh dgkuhds naidrnds

fsds ifhkud`ds rfnagfnncahfs+' y nah fggds gd ch`ckfhncd

kfhfrdg `fg pdés( Fhtahnfs fg fxnfsa `f gas dgcifhtas d o )

sarvcàs par gd pgdhtd ha pu`cfhà sfr `foc`difhtf `ckf

rcà y sfkrfkdà fh earid `f eruta! fs dgtdifhtf pfrlu`c

ncdg ä gd fnahaiéd `f gd icsid' naia has ga `fiufstrdä nd`d pdsa gd fxpfrcfhncd' `f sufrtf quf ha sagdifhtf

fs hfnfsdrca fh fg sufga)vcôfà uh fqucgcorca nahstdhtf `f

sus prchncpcas dgndgchas' sc quf tdiocãh fh gd vc` md `f

sastfhfrsf uhd vfr`d`frd driahéd fhtrf su hutrcncþh y su

rfh`cicfhta( Kudhà gd nfpd `d ids `f ga quf puf`f y

pfrictf fg tfrrfha' ha sf mdnf fspfrdr su fstfrcgczdncþh2 y

dg nahtrdrca' sc fggd praùnf ifhas `f ga quf nahscfhtfhfg sufga y fg ngcid' `crfias nah ¡fg rfspftdogf dutar Ir(

Lackhfdux' quf uhd prfidturd rfhavdncþh `f gds nfpds dsé

trdtd`ds y `focgctd`ds' fs uh rfsugtdà echdg' quf d`fiäs

rfùh`d fh pfrlucnca `f gd ndgc`d` `fg vcha' par gd chefrca

rc`d` `fg iasta `f gds hufvds pgdhtds(

_fspfnta ä gd rfefrc`d y kfhfrdgczd`d präntcnd `fg sfhnc

gga gdorcfka' `fofias d`vfrtcr< quf nah dgka ids `f doahay `crckcfhà `foc`difhtf gd idrnmd `f vfkftdncþh `f gds

nfpds' puf`f `drsf ä gd pa`d dgkuhd idyar gdtctu` y à

ogdrsf fh nahsfnufhncd gd ndhtc`d` `f gd nasfnmd' sch `f

trcifhta `f gds pgdhtds hc `f gd oah`d` `f sus praùntas(

S ha sf `ckd' naia fs gd naiüh nrffhncd ' quf fsd idyar

gdtctu` `f gd pa`d fxtfhudrä gd vcôd y fg tfrrfha' nah pfr

lucnca tdiocãh `f gd ndgc`d` `f gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs( Gd



‐ =3 ‐

fxpfrcfhncd has `fiufstrd ga nahtrdrca < fg duifhta `f

prchncpcas hutrctcvas `cspfhsdàs ä gd vc` par fg tdhta ids

`f doaha' y fg dpravfnmdicfhta `f gd sdvcd ' quf nahsuicfrd chütcgifhtf fg eagcdkf fxnfscva `f gds nfpds dodhà

hd`ds ä sé icsids' sastcfhfh fg vckar `f gd vchd' y edva

rfnfh `fnc`c`difhtf gd iugtcpgcndncþh `f gds rfnagfnncahfs(

Fstd fs gd vfr`d` chnahtfstdogf(

@f atrd pdrtf' fg vcha aotfhcà sfrä scfiprf `f oufhd

ndgc`d`' sc mdy fg nuc`dà y pdncfhncd suecncfhtf `f pdrgf

`fg nagaha fh ha rfnakfr gd uvd mdstd quf sf mdggf naipgftdifhtf id`fcrd' aosfrvdhà gufka oufhds präntcnds

fhaéþkcnds(

Fh rfsuifh' gd pa`d prfpdrdtarcd `f ataôa ' y gd pa`d

`fechctcvd `f Eforfra þ Idrza ids þ ifhas fxtfhsd sfküh

gds ncrnuhstdhncds' earidh gd rfkgd kfhfrdg quf `focfrd

sfrvcr `f kuéd ä gas pa`dàrfs fspdôagfs( Fstas' chngchäh

àsf dhtf gd fganufhncd `f gas mfnmas' `fofrédh do`cndr sumdoctudg scstfid `f pa`d' scfiprf quf fg icsia ha sf

dtfipfrf ä gds lucncasds aosfrvdncahfs quf `fldias nah

sckhd`ds( Gd sciugtähfd y fspfncdocgéscid iflard fh gd

ndgc`d` y ndhtc`d` `f gd praùnncþh' y fg hatdogf duifhta

`f gd vc`d if`cd `f gas vcôfàs' eufrdh gd naiochdncþh

cipartdhtf quf aotuvcfrdh fh prfica gd sagcnctu` ã chtf

gckfhncd `f gas vctcnugtarfs' quf' sfpdrähàsf `f gd euhfstd

rutchd `f sus prcifras' rfearidrfh' naia fs `focà ' su

dntudg y pãscia scstfid `f nugtcva(

Fh fg Dipur`dh `f Ndtdguôd' dg pcã `f fsds iahtdôds

Zcrchfas' naipufstds fsfhncdgifhtf par gd pcf`rd `f pc

zdrrd' vfkftdh uhas nudhtas pufogas vcténagds suicàs fh

gd ch`ckfhncd ä pfsdr `f gd ifrfnc`d edid `f quf kazdh

4>



‐ 3: ‐

gas vchas `f dqufg pdés' dsé fh Fspdôd naia fh fg fstrdh)

kfra( Dggé gd hdturdgfzd ' fh ta`d su idkhcecnfhncd ' fs gd

quf suichcstrd par sé sagd gas tdh nfgfordàs ndgàs2 fg drtf' fh su gdifhtdogf dtrdsa' gflas `f sfnuh`dr ä gd hdtu

rdgfzd' gd nahtrdréd( Vha `f gas vcncas ids nugichdhtfs `f

gd vctcnugturd `f `cnmd naidrnd fs par ga kfhfrdg gd f x

nfscvd gdtctu` `f gd pa`d( Fg rüstcna nasfnmfra prftfh`f

fxckcr `f sus nfpds' naiuhifhtf `ãocgfs y pfqufôds ' uh

rfh`cicfhta supfrcar ä sus eufrzds' `flähàgfs dhudgifhtf'

dg pa`drgds' nchna sdricfhtas hufvas nah às alas þ yfidsfh nd`d uha' gas nudgfs' ä rdzþh `f às rdncias par ala'

quf fs fh sdhd präntcnd ga hdturdg y nahearif' praùnc

rédh vfchtf rdncias par nfpd( ¡ Udhd fspfrdhzd quf uhd

gdrkd fxpfrcfhncd vcfhf erustrdhà' fipfra sch pravfnma

hc fsndricfhta$ Fsds vc`fs tdh idg trdtd`ds y par dôd`c

ùrd pana þ hd`d doahd`ds suichcstrdh dgkuhas rdncias

iuy ifhkudàs' parquf uhd krdh pdrtf `f gd sdvcd fs

dosarvc`d y dscicgd`d par vdrcas rdias prchncpdgfs quf

sdgfh sch eruta' fstfhudhà nd`d vfz idséd fnahaiéd `f

gd pgdhtd( Zar gd `focgc`d` kfhfrdg `f gds nfpds' mcld `f gd

fxpdhscah fxtrdar`chdrcd quf sf gfs nahnf`f ' ha sf `fs

drraggdh gds rdicecndncahfs ar`chdrcds y gdtfrdgfs' `f sufr

tf' quf gas sdricfhtas idyarfs dpfhds dgndhzdh gd gahkc

tu` `f sfsfhtd nfhtéiftras' saorf taà fh gas dôas `f d g

kuhd sfquéd' rfsugtdhà d`fiäs sfr ndsc chhfnfsdrcas gas

fxpurkas( Fh tdgfs ncrnuhstdhncds' gds yfids `fg dôa' quf

mdh `f praùncr gd nasfnmd sckucfhtf' sah idg hutrc`ds y

pana vaguichasds' y fg doarta `f sus fiorcahfs fs iuy

nahsc`frdogf' parquf gd nfpd ndrfnf `fg vckar hfnfsdrca

pdrd apfrdr fh su chegarfsnfhncd uhd efnuh`dncþh naipgftd'



‐ 34 ‐

iatcva par fg nudg fg rdquctcsia `f gas rdncias fs pana

ifhas quf kfhfrdg( @f dmé pufs gd ndusd `f quf fg ias

ta `f `cnmds nfpds sfd scfiprf fsndsa fh ndhtc`d` 2 ãg ãs

sch fiodrka iuy echa y iuy douh`dhtf `f dzündr' fh

rdzþh `f quf gd uvd ggfkd ä uh fstdà `f idùrfz ids

quf naipgfta 2 fg eufka `fg âg y uh sufga rcna fh patdsd

gf cheuh`fh uhd ndgc`d` fxnfgfhtf ' ndgc`d` y ndhtc`d` quf

eufrdh duh iuy supfrcarfs' sc gd ncfhncd muocfsf pfhf

trdà fhtrf dqufggas chefgcnfs vctcnugtarfs(

Atra `f gas vcncas ids nrþhcnas `f gd vctcnugturd `f gd

rfefrc`d naidrnd fs gd edgtd `f gds zdhlds)ndichas ' y `f

gas mayas narrfspah`cfhtfs pdrd fg `ftfhcicfhta `f gd tcfr

rd vfkftdg y `f gds dkuds `f gguv cd ' tdh ütcgfs ä gd vfkf

tdncþh `f gds vc`fs( Zands ' fstrfnmds ' y fh prahuhncd`d

pfh`cfhtf sah gds zdhlds' quf dggé nahùnfh eufrd `f gd

vcôd fg dkud `fg ncfga quf saorf fggd ndf' doaha prfncasa quf' ä ids `f pfr`frsf ' drrdstrd ä su pdsa gd pand

tcfrrd supfrecncdg quf fhnufhtrd ' `fsndgzdhà gds pgdhtds '

y `fsustdhncdhà ids y ids fg vcôfà(

Ch`cnd`ds gds ndusds `f gd paorfzd kfhfrdg `f fsas puf

ogas ' `fofias sfôdgdr gas if`cas quf' ä hufstra fhtfh`fr'

sah ch`cspfhsdogfs pdrd rfif`cdr ga ids pascogf su trcstf

sctudncþh( Fh prcifr gukdr mdy quf rfùncr nahsc`frdogfifhtf ä uh nérnuga ifhar gd pa`d mdoctudg `f gds nfpds2

ä panas vévfrfs panas nahsuicàrfs ' þ ' ga quf fs ga

icsia ' praparncþh fqucgcord`d fhtrf gas dgcifhtas `f gd

vc` y sus praùntas dhudgfs ( x Nahvãhzdsf pufs fg nagaha

`f quf nd`d uhd `f sus nfpds saga puf`f ggfvdr par tãric

ha if ca às pugkdrfs þ sdricfhtas nah às yfids ü alas

erdhnas fh nd`d uha ' gas nudgfs ' ä rdzþh `f às rdncias



par yfid' `fofräh praùncr anma rdncias naipgftas' ids

vckarasas y ids douh`dhtfs fh zuia quf gas rdncias `fgds dhtfrcarfs nasfnmds( Zrdntcquf d`fiäs gas fxpurkas

navfhcfhtfs quf yd mfias ch`cndà apartuhdifhtf ' flf

nutf ä su tcfipa gds pa`ds prfpdrdtarcd y `fechctcvd ' nah

gds narrfspah`cfhtfs gdoarfs dhudgfs dg tfrrfha ' y par

ügtcia dord fh fg icsia fspdncasds zdhlds)ndichas' pana

`cstdhtfs fhtrf sé ' y nah gas mayas rfspfntcvas fh nd`d uhd

pdrd fg fhnfrrdicfhta `f gds dkuds pguvcdgfs( Gds malds `fgvcôfà sfräh ggfvd`ds par gas vcfhtas `fg ataôa y `fg ch

vcfrha ä gas fxprfsdàs mayas' ckudgifhtf quf gd tcfrrd

vfkftdg' `fsnfh`c`d `f ga dgta y ggfvd`d par gd gguvcd' arc

kchähàsf ids tdr`f gd putrfednncþh `f `cnmds idtfrcds'

`fstchd`ds ä uh rfnursa `f doaha fnahþicna pdrd fg v c

ôfà(

Fs urlfhtf quf gas nasfnmfras taàs' pdrd qucfhfs mfias nahsdkrdà gds prfsfhtfs géhfds' sf `fnc`dh ä dàp

tdr fh su vctcnugturd pdtrcd gds ch`cnd`ds rfearids' sc

qucfrfh aotfhfr `fs`f gufka fxnfgfhtfs y idyarfs rfnagfn

ncahfs ' y fspgatdr ' naia `focfrdh ' fh ofhfecnca prapca

gd idkhcecnfhncd `f uh ngcid prcvcgfkcdà pdrd fg nugtcva

`f gd vcôd( Dsé pa`rédh ' ha ga ù`dias' gfvdhtdrsf `f gd

icsfrcd quf gfs difhdzd chhuifrdogfs edicgcds `f gdordàrfs mahrdàs' gdoarcasas' `ckhas vfr`d`frdifhtf `f

iflar sufrtf y fhndhfncàs fh prcvdncahfs y trdodlas( Ha

pa`fias tfrichdr fstd cipartdhtf `ckrfscþh sch mdnfr fg

mahar `focà ä gas vchas `fg fxprfsdà `cstrcta ' pdrtcnu

gdrifhtf ä gas quf sah fgdoardàs odla gd `crfnncþh `f dg

kuhas fhtfh càs prapcftdrcas' quf ' dg prapca tcfipa

`fiufstrdh fh sus vcôfàs uh fsifrdà nugtcva( Gas ias)



‐ 3> ‐

tas `f Ggdhsä ' Uäggfgd ' Dspaggd ' Ucgdluckd ' y `f atras

pufogas gciétraefs ' prfsfhtdh ar`chdrcdifhtf gd `fhsc`d``f ?: ä ?0 krdàs kgfunaiãtrcnas ' par nuya iatcva fs

nastuiorf' yd kfhfrdg fh fg pdés' dôd`crgfs uh tfrnca þ uhd

ictd` `f dkud( @urdhtf uhd idnfrdncah `f ?: ä >: `cds'

fh gd nudg fg iasta efrifhtd luhta nah gd idsd `fg arula'

ha puf`f `fsnaipahfrsf duh gd krdh ndhtc`d` `f dzündr

quf dqufg nahtcfhf' y par ids `cgdtd`d quf sfd gd efrifh

tdncþh chif`cdtd þ gf htd' rfsugtdhàs vchas `f sdoar k f hfrdgifhtf ùgnf ' echas dc pdgd`dr ' suidifhtf tchtas y

dgnamþgcnas( Gd uvd quf gas suichcstrd fs gd kdrhdnmd(

Zar su oah`d` hdturdg gas ndgàs sah sagcnctdàs par gas

hfkancdhtfs y fspfnugdàrfs ' y eufrdh uh vfr`d`fra id

hdhtcdg `f rcqufzd pdrd taàs gas nasfnmfras `fg Dipur`dh'

sc gd chùstrcd vcténagd chtraùlfsf dggé sus d`fgdhtas' nai

odtcfhà dg pdsa gds präntcnds vcncasds ã chvftfrd`ds `fdqufg cipartdhtf `cstrcta(



N D Z É P V G A U C (

If` c as ` c v frsas pd rd rfh av d r g d v c ` (

>>( Chlfrta naii( Chlfrtdr gd vc` fs uhd apfrdncþh

if cdhtf gd nudg sf rfhufvd þ rfluvfhfnf uhd nfpd nudg)

qucfrd' ndiocähàgf' þ ha ' su ndstd( Mdstd fg prfsfhtf

ha sf md `dà ä `cnmd apfrdncþh gd cipartdhncd quf sf

ifrfnf' mdggähàsf rfùnc`d par ga kfhfrdg ä sustctucr

nah atrd ndstd dqufggds vdrcf`d`fs `f gd vc` quf ' ä gasalas `fg nasfnmfra' mdh pdrfncà ids ar`chdrcds þ fhefr

iczds( D pfsdr `f gas fxnfgfhtfs rfsugtdàs quf nahstdh

tfifhtf praùnf fg rfefrcà if`ca `f rfhavdncþh ocfh prdn

tcndà ' md `fldà `f rfnurrcrsf ä ãg fh iunmas ndsas fh

quf muocfrd dpravfnmdà nahsc`frdogfifhtf ' sch ù`d par

ha mdofr scà ocfh fstu`cdà par hufstras prapcftdrcas y

dkrcnugtarfs(

Zdrd chlfrtdr gd vc` sf naicfhzd prfpdrdhà uh pana

dhtfs gas chlfrtas nah sdricfhtas sdhas' dùgtas y `f if

`cdha tdidôa( Gas sdricfhtas `fidscdà krufsas sah `fsX)

edvardogfs dg oufh ãxcta `f gd apfrdncþh( Fgfkcà fg sdr

icfhta ' sf gf `cvc`f fh erdnifhtas `f às þ trfs huàs

sfküh gd rfspfntcvd `cstdhncd `f fstas ügtcias' nartähàga



‐ 35 ‐

scfiprf fh gd ictd` `f uh fhtrfhuà ' gufka sf taid uha

`f gas erdnifhtas' y nah uh nunmcgga echa y ä prapþscta

sf gf vd d`fgkdzdhà fh fg fhtrfhuà chefrcar' duifhtdhà

gds supfrecncfs dhtfrcar y pastfrcar `fg icsia ' ä if`c`d

quf fg nartf sf `crckf ä su rfidtf 2 fg fhtrfhuà supfrcar'

quf fs uhd pratfnncþh `fg chlfrta ' sf `fld chtdnta( -Eckurd

4>(# Zrfpdrdàs gas chlfrtas' sf chtraùnfh par su odsf fh fg

dkud pufstd fh uh vdsa `f odrra vc`rcdà' `f àh`f sf fx

trdfh ä praparncþh quf sf hfnfsctdh( Nudhà sf trdodld sa

orf uhd vcôd fhtfrd' uh präntcna sf fhndrkd ùrdhtf fg `cd

`f drrfkgdr gas chlfrtas y suichcstrdrgas ä gas `fiäs apfrd

rcas ' fh tdhta quf atra vd `fgdhtf `f taàs `fsndgzdhà

nah fg dzd`þh fg pcã `f nd`d nfpd( Dsé sf rfkugdrczd fg

trdodla ' y sf fstdogfnf fg iãtaà y ar`fh nahvfhcfhtfs(

Gd nasd yd fh idrnmd' sf naicfhzd gd apfrdncþh nartdhà

trdhsvfrsdgifhtf fg tdgga `f gd vc` ä gas anma þ `cfz nfhté

iftras `f praeuh`c`d` ' nah rfspfnta dg hcvfg `f gd supfr

ecncf `fg sufga ' gufka sf pahf gcsa fg nartf' y sf mdnf'

`cdiftrdgifhtf sc fs pascogf ' uhd chncscah gahkctu`chdg

praparncahd`d ä gd idkhctu` `fg chlfrta ' quf sf tcfhf ä gd

vcstd ' nuyd parncþh d`fgkdzd`d sf chtraùnf fh sfkuc`d

nah dgkuhd eufrzd fh uh gdà `f gd chncscah ' pranurdhà

quf gd nartfzd fxtfrcar `fg chlfrta chtraùncà narrfspah`diuy ckudgifhtf nah gd pdrtf ids chtfrhd `f gd nartfzd

`fsnuocfrtd `fg pdtrah 2 `fspuãs sf tdpd fg rfsta `f gd

mfh`cùrd nah uh pf`dza `f nartfzd ü nah malds sfnds `f

gd icsid vc`' sf sulftd fg chlfrta nah dgkuhds vufgtds `f

mcga `f fspdrta ' þ `f atrd idtfrcd dhägakd' y sf nuorf

fg taà if`cdhtf uh iahtahncta `f tcfrrd sudvfifhtf dprf

td`d ' `fldhà sdgcr eufrd `f fggd fg huà þ gd yfid supf)



E c k u r d 46(

` `d' gwl(d ecÀDXnÀeDxg XxdVnorud `f' taa y , , F(



‐ 3; ‐

rcar( Zar ügtcia ' ä pand `cstdhncd `f gd nfpd sf mdnf uh

pfqufôa maya ncrnugdr' dg aolfta `f quf sf `ftfhkd dggé

ga ids pascogf fg dkud `f gds fsndsds gguvcds prcidvfrdgfs ' tdh ofhfecncasds dg efgcz rfsugtdà `f gd apfrdncþh(

Kudhà fg tdgga `fg pdtrah fs ocfh sdha y drousta ' sf

gf dpgcnd uh chlfrta ä nd`d gdà `f gd chncscah nfhtrdg(

Pfrichd`d gd apfrdncþh `f nd`d nfpd ' uh maiorf' `fs

tchdà dg chtfhta' pgdhtd nfrnd `f gd icsid ä gas vfchtf

nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d` uh pdga)tutar ' þ uhd ndôd

oufhd `f uh iftra `f gdrka ' quf fs ga ids fnahþicna'sulftähàgd ecrififhtf fh gd tcfrrd( Fstf rfqucscta ' tdh

nahvfhcfhtf dg chlfrta ' sc ha sf agvc`d `fg taà ' fs iu

nmds vfnfs idg flfnutdà ' pgdhtdhà `f nudgqucfr idhfrd

uhd fh`fogf ndôd' quf ' par ga nartd ' `ãocg y pana iftc

`d fh fg sufga ' sf ndf dg ifhar vcfhta luhta nah fg c h

lfrta( Vhd gguvcd `f prcidvfrd y atrd fh fg vfrdha sah

ids quf suecncfhtfs pdrd fg oufh `fsdrragga `f gds hufvds

pgdhtds2 fh gas ndsas quf edgtd þ oratd iuy ifhkud`d

uhd `f gds yfids fhtfrrd`ds' quf fs gd quf kfhfrdgifhtf

àichd ' fs uh rfnursa gd yfid supfrcar' nuya nrfncicfh

ta sf md `f pratflfr fhtahnfs' `fstchähàgd pdrd trahna

prchncpdg `f gd nfpd( Nrfncà fg chlfrta' sf gf sulftd egald

ifhtf dg fxprfsdà tut ar' ä ech quf d`qucfrd gd vfr

`d`frd `crfnncþh vfrtcndg quf gf narrfspah`f ' y nahtchüd

ãg nrfncfhà sch hfnfsc d` `f atras dpayas quf gas+ pra)

ncahdàs par sé icsia fh gds tfhdzufgds quf drrald ' d`)

mfrcãhàsf eufrtfifhtf dg tutar( Dg oratdr gds yfids' dsa

id yd ä vfnfs fh su nfhtra dgkuh rdncicta' saorf taà fh

dqufggds quf pranf`fh `f sdricfhtas ocfh trdtdàs y f x

purkdàs ùrdhtf su vfkftdncþh dhudg dhtfrcar' y mã dqué

V



‐ 3= ‐

atra iatcva pa`frasa pdrd quf sf `fnc`dh gas nasfnmfras

ä `crclcr iftþ cndifhtf fg nrfncicfhta `f gd vc`( Fgga ãsquf gas alas þ yfids' pranf`fhtfs `f oufhas sdricfhtas'

sah ndsc taàs efnuhàs ' y suichcstrdh fh fg chlfrta `fg

prcifr dôa su nahtchkfhtf `f eruta ' fg nudg ha `fld `f sfr

dprfncdogf ' ä pfsdr `f quf idùrd dgka tdr éa y `ä uh

iasta `f ndgc`d` chefrcar(

Fg chlfrta ' yd ocfh `fsdrraggdà ' md `f fxpurkdrsf `f

oc`difhtf ' sfpdrdhà `fg trahna þ `f gas sdricfhtasprchncpdgfs ' sfküh gas ndsas' gds rdicecndncahfs gdtfrdgfs

þ chütcgfs' pranurdhà fg oufh nrctfrca `fg nagaha nahncgcdr

`cnma fxpurka nah fg vckar y gd fxpdhscah hdturdg `f gd

nfpd( Fs `f d`vfrtcr tdiocãh gd hfnfsc`d` `f quctdr fh su

arckfh gas oratfs quf sdgfh naiuhifhtf `f gd nfpd)id`rf'

dg tcfipa `f fstdggdr fg chlfrta ' ga nudg md `f prdntcndrsf

sch `fiard y nah chstruifhta echa ã c`þhfa ' pufs quf'`f ga nahtrdrca ' doartd fg nrfncicfhta `fg chlfrta ä nahsf

nufhncd `fg prfàichca `f eufrzd vctdg quf fxcstf fh taàs

gas rfhufvas quf drrdhndh `crfntdifhtf `fg pdtrah( Ggfkdà

fg ataôa sf dpgcnd dg chlfrta gd pa`d prfpdrdtarcd ' y ids

tdr`f gd pa`d `fechctcvd' nahsc`frdhà yd ä gds hufvds

pgdhtds' quf mdydh ocfh `fsdrraggdà ' naia vc`fs `f às

dôas( Fstd nahsc`frdncþh' quf fs iuy rdncahdg y lustd'has chùnf ä idhcefstdr dqué fg partfhta `f vfkftdncþh quf

has mdh prfsfhtdà iunmds nfpds ' chlfrtd`ds ügtcidifhtf

odla hufstrd `crfnncþh fh tfrrfhas if`cdhdifhtf dgndgchas

y pana doahdàs( Gds chegufhncds fxtfrcarfs ha eufrah gds

ids edvardogfs ä gds nfpds chlfrtd`ds' aolfta `f hufstrd

dtfhncþh y fstu ca 2 sch fiodrka ' krdncds dg oufh trdtd

icfhta ' ha pa`fias ifhas `f nahsckhdr dmard fg krdh



‐ 33 ‐

`fsdrragga `f uhd vfkftdncþh fspgãh`c`d ' y fg hatdogf rfh

`cicfhta `fg eruta ' quf has naipfhsþ `f saord taàs gas

fseufrzas y nuc`dàs( _fsuicrfias fstd gclfrd `ckrfscþh

nah `fncr quf dgkuhds yfids ggfkdrah ä praùncr sfcs ' y

mdstd anma sdricfhtas sdhas y vckarasas' pravcstas dgku

has `f rdncias quf dgndhzdrah gd `foc`d sdzþh(

Iunmas präntcnas' fh su pfrpftud nastuiorf `f cr

dprcsd fh ta`ds gds edfhds dkrénagds' aictfh gd ifhncahd`d

dtdùrd `fg mcga `f fspdrta ' quf mfias rfnaifh`dà pdrd

fg iflar ãxcta `ãgd apfrdncþh quf has anupd' aicscþh quf

`ä gukdr ä ga ifhas ä uh 4: par ncfhta `f edgtds' pufsta

quf gd uhcah `fg chlfrta nah fg pdtrah fs dgka ids `ceéncg(

Mfias `cnma dhtfrcarifhtf quf' sfküh gd idyar þ

ifhar `cstdhncd `f gas huàs `fg sdricfhta ' `fstchdà ä

sfrvcr pdrd chlfrtas ' `foédh fstas tfhfr às þ trfs huàs(

Fh fefnta mdy sdricfhtas quf ggfvdh vdrcas fhtrfhuàsgdrkas2 fhtahnfs' dg prfpdrdr gas chlfrtas' sf gfs `cvc`f fh

erdnifhtas `f ? yfids' nah su narrfspah`cfhtf ictd` c h

efrcar y ictd` supfrcar `fg fhtrfhuà ' nahtchudhà fh ga

`fiäs `f gd icsid idhfrd quf sf md ch`cndà' y `fldhà'

naia sf supahf' eufrd `fg iahtahncta `f tcfrrd gd yfid

supfrcar( Fh tdgfs ndsas' fg huà quf md pfridhfncà nu

ocfrta ' fs fg fhndrkdà `f suichcstrdrga taà2 `f ãg hdnfhnah eufrzd fh prcidvfrd fg nufrpa `f rdcncggds id`rfs ' y

às þ ids rdias fxtfrcarfs quf ' gufka `fspuãs ' drraldh

sus rdncias y `cefrfhtfs oratfs sfnuh`drcas( Dg mdnfrsf

gas prcifras fxpurkas' sf nartdrä fh su odsf gd yfid su

pfrcar quf md oratdà ids `ãocgifhtf' y d`fiäs dgkuha

`f gas rdias ifhas vckarasas' `flähàgf uha þ às sdr

icfhtas raoustas' nuyd pragahkdncþh ' sc fs fxnfscvd ' `f)



‐ 4:: ‐

ofrä nahtfhfrsf tdiocãh apartuhd y ia`frd`difhtf' dr

iahczähàsf scfiprf gd fxpdhncah droþrfd prapcd `f gdpgdhtd y su krdà `f eartdgfzd(

Gd ãpand iflar pdrd chlfrtdr gd vc` fs fh gas prcifras

`cds `f dsnfhscah `f gd sdvcd prcidvfrdg ' pu cãhàsf ha

aostdhtf prdntcndr iuy ocfh gd apfrdncþh ùrdhtf fg ifs

`f Idrza fh gds pravchncds ids ifrc`cahdgfs `f Fspdôd'

y `fs`f if`cdàs `f Idrza mdstd ügtcias `f Dorcg fh gas

`cstrctas ifhas tfipgdàs(Chlfrtd`d gd vc` `fg iaà fxprfsdà' y edvarfnc`d quf

sfd par gds chegufhncds ngcidtagþkcnds gandgfs' puf`f nahsc

`frdrsf ä gas ànf ifsfs `f su fxcstfhncd naia nfpd ocfh

pgdhtd`d `f às dôas' y dg nuipgcr fg tfrnfr dôa prfsfhtd

yd fg vckar `f uhd nfpd dùgtd' pu`cfhà prfsnch`cr `fs`f

fhtahnfs `fg pdga tutar saorf fg nudg sf mdocd dpaydà(

@cnfh iunmas dkrcnugtarfs quf nudhà gd vcôd fs iuydhtckud y fstä ndhsd`d `f praùncr ' ha mdy ids rfif`ca

quf drrdhndrgd ' `fldr fg tfrrfha fh odrofnma par dgkuhas

dôas' y `fspuãs rfpgdhtdrgas `f hufva( Zdrd gas chtfrfsfs

`fg prapcftdrca y `fg dpdrnfra þ nagaha ha nahvcfhf hc ga

uha hc ga atra( Fg prapcftdrca `fof pfhftrdrsf dhtf taà `f

quf gd vcôd' quf ãg nahsc`frd pfr`c`d' ha ga fs' y quf ta

`dvéd fh ta`ds y fh nd`d uhd `f gds nfpds fxcstf vc`d idsquf suecncfhtf pdrd rfluvfhfnfrsf' y pdrd `dr gdrkds y

douh`dhtfs nasfnmds2 ta`dvéd fs tcfipa `f sdgvdr fg pgdh

téa y ha pfr`fr fg chefgcz nagaha gd ügtcid fspfrdhzd `f gd

quf par tdhtas dôas md scà fg sastãh `f sus eufrzds ' fg

aolfta `f su trdodla ' y gd prfh`d `f su ndrcôa( Dnu`dias

dg chlfrta' ä fsd cipartdhtf apfrdncþh dkrénagd `fstchd`d ä

ids dgtas sfrvcncas pdrd hufstrd vctcnugturd' `f gas quf md



‐ 4:4 ‐

prfstdà mdstd dmard' y vagvfrfias ä paogdr fg vcôfà

nah pgdhtds hufvds' gazdhds y raoustds quf' ocfh nugtcvd

`ds ' rfh crédh gds ids mfriasds nasfnmds' y ' nah fggds'

dg nagaha uh nahsufga y uh ia`fsta ocfhfstdr( Ousnd` dg

pcã `f nd`d nfpd uhd parncþh `f trahna vcva y nahscstfhtf'

sc fs quf ha mdggäcs scqucfrd uh tdgga fhtfra y sdha ' c i

pgdhtd` dggé `foc`difhtf fg chlfrta ' nahtchud` pratfkcfhà

gd apfrdncþh naia narrfspah`f ' y ha tfiäcs `f gd efgcnc

`d` `fg ãxcta( S sc fh gds nfpds ids fstfhud`ds y ndrna

ic`ds ha fhnahträcs hd`d `f trahna quf puf`d utcgczdrsf

pdrd fg aolfta ' mfnmd` idha `f uhd rdcz dgka krufsd ' y

`f dggé sdg`rä tdiocãh vc`d `f saord pdrd nudldr fg chlfrta

y rfpraùncr uhd fxnfgfhtf pgdhtd(

Fh nudhta dg tfrrfha ' sc fs dgndgcha hdturdgifhtf' ods

tdrä quf sf gf `fvufgvdh taàs gas dôas gas icsias `fspa

las `f gd vcôd y `f gd fxtrdnncþh `fg vcha pdrd gd nahsfr

vdncþh `f su vcrtu` efrtcgczdhtf ' ids ' nudhà gd tcfrrd)

vcôfà sfd prchncpdgifhtf drncggasd ' drfhcsnd ' þ efrrukc

hasd ' y par rdzþh `f gds iugtcpgcnd`ds rfnagfnncahfs' y

`f uh idg nugtcva ' sf mdggd iuy fipaorfnc`d `f ägndgcs'

fhtahnfs sfrä ch`cspfhsdogf ggfhdr par if`ca `f gas nar

rfspah`cfhtfs doahas fg `ãecnct `f gas prchncpcas ichfrdgfs

y dgndgchas ' sch gas nudgfs ha fs pascogf gd vfkftdncþhprþspfrd y efnuh`d(

Gd vcôd ' puf`f `fncrsf' fs kfhfrdgifhtf gd vfr`d`frd

eatakrdeéd `f su nagaha þ ùfôa( Icrd`gf su dspfnta ' y sc

fhnahträcs gds nfpds fhngfhqufs' sdricfhtas `fgkdàs' pa

na eruta' y fg sufga chvd`cà par pgdhtds fxtrdôds' aosfr

vdrfcs tdiocãh fh fg nagaha uhd ecsahaiéd `f pd`fncicfh

tas ' mcld `f su ckhardhncd gdifhtdogf ' `focgc`d` fh sus



‐ 4:? ‐

eufrzds' y dgcifhtdncþh fsndsd 2 fh uhd pdgdord' gd icsf

rcd `f gd prcifrd fstä fh driahéd nah gd paorfzd y fg trcs

tf fstdà `fg sfkuhà( Nahtfipgfias dmard ga nahtrdrca'vcôd sdhd y erahàsd ' gcipcd `f ta`d yfrod ' ecgds ocfh

dgchfd`ds `f nfpds y sch pgdzds vdndhtfs ' ndichas fspd

ncasas y drrfkgdàs' y nasfnmd rfkugdr þ douh`dhtf ' has

`cnfh uh ùfôa fhtfh`cà' eufrtf ' nahtfhta y `f vcvcr

magkdà( Fipfra ' rfspfnta dg prcifr ndsa ' prfncsa sfrä

rfnahanfr quf gd Zravc`fhncd' fh sus dgtas echfs' àtþ ä gd

vcôd y dg nagaha `f uh tfipfrdifhta saorca y raousta ' y

quf `cspfhsähàsf ä dqufggd gas `focàs nuc`dàs' par

fxtfhud`d quf sfd ' prahta sf rfmdnf 2 fg tchtf didrcgga y

fhefricza `f su vfkftdncþh sf vufgvf nagar vfr`f `f prd

à' sus rd ia s' nd`d vfz ids frkucàs' fhsdhnmdh su

nérnuga fh fg fspdnca' y su sdvcd prfncasd tarhd ä fgdoardr

gd sdhkrf ' quf md `f vagvfr gds eufrzds y gd vc`d dg icsf

rdogf nagaha( Fstf ' ä su vfz' d`qucfrf tdiocãh eäncgifhtf

su pfr`cà vckar ' fg vcha `f sus qufrc`ds nfpds gf nahsuf

gd y eartcecnd fh dgid y nufrpa ' y par pana dgcifhta

`f ids quf sf gf `cspfhsf ' rfdpdrfnf gufka gd raoustfz fh

sus ordzas' y taàs' vcôd y nagaha ' mdh tarhdà ä uhd

vc`d hufvd y pgdnfhtfrd(

Dtfh`c`ds gds nahsc`frdncahfs quf prfnf`fh' y `fiäsquf ggfvdias fxpufsta' chtfrfsd vcvdifhtf ã chnuiof ä

hufstras prapcftdrcas vcténagds dprfh`fr' y fhsfôdr prän

tcndifhtf ä sus rfspfntcvas dpdrnfras þ nagahas gds rf

earids tdh hfnfsdrcds `f su drtf' tfh`cfhà dg prapca

tcfipa ä gas icsias su idha pratfntard' y fxpgatdhà

`f nahsuha fsd eufhtf `f rcqufzd pravc`fhncdg quf idhdrd

nahtchudifhtf `fg fsifrdà nugtcva `f gd vcôd fspdôagd(



‐ 4:> ‐

>0( Chlfrta scipgf( @dias fstf haiorf ä uhd apfrd

ncþh sfhncggd y hufvd ' if`cdhtf gd nudg uhd rdcz pfqufôd`f gd nfpd dhtckud sf nahvcfrtf prahta fh lavfh y vcka

rasd pgdhtd ' `f su icsid þ `f `cefrfhtf ndstd( @cnod apf

rdncþh fs iuy `cstchtd `fg chlfrta naiüh' quf mfias `fs

nrcta dhtfrcarifhtf' y ä su prfpdrdncþh eäncg sf luhtdh rf

sugtdàs sfkuras y `f krdh pravfnma( Fsnþldsf uhd rdcz

`f nfpd fh vfkftdncþh ' nuya iéhciui `f krufsa sfd `f

trfs géhfds ä pand `cefrfhncd' y `ãsfgf nfrnd gd pdrtf supfrcar uh nartf iuy aogcnua' trdhsvfrsdg' y fh gd crfnncþh

`f dodla drrcod 2 sfpdrd`difhtf' y `f dhtfidha' sf taid

uh narta sdricfhta `f às huàs y `f uh krufsa ckudg' þ

ndsc ckudg dg `f gd rdcz fxprfsd`d ' sf gf nartd tdiocãh'

pfra `f drrcod dodla' pranurdhà quf fstd mfh`cùrd `fg

fhtrfhuà chefrcar `fg sdricfhta dlustf ga ids fxdnta pa

scogf nah gd pdrtf nartd`d `f gd rdéz 2 mfnma fsta ' fh gdictd` `f nd`d mfh`cùrd sf gf ciprcif uhd chncscah gckfrd

nah gd `crfnncþh mdncd drrcod fh fg chlfrta y mdncd dodla

fh gd rdéz 2 dg luhtdrsf fstd nah dqufg' sf pranurd quf

fipdgifh ocfh gas rfefrcàs nartfs pfqufôas ' ncrnuhstdh

ncd quf edvarfnf iunma fg oufh rfsugtdà `f gd apfrdncþh'

fh sfkuc`d sf dtdh dioas trahnas ' `flähàgas ocfh sulf

tas' sf fspdrnf ä su dgrf`fàr' pfra dgka `cstdhtf' uh pana `f easea)kudha ü atra doaha sfifldhtf ' y par ügtcia

sf nuorf fg taà nah tcfrrd' fxnfptudhà gd yfid supfrcar

`fg chlfrta' quf' nah su narrfspah`cfhtf fhtrfhuà `f pra

tfnncþh' md `f quf`dr eufrd `f gd supfrecncf `fg sufga( -Ec

kurds 40 y 46#(

Fhtrd`d gd prcidvfrd' oratdh' sc fg tcfipa fs edvardogf'

gds às yfids `fg chlfrta' y sf gds `fld nrfnfr uh tdhta



‐ 4:0 ‐

pdrd aosfrvdr nudg fs gd quf suof' y nahtchüd `fsdrraggäh

àsf' nah idyar eufrzd' dosarvcfhà gd sdvcd prchncpdg `fgd pgdhtd2 fhtahnfs sf md `f nartdr ä gas às þ trfs nfhté

iftras `f su odsf gd yfid ids `ãocgifhtf oratd`d' `c)

rclcfhà fh d`fgdhtf naia narrfspah`f fg nrfncicfhta u g

tfrcar `f gas rdias rfstdhtfs( D ügtcias `fg prþxcia ch

vcfrha sf pa`drä gd nfpd' nahsc`frähàgd naia vc` `fg dôa

fh pgdhtdncþh ar`chdrcd(

Fg chlfrta scipgf ' quf dndodias `f `fsnrcocr' fstä ggdidà ä prfstdr cipartdhtfs sfrvcncas ä gas prapcftdrcas `f

tfrrfhas' nuyas vcôfàs mdh scà drrdhndàs par sus dpdr

nfras þ nagahas fh vcrtu` `f uh nahtrdta nuectãutcna echcà(

Fh fstas ndsas' quf ha `fldh `f prfsfhtdrsf nah ncfrtd

erfnufhncd' pdrtcnugdrifhtf fh Ndtdguôd ' fg prapcftdrca'

`fsfasa `f rfpaogdr ga dhtfs pascogf gas yfrias nah hufvds

y raoustds nfpds' ha fhnufhtrd ids rfnursa quf `fldrgasfh odrofnma par dgkuhas dôas' pdrd quf `fsndhsfh ' y sf

dsfkurf iflar `fspuãs ga praspfrc`d` `f gas hufvas vcôf

às2 trcstf rfnursa quf' ùrdhtf iunma tcfipa' cipasc

ocgctd taà pravfnma `f uhd rfspftdogf fstfhscah `f tfr

rfha prfncasa' rcna tdg vfz duh fh sdgfs ä odsf `f ndg

þ `f patdsd' `f fxpascncþh fxnfgfhtf' y quf saga dkudr

`d gas ordzas `f uh vctcnugtar fhtfh`cà' pdrd rfh`crta`dvéd ids y iflarfs praùntas `f gas quf md suic

hcstrdà fh gdrkds y rfpftc`ds rfnagfnncahfs( ^c gas nas

fnmfras y prapcftdrcas nahsc`frdh ch`cspfhsdogf fg odr

ofnma fh gas pgdhtéas' paogdàs duh `f nfpds `ãocgfs y

dôflds' nah tdhta ids iatcva ga luzkdh hfnfsdrca fh

gds tcfrrds `f vcôds yd drrdhnd`ds( ±S nþia ha sfr dsé

has `crédh ndsc taàs gas dkrcnugtarfs `f Fspdôd1 Sd ga



‐ 4:6 ‐

mfias idhcefstdà fh fg `fnursa `f hufstra trdodla' ga

mfias cà `fiastrdhà' y earzasa sfrä rfpftcrga dmard(

Gd vctdgc`d` `f gd vc` fs chifhsd' sus tfsaras sah chdkatdogfs pdrd dqufg quf nah chtfgckfhncd y nahstdhncd gd nug

tcvd y fstu`cd2 fg Nrcdàr gd àtþ `f uh pa`fr `f vfkftd

ncþh cgcictdà' nudhà' fh sus ids gadogfs `fsckhcas' gd

eariþ pdrd dgcifhta ' anupdncþh y fstu`ca `fg maiorf(

Drrdhnd` `f rdéz uhd vcôd fhtfrd ' nahtfstdrédias ä gas

dkrcnugtarfs' y ha as dnar`ãcs ids `f fggd mdstd às dôas

`fspuãs' chspfnncahd` fhtahnfs fg tfrrfha y fhnahtrdrfcsgd vcôd pgdhtd`d `f hufva( Ha aostdhtf gd iugtctu` `f

atrds pgdhtds quf mdoräh chvd`cà fg tfrrfha ' gd vcôd sf

md rfpraùncà par sc sagd' nd`d nfpd md rfnahqucstdà su

pgdzd' vfhncfhà ta`ds gds `cecnugtd`fs ' y vf` dqué atrd

prufod nahnguyfhtf `f gas krdh`fs rfnursas `fg `cvcha dr

ousta( Dmard ocfh2 sc gufka quf mdh scà drrdhnd`ds ta`ds

gds nfpds `fg vcôfà fstdogfncà ä pdrnfréd dpgcndias fgchlfrta scipgf ä uhd+(rdéz pfqufôd `f nd`d nfpd' þ scqucfrd

ä uh erdnifhta quf mdyd quf`dà sdha `f gd icsid' y sc'

ä idyar douh`dicfhta' fg sufga fh nufstcþh fs `f sc douh

`dhtf fh prchncpcas dgndgchas' sckucfhà gufka uh oufh

scstfid `f nugtcva ' ±nþia ha fspfrdr fg prahta rfstdogf

ncicfhta `fg vcôfà1 Fh rfpftc`ds andscahfs dg chlfrtdr

naiuhifhtf chechc`d` `f nfpds' has md scà earzasa dpfgdr

dg chlfrta scipgf pdrd rfhavdr `cefrfhtfs vc`fs' quf' ndr

naicàs sus tdggas y rdénfs idyarfs' ha has aerfnédh ids

rfnursa quf fg `f uhds pands y sdhds rdénfs pfqufôds( Gas

rfsugtdàs par ga kfhfrdg mdh narrfspah`cà scfiprf ä

hufstrds fspfrdhzds(

>6( Fhtfrrdicfhta `fg tdgga nah uha þ às sdricfhtas(

46



‐ 4:5 ‐

Mã dqué atra `f gas if cas `f rfhavdr gd vc`' usdà nah

erfnufhncd par hufstras nasfnmfras dg aolfta `f ggfhdr gds

pgdzds f gds nfpds quf mdh iufrta fh gd ügtcid vfkftd

ncþh' þ `f gds quf vdh pfr`cfhà su prchncpdg vckar y rch

`fh yd pana eruta 2 trdodla pfhasa y `f `cspfh`ca quf euf

rd ndsc chsckhcecndhtf' sc sf kfhfrdgczdsfh ' naia fs `f fs

pfrdr' gas d`fgdhtas `ã gd vctcnugturd pdtrcd( Fg praif ca

`f gd vc`d `f gd nfpd fspdôagd sfréd fhtahnfs ids quf sf

nugdr' y fg sfhncgga gdorcfka' nah ifhas edtckds y nuc`dàs'aotfh`réd `f su vcôfà ids sdha y ids ùrd`fra iflarfs y

iuy ofhfecncasas praùntas( Fh gas ndsas fh quf mdh `f nahs

tctucrsf às nfpds hufvds' gd apfrdncþh `f quf sf trdtd' md

`f vfrcecndrsf `f gd idhfrd sckucfhtf< sf naicfhzd dorcfh

à ä uh gdà `f gd nfpd fg maya nahvfhcfhtf ä gd praeuh

`c`d` `f vfchtf ä trfchtd nfhtéiftras' y ha ids' gufka' y

nah suia nuc`dà' sf vd chngchdhà fg tdgga mdstd pahfrgamarczahtdg ä ga gdrka `fg eahà `f gd zdhld' y sf mdnf ga

prapca nah uha `f gas sdricfhtas' `crckcãhàga par fhncid

`fg trahna mdncd fg arckfh `fg icsia' fh sfkuc`d sf fhnd

ichd fg atra sdricfhta dg puhta `f gd nfpd nfrndhd quf md

`f praùncrsf' y fg nagaha' quf ä ofhfecnca `f sus pcfs

idhtcfhf sulftas fg tdgga y sdricfhtas' vä fnmähàgfs tcfr

rd fhncid' ocfh dprftd`d' pranurdhà quf gas sdricfhtassdgkdh eufrd `fg maya fh sus rfspfntcvas gukdrfs 2 par ech

sf ggfhd `f tcfrrd gd zdhld mdstd ictd` `f su dgturd' dg c h

tfhta `f `fpasctdr fh fggd ä prchncpcas `f gd prcidvfrd

prþxcid fg narrfspah`cfhtf doaha dhcidg' y nuorcrgd `fs

`f gufka mdstd fg hcvfg `f gd supfrecncf fxtfrcar `fg sufga(

, Dg tcfipa f mdnfrsf fh gd vcôd gd pa`d `fechctcvd' sf ra)

`rckahdh ocfh `cnmas sdricfhtas' y sf nartdh sus fxtrfias'



•‐ 4:/ ‐

`fldhà fh nd`d uha trfs þ nudtra alas erdhnas nah fg fh)

trfhuà tfrichdg `f pratfnncþh( Fstdggd`d su prcifrd vfkftdncþh sf quctdh `f nd`d sdricfhta uhd þ às yfids

chefrcarfs' quf`dhà gds atrds pdrd earidr gd ndofzd y

ordzas `f gds hufvds pgdhtds' nuya fxnfscva `fsdrragga

`fofrä nahtfhfrsf nah gd ia`frdncþh y tcha präntcnas quf

sf md rfnaifh`dà pdrd gas `fiäs rfhufvas `f gd vc`( Gd

apfrdncþh quf has anupd' flfnutd`d `fg iaà ch`cndà'

suichcstrdàs fxnfgfhtfs nfpds quf' fh fg icsia dôa'rch`fh gd ndhtc`d` `f eruta ids quf suecncfhtf pdrd ch`fi

hczdr dg nagaha gas kdstas arckchdàs( Dg nahngucr gas às

dôas' nd`d nfpd aerfnf yd fg vckar hfnfsdrca pdrd prfs

nch`cr `f dpaya dgkuha' y puf`f `fncrsf quf' nuipgcà fg

tfrnfr dôa' fhtrd fh gd f`d` dùgtd( Nudhà md `f rfha

vdrsf tdh saga uhd vc`' puf`f usdrsf ckudgifhtf gd prän

tcnd dhtfrcarifhtf `fsnrctd' taidhà gd nfpd id`rf nahuh sdricfhta( Gd ãpand ids prapcd pdrd `cnmas trdodlas

fs fg chvcfrha(

Fg `fsdrragga prahta y vckarasa `f gas fxprfsdàs rf

hufvas' dnaipdôdà `f gd douh`dhncd `f eruta' fs fh rfd

gc`d` sarprfh`fhtf pdrd fg quf ckhard gd chstdgdncþh ncfh

téecnd `f gds hufvds pgdhtds2 nagandà fg sdricfhta ä gas

vfchtf nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d`' dhcidà par gd dnncþh`fg ndgar sagdr' y ä prfsfhncd `fg doaha dhcidg yd ds cic

gdogf' nd`d uha `f sus huàs sf nahvcfrtf gufka fh uh

nufrpa `f rdcncggds quf' fspdrncãhàsf fh gd tcfrrd dcrfd`d

y rfiavc`d' dosarvfh krdh ndhtc`d` `f lukas fichfhtf

ifhtf hutrctcvas' fh nuyd vcrtu` gd nfpd quf`d sþgc`difh

tf nahstctuc`d y susnfptcogf `f suichcstrdr gds iflarfs

nasfnmds(



‐ 4:= ‐

>5( Diukrahdicfhta `f gd vc`( Zdrd rffipgdzdr gds

nfpds `ãocgfs' þ quf mdh pfrfncà fh gd ügtcid vfkftdncþh'sf prfecfrf ä vfnfs fg if ca `fg diukrdicfhta ' fg nudg'

ocfh prdntcndà' ha `fld `f sfr iuy rfnaifh`dogf par su

sfhncggfz y fxnfgfhtfs rfsugtdàs( Gd apfrdncþh nahscstf

fh ga sckucfhtf< sf dorf gd nahvfhcfhtf zdhld mdstd gas

vfchtf nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d` fh fg sctca `fstchdà

ä gd earidncþh `f gd hufvd pgdhtd' y sf gf fnmd uhd

parncþh `f doaha dhcidg ifzngdà nah tcfrrd2 gufka sftaid uh sdricfhta gdrka y raousta' pranf`fhtf `f uhd

nfpd fgfkc`d dg fefnta y nfrndhd dg gukdr `f gd rfhavd

ncþh' y sch sfpdrdrga `f gd pgdhtd id`rf sf chtraùnf

mdstd fg eahà `fg fxprfsdà maya' àogähàga iuy nuc

`dàsdifhtf pdrd quf ha sf raipd' y `flähàga sdgcr

par fg gdà apufsta dg `f gd chtraùnncþh' ä ech `f quf

puf`dh quf`dr odla `f tcfrrd às þ trfs huàs' -Eckurd 45# `fspuãs sf vd ggfhdhà fg maya nah gd icsid

tcfrrd' dprftähàgd uh tdhta' y sf `ä dg sdricfhta dsnfh

`fhtf gd `crfnncþh vfrtcndg' sulftähàga nah fg narrfspah

`cfhtf tutar þ ra`rckþh2 par ügtcia sf gf dnartd fh fg puhta

x' y sf gf `fldh trfs alas erdhnas( Fhtrd`d gd prcidvfrd

prþxcid' fs prfncsa `fstrucr dhtf taà gas hufvas y pfquf

ôas oratfs `f gds yfids `f gd pdrtf `fsnfh`fhtf `fg sdricfhta' nah ga nudg sf aogckd ä gd sdvcd ä `crclcrsf `crfntd

ifhtf mdncd gd parncþh fhtfrrd`d y gd quf sf gfvdhtd'

fhtahnfs sf dorfh nah idyar vckar gas rfefrcàs alas f x

tfrcarfs' `f gas nudgfs md `f quctdrsf fg chefrcar' pdrd

quf gd eufrzd `f gd vflftdncah sf nahnfhtrf ids `foc`d

ifhtf fh gds às yfids supfrcarfs quf mdh `f earidr gas

ordzas prchncpdgfs `f gd nfpd( @f fggds sdgfh `fs`f gufka



‐ 4:3‐ x

krufsas rdncias quf ha `fldh `f suichcstrdr uhd ndhtc`d`

dprfncdogf `f iasta rfkugdr( Fg nrfncicfhta `f nd`d uha`f gas rdias pravcstas `f eruta `fof `ftfhfrsf `f iaifhta

ä uhd þ às malds fhncid `fg ügtcia rdncia quf md sdgcà'

kaofrhdhà fh ga `fiäs fg nursa `f gd vflftdncah ugtfrcar

`fg iaà quf sf md ch`cndà pdrd gds vc`fs `fh`f fg tfrnfr

pfréaà `f su fxcstfhncd( Dg nahngucr fg prcifr dôa' sf nar

tdrä fh fg puhta d gd naiuhcndncþh `f gd lavfh pgdhtd nah

gd nfpd)id`rf' quctdhà dg prapca tcfipa fh su arclfh Ifg rfsta `fg iukrþh( Nahstctucà fg rfhufva odla gds na h

`cncahfs ch`cnd`ds' sf `fsdrraggd prahta y vckarasdifhtf'

y nuipgcàs gas às dôas sf sastcfhf cipuhfifhtf fh gd

vfr`d`frd sctudncþh vfrtcndg' suichcstrdhà fh ga sunfscva

gd ndhtc`d` `f praùnta suecncfhtf pdrd ch`fihczdr nah

kfhfrasc`d` taàs gas nuc`dàs quf gf md `cspfhsdà su

nagaha(Hufstras vctcnugtarfs' dg prdntcndr gd apfrdncþh `f quf

trdtdias' dnastuiordh fhtfrrdr fg sdricfhta ä gas trfchtd

þ nudrfhtd nfhtéiftras `f praeuh`c`d`' pahcfhà dhtfs fh

fg maya uh paorf ã chsckhcecndhtf doaha' y `fldhà ühcnd

ifhtf às yfids fh gd pdrtf `fstchd`d pdrd tdgga `fg rf

hufva( Gd vfkftdncþh suosckucfhtf sf dodhàhd ä sc icsid'

y dg ndoa `fg prcifr dôa sf `fstftd ä if`cds ä gd lavfhpgdhtd' pdrd sfpdrdrgd naipgftdifhtf `f gd nfpd prchncpdg

ä gas às dôas nuipgcàs( Fh nahsfnufhncd `f tdh idg pra

nf`cicfhta' quf`dh fh vfz `f às nfpds gazdhds y raoustds

às vc`fs fhngfhqufs y `fefntuasds2 gd id`rf' iuy fxtf

hud`d par gd pãr`c`d `f gas lukas quf ùrdhtf às dôas

nahsfnutcvas md suichcstrdà ä su mcld' dpfhds puf`f rf

mdocgctdrsf' parquf fg nagaha fh su rustcnc`d` ha gf `cs)



‐ 44: ‐

pfhsd fg doaha hc gas nuc`dàs hfnfsdrcas' par nuya iatcva

nahtchud vcvcfhà ids þ ifhas tcfipa `dhà uh eruta

ifzqucha2 fg rfhufva' ä su vfz' chstdgdà ä uhd praeuh`c

`d` fxnfscvd y pfrlu`cncdg' y fsndsa `f dgcifhta' ha d`

qucfrf fg apartuha y `focà `fsdrragga' drrdsträhàsf par

fg sufga par fspdnca `f iunmas dôas' sch tutar qua gf pra

tfld' y sch idha fxpfrtd quf `crcld iftþ`cndifhtf gd

idrnmd `f su vfkftdncþh(

Udrcas gdordàrfs prdntcndh gds rfefrc`ds apfrdncahfs

dhudgfs fh gd ãpand quf iflar gfs pdrfnf' þ quf sf

ga pfrictfh gds `fiäs anupdncahfs ifhas cipartdhtfs2

nahecdàs fh gd raoustfz pravfrocdg `f gd vc` nrffh quf

gf fs ch`cefrfhtf fg iäs y fg ifhas `f trdodla y apar

tuhc`d`' par nuya iatcva nuipgfh scfiprf nah prfefrfh

ncd gds atrds dtfhncahfs quf' ä su iaà `f vfr' sah ids

prfncsds y urlfhtfs' `fldhà gas qufmdnfrfs `f gd vcôd pdrd

ga ügtcia `f taà' y ä vfnfs pdrd gds andscahfs ids chnah

vfhcfhtfs y pfrhcncasds( ¡Krdsa frrar quf àgarasas y rf

pftcàs fsndricfhtas ha odstdh ä fhifh`dr$ D gd vcôd ha

sf gd fhkdôd ldiäs' y dsc naia vasatras gd trdtäcs' naia

qucfh `cnf' `f nudgqucfr idhfrd' fggd tdiocãh as narrfs

pah`frä nudhà y `fg iaà quf qufrrä2 gd vcôd qucfrf sfr

trdtd`d nah gd nahsc`frdncþh quf sf ifrfnf' `fsfd quf sf gf`cspfhsfh gds gdoarfs y nuc`dàs hfnfsdrcas nah gd chtfgc

kfhncd y apartuhc`d` `foc`ds2 fh ndioca ga rfnaipfhsd

taà nah gdrkufzd< gds apfrdncahfs ids sagénctds y ichunca

sds sah nahstdhtfifhtf iuy dkrd`fnc`ds y rfiuhfrd`ds

par gd vc`' parquf fggd' fhtrf atras pa`frfs' rfncocþ `f gds

idhas `f su Dutar fg pa`fr `f Ld kfhfrasc`d`' y ä sfif

ldhzd suyd fs scfiprf kfhfrasd y prþ`ckd pdrd gas quf gd



‐ C g g ‐

nugtcvdh ocfh y gd dprfncdh' ha dnar`ähàsf tdipana `f

dqufggas quf chlustdifhtf gd agvc`dh' gd `fsnuc`dh y gd

idgtrdtdh(

Mdy nasfnmfras quf ' gufka `f rfnakc`d gd vfh`cicd `f

sus vcôfàs' sf dprfsurdh ä flfnutdr gas trdodlas `f rfha

vdncþh `f gds nfpds quf edgtdh ' þ quf par su pand eufrzd

vctdg hfnfsctdh sfr rffipgdzd`ds par pgdhtds lþvfhfs 2 dg

fgfnta fhtcfrrdh fg tdgga y gas sdricfhtas `f gd nfpd' aolfta

`f gd rfhavdncþh' ä uhd praeuh`c`d` `f nudrfhtd þ sfsfhtdnfhtéiftras' pahcfhà fh fg maya uh tdhta `f doaha `f

nudgqucfr ngdsf ' y ga nuorfh gufka nah tcfrrd ocfh dprftd

`d' mdncfhà sdgcr eufrd `f gd icsid às huàs `f nd`d

sdricfhta' dg pcã `fg nudg pgdhtdh par ech uhd nartd y fh

`fogf ndôd)ra`rckþh( Atras nagahas rfhufvdh gds nfpds par

fg fstcga quf dndod `f ch`cndrsf' pfra fh ãpand ids tdr`éd'

þ ocfh fh chvcfrha' y ä vfnfs fh Eforfra þ Idrza' mdncfhà ga prapca nah fg diukrahdicfhta dhtfrcarifhtf fxprf

sdà( Fstas rfhufvas sah kfhfrdgifhtf `fefntuasas' y fh

ncfrtas dôas sf chutcgczdh par naipgfta2 fh prcifr gukdr' fg

rfhufva `f ataôa fs fg ids pfgckrasa' parquf fg sdricfhta'

quf ta`dvéd sf fhnufhtrd fh iavcicfhta astfhscogf `f `fs

drragga' ndrfnf `f gd nahscstfhncd y vckar hfnfsdrcas pdrd

gd apfrdncþh ä quf sf gf `fstchd' gf md edgtdà prchncpdgifhtf gd chegufhncd `crfntd y nahtchud`d `fg âg `f Antu

orf y Havcfiorf ' chegufhncd prfncsd ã ch`cspfhsdogf pdrd

gd naipgftd earidncþh `fg gfôasa' y `f nahsckucfhtf `f gas

huàs' yfids' y `fg ndhdg ifùgdr( Nrfdà odla tdh idgas

duspcncas fg rfhufva' sc ha sf pu`rf gufka `fspuãs `f gds

gguvcds `fg ataôa þ `fg chvcfrha ' oratd iuy ifhkudà' y

pfridhfnf uha þ às dôas fh su rdquctcsia `f vfkftdncþh(



‐ 44? ‐

sch rfh`cicfhta dgkuha' þ `dhà uh eruta ifzqucha' nah

hatdogf `ftrcifhta `fg nagaha quf fspfrd fh vdha gd c h `fihczdncþh ä sus trdodlas( Par atrd pdrtf' gd fxnfscvd

praeuh c`d` ä quf sf fh tcfrrd gd nfpd fs pfrlu`cncdg dg oufh

`fsdrragga `f gd lavfh pgdhtd' gd nudg' sc ocfh rfncof `f gd

nfpd id`rf fg prcifr dgcifhta' gf edgtd ha aostdhtf fg

prchncpdg rfnursa `f gds rdénfs saifrds quf ' iutcgd`ds þ

drrdhnd`ds par fg fhtfrrdicfhta `fg tdgga' `fldh `f sfr ocfh

rffipgdzd`ds par gds mah`ds y `ãocgfs rdcncggds `fg sdricfhta(

Atra `f gas vcncas `f gds präntcnds dhtfrcarfs fs fg `fldr

ühcndifhtf fh nd`d rfhufva às huàs fxtfrcarfs' ncrnuhs

tdhncd quf aogckd ä gd nfpd ä idhtfhfrsf par iunma tcfi

pa' nahtrd su vaguhtd`' suidifhtf odld y rdstrfrd' par

nuya iatcva gas rdncias sf mdggdh ids þ ifhas tdr`f fh

nahtdnta nah gd tcfrrd' fhtrdhà fh putrfednncþh par ndusd`f gds gguvcds' þ `f gas ranéas idtutchdgfs' þ ocfh suercfhà

gas vfr`d`fras fefntas `f uhd naioustcah arclchd`d par fg

eufka `fg âg rfegfldà( Dôä`dsf dmard gd chutcgc`d` `fg rf

efrcà tutar þ) ra`rckþh' y sf naiprfh`frä eäncgifhtf fg

parquã cnmas rfhufvas nrfnfh y sf drrdstrdh par fg sufga

ùrdhtf dgkuhas dôas naia yfrod dodhàhd`d' taidhà

earids tartuasds ã crrfkugdrfs' y `dhà fsndsas praùntas(



N D Z É P V G A U C

Fh ef r if `d `f s ±Gf gd v c ` y i f ` c a s à

nahcgodtcc+gds(

>;( ^cfhà tdhtas gas chsfntas quf dtdndh ä gd vc`' uhas

ä gd rdéz' y atras ä gds malds þ dg eruta' ndusähàgf pfrluc

ncas chifhsas y `fstruyfhà ä vfnfs vcôfàs fhtfras' mfias

nrféà iuy nahvfhcfhtf nahsckhdr fh uh ndpétuga fspfncdg

gds fspfncfs quf ids naiuhifhtf sf nfodh saorf gd vcôd'

mdnfr su `fsnrcpncþh y `dr ä nahanfr ckudgifhtf ä hufstrasvctcnugtarfs gas if`cas ids fecndnfs pdrd fstfrichdrgds(

Fstds pgdkds scfiorfh ndsc scfiprf gd paorfzd fh gas `cs

trctas vchénagds' àh`f scfhtdh su dsagdàrd pgdhtd' scha sf

nartdh nah prahtctu` gas prakrfsas `f su fxnfscva `fsdrra

gga2 y ta`dvcd sf rfnufr`dh fh Erdhncd y fh Fspdôd gas

trcstfs fefntas `f gds mufggds quf md `fldà fg Ac`cui tunmf)

rc fh su gdrkd y pfsd`d dkahéd( Pãhkdsf prfsfhtf quf gaschsfntas aerfnfh kfhfrdgifhtf fh dgkuha `f sus fstdàs þ

iftdiareascs ncfrtd edncgc d` pdrd pa`fr sfr `fstrucàs' y

quf fs prfncsa dpravfnmdr fhtahnfs gd andscþh prapcncd pdrd

gakrdr su fstfrichca y sdgvdr gds nasfnmds( Uckcgdhncd'

pufs' y kufrrd ä iufrtf nahtrd taàs gas vcnmas quf dif

hdnfh drrfodtdr fg eruta `f gas dedhfs `fg nasfnmfra(

45



‐ 440 ‐

>=( Zyrdgd( Fstf chsfnta' Zyrdgcs vctcs' quf pfrtfhfnf

dg ar`fh `f gas Gfpc`þptfras' edicgcd Hanturhas' fs `ckha

`f sfr nahanc a par gas dkrcnugtarfs' fh rdzþh `f quf d g

kuhds vfnfs ndusd krdh`fs fstrdkas ä gas vcôfàs( Hdnf fh

gds icsids malds `f gd vc`' àh`f eufrah `fpasctdàs gas

mufvas par gds mfiords idrcpasds2 fhtahnfs sf ggdid gdrvd

par gas fhtaiagalcstds y naiuhifhtf arukd2 tcfhf uh nagar

vfr`f' ids þ ifhas didrcgga' y fg nufrpa aogahka' ndsc

ncgch`rcna y `cvc`cà fh trfnf sfkifhtas frczdàs `f pfgas(Fg prcifr sfkifhta' quf nahstctuyf gd ndofzd' fs hfkra y

prfsfhtd gd pcfg ids ùrd quf ga rfstdhtf `fg nufrpa' nah

tcfhf às dhtfhds iuy nartds' sfcs pfqufôas alas' y gd oand

earid`d `f às idh`éougds raoustds' às idxcgds y nud

tra pdgpas( Gas `fiäs dhcggas þ sfkifhtas ggfvdh gas pcfs

quf sah fh hüifra `f ndtarnf þ `cfz y sfcs( Fstds gdrvds

sah fxnfscvdifhtf vardnfs' y fh pana tcfipa nahsuifhtaà fg pdrãhqucid `f gds malds `f gd vc` saorf gds nudgfs

vcvfh' fxpfrcifhtdhà su trdhsearidncþh fh nrcsägc`ds `fs

puãs `f mdofr iu`dà trfs þ nudtra vfnfs gd pcfg ' y md

ofrsf nahstrucà uh ndpugga dgka sfàsa `fhtra fg nudg

pdsdh su sfkuhà fstdà( Fhtahnfs sah chiþvcgfs y vcvfh

naia dgftdrkd`ds dgkuh tcfipa ' pdsdà fg nudg gd nrcsägc

`d raipf gds dtdùrds `f su nuocfrtd' `fspgcfkd sus dgdspar gd hanmf' y sf fnmd ä vagdr fh ousnd `f atra ch`cvcùa

`f su icsid fspfncf pfra `f `cefrfhtf sfxa( Gds Zyrdgds

idrcpasds tcfhfh anma þ hufvf géhfds `f gahkctu`' y

fstäh dàrhd`ds `f nagarfs vcstasas' sus às dgds dhtfrcarfs

sah didrcgga)àrd`ds nah uhd idhnmd hfkruznd fh gd pdrtf

chefrcar `f gds icsids' gds atrds às dgds prfsfhtdh uh

nagar krcs pgaicza' vfh ga rfstdhtf `fg nufrpa sf aosfrvdh



‐ 446 ‐

dgkuhds' gcstds ids þ ifhas asnurds( Fh fstf fstdà pfrefn

ta fs nudhà sf `fof `fstrucr ä `cnmas chsfntas' ä ech `f

fvctdr quf sf vfrcecquf gd nþpugd y quf gds mfiords efnuh

`d`ds vdydh ä `fpasctdr sus mufvas fh gds malds `f gds

nfpds( D fstf aolfta' fg iflar if ca fs fhnfh`fr makufrds'

gufka `f dhanmfncà' fh vdrcas puhtas `f gd vcôd dtdnd`d

par dqufggd pgdkd2 gds pdgaicggds' `fsguiord`ds y dtrdé`ds

par gd guz `f gas eufkas' dnu`fh ä gds ggdids `f gds nudgfs

sah véntcids(

>3( Dg`fds( Fstas chsfntas nahstctuyfh fg kãhfra Dg`fd

`fg ar`fh `f gas Nagfþptfras tfträifras' edicgcd Néngcnas( Gd

fspfncf Dgtcnd agfränfd' fs gd quf sf mdggd naiuhifhtf fh

gas mufrtas àh`f mdnf krdh`fs fstrdkas' sch pfrlucnca `f

quf fh ncfrtas dôas dpdrfnf fh sancf`d`fs iuy huifrasds

fhtrf gas vcôfàs' nuyd `fstrunncþh ndusd' naia md sunf`cà

dgkuhd vfz fh dgkuhas `cstrctas vchénagds `fg if`ca`éd `f

Fspdôd( @cstéhkufhsf gds Dgtcnds par fg fxtrdar`chdrca `f

sdrragga `f sus eãiurfs pastfrcarfs `cspufstas pdrd fg sdgta2

su earid fs rfàh`fd`d þ pana aogahkd' y fg nufrpa `f

trfs ä nchna géhfds `f gahkctu`' prfsfhtdh nagarfs iuy orc

ggdhtfs' sf nfodh prchncpdgifhtf saorf gds malds `f gds mar

tdgczds y `f gds pgdhtds `f dàrha ' y sah ggdid`ds Zugkds

`f ldr`éh( Gd nctd`d fspfncf fs `f nagar hfkra orahnfdà'sus dgds sah ciprapcds pdrd fg vufga y trdhsearid`ds fh

ãgctras quf sf luhtdh fh géhfd rfntd saorf fg àrsa `fg nufr

pa ' y fstäh prfh`c`ds dg ifsatþrdz ' su ndofzd tcfhf às

dhtfhds didrcggds fh su odsf y gdrkds naia fg nufrpa' gas

trfs drténugas prcifras `f gas tdrsas fstäh kudrhfncàs `f

pfga y fg nudrta fs oéecà( û gdrvd' vfr`f hfkruznd' prf

sfhtd' gd eckurd `f uh kusdha y gd ndofzd iunma ids ùrd



‐ 445 ‐

quf fg rfsta `fg nufrpa' nuyas trfs sfkifhtas chif`cdtas ä

dqufggd ggfvdh trfs pdrfs `f pdtds iuy nartds y didrcggds2

hdnf fh fg àrsa þ ndrd chefrcar `f gds malds `f gas vflftd)

Éfs àh`f gd mfiord `fpasctd gas mufvas fh hüifra nahsc

`frdogf' d`mfrcãhàgas eufrtfifhtf ä gd pgdhtd y earidhà

naia uhas ougtctas ogdhna)didrcggfhtas( Fh fstf fstdà `f

of fg dkrcnugtar dpravfnmdr gd andscþh ids edvardogf pdrd

fstfrichdr gds Dg`fds' ä nuya ech ha mdy ids quf drrdhndr

gds malds `f gd vc` þ `f gds pgdhtds àh`f sf aosfrvdh dquf

ggas hcàs `f mufvas' y qufidrgds chif`cdtdifhtf( Naia

`cnmas chsfntas sah iuy téicàs y gfhtas fh fstdà `f gdrvd

ü arukd' `flähàsf ndfr dg sufga nudhà sf gfs qucfrf na

kfr ' sf puf`f tdiocãh `fstrucrgas fhtahnfs nah suid ednc

gc`d`( Fs prfncsa quf gas vctcnugtarfs' gufka quf dpfrncodh

tdg pgdkd fh sus vcôfàs' sf dprfsurfh ä `fstrucrgd' sc qucf

rfh sdgvdr gd nasfnmd `f gd uvd' pufsta quf gds Dg`fds' dsc

fh fg fstdà `f gdrvd naia fh fg `f chsfnta pfrefnta' sf

dgcifhtdh `f gds malds y `fg eruta tcfrha `f gd vc`(

0:( Zugkahfs( Fstas chsfntas `fg kãhfra Dpmcs' ar`fh

Mfiépgfras maiþptfras' edicgcd Dpmc`cas' sah pfqufôas y

iuy efnuhàs' `f nufrpa davdà' pdtds gdrkds y `fgkd`ds'

pravcstas fh su doàifh `f às kgdhùgctds quf sfkrfkdh

uh géqucà ùgnf suidifhtf na`cncdà `f gds marickds( Ucvfh fh sancf`d`fs huifraséscids saorf gds pdrtfs ids tcfr

hds `f gas vflftdgfs nuyas lukas dosarvfh fh krdh ndhtc`d`(

Gas prcifras `f fstas chsfntas quf dpdrfnfh fh prcidvfrd

sah mfiords quf hdnfh `f gas mufvas `fpasctdàs par sus

id`rfs fh fg dôa dhtfrcar saorf gds pgdhtds' y pdrfh pana

`fspuãs `f su hdncicfhta ' mclds yd efnuh`d`ds' gds nudgfs

`dh gukdr ckudgifhtf ä hufvds kfhfrdncahfs saga `f mfi)



‐ 44; ‐

ords quf sf rfpraùnfh dg chechcta mdstd gd fhtrd`d `fg c h

vcfrha' fh nuyd ãpand sdgfh gas idnmas( Fhtahnfs sf vfrcec

nd gd nþpugd' y gds mfiords pahfh mufvas iuy pfqufôas'

mdstd quf par ech iufrfh taàs fstas chsfntas véntcids `f

gas prcifras ercas( Fstas mufvas sah gas quf quf`dh prfh

`càs ä gas vflftdgfs y sf dorfh fh gd prcidvfrd prþxcid'

praùncfhà gd prcictcvd kfhfrdncþh `f mfiords vcvépdrds

quf dhtfs mfias ch`cndà( Vhd sagd mfiord quf hdnf yd

eunuh`d`d pdrd iunmds kfhfrdncahfs puf`f `dr arckfh fhuh fstéa ä icggahfs `f `fsnfh`cfhtfs(

Pdg fs gd pranf`fhncd `f gas pugkahfs quf tdhtas fstrd

kas ndusdh fh ncfrtas dôas ä gd vc`' ä gas äroagfs erutdgfs

y ä atrds pgdhtds `f nuyas lukas sf dgcifhtdh( S naia gd

dpdrcncþh `f `cnmas chsfntas nachnc`f iunmds vfnfs nah gd

) prfsfhncd `f gds marickds' sf nrff naiuhifhtf quf fstds

fhkfh`rdh ä dqufggas2 ids' ±nuäg fs gd ndusd `f quf gaspugkahfs pfrfzndh gufka quf sf md cipf`cà fg dnnfsa `f

gds marickds dg sctca fh quf gas icsias sf mdggdh1 ±sfrä

quf gas fxnfscvas lukas' quf sf dnuiugdh fh fg doàifh `f

gas pugkahfs par su vardnc`d` fxtrfid' ha pu`cfh`þ sfr

nmupdàs par gds marickds' `ftfrichfh su prþxcid iufr

tf 1 Fsta fs ga ids praodogf( Ga ncfrta fs quf fstas chhuif

rdogfs chsfntas' quã aosfrvdias fh gds suic`d`fs y pdrtfsids tcfrhds `f gd vc` y `f gas äroagfs erutdgfs' iufrfh ä

gas panas `cds' y ä vfnfs ä gds vfchtf y nudtra mards `f md

ofrsf prcvdà quf gds marickds `fg sufga suodh ä gas rfef

rcàs vflftdgfs( Fefntcvdifhtf< dpgcqüfsf pagva `f ndg þ `f

nfhczd sfnd `f gfléd fh gd ncrnuhefrfhncd y dg pcã `fg tdgga `f

gd nfpd þ `fg äroag chvd`cà par dqufggd pgdkd ' y dg ia

ifhta fipcfzdh ä ndfr fh tcfrrd gds marickds quf odldh `f



‐ 44= ‐

gds rdias supfrcarfs `fg vflftdg' icfhtrds quf gds atrds quf

`fs`f fg sufga prftfh`fh suocr dg icsia ha puf`fh vfrcec

ndrga parquf sf `fsgczdh' ndyfhà tdiocãh gds quf sf dtrf

vfh ä praodrga( Gd iufrtf `f taàs gas pugkahfs fs fg rf

sugtdà chedgcogf ã chif`cdta `f gd dpgcndncþh `f fstf rfif

`ca(

Fg äroag þ gd vc`' gcorf yd `f gd fhefrif`d` ' fipcfzd

gufka `fspuãs ä pfr`fr su dspfnta trcstf' vufgvf ä nrfnfr'

oratd `f hufva fh éa`ds sus ncids' y rfnaord duhquf gfh

tdifhtf su prcictcvd gazdhéd( ^c sf nartdh `fs`f uh prch

ncpca gas prakrfsas `fg idg' naiodtcãhàga nah fg if`ca

fxprfsdà' mdy quf fspfrdr fh fg vflftdg uhd oufhd eruntc

ecndncþh' pfra sc sf mdnf gd apfrdncþh `fidscdà tdr`f' gd

pãr`c`d `fg eruta fs chfvctdogf( Fstas sah gas mfnmas quf nah

sdtcsednncþh mfias vcsta nahecridàs ä gd vfz fh `cstchtds(

nfpds y äroagfs erutdgfs fsqucsctas dtdndàs par gd fhefrif`d` quf has anupd' mfnmas quf' sfkuras `f su ãxcta efgcz'

saiftfias ä gd naipraodncþh `f hufstras dkrcnugtarfs(

Mähsf fipgfdà y fipgãdhsf ta`dvéd iunmas if cas pdrd

dhcqucgdr gas ch`cndàs pugkahfs' pfra hchkuha dvfhtdld fh

prahtctu`' sfkurc`d` y fnahaiéd dg quã' eruta `f hufstrds

aosfrvdncahfs' `fldias fxpufsta pgfhdifhtf nahvfhncàs

`f su chedgcocgc`d`(D gd edicgcd `f gas Zugkahfs `f quf has anupdias pfrtf

hfnf gd fspfncf `fg chsfnta Dpmcs Zmyggaxfrd' quf `f

tfrichd gd hufvd y tfrrcogf fhefrif`d` `f gd vcôd' quf dn

tudgifhtf ggdid gd dtfhncþh `f gas sdocas' `f gas fhtaia

gakcstds y `f gas dkrcnugtarfs `fg vfncha cipfrca( û prcif

rd dpdrcncþh euã fh Idya `fg dôa ügtcia' fh fg tãricha `f

gd Ndeeartf' `cstrcta `f Hdroahd' `fs`f àh`f pdsþ ä `cef)



‐ 443 ‐

rfhtfs puhtas `f gas `fpdrtdifhtas `fg Cgfrdugt y `f Kdr`'

Udungusf' gd Zravfhnf' y `fg Gdhkufàn' fh nuyas v c ôfàs sf md nfodà nahsc`frdogfifhtf fh fg prfsfhtf

dega( Fg idg fs krdvéscia' parquf ha saga `fstruyf(gd na

sfnmd `fg vcha' sc quf tdiocãh gd vc`d `f gd nfpd2 su

arélfh fstä fh gds rdénfs `f gd v c`' quf rfnarrf gfhtd

ifhtf fg chsfnta' `ftfhcãhàsf fh gds krcftds `f gd nartfzd y

fh sus fxtrfic`d`fs ecgcearifs' ousndhà fh fg tflcà ids

egala gds nfg`cggds ggfhds `f luka' `fg nudg sf dgcifhtd fh fstdà `f gdrvd( S naia gas rfefrcàs fxtrfias rd`cnugdrfs

nahstctuyfh gd vc`d prchncpdg `f gd pgdhtd' sf nahncofh eäncg

ifhtf gas fstrdkas `f gd hufvd fhefrif`d`' quf difhdzd

nah gd `fstrunncþh tatdg `f gds vcôds fh quf sf `fsdrraggd(

D nahsfnufhncd `f gd pand dosarncþh `f gds sustdhncds

hutrctcvds `f gd tcfrrd ' fipcfzdh ä dpdrfnfr fh fg ifs `f

Idya' þ `f Dorcg' dgkuhds idhnmds fh gd ndrd pastfrcar `fgds malds ids odlds `f gd vc` ' quf gufka sf nahtrdfh' sf

sfndh y sf ndfh' nuh cfhà fg `dôa ä gas rdncias y ä gas

rdias `f gd pgdhtd' quf sunuiof sch tdr`dhzd' parquf fg

iavcicfhta `f su vfkftdncþh sf suspfh`f orusndifhtf par

gd edgtd naipgftd `f dgcifhta dosarvcà y dscicgdà(

Fg Dec`ca ch`cndà `fspgcfkd ids tdr`f sus dgds fgfkdh

tfs' y sf dodhàhd ä gds narrcfhtfs `f dcrf' pdrd `fldrsfndfr saorf gas vfkftdgfs' þ pdrtfs suyds ids tcfrhds y sd

orasds( Fstas sah gas `dtas prchncpdgfs quf fg sdoca Ir(

Zgdhnmþh dndod `f naiuhcndr ä gd Dnd`ficd `f ncfhncds

`f Iahtpfggfr' dnahsfldhà naia if ca prfvfhtcva `f gd

fhefrif`d` fg fipgfa `f gd orfd `f gd uggd' nah gd nudg

`fof fiodùrhdrsf ncrnugdrifhtf fg pcã `fg tdgga `f gd

nfpd( Ha ù`dias `f gd fecndncd `fg rfif`ca prapufsta par



‐ 4?: ‐

dqufg `ckhéscia Zraefsar' ta`d vfz quf apchdias euh`d`d

ifhtf quf gd prapdkdncþh `fg idg sf fefntüd ch`crfntdifh

tf par fg dcrf' y `crfntdifhtf par fg icsia trahna `f gd vc`(

Gds prcifrds gdrvds' quf hdnfh `f gas mufvas `fpasctdàs

fh gas vfkftdgfs par gds mfiords `fg dôa dhtfrcar' sf `crc)

lfh par fg tdgga mdncd gds rdcnfs `fg icsia' àh`f pdsdh fg

prcifr pfréaà `f su fxcstfhncd' `fvardhà gas lukas `fs

tchdàs ä gd hutrcncþh `f gds vc`fs' y gufka `f tfrichd`d

su aord `fstruntard y tfrrcogf' sdgfh dg fxtfrcar `f gd tcfrrd

par fg prapca nahùnta' parquf hfnfsctdh gd chegufhncd `fg

dcrf y `fg ndgar sagdr pdrd nahvfrtcrsf fh chsfntas pfrefntas'

fh nuya fstdà sf rfpraùnfh dg chechcta ä tfhar `f su fx

nfscvd efnuh`c`d`' y docfrtds sus dgds' sf dodhàhdh dg

vcfhta pdrd ndfr saorf gds `cefrfhtfs pgdhtds' y nmupdr sus

lukas mdstd fg ech `f gd oufhd fstdncþh2 fhtahnfs hdnfh gas

idnmas' y `fspuãs `f gd nþpugd' gds mfiords pdrd dsfku

rdr su pragf) nagandh gas mufvas fh gds mfh`cùrds `f gds

nfpds y `f atras vfkftdgfs pdrd `fsdrraggdrsf fh gd prcid

vfrd sckucfhtf(

Fspfrdhà quf ugtfrcarfs fstu`cas y fxpfrcifhtas cipar

tdhtfs vfh`räh nudhta dhtfs ä nahecridr hufstrd ch`cnd`d

y dntudg apchcah ' -@cncfiorf `f 4=5=# cgusträhàhas fh gas

if`cas ids fecndnfs pdrd prfvfhcr þ fstfrichdr `cnmdpgdkd' has nrffias fhtrftdhta fh fg `fofr `f `dr ä gas na

sfnmfras y prapcftdrcas vcténagds `fg rfcha gd vfr`d`frd

sfôdg `f dgfrtd' quf tdg vfz sfd gd prcifrd quf mdorä ggf

kdà ä su hatcncd' quf`dhà ha ifhas aogckdàs ä naiu

hcndr dg pdés taàs gas `ftdggfs quf saorf gd fhefrif`d` fh

nufstcþh pa`dias d`qucrcr fh ga sunfscva(

@fskrdncd`difhtf gd pgdkd vd kdhdhà tfrrfha fhtrf gas



‐ 4?4 ‐

vcôfàs `f Erdhncd' y sf has dnfrnd2 `fofias prfpdrdr

has y fstdr `cspufstas pdrd odtcrgd fh su arélfh þ fvctdr fg

cipahfhtf nahtdlca(Fipfra par eartuhd has vcfhf `f iaifhta uh gfhctcva'

quf pa`rä ictckdr uh tdhta gd chqucftu` y zazaord kfhfrdg

`f gas vctcnugtarfs( Ir( Oaurscfr dndod `f chvfhtdr uh chs

truifhta sfhncgga y ä prapþscta pdrd `fsnuorcr gd prfsfhncd

`f( fsd chechc`d` `f chsfntas þ sfrfs icnrasnþpcnas quf'

naia fg Äec`ca `f quf trdtdias' fstäh iuy fspdrncàs fh

gd hdturdgfzd' y quf tdh saga `fldh nahanfrsf par gaskrdh`fs pfrlucncas quf ndusdh ä `cefrfhtfs äroagfs y

pgdhtds' `fstruyfhà su vfkftdncþh y sus erutas( @cnoa

chstruifhta' ggdidà Egarcasnapa' gcd scà fxdichdà y

rfnaifh`dà ä gas dkrcnugtarfs erdhnfsfs par fg Fxia( ^r(

Ichcstra `f Chstrunncþh püogcnd' y par vdrcds narpardnca

hfs ncfhtéecnds( û fipgfa eäncg y nþiaà' uhcà ä su iþ

`cna vdgar' ga mdnfh iuy dprfncdogf pdrd gas dkrcnugtarfsfh kfhfrdg' y fspfncdgifhtf pdrd gas nasfnmfras y prapcf

tdrcas vcténagds( Ir( Oaurscfr md sc a yd prficdà par su

chvfhncþh nah `cstchtds if`dggds y ifhncahfs maharéecnds(

Ügtcidifhtf Ir( Ocpfrt dsfkurd quf gd fhefrif`d` fh

nufstcþh md scà pfrefntdifhtf naiodtc`d' `fsndgzdhà gds

nfpds dtdnd`ds' fhndgähàgds eufrtfifhtf y doahähàgds

`f vfz fh nudhà(04( Ifgagahtmd( Kãhfra `f gd edicgcd `f gas Gdifgcnþr)

hcas' ar`fh Nagfþptfras pfhtdifras( Udrcds sah gds fspfncfs

`f chsfntas' naiprfh`c`ds fh fstf kãhfra quf dtdndh ä gd

vc` ndusähàgf `dôas `f nahsc`frdncþh( Gds prchncpdgfs sah

gas Doflarras' Ifgagahtmd vugkdrcs y Ifgagahtmd vcggasd'

nuyds gdrvds sah aogahkds' if ca ncgch`rcnds' fhnarvd`ds

4;



‐ 4?? ‐

par `fodla y `f nagar ogdhna didrcgga' nah sfcs pdtds as

nurds2 vcvfh fh tcfrrd y sf hutrfh `f sustdhncds vflftdgfs

y fspfncdgifhtf `f gds rdénfs `f gds pgdhtds nuyd iufrtf

praùnfh( Fstds gdrvds sf nahanfh nah fg haiorf `f Kusd

has ü Arukds ogdhnds' y tdr`dh trfs þ nudtra dôas fh fx

pfrcifhtdr su naipgftd trdhsearidncþh fh chsfntas pfrefn

tas( Fh fstf fstdà sufgfh tfhfr uhd pugkd`d `f gahkctu`'

su nufrpa rfvfstcà `f uhd fspfncf `f oarrd' prfsfhtd uh

nagar vfr`f ralcza' ä fxnfpncþh `f su ndofzd y pdtds quf

sah dgka asnurds2 fipcfzdh ä idhcefstdrsf fh fg ifs `f

Luhca' y ä vfnfs fh Idya' gd idyar pdrtf `fg `cd fstäh

chiþvcgfs saorf gds malds `f gas vflftdgfs `f quf sf dgcifh

tdh ' y dg ndfr gd tdr`f fnmdh ä vagdr' gdhzähàsf par gas

dcrfs mdstd fhnahtrdr atras äroagfs þ pgdhtds àh`f puf`dh

dgcifhtdrsf y fefntudr su rfpraùnncþh2 su vufga fs räpc

à' rucàsa y sch `crfnncþh ' `f sufrtf quf nmandh nahtrd

taà ga quf fhnufhtrdh ä su pdsa( Dpfsdr `f quf gas Ifga)

gahtmds vcvfh pana tcfipa' ha `fldh `f ndusdr iunmas fs

trdkas ä gas vfkftdgfs saorf quf rfpasdh ' pufs naia su

hüifra fs chechcta y krdh`f su vardnc`d` ' sah ndpdnfs `f

nahsuicr fh pands mards ta`ds gds malds `f uhd vcôd(

Fh dtfhncþh ä quf `cnmas chsfntas sufgfh `fsndhsdr `f

`cd saorf gas äroagfs' fs prfncsa pfrsfkucrgas fhtahnfs ypranurdr su `fstrunncþh' qufidhà odla gds rdids `f gas

vflftdgfs fh quf sf mdggdh' pdld ' gfôd rfschasd' þ pgdhtds

draiätcnds' nuya muia saeandhà ä gas chsfntas gfs aogckd

ä `fldrsf ndfr dg sufga' iäxcif sc sf sdnu`fh uh tdhta gds

rdids `f gas äroagfs2 fh sfkuc`d sf gas diahtahd y sf dr

raldh dg eufka( Dgkuhas' gufka quf mdh nalcà ä gas Ifga)

gahtmds sf gcictdh ä pcsdrgas eufrtfifhtf nahtrd gd tcfrrd'



‐ 4?> ‐

ids ndgnugdh iuy idg gas quf nrffh fstfrichdr `f fstf

iaà ä dqufggas chsfntas ' pufs quf sc ocfh fs vfr`d` quffstas iufrfh fh su tatdgc`d` ' quf`dh ha aostdhtf `fhtra

gd tcfrrd gas mufvas `f gds mfiords efnuh`d`ds quf rfpra

ùncräh ä su `focà tcfipa uhd hufvd kfhfrdncþh `f gdrvds(

Atrds vfnfs' dg mdnfr gds gdoarfs ä gd vcôd' sf fhnufh

trdh gds ch`cnd`ds Arukds ogdhnds dg pcã `f gd vc` 2 fhtah)

nfs fg if`ca iflar pdrd `fstrucrgds nahscstf fh nahstrucr

uh maya dgka praeuhà dg rf`fàr `f gds nfpds chvd`c`dspar gas kusdhas' y fnmdr fh fg icsia uhd ndpd `f ndg rf

ncfhtfifhtf mc`rdtd`d þ `f nfhczds' nuorcãhàga gufka nah

tcfrrd( Fstas ägndgcs' dg pdsa quf scrvfh `f fxnfgfhtf doaha

pdrd gds vc`fs ' praùnfh gd iufrtf `f gds Arukds(

0?( ôchquctas( Dg ar`fh `f gas Nagfþptfras tfträifras'

' edicgcd Nurnugcahctas' pfrtfhfnfh vdrcas chsfntas quf dsé fh

fg fstdà `f gdrvd naia fh fg pfrefnta rafh gds malds yerutas `f gd vc`( Gd fspfncf _myhnmctfs odnnus fs uh fsnd

rdodla iuy pfqufôa' nuyd ndofzd tfrichd fh earid `f

mancna `f nagar iardà' icfhtrds quf ga rfstdhtf `fg nufr

pa fs didrcgga gustrasa( û gdrvd fs uh kusdhcta iuy

ogdhà nah ndofzd fsndiasd' y `fspravcsta `f pdtds þ nah

idifgahfs nartas f h( su gukdr( Fstf chsfnta drraggd gds

malds `f gds nfpds quf `fstruyf ä su sdoar fh gas dôas edvardogfs ä su rfpraùnncþh 2 y sf gf `d ndzd fh sus às rf

efrcàs fstdàs' eratdhà gas sdricfhtas y päipdhas `f gd

vc` nah gcfhzas' pcsdhà gufka gds gdrvds quf sf ndfh dg

sufga' y qufidhà gas chsfntas pfrefntas' ä ech `f fvctdr

quf gas mufvas `f gds mfiords sf quf`fh fhtfrrdàs y `fh

gukdr ids tdr`f ä atrds kfhfrdncahfs `f _chqucgas( ^c fstd

pgdkd fs dpfrncoc`d `fs`f uh prchncpca par fg vctcnugtar'



‐ 4?0 ‐

fstf pa`rä nartdrgd iuy eäncgifhtf' drrdhndhà tdh saga

gds malds dodrqucggd`ds par gas kusdhctas y qufiähàgds

chif`cdtdifhtf(0>( Ac`cui tunmfrc( Nudhà fh 4=5> puogcndias hufs

trd Ifiarcd saorf gd oahcecndncþh `f gas vchas ndtdgdhfs' `c

lcias fh fg dpãh`cnf `f `cnma fsnrcta ga sckucfhtf<

«Dg fsnrcocr gd prfnf`fhtf Ifiarcd' has mdoédias anu

pdà `f mdnfr dgkuhas fhsdyas dg aolfta `f fvctdr gd dpd

rcncþh `fg ac`cui fh `cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f vc`fs `cfzid

`ds dôas mdnéd par fstf tfrrcogf dzatf2 fhsdyas quf pastf

rcarifhtf mfias cà nahtchudhà mdncãhàgas fxtfhscvas

saorf uhd iugtctu` `f nfpds dtdnd`ds yd `f `cnmd fhefr

if`d`( Gas rfsugtdàs aotfhcàs nah hufstra pranf`cicfh

ta' fg ids fxpf`cta y fnahþicna' mdh narrfspah`cà apar

tuhdifhtf ä hufstrds fspfrdhzds( Zar fstd rdzþh mfias

nrãcà `f suid utcgc`d` ä gas nasfnmfras taàs y dg pdés fh

kfhfrdg gd puogcndncþh `f hufstrds aosfrvdncahfs ä ech `f

quf' iugtcpgcnähàsf fh idyar fsndgd' vdyd taidhà nrã

`cta fg pranf`cicfhta quf dnahsfldias y sf `fstruyd `f uhd

vfz fsf nrufg fhficka quf fstä nfoähàsf fh gd egar `f hufs

tras vcôfàs ' sfndhà uhd `f gds eufhtfs prchncpdgfs `f gd

rcqufzd püogcnd `f fstf Zrchncpdà( (

^c ocfh fs chhfkdogf quf fg dzuerdicfhta fs fg iãtaà

quf md praùncà mdstd dmard gas ids ofhfecncasas fefntas

nahtrd fg `fsdrragga `fg ac`cui' ha aostdhtf gd ndhtc`d` `f

dzuerf quf fs hfnfsdrca fipgfdr fh gds trfs `cefrfhtfs apf

rdncahfs -þ ids sc fg tcfipa ha fs edvardogf# ha `fld `f

andscahdr kdstas `f dgkuhd nahsc`frdncþh ä gas nasfnmfras'

ä ids `f quf gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs prfsfhtdh uh agar y sd

oar `fsdkrd`dogfs prapcas `fg kds äncà sugeurasa quf nah

tcfhfh(



‐ 4?6 ‐

Fg mc`rdta `f þxcà `f ndgnca' þ sfd gd ndg rfncfhtfifhtf

mc`rdtd`d' supgf nah vfhtdld dg dzuerf pdrd fvctdr y naiodtcr gd fhefrif`d` `f gds vcôds< 4(/' parquf scfhà sus

fefntas ckudgifhtf sfkuras' su vdgar chtréhsfna fs chnai

pdrdogfifhtf ifhar quf fg `fg dzuerf2 ?(º' parquf ha na

iuhcnd rfsdoca dgkuha ä gas praùntas rfsugtdhtfs(

Fg fstdà `f `cvcscah suid ä quf eäncgifhtf sf rfùnf fg

þxcà `f ndgnca dg nahvfrtcrsf fh mc`rdta' y gd ndustcnc`d`

prapcd `f fstd sustdhncd fxpgcndh' ä hufstra fhtfh`fr' gasräpcàs y dìcrdogfs fefntas quf nahstdhtfifhtf md praù

ncà dg dpgcndrgd ä gds `cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f vc`fs( ^c

rfnar`dias quf fs `f aosfrvdncþh chnahtfstdogf fg quf gds

nfpds sctud`ds ä gds arcggds `f ndrrftfrds y ndichas rfdgfs

sf mdggdh kfhfrdgifhtf gcorfs `fg ac`cui' prfsfhtdhà fh

ta`ds sus pdrtfs uhd vflftdncah gazdhd' y quf fh uhd icsid

vcôd iunmds `f fggds y `f vdrcf`d`fs ckudgfs ä gds prcifrds' pfra sctud`dsä idyar `cstdhncd' sfvfh dtdnd`ds `f gd

fhefrif`d`' ha pa`rfias ifhas `f rfnahanfr quf fg pagva

sutcg ã ciprfkhdà par ga naiüh `f fidhdncahfs dgndgchds

þ diahcdndgfs quf fh dqufggas sctcas sf gfvdhtd fs fg dkfhtf

prfsfrvdàr quf' `fpasctähàsf nah dgkuhd erfnufhncd sa

orf gds nfpds nfrndhds' cipc`f fg `fsdrragga `f dqufg dzatf(

Fstds rfpftc`ds aosfrvdncahfs has edncgctdrah gd c`fd `f ousndr pdrd hufstras fhsdyas uhd sustdhncd `f hdturdgfzd dg

ndgchd quf ä uhd fxnfscvd odrdturd rfuhcfsf gd prapcf`d`

`f pa`frsf rfùncr nah edncgc`d` dg fstdà `f pagva cipdg

pdogf( Fstd àogf vfhtdld gd fhnahtrdias fh fg mc`rdta `f

þxcà `f ndgnca rfncfhtfifhtf prfpdrdà( Zdrd aotfhfr fstf

praùnta odstd taidr ndg vcvd naiüh ga ids purd pasc

ogf' sf pahf fh uh odrrfôa' sf ranéd nah dkud þ ocfh sf



‐ 4?5 ‐

suifrkf dhtfs fh fstf géqucà' sdnähàgd gufka `f nfsdr gd

fefrvfsnfhncd2 fg dkud fs dosarvc`d nah rdpc`fz par fg þxc

à ndgncna' y ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f gd icsid fh fg dnta `f nai

ochärsfgf pcfr`f uhd parncþh `f ndgþrcna pdrd sagc`cecndrsf2

fstf ndgþrcna fs fg quf vagdtcgczd atrd pdrtf `fg dkud dosar

oc`d' gd nudg dorcãhàsf pdsa par fhtrf gds pdrténugds `f

gd ndg' gd mchnmd y gd rfùnf ä uh pagva ogdhna iuy echa

`f mc`rdta `f ndg( Zufs ocfh2 fh uh tcfipa sfrfha vdydsf

fspdrncfhà fstf pagva saorf gas rdncias `f gds vc`fs md)

octudgifhtf fhefrids gufka `f mdofr nfsdà su chegarfs

nfhncd' `f iaà quf fg pagvcgga quf quf`d pfrefntdifhtf

d`mfrcà dgndhnf ä taàs gas krdhas2 rfpétdsf fstd apfrd

ncþh dg ndoa `f uh ifs ä nartd `cefrfhncd' y prdntéqufsf

par tfrnfrd vfz dg fipfzdr gas prcifras ndgarfs `f vfrdha(

Fstds trfs apfrdncahfs sah kfhfrdgifhtf suecncfhtfs pdrd

quf gds uvds taifh su idyar chnrfifhta y oufhd sdzþhnah ta`d hdturdgc`d`(

Pdiocãh fs `ckha `f hatdrsf quf fh iunmas `f gas rdnc

ias quf sulftdias tdh saga ä gd aosfrvdncþh `fs`f uh prch

ncpca' fh dqufggas pdrdlfs ifhas mah`difhtf chvd`càs par

fg ac`cui' ha dpdrfncþ ãstf astfhscogfifhtf scha fh fg ifs

`f lugca' ãpand fh quf gas ndgarfs sf `fsdrraggdh nah ids

eufrzd2 fh fstas ndsas' quf ha `fldh `f sfr iuy erfnufhtfs par `fskrdncd' dnu`cias prahta ä ndgnfdr gds uvds dtd

nd`ds ' ä ech f nartdr fh su arckfh gd idrnmd `fstruntard

`ãgd fhefrif`d`' odstdhà uhd sagd apfrdncþh fh dgkuhds

nfpds' icfhtrds quf fh atrds euã prfncsa rfpftcrgd uh pana

dhtfs quf gds uvds fipfzdrdh ä taidr nagar( D ech `f fvc

tdr gd naioustcah ä quf sf mdggd tdh fxpufstd gd uvd fh

fstf ifs' fs ch`cspfhsdogf prdntcndr iuy nuc`dàsdifhtf



‐ 4?; ‐

fstds apfrdncahfs fh gds prcifrds mards `f gd idôdhd þ fh

gds ügtcids f gd tdr`f( Dqué ta`d rfiard þ tdr`dhzd parpdrtf `fg vctcnugtar hfkgckfhtf eufrd dgtdifhtf gdifhtdogf'

parquf ha mdrcd ids quf edvarfnfr dg `fsdrragga `f dquf

ggd pgdkd' ã cipascocgctdr gas oufhas fefntas `fg pranf`c

icfhta quf dnahsfldias' pufsta quf fg ndgar' quf fipcfzd

ä sfr fxtrdar`chdrca' nahtrcouyf pa`frasdifhtf ä quf fg

ac`cui d`fgdhtf nah rdpc`fz su aord `f `fstrunncþh fh gds

uvds mdstd fhtahnfs sdhds y gcorfs `f ãg' `fsarkdhczdhàsu vflftdncah ugtfrcar( @f nahsckucfhtf ggdidias fh fstd

pdrtf gd dtfhncþh `f gas nasfnmfras ä ech `f quf' par if`ca

`f uhd vckcgdhncd fxqucsctd saorf fg fstdà `f sus vcôfàs'

dpravfnmfh ld andscþh prapcncd ' dpgcndhà fg mc`rdta `f

ndg chif`cdtdifhtf quf dsaif fh gas rdncias gd fhefrif

`d`' y rfpctcfhà fstd apfrdncþh fh gas ndsas hfnfsdrcas(

Gd iflar ndgc`d` `f sus vchas' naia tdiocãh Ld ndhtc`d`'naipfhsdräh `f saord sus fsifrdàs nfga y trdodla(

Echdgifhtf' atrd `f gds vfhtdlds `f hufstra pranf`c

icfhta' sfküh mfias ch`cndà' fs gd f quf gas vchas a o

tfhc as dcsgd`difhtf nah gds uvds ndgnfd`ds ùrdhtf su

idùrfz ha mdh prfsfhtdà fh fg dhägcscs vfstckca dgkuha

`f ndg fh `csaguncþh ' dg pdsa quf fg dzuerdicfhta tcfhf fg

krdvf chnahvfhcfhtf `f naiuhcndr ä cas praùntas rfsugtdhtfs fg agar y sdoar prapcas f kds äncà sugeurasa' pdrd

nuyd fgcichdncþh sah prfncsas vdrcas trdscfkas fh fg vcha'

þ ocfh sf md dnahsfldà trdtdrgf nah pfqufôds parncahfs `f

ndg( Zfra hatdias tdiocãh quf fstds apfrdncahfs sah ids

ocfh hancvds quf edvardogfs ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` f gas v c

has' parquf fh fg prcifr ndsa `fsdpdrfnf gd tatdgc`d` `fg

äncà ndroþhcna `csufgta' quf fs uh fgfifhta `f nahsfrvd)



‐ 4?= ‐

ncah `fg vcha luhta nah ncfrtas prchncpcas draiätcnas y d g

namþgcnas' y fh fg sfkuhà sf hfutrdgczdh fh pdrtf gas änc

às iägcna y tdrtärcna `fstchdàs ä rfprfsfhtdr uh cipartdhtf pdpfg fh gd earidncþh `flds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds

quf nahstctuyfh fg oauquft(

Fh vcstd pufs `f nudhta dndodias `f idhcefstdr chvc

tdias ä gas nasfnmfras ä quf rfpctdh hufstras fhsdyas fh

sus rfspfntcvas vcôfàs' pufs fg odla prfnca `f gd ndg y gd

edncgc`d` `f su dpgcndncþh fstäh dg dgndhnf `f taàs( Fstf

sfrä atra `f gas if`cas quf ch`crfntdifhtf edvarfnfrä gdoufhd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas' `fstruyãhàsf gd vcncasd

nastuiorf quf tcfhfh iunmas vctcnugtarfs `f ifzngdr' dg

tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd' gas rdncias sdhas y idùras nah

gas rdncias fhefrias(²

Ä ga dhtfrcarifhtf idhcefstdà saga has rfstd dôd`cr

dmard' quf fh fstas ügtcias dôas mfias vcsta nahecrid

`d `f hufva gf fecndncd `fg ndgnfdà `f gds uvds pdrd fvctdr

y naiodtcr fg `fsdrragga `fg ac`cui' mdocfhà mfnma tdi

ocãh gds trfs dspfrscahfs `f gd ndg mc`rdtd`d fh gds icsids

ãpands y par fg icsia fstcga quf pdrd fg dzuerdà' sch quf

gas rfsugtdàs aotfhcàs mdydh `fldà hd`d quf `fsfdr(

Zuf`f `fncrsf quf `cnmd pgdkd md fspcrdà yd fh Fspdôd'

ifrnf` ä gd idhnaiuhc`d` `f fseufrzas quf' sc ocfh dsdz

tdr`éas' mdh mfnma taàs gas nasfnmfras pdrd `fstrucrga(

Fsta has `cnf quf dg dsaidr fh gas pgdhtéas dgkuhd `f gds

rfefrc`ds fhefrif`d`fs fpc`ãicnds' ü atrd dhägakd' fs prf

ncsa pahfr fh präntcnd gas if`cas `f su fstfrichca ids

nahvfhcfhtfs nah gd idyar dntcvc`d` pascogf' y `f uh iaà

uhähcif þ kfhfrdg fhtrf gas vctcnugtarfs `fg `cstrcta chvd`c

à par fg dzatf' ä ech `f quf fstf ha puf`d `fsdrraggdr sus

fstrdkas(



‐ 4?3

¡ Tuf @cas ha pfrictd gd kfhfrdgczdncþh `fg hufva nþgf

rd `f gd vcôd' fg ids tfrrcogf f taàs' `f quf dhtfs has

mfias anupdà' y quf md sfhtdà yd sus euhfstas rfdgfsfh dgkuhas `fpdrtdifhtas vchénagds `f Erdhncd$

Fg iãtaà `f nugtcva `f gd vc`' quf `fldias fxpufsta'

fs fg nahancà may `éd par fg ids fnahþicna y edvardogf ä

gd iflar eruntcecndncþh y gahkfvc`d` `f gd vcôd2 ãg `cspfh

sd `f dtdùrds y `f ra`rckahfs ä gd nfpd dùgtd' y fg d r

ousta `cvcha' uhd vfz earidà' nrfnf frkucà y fspdncasa'

astfhtdhà fh su fgfkdhtf y sþgc`d droarczdncah rcnas ymfriasas erutas quf' odôdàs `f dcrf y âg mdstd fg ÷h `f

su idùrfz' suichcstrdh fxnfgfhtfs vchas(

Vhd vfkftdncþh gazdhd y vckarasd' pfra nahtfhc`d fh

sus nahvfhcfhtfs géictfs' y uhd nasfnmd dhudg douh`dhtf'

sch ifhasndoa `f gd ùrdncþh `f gds nfpds' hc f gd oah

`d` `fg vcha' y sch fstcpfh cas fxtrdar`chdrcas' t d g ã s ' y

md `f sfr' fg ogdhna `f gds apfrdncahfs `fg fhtfh`cà nasfnmfra' y vf` dqué' prapcftdrcas y nagahas' fg ids drùa

fx)praogfid `f gd vctcnugturd' fh nuyd rfsaguncþh mdh ta

idà kgarcasd pdrtf gas maiorfs ids rfspftdogfs `fg iuh

à vcténagd(

4=



^cgI

F H A G A K É D Þ U C H C E C N D N C Þ H (

N D Z É P V G A C(

Agdsgé cndacah `f gas vchas(

00( Dhtckudifhtf fg vcha frd usdà tdh saga naia if

`cndifhta2 may `cd fs uhd `f gds pf`c`ds ids ütcgfs y sd

gu`dogfs quf usd fg maiorf( Gas vchas hufvas sah iunma

ids hutrctcvas quf gas vchas dôflas' fh rdzþh `f quf fstas

sf mdh `fspaldà nah fg tcfipa `f taàs gas prchncpcas dzad

às' iuncgdkchasas' y `f gd idtfrcd nagardhtf rald' nahtf

hcfhà prchncpdgifhtf fg dgnamag y gas ãtfrfs ä gas nudgfs

`fofh sus vcrtu`fs tþhcnds y fstciugdhtfs(

^cfhà tdhtas gas dnnc`fhtfs hdturdgfs þ mclas `fg drtf

quf' sfküh mfias ch`cndà' ia cecndh gas praùntas `f gd

vc`' sf nahncofh eäncgifhtf gds ndgc`d`fs tdh `cstchtds quf

prfsfhtdh gas vchas naipdrdàs uhas nah atras( Fstds `cef)



‐ 4>? ‐

rfh`ds pfrictfh quf pa`dias mdnfr gd `cvcscah `f gas vc

has fh gds sckucfhtfs ngdsfs< vchas dnéùgas' äncàs þ vfr`fs'dkrcas' äspfras' sfnas' gcnarasas þ ùgnfs' rdhncas' kfhfrasas

fspfncdgfs' fspuiasas' cictdàs y oahcecndàs( Pdiocãh sf

`cstchkufh gas vchas' sfküh fg usa ä quf sf `fstchdh' fh na

iuhfs þ `f taà pdsta' y fh supfrcarfs þ `f saorf ifsd(

Fg nagar `f gas vchas vdréd `fs f fg ogdhna naia fg `fg

vcha `f Nmdipdôd' mdstd fg rala)asnura chtfhsa naia fg

`fg Pchtcggd `f Oatd y fg `fg Pchta drdkahãs(Mfnmds fstds ch`cndncahfs' cipartd dmard `dr ä nahanfr

ä gas vctcnugtarfs gd hdturdgfzd `f nd`d uhd `f `cnmds ngdnfs

`f vchas(

06( Ggäidhsf vchas dnéùgas' dqufggas vchas nuya sd

oar gckfrdifhtf änc a fs `focà ä nartds ndhtc`d`fs `f gas

äncàs iägcna y tdrtärcna gcorfs( Pdgfs sah gas vchas `f Our

`fas' gas quf sf nasfnmdh fh fg atra gdà `fg _ch' y kfhfrdgifhtf taàs gas vchas pranf`fhtfs `f pdésfs nuyd tfipf

rdturd if`cd ha fs iuy dgtd(

05( Uchas äncàs þ vfr`fs( Fstas sah gas vchas quf

nahtcfhfh uh fxnfsa `f gas rfefrcàs äncàs iägcna y tdrtä

rcna gcorfs' gas nudgfs ha mdh pa`c a sdndrcecndrsf `foc`d

ifhtf( Vh ataôa ercþ þ gguvcasa' hhd sctudncþh `f gds nfpds

fh pdrdkfs müifàs þ saioréas' þ uhd rfnagfnncþh prfidturd `f gds uvds sah gds ndusds `f gd dnc`fz `f fstas vchas

ar`chdrcdifhtf pana dprfncdàs( Fg usa nahtchudà `f gas

icsias puf`f sfr pfrlu`cncdg ä gd sdgu`' fh rdzþh `f quf

gas äncàs ec las' `f quf fggas douh`dh' `focgctdh iunma fg

fstþidka y gds eufrzds vctdgfs2 sch fiodrka fstas vchas

puf`fh iflardr `f nah`cncþh y mdnfrsf patdogfs par gas

if`cas quéicnas quf ch`cndrfias ids d`fgdhtf(



‐ 4>> ‐

0;( Uchas dkrcas( âh gas vchas quf' rfsugtdhtfs `f

uhd vcncasd edorcndncþh þ `f uhd idgd rfpascncþh' nahtcfhfh ndhtc`d`fs ids þ ifhas sfhscogfs `f äncà dnãtcna(

@fstéôdhsf par ga naiüh ä gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas(dkudr

`cfhtfs y dgnamagfs `f odla prfnca( Gd dnc`fz `f fstas vchas'

scfhà chncpcfhtf' puf`f narrfkcrsf eäncgifhtf fnmdhà

idha `fg pranf`cicfhta quf ch`cndrfias dg trdtdr `f gds

fhefrif`d`fs `f gas vchas(

0=( Uchas äspfras( âh dqufggas vchas quf' par mdofrefrifhtdà luhta nah fg fsnaodla' nahtcfhfh uhd ndhtc`d`

nahsc`frdogf `f tdhcha quf gfs naiuhcnd uh sdoar fstép

tcna ã chkrdta( âh par ga rfkugdr iuy nagardàs' douh

`dhtfs `f tärtdra y idtfrcd fxtrdntcvd' y fstäh `fstchdàs

kfhfrdgifhtf ä gd fxpartdncþh(

03( Uchas sfnas( Fstas sah gas vchas quf' pranf`fhtfs

`f uvds sdzahd`ds y `f uhd efrifhtdncþh ocfh `crckc`d' hanahtcfhfh dzündr sch `fsnaipahfr( ^ch fiodrka gas vchas

ggdidàs Lfrfz sfna y Iägdkd sfna nahtcfhfh 4 par ncfhta

`f `cnma prchncpca( Ckudg pranf`fhncd tcfhfh gas

6:( Uchas ùgnfs þ gcnarasas( Ndrdntfrczdàs par fg

sdoar ùgnf `focà ä uhd ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr quf md

fsndpdà `f gds efrifhtdncahfs þ quf sf gfs md dôd`cà dr

tcecncdgifhtf(64( Uchas rdhncas þ kfhfrasas( âh gas vchas quf' pra

ùncàs par `cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds' sf `cstchkufh

prchncpdgifhtf par gd saorf douh`dhncd `fg dgnamag y `f

gas ãtfrfs' prfsfhtdhà uhoauquft dkrd`dogf ids þ ifhas

prahuhncdà( Pdgfs sah gas vchas dôflas(

6?( Uchas kfhfrasas fspfncdgfs( âh dqufggas vchas quf'

ä gd douh`dhncd `fg dgnamag y `f gas ãtfrfs' rfühfh gd ncr)



‐ 4>0 ‐

-g# Ggäidhsf ciprapcdifhtf vchas oahcecndàs(

nuhstdhncd `f sfr aotfhcàs nah uvds `ftfrichd`ds quf gfs

cheuh`fh uh draid pdrtcnugdr' prapca `f gd vdrcf`d` `f gd

vc` `f quf pranf`fh( Pdgfs sah' par flfipga' gas vchas na

hancàs nah gas haiorfs `f Iasndtfg `f Iägdkd' Zdgaicha

`f Lfrfz' Zf`ra Lcifhfz' Kdrhdnmd' Idndofa' ftn(

6>( Uchas fspuiasas( Ndrdntfrczdàs par gd nahsc`frd

ogf ndhtc`d` `f äncà ndroþhcna quf tcfhfh `csufgta odla

uhd eufrtf prfscþh quf' dg nfsdr þ `csichucr' `ftfrichd fg

`fsprfh`cicfhta `f iunmds ouroulds `f `cnma kds earidh

à fspuid(

60( Uchas cictdàs( âh dqufggas vchas quf' fgdoard

às nah pranf`cicfhtas fspfncdgfs' prfsfhtdh ndgc`d`fs pd

rfnc`ds ä gds `f atras vchas hdturdgfs quf scrvfh `f tcpa y

sah kfhfrdgifhtf iuy dprfncdàs(

66( Uchas oahcecndàs( Ggäidhsf oahcecndàs gas vchas

nuyds ndgc`d`fs mdh scà iflard`ds `f uhd idhfrd ncfhtéecnd' ard par uhd pfrefnncþh fh su iaà `f edorcndrgas' ard

par gd+d`cncah `f dgkuhds sustdhncds chanfhtfs dhtfs þ `fs

puãs `f efrifhtdr gas iastas( Echdgifhtf' sah

65( Uchas edgscecndàs -4# dqufggas vchas ä gas nudgfs

sf mdh dôd`cà fipércndifhtf vdrcas chkrf`cfhtfs quf'

gflas `f iflardr su ndgc`d`' gas fipfardh mdncãhàgas ä

vfnfs hancvas ä gd sdgu` püogcnd' Pdgfs sah gas vchas saecstcndàs nah fg dkud' dgnamag' yfsa' dguiorf' patdsd' ndg'

nancicfhta `f ndipfnmf' ftn(

Pa`ds gds fxprfsd`ds ngdsfs `f vchas sf mdggdh naiprfh

`c`ds fh uhd ü atrd `f gds às krdh`fs sfnncahfs fh quf



‐ 4>6 ‐

gas vchas puf`fh `cvc`crsf( Fstds sfnncahfs sah < vchas `f

idnfr+dncþh' y vchas ogdhnas(

Ggäidhsf vchas `f idnfrdncah dqufggas vchas quf pranf)

`dhtfs `f uvds ogdhnds þ tchtds' þ `f gd ifzngd `f diods'

sah aotfhcàs par gd efrifhtdncþh ids þ ifhas pragahkd

`d `f sus iastas fh prfsfhncd `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f

gd uvd nah þ sch fg fsnaodla `f gd icsid(

âh vchas ogdhnas gas vchas fgdoardàs par gd efrifhtd

ncþh `f sus iastas sagas' fsta ãs' sch fg nahtdnta `f gds

pfgénugds' `f gds pfpctds y `f gas fsnaodlas `f gds uvds(

@fechc`ds yd ta`ds gds ngdsfs `f vchas' pa`fias fhtrdr

`fs`f gufka fh gd fxpascncþh `fg pranf`cicfhta ids nahear

if ä gas prchncpcas `f gd ncfhncd pdrd gd fgdoardncþh `fg

vcha' y fh gd ch`cndncþh `f gas if`cas quf fs urkfhtf y

earzasa dàptdr' sc qufrfias dsfkurdr fg nrã`cta y gd ouf

hd ndgc`d` `f hufstras ndgàs( Iunmds y iuy `cstchtds sah

gds präntcnds vchéefrds dìctc`ds fh Ndtdguôd' Udgfhncd'

Dh`dgunéd' gd _cald' Drdkþh ' Ndstcggd' gd Idhnmd y fh

atras puhtas `f gd pfhéhsugd( S ha saga nd`d pravchncd'

scha fh nd`d pufoga' puf`f `fncrsf quf gds präntcnds nah

tchüdh vdrcdhà dg chechcta2 taà ga quf has `d uhd prufod

fvc`fhtf `f gd rutchd nah quf aordh kfhfrdgifhtf gas nasf

nmfras dg fgdoardr sus vchas( Ha aostdhtf `f sfr chhuifrdogfs gas iãtaàs sfkucàs fh gd edorcndncþh `f fstas pra

ùntas' fg iãtaà `f vchcecndncþh vfr`d`frdifhtf rdncahdg

y ncfhtéecna ha fs ids quf uha( Fsta has lustcecnd `f pdsa

gd idgd ndgc`d` y fg pana dprfnca `f iunmas vchas `f hufs

tra pdés y ga iunma quf fggas puf`fh vdgfr fg `cd fh quf

sf kfhfrdgcnfh gas nahancicfhtas präntcnas ch`cspfhsdogfs ä

su oufhd fgdoardncþh(



NDZ É P V GA C C (

Fg do ar dn cþ h fgf gas vcha s(

@fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd hfnfsdrcd ä uh oufh iasta( Vhd

`f gds nah cncahfs ids cipartdhtfs pdrd aotfhfr uh oufh

vcha fs gd krdùdncþh kgfunaiãtrcnd `fg iasta fhtrf gas

4? ä 45º' fh nuya ndsa fg nasfnmfra pa`rä fspfrdr yd fh

sus vchas uhd prcifrd ndgc`d`2 pfra nudhà gas iastas hdturdgfs idhcecfstdh uhd `fhsc`d` chefrcar ä gd ch`cnd`d' fh

tahnfs sf gfs `fofrä dôd`cr dzündr ogdhà `f ndôd -prfefrc

ogf dg sfna par nahtfhfr ids prchncpca dzundrdà# fh ndhtc`d`

suecncfhtf pdrd mdnfrgas suocr mdstd fg puhta kgfunaiãtrcna

nahvfhcfhtf( Vh gckfra tdhtfa `f uh pfsa `dà `f iasta y

`f dzündr dôd`cà odstdrä pdrd nahanfr gds ndhtc`d`fs `f

fstd sustdhncd quf `fofräh pahfrsf fh gds nuods efrifhtdhtfs' sdoc`d su ndpdnc`d`( Fg icsia iasta nahnfhtrdà

mdstd gd ictd` `f su vaguifh puf`f sfrvcr tdiocãh pdrd

duifhtdr gd `fhsc`d` `f gas iastas paorfs `f dzündr(

6;( @fsdnc`cecndncþh `f gas iastas( Nudhà uh ataôa

ercþ þ gguvcasa' uhd idgd fxpascncþh `f gds nfpds' ü atrds

ndusds ha pfrictfh dgds uvds dgndhzdr su vfr`d`frd sdzþh'

4:



‐ 4>= ‐

ha par fsta `fofh `fsnahecdr gas nasfnmfras `f aotfhfr uhd

oufhd ndgc`d` `f sus vchas' sc ocfh ha tdh supfrcar naia

fh gas dôas fh quf gds chegufhncds ngcidtagþkcnds y `fiäs

ncrnuhstdhncds gfs mdh scà edvardogfs( Fhtahnfs sfrä prf

ncsa hfutrdgczdr fg fxnfsa `f gas äncàs iägcna y tdrtärcna

`fg iasta par if ca `f gd ndg rfncfhtfifhtf mc`rdtd`d' gd

nudg sf taidrä fh ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf' `fsgfyãhàgd prcif

ra fh uhd nartd parncþh `fg icsia géqucà' ã chnarpardhà

gufka fstf `cguta dg iasta rfstdhtf f gd nuod( Vh sfhncggatdhtfa prdntcndà fh pfqufôa has `drä ä nahanfr gd ndhtc

`d` hfnfsdrcd `f mc`rdta `f ndg pdrd `fsdnc`cecndr fg iasta(

Dg fefnta sf `fsgcã uh pfsa `dà `fg prcifra fh uhd nartd y

`ftfrichd`d parncþh `fg sfkuhà2 y `fspuãs `f gd dkctd

ncþh y ecgtrdncþh nahsckucfhtf `f fstf géqucà' sf chifrkcrä

fh fg icsia fg pdpfg `f tarhdsag quf `fof quf`dr gckfrd

ifhtf fhralfncà( ^c gd ciprfscþh dnc`d `f fstf rfdntcva fs`fidscdà v cvd' sf dôd`crä dg iasta hufvd ndhtc`d` `fg

ägndgc fxprfsdà mdstd ggfkdr dg puhta nahvfhcfhtf( Nahvfr

tcàs yd gd idyar pdrtf `f gas äncàs fh tdrtrdta y idgd)

ta ndgncnas' quf naia chsaguogfs sf prfncpctdh' md `fsdpd

rfncà naipgftdifhtf fg sdoar chkrdta ndrdntfréstcna `f gas

vchas vfr`fs' ha edgtdhà ids quf fxdichdr' par if ca

`fg kgfunþiféra' gd rcqufzd sdndrchd `fg iasta `fsdnc`cecndà pdrd dôd`crgf fg dzündr hfnfsdrca `fg iaà quf ggf

vdias fxprfsdà(

Atrds vfnfs nahvcfhf tfipgdr gd fsnfscvd dnc`fz' þ sfd

fg vfràr `f gas vchas yd fgdoardàs dhtfs `f pdsdr dg nah

suia püogcna( Fh fstas ndsas puf`f fipgfdrsf' d`fiäs `f

gd ndg mc`rdtd`d' fg ndroahdta ndgcza' fg nudg' `fsgféà fh

uhd nartd parncþh f vcha' sf vd dôd`cfhà dg géqucà `f



‐ 4>3 ‐

gas tahfgfs' nuyd dnc`fz `fofias narrfkcr' mdstd tdhta quf

ha rfpraùznd fh fg sfha `fg icsia ids quf uhd gckfrdfefrvfsnfhncd( @f ta`ds idhfrds fs prfncsa scfiprf `fldr

dg iasta þ dg vcha vfr`f prfsfhtdhà uhd pfqufôd rfdn

ncþh dnc`d' fh rdzþh `f quf gas äncàs gcorfs sah fg aré)

kfh `fg `fsdrragga `f gds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds quf ear

idh fg oauquft `f gas vchas(

Pdiocãh pa`fias `fsdnc cecndr gas iastas þ vchas' y

duh nah vfhtdld' par if`ca `fg sdndrdta `f ndg( D fstf echha mdy ids quf `csagvfr fg mc`rdta `f ndg hfnfsdrca fh gd

prfncsd ndhtc`d` `f ndgdorf mfnma fh ndgcfhtf' þ `f vcha

iuy ùgnf' ã chnarpardr fstd ifzngd' if`cdhtf gd dkctd

ncþh ' dg géqucà `f gds nuods( @f fstf iaà fg þxcà ndgnc

na flfrnf par naipgfta su dnncþh saorf gas äncàs `fg vcha

þ iasta quf chtfhtdias sdturdr' parquf fg dzündr `fg n d

gdorf sf dpa`frd `f gd ndg earidhà uhd vfr`d`frd naiochdncþh saguogf(

6 = ( Iastas hdturdgfs iuy rcnas `f dzündr( Fh vdrcas

puhtas ifrc`cahdgfs `f Fspdôd' Zartukdg' Ctdgcd' ftn( y fh

fg fxtrfia `fg if`ca`éd `f gd Erdhncd' gas iastas `f gds

uvds ocfh sdzahd`ds prfsfhtdh hdturdgifhtf uhd `fhsc`d`

kgfunaiãtrcnd `f 45 ä ?0º( Fstas iastas praùnfh vchas

iuy ùgnfs' douh`dhtfs `f dgnamag y kfhfrdgifhtf iuynagardàs' gas nudgfs sf fipgfdh iunmds vfnfs pdrd naiu

hcndr eufrzd y nagar ä gas vchas `ãocgfs þ pranf`fhtfs `f

iastas pana dzundrdàs2 ids' mdy andscahfs fh quf nah

vcfhf ä gas nasfnmfras `f gas rfefrcàs puhtas aotfhfr vchas

sfnas fh vfz `f ùgnfs' ä nuya aolfta sf rfnakfh fhtahnfs

gds uvds dhtfs `f su naipgftd sdzþh ' þ sfd nudhà su ias

ta sfôdgd 4? þ 40º `fg Kgfunþiftra( Fstf if`ca' sc ocfh



‐ 40: ‐

nahùnf dg rfsugtdà dpftfncà `fsdnc`cecndhà uh tdhta

gas iastas' ndrfnf ha aostdhtf `f gds vfhtdlds `fg iãtaà

dàptdà par atras vctcnugtarfs quf vfh`cicdh sus rdncias

fh su idùrfz pfrefntd y `csichuyfh gd `fhsc`d` `f sus

iastas par if`ca `fg dkud purd' rfodlähàgas ä 4?' 40 þ

46º' dhtfs `f fhtrdr fh efrifhtdncþh( Fh fstf ndsa' fg dkud

quf sf dpa`frd dhtf taà `fg fxnfsa `f dzündr nahtfhcà fh

gas iastas `f quf sf trdtd' `csufgvf' ùrdhtf gd efrifhtd

ncþh `f gas icsias fh nahtdnta nah gds pfgénugds y pfpctds

`f gd uvd' gds sdgfs ' gd idtfrcd nagardhtf' fg tdhcha' gas

äncàs' fg octdrtrdta `f patdsd y `fiäs prchncpcas quf gf

sah hfnfsdrcas pdrd nahstctucr fg vcha' `f ga quf rfsugtd uh

duifhta hatdogf fh gd ndhtc`d` `fg praùnta sch pfrlucnca

`f gd vfr`d`frd ndgc`d` `fg icsia quf prchncpdgifhtf sf

ousnd(

63( @cefrfhncd fhtrf gd rcqufzd y ndgc`d` `f gas ias

tas( Pdiocãh sf `cstchkufh gas iastas fhtrf sé par su rc

qufzd y par su ndgc`d`( Gd rcqufzd `fpfh`f fsfhncdgifhtf

`f gd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr fxcstfhtf fh gds uvds' y gd ndgc`d`

fs nahstctuc`d par fg driþhcna nahluhta `f gas äncàs' `f

gds sdgfs' dnfctfs vagätcgfs' idtfrcds dzad`ds y `fiäs prch

ncpcas quf naiuhcndh dg iasta uh sdoar echa' draiätcna y

dkrd`dogf2 `f sufrtf quf' uh iasta puf`f sfr rcna fh dzü

ndr y sch ndgc`d` ' þ ocfh paorf `f dzündr y nah ndgc`d`(

Mdy iastas nuyd supfrcarc`d` fs `foc`d ä su rcqufzd y ä

su ndgc`d`2 par fstd rdzþh gds nfpds quf gas suichcstrdh

`fofh ggdidr gd dtfhncþh `f gas nasfnmfras dg aolfta `f ea

ifhtdr su nugtcva fh sus rfspfntcvas `cstrctas fh nudhta ga

nahscfhtdh fg tfrrfha' fg ngcid y atrds ncrnuhstdhncds gand

gfs( Paàs gas iastas ' sch fiodrka' puf`fh tfhfr þ d `)



‐ 404 ‐

qucrcr gd icsid rcqufzd' pfra ldiäs uhd ckudg ndgc`d`(

Fstf ndräntfr fs mcla prchncpdgifhtf `f gd hdturdgfzd fspfncdg `f gds uvds' nuyds huifrasds (vdrcf`d`fs suichcstrdh

atras tdhtas iastas `f ndgc`d`fs `cstchtds( Fg iasta `f gd uvd

ggdid`d Zf`ra Lcifhfz' quf fs gd ndstd ids dzundrd`d `fg

Kgaoa' sf has prfsfhtd naia fg tcpa `f gas iastas rcnas fh

dzündr' pfra sch ndgc`d`' icfhtrds quf fg Iasndtfg `f Iä

gdkd has aerfnf fg flfipga nahtrdrca' þ sfd fg `f uh iasta

paorf `f dzündr y nah ndgc`d`' par idhfrd quf gas nasfnmfras idgdkufôas' präntcnas nahanfàrfs `f fstds `cefrfhncds'

dg fgdoardr fg tdh nfgfordà vcha iasndtfg' taidh saga +D `f

fstd uvd y gd ifzngdh nah & `f gd uvd Zf`ra Lcifh' nuya

dzündr fs ch`cspfhsdogf pdrd sastfhfr gd idrnmd `f gd efr

ifhtdncþh `fg iasta iasndtfg y suichcstrdrgf fg dgnamag hf

nfsdrca pdrd gd ùrdncþh `fg vcha rfsugtdhtf( Fg Gcstdh `f

^dhgündr' fg Ndôandza `f Lfrfz y fg Dgouga ndstfggdha sahnfpds quf has prfsfhtdh flfipgas `f gas iastas ids supf

rcarfs y hatdogfs par su rcqufzd y ndgc`d` ' scfhà sus vchas

ogdhnas' didrcggas þ ralczas' iuy echas þ sdorasas y dra

iätcnas hdturdgifhtf2 par fstf iatcva `cnmds nfpds sah

nd`d `cd ids dprfncd`ds `f gas chtfgckfhtfs nasfnmfras fs

pdôagfs(

Fstas fstu`cas y dprfncdncahfs `f gds `cefrfhncds quffxcstfh fhtrf gd rcqufzd y gd ndgc`d` `f gas iastas' mfnmds

ä nd`d uhd `f gds vdrcf`d`fs `f vc`fs quf may sf nugtcvdh

fh hufstras pgdhtéas' y rfkcstrdàs apartuhdifhtf fh fg

gcora `f gds apfrdncahfs vchénagds quf `focfrdh tfhfr taàs

gas dkrcnugtarfs nfgasas `f gd oah`d` `f sus praùntas'

nahtrcoucrédh par iunma dg eaifhta `f gd vctcnugturd y

Fhagakéd hdncahdgfs(



‐ 40? ‐

-g# Fstd sdg euã `fsnuocfrtd par Ir( Odtcgg cdt fh gas vchas `f Erdhncd' y

hasatras gd mfias fhnahtrdà ckudgifhtf fh krdh douh`dhncd fh iunmas

vchfs fspdôagfs(

5:( Naipascncþh quéicnd `fg iasta( Dhtfs `f pdsdr ids

d`fgdhtf fh gd fxpascncþh `fg iãtaà ids nahearif ä gas

prchncpcas `f gd ncfhncd pdrd gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas'

has tand idhcefstdr gd hdturdgfzd `fg géqucà quf gas suic

hcstrd' y gd prfpdrdncþh `f sus chif`cdtas `frcvdàs' þ sfdh

gas ndtdorfs( Gd naipascncþh `fg zuia `f gd uvd fs iuy

naipgfxd2 y sfküh gas dhägcscs `fg icsia prdntcndàs ods

td fg ` cd' fs `foc`d ä praparncahfs vdrcdogfs `f gas sckucfh

tfs edntarfs< dkud' dzündr' iunégdka' pfntchd' dgoüichd'tdhcha þ prchncpca dstrchkfhtf' idtfrcd dzad`d' äncàs iä)

gcna y tdrtärcna gcorfs' -nuyd ndhtc`d` fs tdhta ifhar nudh

ta ids sdzahd`ds sah gds uvds# oc)idgdta `f patdsd -4#'

oc)trdrtrdta `f patdsd' ngarura sþ`cna' sugedta patäscna'

dnfctf fsfhncdg' y prchncpca nagardhtf didrcgga þ dzug' sfküh

sc gds uvds sah ogdhnds þ tchtds( Fxcstcfhà fg nagar fh gd

pfgénugd quf nuorf fg krdha `f gd uvd' sf puf`f aotfhfr eäncgifhtf vcha ogdhna nah uvds nagard`ds' if`cdhtf sdpdrdr

`fg arula fg zuia fxprcicà( Fstf géqucà' gufka `f aotfhc

à y mdggähàsf fh nahtdnta `fg dcrf dìaseãrcna odla uhd

tfipfrdturd " 4:º' ha tdr`d fh efrifhtdr' parquf gd id

tfrcd dzad`d' dosarvcfhà fg axékfha `fg dcrf' sf nahvcfrtf

fh vfr`d`fra efrifhta quf `ftfrichd gd `fsnaipascncþh `fg

dzündr fh dgnamag y äncà ndroþhcna2 pfra tdipana hasndof ù`d quf fg icsia iasta `f gd uvd' tdh susnfptcogf `f

fhtrdr fh efrifhtdncþh par fg dnnfsa `f uhd sagd ourould

`f dcrf' puf`f nahsfrvdrsf sch quf efrifhtf' fvctähàgf fg



‐ 40> ‐

nahtdnta `f fstf egucà odla gd chegufhncd `fg kds äncà sug

eurasa2 `f sufrtf quf' chtraùncfhà fg iasta' chif`cdtd

ifhtf `f fxprcicà' fh tahfgfs ocfh ciprfkhdàs `f `cnma

kds' y `fldhà fstds vdsclds naipgftdifhtf ggfhds nah dqufg

géqucà' fstf sf idhtcfhf chdgtfrdogf( Zdrfnf quf fg äncà

sugeurasa' par su dvc`fz fh dosarvfr fg axékfha `fg dcrf'

sf naiochd nad fstf egucà quf `f atrd pdrtf praiavfréd gd

efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd `fg iasta' nuyd idtfrcd dzad`d' ha

pu`cfhà nahvfrtcrsf fh efrifhta c`þhfa par edgtdrgf suaxc`dncþh prfvcd' sf idhtcfhf fh fstdà chfrtf( Fipfra'

sc ocfh fg iasta puf`f nahsfrvdrsf dsé par uh tcfipa ch`f

echcà' ha sf nrfd par fsta quf mdyd pfr cà gd prapcf`d`

`f `fsdrraggdr fh ncrnuhstdhncds nahvfhcfhtfs uhd efrifh

tdncþh naipgftd' pufsta quf fxpahcãhàga ä gd prfsfhncd

`fg dcrf odla uhd tfipfrdturd praparncahd`d efrifhtd iuy

ocfh y sf nahvcfrtf fh vcha(54( Pdiocãh puf`f nahsfrvdrsf fg iasta fh su hdtu

rdg fstdà ifzngähàgf fh eréa uh 4= par 4:: `f dgnamag

`f >6º y naganähàga fh tahfgfs quf sf ggfhdräh naipgftd

ifhtf( Ckudg rfsugtdà sf aotcfhf nahnfhtrdhà fg iasta

par if`ca `f gd fouggcncþh mdstd `csichucrga `f +D `f su

vaguifh prcictcva' y dôd`cãhàgf' `fspuãs `f ercþ' +D `f

su vaguifh `f fspérctu ä gd ch`cnd`d krdùdncþh( Fg iastanahsfrvdà fh gas tãrichas quf dndodias `f fxprfsdr sf

`fhaichd ndgdorf( Naia fstf gcnar sf `fstchd kfhfrdgifhtf

ä gd oahcecndncþh f gas vchas' þ ä gd rfstdurdncþh f gas

vchas vcncdàs' fs prfncsa prfpdrdrga nah uvds iuy

ùgnfs y idùrds' ä ech `f quf nahtfhkd gd idyar ndh

tc`d` pascogf `f prchncpca dzundrdà(

5?( Ufh`cicd fh dnncþh( @f ga `cnma sf `fsprfh`f gd



‐ Vc ‐

cipfrcasd hfnfsc`d` `f fipfzdr gd rfnagfnncþh `f gds uvds

fh su vfr`d`fra fstdà `f sdzahdicfhta' ha `focãhàsfldiäs vdncgdr fh fefntudrgd fh fstd ãpand sc sf qucfrfh

praùncr fxnfgfhtfs ndgàs( Zravcstas gas nasfnmfras `fg

suecncfhtf hüifra `f vfh`cicdàrfs' y odla uh tcfipa sfna

y sfrfha' pranurdräh mdnfr gd vfh`cicd ga ids prahta pa

scogf' ä ech `f ggfhdr gds nuods `f efrifhtdncþh nah gd id

yar rdpc`fz' y fvctdr dsc vdrcds efrifhtdncahfs sunfscvds quf

sfrcdh pfrlu`cncdgfs ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `fg vcha( Fg nasfnmfra þ lfef' ä nuyds þr`fhfs `fofh fstdr gas vfh`cicdàrfs'

`cspah`rä quf fstas sfpdrfh iuy nuc`dàsdifhtf gds uvds

sdhds y idùrds `f gds uvds vfr`fs' fhefrids þ pa`rc`ds'

tcrdhà fstds ügtcids' y nagandhà ä pdrtf gds atrds vcncd

`ds pdrd fgdoardr nah fggds iastas `f ndgc`d` chefrcar( Fs

tas iastas' `fsdnc`cecndàs fh gas tãrichas quf mfias c h

`cndà dhtfrcarifhtf' y fhrcqufncàs `fspuãs if`cdhtf gdd`cncþh `fg dzündr nahvfhcfhtf' suichcstrdh vchas quf' sc

ocfh sah ciprapcas pdrd gd fxtrdnncþh' puf`fh ha aostdhtf

sfr `fstchdàs dg nahsuia gandg( Chif`cdtdifhtf(`f rfnakc

às gas rdncias fh gd ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf pdrd ggfhdr gas rf

ncpcfhtfs nah quf `fofh sfr trdspartdàs ä gas gdkdrfs' `f

ofräh nagandrsf fh dqufggas sch idkuggdrgas' ä ech `f fvctdr

fg `frrdidicfhta `fg iasta y gd efrifhtdncþh nahsckucfhtf`fg icsia( Fs präntcnd quf `focfrd `fstfrrdrsf gd `f tcrdr

gas rdncias dg sufga' y rfuhcrgas fh krdh`fs iahtahfs quf

gufka quf`dh dodhàhdàs par gdrkds mards y ä vfnfs `cds

fhtfras( Fg zuia quf sf fsnurrf `f gas rdncias dsc diahta

hdàs ha tdr`d fh nagardrsf y fh fxpfrcifhtdr uh prchnc

pca `f efrifhtdncþh hd`d edvardogf ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `fg

vcha rfsugtdhtf' sch pfrlucnca `f gd muif`d` quf gds uvds

http://inmediatamente.de/

http://inmediatamente.de/



‐ 406 ‐

- C # âh vchas ogdhnas dqufggas vchas qu f' pranf`fhtfs `f uvds ogdhnds þtchtds' sah aotfhcàs par gd efrifhtdncþh '`f sus iastas sagas' þ sfpdrdàs `f

gas fsnaodlas' `f gds pfpctds y `f gds pfgcnugds `f gds uvds(?:

rfncofh `fg ranéa `f gd hanmf ' scha `fg dkud `f gds gguvcds

ä quf sf mdggdh dqufggds fxpufstds ùrdhtf gd vfh`cicd( Dg

aolfta `f sdgvdr fstas chnahvfhcfhtfs' fg nasfnmfra pru`fhtfy prfvcsar' dg fiprfh`fr gd rfnagfnncþh `f gd uvd ' `fof

tfhfr `cspahcogfs fg pfrsahdg' gas utfhscgcas y `fiäs if cas

hfnfsdrcas pdrd trdhspartdr ä su ndsd `f fxpgatdncþh ta`d

gd vfh`cicd quf puf`f rfnakfrsf nd`d `cd( Dg iaifhta `f

•mdofr ggfkdà gds uvds ä gas gdkdrfs' `fofräh sfr fstruld

`ds naipgftdifhtf pdrd fxtrdfrgfs fg zuia' sc fstf sf `fstc

hdrf ä gdprfpdrdncah `f gas vchas ogdhnas -C# þ `f gasndgd)

orfs' y `f uh iaà chnaipgfta sc sf trdtd `f `fspdgcggdr

gds þ sfpdrdr sus fsnaodlas par if`ca `f nrcods ar`chdrcds(

5>( @fspdgcggdà `f gd uvd( Fstd apfrdncþh fs fhtfrd

ifhtf ch`cspfhsdogf ä gas iastas' nuyd efrifhtdncþh `fof

apfrdrsf `fhtra gds nuods fh nahtdnta nah gds pfgénugds y

gds pfpctds `f gd uvd( Dg fefnta sf pdsdh gas rdncias if`ca

fstruldàs par uhd nrcod `fstchd`d dg chtfhta' þ ocfh sf

fnmd idha `f atras chstruifhtas ä prapþscta' rfuhcfhà gas

fsnaodlas quf gufka `fspuãs sf fxprcicräh fh gd prfhsd

pdrd aotfhfr y nagandr ä pdrtf su iasta' fg nudg suichcstrd

uh vcha ogdhna `f oufhd ndgc`d`( Dqué `fofias naiodtcr

`f pdsa uh frrar mdrta naiüh fhtrf gas nasfnmfras quf

decridh pranf`fr `f gas icsias pf`ühnugas þ fsnaodlas fg

iasta ogdhna y sdorasa aotfhcà `f su prfscþh' scfhà dsé

quf fstf zuia' `f quf dqufggas fstäh ciprfkhdàs' pranf

`f ühcndifhtf `f gds uvds fstruld`ds( Fg tdhcha' gds sdgfs

y `fiäs prchncpcas fxcstfhtfs fh fg fsnaodla pfridhfnfh



‐ 405 ‐

chdgtfrdogfs fh fg icsia nudhà fstf nufrpa ha md scà

idnfrdà `fhtra fg iasta fh efrifhtdncþh2 `f ga nahtrd

rca fg géqucà rfsugtdhtf `f su prfscþh chif`cdtd prfsfhtd

rcd uh sdoar äspfra ã chkrdta `focà ä gd krdh ndhtc`d` `f

prchncpca dstrchkfhtf quf àichd fh fg fxprfsdà nufrpa(

@f ga quf sf sckuf' quf uhd `f gds ndusds prchncpdgfs quf

nahtrcouyfh ä fipfardr gd ndgc`d` `fg vcha fs gd prfsfhncd

`fg fsnaodla ùrdhtf gd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta( Cipartd

pufs quf ggdifias sfrcdifhtf gd dtfhncþh `f hufstras vctcnugtarfs saorf fstf pdrtcnugdr' ä ech f quf flfnutfh fs

nrupugasdifhtf fg `fspdgcggdà `f gd uvd' apfrdncþh chtf

rfsdhtf quf' fxnfpta fh gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas vchas ogdh

nas y `f gas ndgdorfs' ha `fof agvc`drsf ldiäs ' y quf sf

`fld `f fefntudr kfhfrdgifhtf' þ fh ndsa `f mdnfrsf ha sf

prdntcnd nah gd `foc`d fxdntctu`( Zdrd nahvfhnfrhas `f tdh

dosagutd hfnfsc`d` odstdrä praodr quf taàs gas prchncpcasnahstctuyfhtfs `fg fsnaodla sah hancvas ä gas vchas' pufsta

quf fg tdhcha `f quf ãg douh`d gfs naiuhcnd uh kusta fx

nfscvdifhtf äspfra y `fsdkrd`dogf' fg dkud `f vflftdncah

quf nahtcfhf' ha mdnf ids quf `focgctdr fg dzündr `f gas

iastas' y par ügtcia' fg tärtdra y `fiäs sdgfs fh ãg fxcs

tfhtfs sah `fg taà chhfnfsdrcas( Pa`ds fstds sustdhncds sf

mdggdh yd fh fg zuia `f gd vc` fh ndhtc`d` ids quf suecncfhtf pdrd cipf`cr fg dmcgdicfhta þ gd efrifhtdncþh vcsna

sd ä quf fstäh fxpufstas ncfrtas vchas efrifhtdàs sch gd

prfsfhncd `fg fsnaodla( Zar nahsckucfhtf fstf fxpurka fh

gas rdncias sdhas y idùras trdspartdàs ä gas gdkdrfs

`fofrä vfrcecndrsf nahstdhtfifhtf fh gas rfefrcàs ndsas' y

nah gd idyar fsnrupugasc`d`' nudg ga flfnutdh gas fhtfh`c

às nasfnmfras Lfrfzdhas y Idgdkufôas(



Q VC Q

@fspdgcggd`ds gds uvds' sf nahnguyf su fstruldicfhta `f

uhd idhfrd naipgftd' ard pcsähàgds gas vfh`cicdàrfs nah

gas pcfs `fshuàs' naia kfhfrdgifhtf sf flfnutd' ard par

if`ca `f dpdrdtas fspfncdgfs( Fstd apfrdncþh sf prdntcnd fh

Lfrfz dh`dhà gas pcsdàrfs ndgzdàs nah zdpdtas ggfhas

`f ngdvas pdrd iflar dsfkurdr fg fstruldà `f gd uvd' pfra

naia ä gd vfz sf `fstruyfh gds pfpctds `f gd icsid' nf

`cfhà dg iasta uhd idyar ndhtc`d` `f prchncpca dstrch

kfhtf' `fofias nah`fhdr fstd nastuiorf quf tdhta `fs`cnf

`fg fsifra nah quf gas nasfnmfras `f dqufg pdés `fspdgc

ggdh gas rdncias( Gas pcfs muidhas y `fshuàs' prfvcd

ifhtf gdvdàs' sah ä hufstra fhtfh`fr uh if`ca fxnfgfhtf

pdrd `fspdnmurrdr gd uv d ' nuyds pfpctds pfridhfnfh ch

tdntds ä ofhfecnca `f gd egfxcocgc`d` `f gd ndrhf `f gas pcfs(

Dsc fh Erdhncd naia fh Fspdôd fstä iuy kfhfrdgczdà fstf

if`ca' fg nudg ha `fof chspcrdr rfpukhdhncd dgkuhd' pufsquf `f ga nahtrdrca gds idhas `fg maiorf quf scrvfh fh

gd prfpdrdncþh `f hufstras dgcifhtas `focfrdh prasnrcocrsf

ckudgifhtf' ga quf eufrd pana ifhas quf cipascogf(

Fg fstruldà `f gd uvd par gas pranf`cicfhtas ifnähcnas

ha `fld `f §fr tdiocãh uh if ca iuy fxpf`cta' icfhtrds

ha sf `fstruydh gds pfpctds `f gd uvd fh fg dnta `f su prf

scþh( Fg dpdrdta `f Ir( Gaifhc' ia`cecndà par atras präntcnas' ggfhd pfrefntdifhtf fstf aolfta< nahscstf fh às nc

gch`ras `f id`frd sugndàs dg fxtfrcar y d`dptdàs ä gd

pdrtf chefrcar `f uhd tagvd' fh gd nudg sf fnmdh gds uvds(

Gd `cstdhncd fhtrf gas ncgch`ras fs tdg quf ha puf`f `dr

pdsa ä gas krdhas fhtfras `f gas rdncias' `f iaà quf dg

ndfr `f gd tagvd gd uvd' nah þ sch fsnaodla' sf naiprcif y

sf fstruld naipgftdifhtf par rdzþh `fg iavcicfhta `f gas



‐ 40= ‐

ncgch`ras quf' pravcstas `f ruf`ds `f fhkrdvdncah' sf pahfh

fh lufka ä ofhfecnca `f uh idhuorca ecldà fh fg fxtrfia`f uha `f fggas y iavcà par uh maiorf( Fstf dpdrdta

sfhncgga' iuy nahancà yd fhtrf gas nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs'

fs tdiocãh ütcgifhtf fipgfdà par vdrcas vctcnugtarfs `f

hufstra pdés(

Efgczifhtf tfhfias yd fh Fspdôd fhtfh`càs nahstrun

tarfs `f `cnmas dpdrdtas' `f gas nudgfs mdy dgkuhas ods

tdhtf pfrefnncahdàs quf `fskrdhdh dhtf taà gd uvd' sfpdrähàgd `f su fsnaodla' y fstrulähàgd gufka naipgftd

ifhtf(

Fstruld`ds gds uvds y iah`d`ds `f su fsnaodla sfräh

chtraùnc`ds luhta nah su iasta fh gds nuods þ gdkdrfs ' sc

sf trdtd `f fgdoardr vchas `f idnfrdncah( Fstas vchas' `f

quf trdtdrfias ids d`fgdhtf' `fofh sfr nagandàs fh prc

ifrd géhfd' par sfr' fh hufstra nahnfpta' gas ühcnas ndpdnfs `f mdnfrsf supfrcarfs ä taàs gas `fiäs vchas' fh ckud

gfs ncrnuhstdhncds `f rcqufzd y ndgc`d` `f gas iastas rfs

pfntcvas( Gas dprfncdàs vchas `f gd Oarkaôd' `f Our`fas'

y fg tdh nfgfordà vcha erdhnãs ggdidà `f ÁFricgdkf' sah

vchas `f idnfrdncah( Dmard has tand `fncr nudtra pdgdords

saorf gds vdsclds `fstchd`ds ä rfncocr gas iastas quf `fofh

apfrdr fh gds icsids su prcifrd efrifhtdncþh(50( Nuods þ Gdkdrfs( Fstas rfncpcfhtfs' ggdidàs tdi

ocãh tchds' gdkas' pfgahds' tchdlds' gdkdrftds' ftn(' sfküh

gas puhtas `f praùnncþh vchénagd' sah `f às ngdsfs< uhas'

nahstrucàs `f id`frd' prfsfhtdh gd earid `f uh naha

truhndà þ `f uhd krdh oatd' y atras' edorcndàs `f pcf

`rd y rfvfstcàs ä vfnfs chtfrcarifhtf nah gd`rcggas odrhc

zdàs' aerfnfh `cefrfhtfs earids( Gas prcifras tcfhfh par



•‐ 403 ‐

ga kfhfrdg uhd ndpdnc`d` naiprfh`c`d fhtrf 6 y ?: pcpds'

ocfh quf fh Erdhncd gas mdy `f gd ndpdnc`d` `f >:: y mdstd

`f 0:: mfntagctras( Gds nuods `fofh nagandrsf fh uhd oa

`fkd fspdncasd' nah oufhd guz ' y ocfh vfhtcgd`d' y sfräh

`cspufstds fh ecgds `f iaà quf puf`dh chspfnncahdrsf par

taàs gdàs' ä ech `f aosfrvdr sc tcfhfh dgkuh puhta par

àh`f ecgtrf fg vcha quf nahtcfhfh(

Gds nuods `f pcf`rd tcfhfh ar`chdrcdifhtf uhd ndoc`d

idyar quf gds `f id`frd' pfra su fipgfa fxckf `f pdrtf`fg nasfnmfra ids nuc`dàs quf fg `f fstds ügtcids' fh

rdzþh `f quf' mdggähàsf naiuhifhtf fh sctcas müifàs y

pana dnnfscogfs ä gd guz ' ha puf`fh rfnahanfrsf nah tdhtd

edncgc`d` dhtfs `f ggfhdrgds `f iasta( Krdh`fs ndhtc`d`fs `f

vcha' mfias vcsta' dgtfrd`ds par fg fhiamfncicfhta y atras

vcncas `f gas gdkdrfs idg chspfnncahdàs y pfar `cspufstas

dg nagandrsf fh fggas fg iasta( Fg nasfnmfra' dg dpraxcidrsf gd ãpand `f gd vfh`cicd' `fofrä nfrncardrsf par sé ics

ia `fg fstdà `f gds nuods' sfdh `f gd ngdsf quf eufrfh'

fxdichdr ocfh sus luhturds' narrfkcr gas fsndpfs þ checgtrd

ncahfs quf hatdrf' y gdvdrgds ocfh dg dkud `f ndg pdrd hfu

trdgczdr ta`d dnc`fz ü atra /vcnca nahtrdrca fh sus pdrf`fs

chtfrcarfs( Gufka `fspuãs sf `fldräh docfrtds gds nuods y

gds vfhtdhds `f gd oa`fkd par fspdnca `f dgkuhas `cds' dgaolfta `f edncgctdr gd `fsdpdrcncþh naipgftd `fg agar rfuiä

tcna suc kfhfrcs quf iunmds vfnfs `fspc`fh dqufggds vdsc

lds' saorf taà gds `f idhcpastfréd `f krdh`f ndpdnc`d`(

_fnahanc`ds' gcipcd`ds y fxpufstds ä gd vfhtcgdncþh gds

tchds þ gdkdrfs fh gas tãrichas rfefrcàs' fstäh yd fh `cspa

scncþh `f rfncocr gas iastas `fstchdàs ä gd fgdoardncþh `f

gas vchas( S naia fh fggds tcfhf gukdr gd prcifrd efrifh)



‐ 46: ‐

dzündr `f uvds2dzündr `f ndôd' K ' ? M / : I " M A -dkud#9

fh nuya fstdà gd iagãnugd `fg dzündr' odla fg chegula `f

gds ncrnuhstdhncds dodla fxprfsd`ds' fxpfrcifhtd su iftd

iareascs ' `dhà gukdr ä gd praùnncþh `fg dgnamag y `fg

äncà ndroþhcna' naia sf fnmd `f vfr fh gd `fiastrdncþh

dtfhcfhtf) NI

M / A² |N=

M4 ?

A0

' dgnamag(sckucfhtf( % \ Ü N D _ @ F V U D K ‐ ¡ N , T= # d n c ` a n d r o þ h c n a (

Fipfra fstf dzündr `f uvds' tdg naia sf mdggd fh fg iasta'

nahtcfhf ? fqucvdgfhtfs `f dkud `f mc`rdtdncah quf dodh

àhd fh fg dnta `f efrifhtdr' rfùncãhàsf su eþriugd quf

fhtahnfs fs N ' ? M+, A/ ä su eþriugd prcictcvd quf mfias

rfprfsfhtdà par N 4 ? M+ ? A 4 ? (

Gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd ha puf`f vfrcecndrsf sch fg

tdncah `fg vcha' `fofias ch`cndr `fs`f gufka gas efhþifhas

quf dggé sf pdsdh ùrdhtf `cnmd apfrdncþh y gds ndusds ia`cecndàrds `f su idrnmd þ `fsdrragga( Fstf nahancicfhta

has suichcstrdrä dgkuhds `fùnncahfs cipartdhtfs saorf gd

prfpdrdncþh `f gas vchas(

56( Efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd( Ggäidsf efrifhtdncþh

dgnamþgcnd dqufggd apfrdncþh if`cdhtf gd nudg gas fgf

ifhtas `fg dzündr sf `fsàogdh fh(dgnamag y fh äncà

ndroþhcna( Fstd krdh iftdiareascs sf fefntud tdh sagapar uh hufva dkrupdicfhta `f gas ätaias quf nahs

tctuyfh gds iagãnugds `fg dzündr' nuyas fgfifhtas' ndr

oaha' mc`rþkfha y axékfha' naiochähàsf fh `cstchtds

praparncahfs þ `f `cefrfhtfs idhfrds' sah gas quf prfsc`fh

`cnmds rfdnncahfs( Fg dzündr nrcstdgczdogf þ `f ndôd pdrd

fhtrdr fh efrifhtdncþh `fof ecldr prcifra uh fqucvdgfhtf

`f dkud' nahvcrtcãhàsf fh dzündr `f uvds fh fstd earid<N+ ? M c ? A+ ?



‐ 464 ‐

nahnursa `f `cefrfhtfs ncrnuhstdhncds' naia sah' fg dkud'

fg dzündr' uhd sustdhncd dzad`d' gd prfsfhncd `fg dcrf þ `f

su axékfha' y uhd tfipfrdturd praparncahd`d( Nahnrftäh

àhas dg zuia `f gd uvd' `crfias quf ãg fs uh géqucà fgids ä prapþscta pdrd `fsdrraggdr gd ch`cnd`d efrifhtdncþh'

parquf rfühf gd idtfrcd efrifhtfsncogf quf fs fg dzündr'

y vdrcas nufrpas dzadàs quf `fofh nahstctucr fg efrifhta(

4:: pdrtfs `f dzündr `f uvds sf `fsnaipahfh fxdntdifh

tf par gd efrifhtdncþh fh 64'44 pdrtfs `f dgnamag' y fh

0='=3 pdrtfs `f äncà ndroþhcna(

Zufsta fg iasta `f gd uvd fh nahtdnta nah fg dcrf dìas)

eãrcna' y odla uhd tfipfrdturd fhtrf " 46 ä >:º nfhtékrd

às ha tdr`d fh efrifhtdr' gds idtfrcds dgouichaé`fds

nahtfhc`ds fh fg géqucà' dhcid`ds par fg axékfha `fg dcrf

quf dosarvfh' sf nahvcfrtfh fh efrifhtas' gas nudgfs sch

nf`fr dg dzündr hchkuha `f sus prchncpcas naipahfhtfs `f

tfrichdh su `fsàogdicfhta fh dgnamag y äncà ndroþhcna(

Fstf kds' `fsprfh`cãhàsf fh earid `f ouroulds sunfscvd

ifhtf ids huifrasds' gfvdhtd mdncd gd supfrecncf `fg géquc

à uhd douh`dhtf fspuid quf fhncfrrd uh fxnfsa `f gd

gfvdùrd quf sf praùnf' gd nudg' tfrichd`d su icscþh' sf

prfncpctd fh fstdà chsaguogf dg eahà `f gds vdsclds fh quf

tcfhf gukdr gd efrifhtdncþh( Fg dgnamag' ä su vfz' sf `c

sufgvf fh fg zuia' parquf gd tfipfrdturd' fh quf sf v f

rcecndh fstds rfdnncahfs' ha fs odstdhtf pdrd vagdtczdrga(

Dg prapca tcfipa ta`d gd idsd `fg géqucà sf ndgcfhtd' du

ifhtdhà `f vaguifh' y gd fefrvfsnfhncd vd duifhtdhà

`f chtfhsc`d`( Fg trdodla `f arkdhczdncþh `fg iasta `f gd

uvd nahtchüd dsé mdstd quf sf md iftdiareasfdà gd id

yar pdrtf `fg dzündr2 gufka `fspuãs `csichuyf `f dntcvc)



‐ 46? ‐

`d`' y par ügtcia vcfhf uh puhta fh quf nfsd fg( `fsprfh

`cicfhta `f gas kgaougcggas `fg kds äncà ndroþhcna' y fggéqucà' dhtfs turoca' sf pahf ngdra y trdhqucga( Fhtahnfs

gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd md tfrichdà par naipgfta' sc

fs quf' naia kfhfrdgifhtf sunf`f' ha quf`f duh fh fg

iasta uhd parncþh `f dzündr sch `fsnaipahfr' dzündr quf

gd hdturdgfzd pdrfnf rfsfrvdrsf pdrd fgdoardr fh sfnrfta

uh hufva trdodla `f arkdhczdncþh `fg vcha2 ga nudg has

prufod ngdrdifhtf quf sf rfpraùnf ids tdr`f uhd hufvdefrifhtdncþh chsfhscogf' pfra rfdg' parquf fh fggd `fsdpd

rfnf fg rfsta `fg dzündr ha `fsnaipufsta(

55( Chegufhncd `f gd tfipfrdturd saorf gd efrifhtdncþh

dgnamþgcnd `fg zuia `f gd uvd( Mfias ch`cndà quf fg ias

ta `f gd uvd' fxpufsta ä gd dnncþh `fg dcrf y `f uhd tfi

pfrdturd ia`frd`d' `fsdrraggdod prahta su efrifhtdncþh' y

fh fefnta, uhd tfipfrdturd naiprfh`c`d fhtrf gas 46 ä>:º saorf nfra fs gd ids edvardogf ä gd idrnmd `f gd efr

ifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd' pufsta quf `f gas " 4 6 ä " = º gd d n

ncþh `fg efrifhta saorf fg dzündr fs ids `ãocg' scfhà fstd

icsid dnncþh hugd þ ndsc hugd `fs`f gas " =a dodla( Vhd

tfipfrdturd `f 6:' 5:' ü =:º nfhtékrdàs `focgctd ckudg

ifhtf fg pa`fr `fg efrifhta saorf fg dzündr' `f sufrtf quf

uhd efrifhtdncþh prfsc`c`d par uhd tfipfrdturd fgfvd`dfs suidifhtf gfhtd( 4:: krdàs `f ndgþrcna suspfh`fh fh

tfrdifhtf gd dnncþh `f gas efrifhtas' pfra ha gd `fstruyfh'

par idhfrd quf sc gd tfipfrdturd `fg iasta mcrvcfhà sf

rfodld ä gas " 46' ?: þ >: krdàs' sf fstdogfnf gufka gd

efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd' y fg dzündr `fg géqucà fs `fsnai

pufsta sunfscvdifhtf fh su idyar pdrtf scha fh su ta

tdgc`d`( Fstds aosfrvdncahfs' quf mfias flfnutdà saorf



‐ 46> ‐

ndhtc`d`fs ckudgfs `f uh icsia iasta' has mdh `dà ä na

hanfr quf gd tfipfrdturd ids edvardogf dg `fsdrragga `f

uhd efrifhtdncþh erdhndifhtf dgnamþgcnd `fof fstdr nai

prfh`c`d fhtrf gas " 46 ä >: krdàs( Zfra gd hdturdgfzd

fh su dgtd prfvcscah md nahnf`cà fstd icsid tfipfrdturd

fh taàs dqufggas puhtas àh`f `focd `fsdrraggdrsf uhd efr

ifhtdncþh dntcvd pdrd `fsnaipahfr ta`d þ gd idyar pdrgf

`fg dzündr `f sus iastas ocfh sdzahdàs(

Fh gas `cstrctas vchénagds `fg Hartf `f Erdhncd gas nasf

nmfras' `fsfasas `f iflardr sus praùntas' sf vfh prfncsd

às dg tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd ä fnmdr idha `f fstueds þ

`f atras ndgaréefras ä prapþscta pdrd fgfvdr gd tfipfrdturd

`fg gandg àh`f fstäh `fpasctdàs gas iastas fh efrifhtd

ncþh' sc fs quf ha ndgcfhtfh `crfntdifhtf gds krdh`fs nu

ods par if`ca `fg vdpar dnuasa ncrnugdhà `fhtra `f tuoas

quf gds dtrdvcfsdh( Fh sfifldhtfs ndsas sf pranurd sastfhfr fh gas géqucàs efrifhtfsnfhgfs uhd tfipfrdturd `f

" 46 ä ?6 krdàs' mdstd quf dqufggas mdh tfrichdà su

prcifrd y prchncpdg efrifhtdncþh' þ sfd gd efrifhtdncþh

tuiugtuasd' y sf dôd`f kfhfrdgifhtf ä gas iastas' par sfr

paorfs hdturdgifhtf `f dzündr' uhd ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `fg

icsia -dzündr `f ndôd' `f rfiagdnmd' þ `f eãnugd(# ä ech

`f quf gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs tfhkdh fg krdà `f fspcrc tuasc)`d` quf gfs narrfspah`f( @f àh`f sf `fùnf quf fstas

ndgàs sah ids ocfh aord `fg drtf quf hdturdgfs2 y ha pu)

`cfhà sfrvcr pdrd euh`dr fh fg fxtrdhlfra fg nrã`cta `fg

puhta `f su praùnncþh' sah `fstchdàs dg nahsuia gandg'

parquf sah vchas `fefntuasas' naia ga sfräh scfiprf taàs

gas praùntas pranf`fhtfs `f iastas hdturdgfs quf mdydh

scà efrifhtdàs odla uhd tfipfrdturd drtcecncdg(?4



‐ 460 ‐

Atras nasfnmfras sf nahtfhtdh nah ndgfhtdr dg eufka `fs

huà mdstd gd fouggcncþh uhd ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f iasta' fg

nudg fs drraldà mcrvcfhà `fhtra `f gds nuods quf nahtcf

hfh fg géqucà rfstdhtf fh efrifhtdncþh' dg aolfta `f `drgfs

fg krdà `f ndgþrcna hfnfsdrca ä uhd oufhd vchcecndncþh2

pfra fstd präntcnd' saorf sfr dgka `cspfh`casd ' ha praùnf

fg fefnta `fsfdà( ^c ocfh fs vfr`d` quf uh mfntagctra `f

iasta mcrvcfhà fgfvd mdstd gas ?: krdàs `f ndgþrcna ä 3

mfntagctras `f iasta nuyd tfipfrdturd hdturdg fs 4: krdàs' ha aostdhtf' `cnma ndgþrcna ha pa`rä idhtfhfrsf

ids quf uh tcfipa orfvf' pufs ä pfsdr `f quf)fg géqucà

`fsdrraggd dg prchncpca uhd efrifhtdncþh dg pdrfnfr vckara

sd' ha tdr`d ä `csichucr gd dntcvc`d` `f su trdodla' parquf

gufka sf rfodld gd tfipfrdturd `f gd nuod' rfsugtdhà uhd

efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd iuy gfhtd' chnaipgftd y pfrlu`c

ncdg ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `fg vcha(5;( Chegufhncd `f gd idsd `f gcqucà saorf gd efrifh

tdncþh dgnamþgcnd( Atrd `f gds ncrnuhstdhncds `ckhds `f sfr

tfhc`ds fh nahsc`frdncþh par fg nasfnmfra dg fgdoardr sus

vchas fs gd chegufhncd quf fh gas icsias flfrnf gd ndhtc`d`

`f iasta saorf quf sf apfrd( Gas iastas' fh ckudgfs ncr

nuhstdhncds `f `fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd y `f tfipfrdturd'

rfnarrfh gas pfréaàs `f su efrifhtdncþh nah idyar rdpc`fz fh gds krdh`fs vdsclds quf fh gds pfqufôds( Fhtrf gd

efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd `f uh mfntagctra `f iasta y gd `f

6: þ 4:: mfntagctras `f fstf zuia fxcstfh iuy hatdogfs

`cefrfhncds fh gd idrnmd `f gd efrifhtdncþh' y fh gd ndgc

`d` nahsckucfhtf `f gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs2 `f sufrtf quf uh

icsia iasta' quf sfôdgf 4:' 4? þ ids krdàs fh gd fsnd

gd `fg Kgfunþiftra' puf`f praùncr vchas sfnas þ ùgnfs



‐ 466 ‐

sfküh sfd idyar þ ifhar fg vaguifh `fg géqucà quf efr

ifhtd( Fstf fs uh mfnma nahancà yd `f ndsc taàs gas na

sfnmfras' gas nudgfs' nudhà `fsfdh aotfhfr uhd' às þ ids

pcpds `f vcha ùgnf þ gcnarasa' fxtrdfh `f gds krdh`fs

nuods' quf sf ggfhdh nah fg iasta `f gd vfh`cicd' uhd ncfr

td ndhtc`d` `f géqucà rfpdrtcãhàga y `flähàga efrifhtdr

fh tahfgfs `f pand ndpdnc`d`( Naia gd efrifhtdncþh quf sf

fstdogfnf fh fggas fs iunma ifhas fhãrkcnd quf gd efrifh

tdncþh `fg iasta `f gds krdh`fs nuods' sunf`f quf fh dqufggds vdsclds sf `fsnaipahf uhd ndhtc`d` f dzündr ifhar

quf fh fstds' mdoc`d praparncþh nah fg vaguifh `f sus

iastas rfspfntcvas' nuyas vchas rfsugtdhtfs prfsfhtdh nd

rdntfrfs iuy `cstchtas(

Ga quf `fncias `f gas iastas pa`fias dpgcndrga ä gas

vchas( Fstas ndgàs pdsdh ta`ds gds f`d`fs `f su arkdhczd

ncþh nah uhd nfgfrc`d` tdhta idyar nudhta ids géqucà nahtfhkdh gas vdsas fh quf sf mdggdh `fpasctdàs' þ ga quf fs

ga icsia' nudhta ids pfqufôas sfdh gas fhvdsfs fh quf sf

kudr`dh gas vchas' ãstas sf idhtfh`räh ids gdrka tcfipa

fstdncahdrcas fh su luvfhtu`' fh su f`d` vcrcg y fh su vflfz2

ga nudg has `fiufstrd gd edncgc`d` nah quf pa`fias oahcec

ndr y nahsfrvdr gas vchas quf fh uh prchncpca mdydh scà

ocfh fgdoardàs( Dsc pufs' fh ckudgfs ncrnuhstdhncds `feufrzd dgnamagaiãtrcnd' y `f tfipfrdturd fxtfrcar' gas

vchas sf iflardräh ids y ids prahtdifhtf pufstas fh vd

sclds krdh`fs quf fh vdsclds pfqufôds2 fipfra' `f fstf

if`ca `f oahcecndncþh `f vchas tdh ütcg y pravfnmasa ä gas

fhtfh`càs vctcnugtarfs mdh qufrcà vdgfrsf vdrcas nasfnmf

ras pana `csnrftas' `fpasctdhà fh nuods `f krdh ndpdnc`d`

sus vchas egalas y `f sé idg prfpdrdàs( Ids' ¡am gdifh)



‐ 465 ‐

tdogf ch`csnrfncþh$('( Fstas vchas' kudr`dàs odla gd c`fd

`f uhd fspfnugdncþh génctd y gdu`dogf' ha mdh pa`cà rfscstcr cipuhfifhtf su pragahkd`d pfridhfhncd fh fsas krdh

`fs fhvdsfs quf gas mdh `fvardà' `fstruyfhà taàs þ gd

idyar pdrtf `f sus prchncpcas draiätcnas y dgnamþgcnas( Mã

dqué uh pfrndhnf quf md andscahdà ä ids `f uh nasfnmfra

pãr`c`ds `f chtfrfsfs nahsc`frdogfs' y quf ha `fof sfr ag

vc`dà' sc sf qucfrf quf gas vchas rch`dh ä gas dkrcnugtarfs

gas ofhfecncas quf tdh saga puf`f prfstdrgfs uhd edorcndncþhrdncahdg y pru`fhtf( Gas krdh`fs fhvdsfs sah pdrd gas v c

has `ãocgfs þ pana fspcrctuasas ga quf gds krdh`fs ndpctdgfs

pdrd gas maiorfs2 dggé vcvfh gas vchas iuy pana tcfipa' gd

hufvd efrifhtdncþh gdtfhtf quf sf `fsdrraggd ä gd vfz fh

ta`d gd idsd `fg géqucà' dg fgfvdrsf gd tfipfrdturd dìas)

eãrcnd' nahsuif räpc`difhtf fg rfsta `fg dzündr fsndpdà `f

gds prcifrds efrifhtdncahfs' dtdndhà fh sfkuc`d dg dgnamagy dnftcecnähàga fh uh taà' þ fh su idyar pdrtf2 dqué' þ

sfd fh gas krdh`fs nfhtras `f paogdncþh' gd vc`d `fg mai

orf sf `fsgczd ckudgifhtf nah uhd prahtctu` fxtrfid' par

quf fstä ggfhd `f vcncas' `f fhefrif`d`fs' y `f fgfifhtas

`f `fstrunncþh( Gas vchas' naia gas maiorfs' vcvfh ids'

y ids trdhqucgas fh uh nérnuga pfqufôa quf fh nérnuga nah

sc`frdogf(^c gas krdh`fs rfncpcfhtfs sah euhfstas pdrd gd nahsfrvd

ncþh `f gas vchas egalas þ `ãocgfs' aerfnfh sch fiodrka

vfhtdlds iuy pasctcvds pdrd gd arkdhczdncþh y iflard `f

gas vchas eufrtfs y ocfh fgdoardàs( Fg fhtfh`cà fhagakcstd

pa`rä sdndr iunma pdrtcà `fg usa `f fsas vdstas rfsfrvd)

tarcas' `fpasctdhà fh gas icsias gas vchas suecncfhtfifh

tf rcnas fh dgnamag y fh dzündr' `fstchdàs ä nahvfrtcrsf fh



‐ 464 ‐

vchas fsqucsctas þ kfhfrasas' y `fspaldàs yd `f taàs sus

prchncpcas hctrakfhdàs ndpdnfs `f praiavfr su dgtfrdncþh(Fh fefnta' gas vchas dsc `cspufstas y prfpdrdàs dgndhzdh

fh panas dôas uhd vflfz prfidturd' prfsfhtdhà uh oau

quft suidifhtf sfhscogf y dkrd`dogf luhta nah fg dspfnta

y `fiäs ndrdntfrfs prapcas `f gas vchas echas `f gdrkd ef

nmd( Zdrd edvarfnfr `cnmd oahcecndncþh cipartdhtf' gas ndg

às `fofräh sfr nagandàs fh sctcas dnnfscogfs taà ga pasc

ogf ä gd dnncþh ch`crfntd `fg ndgþrcna y `f gd guz(Ggfkdàs gas vchas ä vcflas' mdh tfrichdà su icscþh y

ggfhdà fg aolfta `fg edorcndhtf2 fhtahnfs fg fhtfh`cà fha)

gakcstd `fof narahdr gd aord `f gd hdturdgfzd' trdsgd`dhà

dqufggas prfncasas praùntas ä uhd oa`fkd erfsnd' y fhvd

sähàgas fh tahfgfs' -`f nudgqucfrd earid y ndpdnc`d`# nu

ocfrtas fxtfrcarifhtf nah uh odrhcz cipfrifdogf ä gd mu

if`d` quf ncfrrf naipgftdifhtf gas paras `f gd id`frd'ä ech `f fvctdr ta`d fvdpardncþh ugtfrcar `fg géqucà nahtf

hcà fh su chtfrcar( Fstf trdscfka ügtcia þ echdg `f gas vchas

vcflas `fof sfr flfnutdà nah gds prfnduncahfs `foc`ds fh

gas mcfgas `f chvcfrha' þ odla uhd tfipfrdturd fxtfrcar ga

ids odld pascogf' pdrd cipf`cr gd vagdtcgczdncþh `f sus

prchncpcas draiätcnas y dgnamþgcnas' scfhà `f hatdr quf fh

tdg fstdà gas vchas sf nahsfrvdh ch`fechc`difhtf' parquffstäh yd dhcidàs par sus às fgfifhtas chiartdgfs' asfdh

gas ãtfrfs y fg dgnamag(

5=( Chegufhncd `fg dcrf saorf gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgc

nd2 ftfrcecndncah prcictcvd `fg vcha( Fg dcrf dìaseãrcna þ

su axékfha fs ch`cspfhsdogf pdrd quf gd efrifhtdncþh dgna

mþgcnd fipcfnf' pfra ha fs hfnfsdrca pdrd quf fggd nahtchüf

su idrnmd( _ata fg `fsfqucgcorca `f gd prcifrd iagãnugd



‐ 46= ‐

`fg dzündr par gd dnncþh `fg efrifhta axc`dà par fg axé

kfha `fg dcrf' sf trdsictf fg iavcicfhta ä gds `fiäs ia

gãnugds `fg dzündr' parquf gd eufrzd quf idhtfhcd fh nai

ochdncþh gas fgfifhtas `fg icsia fs `fstruc`d par fg p a

`fr quf saorf fggd sckuf flfrncfhà fg efrifhta( Fstdogfnc`d

gd efrifhtdncþh' ãstd nahtchüd par sé sagd duh nudhà sf

sustrdckd fg iasta `fg nahtdnta ugtfrcar `fg dcrf( Mf dqué

uh mfnma quf md chùncà sch ù`d ä quf vdrcas fhagakcs)

tds `cstchkucàs mdydh rfnaifh`dà nah fecndncd gd efrifh

tdncþh `f gas iastas `f gd uvd fh vdsas nfrrdàs y pra

vcstas `f uh tuoa ' dg àogf aolfta `f fvctdr gd pãr`c`d `f

uhd pdrtf `fg dgnamag `fg vcha' y `dr sdgc`d dg fxnfsa `fg

äncà ndroþhcna quf sf `fsprfh`f2 pfra' sc ocfh fs ncfrta quf

fg dzündr `fg iasta' uhd vfz mfrcà par fg efrifhta' sckuf

`fsàogähàsf fh dgnamag y äncà ndroþhcna' sch fvdpard

ncþh sfhscogf `f gas prchncpcas draiätcnas `fg géqucà' tdi

ocãh ga fs quf gd efrifhtdncþh fs iunma ids gfhtd quf gd

quf sf `fsdrraggd fh gas iastas nagandàs fh vdsclds docfr

tds' fh gds nudgfs sf `fsnaipahf uhd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr

hatdogfifhtf idyar quf fh gd efrifhtdncþh nfrrd`d' fh

ckudgfs ncrnuhstdhncds `f tfipfrdturd' `fhsc`d` kgfunaiã)

trcnd' y idsd `f géqucà( Gd supfrcar dntcvc`d` quf sf ao

sfrvd fh gd efrifhtdncþh docfrtd `fpfh`f `f quf fg axékf

ha `fg dcrf aord nahtchudifhtf saorf gds idtfrcds dzad`ds

quf suofh ä gd supfrecncf `fg iasta' nahvcrtcãhàgds fh gf

vdùrd þ vfr`d`fras efrifhtas quf dtdndh fhãrkcndifhtf

ä gds iagãnugds `fg dzündr quf tcfhfh fh su prfsfhncd( S

naia fh tdgfs rfdnncahfs sf `fsprfh`f uhd ndhtc`d` hatdogf

`f ndgþrcna' ãstf nahtrcouyf tdiocãh ä duifhtdr gd dntc

vc`d` `fg iavcicfhta `fg géqucà(



‐ 463 ‐

Zar atrd pdrtf gd ncfhncd quéicnd has `fiufstrd quf fg

dcrf dìaseãrcna `fsfipfôd fh gd efrifhtdncþh docfrtd atrapdpfg ha ifhas cipartdhtf quf fg `f gd ch`cnd`d axc`dncþh

nahtchud `f gds idtfrcds dzad`ds nahtfhc`ds fh fg zuia `f

gd uvd( Fh fefnta' naia fg iasta sf `fld efrifhtdr kfhf

rdgifhtf fh prfsfhncd `f gds pfpctds `f gd uvd' gds nudgfs

nahtcfhfh uh dnfctf ecla quf sf `csufgvf fh fg géqucà ùrdh

tf gd efrifhtdncþh' sunf`f quf fg axékfha `fg dcrf axc`d

ids þ ifhas praeuh`difhtf gas edntarfs þ nufrpas krdsas`f `cnma dnfctf' `dhà gukdr ä gd earidncþh `f `cefrfhtfs

äncàs' quf' naia gufka vfrfias' sah fg arckfh `f gds nai

ochdncahfs ftãrfds aàréefrds fxcstfhtfs fh gas vchas( ^cfhà

par flfipga fg äncà idrkärcna -quf fs uha `f gas nai

pahfhtfs `fg dnfctã `f gds pfpctds `f gd uvd# fg quf sf axc

`d fh `cstchtds earids fh fg dnta `f gd efrifhtdncþh' y pu)

`cfhà hdnfr eäncgifhtf `f fstd axc`dncþh vdrcas atras äncàs `f uhd naipascncþh scfiprf ids sfhncggd' gas nudgfs sah

fg arckfh `f atras tdhtas ãtfrfs quf ids tdr`f sf praùnc

räh fh fg vcha' rfsugtd quf fg nahstdhtf chegula `fg dcrf sa

orf fg iasta efrifhtfsnfhtf fs ch`cspfhsdogf dg `fsdrragga

`f gds chschud`ds rfdnncahfs quf `fofh earidr fg oauquft

`fg vcha( Fg äncà idrkärcna' nuyd eþriugd fs N > 0 M > 0 A,' dg

axc`drsf `d arckfh scfiprf ä atras äncàs nuya ndroaha ãmc`rþkfha fstäh nahstdhtfifhtf rfprfsfhtdàs par hüif

ras pdrfs' pfra vdrcdogfs' y nuya A 0 fs fg icsia fh taàs

gas hufvas naipufstas( Dg prapca tcfipa sf praùnfh änc

à ndroþhcna y dkud' parquf fg axékfha `fg dcrf sf naiochd

nah uhd pdrtf `fg fxnfsa `fg ndroaha y `fg mc`rþkfha `fg

äncà idrkärcna( @f nahsckucfhtf pa`fias ocfh `fùncr quf

rfùncãhàsf gd iagãnugd `fg äncà idrkärcna -N> 0

M> c

A+# ä



‐ 45: ‐

T?a usa Tc s f praùncrä `fs f gufka fg änc a näprcna' par

quf tdg fs gd eþriugd `f fstf äncà 2 sc gd rfùnncþh `f gdiagãnugd fxprfsd`d par N > c M > c A 0 fs ä N+ = M ' s A 0 ' tfh`rf

ias fg äncà pfgdrkþhcna2 y pu`cãhàsf scipgcecndr tdiocãh

fg icsia äncà idrkärcna rfùncãhàsf ä gds sckucfhtfs eþr

iugds' N ' 5 M + 5 A,' K/ M ' 0 : 0 ' N+ ? M 4 ? A 0 ' N = M = A 0 ' y N 5 M 5

A 0 ' aotfh`rfias nah ckudg edncgc`d` gas rfspfntcvas äncàs

krdsas ggdidàs' äncà ndprégcna' fhähtcna' ndprþcna' outé

rcna y prapcþhcna( Paàs fstas äncàs sf praùnfh fh gasiastas quf efrifhtdh fh vdsas docfrtas' y vdh naiochäh

àsf `fspuãs nah fg þxcà `f ftcga hdncfhtf' nahstctuyfhà

gas ãtfrfs näprcna' ndprégcna' fhähtcna' ndprþcna' outércna'

y prapcþhcna( Fg fxprfsdà þxcà `f ftcga fs suichcstrdà ä

su vfz par fg ãtfr tärtrcna quf sf praùnf dhtf taà fh gd

prcifrd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta ä fxpfhsds `fg äncà tdrtä

rcna gcorf y `fg dgnamag `fg géqucà( Ids' naia fg ãtfr tärtrcna þ tdrtrdta `f þxcà `f ftcga fs uh praùnta quf sf `fs

naipahf hdturdgifhtf nah suid edncgc`d`' sunf`f quf fg

þxcà `f ftcga rfsugtdhtf `f su `fsnaipascncþh' sf fhnufhtrd

fh fstdà hdncfhtf' y sf naiochd nah dgkuha `f gas rfefrc

às äncàs krdsas nahstctuyfhà su ãtfr rfspfntcva( Fg änc

à tdrtärcna' pufsta fh gcofrtd` ä nahsfnufhncd `f fstds

rfdnncahfs' sf dpa`frd fh sfkuc`d `f atrd ndhtc`d` `f dgnamag ' rfpraùncfhà fg ãtfr tärtrcna' fg nudg aord `f hufva

saorf fg prcifr äncà krdsa quf mdggd fh su prfsfhncd' ear

idhà tdiocãh su ãtfr rfspfntcva2 y dsc sunfscvdifhtf cräh

arckchähàsf fh fg vcha gds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds aàréef

rds( Checãrfsf `f dqué' quf fg äncà tdrtärcna gcorf' nahtf

hcà fh gas iastas fh idyar þ ifhar ndhtc`d` ' fs fg prc

ifr fgfifhta `f ta`d ftfrcecndncah' sch fg nudg ha puf`fh



‐ 454 ‐

??

earidrsf hchkuha `f gas naipufstas ftãrfas quf mfias ch

`cndà dhtfrcarifhtf(

Mã dqué pufs `fsncerdà fg arckfh f gd prcifrd y idscipartdhtf ftfrcecndncah `f gas vchas( S ha sf `ckd quf fg

axékfha' dg prfsc`cr gds ch`cnd`ds rfdnncahfs' sfd suichcs

trdà par fg icsia dzündr `fg iasta( Fstd tfaréd þ supasc

ncþh `f dgkuhas dutarfs sf `fspgaid dhtf gd präntcnd( Fs

uh mfnma rfnahancà par Ir( é#uhéds' Iug`fr y atras qué

icnas `f hatd quf gas vchas fgdoardàs fh vdsas docfrtas

y fh nahtdnta nah gds pfpctds `f gd uvd pasffh uh oauquft

sch naipdrdncþh ids prahuhncdà y ids dkrd`dogf quf fg

`f gas vchas efrifhtdàs sch fg nahnursa `f `cnmds ncrnuhs

tdhncds( ^c' fh fg ndsa `f quf sf trdtd' fg axékfha pravchcf

sf `f gd `fsaxckfhdncþh `fg dzündr' gas vchas aotfhcàs par

gd efrifhtdncþh nfrrd`d `f sus iastas luhta nah gds pfpc

tds `f gd uvd prfsfhtdrédh fh fg dhägcscs dgkuhas `f gas

ãtfrfs ch`cndàs2 ids' ha fs dsé' fstas vchas' sc ocfh tcfhfhfh `csaguncþh fg dnfctf ecla `f gds pfpctds' ndrfnfh ha aos

tdhtf `fg vfr`d`fra oauquft' parquf gas äncàs krdsas `f

dqufg' mdggähàsf sch gd chegufhncd chif`cdtd y nahtchud

`fg dcrf' ha mdh pa`cà axc`drsf prfvcdifhtf pdrd sfr ftf

rcecndàs( Pdgfs sah gas mfnmas chnahtfstdogfs quf mfias

vcsta nahecridàs fh rfpftc`ds aosfrvdncahfs vfrcecnd`ds par

hufstrd pdrtf saorf fg pdrtcnugdr(

Fh vcstd `f ga quf vd fxpufsta ' fg nasfnmfra' dg fgdoa

rdr sus ndgàs' `fof `fnc`crsf par gd efrifhtdncþh fh vdsc

lds docfrtds' y par gd idnfrdncah `f gas iastas nah gds pf)

génugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd(

Ha `f atrd idhfrd puf`fh aotfhfrsf vchas hdturdgfs

dprfncdogfs par su oauquft y eartdgfzd(



‐ 45? ‐

Fg tcfipa' edvarfncà par fg drtf' fs fg quf ia`cecnd y

naiochd `f uhd idhfrd icstfrcasd y sagfihf taàs gas

prchncpcas draiätcnas y dgnamþgcnas quf sf praùnfh fh gas

vchas(

53( Uchas `f idnfrdncah( Fstas praùntas ifrfnfh sfr

nagandàs fh prcifrd géhfd par sfr gas ühcnas ndpdnfs `f

prfsfhtdr ndrdntfrfs iuy supfrcarfs ä gas f taàs gas `f

iäs vchas ids nfgfordàs y aotfhcàs par atras pranf`c

icfhtas `cstchtas(Ggäidhsf vchas `f idnfrdncah dqufggas vchas quf' pra

nf`fhtfs `f uvds ogdhnds þ tchtds' þ `ãgd ifzngd `f diods'

mdh scà fgdoardàs par gd efrifhtdncþh ids þ ifhas pra

gahkd`d `f sus iastas fh nahtdnta nah gds pfgénugds y pfpc

tds `f gd uvd(

Fg nagar `f gas vchas `f quf sf trdtd vdrcd sfküh gd ngdsf

`f uvds `f quf pranf`fh' y sfküh fg tcfipa `f su idnfrdncah( Dsc fs' quf odla uhd idnfrdncah `f 4: ä 4? `éds' su

nagar fs ogdhna didrcggfhta nudhà gas vchas sah praùnc

às ühcndifhtf nah uvds ogdhnds2 rasdà nudhà nah fs

tds uvds mdy uhd tfrnfrd pdrtf `f uvds nagard`ds þ hfkrds '

rala nfrfzd' sc mdy dpraxcid`difhtf pdrtfs ckudgfs `f uvds

ogdhnds y `f uvds tchtds' y rala ids þ ifhas asnura nudh

à àichdh fh idyar þ ifhar praparncþh gds uvds nagard`ds( Fstds icsids ia`cecndncahfs `f nagar puf`fh prfsfh

tdrsf fh gas vchas quf sf prfpdrfh tdh saga nah uvds hf

krds þ tchtds y fxpfrcifhtfh uhd idnfrdncah ids nartd quf

gd ch`cnd`d 2 `f sufrtf quf idnfrdhà gas iastas uh saga

`éd nah gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f `cnmds uvds' sf aotcfhfh

vchas `f nagar rasdà' icfhtrds quf sc gd idnfrdncah sf pra

gahkd trfs þ nudtra `cds gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs sah ralas ' y



‐ 45> ‐

-g# Gds pfpctds `f gd uvd saiftc`ds ä gd prfscþh suichcstrdh par mfntag c

tra `f 0 ä ; bcgakrdias `f uh dnfctf ùgnf y tdh oufha naia fg `f dnfctuhds(

E( ^dnn( Zrfncs `fNmcicf dkrcnagf' sfnah`f f`ctcah' päk( >:4(

dsc sunfscvdifhtf vd duifhtähàsf fg idtcz `f gas vchas

ä if`c`d quf gd idnfrdtcah `f sus iastas fs ids gdrkd(Pdiocãh puf`fh aotfhfrsf vchas ralas odstdhtf nagardàs

sc ä pdrtfs ckudgfs `f uvds ogdhnds y `f uvds tchtds luhtd

ias uhd idnfrdncah `f anma ä `cfz `cds(

Zdrd prfpdrdr gas vchas `f idnfrdncah fh su idyar fs

tdà `f pfrefnncþh pascogf sf pranf`f `fg tfhar sckucfhtf(

_fnakcàs gas rdncias sdhas y idùras sf trdspartdh ä gds

nuods þ gdkdrfs' sf fstruldh y gufka sf iah`dh `f su fsnaodla ' prdntcndhà fstd apfrdncþh nah gd idyar fsnrupu

gasc`d` 2 gd nuod sf crä ggfhdhà nah fg iasta dnaipd

ôdà `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds - 4 # `f gd uvd mdstd

gas trfs nudrtas `f su ndpdnc`d`( Ggfkdà ä fstd dgtu

rd fg iasta' `fof nuorcrsf fg taà par if`ca `f uh fh

rfldà `f id`frd quf' pravcsta `f sus rfspfntcvds nmdr

hfgds ' puf`d àogdrsf ã chtraùncrsf nahvfhcfhtfifhtf fhgd nuod' gd nudg `fof mdggdrsf kudrhfnc`d fh `cnmd dgturd

`f uhas tapfs þ sdgcfhtfs ä ech `f quf fg fxprfsdà àogf)

eahà sf idhtfhkd marczahtdg' y nahstruc`d' d`fiäs' `f ia

à quf tfhkd uh ifhar `cäiftra `fs f dqufg puhta mdstd

gd pdrtf supfrcar `f gd icsid( Hd`d ids sfhncgga hc fnahþ

icna quf fstd ia`cecndncþh quf `fofréd sfr dàptd`d par

gas nasfnmfras fh sus rfspfntcvas gdkdrfs' y hd`d ids hfnfsdrca tdiocãh parquf sf fvctd dsé gd earidncþh `fg saiorfra

tdh pfrlu`cncdg ä gas vchas' fh rdzþh `f quf fg fhrfldà quf

sulftd gd idsd sþgc`d `fg arula quf`d nahstdhtfifhtf odla



‐ 450 ‐

`fg hcvfg `fg iasta efrifhtdhtf( @f ga nahtrdrca' uhd pdr

tf `fg dgnamag quf sf vd praùncfhà ùrdhtf gd efrifhtdncþh sf mdggd fh nahtdnta fxnfscva nah fg dcrf dìaseãrcnay

fg efrifhta' suerf gas fefntas `f gd axc`dncþh pfr`cfhà às

fqucvdgfhtfs `f su mc`rþkfha' sf nahvcfrtf fh dg`fmc`d' y

ãstd' dosarvcfhà às fqucvdgfhtfs `f axékfha' quf`d trdhs

earid`d fh äncà dnãtcna( @f dmé fg parquã iunmas vchas

ggfvdh yd nahscka' dpfhds edorcndàs' fg kfrifh `f su fs

trunncþh( Fstd dgtfrdncþh ha puf`f tfhfr gukdr ia`cecndhàgd `cspascncþh `f gds nuods `fg iaà rfefrcà(

Ha sagdifhtf sf gakrd `cnmd vfhtdld apfrdhà `f gd id

hfrd ch`cnd`d' scha quf duh rfsugtd atrd idy ar ' sc ndof'

quf rfùh`d ckudgifhtf fh krdh ofhfecnca `f gd oufhd nd

gc`d` `f gas vchas( Fg zuia `f gds uvds efrifhtdà par sé

saga' þ sch gd prfsfhncd `f gds pfgénugds y `fg arula' suic

hcstrd uh vcha ngdrftf y sdorasa' fs vfr`d`' pfra fstä `fspaldà `f uha `f gas fgfifhtas prchncpdgfs quf `fof pasffr

taà oufh vcha( ^docà fs quf fh gd pfgénugd `f gd uvd rf

sc`f ' ä ids `fg tdhcha y `f gd idtfrcd nagardhtf' uh dnfctf

fsfhncdg `fsnuocfrta par Ir( Duofrkcfr' y quf fh gds pfpc

tds mdy vdrcas nufrpas krdsas' prchncpca nurtcfhtf' tärtdra

y dgkuhds atrds sdgfs( Zufs ocfh' mdggähàsf suifrkc`ds gds

pfgénugds y pfpctds fh fg iasta `f gd nuod' fstf `csufgvf susprchncpcas agfasas quf `fofh earidr gd odsf `f gas ãtfrfs

quf nahstctuyfh fg draid iügtcpga þ sfd fg oauquft `f ta

às gas vchas supfrcarfs(

Fh dgkuhas puhtas `f Fspdôd' pdrtcnugdrifhtf fh Fs)

trfidùrd' àh`f sf aotcfhfh vchas iuy echas y `fgcndàs'

gas nasfnmfras pfrsud`càs präntcndifhtf `f gd iflar ndgc`d`

`fg praùnta quf rfsugtd idnfrdhà fh fg iasta fh efr)



‐ 456 ‐

ifhtdncþh gd ndsnd `f gd uvd' fnmdh idha `f uh `csna `f

id`frd þ `f narnma muh`cfhà nah ãg `fhtra `fg géqucà ta`d gd idsd sþgc d `fg arula 2 pfra fstd apfrdncþh' quf sf

rfpctf erfnufhtfifhtf icfhtrds ùrd fh fg gdkdr gd efrifh

tdncþh tuiugtuasd' fs uh tdhta drrcfskd`d y `focfrd pras

nrcocrsf par naipgfta fh rdzþh `f quf fg aorfra fhndrkdà

`f mdnfrgd puf`f sfr dsecxcdà par fg äncà ndroþhcna quf

sf `fsprfh`f f gd nuod' naia `fskrdncd`difhtf md sunf

`cà dgkuhds vfnfs( Dodh`þhfsf pufs fstd präntcnd mdrtadrrdckd`d fh ncfrtas `cstrctas' y ia cecqüfsf Ld `cspascncþh

`f Lds tchds þ gdkdrfs `f gd idhfrd ch`cnd`d dhtfrcarifhtf'

sc sf qucfrf pfrefnncahdr gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas' y fvc

tdr taà pfgckra dg nasfnmfra quf kaocfrhd þ `crckf gds efr

ifhtdncahfs `f sus ndgàs(

Zar ids quf fg sdoca Ir( Kuyat fh sus aords `f

vchcecndncþh ha nfsf `f rfnaifh`dr ä gas nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs quf edorcqufh fg vcha `f prcifrd ndgc`d` nah fg

iasta saga y idùra' þ efrifhtdà sch fg nahtdnta `f

gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd' ha pa`fias trdhsc

kcr nah gd apchcah f tdh rfspftdogf fhagakcstd' par

quf gd tfaréd y' ga quf fs ids' gd fxpfrcfhncd vcfhfh fh su

nahtrd`cnncþh( Fg vcha pdrd sfr `f prcifrd ndgc`d`' ä ids

`f mdofrsf aotfhcà nah uvds oufhds y ocfh sdzahd`ds'`fof tfhfr fh `csaguncþh gas nufrpas krdsas ifhncahdàs'

parquf fggas sah gas quf' axc`ähàsf fh `cstchtds earids'

praùnfh fh gds `cefrfhtfs rfdnncahfs sunfscvds gas äncàs

näprcna' pfgdrkþhcna' ndprégcna' fhähtcna' outércna y `fiäs

quf' naiochähàsf nah fg dgnamag fh fstdà `f þxcà `f ftc

ga ' sf ftfrcecndh fh fg vcha sch nfsdr( Mã dqué gd ndusd `f

quf gas vchas fgdoardàs par gd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta sa)



‐ 455 ‐

ga ndrfnfh `fg oauquft ndrdntfréstcna par ids efnmd quf

tfhkdh ' dg pdsa quf gas pranf`fhtfs `f su efrifhtdncþh fhnahtdnta nah gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd ga `fsdrraggdh

yd `fs`f uh prchncpca' duifhtähàga y ia`cecnähàga ä if

`c`d quf vdh scfhà ids dôflas( S ha sf `ckd fh nahtrdrca

`f ga quf dndodias `f fxpahfr quf gas vchas lfrfzdhas y

idgdkufôas' par flfipga' pasffh uh agar dkrd`dogf suid

ifhtf prahuhncdà' y ha aostdhtf sah edorcndàs nah gd

efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta saga' pufs quf ä fsta `fofias nahtfstdr quf fg draid `f fstas vchas fs `focà prchncpdgifh

tf dg pfnugcdr `fg eruta' naia fh fefnta dsé sunf`f nah+fg

pdgaicha `f Lfrfz' gas iasndtfgfs `f Iägdkd y atras vdrcas(

Ha sf naheuh`d par tdhta fg draid mcla `f uh dnfctf fsfh

ncdg quf fg dhägcscs quéicna md fhnahtrdà fh fstas erutas'

nah fg oauquft þ sfd gds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds fxprfsd`ds

rfsugtdhtfs `f uhd ocfh `crckc`d edorcndncþh( Fsta has `d änahanfr gd chnaipdrdogf iflard `f quf sah susnfptcogfs gas

ediasas vchas dh`dgunfs' dàptähàsf hufstra pranf`cicfh

ta nah fg nudg' ä su draid hdturdg yd odstdhtf sfhscogf' sf

gfs dkrfkdréd fg `f gas ãtfrfs fhähécna' outércna' pfgdrkþhc)

na y `fiäs' nuya nahluhta nahstctucréd fg oauquft ndrdntf

réstcna `f gas vchas ids supfrcarfs y fstcidàs( Fhtahnfs ha

mdy ù`d quf gd Fspdôd pa`rcd prfsfhtdr fstas mfriasaspraùntas sch rcvdgfs fh fg iuhà' duifhtdhà nahsc`frd

ogfifhtf gd lustd edid y prfstckca furapfas `f quf kazdh

yd fh fg `éd hufstras vchas `f Dh`dgunéd(

S sc dmard dpgcndias gas icsias prchncpcas quf `fldias

sfhtdàs ä gas ha ifhas dprfncdàs vchas `fg Zrcardta y

`f gd Nastd `f Gfvdhtf fh Ndtdguôd' ä gas `fg Ndipa `f

Ndrcôfhd fh Drdkþh' y ä tdhtas atras vchas `f sé yd prf)



‐ 45; ‐

ncdàs quf sf aotcfhfh fh `cefrfhtfs pravchncds `f gd Zf

héhsugd' ± quã ha pa`rfias fspfrdr `f gd vchcecndncþh fspdôagd1

Mfias ch`cndà quf gds vdsclds `f efrifhtdncþh ha `fofh

`fldrsf `fg taà ggfhds ä ech `f fvctdr uh rfoasdicfhta tu

iugtuasa quf `f atrd idhfrd tfh`réd gukdr ä gas prcifras

`cds `f odcgdrsf fg iasta efrifhtdhà( Nudhà fg zuia pra

nf`f `f uvds ogdhnds' fs prfncsa quf gd efrifhtdncþh sf

fefntüf fh vdsclds nfrrd`ds y pravcstds `f uh tuoa quf edncgctf gd sdgc`d `fg kds äncà ndroþhcna( Dnahsfldias fstd

pfqufôd ia`cecndncþh `f hufstra pranf`cicfhta parquf mf

ias aosfrvdà quf gas vchas ogdhnas edorcndàs fh vdsas

docfrtas pcfr`fh uhd pdrtf `f su `fgcndà draid' prfsfh

tdhà par ga icsia uh oauquft iunma ifhas prahuhncdà

quf nudhà sah aotfhcàs fh nuods nfrrd`ds' Zar ga `fiäs'

rfpftcrfias nah Gcfock quf gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd sfapfrf kfhfrdgifhtf fh vdsclds docfrtds' ta`d vfz quf fggd

sckuf su nursa nah ids dntcvc`d`' sch pfrlucnca `f gds atrds

vfhtdlds quf' sfküh mfias vcsta yd' rfsugtdh fh ofhfecnca

`f gas vchas(

±Nuähta tcfipa `fof ùrdr gd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta

`fhtra `f gds nuods fh prfsfhncd `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds

`f gd uvd1 Mã dquc atrd nufstcþh chtfrfsdhtf quf `fofiasrfsagvfr' parquf aosfrvdias `fskrdncd`difhtf fh fstd pdr

tf gd idyar edgtd `f uhc`d` y nahncfrta( D`fiäs `f quf gas

nasfnmfras `fldh efrifhtdr par rfkgd kfhfrdg fg iasta

luhta nah fg fsnaodla' ga quf ha nahvcfhf ldiäs' sfküh mf

ias ch`cndà' sf hatd fg idyar `fsnucà y dodhàha rfs

pfnta ä gd ùrdncþh `f fstd efrifhtdncþh( Mdy nasfnmfras

quf rfnakfh chif`cdtdifhtf fg iasta fxprcicà' y ga trds)



‐ 45= ‐

gd`dh saga ä atrds vdsclds pdrd apfrdrsf dggé gd efrifhtd

ncþh tuiugtuasd' atras quf `fldh pfridhfnfr fh gd nuod fgzuia y gds uvds fstruld`ds par fspdnca `f dgkuhds mards'

atras quf sf nahtfhtdh nah dgkuhas `cds' þ nah sfidhds f h

tfrds' y ha panas quf ga sulftdh ä gd nuod ùrdhtf às' trfs

y ids ifsfs( ¡Gdifhtdogfs dhaidgéd y `fsnahncfrta quf

has prufodh gd edgtd `f vfr`d`fras nahancicfhtas präntcnas

saorf uh puhta tdh cipartdhtf $ ±Nuäg `f tdh vdrcdàs iã

taàs sfrä pufs fg iflar1 ^fhscogf fs `fncrga2 ä hufstraiaà `f vfr hchkuha ggfhd gas echfs `f uhd oufhd vchcec

ndncþh( Gas rfpftcàs fhsdyas prdntcndàs dg chtfhta `f pa

`fr fstdogfnfr uhd rfkgd kfhfrdg' ä quf `focfrdh dtfhfrsf

gas nasfnmfras nfgasas `f gd oah`d` `f sus vchas' has mdh

mfnma naiprfh`fr quf fg tcfipa `f gd efrifhtdncþh quf has

anupd `fof sfr f 4? ä 46 `cds( @urdhtf fstf pfréaà' y

aosfrvähàsf hufstra pranf`cicfhta' sf `csufgvfh pfrefntdifhtf fh fg iasta gd idtfrcd nagardhtf' fg tdhcha y fg

dnfctf fsfhncdg' rfsc`fhtfs fh gds pfgénugds `f gds uvds' y

d`fiäs gas nufrpas krdsas nah pdrtf `fg prchncpca dstrch

kfhtf' tärtdra y atrds sdgfs quf nahtcfhfh gds pfpctds( Vh

tcfipa ifhar `fg fxprfsdà `fld krdh pdrtf `f `cnmds sus

tdhncds sch `csagvfr2 uh tcfipa idyar saorfndrkd fg iasta

chütcgifhtf `f äncà tähcna' y fvdpard tdiocãh ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f gas prchncpcas draiätcnas y dgnamþgcnas quf sf vdh

praùncfhà fh gd nuod(

Ufdias dmard gas efhþifhas quf sf pdsdh ùrdhtf fstd

prcifrd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta( Dg `éd sckucfhtf `f naga

ndà fg iasta `fhtra gd nuod þ gdkdr' fipcfzd ä hatdrsf

fh fg géqucà uh gckfra iavcicfhta praùncà par dgkuhds

ouroulds `f kds äncà ndroþhcna quf sf `fsprfh`fh2 gds



‐ 453 ‐

idtfrcds dzad`ds nahtfhc`ds fh fg iasta dosarvcfhà fg

axékfha `fg dcrf dìaseãrcna sf iugtcpgcndh fh krdh ndhtc

`d`' y sf nahvcfrtfh fh efrifhtas c þhfas quf rfdnncahdh

chif`cdtdifhtf saorf gds prcifrds iagãnugds `f dzündr quf

fhnufhtrdh' `fsàogähàgds fh dgnamag quf quf`d `csufgta

fh fg géqucà y fh äncà ndroþhcna quf sf fsndpd( Fstf kds'

`fsprfh`cãhàsf fh earid `f kgaougcggas quf vdh scfhà su

nfscvdifhtf ids huifrasas' drrdstrd mdncd gd supfrecncf

`fg iasta uhd ndhtc`d` hatdogf `f efrifhta y `f sustdhncds

dgouichasds' earidhà uhd fspuid douh`dhtf quf sf `fr

rdidréd eufrd `f gd nuod sc fstd sf muocfsf ggfhdà mdstd

ids dggä `f gas);, `f su ndpdnc`d`( Dg prapca tcfipa sf

prfncpctd dg eahà `f gd vdscld fg efrifhta axc`dà' tärtdra'

vdrcds atrds sdgfs y `fiäs idtfrcds quf nahstctuyfh gd mfz(

@cnmds rfdnncahfs `dh gukdr ä uhd praùnncþh nahsc`frdogf

`f ndgþrcna quf `cgdtd y ndgcfhtd fg géqucà earzähàgf ä suocr

mdncd gd pdrtf supfrcar `f gd nuod' y earidh d`fiäs uh ncfr

ta rucà þ `fnrfpctdncþh nahtchud quf sf ayf `fs`f ncfrtd `cs

tdhncd' mdncfhà sfhtcr ä gd vfz uh agar vchasa iuy eufrtf(

Fh vdrcas puhtas vchénagds `f Erdhncd y `f Fspdôd gas

nasfnmfras' dg `crckcr gd prcifrd efrifhtdncþh `f sus ias

tas ' pranurdh quf sf vcfrtd þ rfoasf eufrd `f gds nuods gd

fspuid gfvdhtd`d par fg äncà ndroþhcna quf sf `fsprfh`f'

dg aolfta `f `fspaldr dg vcha rfsugtdhtf `f uhd ndhtc`d` ha

tdogf `f efrifhta' nahsc`frdà naia pfrlu`cncdg dg icsia'

pfra fstd präntcnd' saorf sfr chütcg fh rdzþh `f quf `cnma

efrifhta fs fg quf dg axc`drsf ndf naia chsaguogf dg eahà

`f gd nuod' luhtähàsf nah gds mfnfs' rfùh`d fh purd pãr

`c`d `f uhd dprfncdogf ndhtc`d` `f vcha quf gd fspuid nah

tcfhf ' par nuya iatcva mdy quf rffipgdzdrgd nah atrd par)?>



‐ 4;: ‐

ncah `f vcha ckudg dg quf sf edorcnd( Atras nasfnmfras sf

fsifrdh fh edncgctdr gd sdgc`d `f gd fspuid quf praùnf fg

iasta `f gas tahfgfs ùrdhtf su sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh' rf

ggfhdhà nahtchudifhtf gas vdsas ä if`c`d quf `csichuyf

sfhscogfifhtf fg hcvfg `fg géqucà nahtfhcà fh su chtfrcar'

ids' sfifldhtf apfrdncþh' quf tcfhf tdiocãh par aolfta

fvctdrgd fvdpardncþh `fg vcha' fs ckudgifhtf chhfnfsdrcd2

pufsta quf fg hdturdg vdnéa' quf earid fg iasta `f gas ta

hfgfs icfhtrds vd efrifhtdhà' fstä anupdà par fg äncà

ndroþhcna quf' naia ids pfsdà quf fg dcrf' nuorf y pra)

tflf gd supfrecncf `fg géqucà cipc`cfhà ta`d fxmdgdncþh `f

prchncpcas ftãrfas y dgnamþgcnas(

Kfhfrdgifhtf mdogdhà' dg ndoa `f 4? ä 46 `cds `f efr

ifhtdr fg iasta `f gd nuod' sf md nahngucà su fefrvfsnfh

ncd fstrfpctasd' su ndgar md `csichucà nahsc`frdogfifhtf'

y su sdoar ùgnf md `fsdpdrfncà fh su idyar pdrtf( Fh

tahnfs sf pranf`frä dg trdscfka `fg vcha fhvdsähàga fh gas

tahfgfs `f nahsfrvdncþh' quf sf `fldräh dgka vdnéas' y ä gd

chif`cdtd prfscþh `fg arula' nuya vcha' nagandà dpdrtf' sf

`fstchdrä ids tdr`f pdrd ggfhdr gas rfefrcàs tahfgfs( Fstas

`fofh mdggdrsf `f dhtfidha `cspufstas fh uhd oa`fkd) erfs

nd y ä prapþscta pdrd idhtfhfr ùrdhtf gd sfkuh`d efr

ifhtdncþh `fg vcha uhd tfipfrdturd fxtfrcar f " 4: ä 4?ºnfhtékrdàs' dorcfhà þ nfrrdhà sus dofrturds sfküh nah

vfhkd 2 prfnduncþh quf fs tdhta ids rfnaifh`dogf fh nudh

ta gas vchas d`qucfrfh nah fggd if cas `f gdrkd nahsfrvd

ncþh' parquf prfncpctdh gd idyar pdrtf `fg efrifhta saguogf

quf fs fg prchncpdg dkfhtf `f su dnftcecndncþh( Fh fefnta< fg

efrifhta saguogf `fg iasta sf axc`d y pdsd ä chsaguogf nudh

à sf mdggd fh prfsfhncd `fg dcrf ä uhd tfipfrdturd quf fstã



‐ 4;4 ‐

-4# Gcfock' Gfttrfs sur gd Nmcicf' päk( 0;?2 Zdrcs' 7=0;(

fhtrf " = y " 4:º' icfhtrds quf fh tdgfs ncrnuhstdhncds'

nahtchudhà scfiprf gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd' fg dgnamag ha sf axc`d fh ga ids iéhcia parquf hfnfsctd uhd tfipfrd

turd ids fgfvd`d þ sfd `f " >6º pdrd su dnftcecndncþh -4#(

Prdsgd`dà fg vcha `f gd nuod ä gds ch`cnd`ds vdsclds' fxpf

rcifhtd fhtahnfs gd efrifhtdncþh gfhtd' quf nahtchüd par

dgkuh tcfipa ' ä ofhfecnca `f gd nudg fipcfzdh ä `fsdrra

ggdrsf gas ãtfrfs' fh rdzþh `f quf fg dgnamag hdncfhtf vd

naiochähàsf nah gas äncàs hdturdgfs y praùncàs( @fdmé fg agar quf vd scfhà sunfscvdifhtf ids prahuhncdà ä

if`c`d quf nahtchüd fh gas vchas fg idrdvcggasa trdodla `f

arkdhczdncþh( Fstd sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh nahnguyf echdg

ifhtf ' y gd dpraxcidncþh `f fstf puhta sf nahanf par gds

pands ouroulds `fg kds äncà ndroþhcna quf sf `fsprfh`fh

y par fg pfqufôa rucà nahsckucfhtf quf sf pfrncof fh gas

tahfgfs( Fhtahnfs fs ggfkdà fg iaifhta `f ggfhdr naipgftdifhtf gas fhvdsfs nah fg vcha aotfhcà par gd prfscþh `fg

arula' nfrrdrgas fxdntdifhtf nah oufhas narnmas pdrd ci

pf`cr gd fhtrd`d `fg dcrf dìaseãrcna' y `fldrgas fh fstd sc

tudncþh mdstd fg chvcfrha prþxcia( Dqué tfrichd' fh oufhd

edorcndncþh' fg fhtfh`cà nasfnmfra gd prcifrd pdrtf `f su

trdodla fh gd fgdoardncþh `f fstas vchas(

;:( Naipascncþh quéicnd `f gas vchas( Nahvfrtcà fgiasta fh vcha' sfküh dndodias `f vfr ' md ndiocdà `f

hdturdgfzd2 fh fstf fstdà fs uh géqucà earidà par gds

sckucfhtfs sustdhncds< dkud' dgnamagfs vdrcas' -dgnamag na

iüh ' diygcna ' outércna' ftn (# ' dg`fmc`d' ãtfrfs dnãtcna'

outércna y fhähtcna ' änc a ndroþhcna gcorf' äncàs iägcna'



‐ i ‐

tdrtärcna y rdnãicna gcorfs y naiochdàs nah gd patdsd'

ngarura sþ`cna' sugedta patäscna y atrds sdgfs' dzündr ha`fsnaipufsta' iunégdka' `fxtrchd' tdhcha þ prchncpca ds

trchkfhtf' dnfctfs fsfhncdgfs' äncàs krdsas y idtfrcds naga

rdhtfs( Gds praparncahfs `fg tdh `cvfrsa hüifra `f nai

pahfhtfs quf nahstctuyfh ä gas vchas sah iuy vdrcdogfs2

fggds `fpfh`fh yd `f gds vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds y `f gd hdtu

rdgfzd `fg sufga fh quf gds icsids vflftdh' yd `fg iãtaà

`f nugtcva `dà ä gd vc`' naia tdiocãh `f gds chegufhncdsiftfaragþkcnds quf mdh prfsc`cà dg sdzahdr gas rdncias'

`fg tcfipa fh quf sf md mfnma gd vfh`cicd' y echdgifhtf

`f gds präntcnds fipgfd`ds fh gd vchcecndncþh( Fg fstu`ca `f

ta`ds fstds ndusds nahanc`ds ' y atrds quf `fsnahanfias'

cheguyfhtfs fh gd naipascncþh `f gas vchas' sfrä scfiprf `f

gd idyar cipartdhncd dg prakrfsa `f gd ncfhncd fhagþkcnd(

;4( Prdscfka `f gas vchas `f idnfrdncah( Fh gd ercdfstdncþh' þsfd fh gas ifsfs `f Fhfra þ Eforfra sckucfhtfs

ä gd edorcndncþh `f gas fxprfsdàs vchas' y odla uh tcfipa

sfna y sfrfha' `fofräh trdsfkdrsf gas ndgàs ä atras tahf

gfs ocfh gcipcas y dzuerdàs `f dhtfidha if`cdhtf qufidr

`fhtra gas icsias dgkuhd ifnmd ciprfkhd`d `f dzuerf(

Fstd apfrdncþh `fof vfrcecndrsf nah gd idyar rdpc`fz

pascogf ä ech `f cipf`cr fg dnnfsa `fg dcrf fh fg chtfrcar `fgds vdsclds y fg fsndpf `fg kds sugeurasa nahtfhcà fh fggds(

@as sah gas if`cas fipgfdàs pdrd trdsfkdr gas vchas< fg

prcifra y ids vfhtdlasa fs fg trdscfka par fspctd2 fg sf

kuhà fs fg trdscfka par sceþh( Fh fg prcifr ndsa sf d`dptd

uhd krufsd fspctd dg tdpþh chefrcar `f uha `f gas eahàs `fg

tahfg' nuya vcha md `f trdsfkdrsf' y gufka sf gf dlustd uh

tuoa `f mald `f gdtd quf' gckfrdifhtf chngchdà' nahùznd



‐ 4 ; > ‐

fg vcha `f gd fspctd docfrtd ä uh nuoa `f id`frd pufsta ä

su gdà( Ggfha fg nuoa odstd gas>

D `f su ndpdnc`d`' gdnudg `fof sfr `f 0: ä 0= gctras' sf ncfrrd gd fspctd' sf gf

vdhtd fg tuoa' y sf vcfrtf fg vcha saorf uh dhnma fiouà

nuya gdrka pcna sf chtraùznd uh tdhta fh fg tahfg fh quf

md `f fefntudrsf fg fhvdsf( Gd apfrdncþh idrnmd duh nah

idyar rdpc`fz y pfrefnncþh sc sf fnmd idha `f uhd oai

od dspcrdhtf' nuya pcna chefrcar chifrld fh fg vcha `fg nu

oa' `fldhà gd fspctd nahvfhcfhtfifhtf docfrtd mdstd dkatdr fg géqucà `fg tahfg( @f fstd idhfrd fg géqucà sf

trdscfkd nah odstdhtf trdhqucgc`d`' fvctähàsf gd fvdpard)'

ncah `f uhd pdrtf `f sus prchncpcas draiätcnas y dgnamþgc

nas2 `f ga nahtrdrca' sc sf trdscfkd fg vcha sch gds prfndu

ncahfs fxprfsd`ds' þ `fg iaà nah quf kfhfrdgifhtf sf

vfrcecnd' sf pcfr`fh uhd parncþh `f `cnmas prchncpcas tdh

hfnfsdrcas ä gd oah`d` `fg vcha' gas nudgfs' fspdrncãhàsfpar ta a fg äiocta `f gd oa`fkd' `fspc`fh uh agar vchasa

iuy prahuhncdà( Dg prapca tcfipa gas ndgàs dsé trdsfkd

às' dkctähàsf fh fxtrfia dg nahtdnta `fg dcrf' d`qucfrfh

iunmds vfnfs uh if`ca `f dgtfrdncþh' parquf su efrifhta

saguogf sf axc`d y praiufvf uhd hufvd efrifhtdncþh' nuyd

dntcvc`d` fxnfscvd tfrichd dnftcecndhà gas vchas( Nudhà

gd apfrdncþh `fg ch`cndà trdscfka fstä yd ocfh d`fgdhtd`d'fg nasfnmfra `fofrä fxdichdr nah erfnufhncd par if`ca

`f uhd napctd `f nrcstdg gd gcipcfzd `fg vcha quf idhd `f

gd fspctd' `dhà par tfrichd`d dqufggd apfrdncþh dg ia

ifhta quf sf aosfrvf fipdôd`d gd trdspdrfhncd `fg géqucà

quf sdgf `fg tahfg( Fhtahnfs quf`d fh gd oatd uhd parncþh

`f vcha turoca' fg nudg' luhta nah gds mfnfs' sf nagand dpdrtf

fh atrd vdscld `fstchd`d ä rfncocr gas rfscùas `f gas `fiäs



‐ 4 ; 0 ‐

trdscfkas ' nuyas rfscùas rfpasdàs suecncfhtfifhtf y `f

pasctdàs fh uh gukdr ga ids erfsna pascogf suichcstrdh

uhd ndhtc`d` hatdogf `f vcha oufha y trdspdrfhtf(

Fg trdscfka par if`ca `fg sceþh' sc ocfh fvctd gd pfreard

ncþh `fg narnma quf ncfrrd gd dofrturd chefrcar `fg tahfg' y

gd pãr`c`d `f uh pana `f vcha quf ä vfnfs sf fsndpd fh fg

dnta `f dlustdrgf gd fspctd' prfsfhtd sch fiodrka fg chnah

vfhcfhtf `f `fldr praparncahdgifhtf fh fg eahà `f gds vd

sclds idyar ndhtc`d` `f rfscùas' parquf fg iavcicfhta `f

dodla drrcod `ftfrichdà par gd suoc`d `fg géqucà par fg

sceþh sf trdsictf ä gds ndpds `f vcha ids prþxcids ä gd

mfz' gfvdhtdhà dgkuhds idtfrcds quf fhturocdh dg icsia

fh `cnmd rfkcah( Zar fstf iatcva prfefrcias y dnahsfldias

fg usa `f gd fspctd pdrd fg trdscfka `f gas vchas(

Dmard `fofias ggdidr uhas chstdhtfs gd dtfhncþh `f

hufstras nasfnmfras saorf gd cipartdhtf apfrdncþh `f quf

sf trdtd< 4(º parquf gd idyar pdrtf `f fggas `fldh)`f prdn

tcndrgd2 ?(º parquf gas quf gd flfnutdh ga mdnfh ä tfhar `f

gd prfanupdncþh kfhfrdg' fsta fs' fh fg pgfhcguhca `fg ifs

`f idrza 2 y >( º ' parquf fs fhtfrdifhtf hfnfsdrcd sc sf

qucfrf dsfkurdr gd nahsfrvdncþh y iflard `f gas ndgàs(

Fefntcvdifhtf' gd kgcd`chd þ fg efrifhta saguogf quf duh

rftcfhfh gas vchas' fxnctdà par gd tfipfrdturd prcidvfrdg'

gfs praiavfréd uhd hufvd efrifhtdncþh `fidscdà dntcvd'

`fsnaipahcfhà fg rfsta `fg dzündr quf tdg vfz nahtuvcfrfh

y dnftcecndhà ids þ ifhas fg dgnamag pdrd nahngucr ids

tdr`f nah gd nahvfrscah `f gd idyar pdrtf `fg vcha fh

vchdkrf( Pdgfs dgtfrdncahfs ha puf`fh tfhfr gukdr prdntc

ndhà fg trdscfka nah gds ch`cnd`ds prfnduncahfs' pufsta

quf fg dkfhtf `fstruntar ' gd kgcd`chd' sf vf prcvdà `fg



‐ 4;6 ‐

- c # Ha sf naiprfh`fh fh fstd `fhaichdncþh gas vchas `fnagar ogdhnadidrcggfhta quf' pranf`fhtfs `f uvds ogdhnds ühcndifhtf' odh scà fgdoardàs par gd efrifhtdncþh `f sus iastas luhta nah gd ndsnd þ fg arula `f gduvd( Fstas vchas sah vchas `f idnfrdncah(

axékfha `fg dcrf quf fs dosarvcà par fg dzuerf pranf`fhtf

`f gd ifnmd qufid`d fh fg chtfrcar `fg tahfg' y dg prapcatcfipa fg vcha trdsfkdà d`qucfrf idyar `fpurdncþh y

ngdrc`d` ' sfpdrähàsf `fg douh`dhtf pasa praùncà par

gds prcifrds efrifhtdncahfs' ncrnuhstdhncds quf ha `fldh

`f nahtrcoucr tdiocãh ä su iflar nahsfrvdncþh( Gas tahf

gfs `fofräh `fldrsf scfiprf naipgftdifhtf ggfhas y ocfh

tdpdàs(

;?( Uchas ogdhnas -4#( âh vchas ogdhnas dqufggas v c has aotfhcàs par gd efrifhtdncþh `f gas iastas sagas' þ

sfpdrdàs `fg fsnaodla' `f gds pfgénugds y `f gds pfpctds `f

gd uvd( Fg nagar `f fstas vchas prfsfhtd dgkuhds vfnfs uh

tchtf didrcgga þ rasdà' sfküh gds vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds `f

quf fggas pranf`fh( Pa`d uvd' ogdhnd þ didrcggd' rald þ

hfkrd ' puf`f suichcstrdr vchas ogdhnas' nah gd sagd pr f

nduncþh `f prcvdr ä sus iastas rfncfh fxprcicàs `fg nahtdnta `f gds pfgénugds `f gd uvd fh gds nudgfs rfsc`fh' na

ia fs sdocà' gds idtfrcds nagardhtfs `f gd icsid(

Zdrd prfpdrdr gas vchas ogdhnas sf pranf`f `fg iaà sc

kucfhtf( Nagandàs gas rdncias sch `fspdgcggdr fhncid `fg

pgdha chngchdà supfrcar `f gd tchd þ gdkdr sf fstruldräh

ocfh' ä ech `f aotfhfr gd idyar ndhtc`d` pascogf `fg zuia'

fg nudg ndyfhà `fhtra gd nuod crä ggfhähàgd mdstd gas>

D `f su ndpdnc`d`( Dsé sf aotcfhfh gas & þ dgka ids `fg ias

ta `f gds uvds' quf`dhà fg rfstdhtf zuia fh fg arula þ gd

ndsnd' gd nudg sf vd rfuhcfhà' y sf `fld fsnurrcr uh tdhta



‐ 4;5 ‐

fhncid `fg gdkdr( Gufka `fspuãs sf sulftd fg arula ä gd

dnncþh `f gd prfhsd pdrd fxtrdfr su iasta quf' efrifhtdà dpdrtf' suichcstrd uh vcha ngdrftf y sdorasa' ocfh quf

uh pana ids nagardà quf fg vcha `f gd nuod( Fg géqucà

`f fstd vdscld sf `fldrä pfridhfnfr fh gd icsid par fspd

nca `f ?0 þ >5 mards' dg aolfta `f `fspaldrsf par fg ia

ifhta `f gds prcifrds mfnfs ids pfsd`ds quf sf rfühfh

fh fg eahà `f gd nuod' y `f gds idtfrcds fxtrdôds quf fh

earid `f uhd douh`dhtf fspuid dnu`fh ä gd supfrecncf `fgiasta' fg nudg sf ngdrcecnd `fs`f gufka gckfrdifhtf if`cdh

tf fstd apfrdncþh prfgcichdr quf rfùh`d fh ofhfecnca `f gd

ndgc`d` `fg vcha rfsugtdhtf( Zdsdà fg tãricha ch`cndà' sf

trdscfkd fg zuia ä atrd nuod `fstchd`d fxnguscvdifhtf dg

aolfta' fh àh`f fxpfrcifhtd gd efrifhtdncþh tuiugtuasd'

echc`d gd nudg' sf trdsgd`drä fg géqucà ä gas tahfgfs `f fhvd

sf' `focfhà aosfrvdrsf fh fstd apfrdncþh gds icsids prfnduncahfs quf mfias rfnaifh`dà pdrd fg trdscfka `f gas

vchas `f idnfrdncah( Fh dqufggds vdsclds tcfhf gukdr fh

tahnfs gd efrifhtdncþh gdtfhtf' nfsdhà gd icsid gufka quf

gd tfipfrdturd dìaseãrcnd sf rfodld ä gas " 5 ü =º nfh

tékrdàs2 fh nuya ndsa tfrichd ckudgifhtf fg `fsprfh`c

icfhta vcscogf `f gds ouroulds `f äncà ndroþhcna( @urdhtf

gd fxprfsd`d efrifhtdncþh `f gas vchas ogdhnas vdrcas nasfnmfras rfggfhdh `f nahtchua gas tahfgfs2 apfrdncþh quf'

naia mfias vcsta yd' fs fhtfrdifhtf chhfnfsdrcd' parquf

fg äncà ndroþhcna quf sf `fsprfh`f `fg vcha `fsdgald prc

ifra fg dcrf `f gas fhvdsfs' y par su idyar `fhsc`d` quf

fstf egucà anupd gufka fg fspdnca þ vdnéa supfrcar `fg hcvfg

`fg géqucà efrifhtdhtf' fvctdhà su fvdpardncþh( Nudhà

md tfrichdà gd rfefrc`d efrifhtdncþh gdtfhtf' sf ggfhdräh



‐ 4P; ‐

naipgftdifhtf gas tahfgfs nah vcha ckudg dg quf sf edorcnd'

rfsfrvdà dpdrtf `f dhtfidha' y sf nfrrdräh ocfh pdrd

fvctdr fg dnnfsa `fg dcrf(Gd arkdhczdncþh `f gas vchas ogdhnas rfnarrf gas fhuh

ncdàs pfréaàs `f uhd idhfrd ifhas fstrfpctasd quf gd `f

gas vchas `f idnfrdncah2 `f sufrtf quf fh ckudg`d` `f krd

às kgfunaiãtrcnas' idsd `f géqucà y tfipfrdturd fxtf

rcar' fg iasta f gas vchas ogdhnas fh efrifhtdncþh idhc

ecfstd ä ga ids fh fg tfriþiftra 6º `f ndgþrcna supfrcar ä

gd tfipfrdturd dìaseãrcnd' dg pdsa quf fg iasta quf efr

ifhtd fh prfsfhncd `f gd ndsnd ü arula `f4+gd uvd dnusd

uh ndgar fsnf`fhtf `f = ä 4>º ä gd tfipfrdturd fxtfrcar(

Pdiocãh puf`fh aotfhfrsf gas vchas ogdhnas' sulftdhà

dgd dnncþh `f uhd oufhd prfhsd gas rdncias idùras' if

`ca fstruldàs y sch `fspdgcggdr( Fstf if ca suichcstrd fg

iasta ids ngdra quf fg rfsugtdhtf `fg(pcsdà ar`chdrca `f)

gd uv d2 par nuyd rdzþh ha mdy hfnfsc`d` `f mdnfrga ef r

ifhtdr dgkuhds mards fh uhd nuod fspfncdg dhtfs `f naga

ndrga fh fg gdkdr `fstchdà ä apfrdr su efrifhtdncþh tuiug

tuasd( Dsc pufs' fg iasta `f gd prfhsd sfrä trdsgd`dà ch

if`cdtdifhtf dg gdkdr àh`f `fof `fsdrraggdr su prcifrd

efrifhtdncþh ' echc`d gd nudg' sf nagandrä fg géqucà fh gas

tahfgfs `f nahsfrvdncþh ' aosfrvähàsf fh fstf trdscfka y

fh gds `fiäs apfrdncahfs sunfscvds gds icsids prfvfhnca

hfs y rfkgds fxprfsd`ds pdrd gas vchas `f idnfrdncah(

_fspfnta `f gds vdsclds quf mdh `f nahtfhfr gas vchas

ogdhnas' `fofias d`vfrtcr dqué ä gas nasfnmfras' quf gas

fhvdsfs `fofh sfr hufvas' þ mdofr nahtfhcà vchas `f

ckudg ngdsf' ä ech `f fvctdr ta`d nagardncþh dg vcha ogdhna'

ga quf tfh`réd gukdr fipgfdhà tahfgfs quf muocfsfh nah)V



‐ 4;= ‐

tfhcà ügtcidifhtf vchas tchtas( Ids d`fgdhtf nahsckhdrf

ias fh uh ndpétuga fspfncdg gas if`cas `f prfpdrdr y gcipcdr ocfh gas tahfgfs fh gas nudgfs `fofh `fpasctdrsf gas vc

has' naia tdiocãh fg iaà `f nahsfrvdr scfiprf gds vdsc

lds fh oufh fstdà' y gd idtfrcd y ndpdnc`d` `f gds icsids

ids ä prapþscta pdrd gd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas ndgàs(

;>( Zdrdhkþh fhtrf gas vchas ogdhnas y gas vchas `f

idnfrdncah( Gas vchas ogdhnas' prfpdrdàs nah gds nah`c

ncahfs quf fgfldias fxpufstds' prfsfhtdh uhd ngdrc`d` ytrdspdrfhncd iuy hatdogfs' rfuhcfhà ä uh sdoar echa y

dkrd`dogf dg pdgd`dr uh draid ids þ ifhas sfhscogf' sf

küh gds vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds quf gas mdh praùncà( Fipf

ra ' fstds ncrnuhstdhncds quf ndrdntfrczdh ä gas vchas ogdh

nas iflar fgdoardàs mdh scà fxdkfrd`ds par vdrcas fha)

gakcstds iuy rfspftdogfs quf nahsc`frdh ä `cnmas praùn

tas naia supfrcarfs odla taàs nahnfptas ê gas `fiäs v c has ' y gas ühcnas ndpdnfs `f nahstctucr fg nrã`cta y gd rf

putdncþh `f taà pdés vchénagd( D hufstra fhtfh`fr' fg vcha

ogdhna ids fxqucscta fs y sfrä scfiprf chefrcar dg vcha `f

idnfrdncah ocfh fgdoardà2 dqufg pa`rä tfhfr rcqufzd' tfh

`rä ndgc`d` ' pfra ndrfnfrä `fg oauquft ndrdntfréstcna `f gas

vchas `f idnfrdncah( Fstf oauquft' quf `fof sfr fg ogdhna

`f taàs gas vctcnugtarfs nfgasas ã chtfgckfhtfs' fs gd prcifrd ncrnuhstdhncd `f gas vchas y gd ids dprfncdogf' fs gd séh

tfscs `f su vdgar rfspfntcva ' y su earidncþh `fpfh`f ' ha

`f gd fspfncf þ vdrcf`d` `f gds nfpds' hc `fg tfrrfha fh quf

gds icsids vflftdh' scha `fg pranf`cicfhta fspfncdg `f vc

hcecndncþh' þ par iflar `fncr' `f gd quéicnd fhagþkcnd( Pa

`d uvd' `f oufhd ndstd y ocfh sdzahd`d' puf`f praùncr

vchas nah oauquft' parquf fh fggd sf fhnufhtrdh gas fgf)



‐ 443 ‐

iãrctas hfnfsdrcas pdrd fgga 2 gas äncàs eclas y hdturdgfs'

gas nufrpas krdsas' fg dzündr y atras prchncpcas fxcstfhtfs

fh gds uvds sah gd odsf `f gds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds quf

sf `fsdrraggdh fh gas vchas ùrdhtf su arkdhczdncþh ocfh

`crckc`d' pfra naia fg arckfh `f `cnmds naiochdncahfs

aàréefrds fs `foc a prchncpdgifhtf ä uh äncà krdsa quf

vdrcd y pranf`f `f gas nufrpas krdsas nahtfhcàs fh gds

pfpctds `f gd uvd' fs fvc`fhtf quf ha puf`f praùncrsf fg

oauquft sia fh gas vchas f idnfrdncah( Fh nahecridncþh`f fstd vfr`d`' naipdrfias par uh iaifhta uh vcha

ogdhna' fg ids echa y iflar prfpdrdà' nah uh vcha nudg

qucfrd `f idnfrdncah' -icfhtrds fstf ügtcia ha sfd dgtfrd

à par dgkuh vcnca `f su edorcndncþh'# y fxdichfias di

oas praùntas par if`ca `f gas sfhtcàs( Hufstra agedta

pfrncocrä `fs`f gufka fg draid sudvf ids þ ifhas sfhsc

ogf `fg vcha ogdhna' y fg pfreuif chtfhsa' krdta y `fnc`cà `fg vcha `f idnfrdncah' pfreuif þ oauquft quf sf ia

`cecnd nah fg tcfipa mdncãhàsf ids dkrd`dogf y ids pra

huhncdà2 gd vcstd `fsnuorcrä uh nagar iunma ids suocà

fh fg vcha `f idnfrdncah quf fh fg vcha ogdhna' y fg kusta

fhnahtrdrä ncfrtd dspfrfzd þ eruhncà fh fg prcifra quf ha

fxcstf fh fg sfkuhà 2 par nuya iatcva fg sdoar `f gas vc

has ogdhnas fs kfhfrdgifhtf ids echa y ids dnfptdogf dgpdgd`dr quf fg `f gas vchas `f idnfrdncah( Fstas ndgàs'

sch fiodrka' puf`fh iflardr eäncgifhtf `f nah`cncþh' md

ncãhàsf tdh echas y sdorasas naia gas vchas ogdhnas( ^cfh

à gd dspfrfzd `fg vcha `f idnfrdncah `foc`d ä gd idyar

ndhtc`d` `f tdhcha þ prchncpca dstrchkfhtf quf ãg nahtcfhf'

pa`fias fgcichdrgd par if`ca `f gd kfgdtchd' nah gd nudg

sf naiochd fg tdhcha earidhà uh tdhhdga chsaguogf quf sf



‐ 4=: ‐

prfncpctd' `fspaldhà fg géqucà `f ta`ds gds idtfrcds pfr

lu`cncdgfs ä su oufh sdoar y gcipcfzd( Fstd apfrdncþh quf

mdnf ä gas vchas ids ngdras' ids echas y ids trdspdrfhtfs

sf ggdid ngdrcecndncþh(

^ch ù`d quf fg nahnfpta pana edvardogf quf gfs if

rfnfh ä ncfrtas dutarfs gas vchas `f idnfrdncah `fpfh

`f `f gas praùntas eãtcàs y `fsdkrd`dogfs quf suichcstrd

gd `fstcgdncþh `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd' þ sfd `f

gas rfscùas f gd fxtrdnncþh `fg vcha Ids' prfncsa fs nah

efsdr dqué quf fg arula' gufka quf sf md aotfhcà' sf diah

tahd dg nahtdnta `fg dcrf fh krdh`fs `fpþsctas àh`f pfr

idhfnf dodhàhdà ids þ ifhas tcfipa( Fg kgutfh þ efr

ifhta' quf fxcstf fh krdh ndhtc`d` fh fg vcha nahtfhcà

fh fg arula' sf `fsnaipahf y ha tdr`d ä fxpfrcifhtdr gd

efrifhtdncþh pütrc`d' gd nudg `d gukdr ä gd dgtfrdncþh `f

gas nufrpas krdsas `f gds pfpctds `f gd uvd' y ä gd earid

ncþh `f hufvas praùntas pcrakfhdàs quf sf `csufgvfh fh

fg dgnamag fh fg dnta `f gd `fstcgdncþh `fg arula( Dg prapca

tcfipa fg dnfctf vagätcg nahtfhcà fh gds pfgénugds `f gd uvd

sf ia`cecnd fh su iaà `f sfr taidhà uh hufva fstdà

`f namfscah iagfnugdr' y d`qucrcfhà fh nahsfnufhncd pra

pcf`d`fs `cstchtds( Fstf dnfctf vagätcg y gas ch`cndàs pra

ùntas pcrakfhdàs quf sf fhnufhtrdh `csufgtas fh fgdkudr`cfhtf `f arula sah gas quf naiuhcndh dg icsia uh

agar y sdoar suidifhtf `fsdkrd`dogfs dg pdr quf iuy

pfridhfhtfs( S mf dqué uh flfipga `f ga quf has `fiufs

trd gd quéicnd arkähcnd' fsta fs' quf às nufrpas `f nai

pascncþh ckudg puf`fh prfsfhtdr ndrdntfrfs þ prapcf`d`fs

`cstchtds( Ga prapca pa`fias `fncr `fg dzündr `f ndôd'

rfprfsfhtdà quéicndifhtf par gd eþriugd Nc ?

CP44

A/' fg



‐ 4=4 ‐

nudg fs iuy `cefrfhtf' ecscagþkcndifhtf mdogdhà' `fg dzü

ndr `f rfiagdnmd rfprfsfhtdà par gd icsid eþriugd K' d

M/ A u ( Gas dzündrfs `f uvds' f pfrds' `f idhzdhds y

`fiäs erutas prfsfhtdh tdiocãh uhd naipascncþh c`ãhtcnd

par if ca `f gd eþriugd N4+? M 4 ? A 4 ? ' y sch fiodrka `cecf

rfh iunma fh sus rfspfntcvas ndrdntfrfs(

Fh vcstd pufs `f ga quf dhtfnf`f' ha fs `f fxtrdôdr

quf fg dnfctf vagätcg y gas nufrpas krdsas `f gd uvd' quf'

naia mfias vcsta' rfprfsfhtdh uh pdpfg iuy cipartdhtffh gd ftfrcecndncah `f gas vchas' ia`cecndàs fh su fsfhncd

par fg chegula `f ncfrtds ncrnuhstdhncds' d`qucfrdh prapcf

`d`fs `cstchtds( Mf dqué' sch ù`d' fg parquã fh gd fgdoa

rdncþh `f gas vchas mdh scà dhdtfidtczd`ds par vdrcas fha)

gakcstds gds pfgénugds y gds pfpctds `f gd uvd fh gds nudgfs

rfsc`fh `cnmas dnfctfs' nahsc`frdàs par tdgfs dutarfs naia

dgtdifhtf pfrlu`cncdgfs ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `ãgas ndgàs(;0( Uc`d `f gas vchas( Gd idnfrdncah tuf gf vch' md `c

nma Ir( Kuyat( Fstf sdoca' quf md prfstdà tdhtas sfrvc

ncas ütcgfs dg prakrfsa `f gd vctcnugturd y fhagakéd `fg vf

ncha cipfrca' scfhtd d`fiäs' « quf gas vchas ogdhnas þ ra)

²sdàs' ralas þ hfkras' y fh uhd pdgdord' taàs gas vchas

«sah géqucàs arkähcnas vcvcfhtfs quf tcfhfh su chedhncd' su

«luvfhtu`' su f`d` vcrcg' su vflfz y su `fnrfpctu`' fstdàs²quf rfnarrfh if`cdhtf fg nuipgcicfhta `f uhd suid `f

«trdodla ' nuya tãricha fs gd rfùnncþh `f sus prchncpcas

«nahstctutcvas fh dkud ' äncàs' sdgfs y atras fgfifhtas ic)

«rcfrdgfs2 ggfkdàs ä fstf puhta' dôd`f' gas vchas ha fxcs)

«tfh yd' fstäh iufrtas(² @ftfhkäiahas dmard uh iaifh

ta saorf fstf pdrtcnugdr fh krdncd `f gd cipartdhncd `f gd

idtfrcd( Gd fxpfrcfhncd' quf fs gd iflar idfstrd' has id)



‐4=? ‐

hcecfstd quf gd idnfrdncah' gflas `f idtdr ä gas vchas' gfs

cheuh`f prchncpcas draiätcnas quf duifhtdh su vctdgc`d`' yvdrcas nufrpas krdsas quf nahtrcouyfh tdiocãh dg `fsdrra

gga `f gas naipufstas aàréefras quf gcdh `f earidr fg oau

quft' y sc ocfh fs vfr`d` quf gas vchas idnfrdàs sf sdtu

rdh fh su prcifrd efrifhtdncþh `f uh fxnfsa `f tdhcha' `f

vdrcds sdgfs y idtfrcd nagardhtf' fgfifhtas ids ocfh hanc

vas quf ütcgfs ä su oufhd ndgc`d`' ha aostdhtf' gd icsid

hdturdgfzd' edvarfnc`d par fg drtf' fgcichd nah edncgc`d` yfh orfvf tcfipa dqufggas prchncpcas chütcgfs( Zdrd aotfhfr

ids prahta fstf rfsugtdà ha mdy ids quf `dr ä gas vchas

uhd ngdrcecndncþh pfrefntd' trdtähàgas nah gd kfgdtchd' gd

nudg sf dpa`frd `f taà fg fxnfsa `f tdhcha' oc)tdrtrdta `f

patdsd' y idtfrcd nagardhtf(

Gas vchas `f idnfrdncah' naia taàs gas `fiäs vchas

ocfh fgdoardàs' ha pfrfnfh ldiäs' hc puf`fh pfrfnfr icfhtrds pranf`dh `f iastas ä gd `fhsc`d` `f 4: ' 4? þ ids

krdàs kgfunaiãtrcnas' y sfgfs pra`ckufh gas nuc`dàs

hfnfsdrcas ä su nahsfrvdncþh( @cnmd `fhsc`d` dnusd fh gas

vchas gd fxcstfhncd `f uhd ndhtc`d` `f dgnamag suecncfhtf

pdrd sastfhfr su vc`d' dgnamag quf ids ocfh duifhtd quf

`csichuyf nah fg tcfipa par gd `fsnaipascncþh gfhtd `fg

dzündr fsndpdà `f gds prcifrds efrifhtdncahfs( @f atrdpdrtf' gas vchas sf vufgvfh tdiocãh ids fspcrctuasas' par

quf sf rfùnfh hdturdgifhtf ä ifhar vaguifh ä nahsf

nufhncd `f quf vdh pfr`cfhà pana ä pana uh tdhta `f su

dkud `f vflftdncah ' gd nudg sf fvdpard par gas paras `fg

tahfg fh quf sf mdggdh `fpasctdàs( Fstd nahnfhtrdncþh ha

`fld `f nahtrcoucr odstdhtf ä gd prfncpctdncþh `f gd idyar

pdrtf `fg nrfiar `f tärtdra y atrds sdgfs quf ha puf`fh



‐ 4=> ‐

idhtfhfrsf fh `csaguncþh fh uh géqucà quf vd scfhà

sunfscvdifhtf ids rcna fh dgnamag( Ha sf `ckd' pufs' quf

gd idnfrdncah idtf ä gas vchas( ^c fg dgnamag y gas ãtfrfssah fgfifhtas pa`frasas `f nahsfrvdncþh pdrd ta`ds gds

sustdhncds arkähcnds `fstctuc ds f vc`d' ngdra fs quf'

fxcstcfhà dqufggas prchncpcas fh gd ndhtc`d` nahvfhcfhtf

fh uh géqucà arkähcna y vcvcfhtf naia fs fg vcha' ãstf ha

iarcrä' rfnarrfrä ta`d su chedhncd' su luvfhtu` y su f`d`

vcrcg nah gd idyar hdturdgc`d` ' y dg ggfkdr ä su vflfz þ

`fnrfpctu`' mdorä pfr cà fg nagar rala ' d`qucrcfhà atra

nagar didrcgga ids þ ifhas suocà' mdorä vdrcdà su kus

ta' vagvcãhàsf tdg vfz dgka didrka' mdorä ia`cecndà su

oauquft' scfiprf ids eufrtf y ids dkrd`dogf' mdorä ndi

ocdà fh ech `f ndrdntfrfs y `f prapcf`d`fs2 pfra fstf vcha

ha mdorä iufrta' vcvf y vcvcrä pfrpftudifhtf icfhtrds

nahsfrvf sus às fgfifhtas chiartdgfs' þ( sfdh gas ãtfrfs y

fg dgnamag(

Nudhà gas vchas pranf`fh f iastas `f uhd `fhsc`d`

kgfunaiãtrcnd chefrcar ä = krdàs' y ha mdh scà dhcidàs

par uhd d`cncþh nahvfhcfhtf `f dzündr ä ech `f fhkfh`rdr

fg krdà `f fspcrctuasc`d` quf narrfspah`f ä su ùrdncþh'

fhtahnfs vcvfh pana tcfipa' iurcfhà uhas fh su chedhncd'

y atras fh su luvfhtu` þ sfd fh fg sfkuhà þ tfrnfr dôa `f

su fxcstfhncd(

P6( Fxdkfrdncþh `f gd cipartdhncd `f uhd tfipfrdturd

`f " 4 : ä )e 4?º fh gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd `fg zuia `f gd

uvd( Fg drtf `f mdnfr gas vchas fh Fspdôd md scà fxpufsta

y rfnaifh`dà rfncfhtfifhtf ä gas nasfnmfras par fhagakcs)

tds iuy rfspftdogfs `f uhd idhfrd pana nahearif ä ga quf

ch`cnd gd hdturdgfzd y sdhncahd gd präntcnd( Fstd fs hufstrd



‐ 4=0 ‐

apchcah nuyas euh`difhtas vdias ä pahfr uhas chstdhtfs ä

gd nahsc`frdncþh `f hufstras gfntarfs fh aosfquca dg chtfrãs

`fg dsuhta( Dg trdtdr `f gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas mfias

`cnma quf gd sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta `focd apfrdr

sf ä uhd tfipfrdturd ga ids odld pascogf' dg aolfta `f quf

gd idyar pdrtf `fg efrifhta saguogf sf prfncpctf axc`dà

par gd dnncþh nahtchud y sastfhc d `fg axékfha `fg dcrf' y

naia fh fstf fstdà fg efrifhta md pfr`cà yd gd prapcf`d`

`f fxnctdr par sc saga uhd hufvd efrifhtdncþh fh fg vcha'

sf cheuh`f dg icsia uh if ca pa`frasa `f nahsfrvdncþh(

Fipfra gds vfhtdlds `f `cnmd tfipfrdturd fh fg ndsa `f

quf sf trdtd' sf md qufrcà mdnfrgds fxtfhscvds ä gd prc

ifrd y ids cipartdhtf efrifhtdncþh `fg vcha' þ sfd ä gd

efrifhtdncþh tuiugtuasd `fg icsia' rfearidhà `f fstd

sufrtf fh su fsfhncd fg drtf `f gd vchcecndncþh( ^fifldhtf

rfearid' chütcg y mdstd pfrlu`cncdg' fh hufs tra nahnfpta' ä

gd oufhd ndgc`d` `f gas vchas' prfnahczd`d dg pdés mdstd ga

suia par fhtfh càs vctcnugtarfs y fhagakcstds' fstä arc

kchd`d `fg iãtaà fipgfdà may `cd fh Odvcfrd fh gd

edorcndncþh `f gd nfrvfzd( Naia fstf praùnta' ä pfsdr `f

sfr iunma ids dgtfrdogf quf fg vcha' sf nahsfrvd sch dnf

`drsf sfhscogfifhtf nudhà md scà fgdoardà par fg pra

nf`cicfhta dgfiäh' y nahscstcfhà ãstf fh sulftdr fg iasta`f nfrvfzd ä uhd efrifhtdncþh docfrtd y sastfhc`d par uhd

tfipfrdturd ` f " 4: ä " 4?º' ùrdhtf gd nudg sf axc`d y

prfncpctd fh earid chsaguogf gd krdh ndhtc`d` `f gfvdùrd

þ efrifhta `csufgta fh fg géqucà' -ndusd `f gd nahsfrvdncþh

`f gd nfrvfzd# sf md prftfh`cà y sf prftfh`f duh dpgcndr

fg ifhncahdà pranf`cicfhta ä gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas(

Ha ndof ù`d `f gas rfsugtdàs aotfhcàs fh gd edorcndncþh



‐ 4=6 ‐

`f gds nfrvfzds par fg iãtaà dgfiäh hd`d `fldh quf `f

sfdr' y quf scfhà fg iasta `f nfrvfzd uh géqucà pana

dzundrdà' dg pdsa quf douh`dhtf fh idtfrcds putrfsncogfsþ efrifhtas' prfncsdifhtf `focd pranurdrsf' pdrd aotfhfr

uh oufh praùnta' quf dqufg géqucà efrifhtdsf dg dcrf gc

orf odla uhd tfipfrdturd nahstdhtf y pana fgfvd`d' dg à

ogf aolfta `f fhtrftfhfr gd `fsnaipascncþh `fg dzündr' -tfr

ichd`d gd nudg fhtrdrcd gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd# y `f prf

ncpctdrsf gfhtdifhtf gas efrifhtas ä if`c`d quf suofh ä

gd supfrecncf `fg gcnar2 pfra dpgcqufias dmard par uh iaifhta fstas prchncpcas ä gd vchcecndncþh `fg zuia `f gd uvd2

± nþia fs pascogf `fldr `f apfrdrsf uhd efrifhtdncþh idh

nd' chnaipgftd' trdtähàsf `f uh géqucà ids rcna sch nai

pdrdncþh fh dzündr quf fg iasta `f nfrvfzd1 ± nþia ãs pa

scogf quf gd dnncþh `fg efrifhta' `ãocg ä uhd tfipfrdturd

` f " 4: ä " 4? º' `fstruyd gd eufrzd quf idhtcfhf fh

naiochdncþh éhtcid gas fgfifhtas `fg dzündr `f gd uvd'`fsnaipahcãhàga fh su idyar pdrtf þ fh su tatdgc`d`' ä

ech `f suichcstrdr su fqucvdgfhtf `f dgnamag' quf fs fg ao

lfta prchncpdg `f ta`d oufhd vchcecndncþh1 ^c gd hdturdgfzd

icsid ha has ch`cndrd ä prcarc fstd vfr`d`' odstdréd nctdr

dgkuhas mfnmas präntcnas quf pa`fias dùncr fh narraoard

ncþh `f gd icsid( ^c ocfh fs vfr`d` quf mdy ncfrtas ias

tas ids þ ifhas rcnas fh dzündr gas nudgfs' mdocfhàefrifhtdà ä gds ids odlds tfipfrdturds' suichcstrdh v c

has `f ndgc`d` fxnfgfhtf' ha aostdhtf' prfncsa fs nahefsdr

quf fh tdgfs ndsas gd pfrefnncþh `f gas vchas fs `foc`d ä gd

hdturdgfzd quf' sdocd y prfvcsard' prfstd fh gas tdh `cvfr

sas puhtas `f praùnncþh vchénagd gd tfipfrdturd prapcd y

ids d`fnud`d ä gd efrifhtdncþh `f sus iastas( ¡ Mf dqué

?6



‐ 4=5 ‐ (

fg sfnrfta `f gd oah`d` y pfrefnncþh `f taàs gas vchas hd

turdgfs $ ¡Mf dqué uh pägcà rfegfla `fg krdh pa`fr `f

Dqufg quf taà ga md prfvcsta' `dhà ä nd`d pdés praùn

tar fg krdà `f tfipfrdturd quf gf narrfspah`f pdrd fefn

tudrsf gd vchcecndncþh naipgftd `f sus rfspfntcvas iastas

idùras y ocfh sdzahdàs$ @fs`f fg ediasa vcha `f Pabdy'

fgdoardà sch atrd tfipfrdturd quf gd praùnc`d par gd

hcfvf `f gas ndipas' ndsc kfhfrdg fh Muhkréd dg tcfipa `f

gd vfh`cicd' mdstd gas rcnas vchas `f Iägdkd' ^dhgündr yLfrfz' efrifhtdàs odla uh sag `f >:º' sah chechctas gas ndg

às `f fxnfgfhtf ndgc`d` aotfhcàs ä gd tfipfrdturd ar`c

hdrcd `f su pdtrcd( Pdg fs gd gfy hdturdg quf prfsc`f y `f

of prfsc cr ta`d oufhd vchcecndncþh ' þ sfd gd prcifrd

efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta `f gd uvd( Zrftfh`fr ga nahtrdrca

fs gd vdhd tfhtdtcvd `fg maiorf quf qucfrf fhifh`dr gd

aord `f gd hdturdgfzd( Fh vdha sf chtfhtdrä pufs pah`frdrgas dg pdrfnfr orcggdhtfs rfsugtdàs `f `cefrfhtfs fhsdyas

mfnmas nah iastas `f gd uvd sulftdàs ùrdhtf sus efrifh

tdncahfs ä uhd tfipfrdturd drtcecncdg ã chefrcar ä " 4?º2 y

fh vdha sf `crä tdiocãh quf fstd tfipfrdturd fs fg quc`

`f gd oah`d` y pfrefnncþh `f gas vchas iflar fgdoardàs(

Fstds vchcecndncahfs kaofrhd`ds par `cnmd tfipfrdturd sah

`fefntuasds' pu`cãhàsf dsfvfrdr `fs f gufka quf sc gasiastas `f gds icsids frdh ocfh ùgnfs y idùras' gas vc

has rfsugtdhtfs `foédh nahtfhfr prfncsdifhtf uhd ndhtc`d`

hatdogf `f dzündr sch `fsnaipahfr' -sa pfhd `f nahtchudr

fh fg chvcfrha gd ch`cnd`d tfipfrdturd drtcecncdg `fg iasta

efrifhtdhtf' ga nudg ' saorf sfr `cspfh`casa' eufrd `f atrd

pdrtf nahtrdrca ä gd ngdrcecndncþh ugtfrcar `fg vcha# scfhà

`f nahsckucfhtf ifhas dgnamþgcnas `f ga rfkugdr2 y quf sc



‐ 4=; ‐

dqufggas iastas pranf`édh `f uvds paorfs hdturdgifhtf `f

dzündr þ idg sdzahd`ds' gas praùntas `foédh prfsfhtdr uh

sdoar egala ' y ids þ ifhas äncà `focà dg fxnfsa `f gas

äncàs gcorfs y hdturdgfs( Fh fstf ügtcia ndsa' sc ocfh sf

fefntüd uhd efrifhtdncþh fh dpdrcfhncd haridg' parquf sf

`fsnaipahf gd tatdgc`d` `fg dzündr `fg iasta' sf aotfh`rä

sch fiodrka uh vcha `fefntuasa þ sch gd fspcrctuasc`d` quf

narrfspah`f ä su ùrdncþh( Iunmas sah gas vchas fspdôagfs

nuyas iastas' douh`dhtfs hdturdgifhtf `f dzündr' ha puf`fh `fsnaipahfr duh ta`d gd ndhtc`d` `f `cnma prchncpca'

par ids edvardogf quf gfs sfd gd tfipfrdturd rfchdhtf fh

gd ãpand `f su arkdhczdncþh' y sc fh fstds ncrnuhstdhncds'

gflas `f pranurdr ä gas iastas uhd efrifhtdncþh dntcvd' `f

ocgctdias gd dnncþh `fg efrifhta par if ca `f uhd tfipf

rdturd odld y drtcecncdg' ± nþia `fldr `f aotfhfr idgas pra

ùntas1 ^c fg dgnamag' quf fs fg dgid `f gas vchas' pranf`f`f gd `fsnaipascncþh `fg dzündr(' y ãstf ha sf `fsàogd fh

ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf' ±nþia fspfrdr quf gas ndgàs tfhkdh gd

eufrzd hfnfsdrcd ä su nahsfrvdncþh y iflard1

Zar ügtcia' naia fg oauquft þ sfd fg draid ids àic

hdhtf y dprfncdà `f gas vchas pranf`f prchncpdgifhtf `f gas

dnfctfs nahtfhcàs fh gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd' tdi

pana pa`fias naiprfh`fr gd supufstd fxcstfhncd `f uh agariuy draiätcna fh ndgàs aotfhcàs par gd `ãocg efrifhtdncþh

`ãgas iastas sagas( Hahas mdkdias pufs cguscahfs( _fspf

tdias' naia fg quf ids' gds apchcahfs `f gas fhtfh`càs

fhagakcstds fipfôdàs fh sastfhfrgds fh gd cipartdhtf nufs

tcþh `f quf sf trdtd( @fgdhtf `f gas mfnmas `fspgþidhsf

par sé icsids gds tfaréds ids mdgdk÷fôds y sfùntards(

_fsuidias2 fg iãtaà dgfiäh dàptdà fh gd edorcndncþh



‐ 4== ‐

`f gd nfrvfzd fs chnaipdtcogf nah gd oufhd fgdoardncþh `f gas

vchas fspdôagfs( Gd tfipfrdturd àichdhtf fh ta`ds gds vchcecndncahfs `f iastas ga ids pascogf sdzahdàs `fof sfr gd

tfipfrdturd hdturdg( Gd sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta' þ

sfd gd efrifhtdncþh gfhtd' puf`f sfr `crckc`d vfhtdlasdifh

tf par uhd tfipfrdturd nahstdhtf ã chefrcar ä " 4?a `fg

nfhtékrdà( Pdg fs fg naipfh`ca `f hufstrds aosfrvdncahfs

vfrcecnd`ds `f dgkuhas dôas ä fstd pdrtf saorf fg pdrtcnugdr(

;5( Ngdrcecndncþh `f gas vchas( Fstd apfrdncþh tcfhf paraolfta sfpdrdr `f gas vchas gds idtfrcds quf dgtfrdh þ puf

`fh dgtfrdr su trdspdrfhncd y oufhd ndgc`d`( Nudhà fg vc

ha fs `f taà pdsta' þ `fof sfrvcr dg nahsuia ar`chdrca `fg

puhta `f su praùnncþh' ha mdy hfnfsc`d` `f ngdrcecndrga'

pufsta quf su trdscfka `f chvcfrha' fefntudà `foc`difhtf'

odstd pdrd `fspaldrgf `f gd idyar pdrtf `f sus cipurfzds'

`ähàgf uhd gcipcfzd prapcd dg aolfta ä quf fstä `fstchdà(Zfra nudhà gas vchas mdh `f kudr`drsf iunma tcfipa' sfr

fxpartdàs' þ ocfh nahvfrtcrsf fh vchas kfhfrasas þ rdh

ncas' fhtahnfs fs prfncsa ngdrcecndrgas( Fstd apfrdncþh sf

puf`f vfrcecndr `f `cefrfhtfs idhfrds' yd fnmdhà idha `f

gd kfgdtchd þ nagd `f pfsndà' yd `f gd ngdrd `f mufva' þ

`f gd sdhkrf( Fh fg prcifr ndsa sf taid gd kfgdtchd þ c n

tcanagd `f 4(d

ngdsf' quf fs gd ids purd y ä prapþscta' sfraipf fh pf`dnctas y sf `csufgvf fh gd ndhtc`d` prfncsd `f

dkud ndgcfhtf' pranurdhà quf fg gcqucà ha ggfkuf ä gd fou

ggcncþh2 `csufgtd gd kfgdtchd' sf `fld fhercdr uh pana' y guf

ka sf `fsgcã fh uhd nartd parncþh `f vcha `fg icsia quf sf

md `f ngdrcecndr2 fh sfkuc`d sf chnarpard fstd ifzngd dg

rfstdhtf vcha `fg tahfg' -quf ha `fof fstdr `fg taà ggfha#'

rfvagvcãhàgd ocfh fh taàs sfhtcàs pdrd edncgctdr gd ngdrc)



‐ 4=3 ‐

ecndncah tatdg `fg géqucà' fg nudg `fof `fldrsf fh rfpasa par

fspdnca `f 4:' 46 þ ids `cds( Fstf rfpasa `fg vcha quf sf

ngdrcecnd sfrä tdhta ids pragahkdà nudhta idyar sfd gd

idsd `fg géqucà saorf quf sf apfrd' `f sufrtf quf 4:::

gctras `f vcha ' par flfipga' trdtdàs nah gd kfgdtchd hfnf

sctdh ä ga ifhas uh ifs `f rfpasa' ä ech `f quf sf `fpasc

tfh naipgftdifhtf gds idtfrcds chtfrpufstds fh fg géqucà'

y sf earif fh fg eahà `f gd vdscld fh quf dqufg sf mdggd

nahtfhcà uh prfncpctdà ga ids nahscstfhtf pascogf( Ngd

rcecndà yd fg vcha' y `fspuãs `f su nahvfhcfhtf rfpasa' sf

`fofrä trdsfkdrga par fspctd trdsgd`ähàga ä atra tahfg ocfh

gcipca y prfvcdifhtf dzuerdà' apfrdncþh quf sf fefntudrä

odla uh tcfipa eréa ' sfrfha y sfna(

Dhtfs `f ngdrcecndr uh vcha nudgqucfrd nah gd kfgdtchd fs

prfncsa quf fg nasfnmfra sfpd gd ndhtc`d` `f gd icsid quf

hfnfsctdrä pdrd fgga ' ä ech `f ha fxpahfrsf ä hfutrdgczdr

taà fg tdhcha þ prchncpca dstrchkfhtf `fg vcha' fh nuya nd

sa fg ndg a sfrcd suidifhtf dgtfrdogf par gd prfsfhncd `fg

hctrþkfha `fg dkfhtf ngdrcecndàr' y `cspufsta ä gd vfz ä fx

pfrcifhtdr gd efrifhtdncþh vcsnasd par gd edgtd `fg äncà

tähhcna( Dg fefnta ' pufs' `fof mdnfrsf dhtf taà dgkuh fh

sdya' taidhà uh vaguifh `dà `fg vcha quf sf trdtd `f

ngdrcecndr' y trdtähàga nah atrd ndhtc`d` nahanc`d `f `csa

guncþh ngdrcecndàrd2 gufka sf `fld gd ifzngd fh rfpasa fg

tcfipa suecncfhtf' sf `fndhtd gd pdrtf trdspdrfhtf ' y sf gf

dôd`f `f hufva atrd nartd parncþh `f gd kfgdtchd' mdstd quf

fg vcha ecgtrdà þ rfpasdà sf fhturocf gckfrdifhtf nah dg

kuhds katds `f hufvd `csaguncþh kfgdtchasd( Ggfkdà fstf

puhta' fg fhsdya fstä tfrichdà' y has `d ä nahanfr eäncg

ifhtf gd ndhtc`d` `f cntcanagd hfnfsdrcd pdrd ngdrcecndr fg



‐ 43: ‐

vcha `fpasctdà fh gas tahfgfs' nuyd ndpdnc`d` has sfd sd

oc`d( ^c sf aosfrvdsf quf fg vcha' ecgtrdà `fspuãs `f mdoãrsfgf mfnma gd prcifrd d`cncþh `f gd kfgdtchd' ha earidsf

prfncpctdà dgkuha nah hufvd ndhtc`d` `f `cnmd sustdhncd'

y sf fhturocdsf par atrd pdrtf ifzngähàgf uh pana `fg ics

ia vcha sch ngdrcecndr' fhtahnfs tfh`rédias uhd prufod `f

mdofr fipgfdà uh fxnfsa `f gd `csaguncþh ngdrcecndàrd(

If`cdhtf fstas sfhncggas tdhtfas quf `fofh sfr dpgcndàs ä

nd`d uha `f gas tahfgfs' nuya vcha sf chtfhtd ngdrcecndr' fgnasfnmfra pa`rä sdofr ä prcarc ha sagdifhtf nudhtd cntca

nagd hfnfsctdrä pdrd `cnma aolfta' sc quf tdiocãh fg nagar'

sdoar y gds `fiäs ncrnuhstdhncds quf prfsfhtdräh sus vchas

gufka `f ngdrcecndàs(

Fh gd apfrdncþh quf has anupd' dg chstdhtf quf gd kfgd

tchd sf mdggd fh nahtdnta nah fg vcha' ãstf sf fhturocd nah

sc`frdogfifhtf ' parquf su tdhcha sf naiochd nah dqufggdsustdhncd' earidhà uh naipufsta chsaguogf quf sf prfnc

pctd pana ä pana' ggfvähàsf nahscka taàs gas nufrpas ch

tfrpufstas fh fg géqucà' luhta nah fg fxnfsa `fg tärtdra y

`f gd idtfrcd nagardhtf `fg icsia2 y naia fg fxprfsdà

naipufsta -tdhhdta `f kfgdtchd# fs uh nufrpa sþgcà quf sf

arckchd ä gd vfz fhtrf ta`ds gds iagãnugds `fg vcha' sunf`f

quf su prfncpctdncþh quéicna)ifnähcnd praùnf gd ngdrcecndncþh `fg géqucà' `flähàga iuy ngdra y trdspdrfhtf(

Atra `f gas if`cas fipgfdàs pdrd gd ngdrcecndncþh `f

gas vchas fs fg usa `f gds ngdrds `f mufva' fh nuya ndsa ha

mdy ids quf `fsgfér gd dgoüichd fh uh pana `f vcha' y od

tcrgd ocfh pdrd ifzngdrgd gufka dg vcha `f gas tahfgfs' apf

rdhà fh ga `fiäs nahearif ä ga quf mfias ch`cndà pdrd

gd kfgdtchd' prfvcas gas icsias tdhtfas ch`cspfhsdogfs dg



‐ 4 3 4 ‐

aolfta `f dvfrckudr gd ndhtc`d` nahvfhcfhtf `f `csaguncþh

ngdrcecndàrd pdrd fg vcha `f nd`d nuod þ vdscld( Dgkuhasfhagakcstds `f hatd prfecfrfh fstf if`ca `f ngdrcecndncþh dg

dhtfrcarifhtf ch`cndà' saorf taà pdrd gas vchas echas y

`fgcndàs2 pfra hasatras ha mdggdias dqué hchkuhd rdzþh

pgduscogf' 4 ( º parquf' fipgfähàsf gd dgoüichd' sf narrf

fg rcfska `f quf fggd puf`f pranf`fr `f mufvas pana erfs

nas' `dhà gukdr fh nahsfnufhncd ä gd dgtfrdncþh `fg v c

ha' y?(º

parquf' ha fxcstcfhà tdg chnahvfhcfhtf fh fg usa`f gd kfgdtchd' ãstd earid fh fg eahà `f gds vdsclds uh `f

pþscta ids nahscstfhtf y ifhas vaguichasa quf fg praù

ncà par gd ngdrd `f mufva( Gd cntcanagd supfrcar `fg naifr

nca ncrnugd fh gäichds suidifhtf `fgkd`ds ' fhtfrdifhtf

chaàrds' chsépc`ds y iuy trdspdrfhtfs2 su fstdà `f pu

rfzd' y gas oufhas rfsugtdàs quf fggd has md praùncà

nahstdhtfifhtf fh gd ngdrcecndncþh `f ta`d ngdsf `f vchashas aogckdh ä nahsc`frdrgd naia gd sustdhncd ids ä prapþ

scta dg fxprfsdà aolfta2 par nuyd rdzþh gd rfnaifh`dias

fecndzifhtf ä gas nasfnmfras y ä gas edorcndhtfs `f vchas(

Atrds vfnfs sf fnmd idha `f gd sdhkrf `f oufy' ndr

hfra' ftn( ' pdrd ngdrcecndr fg vcha2 fhtahnfs ha mdy ids quf

`fsgfér prcifra `cnmds idtfrcds fh uhd parncþh `f vcha' ã

chnarpardrgds gufka dg rfstdhtf vcha `fg tahfg' pranf`cfhàfh taà ga `fiäs ä tfhar `f ga fxpufsta fh gas atras if

`cas dhtfrcarifhtf ch`cndàs( Fh fg ndsa `f quf sf trdtd'

gd dgoüichd nahtfhc`d fh gd sdhkrf aord `f gd icsid id

hfrd quf gd dgoüichd `f gds ngdrds f mufva' fsta fs' ear

idhà uhd naiochdncþh chsaguogf nah fg prchncpca dstrch

kfhtf `fg vcha' y rfnakcfhà dg prfncpctdrsf taàs gas

nufrpas quf fhnufhtrd ä su pdsa fh suspfhscah fh fg g é )



‐ 43? ‐

quéà' fg nudg vd pahcãhàsf sunfscvdifhtf ids ngdra y

ids trdspdrfhtf( Fipfra' sc ocfh fstd ngdrcecndncþh fs ch

ù`dogf' prfncsa fs d`vfrtcr quf gd sdhkrf' ä ids `f naiu

hcndr dg vcha dgkuhds idtfrcds fxtrdôds' fs uh géqucà iuy

susnfptcogf `f fxpfrcifhtdr fh ncrnuhstdhncds edvardogfs

gd efrifhtdncþh pütrc`d' par nuya iatcva huhnd sfräh `f

saord gds prfnduncahfs quf sf taifh pdrd fipgfdr gd sdh

krf tcfrhd fh fstdà ga ids erfsna pascogf( Fg ch`cndà if

`ca f ngdrcecndr fg vcha vd scfhà nd`d vfz ifhas Xnaiuh

fhtrf hasatras' y fs `f fspfrdr quf gas nasfnmfras' quf ta

`dvéd ga usfh' sf `fnc`dh ä rfhuhncdrga par naipgfta' yd

quf fs ids vfhtdlasa odla taàs nahnfptas fg usa `f gd nagd

`f pfsndà supfrcar(

Fg yfsa fs tdiocãh fipgfdà may `cd nah mdrtd erfnufh

ncd pdrd gd ngdrcecndncþh `fg vcha' ä nuya ech sufgf ifzngdr

sf nah gds uvds dg tcfipa `f pcsdrgds' þ ocfh sf fnmd `fh

tra gds nuods quf nahtcfhfh fg iasta fh efrifhtdncþh( Fh

Dh`dgunéd' fh Ndtdguôd y atras puhtas `f Fspdôd fstä ta

`dvéd fh usa sfifldhtf if ca `f ngdrcecndr fg vcha' if`ca

rfpraodà par gd ncfhncd y par gd präntcnd( ^docà fs quf

fg yfsa aord fh fstd apfrdncþh tdh saga ifnähcndifhtf'

drrdstrdhà dg `fpasctdrsf fh fg eahà f gds vdsclds gas nufr

pas chtfrpufstas fh fg vcha' fg nudg' gflas `f iflardr fh

ndgc`d` fh nudhta ä su sdoar y nagar' d`qucfrf uh kusta

iuy fstéptcna hd`d dkrd`dogf' y uh nagar ids asnura( Fg

vcha dsé ngdrcecndà nahsfrvd tdiocãh ta`d su dstrchkfh

ncd `foc`d dg tdhcha quf nahtcfhf' parquf fg yfsa ha tcfhf

dnncþh dgkuhd saorf dqufg prchncpca' nuyd fgcichdncþh pdr

ncdg fs ch`cspfhsdogf sc sf qucfrf ngdrcecndr ocfh y iflardr ä

gd vfz fg vcha( @f nahsckucfhtf' `fofias dnahsfldr ä gas na)



‐ 4 3 > ) ‐

sfnmfras' fipfôdàs duh fh fipgfdr fg yfsa pdrd gd oa

hcecndncþh `f sus ndgàs' quf prasnrcodh `fg taà `cnmd sus

tdhncd hancvd ids ocfh quf ütcg ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `f gasicsias(

Echdgifhtf' gd gfnmf fs tdiocãh fipgfd`d dgkuhds vfnfs

pdrd gd ngdrcecndncþh `f gas vchas' parquf aord' par rdzþh

`f gd dgoüichd quf nahtcfhf' ä sfifldhzd `f gd ngdrd `f

mufva y `f gd sdhkrf( Fstf if`ca ' ha `fld `f tfhfr sus ch

nahvfhcfhtfs' scfhà fg prchncpdg fg fxcstcr fh gd gfnmf uhd

parncþh `f dzündr susnfptcogf `f fhtrdr fh efrifhtdncþh

-dgnamþgcnd þ gäntcnd# sc gd tfipfrdturd y `fiäs ncrnuhstdh

ncds gf sah edvardogfs ' par nuya iatcva `focfrd ndfr fh

naipgfta `fsusa dqufggd sustdhncd pdrd fg aolfta `f quf trd

tdias' ta`d vfz quf puf`fh naiuhcndrsf dg vcha `cefrfhtfs

dgtfrdncahfs(

Gas vchas' `fspuãs `f ngdrcecndàs' sf prfsfhtdh nah nd

gc`d`fs `cstchtds iuy dprfncdogfs' `f sufrtf quf' uh vcha

hufva þ `fg dôa d`qucfrf nah gd ngdrcecndncþh ndrdntfrfsx • prapcas `f uh vcha `f gdrkd efnmd' su nagar' scfhà tchta' sf

md rfodldà nahsc`frdogfifhtf' su sdoar hdturdg ä eruta' y

äspfra ä gd vfz' md scà sustctuc a par uh kusta echa y dkrd

`dogf' y su dspfnta sf md vufgta ids orcggdhtf y ids trds

pdrfhtf2 `f ga quf sf sckuf quf gd ngdrcecndncþh `f gas vchas'

ocfh prdntcnd`d' fs uh if`ca fxnfgfhtf `f oahcecndrgas(

Pé( If`ca `f àogdr y trcpgcndr gd ndhtc`d` `fg vcha `f

gd nasfnmd( Fxpufstd yd gd tfaréd `f gd efrifhtdncþh dgna

mþgcnd `fg zuia `f gd uvd nah gds ndusds ia`cecndàrds `f

su idrnmd þ `fsdrragga' y nahanc as tdiocãh gas pranf`c

icfhtas ids rdncahdgfs pdrd aotfhfr fh fg iflar fstdà `f

pfrefnncþh pascogf gas praùntas `f `cnmd efrifhtdncþh' þ?5



‐ 430 ‐

-)4# Gas krdàs `f `fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd quf edgtdh dg dkud dzundrd`dpdrd dgndhzdr gd icsid `fhsc`d` `fg iasta fstäh rfprfsfhtdàs par gds i d tfrcds fxtrdôds dg dzündr nahtfhc`ds fh dqufg géqucà' gds nudgfs nahstctuyfh

par tãricha if`ca y 4 ? `f krdàs `fhsciãtrcnas(

sfdh gas vchas' nahsc`frdias iuy prapca `f fstf gukdr fx

pahfr ä hufstras vctcnugtarfs fg if`ca `f duifhtdr iuy

hatdogfifhtf gd ndhtc`d` `fg vcha `f gd nasfnmd' if ca `f

krdh`f dpgcndncþh y fxnfgfhtfs rfsugtdàs fh gas dôas `f

nasfnmds fsndsds' fh gas nudgfs gas vchas dgndhzdh uh prf

nca fgfvdà(

Gas nufrpas hctrakfhdàs `fg zuia `f gd uvd' odla gd ch

egufhncd `fg dcrf y `f uhd tfipfrdturd praparncahd`d' puf

`fh `fsnaipahfr uhd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr tdg quf rfprfsfhtf

fg àogf þ fg trcpgf `fg dzündr `fg iasta( Euh`dàs fh fstf

prchncpca pranf`cias ä su dpgcndncþh fh fg tfrrfha `f gd

präntcnd' apfrdhà `f gd idhfrd sckucfhtf< tþifhsf 4?: bc

gakrdias `f uvds tchtds y sdhds nuya iasta sfôdgf uhd krd

ùdncþh kgfunaiãtrcnd `f 4?º' iþh`fhsf `f su fsnaodla' y

fstrülfhsf `f uhd idhfrd naipgftd' chtraùncfhà fg zuia

dnaipdôdà `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd fh uhdvdscld `f uhd ndpdnc`d` `f nudtra mfntagctras2 dôä`fhsfgf

gufka às mfntagctras `f dkud dzundrd`d ä gd `fhsc`d` kgfu

naiãtrcnd `f 4: ä 44º' -4# y dodh`þhfsfgf gd ifzngd dg

nahtdnta `fg dcrf odla uhd tfipfrdturd `f " 46 ä " ?6º(

Gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd `fg géqucà ha tdr`d ä `fsdrra

ggdrsf' y ä gds 0= mards sf mdggd yd fh pgfhd dntcvc`d`2 fggd

nahtchud ùrdhtf dgkuhas `cds' `csichuyfhà `fspuãs sfhscogfifhtf gd fefrvfsnfhncd `fg iasta' nuya sdoar ùgnf `f

sdpdrfnf pana ä pana( Fhtahnfs gd efrifhtdncþh tuiugtuasd

md tfrichdà' y fg vcha' yd odstdhtf nagardà' sf trdscfkd



‐ 436 ‐

ä uh tahfg ocfh gcipca' `fldhà fh fg icsia fg vdnéa suec

ncfhtf pdrd ggfhdrga fhsfkuc`d' duhquf ha `fg taà' nah fgvcha pranf`fhtf `f gd chif`cdtd prfscþh `fg arula( Fh `cnma

tahfg sf `fsdrraggd gufka gd efrifhtdncþh gfhtd' echc`d gd

nudg sf ggfhdrä naipgftdifhtf fg fhvdsf nah vcha `f gd

icsid fspfncf rfsfrvdà dpdrtf' y sf tdpdrä dnta nahtchua

nah uh oufh narnma quf cipc`d fg nahtdnta ugtfrcar `fg

dcrf( Dg ndoa `f trfs ifsfs sulftdias fg vcha aotfhcà ä gd

`fkustdncþh `f fhtfh`càs trdtdhtfs y nahsuicàrfs' gasnudgfs ga fhnahtrdrah `f fxnfgfhtf ndgc`d`( Fh fefnta' gds

idtfrcds dzad`ds `fg iasta hdturdg' odla gd chegufhncd `fg

axékfha `fg dcrf' sf nahvcfrtfh fh douh`dhtf gfvdùrd y

dtdndh fg dzündr `csufgta' fg nudg sf `fsnaipahf sunfscvd y

tatdgifhtf fh dgnamag quf sf `csufgvf fh fg vcha' y fh äncà

ndroþhcna quf sf fsndpd' Dg prapca tcfipa fg géqucà sf

dpa`frd `fg tdhcha' `fg nrfiar tärtdra y atrds sdgfs' `f gdidtfrcd nagardhtf y `fiäs prchncpcas quf sf quf`dh pfr`c

às kfhfrdgifhtf fh gd idsd sþgc`d `fg arula rfsugtdhtf `f

su prfscþh( Fstas prchncpcas' tdh hfnfsdrcas dg sdoar' nagar

y draid `f gas vchas ' sah fgcichdàs `fg arula ùrdhtf su

oufhd idnfrdncah fh gas iastas efrifhtdhtfs' y mã dqué fg

iatcva `f quf fg vcha' prfpdrdà par fg pranf cicfhta `f

quf sf trdtd' prfsfhtf taàs gas ndrdntfrfs prapcas `f uhvcha tchta dkrd`dogf( Hufstra vcha hdtura)drtcecncdg ggfvd

d`fiäs nahscka gd kdrdhtéd `f su nahsfrvdncþh' parquf ta

às sus efrifhtas mdh dkatdà su krdh pa`fr `f `fsàogdr

fg dzündr' fh rdzþh `f mdofr rfdnncahdà saorf uh fxnfsa

`fg icsia y taidà gd earid chsaguogf( Fh suid' uh mfn

t a g c t r a `f iasta `f uvds nagard`ds ocfh idùrds puf`f pra

ùncr trfs mfntagctras `f vcha tchta `f oufhd ndgc`d`(



‐ 435 ‐

Vh mfnma quf has nahecrid gd dnncþh fhãrkcnd `f gas efr

ifhtas `f gd uvd saorf fg dzündr fs fg quf tcfhf gukdr nah

erfnufhncd fh ncfrtas pdésfs ifrc`cahdgfs' àh`f gas iastas

dgndhzdh hdturdgifhtf uhd `fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd `f 45'

?: ' þ ?0º( Fstas iastas suichcstrdh hdturdgifhtf vchas

douh`dhtfs `f dgnamag y `f dzündr' gas nudgfs' scfhà par

ga kfhfrdg `f fsndsa nahsuia ' sah nahvfrtcàs drtcecncdg

ifhtf fh vchas sfnas' ä nuya ech sf dôd`f dg iasta rfncfh

aotfhcà gd ndhtc`d` `f dkud hfnfsdrcd mdstd rfodldr su rc

qufzd sdndrchd ä gas 4?º `fg kgfunþiftra' `flähàga efr

ifhtdr fh nahtdnta nah fg arula `f gds uvds( Fg dkud sf

dpa`frd `fg dzündr' `f gas äncàs' `f gds sdgfs' `f gd id

tfrcd nagardhtf ' `fg tdhcha y `f gas atras fgfifhtas quf gf

sah hfnfsdrcas pdrd trdsearidrsf fh vcha' rfsugtdhà tdi

ocãh dqué' naia sf aosfrvd' uh duifhta hatdogf fh gd

ndhtc`d` `fg praùnta `f gd nasfnmd(

;=( @cstrctas vchénagds `f gd Zfhéhsugd( Fg ngcid kfhf

rdg `f Fspdôd' odstdhtf ùgnf y tfipgdà' y su ncfga quczä

fg ids pura y dpdncogf `f Furapd' mdh nahtrcoucà pa`f

rasdifhtf ä gd nfgforc`d` quf mdh d`qucrcà vdrcas vchas

`f Dh`dgunéd ' y `f àh`f qucfrd quf fg vctcnugtar fspdôag

mdyd nugtcvdà ocfh fh fg sufga pdtrca gas oufhas vcùfôas(

Gd vc` nrfnf gazdhd y vckarasd fh ndsc ta`ds gds pravchncds`fg rfcha' gds nudgfs sah atras tdhtas `cstrctas vchénagds quf

praùnfh vchas `f `cefrfhtfs ndgc`d`fs nd`d vfz ids douh

`dhtfs( Zfra' sc ocfh fs vfr`d` quf gas vchas kfhfrasas fs

pdôagfs ' duhquf ta`dvéd susnfptcogfs `f pfrefnncþh' sf mdh

+ nahqucstdà yd uh pufsta iuy `cstchkucà fh gas ifrndàs

fxtrdhlfras' `fofias nahefsdr par atrd pdrtf ga pana dprf

ncdàs quf sah may cd hufstras ndgàs ar`chdrcas( Gd ed)



‐ 43; ‐

orcndncah `f fstas praùntas `fld par `fskrdncd iunma

quf `fsfdr' y su ndhtc`d` ' iuy fxnf`fhtf dg nahsuia ch

tfrcar' nahstctucrä uh rdia iuy cipartdhtf `f naifrnca fg

`cd fh quf gas nasfnmfras sf `fnc`dh ä rfearidr gd vctcnug

turd y gd vchcecndncþh `fg pdés( Gd iufrtf `fg ac`cui quf

`cfzidod gas vcôfàs `f Fspdôd' y gas krdh`fs pgdhtéas `f

gd vc` fefntudàs' panas dôas mdnf' fh ta`ds gds pravchncds

`fg rfcha' chdukurdräh ocfh prahta douh`dhtéscids nasfnmds

`f vcha' nuyd oufhd þ idgd ndgc`d` ncerdrä gd rcqufzd þ gd

icsfrcd `f gas dkrcnugtarfs( Mã dqué fg iatcva par fg nudg

sf mdnf nd`d vfz ids urkfhtf gd hfnfsc`d` `f fidhncpdr `f

gas vcncas `f quf dàgfnf hufstrd edorcndncþh `f vchas tchtas'

y gfvdhtdr gd Fhagakéd Hdncahdg dg krdà `f cipartdhncd ä

quf gd ggdidh uh sag dr`cfhtf y uh tfrrctarca efrdz(

Fhtrf tdhta ifrfnfh fspfncdg ifhncþh dgkuhas `f hufs

tras `cstrctas nãgforfs par gd oah`d` `f sus vchas( Gd Dh`dgunéd ' fh prcifr gukdr' sf `cstchkuf par sus rcnas vchas

`f Lfrfz ' Iägdkd' ^dhgündr' Zufrta `f ^dhtd Idréd' Zdld

rftf' Iatrcg' _atd' Nmcpcahd' ftn(2 Drdkþh has prfsfhtd sus

vchas tchtas sfnas `f Eufh`fldgau' Zazufga' ftn(' y gas vchas

ùgnfs iuy hfkras `fg Ndipa `f Ndrcôfhd' taàs `f fxnf

gfhtf ndgc`d` y iuy nfgfordàs( Fstas ndgàs sah sch ù`d

gas ühcnas fh su ngdsf quf mdh dgndhzdà fh fg fxtfrcar uhdlustd rfputdncþh( Fg prchncpdà `f Ndtdguôd has aerfnf gas

kfhfrasas vchas `fg Zrcardta y gas Iasndtfgfs `f Udggs' gas

vchas rdhncas `f Dgfggd ' Pdyä y `f atras pufogas pchtarfs

nas pasdàs fh gd nastd `f Gfvdhtf' icfhtrds quf Drtãs y

vdrcas pufogfncggas chif`cdtas' fh gd pravchncd `f Odrnfga

hd ' astfhtdhà sus dìcrdogfs vcôfàs paogdàs ndsc fxngu

scvdifhtf nah fg dgouga ogdhna' has suichcstrdh gas vchas



‐ 43= ‐

`f fstf haiorf fxqucsctas y iuy dprfncdàs( Fh Gakraôa y

atras puhtas `f gd _cald `fsnufggdh sus vchas tchtas sdorasasy draiätcnas hdturdgifhtf' praùncàs fh su idyar pdrtf

par gd uvd ggdid`d Pfiprdhcgga2 Ndstcggd gd Ucfld sf `cstch

kuf tdiocãh par sus vchas kfhfrasas `f ^dh Ludh `f gd Hd

vd ' _uf`d y Idtdpazufgas2 fh Hdvdrrd saorfsdgfh gas vc

has fxqucsctas `f Zfrdgtd y `f atras pufogas nuyas vcôfàs

fstäh earidàs prchncpdgifhtf par gds vc`fs Pfiprdhcgga y

Nagkd`frd2 gd pravchncd `f Nênfrfs puf`f kgarcdrsf `f susvchas echas y draiätcnas `f Orazds' dg pdsa quf gd Idhnmd

nahnurrf iuy `ckhdifhtf dg eaifhta `f gd Fhagakéd Hdnca

hdg nah sus rcnas vchas `f Udg`fpfôds' `f tdhtd naia if

rfnc`d nfgforc`d`( Zar ügtcia' atra pdpfg ha ifhas cipar

tdhtf fh gd vchcecndncþh `fg pdés rfprfsfhtd fg rfcha `f U d

gfhncd 2 sus trfs pravchncds -Ndstfggþh' Dgcndhtf y Udgfhncd#

sah atras tdhtas nfhtras `f krdh praùnncþh quf rch`fh vchas iuy sagcnctdàs par fg naifrnca 2 Ndstfggþh `f gd Zgdhd

y ids pdrtcnugdrifhtf Ofhcndrgþ' y atras puhtas `fg pdrtcà

`f Uchdraz sah hatdogfs par gd fxnfgfhncd `f sus vchas tch

tas ' ùgnfs y eufrtfifhtf nagardàs ' gas nudgfs sah aolfta

`f uhd nahsc frdogf fxtrdnncþh( Pdgfs sah' fh rfsuifh' gas

`cstrctas vchénagds ids `cstchkucàs `f gd Zfhéhsugd ' nuyas

praùntas' susnfptcogfs `f pfrefnncþh' puf`fh ta`dvéd dg ndhzdr ids dggä `f hufstrds erahtfrds uhd rfputdncþh id

yar( Fs `f fspfrdr quf gas nasfnmfras' fh mahrasd fiugdncþh

y naipftfhncd' dg pdr quf fh prapca chtfrãs ' `fspgcfkufh

sus fseufrzas pdrd iflardr gd fgdoardncþh `f gas ndgàs' ch

traùncfhà fh gd icsid gds rfearids quf évdias fxpahcfh

à fh fg `fnursa `f gd prfsfhtf aord(

43( Uchas `f fxpartdncþh( Vhd `f gds ncrnuhstdhncds quf



‐ 433 ‐

cheguyfh hatdogfifhtf saorf gd vc`d `f gas vchas' dnfgfrdhà

gas pfréaàs `f su fxcstfhncd' fs gd `f sus vcdlfs þ trdspartfsä krdh`fs `cstdhncds( @f dqué fs quf sc gas vchas `fstchdàs ä

gd fxtrdnncþh sah egalas þ `ãocgfs fh dgnamag' ha puf`fh rf

scstcr cipuhfifhtf gas sdnu`cicfhtas hc gds dgtds tfipfrdtu

rds ä quf sf mdggdh fxpufstas ùrdhtf sus trdvfséds2 icfh

trds quf dg nahtrdrca' sc gas ndgàs tcfhfh gd eufrzd þ fg krdà

`f fspcrctuasc`d` quf gfs narrfspah`f' gflas `f `fkfhfrdr'

iflardh iuy astfhscogfifhtf fh sus ndgc`d`fs' `f sufrtfquf dgkuhas `f fggas `fspuãs `f mdofr rfkrfsdà `f sus vcd

lfs ids dggä `fg Fnudàr' mdh d`qucrcà uh vdgar y pfrefn

ncþh chfstcidogfs( Gas vchas pdrd gd fxpartdncþh sah gas quf

nahstctuyfh gd edid þ fg `fsnrã`cta `f taà pdés vchénagd'

gd rcqufzd þ gd icsfrcd `fg pufoga praùntar( Ifrnf` ä gd

edorcndncþh vcncasd `f hufstras ndgàs' y ä gd ckhardhncd

`f iunmas hfkancdhtfs quf' sfùncàs par uhd fspfnugdncþh idg naiprfh`c`d' fhvdsdh gas vchas pdrd gd fxtrdnncþh

fh tahfgfs idg prfpdrdàs' y gas fhndofzdh nah dgnamagfs

`f chefrcar ndgc`d`' gas vchas tchtas `f Ndtdguôd y `f atrds

pravchncds `f Fspdôd mdh pfr cà odstdhtf `f su rfputd

ncþh fh Vgtrdidr( Ä fgga md nahtrcoucà tdiocãh fg fhyf

sdà `f gas vchas' apfrdncþh quf sf prdntcnd par gd idya

réd `f gas nasfnmfras( Ndsc taàs gas ndgàs `fstchdàs ä gdfxpartdncþh idrnmdh pravcstas `f uhd eufrtf ndhtc`d` `f

sugedta `f ndg þ yfsa' fg nudg kazd `f krdh rfputdncþh y

prfstckca pdrd dsfkurdrgfs uh oufh vcdlf y fg cipuhf pdsa

`f gd géhfd dg sfr trdspartdàs ä Diãrcnd' þ ä gas ifrndàs

fxtrdhlfras' pfra gas fefntas `f dqufg prftfh`cà fspfnéecna

`f nahsfrvdncþh `fg vcha sah fh hufstra nahnfpta cgusa

rcas( Fg yfsa sf `fpasctd fh su idyar pdrtf chsaguogf fh fg



‐ ?:: ‐

eahà `f gds vdsclds' icfhtrds quf atrd ndhtc`d` ha mdnf

ids quf rfdnncahdr nah fg oc)tdrtrdta `f patdsd praùncfhà uh tdrtrdta `f ndg tdiocãh chsaguogf y uh sugedta `f pa

tdsd `f sdoar didrka quf pfridhfnf fh `csaguncþh fh fg

vcha' luhta nah atrd pfqufôd parncþh `f yfsa quf sf `csufg

vf fh fg icsia( @f ga quf rfsugtd quf fstas vchas fhyfsd

às prfsfhtdh uh sdoar fxnfscvdifhtf äspfra odstdhtf `f

sdkrd`dogf(

Zar atrd pdrtf' naia gas nasfnmfras y trdtdhtfs `fldh `fprdntcndr kfhfrdgifhtf fh gas vchas `f quf sf trdtd gd ci

partdhtf apfrdncþh `fg iutcsia' sunf`f quf fg efrifhta sa

guogf rftfhcà duh fh gas géqucàs `ftfrichd gd dnftcecndncþh

`f uhd pdrgf `fg dgnamag' `fs`f fg chstdhtf fh quf sf vf ed

varfncà par fg idyar krdà `f ndgþrcna quf suerfh gas vc

has fh sus vcdlfs' par nuya iatcva iunmas `f fggas' gflas

`f iflardr fh ndgc`d`' ggfkdh ä sus `fstchas `fnc`c`difhtfdkrcas nah krdvf pfrlucnca `fg naifrnca(

^c gas vchas oufhas iflardh hdturdgifhtf nah fg tcfipa'

parquf sf `fspaldh `f uhd pdrtf `f sus prchncpcas' naia

sah fg dkud' fg tdhcha' gd idtfrcd nagardhtf' fg tärtdra' ftn(

±pdrd quã fsds d`cncahfs `f sustdhncds fxtrdôds1 ^c gd hd

turdgfzd icsid has ga fhsfôd' ±pdrd quã mdnfr ga nahtrd

rca1 Dodh`þhfsf' pufs' fg usa `fg yfsa þ sugedta `f ndg' ysustctuyäiasgf nah oufh dgnamag `f >5 krdàs pdrd gas vc

has `fstchdàs dg fiodrquf( ^c fh gd edorcndncþh `fg vcha

gas nasfnmfras mdh aosfrvdà gds rfkgds quf ggfvdias fx

pufstds' odstdrä dzuerdr scipgfifhtf `f dhtfidha gas ta

hfgfs quf mdh `f ggfhdrsf `fg vcha quf `fof vcdldr' dôd`cr

gf uh 0 þ 6 par 4:: `f fspérctu ä gd ch`cnd`d krdùdncþh'

pranf`fhtf `f uhd oufhd `fstcgdncþh' y fxpf`crga nah gd



‐ ?:4 ‐

sfkurc`d` `f quf rfscstcrä gas vcdlfs ids gdrkas' y iflard

rä su ndgc`d` par fg ndicha( Gd fgfvd`d tfipfrdturd ä quf

sf mdggdh saiftcàs gas vchas vcdlfras fhndofzdàs nah fg

dgnamag nahtrcouyf pa`frasdifhtf ä su iflardicfhta' par

quf edvarfnf gd earidncþh `f gds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds quf

mfias ch`cndà dhtfrcarifhtf' `fsdrraggähàsf par ga ics

ia fh fggas' fh uh tcfipa ifhar' fg oauquft ndrdntfréstcna

quf tdh saga dgndhzdrdh ä eufrzd `f iunmas dôas( Fstds ch

nahtfstdogfs aosfrvdncahfs has `fiufstrdh gd prfanupdncþh

dsdz kfhfrdg' quf nahsfrvdh duh par trd`cncþh hufstras na

sfnmfras' `f `fpasctdr gas ndgàs fh oa`fkds suotfrrähfds

y pana dnnfscogfs ä gd guz( ^c uhd tfipfrdturd fgfvd`d pra

iufvf fh gas vchas ocfh fgdoardàs rfdnncahfs edvardogfs'

ngdra fs quf gas icsias `fofräh kudr`drsf fh sctcas pfhf

trdogfs taà ga pascogf par fg ndgþrcna' if`cdhdifhtf vfh)|

ecgdàs y nah gd prfnduncþh' fipfra' `f quf fg sag `crfnta s

ha taquf chif`cdtdifhtf ä gas tahfgfs(

Dndodias `f ch`cndr quf dg `cspahfr gas vchas pdrd gd

fxtrdnncþh ha `fof agvc`drsf fg dzuerdicfhta prfvca `f gds

vdsclds quf `fofh nahtfhfrgas( Zastfrcarifhtf fg oc)sugé c)

ta `f ndg md scà fipgfdà nah vfhtdld fh sustctuncþh `f

gds ifnmds( Fh fefnta' ha mdy ids quf `csagvfr oc)sugecta

`f ndg fh gd prfncsd ndhtc`d` `f dkud -if`cd ahzd par pcpd`f vcha ä nartd `cefrfhncd#' chnarpardrga par if ca `f gd

dkctdncþh nah fg vcha `ãgas tahfgfs quf' ha `fg taà ggfhas'

sf ggfhdräh fh sfkuc`d naipgftdifhtf' tdpähàgas `fspuãs

nah gd idyar prahtctu`( @f fstf iaà ta`d gd idsd `fg gé

qucà rfncof gd sdgu`dogf chegufhncd `fg äncà sugeurasa'

parquf naiochähàsf gas äncàs iägcna y tdrtärcna `fg vcha

nah gd ndg `fg oc)sugecta' praùncfhà tdrtrdta y idgdta ndg)?;



‐ ?:? ‐

ncfas chsaguogfs quf sf prfncpctdh' fg kds äncà sugeurasa

quf`d fh gcofrtd`(

Fh vcstd pufs `f ga fxpufsta chvctdias ä gas dkrcnug

tarfs y ä gas trdtdhtfs `f vchas ä quf sfnuh`fh hufstras

fseufrzas pdrd rfdgzdr fg nrã`cta fxtfrcar `f gas ndgàs `fg

pdés( Fg krdh drtf `f gd vchcecndncþh fs iuy sfhncgga' y nudh

tas prfnfptas `fldias rfnaifh`dàs pdrd gd edorcndncþh `f

vchas puf`fh sfr aosfrvdàs eäncgifhtf par taàs gas nasf

nmfras sch `cstchncþh dgkuhd if`cdhtf uhd vaguhtd` ecrif

y `fnc`c`d( Fg parvfhcr `f Ndtdguôd nd`d vfz ids dkrcnug

tard' gd fspfrdhzd `f iunmas `cstrctas vchénagds `f Fspdôd'

fs gd nahefnncþh `f oufhas vchas y fg prfstckca `f gas ics

ias fh gds pgdzds fxtrdhlfrds( Nugtcvd` 2 am Nasfnmfras$

nah fg fsifra ã chtfgclfhncd `foc`ds gds echds ndstds `f

nfpds' pfsd` fh gd odgdhzd `fg Kgfunþiftra gd rcqufzd `f

sus iastas dhtfs `f fiprfh`fr gd rfnagfnncþh `f gds uvds'

vfh`cicd` ga ids tdr`f pascogf' y ha agvc`dhà fg `fspd

gcggdà `f gas rdncias' dodhàhd` gd efrifhtdncþh docfrtd

`f gas iastas fh nuods gcipcds y ocfh `cspufstds( Fg vcha

sf mdrä par sé saga' y fgdoardrä fh sfnrfta sus oufhds nd

gc`d`fs( Prdsfkd` par ech fh fg chvcfrha vufstras ndgàs' y

`fpasctähàgas fh vdsclds äprapþscta' ocfh dzuerd`ds' yfh

uh sctca ga ids ndgcfhtf pascogf' mdorãcs ggfhdà vufstra

`fofr y nahnurrcà dg oufh haiorf `f gas praùntas `f gd

pdtrcd( Mf dqué gd séhtfscs `f gds apfrdncahfs vchénagds quf

uhd sdhd präntcnd `fof pfrefnncahdr( S vasatras • am Na

ifrncdhtfs y Fspfnugdàrfs$ quf `foãcs sulftdr fstas vchas

ä gd `fkustdncþh y dg dprfnca `f gas pdésfs cipraùntarfs

y gfldhas2 vasatras quf euh`äcs su edid þ su `fsnrã`cta dg

`cspahfrgas pdrd gd fxpartdncþh' `foãcs pahfr gd ügtcid



‐ ?:> ‐

idha ä gd aord `fg nasfnmfra quf as fhtrfkdrä schnfrdifh

tf sus ndgàs fh oufh fstdà' dhcidhà gas icsias nah gd

suecncfhtf ndhtc`d` `f dgnamag pranf`fhtf `f gd `fstcgdncþh

`f vchas puras' y prfpdrdhà ocfh gas tahfgfs þ fiodgd

lfs nah quf `foãcs fxpf`crgas( Duhdàs gas fseufrzas `fg

praùntar y `fg hfkancdhtf' fg naifrnca ggfvdrä fhtahnfs ä

gds hdncahfs ids rfiatds gd oah`d` y gd edid `f hufstras

géqucàs' fgdoardhà dsé gd rcqufzd kfhfrdg `f gd pfhéhsugd(

@f ga nahtrdrca' sch fstd sciugtdhfc`d` `f fseufrzas `f pdrtf`f gas nasfnmfras y naifrncdhtfs fh gd edorcndncþh y fh fg

fiodrquf `f oufhas vchas' nahtchudhà gd vchcecndncþh hd

ncahdg àifôd`d par präntcnds sfnugdrfs þ rutchdrcds' ha

fstä tdg vfz gfldha fg `éd fh quf ndfräh fh naipgfta d od

tcicfhta y dodhàha gas vchas tchtas fspdôagfs( Zar eartuhd

fg ac`cui tubfrc' quf par tdhtas dôas md `cfzidà gas ids

mfriasas vcôfàs `fg sufga pdtrca' md `dà yd gds ügtcidssfôdgfs `f vc`d fh Fspdôd' y `f su iufrtf' ifrnf` dg dzu

erf' ä gd ndg' y ä atras if`cas `f fstfrichca fefntudàs par

gas vctcnugtarfs' oratdräh gds mfriasds y douh`dhtfs vfh

`cicds `f atras tcfipas' dsc naia `fg ech `fg chvcfrha

oratd gd vfr`f prcidvfrd nah sus ndipas `f idtczd`ds

egarfs( Iufrta fg nþgfrd `f gd vc`' y douh`dhà `f hufva

gds rfnagfnncahfs `f gas vchas' gds nudgfs sfräh sunfscvdifhtf ids nrfnc`ds par fg oufh nugtcva `f gas chifhsas

pgdhtéas `f nfpds mfnmas `f dgkuhas dôas ä fstd pdrtf fh

ta`ds gds pravchncds `fg rfcha' fg vdgar þ prfnca `f gas ndg

às `csichucrä tdg vfz nahsc`frdogfifhtf2 y sc ä `cnmd

douh`dhncd y ifhar prfnca luhtdias uhd idgd ndgc`d`'

mcld `f rdhncds y iuy drrdckd`ds prfanupdncahfs' ±nuäg

sfrä fg parvfhcr `f gas vchas fspdôagfs1 Sd ga mfias ch`c)



‐ ?:0 ‐

fdà' y ha rfpftcrfias dqué hufstras euh`dàs tfiarfs sa

orf fg pdrtcnugdr( Ha dvfhturfias `f hufva gas lucncas nuyd

fxdntctu` gd fxpfrcfhncd has `fiastrdrä tdg vfz sch tdr`dh

zd2 y ha `ckdias yd ids quf saga uh if ca puf`f sdgvdr

ä hufstras praùntas `f su chichfhtf ruchd' hc quf fstf

if`ca sfd gd c`fd' gd vaguhtd` naiüh' erdhnd y `fnc c`d

fhtrf nasfnmfras y naifrncdhtfs' `f dàptdr fh gd edorcnd

ncþh y fh fg fiodrquf `f gas vchas uh scstfid ids rdnca

hdg' ids ncfhtéecna y ( ( ( ids `ckha `fg sufga fspdôag( Nah

ngucrfias dgcifhtdhà gd fspfrdhzd `f vfr prþxcidifhtf

rfdgczdàs gas `fsfas quf has àichdh saorf tdh cipartdh

tf dsuhta(

=:( If`ca `f duifhtdr fg nagar `f gas vchas `f fiodr

quf nah prfefrfhncd dg yfsa( Gas vchas tchtas eufrtfifhtf

nagardàs sah ndsc scfiprf iuy sagcnctdàs par gas trdtdh

tfs y fspfnugdàrfs quf sf `f`cndh dg naifrnca `f gd fxpar(tdncah `f ndgàs 2 par nuya iatcva nrffias `f suid utcgc

`d` ä gas nasfnmfras ch`cndrgfs uh if`ca' sfkura ã chanfh

tf' `f `dr ä gas géqucàs uh nagar hfkra y pfridhfhtf( Fg

yfsa md scà y fs fipgfdà ta`dvéd par iunméscias dkrc

nugtarfs pana fsnrupugasas pdrd naiuhcndr ä gas vchas uhd

nagardncþh idyar quf gd quf tcfhfh hdturdgifhtf' pfra fsd

sustdhncd `fof prasnrcocrsf `fg taà fh sdhd vchcecndncþh parsfr ids ocfh hancvd quf ütcg ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `fg vcha(

Gd idtfrcd nagardhtf dzug' ä sfd gd fhancdhchd' fxcstfh

tf fh gd pfgénugd `f gds uvds tchtds' sf fhralfnf par gd prf

sfhncd `f gas äncàs `fg iasta fh fg nudg sf `csufgvf par

if`ca `f gd efrifhtdncþh naiuhcndhà ä gas vchas uh nagar

rala ids þ ifhas suocà( Gd chtfhsc`d` `f fstf nagar vdréd

sfküh gd vdrcf`d` `f gds uvds y gd naipascncþh `f gas tfr)



‐ ?:6 ‐

-C# Ncrnugdh fh fg naifrnca às ngdsfs `f odyds `f sdüna' diods fh nd

lds' pfra `f arckfh `cstchta( Gds uhds' pranf`fhtfs `f Zartukdg' sah dgka ids

krufsds y nahtcfhfh ids prchncpca nagardhtf quf gds atrds' quf sah arcuh`ds

`f Dercnd( Pa`ds' sch fiodrka' puf`fh utcgczdrsf pfrefntdifhtf fh gd naga

rdncþh `f gas )vchas hdturdgfs2 `focfhà d`vfrtcr ä gas nasfnmfras quf' fh fs

tas ndsas sfrcd iuy cipartuhd gd d`cncþh `fg yfsa ü atrd sustdhncd dgndgchd'

gd nudg ä gas nctdàs chnahvfhcfhtfs rfuhcfrd fg `f `fsnaipahfr fg prchnc

pca nagardhtf rala `f gds odyds `f sdü na' nahvcrgcãhàga fh uh nufrpa dzug

quf pdsd `fspuãs ä vfr`f par fg nahtdnta `fg dcrf(

rfhas `f quf gas vchas pranf`fh' naia ckudgifhtf sfküh

fg tcfipa quf gas icsias pfridhfnfh fh nahtdnta nah fgmaggfla `f gd uvd ùrdhtf su efrifhtdncþh (Gas vchas hdtu

rdgifhtf tchtas y sch drtcecnca `f hchkuhd ngdsf prfsfhtdh

uh nagar rala orcggdhtf ids þ ifhas fhnfh`cà sfküh gds

ncrnuhstdhncds' pfra fh prfsfhncd `f uhd sustdhncd dgndgc

hd ' quf ha fstã fh fxnfsa' dg pdsa quf sf hfutrdgczdh fh

pdrtf gas äncàs quf idhtcfhfh `csufgtd gd fhancdhchd' fstd

sf trdsearid fh uhd idtfrcd ids asnurd quf fhhfkrfnf dgkuh tdhta gas iastas efrifhtdàs( S sc ocfh fs vfr`d`

quf fg yfsa' fhtrf atrds rfdnncahfs' aord duifhtdhà fg

nagar f gas vchas `f gd idhfrd quf dndodias `f ch`cndr'

ha aostdhtf' fxcstf atra if`ca iuy fxpf`cta y fhtfrdifh

tf chaefhscva quf praùnf iflarfs rfsugtdàs quf fg sugedta

`f ndg sch tfhfr hchkuha `f sus chnahvfhcfhtfs( Fstf if

`ca' quf fstä dg dgndhnf `f taàs gas nasfnmfras' nahscstf fhifzngdr dg tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd nah gds uvds sfpdrd`ds

`f su fsnaodla uhd eufrtf ndhtc`d` `f odyds `f sdüna -4#'

tdgfs naia pranf`fh `fg naifrnca' fstruldrgds sciugtähfd

ifhtf nah gas rdncias `fspdgcggdàs' y `fldrgds fh nahtdn

ta nah fg iasta `f gds nuods taà fg tcfipa hfnfsdrca pdrd

gd efrifhtdncþh hdturdg `fg vcha( Prdscfküfsf fg géqucà



‐ i ‐

gufka `f tfrichd`d su efrifhtdncþh tuiugtuasd' fxpré

idhsf fh gd prfhsd gas rfscùas þ sfd fg arula' y prfnã`dsffh ta a ga `fiäs naia `f ar`chdrca( Gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs

`f gds rfefrc`ds apfrdncahfs prfsfhtdh uh nagar rala asnura

iuy chtfhsa' ids mfriasa y pfridhfhtf quf fg `f gas vc

has fhyfsdàs2 `f idhfrd quf fnmdhà idha' sc sf qucf

rf' ühcndifhtf `f uvds tchtds' pa`räh gas vctcnugtarfs ao

tfhfr vchas gas ids nagardàs quf puf`dh `fsfdrsf' y dtfh

`fr fh pravfnma prapca ä gds fxckfhncds `f gas trdtdhtfsy nahsuicàrfs(

@fsfdhà quf taàs gas nasfnmfras' quf aordrfh dsé dg

nagardr drtcecncdgifhtf gas vchas' pranf`dh nah nahancicfhta

`f ndusd' y fstãh ocfh pfrsud`càs quf dqufg if ca fs fh

tfrdifhtf chaefhscva ä gd sdgu` ' gfs ch`cndrfias dmard gas

prchncpcas nahstctutcvas `f gds odyds `f sdüna( Mã dqué su

naipascncþh quéicnd fh praparncahfs vdrcdogfs2 äncàs iä)gcna y nétrcna' kaid' dzündr' idtfrcd dzad`d -quf sf nah

vcfrtf fh efrifhta par gd dosarncþh `fg axékfha # pfntchd y

idtfrcd nagardhtf rald( Pdiocãh puf`fh fipgfdrsf' fh sus

tctuncþh `f gds odyds `f sdüna' gds odyds `f yfzkas -^di)

ounus fougusl y gds iards fh dqufggas puhtas àh`f sf rf

nakfh fh douh`dhncd2 gd naipascncþh `f fstas erutas fs c`ãh

tcnd ä gd `f gas krdhas `fg sdüna -^diounds hckrdY' fxnfptuähàsf scipgfifhtf fg äncà tdrtärcna quf rfsc`f fh gd

iard fh vfz `f gas äncàs iägcna y nétrcna(

=4( Dnncþh `fg iavcicfhta saorf gas vchas( Atra `f gas

dkfhtfs quf defntdh iuy sfhscogfifhtf gd vc`d `f gas vchas'

ocfh quf f uhd idhfrd iaifhtähfd ' chanfhtf ym dstd ä

vfnfs sdgu`dogf ' fs fg iavcicfhta( Nudhà gas vchas sah

trdspartdàs ä puhtas ids þ ifhas `cstdhtfs `fg sctca fh quf



‐ ?:; ‐

sf mdggdodh `fpasctdàs fxpfrcifhtdh ùrdhtf sus vcdlfs

uhd ia`cecndncþh `ckhd `f sfr nahanc`d par gas nasfnmfras

y par gas fspfnugdàrfs( Vh vcha nudgqucfrd' ùgnf þ sfna'

hufva þ dhtckua' pfra ocfh fgdoardà y nah gd eufrzd dgna)

magaiãtrcnd narrfspah`cfhtf' aerfnf' pana `fspuãs `f su

vcdlf' ndgc`d`fs iuy `cefrfhtfs `f gds quf prfsfhtdod ä

hufstras sfhtcàs dhtfs `f su trdspartf( Fg iavcicfhta' þ

gds dkctdncahfs ids þ ifhas orusnds quf fg ndgà suerf par

fg ndicha' arkdhczd dg pdrfnfr `f uh iaà `cstchta gd naiochdncþh `f sus prchncpcas nahstctuyfhtfs' `f sufrtf quf'

par ids dgnamþgcna y draiätcna quf sfd fg vcha' fstf dpdrfnf

iuy `ãocg y nah uh oauquft pana prahuhncdà sc sf fxdic

hd gufka `f mdofr nfsdà su iavcicfhta( Fipfra ids tdr

`f' nudhà fg géqucà md ggfkdà ä su `fstcha y sf md `fldà

fh rfpasa fh su icsia fhvdsf par fspdnca `f dgkuhas `cds

þ sfidhds pdrd rfpahfrsf `f gds edtckds `fg vcdlf' fhtahnfsãg tarhd' quf `ckdias' ä fhtrdr fh su nfhtra 2 sus fgfifh

tas taidh atrd vfz su prcictcva ar`fh `f nagandncþh' y rfd

pdrfncfhà fh su sfha gds icsids ndgc`d`fs quf tfhcd dhtfs

`f vcdldr' scha atrds iflarfs' astfhtd `f hufva su eufrzd'

su draid y su sdoar hdturdgfs( Zar ckhardr fstds rfdnnca

hfs mdh surkcà ä vfnfs dgkuhds nahtcfh`ds fhtrf nasfnmf

ras y naifrncdhtfs f vchas' gds nudgfs mdh scà luzkd`ds`fspuãs par fg tcfipa `f uhd idhfrd tfrichdhtf y saofrd

hd( Ids `f uh ndpctäh `f ouquf' dg fxpartdr gas vchas

naiprdàs par ãg icsia ä gas hfkancdhtfs' sf md nrféà fh

kdôdà par fggas' dg aosfrvdr quf gas ndgàs ia`cecndodh

sus ndrdntfrfs ùrdhtf gds trdvfséds `f sus vcdlfs' `f uh

iaà dg pdrfnfr hd`d edvardogf ä su oufhd ndgc`d` 2 pfra

tdgfs prfanupdncahfs eufrah `fsvdhfnc`ds y trand`ds fh krd)



‐ ?:= ‐

tas `fsfhkdôas uh tcfipa `fspuãs `f tfrichdà fg vcdlf(

Gas vchas' uhd vfz `fsndhsdàs' dpdrfncfrah ids eufrtfs yids raoustas quf dhtfs `f fiprfh`fr su idrnmd( Gas v c

has vcdlfras' ä sfifldhzd `f atras praùntas draiätcnas'

icfhtrds fstäh arkdhczdhà sus ids ofggds ndgc`d`fs odla gd

chegufhncd fhãrkcnd `fg ndgþrcna' ha sf prfsfhtdh nah fg vfr

`d`fra ndräntfr quf gfs narrfspah`f' fh rdzþh `f quf hf

nfsctdh fg trdsnursa `f uh ncfrta pfréaà pdrd `fsdrraggdr

astfhscogfifhtf su oauquft ndrdntfréstcna y `fiäs ncrnuhstdhncds quf gas mdnfh iuy dprfncdogfs( Vh dkud draiätcnd

`fstcgd`d' uh dgnamagcta fg ids ocfh prfpdrdà' ha `fsdrra

ggdh su draid þ oauquft rfspfntcvas mdstd `fspuãs `f dgkuh

tcfipa `f su fgdoardncþh2 fg icsia fspérctu `f vcha pura'

rfncfh edorcndà' ha idhcecfstd erdhndifhtf sus hdturdgfs

ndrdntfrfs scha dg ndoa `f dgkuhas ifsfs `f sfr aotfhcà(

@f ga drrcod fxpufsta sf `fùnf quf gas vchas `f fxpartdncþh' dg ckudg `f gas maiorfs quf mdh rfnarrcà krdh`fs

`cstdhncds' hfnfsctdh uh ncfrta `fsndhsa gufka `f mdofr dr

rcodà ä sus pufstas `fechctcvas' ä ech `f rfdhcidrsf y vag

vfr ä su prcictcva fstdà `f vckar' þ `f dgndhzdr gd ifla

réd `f quf sah susnfptcogfs( Fstf `fsndhsa `fof sfr tdhta

ids pragahkdà' nudhta ids gfldhas `fg puhta `f pdrtc`d

sah gas pdésfs ä quf gas vchas mdh scà trdspartdàs(



N D Z É P V G A C C C (

U c n c a s p r chn cp d gf s `f gd dntcxdg edorcndncþh

fgf v cha s ' y crd a c as fgf naiodt c r gas (

Nuipgf dmard ä hufstra prapþscta nahsckhdr fh fg prf

sfhtf ndpétuga gas vcncas `f quf kfhfrdgifhtf dàgfnf gd vc

hcecndncþh fspdôagd' y gas if`cas quf fs urkfhtf y earzasa

dàptdr pdrd `fstrucrgas( S naia suoédgd ndusd gaggctur feefn)

tus' fidhncpd`ds quf sfdh gds präntcnds rutchdrcds chtraùnc`ds fh gd fgdoardncþh `f gas ndgàs' ãstas prfsfhtdräh hd

turdgifhtf gds oufhds ndgc`d`fs quf gfs naipftfh' y quf

mdy `frfnma ä fspfrdr `f uh pdés vchénagd tdh edvarfncà

par gd hdturdgfzd naia fg hufstra( Dsé pufs chscstcrfias

uh tdhta taorf fg pdrtcnugdr pfrsud`càs `f quf gas nasf

nmfras dtfh`fräh gas nahsflas quf fh chtfrãs suya y ocfh

`f gd pdtrcd gfs vdias rfnaifh`dhà(

=?( Gd vfh`cicd rfàh`d `f gas vcôfàs earidàs par

`cefrfhtfs vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds quf idùrdh fh ãpands `cstch

tds fs fg prcifr fgfifhta `f uhd idgd vchcecndncþh( Iunmas'

iunméscias sah gas pgdhtéas `f gd pfhéhsugd nahstctucàs

par vdrcds ndstds `f vc`fs' nuyas erutas' ä pfsdr `f idù

rdr fh `cefrfhtfs ãpands' sah vfh`cicdàs taàs ä gd vfz(

?=



‐ ?4: ‐

Fh tdgfs ndsas sc dg nasfnmfra gf nahvcfhf nugtcvdr às þ

ids vdrcf`d`fs `f nfpds pdrd fgdoardr nah sus erutas vchas

`cstchtas þ fspfncdgfs' `fofrä rfnakfr gds uvds fh sus rfs

pfntcvas tcfipas `f sdzþh `dhà ä gd vcôd às þ ids vufg

tds naia sf prdntcnd fh ncfrtas vcôfàs `f Iägdkd y `f

atras puhtas `f Dh`dgunéd( Zfra `fskrdncd`difhtf `cnmas

nuc`dàs `fldh `f aosfrvdrsf par ga kfhfrdg' ggfkd`d gd

ãpand `f gd vfh`cicd' ãstd sf mdnf rfàh`d rfnakcfhà

taà fg eruta `f uhd vfz y ifzngdhà fhtrf sé par dôd`c

ùrd gds uvds sdhds' idùrds' vfr`fs' fhefrids y pa

`rc`ds( ^fifldhtf icsnfgähfd `fof praùncr prfncsdifhtf

vchas `f idgd ndgc`d`' iäxcif ha sdturähàsf fg fxnfsa

`f gas äncàs gcorfs nahtfhcàs fh gas iastas' y ha fhrcquf

ncfhà gas icsias nah fg dzündr quf gfs edgtd pdrd uhd

vchcecndncþh rfkugdr( Gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs `f tdgfs rfnagfn

ncahfs sufgfh sfr fsfhncdgifhtf vfr`fs' scha ggfvdh atra

vcnca fspfncdg' y ha tdr`dh ä `fsdrraggdr gd efrifhtdncþh

dnãtcnd' gd nudg' sc ocfh sf chschüd dg tfrichdr gd orfvf

efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd `f sus iastas' sf suspfh`f ùrdhtf

fg chvcfrha prþxcia pdrd `fspgfkdrsf gufka nah dntcvc`d`

fh gd prcidvfrd( Fstas ndgàs' puf`f `fncrsf quf iufrfh

dpfhds hdnfh' parquf tdh saga sf utcgczdh fh pdrtf fh gd

eréd fstdncþh pdrd gd ofoc`d ar`chdrcd `f gas mdoctdhtfs `f

gas gukdrfs àh`f dqufggas mdh scà edorcndàs' scrvcfhà

`fspuãs gas rfstdhtfs pdrd gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas dkudr`cfh

tfs naiuhfs þ ocfh pdrd gd nahefnncþh `f vchdkrfs( Ucstas

pufs gas krdvfs chnahvfhcfhtfs quf pdrd gd fgdoardncþh `f

gas vchas ggfvd nahscka gd vfh`cicd rfàh`d `f gds vdrcds

fspfncfs `f uvds nuya sdzahdicfhta fs iuy `fsckudg' mdräh

ocfh gas vctcnugtarfs fh dodhàhdr tdh pãscid nastuiorf'



‐ hc ‐scipgcecndhà scfiprf ga ids pascogf fg hüifra `f gds

iflarfs ndstds `f vc`fs quf chtfhtfh nugtcvdr( Fh taàndsa' sc sf qucfrf gfvdhtdr gd vfh`cicd fh uhd sagd vufgtd'

puf`fh nahsfhtcrsf gas pgdhtéas `f dqufggds vdrcf`d`fs `f

nfpds quf idùrdh sus rdncias fh uhd icsid ãpand'

naia' par flfipga' gd Kdrhdnmd' nuyds uvds sf mdggdh fh

sdzþh dg icsia tcfipa quf gds `fg Ldãh ogdhna y `fg Dgtc

gga' ga prapca quf( fg Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz' nuyas erutas

narrfh pdrflds fh nudhta ä su idùrfz nah gas `f gd Vvdtchtd `f Drdkþh' ftn( Mã dqué fg prcifr pdsa' y gd prcifrd

rfearid quf `fof dàptdrsf fh iunmas `cstrctas vchénagds

`f Fspdôd àh`f cipfrdh duh chvftfrd`ds prfanupdncahfs(

=>( @fsmaldr fxnfscvdifhtf gd vc` fs nahtrdrca ä gd ouf

hd idùrfz `fg eruta( Iunmas nasfnmfras' dg dpraxcidrsf

gd ãpand `f gd vfh`cicd' quctdh gd idyar pdrtf `f gds

malds' scha ta`ds' `f gas sdricfhtas' ä ech `f pranurdr gddnncþh `crfntd y nahtchud`d `f gas rdyas sagdrfs saorf gds

uvds' y edncgctdr dsc gd naipgftd sdzþh `f gds icsids(

Fstd präntcnd' gflas `f edvarfnfr gd idrnmd rfkugdr `fg sd)

zahdicfhta `f gas rdncias' gd pfrlu`cnd' parquf sf fhtar

pfnf `f uhd idhfrd mdrta sfhscogf ä gd vc`d `f gds nfpds

gd hutrcncþh `f sus þrkdhas par gd ifhar ndhtc`d` `f gas

prchncpcas vctdgfs quf fggas dscicgdh( Fh fefnta2 fh gdsmalds' y fh taàs gas tflcàs vfr`fs `f gas vfkftdgfs' tcfhf

gukdr gd rfspcrdncþh `f gd pgdhtd' par nuya iatcva `fof

prfnf`frsf nah suid pru`fhncd dg `fspdipdhdr gds nfpds'

`f ga nahtrdrca' fggds suerfh ä vfnfs gas fefntas `f uhd

vfr`d`frd dsecxcd pdgc`fncfhà rfpfhtchdifhtf sus rdias'

y nahtrdyfhà uhd krdvf fhefrif`d`' nuyd ndusd gd ci

pfrcncd `fg nagaha ha puf`f nahanfr( Atras vctcnugtarfs' ha



‐ ?4? ‐

ifhas chfxpfrtas quf gas prcifras' agvc`dh naipgftdifh

tf gd ütcgéscid apfrdncþh `f `fsmaldr gd vc` fh sus lustasgéictfs' fsta fs' `f quctdr ühcndifhtf gds malds quf ra`fdh

y mdnfh saiord ä gas erutas uh tcfipa dhtfs `f su rfna

gfnncþh( Fg nahtdnta `crfnta y pragahkdà `fg sag saorf gd

uvd if`ca idùrd fs ch`cspfhsdogf pdrd quf ãstd puf`d

fgdoardr ta`d gd ndhtc`d` `fg dzündr' `f gd idtfrcd nagardh

tf' `f gas dnfctfs' y `f gas `fiäs prchncpcas quf hdturdg

ifhtf gf naipftfh pdrd gd earidncþh `f uh oufh iasta(Gd fxpfrcfhncd has vcfhf `fiastrdhà taàs gas dôas gd

vfr`d` `f hufstrds dsfrncahfs saorf fg pdrtcnugdr( @f nah

sckucfhtf d`vfrtcrfias ä gas nasfnmfras dpfkdàs ä gas r f

efrcàs fxtrfias quf taàs aordh iuy idg' y quf fs prän

tcnd iuy rdncahdg' dìctc`d yd fh Dh`dgunéd y fh atras

`cstrctas vchénagds `fg rfcha' gd `f `fspdipdhdr pdrncdg

ifhtf gd vc` fh gas tãrichas quf `fldias fxpufstas( Chif`ca nahscstct vcrtus(

=0( Ufh`cicds prfidturds( Ha odstd quf fg nasfnmfra

nfgasa nugtcvf nah fsifra fh su prapca vcôfà fg ifhar hü

ifra pascogf `f gds iflarfs ndstds `f vc`fs pdrd gd pra

ùnncþh `f oufhas vchas2 fs hfnfsdrca d`fiäs quf gds uvds

sfdh ocfh sdzahd`ds fh fg dnta `f su rfnagfnncþh' y quf ha

sf prfncpctf chapartuhdifhtf `cnmd apfrdncþh rfnakcfhàgas rdncias ids þ ifhas vfr`fs( Paàs gas fseufrzas `fg

nasfnmfra pdrd fg nugtcva y gd praùnncþh `f ndgàs `f ouf

hd ndgc`d` sah idgakrdàs gdstciasdifhtf nah mdrtd erf

nufhncd par gds vfh`cicds prfidturds( Gd cipdncfhncd `f

dgkuhas vctcnugtarfs' fhtrf atrds ndusds' fs gd quf gas chù

nf iunmds vfnfs ä vfh`cicdr ä ta`d prcsd y prfidturd

ifhtf sus vcôfàs' y fstd ch`csnrfncþh gdifhtdogf' naif)



‐ ?4> ‐

gc`d ä vfnfs par uh saga vctcnugtar `f uh pufoga' fs uh nah

tdkca quf sf trdsictf fgãntrcndifhtf ä gas `fiäs nasfnmfras`fg icsia puhta' y `f dqué ä gas nasfnmfras `f gas pufogas

chif`cdtas( Ha mdy if`ca dg pdrfnfr rfscstcogf pdrd apa

hfrsf dg nahtdkca' y naifhzd`d gd vfh`cicd `f uh `cstrcta

mdy quf fipfzdr gd `fg atra' y mf dqué naia uhd naidrnd'

uh fxtfhsa rd`ca `f praùnncþh ' uhd pravchncd ta`d' sdg

vds gckfrds fxnfpncahfs' fiprfh`fh sus vfh`cicds prfid

turds' naifhzdhà yd uhd vchcecndncþh `fefntuasd' y naipraiftcfhà fg oufh haiorf `f gas praùntas `fg pdés( S

nudhà odla uhds ofggds zahds `f vflftdncah `f gd vc` y uh

ncfga pratfntar þ ofhckha pa`édias fspfrdr uhd idùrfz

naipgftd' y nahtfipgdr fh ãxtdscs fg mfriasa àrdà `f

gds uvds' y sdoarfdr fg `fgcncasa hãntdr `f sus iastas y gd

odgsäicnd echurd `f sus vchas' fhtahnfs(((' sf `fsvdhfnf

gd cguscþh' y ta`d fspfrdhzd sf pcfr`f dhtf gd ids nrdsdckhardhncd `f gas nasfnmfras quf nartdh `fsdpcd`d`difhtf

gas rdncias if ca idùras' þ sfd fh fg iaifhta prfncsa

`f fgdoard! fg dzündr y `fiäs prchncpcas hfnfsdrcas ä uhd

oufhd vchcecndncþh$ @fskrdncd crrfpdrdogf' vcnca edtdg nah

trd nuyd rfchnc`fhncd huhnd sfräh `f saord gas ngdiarfs `fg

fhagakcstd y `f gas vctcnugtarfs fhtfh`càs$

^c ocfh fs vfr`d` quf fg drtf pasff if`cas chanfhtfs pdrdhfutrdgczdr fg fxnfsa `f gas äncàs iägcna y tdrtärcna `f

gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs `f gds vfh`cicds dhtcncpd`ds' y fgfvdr

sus iastas ä gd `fhsc`d` kgfunaiãtrcnd narrfspah`cfhtf' ha

aostdhtf' sc sf pfrictf ä gd uvd dgndhzdr su vfr`d`frd

sdzþh' dg pdsa quf sf fvctdh gds fxprfsd`ds apfrdncahfs' sf

edncgctd gd earidncþh hdturdg y naipgftd `fg dnfctf vagätcg

`f gds uvds y gd `f gas nufrpas krdsas quf mdh `f nahstc)



‐ ?40 ‐

tucr fg dnfctf ecla `f gds pf gctds' dnfctfs quf' naia fs sdoc

à' lufkdh uh cipartdhtéscia pdpfg fh gd praùnncþh `fgvfr`d`fra oauquft `f gas vchas( Fh suid' gds vfh`cicds

prfidturds sah scfiprf ids þ ifhas pfrlu`cncdgfs ä gd

oufhd ndgc`d` `f gas vchas' y tdh saga `fofh sfr fefntud

`ds fh gas ndsas earzasas' þ sfd nudhà uh eufrtf pf`rcsna'

gds gguvcds fxnfscvds ü atras dnnc`fhtfs difhdzdh dg vctc

nugtar gd pãr`c`d tatdg `f gd nasfnmd(

=6( Gd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta luhta nah fg fsnaodla `fgd uvd fs iuy hancvd ä gd ndgc`d` `fg vcha( Gd sfpdrdncþh `f

gas pf`ühnugas quf sastcfhfh gas krdhas `f gd uvd fs uhd

apfrdncþh tdh ch`cspfhsdogf ä gd oah`d` `f gas vchas `f id

nfrdncah naia kfhfrdgifhtf agvc`d`d par gas nasfnmfras(

Zar ids nuc`dàs quf sf pra`ckfh ä gd idùrfz y rfna

gfnncþh `fg eruta `f gd vc`' y par ids quf fg dkrcnugtar pra

nurf quf gas iastas d`qucfrfh hdturdgifhtf gd¡ rcqufzd sdndrchd quf gfs naipftf pdrd gd praùnncþh `f fxnfgfhtfs

ndgàs' prdntcndhà dg chtfhta y dhtfs `f fiprfh`fr gd vfh

`cicd gas fhsdyas kgfunaiãtrcnas apartuhas' `f pana gf sfr

vcräh tdhtas dedhfs sc dg fgdoardr gas vchas tchtas þ `f id

nfrdncah ha flfnutd iuy fsnrupugasdifhtf fg `fspdgcggdà

`f gds uvds( Fstd apfrdncþh fs ndsc scfiprf `fsnuc`d`d' y

sc sf prdntcnd fh dgkuhas ndsas ha sf aosfrvdh fh fggd gdsprfnduncahfs narrfspah`cfhtfs( @f dmé fs quf gas ndgàs'

`csagvcfhà gd krdh ndhtc`d` `f tdhcha `f gas fsnaodlas prf

sfhtfs ä su efrifhtdncþh ' d`qucfrfh uh sdoar fstéptcna y

suidifhtf chkrdta quf ha odstd ä fhnuorcrga fg dzündr `f

gas iastas ids ùgnfs( ^c gas iastas `f gds uvds sagds ids

ocfh `fskrdhd`ds `csufgvfh ùrdhtf su efrifhtdncþh uhd

ndhtc`d` hatdogf `fg tdhcha `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd



‐ ?46 ‐

uvd' fg nudg naiuhcnd ä gas praùntas rfsugtdhtfs uh sdoar

dgka dstrchkfhtf' ciprapca `f gas vchas echas y `fgcndàs'

-sdoar quf `fsdpdrfnf par if`ca `f gd ngdrcecndncþh# nudh

ta ids chkrdtas y rfpukhdhtfs dg pdgd`dr `fofh sfr prf

ncsdifhtf gas géqucàs quf nahtcfhfh d`fiäs `fg ch`cnd)

)à tdhcha fg fxnfsa `f fstf icsia prchncpca `f gas fsnaod

las( S fh fefnta2 vchas pranf`fhtfs `f uvds echds y ocfh

sdzahd`ds' rcnas fh dzündr y fh dgnamag' mdh scà idgfdàs

þ `ftfrcardàs par fg vcnca `f quf sf trdtd( @atdàs `f uh

ofgga nagar tchta y pfridhfhtf' nah fg oauquft prapca `f gas

vchas idùras `f idnfrdncah' y dhcidàs nah gd eufrzd dg)

namagaiãtrcnd nahvfhcfhtf ä su gahkfvc`d`' fggas muocfrdh

nahstctucà fg nrã`cta `f gas puhtas `f su praùnncþh sc ha

ggfvdrdh fg sfgga `f uhd edorcndncþh vcncasd( Fh chtfrãs `f

gas nasfnmfras y fh mahar dg pdés fs `f fspfrdr quf fh gd

fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas sf prdntcquf nahstdhtfifhtf fg `fs

pdgcggdà `f gd uvd ' -fxnfpta fh gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas v c

has ogdhnas# pufs quf gds idhcpugdncahfs hfnfsdrcds dg ao

lfta quf`dh ocfh rfnaipfhsd`ds par gd fxnfgfhncd y idyar

vdgar `f gas praùntas(

=5( Gd nuod `f efrifhtdncþh `f uh saga eahà fs nah

trdrcd ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `f gas vchas `f idnfrdncah( Atra

`f gas vcncas mdrta drrdckdàs fh gd edorcndncþh `f gas vchastchtas þ `f idnfrdncah fs fg usa `f gds nuods sfhncggds þ `f

uh saga eahà( Zdrd aotfhfr gas vchas ogdhnas fh oufh fs

tdà `cnmds nuods sah ütcgfs y vfhtdlasds ä gas nasfnmfras'

pufs quf efrifhtdhà fh fggds gas iastas sch gd prfsfhncd

`fg arula' fg géqucà aerfnf panas puhtas `f nahtdnta nah

fg dcrf dìaseãrcna y su dgnamag ha puf`f fxpfrcifhtdr

gd frfidnduscd þ gd dnftcecndncþh' duh nudhà gd tfipfrd)



‐ ?45 ‐

turd `f gd idsd sf fgfvf ä )e) ?6 þ >: krdàs( Ids pdrd fgd

oardr gas vchas `f idnfrdncah fh fg iflar fstdà pascogf `fpfrefnncþh fs ch`cspfhsdogf quf gd nuod' àh`f fggas odh

`f efrifhtdr' tfhkd nfrnd su pdrtf supfrcar uh àogf eahà

iavcogf y dkulfrfdà `f id`frd' ä ech `f sulftdr nah fg

icsia gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gd uvd idhtfhcãhàgds

nahstdhtfifhtf chifrkc`ds `fhtra fg géqucà efrifhtdhtf(

@f fstd idhfrd sf fvctd quf fg axékfha `fg dcrf puf`d

aordr saorf gd fxtfhsd supfrecncf `f gd idsd sþgc`d `fg arula' `fsmc`rakfhdhà uh tdhta fg dgnamag y nahvcrtcãhàga fh

äncà dnãtcna' naia dsc sunf`f kfhfrdgifhtf prfpdrdhà

gas vchas `f quf sf trdtd fh gds nuods ar`chdrcds `f uh saga

eahà( Fh nahecridncþh `f ga quf `fncias' ha mdy idsquf

dpraxcidrsf ä gd rfkcah supfrcar `f gds krdh`fs vdsclds fh

fg chstdhtf `f mdofr tfrichdà gd efrifhtdncþh tuiugtuasd

`fg iasta quf nahtcfhfh 2 uh eufrtf y pfhftrdhtf agar `fäncà dnãtcna sf `fld pfrncocr `fs f gufka' ha odstdhà ä

fngcpsdrga fg draid vchasa odstdhtf prahuhncdà quf sf `fs

prfh`f dg prapca tcfipa `f gd nuod( Fstas vchas' huifrasas

par `fskrdncd' ggfvdh nahscka `fs`f su chedhncd uh fgfifh

ta `f `fsarkdhczdncþh' y iufrfh ids þ ifhas tdr`f véntc

ids `f gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd( @fstéhfhsf pufs gds nuods

`f uh saga eahà ä gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas vchas ogdhnas2 ydpgcqüfsf fg ch`cndà tdocquf `f id`frd ä taàs gas gdkd

rfs àh`f mdh `f arkdhczdrsf gas vchas `f idnfrdncah(

=;( Fipfkdà `f gds nuods( Vha `f gas vcncas ids ch

vftfrdàs `f hufstrd vchcecndncþh' y iuy `ckha `f taidrsf

fh nahsc`frdncþh par gas nasfnmfras `f ncfrtas `cstrctas' fs

fg fipfkdà `f gds nuods( Fh vdrcas pufogas `f Ndstcggd y `f

atrds pravchncds `f Fspdôd fstä iuy dìctcà fg usa `f rf)



‐ ?4; ‐

vfstcr nd`d às þ trfs dôas taà fg chtfrcar `f gds vdsclds `f

efrifhtdncþh nah uhd ndpd `f pfz krcfkd euh`c`d' dg àogf

aolfta `f cipf`cr quf sf `frrdif fg iasta par gds luhturds

`f gds ùfgds' y `f iflar dsfkurdr gd nahsfrvdncþh `fg vcha

rfsugtdhtf( Ha ndof ù`d quf fstd präntcnd' mfrf`d`d `f

gas krcfkas' fvctd gd dnftcecndncþh `f gas ndgàs par gd pra

pcf`d` quf tcfhf gd nagaeahcd `f prfsfrvdr ä gas géqucàs

dzundrdàs `f gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd' sch apahfrsf dg `f

sdrragga `f su efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd2 pfra fh ndioca gas

vchas efrifhtdàs fh `cnmds nuods prfsfhtdh fg sdoar f s

pfncdg ä pfz' ncrnuhstdhncd quf gas mdnf pana dprfncdogfs y

gas nah`fhd ä sfr nahsuicàs ä odla prfnca fh fg icsia

puhta `f su praùnncþh( Fstas vchas puf`fh iflardr `f

nah`cncþh y d`qucrcr iunmd ids fstcid sc gas nasfnmfras sf

`fnc`fh ä dodhàhdr pdrd scfiprf gd pãscid nastuiorf quf

`fhuhncdias' pranurähàsf dg icsia tcfipa uh fsifra

idyar fh gd uhcah `f gds ùfgds `f gds krdh`fs nuods `f

efrifhtdncþh' gds nudgfs' scfhà' `f raogf naia sah kfhf

rdgifhtf' `focfrdh fstdr edorcnd`ds `f ndstdôa þ `f nfrfza(

D`fiäs' pdrd fg ndsa `f tfhfr quf narrfkcrsf dgkuhds

ecgtrdncahfs þ fsndpfs `f gds fsprfsd`ds vdsclds' `fofias

dnahsfldr ä gas vctcnugtarfs quf sustctuydh fg rfefrc a odr

hcz `f nagaeahcd par gd ifzngd sckucfhtf' dpgcnähàgd dg fxtfrcar `f gds nuods<

Mc`rdta `f ndg erfsna 4 pdrtf(

Ncicfhta raidha ? pdrgfs(

Dkud gd ndhtc`d` hfnfsdrcd'

Mäkdsf uhd idsd ogdh`d' y dpgcqüfsf nah prahtctu` y

fh pfqufôds parncahfs dg fxtfrcar `f gds vdsclds àh`f mdh

`f efrifhtdr gas iastas( ^c ha sf dh`d gcsta fh fstd apfrd)?3



‐ ?4= ‐

ncah' gd ifzngd ha tdr`d ä fhùrfnfrsf eufrtfifhtf' y sf

chutcgczd par naipgfta( Hufstra oftüh mc`räugcna' quf dnd

odias `f ch`cndr' dg pdsa quf fs fhtfrdifhtf chaefhscva ä

gds nudgc`d`fs `fg vcha' ncfrrd pfrefntdifhtf taàs gas pa

ras ã chtfrstcncas `f gd id`frd `f gas fhvdsfs' y fvctd ta`d

pãr`c`d þ `frrdif `f géqucà(

==( Fhyfsdà `f gas vchas( Atra `f gas vcncas `f gd vc

hcecndncþh fspdôagd' `ckha `f ggdidr sfrcdifhtf gd dtfhncþh

`fg fhagakcstd y `f taàs gas nasfnmfras nfgasas `f iflardr

gd praùnncþh `fg pdés' fs fg fhyfsdà `f gas vchas( Dg trd

tdr `f gas ndgàs `fstchdàs ä gd fxpartdncþh `clcias quf gd

idyar pdrtf `f fstas géqucàs idrnmdodh ä sus `fstchas

ocfh pravcstas `f uhd nahsc`frdogf ndhtc`d` `f sugedta `f

ndg þ yfsa' dg aolfta `f rfscstcr cipuhfifhtf gas ids `cgd

tdàs vcdlfs y gds ids dgtds tfipfrdturds2 ids dg pdsa quf

gd fxpfrcfhncd has vcfhf `fiastrdhà gd sch rdzþh `f fstd

präntcnd' pufsta quf iunmas vchas iuy sdturdàs `f yfsa

mdh fxpfrcifhtdà ùrdhtf sus vcdlfs gd efrifhtdncþh dnã

tcnd ids þ ifhas prahuhncd`d' sf chscstf ha aostdhtf fh

fefntudr gd apfrdncþh `f quf sf trdtd' y ha mdy if`ca' dg

pdrfnfr' odstdhtf pa`frasa pdrd `fstfrrdrgd( ¡Am pa`fr `f

gd rutchd quf tdh saga(sf `fstruyf ä eufrzd `f nahtchuas `f

sfhkdôas y pfrndhnfs$ Mard fs yd `f rfuhcr hufstras fs

eufrzas ä gas `f tdhtas atras fhagakcstds y vctcnugtarfs quf

`fngdidh nahtrd fg fhyfsdà `f gas vchas( Fh @clah rfuhcþ

sf mdnf panas dôas uh nahkrfsa `f nasfnmfras präntcnas

pdrd `fgcofrdr saorf gds vfhtdlds þ gas pfrlucncas `f gd

apfrdncþh quf has anupd' pfra `fskrdncd`difhtf sf `csag

vcþ sch taidr dnufrà dgkuha `fechctcva saorf gd idtfrcd(

Fg yfsa sf fipgfd uhds vfnfs nruà' y atrds nancà þ

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http://solo.se/



‐ ?43 ‐

tastdà' y sf dôd`f ard ä gas iastas fh fg dnta `f su prc

ifrd efrifhtdncþh' quf fs ga ids kfhfrdg' ard dgvcha qufsf trdscfkd `f gds nuods y sf nagand fh gas tahfgfs `f nah

sfrvdncþh( @f taàs iaàs `cnmd sustdhncd sf chnarpard iuy

chtcidifhtf nah fg vcha' `f sufrtf quf uhd ncfrtd parncþh

`f gd icsid pfridhfnf fh suspfhscah fh fg géqucà par fs

pdnca `f iunma tcfipa' naiuhcnähàgf fg sdoar chkrdta quf

ndrdntfrczd ä gas vchas fhyfsdàs( Gd ndhtc`d` tdh fxtrdar

`chdrcd `f sugedta `f ndg ' nah quf sch nahncfhncd iunmasnasfnmfras nrffh iflardr sus ndgàs' `ähàgf ids nagar y

dpdrcfhncds `f eartdgfzd' fs ä hufstra fhtfh`fr uh dtdquf

ch`crfnta ä gd sdgu` püogcnd' uh iatcva `f `fsnrã`cta `f gas

praùntas `fg pdés' y uh pfrlucnca hatdogf ä gas chtfrfsfs `f

gas icsias nasfnmfras( ^c ocfh fs chù`dogf quf gas vchas

fhyfsdàs prfsfhtdh uh nagar ids suocà quf `f ar`chdrca'

par nuya iatcva sah ids sagcnctdàs par gas fspfnugdàrfsy hfkancdhtfs' tdiocãh ga fs quf fg usa nahtchudà `f fstas

vchas ha `fld `f sfr pfrlu`cncdg ä gd sdgu`' dgtfrdhà gd `c

kfstcah `f gas dgcifhtas' y scrvcfhà `f odsf pdrd fg `fsdr

ragga `f ncfrtds fhefrif`d`fs fh gd fnahaiéd `fg maiorf(

Fh Ndtdguôd' quf fs fg puhta `f Fspdôd àh`f fg yfsa fstä

ids kfhfrdgifhtf nahsc`frdà naia uhd pdhdnfd `f gas

vchas' mdy nasfnmfras quf dg pdrfnfr ha sdorédh fgdoardrhc nahsfrvdr sus ndgàs sch gd prþ`ckd d`cncþh `f dqufggd

sustdhncd( Mã dqué atrd `f gds ndusds `f mdofr `fndéà fg

prfstckca `f gas vchas ndtdgdhfs pdrd gd fxtrdnncþh' y atra

iatcva ids quf nah`fhd fg usa `fg yfsa( Fstd sdg

fh nahtdnta nah fg vcha sf mc`rdtd raoähàgf uhd

ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f dkud y `ähàgf `f nahsckucfhtf ids

eufrzd' pfra fstd idyar nahnfhtrdncþh dgnamþgcna)marhfa)



‐ ??: ‐

pätcnd quf d`qucfrfh gas vchas egalas par if`ca `fg sugedta

`f ndg puf`f supgcrsf vfhtdlasdifhtf nah uhd nartd d`cncþh

`f fspérctu þ `f dzündr(

Fh vcstd `f gas krdvfs chnahvfhcfhtfs quf odla taàs

nahnfptas ggfvd nahscka fg fhyfsdà `f gas vchas' ggdidias

fh fstd pdrtf gd dtfhncþh `f gd Dutarc`d` naipftfhtf' ä ech

`f quf rfprcid vckarasdifhtf tdidôd saecstcndncah' y `f

ngdrf `f naicsa ä taàs gas géqucàs `f nuya dhägcscs rfsugtf

pdtfhtf dqufg erdu`f( Dg aolfta pufs `f fvctdr gas `dôasquf `fg dousa `fg yfsa fh gd vchcecndncþh puf`fh dndrrfdr

sf ä gd sdgu` püogcnd' y `f pratfkfr fg nrã`cta `f hufstras

praùntas' sf mdnfh ch`cspfhsdogfs dgkuhds chspfnncahfs

quéicnds apartuhds saorf gas vchas fxcstfhtfs fh gds oa`f

kds `f gas nasfnmfras y fh gas `fpþsctas quf dgcifhtdh ä gd

fxpartdncþh( ^fnuh`d`ds gds `cspascncahfs `f gd Dutarc`d`

par gas Chspfntarfs quéicnas hfnfsdrcas y nfgasas fh fg nuipgcicfhta `f su naiftcà' sf nartdrédh ä ha ù`drga fg

ch`cndà vcnca y edgscecndncþh `f vchas tdh checgtrdà fh F s

pdôd' y tdiocãh iunmas atras erdu`fs' `f gas nudgfs trdtd

rfias ids d`fgdhtf' quf sf naiftfh cipuhfifhtf par

vdrcas nasfnmfras y fspfnugdàrfs(

=3( Fg dzuerdà prfvca `f gds vdsclds àh`f sf fhvdsd

fg iasta fh efrifhtdncþh fs hancva ä gd oufhd ndgc`d` `fg praùnta( Atrd `f gds präntcnds chütcgfs y mdstd pfrlu`cncd

gfs' quf ha `fldh `f sfkucr krdh hüifra `f nasfnmfras' fs

gd `f dzuerdr gds vdsclds fh fg prcifr trdscfka `fg vcha' þ

sfd dg trdsgd`drga `f gas gdkdrfs ä gas tahfgfs `f nahsfrvd

ncþh( Gflas `f pranurdr quf gd sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh `f

dqufg géqucà sf flfnutf fh gas ch`cndàs tahfgfs nah gd rf

kugdrc`d` nahvfhcfhtf' idhtfhcfhà fh gds oa`fkds uhd



Q ??4 ‐

tfipfrdturd fhtrf " 4: ä 4? krdàs nfhtékrdàs' ä ech `f

quf fg efrifhta `csufgta fh fg vcha sckd axc`ähàsf y sfprfncpctf chsaguogf fh su idyar pdrtf' nah ga quf sf `d yd

dg praùnta uh if`ca pa`frasa `f nahsfrvdncþh' sc mdh scà

dzuerdàs gas fhvdsfs' sf pfrturod gd idrnmd `f gd efrifh

tdncþh' parquf fg äncà sugeurasa suspfh`f fh pdrtf gd dn

ncþh `fg efrifhta' rfsugtdhà quf fstf nufrpa sf quf`d fh

`csaguncþh fh ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf pdrd praùncr ids tdr`f

hufvds dgtfrdncahfs fh fg ndgà( ^c fxcstfh fh gas iastas `fgd uvd' naia fs sdocà' efrifhtas odstdhtfs pdrd `fsnai

pahfr ndhtc`d`fs `f dzündr iuy supfrcarfs ä gds quf dquf

ggas nahtcfhfh hdturdgifhtf' y sc fg fxnfsa `f fstas icsias

efrifhtas' dg axc`drsf ùrdhtf gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd'

sf prfncpctd y pcfr`f su dnncþh ugtfrcar saorf fg dzündr' fs

fvc`fhtf quf' ids ocfh quf cipf`crsf' `fof pranurdrsf gd

dnncþh `f taà fg efrifhta pascogf saorf `cnmd sustdhncd'dg aolfta `f quf fg praùnta rfsugtdhtf sf mdggf `fspaldà

`f ndsc ta`d gd kgcd`chd þ efrifhta saguogf( Zar fstd rdzþh

sf md dnahsfldà tdiocãh quf gd efrifhtdncþh gdtfhtf `fg

vcha sf fefntüf fh vdsas docfrtas' þ odla gd chegufhncd nah

tchud `fg dcrf dìaseãrcna( @f nahsckucfhtf rfhuhncfh gas

nasfnmfras taàs dg dzuerdà `f gds vdsclds `f quf sf trdtd'

y rfsfrvfh fstd apfrdncþh pdrd gas tahfgfs fh quf md `f fhvdsdrsf fg vcha yd mfnma' þ quf `fofh prfpdrdrsf pdrd gd

fxpartdncþh(

3:( Gas draids drtcecncdgfs pfrlu`cndh ä gd purfzd y ä

gd oah`d` `fg vcha( Iunmas sah gas nasfnmfras quf' dg ao

lfta `f oahcecndr sus ndgàs' fipgfdh `cefrfhtfs sustdhncds

draiätcnds' ard ifzngähàgds `crfntdifhtf nah gas iastas

nudhà su efrifhtdncþh ' ard chnarparähàgds ä gas vchas



‐ ??? ‐

sagds þ par if`ca `f ifnmds dzuerd`ds quf nahtcfhfh gas

narrfspah`cfhtfs draids( Fg dgiczngf' gd ndhfgd' gd hufz

iasnd`d' fg gcrca `f Egarfhncd' gd vdchcggdrfg ngdvcgga' gd rf

schd kägodha( fg efhukrfn' gds egarfs `fg taicgga' `fg fspgcf

ka' y `f gd idhzdhcggd' fg dzündr ndrdifgczdà' fg fspérctu

`f hctra ùgnf' fg idnfrdta dgnamþgcna `f hufnfs tcfrhds'

ftn(' ftn(' sah sustdhncds quf sf fipgfdh duh pdrd naipa

hfr y iflardr gas vchas2 fipfra' fstas draids drtcecncdgfs

ha mdnfh ids' fh hufstra nahnfpta' quf `fshdturdgczdr fg

vfr`d`fra oauquft `f gas vchas quf sf `fsdrraggd nah fg

tcfipa' ia`cecndr su sdoar' ã cheuh`cr euh`d`ds saspfnmds

`f saecstcndncah ä gas fhtfh`càs trdtdhtfs' y ä gas nahsuic

àrfs chtfgckfhtfs quf sdofh `cstchkucr iuy ocfh ga hdturdg

`f ga quf fs drtcecncdg( Vh vcha draidtczdà drtcecncdgifhtf

ha fs uh vcha pura' hc puf`f nahsc`frdrsf naia tdg2 fg vcha

ha `fof nahtfhfr ids prchncpcas quf gas quf hdturdgifhtfnahtcfhf' y ¡hþtfsf ocfh$' ta`d gd ncfhncd `f su oahcecndncþh

nahscstf fh fgcichdr `fg icsia fh fg ifhar tcfipa pascogf

ncfrtas fgfifhtas `f gas nudgfs ãg sf `fspaldrgd tdh saga ä

eufrzd `f iunmas dôas( Fstf fs fg prchncpca' fstd fs gd rfkgd

`f ta`d oahcecndncþh `f vchas euh`d`d fh gd icsid hdturd

gfzd( Fs uh dosurà pufs gd nrffhncd mdrta drrdckd`d

fhtrf gas nasfnmfras `f quf gas ndgàs sf iflardh par if`ca `f d`cncahfs `f sustdhncds y if`cndifhtas dosurà

nahtrd fg nudg sf suogfvdh gd sdhd rdzþh y gd fxpfrcfhncd(

Fg Nrcdàr' dg earidr gd vc`' nahnfhtrþ nah dìcrdogf

driahéd `fhtra fg krdha `f gd uvd taàs gas prchncpcas hf

nfsdrcas pdrd `fsdrraggdr fh ncrnuhstdhncds nahvfhcfhtfs su

efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd y nahvfrtcrsf fh vcha' y `cspusa

d`fiäs gd sdzþh `fg rdncia fh fg ataôa' ãpand fh quf gd



‐ ??> ‐

tfipfrdturd fs ids nahstdhtf y edvardogf pdrd gd vchcecnd

ncþh2 pfra fg maiorf' gflas `f sfnuh`dr gas dgtas echfs `f Dqufg' gas nahtrdréd dedhähàsf pdrd `fshdturdgczdr gas pra

ùntas `f gd efrifhtdncþh hdturdg `fg zuia `f gd uvd( S

dg nahsc`frdr quf has mdggdias fh uh sufga prcvcgfkcdà

nuyds vc`fs' fsnakc`ds y ocfh nugtcvd`ds ' rch`cfrdh erutas

gas ids sdorasas y `fgcndàs' pu`cãhàsf aotfhfr nah fggas

vchas iuy fxnfgfhtfs y dprfncdogfs' sch hfnfsc`d` `f atras

fgfifhtas quf gas nagandàs par fg sdoca dutar `f gd hdturdgfzd fh fg krdha `f gd uvd2 y nudhà' fh ech' gd fxpfrcfh

ncd icsid has fhsfôd quf fg krdh drtf `f gd vchcecndncþh fs

`f uhd sfhncggfz fxtrfid ' ha sf nahncofh gd aonfndncþh y

fg `fsnahncfrta nah quf pranf`fh iunmas vctcnugtarfs fspd

ôagfs dg fgdoardr sus ndgàs( Zrasnréodsf pufs `f ta`d vc

hcecndncþh fg usa `f sustdhncds fxtrdôds' draiätcnds y ha

draiätcnds' y aosfrvähàsf gds rfkgds quf ggfvdias f xpufstds sf mdorä `dà yd uh cipartdhtf pdsa ä edvar `f

gd pfrefnncþh `f gas vchas `fg pdés(

34( Gd edgtd `fg trdscfka `f chvcfrha fh gas vchas quf

`fofh kudr`drsf fs uh krdvf `fefnta( Nudhà gas vchas'

gufka `f aotfhcàs' `fofh sfr `fstchdàs dg nahsuia püogc

na' puf`f prfsnch`crsf `f su trdscfka þ trdsgdncþh ä atrds

vdsclds' fh rdzþh `f quf fg kds äncà ndroþhcna quf tcfhfh`csufgta edvarfnf su nahsfrvdncþh mdstd gd prcidvfrd prþ

xcid2 pfra sc gas vchas hufvas `fofh pdsdr ä ga ifhas uh

vfrdha dg aolfta `f iflardr sus ndgc`d`fs' fs prfncsa trd

sfkdrgas fh fg chvcfrha ä atras tahfgfs ocfh gcipcas ã ci

prfkhdàs `f vdpar sugeurasa( Ha odstd quf fg nasfnmfra

mdyd kaofrhdà ocfh gds prcifrds efrifhtdncahfs `fg vcha'

hc quf ãstf tfhkd gd eufrzd dgnamagaiãtrcnd quf gf narrfs)



‐ i ‐

pah`f' luhta nah uh vfr`d`fra oauquft y uh sdoar dkrd`d

ogf2 ta`ds fstds apfrdncahfs y ndrdntfrfs gdu`dogfs pa`rédhodstdr`fdrsf eäncgifhtf par uhd idgd rfpascncþh þ uh fh

vdsf pana fsifrdà( Fh fefnta2 ggfkd`d gd ãpand fh quf gds

vc`fs fxpfrcifhtdh uhd dhcidncþh sfhscogf fh su vflftdncah

par fg dsnfhsa `f gd sdvcd prcidvfrdg quf `fof `dr arckfh

ä gas hufvas praùntas' sf aosfrvd quf gas vchas pdrtcncpdh

tdiocãh `f fstf iavcicfhta `f sus id`rfs' `cspahcãhàsf

ä uh hufva trdodla `f arkdhczdncþh' nudg sf `cspahf dgpdrfnfr ä uhd hufvd vc`d gd hdturdgfzd ta`d( S naia fh

gas ndgàs rfncfh fgdoardàs fxcstf ta`dvéd fh `csaguncþh

uhd ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f efrifhta' nahtfhcfhà d`fiäs fh fg

eahà `f gas vdsas' fh quf dqufggas sf mdggdh `fpasctdàs'

gds mfnfs þ id`rfs àh`f sf fhnufhtrd' fhtrf atrds idtf

rcds' fg efrifhta chsaguogf' sunf`f quf' dg fgfvdrsf gd tfi

pfrdturd dìaseãrcnd' fstas efrifhtas praiavfrédh uhdhufvd efrifhtdncþh' ä nuyd dntcvc`d` ha pa`rédh rfscstcr

cipuhfifhtf gas vchas( @f dmé pufs gd hfnfsc`d` `f fefn

tudr fg ch`cndà trdscfka' fg nudg' sfkucà `f uhd gckfrd

ngdrcecndncþh' sfrä uh if`ca fecndz `f dsfkurdr gd nahsfrvd

ncþh `f gas vchas( ^ch fiodrka' mdy ncfrtas ndgàs quf pfr

idhfnfh chdgtfrdogfs uha' às þ ids dôas fh gas icsias

fhvdsfs àh`f eufrah nagandàs `fspuãs `f su prcifrd efrifhtdncþh 2 fstas vchas' quf pdsdh kfhfrdgifhtf ta`d su

vc`d ch stdtu qua' `fofh su nahsfrvdncþh ä gd tfipfrdturd

odld y nahstdhtf `f gds oa`fkds suotfrrähfds fh quf fstäh

`fpasctdàs' ã ckudgifhtf ä gd prfsfhncd `fg äncà ndroþhc

na rftfhcà par gd prfscþh( Ids' naia fg aolfta `fg nasf

nmfra quf kudr`d sus praùntas' `fof sfr fg quf fggas if

larfh taà ga pascogf fh ndgc`d`fs' y ha pu`cãhàsf ggfhdr



‐ ??6 ‐

>:

fstd ncrnuhstdhncd par gd idgd rfpascncþh quf dndodias `f

ch`cndr' rfsugtd quf fg ndsa `f quf sf trdtd fs uhd fxnfp

ncþh dhþidgd `f gd rfkgd kfhfrdg drrcod fxpufstd' ä gd nudg`fofh dtfhfrsf taàs gas vctcnugtarfs nfgasas `f nahsfrvdr y

oahcecndr sus ndgàs( Fipfra' fg cipartdhtf trdscfka quf

vfhcias rfnaifh`dhà fs agvc`dà `fskrdncd`difhtf par

gd idyaréd `f hufstras nasfnmfras' par nuya iatcva sah

iunmas gas vchas quf' ha aostdhtf `f tfhfr fg krdà `f fs)

pcrctuasc`d` quf gfs narrfspah`f ' y `f pa`fr fspfrdr su

f`d` idùrd y uhd vflfz ch`fechc`d' iufrfh fh fg prcifrdôa `f su fxcstfhncd véntcids `f gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd(

Flfnütfsf pufs nahstdhtfifhtf gd apfrdncþh quf has anu

pd' fh aosfquca ä gas chtfrfsfs `f gas icsias dkrcnugtarfs'

y dg nrã`cta y oufh haiorf `f gd praùnncþh `fg pdés(

Nah fg rfefrc a trdscfka fg drtf nahnguyf gd edorcndncþh

`f gas vchas ar`chdrcas quf `fofh kudr`drsf ids þ ifhas

tcfipa 2 fhtahnfs gas géqucàs sf prfsfhtdh ids dkrd`dogfs

ä gd vcstd y dg pdgd`dr' pfra fggas ä pfsdr `f su trdspd

rfhncd y purfzd nahtcfhfh ta`dvéd vfstckcas `f efrifhta'

fg nudg ha `fld `f rfdnncahdr' ocfh quf `f uhd idhfrd ci

pfrnfptcogf' saorf fg rfsta `fg dzündr ha `fsnaipufsta( Fh

vcrtu` `f fstf hufva trdodla ' quf pa`fias ggdidr gd tfr

nfrd efrifhtdncþh `fg vcha' fstfvd pfr`cfhà `fg taà su

sdoar ùgnf y sf vufgvf nd`d vfz ids sfna y ids dgnamþgc

na( Pdgfs aosfrvdncahfs quf mfias rfpftcà erfnufhtfifh

tf fh fg fstu ca `f gd arkdhczdncþh `f gas ndgàs' y gd if

lard hatdogf quf gas icsias d`qucfrfh ä if`c`d quf vdh

scfhà ids dôflas' has prufodh quf gas vchas sah géqucàs

arkähcnas y vcvcfhtfs' quf tcfhfh su chedhncd' su luvfhtu`'

su f`d` vcrcg y su vflfz(



N D Z É P V G A C U '

@f gas vchas kfhfrasas þ rdhncas(

Fxpufstds yd gds rfkgds nah quf `fofias kaofrhdrhas

fh gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas vchas naiuhfs þ `f gaà pdsta' ã

ch`cndàs gas vcncas ids nugichdhtfs `f quf dàgfnf dntudg

ifhtf gd vchcecndncþh fspdôagd' has tand trdtdr dmard `f gd

fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas supfrcarfs þ kfhfrasas( Fstd pdrtf

tdh chtfrfsdhtf `f gd Fhagakéd md mfnma sus prakrfsasfh

gas ügtcias dôas2 y saorf fg pdrtcnugdr ch`cndrfias `fs f

gufka gas sdtcsedntarcas rfsugtdàs `f hufstras rfpftcàs fh

sdyas(

Nahefnncþh `f gas vchas rdhncas þ supfrcarfs( Mfnmd par

fg vctcnugtar gd oufhd fgfnncþh `f gas rdncias sdhas y idùras' ãstas sfräh trdspartdàs ä gds nuods' àh`f `fofräh

sfr `fskrdhdàs iuy nuc`dàsdifhtf ä ech f ha `fstrazdr

gas pf`ühnugas þ fsnaodlas nuya zuia' fxprcicà dpdrtf'

suichcstrd uh vcha `f sfkuh`d ndgc`d`( Gd apfrdncþh `fg

`fskrdhdà fs fhtfrdifhtf ch`cspfhsdogf sc sf qucfrfh ao

tfhfr vchas fxqucsctas y sdorasas' pufs quf nah fggd sf fvc

td quf fg iasta `csufgvd fg prchncpca dstrchkfhtf' gas änc)



‐ ??= ‐

às' fg tärtdra y atrds sdgfs `fg fsnaodla quf naiuhcndrdh

dg praùnta rfsugtdhtf uh sdoar dsdz fstéptcna ã chkrdta(

Fh Fspdôd ha fstä duh kfhfrdgczd`d fstd präntcnd tdh dnah

sfld`d par gd ncfhncd' y sfrcd `f `fsfdr quf hufstras nasf

nmfras gd dàptdsfh fh gd fgdoardncþh `f sus vchas' ta`d

vfz quf sdofias yd gd naipgftd chutcgc`d` y duh pfrlucnca

`f `fldr efrifhtdr fg iasta luhta nah fg fsnaodla( Fh ids

`f gd ictd` `f gas `fpdrtdifhtas) vchénagds `f Erdhncd sf

flfnutd yd fg `fskrdhdà `f gd uvd' fxtfh`cãhàsf nd`d `cdids fhtrf gas vctcnugtarfs erdhnfsfs( @f hufstrd pdrtf pa`f

ias `fncr' sch prftfhscahfs `f hchkuhd ngdsf' quf' scfhà

gd edorcndncþh `f vchas kfhfrasas uhd fspfncdgc`d` ä gd nudg

has `f`cndias dôas mdnf' mfias scà tdg vfz `f gas prcif

ras quf fh Fspdôd mdh eaifhtdà gd flfnuncþh `fg `fskrd

hdà `f gd uvd( Vha `f gas if`cas ids pfrefntas' fxpf`ctas

y fnahþicnas pdrd `cnmd apfrdncþh fs fg rfprfsfhtdà dqué'-Eck( 4 ; ( # nahscstf fh uhd fspfncf `f ifsd `f uh iftra nud

`rdà' ä nuya eahà supfrcar sf d`dptd fg fhrfldà iavc

ogf `f id`frd F ' `fg krufsa `f às nfhtéiftras' fg nudg

prfsfhtd chechc`d` `f dkulfras `f gds icsids `cifhscahfs'

pfra nud`rdàs y nruzähàsf fh ähkuga rfnta( Fg rfoar`f

_ `f gd ifsd fstä fhtfrdifhtf uhcà ä gas nudtra pcfs `fg

dpdrdta y dg pgdha chngchdà4

Z' fxnfpta fh fg gdà ^( Prfsmaiorfs rfncofh uh mfntagctra `f uvds' y gds eratdh fh

taàs sfhtcàs par gd supfrecncf `fg fhrfldà2 gas krdhas y

fg zuia quf sf fsnurrf ndfh saorf fg pgdha chngchdà' quf

gas nahùnf saorf gd tagvd `f uhd iäquchd4 fstruldàrd ch

if`cdtd' þ ocfh saorf gd nuod þ gdkdr' àh`f sf naipgftd

fg fstruldicfhta `f gd uvd2 gas fsnaodlas' gcipcas f ta a

krdha' sf rfühfh y nagandh dpdrtf' pdrd prfhsdrgas gufka



‐ ??3 ‐

y fxtrdfrgfs fg iasta `f quf fstäh ciprfkhdàs( Gd apf

rdncþh quf`d tfrichd`d ä gas trfs ichutas nah gd idyarpfrefnncþh y sfhncggfz( Zrdntcndàs yd fstas trdodlas prfpd

rdtarcas' sf aosfrvdräh fsnrupugasdifhtf gas `fiäs prf

nfptas rfnaifh`dàs pdrd gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas ar

`chdrcas' mdstd fg dnta `f vfrcecndr su trdscfka fh gd ercd

fstdncþh( Ggfkd`d fstd ãpand fs prfncsa `dr ä gas vchas

`fstchdàs ä sfr supfrcarfs þ rdhncas gd narrfspah`cfhtf

ngdrcecndncþh( Dg fefnta sf trdscfkd dhtf taà fg vcha ä uhdvdscld ocfh gcipcd y prfvcdifhtf dzuerd`d' `flähàgd ha

`fg taà ggfhd' y dpravfnmdhà pdrd fgga uh tcfipa sfna y

sfrfha2 gufka sf gf dôd`f par if`ca `f gd dkctdncþh gd ndh

tc`d` suecncfhtf `f `csaguncþh fh vcha ndgcfhtf `f gd kfgdtchd

þ nagd `f pfsndà `f prcifrd ngdsf mdstd quf uhd nartd

parncþh `fg géqucà ecgtrdà sf fhturocf gckfrdifhtf nah d g

kuhds katds `f hufvd csaguncþh kfgdtchasd( Dsé quf`diassfkuras `f ha mdofr fipgfdà fh fxnfsa `cnmd sustdhncd'

ga quf `drcd arckfh ä hufvds dgtfrdncahfs fh fg vcha( Vh

pfqufôa tdhtfa' quf `fof mdnfrsf `f dhtfidha nah `ftfr

ichd`ds ndhtc`d`fs `f vcha y kfgdtchd' has ch`cndrä gd ndh

tc`d` `f gd icsid quf `fofrfias fipgfdr pdrd nd`d tahfg'

sdoc`d su ndpdnc`d`( Dg ifzngdr gd `csaguncþh `f gd cnt ca

nagd nah fg vcha quf sf md `f ngdrcecndr' fs hfnfsdrca rfvagvfr ocfh fg géqucà fh ta`ds `crfnncahfs nah uh dkctdàr ä

prapþscta' ä ech `f quf fg dkfhtf ngdrcecndàr aorf par fh

tfra saorf ta`ds gds iagãnugds `fg vcha' ggfhdhà fh sfkuc

`d naipgftdifhtf fg tahfg nah fg vcha quf gf edgtf' y t d

pähàga ocfh nah uh oufh narnma(

Fh gd apfrdncþh quf has anupd' fg tdhcha saorfdouh

`dhtf rftfhcà duh fh fg vcha sf naiochd nah gd cntcanagd'



‐ ?>: ‐

earidhà uh tdhhdta chsaguogf quf' dg prfncpctdrsf' drrds

trd nahscka pdrtf `f gd idtfrcd nagardhtf' `fg octdrtrdta `f

patdsd' y fg efrifhta saguogf quf tdg vfz dqufg nahtuvcfrf(

S sc `fspuãs `f uh ifs `f rfpasa trdsgd`dias par ügtcia

ä hufvds vdsclds fstf vcha yd pfrefntdifhtf ngdrcecndà' y

gf dôd`cias uh trfs þ nudtra par ncfhta `f uh oufh dgna

mag `f >5º' nagandhà gds vdsclds quf ga nahtcfhfh fh uh sc

tca pfhftrdogf par fg ndgar sagdr' ± quã ha pa`rfias fspf

rdr `f tdh rdncahdg pranf`cicfhta' scha gd éhtcid naiochd

ncþh fhtrf fg fspérctu y fg vcha `f quf has mdogd fg nãgforf

Odtcggcdt fh su Prdctf sur gfs vchs `f gd Erdhnf1

Ndgfednncþh `f gas vchas( Gd dpgcndncþh `fg ndgþrcna

pdrd gd nahsfrvdncþh y iflard `f gas vchas' dnahsfld`d par

fg cgustrf dnd`ãicna `fg Chstctuta `f Erdhncd Ir( Zdstfur'

fs rfdgifhtf uh if`ca `f cipf`cr gds dgtfrdncahfs `f gas

fxprfsdàs géqucàs' par nudhta sf `fstruyfh gds vfkftdncahfs iyna`ãricnds y sus kãrifhfs ' quf sah gd ndusd `f

dqufggds( Fipfra' fstf pranf`cicfhta' quf fh gd präntcnd

`f krdh`f fsndgd ha `fld `f aerfnfr iunmds `cecnugtd`fs' sf

md qufrcà mdnfrga fxtfhscva dg räpcà fhvflfncicfhta y ä

gd supfrcar oahcecndncþh `f gas vchas( Fhtrf gas `cefrfhtfs

iãtaàs ' prapufstas y rfnaifh`dàs fh fg vfncha cipfrca

dg àogf aolfta ch`cndà' nctdrfias fg tdh prfnahczdà `fIr( Mdffb ' if`cdhtf fg nudg fg vcha suerf uhd `fstcgdncþh

gfhtd' nuyas praùntas ftãrfas y suidifhtf vagätcgfs sf

nah`fhsdh fh uh rferckfrdhtf ä prapþscta' y sf rfühfh fh

uh pfqufôa rfncpcfhtf( Ha ndof ù`d quf fg ndgþrcna' ocfh

dpgcndà' naiuhcnd fh pana tcfipa ä gas vchas lþvfhfs Lds

prapcf`d`fs `f gas ndgàs dôflas' `fspalähàgfs' ä ids `f

atrds idtfrcds' `f ncfrtas fgfifhtas dhfstãscnas `f gd hd)



‐ ?>4 ‐

turdgfzd `f gas ãtfrfs ' quf pdrdgczdh gds euhncahfs vctdgfs'

y sah gd ndusd prchncpdg `f gd fiorcdkufz( @f dggé fg parquã gas vchas' gas dkudr`cfhtfs ' y gas gcnarfs fspcrctuasas

efrifhtdàs sah ids sdgu`dogfs fh su vflfz quf fh su l u

vfhtu` ' pufsta quf fh su prcifrd f`d` nahtcfhfh vdrcas

mc`ra)ndrouras þ prchncpcas ftãrfas' `f agar eufrtf y pfhf

trdhtf ' y `f sdoar ids þ ifhas chkrdta' gas nudgfs `fsdpd

rfnfh nah fg trdsnursa `f gas dôas' arckchähàsf fh su

nahsfnufhncd hufvas praùntas draiätcnas' ids krdtas yids sdgu`dogfs( Fg dkud fh vdpar y fg odôa `f idréd sah

gas if`cas `f quf sf mdh vdgcà odstd dmard gas pdrtc`drcas

`f gd ndgfednncþh `f gas vchas ' ids sc ocfh fs vfr`d` quf

nah fgga sf dsfkurd gd nahsfrvdncþh `f fstas géqucàs' y sf

iflard uh tdhta su ndgc`d` par gd `cscpdncþh `f gas fgfifh

tas hancvas ä gd mckcfhf püogcnd' ha aostdhtf ' fg rfsugtdà

`f hufstras fxpfrcifhtas saorf fg pdrtcnugdr has chùnfh äidhcefstdr quf gas vchas dsé trdtdàs `fldh yd `f sfr sus

nfptcogfs `f dgndhzdr fg oauquft prapca `f gas ndgàs `f gdr

kd efnmd' par mdofrsf `fshdturdgczdà fh pdrtf sus prcif

ras edntarfs(

Gd dnncþh iuy ch`crfntd y nahtchud`d `fg ndgþrcna' dpgc

nd`d nah gd apartuhc`d` narrfspah`cfhtf ' þ ' ga quf fs ga

icsia' fg dcrf ndgcfhtf fgf gd oa`fkd þ fstdhncd fh quf sfmdggdh `fpasctdàs gas vchas' yd trdsfkdàs y ngdrcecndàs'

fs fg rfnursa ids prfncasa pdrd fhvflfnfrgas fh uh orfvf

pfréaà(

Gas vdrcas fhsdyas quf pdrtcnugdrifhtf mfias flfnutdà

saorf fstf puhta mdh narahdà nah usurd hufstras fseufr

zas( Uchas nah efnmd `f às dôas' fgdoardàs fxdntdifhtf

nahearif ä gas prchncpcas quf `fldias fxpufstas' mdh scà



‐ ?>? ‐

nahsc`frdàs par chtfgckfhtfs ndtdàrfs y trdtdhtfs `fg pdés

y fxtrdhlfras naia vchas `f 4 : ' 46 y ids dôas( S ha sf

`ckd quf dh`dias fhtrf cguscahfs< gd tfaréd y gd fxpfrcfh

ncd vdh mfridhd`ds fh fstd pdrtf 2 fg oauquft quf prfsfh

tdh hufstras vchas prufod gd naiochdncþh naipgftd `fg dg

namag nah gas äncàs y nufrpas krdsas' y gd edgtd `f prfnc

pctdà quf sf hatd fh dqufggas quf mdh scà pufstas `f

aosfrvdncþh par gdrka tcfipa fh uhd vdscld `f nrcstdg nah

ecrid tdiocãh quf su trdodla `f arkdhczdncþh md tfrichdà

fh fg orfvf pfréaà drrcod fxprfsdà( Fh uhd pdgdord' fg

echa sdoar `f gd vftustfz hdturdg luhta nah gd orcggdhtfz y

trdspdrfhncd fxtrdar`chdrcds quf aerfnfh hufstras vchas dgf

ld `f nudgqucfrd ta`d ù`d saorf nudhta dndodias `f id

hcefstdr(

Nudhà `f chtfhta fg edorcndhtf `f vchas supfrcarfs `fsff

`dr ä gas icsias gd ndgc`d` `f ùgnfs' sfrä prfncsa quf dg

tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd prdntcquf fg dsagfa `f gas rdncias

sdhas y idùras' `flähàgas dg pcã `f gds nfpds par fspdnca

`f às `c ds' dg aolfta `f quf' fvdparähàsf uhd ncfrtd ndh

tc`d` `f dkud `f vflftdncah' sf nahnfhtrf fg iasta `fhtra

`fg krdha ' y sf aotfhkd ids tdr`f uh vcha nah fxnfsa f

dzündr( Ids' fh gas ndsas fh quf fg rfefrcà dsagfa ha puf

`d tfhfr gukdr par fefnta `f uh tfipardg huogdà þ ggavf`cza' fhtahnfs pa`räh ùgncecndrsf gas vchas par if`ca `f

gas ndgdorfs hfnfsdrcas prfpdrdàs fh ndgcfhtf( Gd d`cncþh

`f `cnmas gcnarfs ä gas vchas `fofrä fefntudrsf fh fg dnta `f

su prcifr trdscfka `f chvcfrha' `fldhà `f mdnfrsf ' naia

sf supahf' ä gas ndgàs `fstchdàs pdrd gd ndgc`d` `f sfnas(

Fg edorcndhtf' dg prdntcndr fstds apfrdncahfs' `fofrä tfhfr

fh nufhtd gd ndhtc`d` `f dgnamag naiprfh`c`d fh fg ndgdorf



‐ ?>> ‐

fipgfdà' y `fùncrgd `f gd quf hfnfsctdrä `fspuãs pdrd gd

dgnamagczdtcah `f gas vchas(

3?( Dgnamagfs `fg naifrnca< fgfnncþh `f uh oufh dgnamag pdrd fg fhndofzdicfhta þ nrcdhzd `f gas vchas( Vhd `f gds

ncrnuhstdhncds quf `fofh tfhfr iuy fh nahsc`frdncþh gas

nasfnmfras' quf sf `f`cqufh ä gd nahefnncþh `f vchas kfhf

rasas ' fs gd ndgc`d` `fg dgnamag quf mdh `f fipgfdr( Fh fg

naifrnca ncrnugdh `cefrfhtfs fspfncfs `f dgnamagfs quf sf

`fhaichdh fspérctus `f vcha' pfra quf saga tcfhfh `f fstas

gd krdùdncþh y fg haiorf( Vhas sah rfsugtdhtf `f gd `fs

tcgdncþh y purcecndncþh `fg arula2 atras pranf`fh `f gd `fsch

efnncþh `fg fspérctu þ dkudr`cfhtf `f ndôd' þ ocfh `f gd efr

ifhtdncþh y `fstcgdncþh nahsckucfhtf `fg iasta `f drraz(

Fstas ügtcias sf ggdidh fspérctus `f chùstrcd' y `fspuãs

`f gas vfr`d`fras dgnamagfs `f vcha oufha sufgfh sfr gas

ids puras( Pdiocãh gas mdy' y sah gas ids naiuhfs' nu

ya arckfh fs `focà ä gd `fstcgdncþh `f vchas dkrcas þ vcncd

às( Paàs gas fxprfsdàs fspérctus' fxnfptudhà fg `f dr

raz ' sah dgtdifhtf pfrlu`cncdgfs ä gas vchas' y saorf fg pdr

tcnugdr ha pa`fias ifhas `f ggdidr gd dtfhncþh `f gas vc

tcnugtarfs ' ä ech `f quf ha sfdh vcggdhdifhtf fhkdôdàs par

dgkuhas edorcndhtfs y fspfnugdàrfs `f fspérctus quf' idg

chtfhncahdàs y iavcàs par fg gunra' naheuh`fh y ifzngdh

d`rf`f gas fspérctus oufhas nah fspérctus vcncdàs( Ids `f

uhd vfz mdh scà pfrlu`cndàs krdvfifhtf fh sus chtfrfsfs

vdrcas nasfnmfras y trdtdhtfs fh vcha' quf mdh fhndofzdà

ckhardhtfifhtf sus ndgàs nah dgnamagfs ar`chdrcas `fg na

ifrnca 2 y mã dqué atrd `f gds ndusds quf mdh nahtrcoucà

dg `fsprfstckca `f hufstras praùntas pdrd gd fxtrdnncþh( Fs

hfnfsdrca pufs' fs ch`cspfhsdogf quf fh gd dgnamagczdtcah

>4



‐ ?>0 ‐

`f gas ndgàs ha sf fipgffh atras fspérctus quf gas pranf

`fhtfs `f gd `fstcgdncþh `f vchas puras' y quf gas fhndof)zdàrfs sf nfrncarfh par sé icsias `f su gfkctcic`d`(

Fg dgnamag `f >6 ä >;º' pura y sch ifzngd `f sustdhncds

fxtrdôds' prfsfhtd uh agar pfhftrdhtf' erdhna y dkrd`dogf'

y `cgucà fh uh pana `f dkud rfühf ä uh sdoar pcndhtf gd

prapcf`d` `f `fldr pfrncocr dg pdgd`dr uhd gckfrd ùgzurd'

ndrdntfrfs nah quf dqufg sf `cstchkuf `f gas `fiäs fspérc

tus nuya sdoar y draid sah ids þ ifhas chkrdtas( ^cfhàfg dgnamag fh fstdà `f purfzd uha `f gas fgfifhtas quf'

ocfh dpgcndà' edvarfnf pa`frasdifhtf gd nahsfrvdncþh y

iflard `f gas vchas' `fofias dnahsfldr ä gas krdh`fs pra

pcftdrcas þ nasfnmfras y ä gas oahcecndàrfs `f ndgàs quf'

fh nudhta gfs sfd pascogf' fgdoarfh par sé icsias dqufg dr

ténuga par if`ca `f gas dgdiocqufs naiuhfs( Fstas dpdrd

tas ' tdh pfrefnncahdàs may ` cd' sc ocfh ha suichcstrdh fhgd prcifrd `fstcgdncþh `fg vcha fg dgnamag `f >6º' ha aos

tdhtf' fs suecncfhtf uhd sagd rfntcecndncþh `fg prcifr pra4)

ùnta pdrd aotfhfr fg dgnamag ä gd krdùdncþh ch`cnd`d( Gas

vchas hufvas þ `fg dôa ocfh efrifhtdàs' y fh kfhfrdg ta

às gas vchas quf ha mdh nahtrdéà vcnca dgkuha ùrdhtf su

edorcndncþh puf`fh suichcstrdr fxnfgfhtfs fspérctus( Fstas

prfncasas drténugas fsndsfdh par `fskrdncd' dg pdsa quf sahiuy douh`dhtfs gas dgnamagfs cipuras þ vcncdàs2 y sc ocfh

fs prfncsa nahefsdr ga iuy d`fgdhtd`d quf sf mdggd dntudg

ifhtf gd chùstrcd `f gd `fschefnncþh `f gas fspérctus `f aru

la y `f ndôd' y ga iuy pfrefnncahd`d quf fstä ckudgifhtf

gd edorcndncþh `f gas dgnamagfs `f rfiagdnmd y `f drraz' ha

puf`f tagfrdrsf `f hchkuhd idhfrd gd dpgcndncþh `f fstas

praùntas dg fhndofzdicfhta `f gas vchas ' y sc tdh saga fg



‐ ?>6 ‐

sfr utcgczdàs pdrd gds drtfs' þ ä gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas dkudr

`cfhtfs `f odla prfnca(

3 >( Hfnfsc`d` `f chspfnncahdr gds eäorcnds `f dgnamagfs(

Fh chtfrãs `f gd vchcecndncþh fspdôagd fs f fspfrdr `f

pdrtf `f gd Dutarc`d` supfrcar uhd if`c`d prahtd y fecndz

quf' `cspfhsdhà ä gd vfz uhd pratfnncþh pru`fhtf ä gd ch

ùstrcd `f gd edorcndncþh `f fspérctus `f vcha' nartf gas dou

sas y saecstcndncahfs quf ä gd saiord `f gd icsid sf naif

tfh nah `fsnrã`cta `f hufstras ndgàs( Gas Chspfntarfs quéicnas f pravchncd ' fhndrkdàs `f rfnahanfr gas vchas fh

gds oa`fkds `f gas nasfnmfras y fh gas `fpþsctas pdrd gd fx

partdncþh ' `fofrédh mdggdrsf rfvfstcàs `f gds ednugtd`fs

hfnfsdrcds pdrd kcrdr apartuhdifhtf sus vcsctds `f chspfn

ncþh saorf gds eäorcnds `f dgnamagfs fstdogfnc`ds fh sus rfs

pfntcvas `cstrctas( Fg edorcndhtf `f `cnmas drténugas quf' sar

prfh`cà fh fg dnta `f sus `fstcgdncahfs y prfvcas gas nahvfhcfhtfs dhägcscs `f sus praùntas' fgdoardsf gas fspérctus'

`fstchdàs dg fhndofzdicfhta `f gas vchas' nah dgnamagfs

ar`chdrcas `f cefrfhtfs pranf`fhncds' `fofréd sfr ndstckdà

`f uhd idhfrd flfipgdr( Fstf sfrcd fh hufstra nahnfpta

fg iflar narrfntcva pdrd fvctdr gas rfefrc` as erdu`fs quf fs

täh ' naia sc `clãrdias' ä gd ar`fh `fg `cd(

Gas fspérctus' duhquf pranf`dh `f gd `fstcgdncþh `f vchaspuras y hdturdgfs' `fofh sfr rfnahanc as ckudgifhtf dhtfs

`f `fstchdrsf dg nahsuia püogcna' fh rdzþh `f quf dgku

hds vfnfs nahtcfhfh dnftdta `f naorf þ `f pgaia( Fh gds

pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs `f gas vdsas `fstcgdtarcas sf earidh na

iuhifhtf gas þxcàs iftägcnas `f dqufggds sdgfs vfhfhasds

quf' fhnahträhàsf fh fg dnta `f gd `fstcgdncþh `fg vcha

nah fg äncà dnãtcna `f fstf géqucà' sf naiochdh earidhà



‐ ?>5 ‐

dnftdtas quf sf `csufgvfh fh fg gcnar `fstcgdà( Fg edorcndhtf

`f dgnamagfs fstä aogckdà ä fvctdr fstds edgscecndncahfs c h vaguhtdrcds' dgtdifhtf hancvds ä gd sdgu` ' if`cdhtf nah

sfrvdr uhd gcipcfzd fsifrd`d fh gas nahùntas `f sus dpd

rdtas' y `fstcgdr sc fs prfncsa uhd ncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f dkud

sagd uh pana dhtfs `f `dr prchncpca ä gds apfrdncahfs pra

pcds `f su chùstrcd( Gd fxcstfhncd `fg dnftdta `f naorf fh

fg dgnamag sf `fsnuorf eäncgifhtf parquf fg diahédna gf na

iuhcnd uh tchtf dzug nfgfstf' fg ncdhura patäscna gf eariduh prfncpctdà `f nagar ndstdôa' y fg dkud `f ndg mdnf `f

pasctdr fg þxcà nþorcna par if`ca `fg rfpasa pragahkdà

`fg géqucà dgnamþgcna( S naia fg dnftdta `f pgaia quf gas

fspérctus puf`fh nahtfhfr dnnc`fhtdgifhtf gfs `d uh sdoar

dgka ùgnf' nahvcfhf tdiocãh dvfrckudr sc dqufg sdoar fs

hdturdg `fg dgnamag þ `focà ä gd prfsfhncd `f gd sdg pgþi)

ocnd( Dg fefnta ha mdy ids quf trdtdr fg fspérctu nah uhpana `f nraidtd `f patdsd' fg nudg earid fh fg géqucà uh

prfncpctdà didrcgga `f nraidta `f pgaia' þ ocfh fvdpardr

fg dgnamag mdstd sfquf`d` fh uhd näpsugd `f parnfgdhd y

fnmdr saorf fg rfscùa dgkuhds katds `f äncà sugeürcna'

ãstf `fsnaipahf fg dnftdta earidhà uh sugedta `f pgaia

y mdncfhà `fsprfh`fr fg äncà dnãtcna `cstchkucogf par su

agar prapca `f vchdkrf(Zrfpdrdàs gas vchas kfhfrasas þ rdhncas fh gas tãrichas

y nah gds prfnduncahfs drrcod fxprfsd`ds' fh hd`d `fsif

rfnf su ndgc`d` `f ncfrtas vchas iuy nfgfordàs `f Dh`d

gunéd' y ids `f uhd vfz mdh scà naheuh`càs fhtrdioas

praùntas par gas trdtdhtfs y nahsuicàrfs chtfgckfhtfs( â

iftcàs ä gd `fkustdncþh `f fxpfrcifhtdàs ndtdàrfs fg

gfkétcia Lfrfz sfna y fg Ucha rdhnca ndtdgäh fgdoardà dg pcã



‐ ?>; ‐

`f hufstra pranf`cicfhta' eufrah nahsc`frdàs ckudgifhtf

oufhas y taidàs fg uha par fg atra( Ckudg dprfnca ifrfncfrah fg vfr`d`fra Iägdkd ùgnf y fg Ucha kfhfrasa ùgnf

quf fgdoardias tdiocãh pdrd sfr saiftcà fh pdrdhkþh

nah dquãg dg lucnca `f gas chtfgckfhtfs' Gds uvds nah gds

nudgfs mfias aotfhcà gas ifhncahdàs ndgàs fh naipf

tfhncd nah gas vchas dh`dgunfs' sah fg Ldãh ogdhna' fg Id)

ndoãa' fg Dgouga ogdhna y gd Pchtcggd þ Kdrhdnmd( Fstd ügtc

id saga md eckurdà fh gd prfpdrdncþh `fg vcha kfhfrasaùgnf' fh gd praparncþh `f uhd nudrtd pdrtf rfspfnta `f gas

atras vcùfôas' prfvcas sus rfspfntcvas dsagfas( Gds vcôds

quf fh Ndtdguôd has suichcstrdrah `cnmds uvds fstäh sctud

`ds fh tfrrfhas earidàs fsfhncdgifhtf par gd pczdrrd fh

`fsnaipascncþh ' fxpufstds dg su` þ suàfstf fh earid `f

nagchds' y nugtcvd`ds nah fsifra ã chtfgckfhncd( Vh ataôa

sfna y ndgcfhtf edvarfncþ gd ãpand `f hufstrd vfh`cicd(30( Dnncþh `fg ercþ saorf gas vchas( Dhtfs `f tfrichdr

fg prfsfhtf ndpétuga' mfias `f `fncr nudtra pdgdords saorf

gd dnncþh edvardogf quf fg ercþ chtfhsa flfrnf fh gd arkdhc

zdncþh f gas vchas( Fg ercþ naiprfh cà fhtrf‐5 ä " 0

krdàs `fg nfhtékrdà fs uh if`ca hdturdg y pa`frasa `f

iflardr gas ndgàs' if`ca quf' apfrähàsf fh sfhtc a c h )

• vfrsa `f gd oahcecndncþh `f gas vchas par gd dnncþh `fg n dgþrcna' fstä euh`dà fh gd eufrtf `csichuncþh `f gd tfipf

rdturd' gd nudg' suspfh`cfhà taà fg trdodla vctdg `f dquf

ggas' `ftfrichd gd prfncpctdncþh `f `cefrfhtfs sustdhncds quf

sf mdggdh `csufgtds fh gas icsias( Fh fefnta2/saiftcàs gas

vchas lþvfhfs ä gd odld tfipfrdturd drrcod ch`cnd`d' ha

tdr`dh fh `fpasctdr idtfrcds( Fg oc)tdrtrdta `f patdsd' fg

efrifhta saguogf' y fg prchncpca nagardhtf sf vdh prfncpc)



‐ ?>= ‐

tdhà `fg sfha `f gas ndgàs ä if`c`d quf fg ercþ quf gfs

ra`fd fs ids chtfhsa' sch dgndhzdr fipfra ä gd nahkfgd

ncþh( Fhtahnfs gd prfncpctdncþh `f idtfrcds fs räpc`d' y

nahnguyf `fg taà dg ndoa `f dgkuhas `cds( Fg vcha' dhtfs

ngdra y trdspdrfhtf' fipcfzd par fxpfrcifhtdr uh gckfra

fhturocdicfhta `focà ä gd dnncþh `f `fpasctdrsf gd idyar

pdrtf `f gds sdgfs' gds sustdhncds hctrakfhd`ds y `fiäs id

tfrcds quf ha puf`fh idhtfhfrsf par ids tcfipa fh `csa

guncþh fh fg géqucà( Vh tcfipa `fspuãs fg vcha rfnaord

sunfscvdifhtf su ngdrc`d` prcictcvd' vagvcãhàsf nd`d vfz

ids gcipca y orcggdhtf' su nagar dpdrfnf yd iuy rfodldà'

y su sdoar echa y dkrd`dogf prfsfhtd fg ndräntfr `fg `f

gas vchas dgka dôflas( Fh fstf fstdà ha ody ids quf trd

sfkdr fg vcha ä atras tahfgfs ä ech `f sfpdrdrga `fg pasa rfu

hcà fh fg eahà `f gas vdsas fh quf sf mdggd nagandà( Ufr

`d` fs quf fh gd apfrdncþh quf has anupd gas vchas ia

`cecndh iuy pana su hdturdg oauquft' pfra' naiochfias

dmard fg ãxcta efgcz `f `cnmas fhsdyas nah gas rfsugtdàs ha

ifhas sdtcsedntarcas quf has prfsfhtdh gas ndgàs ocfh prf

pdrdàs(' fxpufstas ä gd chegufhncd pragahkd`d `fg ndgþrcna'

y mdorfias fhnahtrdà yd fg aptcicsia fh idtfrcd `f oa

hcecndncþh `f vchas(

Euh`dàs fh quf gd hdturdgfzd icsid dsfkurd nah gasmcfgas `f chvcfrha gd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas vchas' `fspalähà

gas `f gas nufrpas fxtrdôas ã chütcgfs quf sf rfühfh fh gds

mfnfs þ gcd' y fh dtfhncþh ä quf gd saguocgc`d` `f gas nufr

pas sþgcàs `csichuyf hatdogfifhtf ä if`c`d quf sf rfodld

gd tfipfrdturd `f gas géquc as fh quf dqufggas sf) mdggdh'

trdtdias `f mdnfr gd dpgcndncþh `f fstas prchncpcas dg aolfta

`f fgcichdr `fg vcha fg fxnfsa `f sdgfs y atrds idtfrcds



‐ ?>3 ‐

nuyd fxcstfhncd gfs fs ids ocfh hancvd quf edvardogf( S

naia fg prchncpca nagardhtf `f gas vchas tchtas' quf fs fgids `ceéncg `f sfpdrdr' fstä `csufgta fh fggas ä fxpfhsds

`fg ocgdrtrdéa `f patdsd' `fùncias tdiocãh quf' prfncpc

tähàsf gd idyar pdrtf `f fstd sdg ' `fofréd prfncpctdrsf

ckudgifhtf ndsc ta a dqufg prchncpca( Fefntcvdifhtf fg rf

sugtdà `f gas ifhncahdàs fhsdyas+narrfspah`cþ `ckhd

ifhtf ä hufstrds fspfrdhzds' lustcecnähàhas `f pdsa gd

hfnfsc d` quf' fh ncfhncds hdturdgfs' tcfhf fg maiorf `fsfnuh`dr ä gd icsid hdturdgfzd ' scha qucfrf fxpahfrsf ä

ndfr fh uh docsia `f gdifhtdogfs frrarfs y fxtrdvéas( Fh

vcstd pufs `f ga quf dndodias `f idhcefstdr' rfnaifh

`dias dgtdifhtf ä gas nasfnmfras fg rfefrcà pranf`cicfhta

`f oahcecndncþh `f vchas quf' par ga hdturdg' orfvf y fx

pf`cta' ifrfnf sfr fefntudà fh gas ids rckurasas chvcfr

has( Gd oa`fkd `fg hartf ha `fldrä `f aerfnfr fh tdgfs ndsas vfhtdlds `f gd idyar cipartdhncd(

Gd nahkfgdncþh `f gas vchas md scà prapufstd naia uh

if`ca `f iflardrgas' pfra fstd oahcecndncþh puf`f `fncrsf

quf fs cgusarcd( Ha ndof ù`d quf gd nahkfgdncþh `ftfrichd

uhd vfr`d`frd y naipgftd prfncpctdncþh `fg nrfiar `f tär

tdra ' `f gd idtfrcd nagardhtf y `f gds sustdhncds hctra

kfhd`ds quf sf apahfh ä gd fstdocgc`d` y nahsfrvdncþh `fgas ndgàs' pfra ha fs ifhas ncfrta quf' ä uhd pãr`c`d ha

chsckhcecndhtf `f gd ndhtc`d` `f fstas praùntas par gd sf

pdrdncþh y dodhàha `f uhd pdrtf `f su dkud quf sf sagc

`cecnd ' mdy quf dôd`cr gd ncrnuhstdhncd `f quf gas vchas

`fspuãs `f su nahkfgdncþh sf prfsfhtdh if`ca `fshdturd

gczdàs fh su sdoar y draid( Fg fxnfsa `fg ercþ naia fg

fxnfsa `fg ndgþrcna -`f )c) 6: krdàs drrcod# `fsqucncd



‐ ?0: ‐

gd uhcah `f gas fgfifhtas `fg vcha fh sfhtc`a pfrlu`cncdg

dg icsia' par nuyd rdzþh `fof pranurdrsf fh nudhta sfdpascogf fvctdrgf gd dnncþh `f dioas fxtrfias `f gd tfi

pfrdturd(



N D Z C P V G A U (

@f cas tahfgfs y `f gds oa`fkds(

36( Vhd `f gds ncrnuhstdhncds quf fg nasfnmfra `fofrä

tfhfr prfsfhtfs pdrd nahsfrvdr ocfh sus vchas fs fg fstdà

`f gcipcfzd `f gas tahfgfs þ fhvdsfs' naia tdiocãh gd id

tfrcd y ndpdnc`d` `f gas icsias( _fnuãr`fsf dqué quf gds

krdh`fs vdsclds sah edtdgfs ä gd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas vchas

gckfras þ `ãocgfs' y quf fggds saga puf`fh utcgczdrsf pdrd

dnfgfrdr gd idrnmd `f gd arkdhczdncþh `f gas ndgàs rcnas

fh dzündr y fh dgnamag' þ ocfh sfnas y iuy fspcrctuasas(

Pdipana `fof fnmdrsf fh agvcà gd idtfrcd `f quf fstäh

edorcnd`ds gds pcpds þ oatds quf mdh `f nahtfhfr gas vchas(

Fstd aicscþh þ `fsnucà crrakd ä vfnfs ä gas vctcnugtarfs

pfrlucncas `f dgkuhd nahsc`frdncþh' parquf gas ndgàs d`

qucfrfh uh sdoar ä id`frd `fsdkrd`dogf y `ceéncg `f nar

rfkcr' prapca `f gas fhvdsfs fh quf sf mdggdh `fpasctdàs(

Uchas hdturdgfs y ocfh fgdoardàs' pravcstas `f gd eufrzd

dgnamagaiãtrcnd narrfspah`cfhtf' y `f uh krdta oauquft' mdh

scà vcncdàs `fskrdncd`difhtf fh su sdoar y draid par

gd idgd fgfnncþh `f sus fhvdsfs( @f nahsckucfhtf' nahsc`f

rdias `f suid utcgc`d` ggdidr gd dtfhncþh `f hufstras na

sfnmfras saorf fg pdrtcnugdr' ch`cnähàgfs gds rfkgds quf

>? (



‐ ?0?+ ‐

nahvcfhf aosfrvdr dqué fh krdncd `f gd oufhd nahsfrvdncþh

`f gas vchas(35( Gcipcfzd `f gas tahfgfs y iaà `f nahsfrvdrgas fh

oufh fstdà( Vh tahfg hufva' duhquf sfd edorcndà nah gd

id`frd praparncahd`d ä gd ndgc`d` `fg vcha quf md `f nah

tfhfr' `fof sfr ocfh prfpdrdà( Fg if`ca ids eäncg' fxpf

`cta y sfkura nahscstf fh gdvdr chtfrcarifhtf fg fhvdsf nah

dkud sagd mcrvcfhà' y dkctdrga fh ta`ds `crfnncahfs ù

rdhtf dgkuhas ichutas ä ech `f quf fg géqucà aorf fh taàsgas puhtas `f gd id`frd `csagvcfhà sus prchncpcas saguogfs(

Fstf cipartdhtf gdvdà edncgctd dg prapca tcfipa gd idyar

uhcah þ fg dlustf `f gds ùfgds fhtrf sé ' y `fsnuorf sc gd

oatd tcfhf dgkuhd ecgtrdncþh þ katfrd par gd nudg pu`cfrd fs

ndpdrsf fg vcha quf ids tdr`f sf `fpasctdrä fh gd icsid(

Dg `éd sckucfhtf `f fefntud`d `cnmd gancþh ' sf drrald fg gé

qucà `fg tahfg y sf gdvd ãstf `f hufva nah dkud ercd sdgd`d ' gd nudg sf `fld `fhtra gd oatd par fspdnca `f às `cds

ùrdhtf gas nudgfs sf dkctd dqufggd `f vfz fh nudhà2 par

ügtcia sf tcrd fg sfkuhà gdvdà y sf rffipgdzd fhsfkuc`d

par atra `f dkud sagd quf gufka sf drrald' rfpctcfhà fstd

gancþh sc fs hfnfsdrca mdstd quf fg dkud `fg tahfg sdgkd

chsépc`d y gcorf `f nufrpas fxtrdôas(

Udrcas nasfnmfras y saorf taà gas naifrncdhtfs y fspfnugdàrfs fh vchas' dg prfpdrdr gds pcpds hufvds quf `fofh

nahtfhfr gas ndgàs pdrd gd fxpartdncþh' sufgfh gdvdrgds

ocfh nah fg dkud `f idr' þ `fldrgds ggfhds `f gd icsid uhas

`cds dhtfs `f fefntudr gas fhvdsfs( Fstf ühcna gdvdà fs ä

hufstra lucnca chütcg y mdstd pfrlu`cncdg ä gas vchas( Fg

dkud `fg idr fs uh géqucà sdturd`éscia `f `cefrfhtfs sus

tdhncds' nahtähàsf fhtrf fggds' d`fiäs `f gas ngaruras sþ)



‐ ?0 > ‐

`cna' ndgncna y diþhcna' dgkuhas yaùras' oraiuras y uhd

idtfrcd dhcidg' nuya nahluhta gf naiuhcnd uh sdoar iuysdgdà' didrkþ y hdusfasa( ±Nþia fs pascogf `fldr `f ch

egucr fh gd ndgc`d` `fg vcha gas rfefrcàs prchncpcas `f gas

nudgfs sf fipdpdh ocfh gds oatds dhtfs `f ggfhdrgds1 ±Nþia

fs pascogf quf fg dkud idrchd' eréd y `f sé yd ndrkd`d fh

fxnfsa `f sdgfs y atras nufrpas fxtrdôas' tfhkd uhd eufrzd

`csagvfhtf ndpdz `f dprapcdrsf fg prchncpca dstrchkfhtf' fg

fxtrdntcva y `fiäs idtfrcds saguogfs `f gds id`frds `fquf fstäh earid`ds gds pcpds1 S sc ' naia fs hdturdg' gas

vchas `f fiodrquf `csufgvfh dqufggds idtfrcds `f sus fh

vdsfs idg prfpdrdàs' d`qucrcfhà' fhtrf atras sdoarfs' fg

kusta ä id`frd þ odrrcg tdh eäncg `f sfr rfnahancà par gas

ndtdàrfs chtfgckfhtfs naia `fsdkrd`dogf dg pdgd`dr' ± quã

mdy quf fspfrdr `f uhas ndgàs quf fiprfh`fh sus vcdlfs

prfsfhtdhà yd uhd dgtfrdncþh ids þ ifhas sfhscogf fh susndgc`d`fs1 Zfra ' mdy ids ta`dvéd2 dôä`dsf dmard gd

idgd pranf`fhncd `f fstas vchas quf' dg sdgcr `f gds idhas

`fg nasfnmfra sah yd ids þ ifhas vfr`fs' ids þ ifhas

äspfras' y ggfvdh d`fiäs nahscka uhd dgtd àscs `fg chfvc

tdogf yfsa(' dôä`dsf par ech gd präntcnd ifzquchd y mdrta

kfhfrdg `f fhndofzdr gas icsias praùntas nah gas dgnama

gfs vcncdàs þ `f odla prfnca quf ncrnugdh fh fg naifrnca'y yd ha sf fxtrdôdrä fg parquã hufstras vchas ar`chdrcas'

idg edorcndàs fh su arckfh' y pfar `cspufstas dg `fstchdr

sf ä gd fxtrdnncþh' mdh ndéà fh gd pastrdncþh y dodtc

icfhta fh quf sf mdggdh fh atras pdésfs( @ckäiasga `f

uhd vfz2 frd prfncsa quf fg naifrncdhtf þ fspfnugdàr fs

pdôag' dg fxpartdr sus ndgàs' gfs puscfrd fg sfgga `f gd

cipfrefnncþh' ä ech `f quf fggas idrnmdrdh pravcstas `f



‐ Vé ‐

taàs gas rfqucsctas hfnfsdrcas pdrd euh`dr su `fsnrã`cta fh

fg fxtrdhlfra( S `fskrdncd`difhtf dsc sunf`cþ( Gas nasfnmfras aordhà par ckhardhncd ' y gas trdtdhtfs ckudgifh

tf' nah ids gd c`fd `fg gunra fh fstas ügtcias' mdh nahtrc

oucà ä gd vfz ä sagc`dr fh gfldhds tcfrrds fg `fsnahnfpta

`f gas vchas tchtas fspdecagfs y saorf taà `f gas ndtdgdhfs(

Dg trdtdr `f gas vchas `f fxpartdncþh' `clcias gas if`cas

quf nahsc`frdias ids apartuhas pdrd sdgvdr ä hufstras

praùntas `f su `fsprfstckca fxtfrcar(Uagvcfhà dmard dg aolfta `fg prfsfhtf pärrdea' `fg nudg

has mdocd sfpdrdà fstd nartd' pfra cipartdhtf' `ckrfscþh'

`crfias quf gd oufhd nahsfrvdncþh `f gds vdsclds `fstchd

`ds ä nahtfhfr gas vchas fxckf tdiocãh `f pdrtf `f gas na

sfnmfras ncfrtas nuc`dàs' sch gas nudgfs eufrdh fh vdha fg

trdodla `f gd praùnncþh y gds apfrdncahfs vchénagds suosc

kucfhtfs( Vhd gcipcfzd pana fsifrd`d fh fg usa `f gas fhvdsfs puf`f cheuh`cr eäncgifhtf ä gas icsias uh vcnca þ dg

tfrdncþh quf ids tdr`f sf naiuhcndrä ä gas ndgàs quf fh

fggas sf `fpasctfh( @f dmé pufs gd hfnfsc`d` `f nahsfrvdr

fh oufh fstdà gas tahfgfs fh gas nudgfs `fofh apfrdrsf gds

icstfrcasds rfdnncahfs `f gas vchas ocfh fgdoardàs' fh nuyd

vcrtu` fstas géqucàs d`qucfrfh ndgc`d`fs nd`d vfz ids

dprfncdogfs y astfhscogfs( Sd sf md ch`cndà quf gas vchashufvas `fofh trdsfkdrsf fh chvcfrha ä atrds vdsclds ocfh

gcipcds y dzuerd`ds( ^c gas fhvdsfs nahtcfhfh fh su pdrtf

chefrcar gds mfnfs praùnc`ds par gds prcifrds efrifhtdnca

hfs `fg vcha' `fofräh gdvdrsf' dhtfs `f ggfhdrgds' nah dkud

ercd fh douh`dhncd' ä ech `f quctdrgfs taà fg `fpþscta quf

nahtuvcfrfh' rfpctcãhàsf fg icsia gdvdà gds vfnfs hfnf

sdrcds mdstd quf fg dkud `f gds gancahfs sdgkd ngdrd y trds)



‐ ?06 ‐

pärfhtf( Gufka sf fsnurrcrä ocfh fg tahfg uhas chstdhtfs'

sf dpgcndrä uh hufva tdpþh dg dkulfra par àh`f sf fxtrdlafg vcha' y sf qufidrä dnta nahtchua fh fg chtfrcar `f gd

oatd uhd ifnmd ciprfkhd`d scipgfifhtf `f dzuerf2 uh

iaifhta `fspuãs sf puf`f yd ggfhdr gd vdscld nah fg vcha

quf `fof trdsfkdrsf' dôd`cfhà dg icsia' scsf qucfrf' uh

pana `f oufh dgnamag `f >6º ä ech `f quf ha sf `csichuyd

su eufrzd dgnamagaiãtrcnd par gd pand dkud `f gas gdvdàs

rftfhc`d fh gds pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs `fg fhvdsf( Nudhà gastahfgfs `f quf trdtdias ha `fofh ggfhdrsf chif`cdtdifhtf

`f mdofrsf vdncdà' fhtahnfs su gdvdà `fof gcictdrsf ä gd

sfpdrdncþh ids naipgftd pascogf `f sus mfnfs sch fg chtfr

if`ca `fg dkud' rfhavdr su tdpþh chefrcar' y dzuerdrgas ch

tfrcarifhtf tdpdhà ocfh su dofrturd supfrcar( Fg dkud

quf fh fstas ndsas sf fipgfdrd pdrd gcipcdr gds vdsclds

praùncréd fh fggds uhd dgtfrdncþh fspfncdg' iuy `ceéncg `frfif`cdr2 pfra dg `fpasctdrsf ids tdr`f fh fstas icsias

fhvdsfs hufvds ndhtc`d`fs `f vcha' sfrä prfncsa gdvdrgas `f

dhtfidha nah fg dkud eréd y pranf`fr fh taà ga `fiäs `f

gd idhfrd quf ggfvdias fxprfsdà dhtfrcarifhtf(

• Gas rfefrcàs gdvdàs `fofh flfnutdrsf nah gd idyar fs

nrupugasc`d`' sa)pfhd `f fxpahfr ä gas ndgàs ä hufvds dg

tfrdncahfs( ^docà fs quf fh gds mfnfs þ id`rfs `f gas vchasrfncfh edorcndàs rfsc`f' fhtrf atrds idtfrcds' fg efrifhta

chsaguogf' fg nudg ha puf`f nahsc`frdrsf dosagutdifhtf ch

ndpdz `f praiavfr dgkuhd efrifhtdncþh fh gas géqucàs' sc

sf aosfrvd quf ãstas' nudhà ha mdh scà trdsfkdàs fh fg

chvcfrha' fxpfrcifhtdh ndsc scfiprf uhd ia`cecndncþh sfh

scogf fh sus ndgc`d`fs( Fstf hufva trdodla `f arkdhczdncþh'

prfsc`cà par fg fxnfsa `fg efrifhta chsaguogf `f gd mfz'



‐ ?05 ‐

puf`f tfdichdr eäncgifhtf nah gd dnftcecndncþh `f uhd pdrtf

`fg vcha(Gas vchas ids þ ifhas dôflas y kfhfrasas sf nahsfrvdh

sch fiodrka iuy ocfh fh oatds nuyds id`rfs sah pranf

`fhtfs `f gds rfdnncahfs hdturdgfs `f dqufggas fefntud`ds

`fspuãs `f gas trdscfkas `f su chedhncd( Ha mdy ù`d quf

gds id`rfs vcflds þ rdhncds nahtrcouyfh ä gd oahcecndncþh

`f gas ndgàs quf rffipgdzdh ä gas quf sf mdh fxtrdéà rf

ncfhtfifhtf `f gas tahfgfs quf gds nahtcfhfh' pfra(fstd oahcecndncþh' fxdkfrd`d mdstd ga suia par vdrcas vctcnugtarfs'

md `dà idrkfh ä quf ncfrtds( pcpds þ oatds dgka dhtckuds

sfdh nahsc`frd`ds par fggas naia fg quc` þ ndusd fecncfhs `f

gd oah`d` y pfrefnncþh `f gas vchas quf fh gds icsids sf

`fpasctdh( Pdipana edgtdh nasfnmfras quf' ä sü `fncr' tcf

hfh uha `f sus tahfgfs' fg ids prf`cgfnta par supufsta' quf

+gfs praùnf taàs gas dôas fg vcha ùgnf' dôd`cfhà qufatras vchas `f ckudg pranf`fhncd y ndgc`d` efrifhtdàs fh

atrds vdsclds sdgfh fhtfrdifhtf sfnas( Dgkuhas prftfh`fh

tdiocãh decridr quf mdh aotfhcà ndg as `f ndgc`d` iuy

supfrcar þ nah dpdrcfhncds `f vchas rdhncas `fpasctdhà

gas iastas fh tahfgfs fspfncdgfs( Zdrd gas uhas gd oatd uh

tdhta dôfld fs fg éàga `f su vchcecndncþh ' pdrd gas atras ga

fs gd pcpd `f nfrfza þ `f raogf difrcndha' y pdrd taàs gdid`frd fs fh rfsuifh gd quf mdnf dg vcha oufha þ idga(

Gd ckhardhncd' y hd`d ids' fs fg hartf `f gds apfrdncahfs

vchénagds `f tdgfs nasfnmfras( Kudhà fg cipfrca `f gd ru

tchd md ggfkdà fh hufstras tcfipas ä tdg fxtrfia' ±quã

puf`f fspfrdrsf `f gds vchcecndncahfs chdukurd`ds odla tdgfs

duspcncas1 @fsfhkäôfhsf `f uhd vfz gas vctcnugtarfs c`þgd

trds `f sus fhvdsfs( Gd id`frd `f quf fstäh edorcndàs



‐ i ‐

gas tahfgfs quf mdh sfrvcà yd dgkuhas dôas pdrd nahtfhfr

gas vchas hd`d nf`f ä fstas' y hd`d puf`f nf`frgfs parqufsf ga cipc`f fg tärtdra nrcstdgczdà quf rfvcstf ta`ds gds

pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs `f gds fxprfsd`ds vdsclds( S ndodgifhtf

fstd hfutrdgc`d` `f pdrtf `f gds ùfgds fs ga quf sf ousnd

fh sdhd präntcnd pdrd fvctdr quf hchkuha `f( sus prchncpcas

saguogfs sf `csufgvd fh fg vcha( Oufha fs ha aostdhtf quf

gds oatds nahtfhkdh þ mdydh nahtfhcà scfiprf' sc fs pasc

ogf' vchas `f fxnfgfhtf ndgc`d`' ä ech `f quf gas hufvasndgàs quf ids tdr`f sf `fpasctfh fh fggds' gflas `f d`qucrcr

vcnca dgkuha' iflarfh ids ocfh fh sus ndrdntfrfs2 pfra fstd

oahcecndncþh' sc tdg puf`f ggdidrsf' fs mcld `f gas prchnc

pcas draiätcnas y dgnamþgcnas `f gas vchas dhtfrcarfs `f quf

sf mdh ciprfkhdà gas fhvdsfs( Mf dqué `f idhcecfsta fg

frrar `f gas nasfnmfras quf fh tdhta fstcidh ä gds ùfgds

`f ncfrtas y `ftfrichdàs tahfgfs pdrd gd edorcndncþh `foufhas vchas( Vhd oatd hufvd þ vcfld' gcipcd þ ocfh gdvd

`d' quf ha `fspc`d fxmdgdncþh dgkuhd `f idg kãhfra' y quf

ha ecgtrf hc katff par dgkuh puhta' fs uh fxnfgfhtf fhvdsf(

3;( Idtfrcd `f gas tahfgfs( Gd ndgc`d` `fg vcha ha fs

ch`cefrfhtf ä gd fspfncf `f id`frd `f quf fstäh earidàs

gas tahfgfs àh`f `fof sfr `fpasctdà' `f sufrtf quf ha aos

tdhtf fg iflar gdvdà `f uhd vdscld fstd pa`rcd naiuhcndrdg géqucà uh sdoar ids þ ifhas chkrdta' sc sus ùfgds ha

eufsfh edorcnd`ds `f gd id`frd nahvfhcfhtf( Zdrd fvctdr fs

tas chnahvfhcfhtfs `crfias quf gas vchas ar`chdrcas `fofh

sfr nagandàs fh oagds `f ndstdôa þ nfrfza' gds nudgfs `f

ofräh sfr hufvds' þ mdofr nahtfhcà tdh saga vchas ogdhnas'

nudhà sf `fstchfh ä nahtfhfr ühcndifhtf fstd ngdsf `f ndg

às( ^ch fiodrka' sc gas géqucàs mdh `f sfrvcr ä gdãxpar)



‐ ?0= ‐

tdncah y sfr fhndofzdàs nah gd suecncfhtf ndhtc`d` `f fs

pérctu `f >6º' fhtahnfs mdy quf fhvdsdrgas fh pcpds `f raogf difrcndha2 `f ga nahtrdrca fg fxnfsa `fg dgnamag `fg vc

ha `csagvfréd gas prchncpcas saguogfs y nagardhtfs `fg ndstdôa

þ nfrfza ' ä nuyds id`frds sdoréd fg kusta `fg géqucà fh

ndofzdà( Gas' tahfgfs edorcndàs nah ùfgds `f raogf gfké

tcidifhtf difrcndha sfräh utcgczdàs tdiocãh pdrd idhtf

hfr fh oufh fstdà gas vchas dôflas þ kfhfrasas( Dgkuhds

vfnfs sf fnmd idha `f gds vdsclds hufvds `f raogf pdrd fhvdsdr fh fggds gas vchas naiuhfs y hdturdgfs' ids aordh

iuy idg gas quf dsé pranf`fh' parquf gas géqucàs ha tdr

`dh ä `fsnuorcr fg sdoar ä gd id`frd' gd nudg nf`f ä gas

icsias uhd pdrtf `f su fxtrdntcva y fg prchncpca dstrchkfh

tf luhta nah uhd idtfrcd nagardhtf didrcggd( Fs hfnfsdrca

pufs quf gas nasfnmfras y naifrncdhtfs fh vchas fgcldh y

sfpdh `cstchkucr gd idtfrcd `f quf `fofh fstdr earid`ds gdsvdsclds quf mdh `f nahtfhfr gas géqucàs' dtfhcãhàsf uhas

y atras ä gd aosfrvdhncd `f gas prfnfptas quf `fldias fx

pufstas saorf fg pdrtcnugdr( D`vfrtcrfias par ügtcia quf

gas tahfgfs quf mdh sfrvcà yd dgkuhas dôas pdrd nahtfhfr

vchas' sch mdoãrsfgfs sfpdrdà gds nastrds `f tärtdra quf

rfvcstfh ta`d gd supfrecncf `f sus pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs' puf

`fh usdrsf ch`cstchtdifhtf pdrd `fpasctdr fh fggas ta`d ngdsf `f ndgàs' fh rdzþh `f quf gd ndpd ids þ ifhas krufsd

`f tärtdra nrcstdgczdà y d`mfrcà eufrtfifhtf ä gd id`frd

cipc`f quf fstd puf`d naiuhcndr ä gas géqucàs dgkuha `f

sus prchncpcas saguogfs( @f fstd ncrnuhstdhncd has mfias

dpravfnmdà fh `cefrfhtfs andscahfs fhvdsdhà vchas ar`c

hdrcas fh pcpds dgka vcflds `f raogf' y vchas kfhfrasas fh

oatds `f ndstdôa þ nfrfza tdiocãh dhtckuds( Gas ndgàs' `f)



‐ ?03 ‐

pascgdàs fh fstds nah`cncahfs' `fspuãs `f mdofr pfridhf

ncà gdrka tcfipa fh gas fxprfsdàs fhvdsfs' ha fxpfrc

ifhtdrah ia`cecndncþh dgkuhd `f pdrtf `f gds ùfgds `f gasicsias(

3=( Ndpdnc`d` `f gas tahfgfs( _fnar`dhà ga quf `clc

ias dg trdtdr `f gd chegufhncd `f gd idsd `f géqucà saorf

fg praùnta(`f gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd' y saorf gd vc`d

ugtfrcar `fg icsia' saga has rfstd dôd`cr nudtra pdgdords

dnfrnd gd ndpdnc`d` `f gas tahfgfs ids nahvfhcfhtf ä gas

ndg as y ä gds apfrdncahfs vchénagds( Gds vdsclds `f gd nd pdnc`d` `f icg gctras ä nartd `cefrfhncd sah gds ids ä pra

pþscta pdrd gd nahefnncþh `f gas vchas fh kfhfrdg' gas nudgfs

rfnarrfh fh tdgfs ncrnuhstdhncds gas pfréaàs `f su fxcstfh

ncd nah iunmd rfkugdrc`d`( Gas krdh`fs fhvdsfs ha pfr

ictfh eäncgifhtf su gdvdà chtfrcar hc su nahsfrvdncþh oufhd

y nahstdhtf' naia tdipana gas trdscfkas hc gds ngdrcecndnca

hfs `f gas géquc as quf fh fggas sf `fpasctdh( Fstds vdscldspuf`fh sch fiodrka praparncahdr sus utcgc`d`fs dg fh

tfh`cà fhagakcstd edncgctdhà ä gas vchas yd eufrtfs þ iuy

dgnamþgcnas fg dgndhnf `f uhd vflfz prfnaz( Gas tahfgfs nu

yd ndoc`d fs `f às' trfs þ nudtra mfntagctras' dg pdsa quf

anupdh uh fspdnca praparncahdgifhtf idyar quf gas vdsas

`f gd ndpdnc`d` `f icg gctras' saga puf`fh sfr utcgczdàs

vfhtdlasdifhtf pdrd nahtfhfr gas ndgàs `ãocgfs þ `fgcndàs'

y sc ocfh sf fipgfdh dgkuhds vfnfs pdrd gd arkdhczdncþh `f

gas vchas rcnas fh dzündr þ dgnamag' sf aosfrvd fhtahnfs quf

gas géqucàs rfnarrfh duhquf cipuhfifhtf gds ednfs `f

su vc`d nah uhd gfhtctu` pana edvardogf ä gas chtfrfsfs `fg

nasfnmfra(

33( Hfnfsc`d` `f rfnahanfr gas tahfgfs dg dnfrndrsf gd>>

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‐ ?6: ‐

ãpand `f gd vfh`cicd( ^c sf mdh aosfrvdà gds rfkgds quf

`fldias ch`cnd`ds pdrd fg usa y gd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas ta

hfgfs ' odstdrä quf fg nasfnmfra ' dg fipfzdr gd vfh`cicd'

ndgcfhtf mdstd gd fouggcncþh uh pana `f iasta hufva y ga

fnmf `fhtra `fg vdsa quf md `f ggfhdrsf `fspuãs nah fg vcha

`f gds nuods þ gdkdrfs' tdpähàga fh sfkuc`d y rfvagvcãh

àga fh ta`ds `crfnncahfs' ä ech `f aosfrvdr sc sf `frrdid

þ fsndpd fg gcnar par dgkuh puhta þ luhturd `f gds ùfgds(

Fstf gdvdà' quf sf `fldrä fh fg icsia tahfg pdrd ifzngdrsf nah fg iasta quf gufka fh ãg sf fhvdsf' scrvf prch

ncpdgifhtf pdrd edncgctdr fg idyar dlustf `f gds pcfzds `f

gd id`frd' y fvctdr ta`d pãr`c`d ugtfrcar `f vcha fh ndsa `f

quf dqufggds sf muocfsfh degaldà uh tdhta par mdofr quf

`dà vdnéa fg vdsa ids þ ifhas tcfipa(

Dgkuhds vfnfs sf aosfrvd quf gas tahfgfs vdnéas `fspc`fh

dg `fstdpdrgas uh agar `fnc`cà `f äncà dnãtcna par fefnta`f uhd nahsfrvdncþh pana fsifrd`d `f gas icsias( Mdy na

sfnmfras quf trdtdh `f narrfkcr `cnmd dgtfrdncþh par if`ca

`fg gdvdà `f iasta mcrvcfhà' ifzngdà nah malds `f ha

kdg y `f atras vflftdgfs ' drralähàga `fspuãs `f mdofr pfr

idhfncà dgkuhds mards `fhtra gd oatd2 pfra sc ocfh fs

vfr`d` quf sf fhnuorf fhtahnfs uh pana dqufg vcnca' ha

`fsdpdrfnf sch fiodrka `fg chtfrcar `f gas vdsas' par hamdofrsf fipgfdà fh gd rfefrc`d gancþh sustdhncd dgkuhd

ndpdz `f hfutrdgczdr fg äncà dnãtcna nahtfhcà fh gds vdsc

lds ' rfsugtdhà quf gas vchas fh fggds `fpasctdàs sufgfh

vcncdrsf nah suid edncgc`d`( Fg iaà ids fxpf`cta pdrd

naiodtcr fg fxprfsdà vcnca `f gas tahfgfs ' y pahfrgas fh

oufh fstdà pdrd rfncocr gas iastas þ vchas hufvas' nah

scstf fh gdvdrgas ocfh nah dkud ndgcfhtf ifzngd`d nah uh



‐ ?64 ‐

puôdà `f ndg( Fstf þxcà sf naiochd+nah fg äncà dnãtcna

`f gas vdsas earidhà uh dnftdta `f ndg quf sf `csufgvf fhfg dkud `f gd gancþh( Dg `cd sckucfhtf sf tcrd fg gdvdà y sf

rfhufvd nah atra `f dkud sagd' sdnähàga `fspuãs' y `f

ldhà fg tahfg oand dodla par fspdnca `f uhd mard ä ech `f

quf fg géqucà sf fsnurrd ocfh( Mfnmd fstd apfrdncþh' sf

puf`fh ggfhdr yd gas tahfgfs nah gd sfkurc`d` `f quf ha ch

euh`cräh rfsdoca dgkuha ä gas ndgàs quf fh fggas sf `fpa

sctfh(3=( Pärtdra `f gas tahfgfs' chnahvfhcfhtfs `f su fx

trdnncþh( Gas vchas' gufka `f fhnuodàs' `fpasctdh fhtrf

atrds idtfrcds fg oc)tdrtrdta `f patdsd fh earid `f nrcstd

gfs idg prahuhncdàs quf sf d`mcfrfh eufrtfifhtf ä gds

pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs `f gas tahfgfs( Kudhà gas fhvdsfs mdh

sfrvcà yd iunmas dôas pdrd nahtfhfr þ nahsfrvdr gas

vchas prfsfhtdh fh su chtfrcar uhd ndpd dgka krufsd `ftärtdra' parquf gas ndgàs rcnas hdturdgifhtf fh fstd sdg

gd dodhàhdh ä if`c`d quf vdh scfhà ids nahnfhtrdàs

þ dgnamþgcnas( Fh( tdgfs ndsas dgkuhas nasfnmfras idh`dh

fxtrdfr gds nastrds `f tärtdra `f sus tahfgfs' pfrsud càs

`f quf su sfpdrdncþh fs edvardogf ä gd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas

vchas' icfhtrds quf atras mdnfh ga prapca dg ühcna aolfta

`f ofhfecncdr dqufg praùnta ä vfnfs iuy sagcnctdà par gasedorcndhtfs `f nrfiar tärtdra( @f taàs iaàs aordh iuy

idg ä hufstra lucnca gas rfefrcàs nasfnmfras( Fh prcifr

gukdr' gas vchas `fpasctdàs fh vdsclds sch gd ndpd `f tär

tdra fh su chtfrcar suerfh uhd idyar fvdpardncþh þ pãr`c

`d fh su ndhtc`d` ' fh rdzþh `f quf ha fxcstcfhà dqufggd

idtfrcd nrcstdgczd`d quf nfrrdod gas paras `f gd id`frd

fstd nf`f idyar pdsa ä gd sdgc`d `fg géqucà `fg tahfg fh



‐ ?6? ‐

earid `f vdpar chvcscogf( Fs vfr`d` quf gas vchas d`qucf

rfh dsé ids eufrzd þ nahnfhtrdncþh' parquf su pdrtf dnuasd fs gd quf fs dosarvc`d prchncpdgifhtf par gd ndpcgdrc`d`

`fg vdsa y nahùnc`d ä gd supfrecncf fxtfrcar `fg icsia'

pfra gd fxprfsd`d fvdpardncþh nahtchud`d par fspdnca `f

dgkuhas dôas ha `fld `f `csichucr hatdogfifhtf gd idsd

`fg vcha nah pfrlucnca `f gas chtfrfsfs `fg nasfnmfra( @f

atrd pdrtf' fxtrdéà fg tärtdra `f gas tahfgfs' gas ndgàs sf

mdggdh fhtahnfs fh nahtdnta chif`cdta nah gd id`frd' gdnudg puf`f naiuhcndrgfs dgkuha `f sus prchncpcas saguogfs

y dgtfrdrgfs su sdoar( @f nahsckucfhtf dnahsfldias ä gas

vctcnugtarfs quf ha pfrictdh gd fxtrdnncþh `fg tärtdra `f

sus tahfgfs' fg nudg' dg pdsa quf scrvf `f hüngfa quf dtrdf

y edncgctd gd prfncpctdncþh `fg fxnfsa `fg oc)tdrtrdta patäscna

`fg vcha' cipc`f quf Lds ùfgds `f gas vdsas nf`dh dg ics

ia dgkuha `f sus prchncpcas( S par ügtcia' ha flfnutähàsf gd apfrdncþh `f quf sf trdtd' sf fvctd gd dofrturd `f

gas fhvdsfs par taà uha `f sus eahàs y gd `cscpdncþh nah

sckucfhtf `fg vcha y `fg oauquft rftfhcàs fh su chtfrcar(

OA@FKD^( ^ctudncþh y fxpascncþh `f gd oa`fkd( Gd fgfn

ncþh `fg sctca àh`f mdh `f nagandrsf gds vdsclds `fstchd`ds

ä nahtfhfr gas ndgàs ha `fof sfr ch`cefrfhtf ä gas nasf

nmfras nfgasas `f nahsfrvdr y oahcecndr gas icsias( Gdoufhd `cspascncþh `f gd oa`fkd fs fg naipgfifhta `f uhd

vchcecndncþh iftþ`cnd y ncfhtéecnd( Ha odstd quf gas vchas

mdydh scà fgdoardàs ä tfhar `f gds rfkgds quf vdh ch`c

nd`ds' hc quf gas tahfgfs quf gas nahtcfhfh sf mdggfh fh fg

iflar fstdà pdrd iflardrgas2 fs prfncsa quf fg drtf' sf

nuh`dhà ä gd hdturdgfzd' edvarfznd taà ga pascogf gd

idrnmd `f gds chsah`dogfs rfdnncahfs quf tcfhfh gukdr fh



‐ ?6> ‐

gd vc`d `f gas ndgàs( Gas vchas oufhas' echas `f sdoar y

àtdàs `f taàs gas fgfifhtas hfnfsdrcas dg `fsdrragga `fuh oauquft iuy sfhscogf y dkrd`dogf' pfridhfnfh ùrdhtf

su vc`d pana ifhas quf fstdncahdrcas sc sf `fpasctdh fh uh

gandg ercþ' asnura y nah ncfrtd muif`d`( Fstas vchas quf'

ocfh dnah`cncahdàs y odla gd chegufhncd `fg Zd`rf `fg ndgar

y `f gd guz' pa`rédh d`qucrcr uhd pfrefnncþh chfstcidogf'

ncerdhà uh `cd gd mahrd y fg arkugga `fg pdés praùntar'

sah `cdidhtfs orutas quf gd idha `fg maiorf ha sdof pugcifhtdr( Zranürfsf pufs quf fg sctca' àh`f gas ndgàs

`fofh kudr`drsf' tfhkd gds `foc`ds nah`cncahfs ä ech `f

quf fggas pdsfh su chedhncd' su luvfhtu`' su f`d` vcrcg y

su vflfz sch dgtfrdncþh dgkuhd y nah ta`d rfkugdrc`d`( Dg

fefnta fg nasfnmfra `cspah`rä dhtf taà quf su oa`fkd sfd

nahstruc`d dg icsia hcvfg `f gd supfrecncf `f gd tcfrrd' y

prfsfhtf uhd fxpascncþh ifrc`cahdg þ ocfh dnnfscogf ä gddnncþh `fg ndgþrcna hdturdg( Pdgfs sah gds prcifrds y ids

fsfhncdgfs ncrnuhstdhncds `f uhd oufhd oa`fkd(

Fg vcha fh fg prcifr pfréaà f su fxcstfhncd hfnfsctdod

ndgþrcna suecncfhtf pdrd su arkdhczdncþh' y gd hdturdgfzd sf

ga md `dà fh ta`ds pdrtfs àh`f nrfnf gd vc`2 fh fg sf

kuhà pfréaà `f su chedhncd fg vcha hfnfsctdod fg ercþ pdrd

`fspaldrsf `fg fxnfsa `f efrifhta y `f atrds idtfrcds nahtrdrcds ä su nahsfrvdncþh' y gd hdturdgfzd' fh su dgtd prf

vcscah' tdiocãh sf ga md suichcstrdà( Zfra ids tdr`f' rf

narrc`d su prcifrd f`d` fg vcha hfnfsctdod atrd vfz fg ndgþ

rcna pdrd fhtrdr fh su luvfhtu`' y fipfzdr fh sfnrfta gd

fgdoardncþh `f gds naiochdncahfs ftãrfds' `f gas dgnamagfs

diégcna' prapcþhcna' outércna y `f atras naipufstas' y gd

hdturdgfzd' ha edgtdhà ldiäs fh ga hfnfsdrca' hc douh`dh)



‐ ?6 0 ‐

à fh ga supãregua' prfstd tdiocãh dg vcha lavfh fg krdà

`f ndgþrcna nahvfhcfhtf pdrd aordr sus edvardogfs rfdnncahfs ugtfrcarfs( Checãrfsf `f dqué ga dhgc)hdturdg `f gd prän

tcnd dàptd`d par iunmas nasfnmfras quf `fpasctdh sus

ndgàs fh oa`fkds eréds' praeuh`ds y sch guz(

Fxpufstd gd oa`fkd ga ids pascogf ä gd dnncþh `fg ndgar

sagdr' `fof pranurdrsf sch fiodrka quf ãg ha pfhftrf fh

dqufggd scha ä trdvãs `f gcfhzas þ `f vc`rcas rdydàs2 gd guz

`crfntd y nahtchud`d `fg sag aefh`f y pfrlu`cnd dgtdifhtf ägas vchas' `f gd icsid idhfrd quf dg dvf nrfpusnugdr þ

hanturhd nuyd vcstd ha fstä arkdhczd`d pdrd vfrgd2 odla su

chif`cdtd chegufhncd gd idtfrcd nagardhtf `f gas ndgàs sf

dgtfrd prfncpctähàsf fh su idyar pdrtf' su oauquft sf ia

`cecnd `fkfhfrdhà fh atra draid iuy `cstchta y `fsdkrd

`dogf' su sdoar sf vufgvf didrka ã chkrdta' y' fh uhd pd

gdord' gas vchas sf `fsarkdhczdh par naipgfta( Fvétfsfpufs gd fhtrd`d `fg sag `crfnta `fhtra `f gd oa`fkd' sch

`fldr `f edvarfnfr su ia`frd`d chegufhncd saorf gas géquc

às fh fggd `fpasctdàs' y tfh`rfias yd uhd `ãgds nah`c

ncahfs ids nahvfhcfhtfs ä gd vc`d `f gas icsias(

33( @cspascncþh chtfrcar `f gd oa`fkd( Fs prfncsa quf

gd oa`fkd sfd dhnmd' fspdncasd' `f tfnma ha iuy fgfvdà'

y quf fstã pravcstd `f vdrcds dofrturds' uhds mdncd fg hartf' y atrds mdncd fg if`ca`éd y pahcfhtf( Fstds dofrturds þ

vfhtdhds sfrvcräh dg fhtfh cà nasfnmfra pdrd edncgctdr gd

`cscpdncþh `f gas kdsfs quf sf `fsprfh`fh `f gds nuods `f

efrifhtdncþh' pdrd idhtfhfr fh gd oa`fkd uhd tfipfrdtu

rd ids þ ifhas fgfvd`d sfküh nahvfhkd' y echdgifhtf

pdrd rfkugdrczdr gd vfhtcgdncþh `fg gandg( Gds pdrf`fs `f gd

oa`fkd' nuya tfnma `fof `fsndhsdr saorf krufsas pcgdrfs



‐ ?66 ‐

`f idhcpastfréd' sfräh ogdhqufd`ds fh su ndrd chtfrcar' y

saorf taà `fgkd`ds ä ech `f nad`luvdr dg idyar dnnfsa `fgndgþrcna2 su pdvcifhta gcsa y sþgc`difhtf nahstrucà `fof

rä tfhfr uhd gckfrd chngchdncþh `crckc`d ä uha `f sus fxtrf

ias' àh`f sf nahstrucrä uhd nahndvc`d` ä prapþscta pdrd

nahtfhfr icg gctras `f géqucà' þ sfd fg iäxciui `f gd nd

pdnc`d` `f uha `f gas tahfgfs `f gd oa`fkd( @cnmd nahnd

vc`d`' pravcstd `f su rfspfntcvd nuocfrtd' y rfvfstc`d fh su

chtfrcar `f odgàsd ocfh odrhczd`d' fstdrä `fstchd`d pdrddgaldr y( dpravfnmdr fg vcha quf puf`d tdg vfz `frrdidrsf

`f dgkuh tahfg par fefnta `f gd raturd `f dgkuha `f sus dras

þ ùfgds2 pfrndhnf quf ha md `fldà `f sunf`fr dgkuhds

vfnfs' y quf `fof fstdr prfvcsta fh ta`d oa`fkd ocfh ar`f

hd`d( Gas tahfgfs fstdräh `cspufstas fh ecgds ä ga gdrka `fg

rfefrcà gandg' `fldhà `fgdhtf y `fträs `f nd`d uha `f

fggas uh fspdnca suecncfhtf pdrd gds idhcpugdncahfs `f gdvfh`cicd' y edncgctdr fg fhvdsf y gd fxtrdnncþh `f gas vchas'

naia tdiocãh pdrd aosfrvdr y narrfkcr gds ecgtrdncahfs þ

katfrds quf prfsfhtfh gds vdsclds( Fstds `fofh `fsndhsdr

saorf às sustfhtänugas `f idhcpastfréd `f ta`d sagc`fz'

`f gas nudgfs fg pastfrcar `fof tfhfr ecld`d uhd pcfzd `f

id`frd `f uh krufsa rfkugdr( Fg sustfhtänuga dhtfrcar fs

tdrä pravcsta `f uh erdkifhta `f id`frd f quctd y pah'nuya hcvfg narrfspah`d nah fg `fg sustfhtänuga pastfrcar(

Dsé sf puf`f fxtrdfr éäncgifhtf taà fg géqucà `f gd oatd

quf md `f vdncdrsf' pufsta quf nudhà ãg nfsd `f sdgcr par

gd fspctd dpgcnd`d dg eahà dhtfrcar `f gd vdsc ld' ha mdy

ids quf chngchdr gd icsid uh pana oand dodla' sfpdrdhà

dhtfs gd pcfzd iavcogf `f id`frd fxprfsd`d' y fg vcha

vufgvf ä idhdr par gd fspctd mdstd su tatdgc`d`( Gd dgturd



‐ ?a5 ‐

`f `cnmas sustfhtänugas `fof sfr `f uh iftra pana ids þ

ifhas dg aolfta `f edncgctdr gd fxtrdnncþh `fg vcha `f gastahfgfs y fg idhfla `f gas icsias(

Zar ügtcia' gds oa`fkds `fofh mdggdrsf gcorfs `f gas sd

nu`cicfhtas praùncàs par fg pdsa räpcà `f gas ndrrudlfs'

gas nudgfs `ftfrichdhà uhd orusnd dkctdncþh fh gas ndgàs

`f gds vdsclds puf`fh praiavfr fh gas icsias dgkuhd dgtf

rdncþh( Fg vcha' uhd vfz fgdoardà y nagandà fh sus fh

vdsfs `fechctcvas' `fof `flärsfgf fh uh naipgfta rfpasa( Gdtrdhqucgc`d` fh gd vc`d `f gas vchas' naia fh gd vc`d `f

gas maiorfs' fs uh fgfifhta `f gahkfvc`d`(

4::( Oa`fkd)ia`fga( Mf dqué gds ncrnuhstdhncds quf'

fh hufstra nahnfpta' `focfrd tfhfr gd oa`fkd)ia`fga(

Krdh`f' sþgc`d y nah fxpascncþh ifrc`cahdg' ogdhquf`d fh

su chtfrcar' pdrf`fs `fgkd`ds' pdvcifhta chngchdà mdncd gd

nahndvc`d` quf mfias rfnaifh`dà dhtfrcarifhtf' dofrturds nah pufrtds vc`rcfrds mdncd fg hartf' if`ca`éd y pa

hcfhtf' sfpdrd`d `f gds ndggfs' `f gas efrra)ndrrcgfs' y `f

taàs gas ndichas `f trähscta `f ndrrudlfs' y echdgifhtf

tfnma pana fgfvdà pfra nuocfrta `f pgdhnmds `f zchn odr

hczd`ds dg hfkra( Fstd ügtcid ncrnuhstdhncd edvarfnf nah

sc`frdogfifhtf gd dosarncþh `fg ndgar sagdr( Gas krdh`fs

prapcftdrcas y nasfnmfras `fofrédh nahstrucr fh sus rfspfntcvas àichcas gd oa`fkd)ia`fga quf dndodias `f ch`cndr'

sfkuras `f quf gd oahcecndncþh `f sus vchas sfrcd hatdogf

ifhtf dnfgfrd`d(

OA@FKD @FG HA_PF( Fh rckar `focfrd mdofr às ngdsfs

`f oa`fkds fh taàs gas krdh`fs nfhtras `f praùnncþh vc

hénagd ' gd oa`fkd)ia`fga pdrd gd fgdoardncþh y iflard `f

gas vchas' y gd oa`fkd `fg Hartf pdrd gd nahsfrvdncþh `f



?6; ‐

gas ndgàs ids þ ifhas vcflas( Fstd sfkuh`d oa`fkd' dhté

tfscs `f gd prcifrd' `fofréd nahstrucrsf fh uh gukdr ga ids

erfsna pascogf' pfra sch fxnfscvd muif`d`' y nah vfhtdhds

`crckc`ds ühcndifhtf mdncd fg hartf( ûs pdrf`fs krufsds'

ogdhqufd`ds dg fxtfrcar' y su tfnma iunma ids fgfvdà

quf fg `f gd oa`fkd)ia`fga nahtrcoucrédh ha pana ä idhtf

hfr fh su chtfrcar uhd tfipfrdturd odld y nahstdhtf( Gas

tahfgfs' quf fstdrédh ckudgifhtf ar`fhdàs fh ecgds y `cs

pufstas naia fh gd oa`fkd ifrc`cahdg' nahtfh`rédh tdhsaga gas vchas ggfkdàs yd ä su vflfz ' gas nudgfs' hfnfsc

tdhà pdrd su oufhd nahsfrvdncþh uhd tfipfrdturd eréd y

ga ids chvdrcdogf pascogf' sf idhtuvcfrdh nahstdhtfifhtf

fh fg iflar fstdà' sdndhà `f fgga krdh pdrtcà gas fhtfh

`càs nasfnmfras y fhagakcstds(

Echdgifhtf' uhd gcipcfzd fsifrd`d `fof prfsc`cr fg usa

`f taàs gas utfhscgcas y `f gds oa`fkds( Pfrichd`d uhdapfrdncþh vchénagd nudgqucfrd' fg nasfnmfra nfgasa `fof

gcipcdr y nagandr fh sus rfspfntcvas pufstas gas ütcgfs þ fh

sfrfs `f quf sf md sfrvcà' `cspfhsdhà dg prapca tcfipa

ä gds oa`fkds uh ar`fh y vckcgdhncd fsqucsctas(



NDZ É PVGA UC(

4>f gds fhefc~hdfngd`(fs y `f gds edgsce cndncahfs

`f gas vchas(

Fhefrif`d`fs `f gas vchas' if`cas `f fvctdrgds y f

narrfkcrgds(

4:4( ^c gas vchas mdh scà ocfh fgdoardàs y sf `fpa

sctdh fh vdsclds y sctcas ä prapþscta pdrd su nahsfrvdncþh'

gflas `f d`qucrcr vcnca þ fhefrif`d` dgkuhd' iflardh ids

ocfh sus ndgc`d`fs `f uh iaà ids þ ifhas hatdogf sfküh

gds ncrnuhstdhncds quf gfs ra`fdh Pdg fs gd rfkgd kfhfrdg

`f gd vc`d `f gas ndgàs prfpdrdàs `foc`difhtf( Fxnfp)

tüdhsf sch fiodrka dgkuhas vchas quf fh gd ãpand `f suvflfz nahtrdfh uhd dgtfrdncþh schkugdr' nuyd ndusd ckhard

ias ' fh vcrtu` `f gd nudg gas géqucàs prfsfhtdh uh sdoar

gckfrdifhtf didrka(

^cfhà `fskrdncd`difhtf iunmas gas ndgàs quf' par dg

kuh `fefnta fh su nahefnncþh þ rfpascncþh' sf prfsfhtdh

(defntdàs `f uhd ü atrd `f gds fhefrif`d`fs nahanc`ds `f

quf vdias ä anupdrhas ' cipartd `fs`f gufka fhtrdr fh fg



( ‐ ?5: ‐

fstu ca `f gds icsids ' y `dr ä nahanfr gas if`cas quf gd

ncfhncd md pufsta ä hufstrd `cspascncþh pdrd fvctdrgds y

narrfkcrgds(

4:?( Dmcgdicfhta' krdsd þ efrifhtdncþh vcsnasd `fg vcha(

Gas vchas ogdhnas `fspaldàs `f gd ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf `f

tdhcha taidh ä vfnfs uhd nahscstfhncd fspfsd ü agfdkchasd'

fh nuya ndsa sf `cnf quf gas géqucàs sf dmcgdh þ fxpfrc

ifhtdh gd efrifhtdncþh vcsnasd( Naia fstas vchas sah ao

tfhcàs sch gd prfsfhncd `f gas nufrpas fxtrdôas dg zuia

pura `f gd uvd' fh gas nudgfs rfsc`f prchncpdgifhtf fg td

hcha' sunf`f quf gas géqucàs' ndrfncfhà `f gd ndhtc`d` hf

nfsdrcd `f dqufg prchncpca' sufgfh nahtrdfr gd dgtfrdncþh ch

`cnd`d( Fh Fspdôd' kfhfrdgifhtf mdogdhà' gas vchas ogdh

nas' fgdoardàs par gd efrifhtdncþh `fg iasta' saga' sf md

ggdh gcorfs `f gd fhefrif`d` `f quf sf trdtd' fh rdzþh `f

quf gd hdturdgfzd gfs md `dà fg prchncpca dstrchkfhtf hfnf

sdrca pdrd fvctdrgd 2 ids naia fg dmcgdicfhta ha md `fldà

`f prfsfhtdrsf fh ncfrtas dôas fh dgkuhas vchas ùgnfs `f

Dh`dgunéd y `f atrds pravchncds `fg rfcha' apartuha sfrä

ch`cndr ä gas nasfnmfras fg iaà `f( prfvfhcrga y `f rfif

`cdrga(

Fh ta`d edorcndncþh `f vchas ogdhnas þ chnagaras gd pru

`fhncd dnahsfld mdnfr uh pfqufôa fhsdya prfvca( Fstf fh

sdya eäncg y dg dgndhnf `f taàs gas nasfnmfras nahscstf fh

trdtdr fg zuia `f gd uvd' rfncfh fxprcicà y ecgtrdà' nah

dgkuhds katds `f `csaguncþh `f gd kfgdtchd 2 sc fg géqucà sf

fhturocd sfhscogfifhtf dg dôd`crgf gd `csaguncþh ' fs uhd

prufod quf fg iasta nahtcfhf uhd ndhtc`d` `f tdhcha ndpdz

`f cipf`cr fg dmcgdicfhta `fg vcha rfsugtdhtf( Fhtahnfs yd

ha mdy quf tfifr `cnmd fhefrif`d` ' y fg nasfnmfra puf`f



‐ ?54 ‐

nahtchudr `fs`f gufka gds `fiäs apfrdncahfs vchénagds2 pf

ra sc sf aosfrvd quf ha sf dgtfrd fg dspfnta þ gd trdspdrfhncd `fg iasta `f fhsdya dg dôd`crgf gd kfgdtchd' fs sfôdg `f

quf dg zuia gf edgtd tdhcha( Fh tdg ndsa ha mdy ids quf `f

ldr efrifhtdr fg iasta luhta nah uhd parncþh `f pfgénugds þ

pfpctds `f uvds ogdhnds ' nuya prchncpca dstrchkfhtf sf `c

sagvfrä fh su idyar pdrtf fh fg géqucà(

Ids ' nudhà fg dmcgdicfhta `f gas vchas ha md pa`cà þ

sdocà fvctdrsf' prfncsa fs rfif`cdrga chnarparähàgfs fgtdhcha nahvfhcfhtf `csufgta fh fg dgnamag' y `flähàgas rf

pasdr fg tcfipa suecncfhtf pdrd rfnaordr su hdturdg gcipcf

zd þ ngdrc`d`( Dg fefnta sufgfh odstdr `f ndtarnf ä `cfz y

sfcs krdias `f tdhcha par mfntagctra `f vcha( ^f md `cnma

quf fg tdhcha prfncpctd fg fxnfsa `f gd idtfrcd hctrakfhd`d

`fg vcha' `flähàgf tdh saga gd quf fs ch`cspfhsdogf pdrd

quf gd efrifhtdncþh gfhtd sf rfpraùznd fh fg sfha `fg icsia' sch `dr idrkfh dg dmcgdicfhta `f quf trdtdias' pfra' ä

hufstra iaà `f vfr' fstd dsfrncþh `cstd dgkuh tdhta `f sfr

vfr`d`frd( ^c nahsc`frdias quf uhd nartéscid ndhtc`d` `f

tdhcha fs ndpdz `f prfvfhcr fh fg vcha gd dgtfrdncþh ch`cnd

`d ' y fxcstcfhà fh fg iasta efrifhtdhtf krdh napcd `f id

tfrcds hctrakfhd`ds' ha pa`fias dìctcr quf fstds idtfrcds

sf naiochfh fh su idyar pdrtf nah fg pana tdhcha quf sfdôd`f dg vcha' ard pdrd fvctdrgf gd fhefrif`d` quf has anu

pd ' ard pdrd narrfkérsfgd( Gd fxpfrcfhncd has `fiufstrd

quf uhd pfqufôd ndhtc`d` `f prchncpca dstrchkfhtf fh fg zu

ia `f gd uvd odstd pdrd cipf`cr quf fg kgutfh þ efrifhta

saguogf aorf saorf fg dzündr mdncãhàgf fxpfrcifhtdr gd

efrifhtdncþh vcsnasd ' y quf' dg trdtdr nah fg tdhcha fg vcha

krdsa pdrd rfstdogfnfrga ä su fstdà haridg' uhd pdrtf `f



‐ ?5? ‐

dqufg prchncpca sf naiochd nah uhd parncþh `fg efrifhta

earidhà uh naipufsta chsaguogf quf' d$ prfncpctdrsf' pra

ùnf gd ngdrcecndncþh `fg géqucà' icfhtrds quf gd atrd pdrtf

`fg tdhcha pfridhfnf fh `csaguncþh fh fg vcha kdrdhtcãhàgf

`fg prakrfsa ugtfrcar `f gd fhefrif`d`( Mã dqué fg cipar

tdhtf pdpfg quf rfprfsfhtd fg tdhcha nahsc`frdà naia if

`ca prfvfhtcva y narrfntcva `f gd krdsd þ dmcgdicfhta `f gas

vchas ogdhnas(

checãrfsf `f ga quf dndodias `f fxpahfr quf gd ndusd

ühcnd ã chif`cdtd `f gd vcsnasc`d` `f gas vchas fs gd edgtd

`fg tdhcha' sch quf sfd atrd nahndusd' naia sf md supufsta'

fg fxnfsa `f gds idtfrcds dzad`ds nahtfhc`ds fh gas iastas(

Ha ndof ù`d sch fiodrka quf gds fxprfsd`ds idtfrcds

sah gds quf `fsqucncdh gas fgfifhtas `fg dzündr `f uvds2

trdhseariähàgas fh uhd sustdhncd dhägakd ä gd kaid' y fh

uh pana `f idhhctd y äncà gäntcna' pfra fstds rfdnncahfs

sah scfiprf uh fefnta `f gd edgtd `fg prchncpca nurtcfhtf(

Zdrd narrfkcr fg dmcgdicfhta `f gas vchas puf`f fipgfdr

sf tdiocãh' y duh nah vfhtdld' fg tdhcha `f quf tdhta douh

`d fg icsia fsnaodla `f gd uvd( Dg fefnta sf mdnf uh nanc

icfhta dnuasa `f fsnaodlas tcfrhas þ sfnas' pranf`fhtfs `f

uvds idùrds' y ocfh `fsifhuzdàs ä ech `f quf fg dkud

mcrvcfhà `csufgvd gd idyar ndhtc`d` pascogf `fg prchncpcadstrchkfhtf' sf `fld mfrvcr fg géqucà par fspdnca `f uh nudr

ta `f mard ' y `fspuãs `f fhercdà sf nufgd nah fsprfscah2

fg praùnta aotfhcà sf ifzngd nah su vaguifh `f dgnamag

`f >5º' y sf nagand fh vdsas nfrrähàgas mfriãtcndifhtf(

Fg edorcndhtf `f vchas ogdhnas þ chnagaras `fofréd dsagfdr y

sfndr ocfh ' dg tcfipa f gd vfh`cicd ' uhd parncþh `f fsna

odlas `f uvds sdzahd`ds' y nahsfrvdrgas fh oufh fstdà



pdrd prfpdrdr nad fggas fg fxprfsdà nancicfhta fh fg ndsa

`f tfhfr quf rfif cdr gd efrifhtdncþh vcsnasd `f gas ndgàs( Odstd uhd pfqufôd ndhtc`d` `f `cnma gcnar pdrd `fs

trucr gd vcsnasc`d` `f krdh`fs ndhtc`d`fs `f vcha(

Fg nancicfhta þ gd cheuscah `f gds dkdggds md scà prapufs

ta ckudgifhtf pdrd narrfkcr gd fhefrif`d` quf has anupd'

ids sc ocfh fs vfr`d` quf fstf if`ca praùnf fg fefnta `f

sfdà' ha aostdhtf fg vcha dsé rfif`cdà þ rfstdogfncà prf

sfhtd uh sdoar ifhas dkrd`dogf quf fg quf md scà trdtdànah fg tdhcha `f gd icsid u vd' fh rdzþh `f quf sf `csufg

vfh fh fg géqucà gas tdh hd tas dgndgchas y `fiäs prchncpcas

fxtrdôas fxcstfhtfs fh gds dkdggds( Aéras dutarfs rfnaicfh

`dh dg prapca aolfta gd d`cncþh `f uhd nartd ndhtc`d` `f

oc)cdrtrdta `f patdsd' þ `f uh äncà ecla' prchncpdgifhtf fg

tdrtärcna( ^c fg dmcgdicfhta ha sf prfsfhtdsf fh vchas douh

`dhtfs hdturdgifhtf fh äncàs y fh oc)tdrtrdta `f patdsd'naia sah gas vchas `f gd Nmdipdôd erdhnfsd y atras iu

nmas' pa`rédias dnfptdr tfþrcndifhtf dqufg if`ca' ta`d

vfz quf nah ãg sf fvctd gd efrifhtdncþh vcsnasd `f gds pa

ncahfs þ ofoc`ds dzundrd`ds naipufstds `f dkud ' dzündr y

atrds idtfrcds arkähcnds 2 pfra sc rfnar`dias quf gd fxprf

sd`d dgtfrdncþh frd gd fhefrif`d` ids naiüh `f gas vchas

äncàs þ dnéùgas `f Oarkaôd y `f Nmdipdôd dhtfs `fg cipartdhtf `fsnuorcicfhta `f Ir( Erdhnacs' qucfh nah fg usa

`fg tdhcha md mfnma `fsdpdrfnfr dqufggd fhefrif`d`' y nach

nc`cfhà nahstdhtfifhtf nah gd prfsfhncd `f gas äncàs fh

gas vchas krdsas gd edgtd `fg prchncpca dstrchkfhtf' ha pa

`rfias ifhas `f nahnf`fr dg icsia gd prapcf`d` fxnguscvd

`f fvctdr y naiodtcr fg dmcgdicfhta `f quf trdédias( Fg

iatcva `f mdofrsf dnahsfldà fg usa `f gas äncàs y `f gds



‐ ?50 ‐

sdgfs dnc`ds' naia if`cas `f cipf cr y rfif cdr gd efr

ifhtdncþh vcsnasd `f gas vchas ogdhnas ' pranf`f sch ù`d`fg pa`fr `f quf kazdh `cnmas naipufstas pdrd `fstrucr y

fvctdr gd vcsnasc`d` `f ncfrtas géqucàs dzundrdàs( Vh e d

orcndhtf `f gciahd`ds kdsfasds sueréd pãr`c`ds `f nahsc`f

rdncþh fh su chùstrcd par rdzþh `f quf sus praùntas fx

pfrcifhtdodh ' gufka `f prfpdrdàs ' gd ch cnd`d efrifh

tdncþh vcsnasd' y ä pfsdr `f quf fggas sf sdturdodh `fg kds

äncà ndroþhcna ä uhd prfscþh `f anma ä `cfz dtiþsefrds'nahtfhcfhà' d`fiäs `fg dzündr' uh pana `f fspérctu `f gc

iþh ' ha mdocd if`ca `f nahtfhfr gas prakrfsas `f `cnmd

dgtfrdncþh 2 fh tdg fstdà eucias nahsugtdàs saorf fg pdrtc

nugdr' y dnahsfldias dg edorcndhtf gd d`cncþh `f nchna þ sfcs

krdhas `f äncà tdrtärcna ä nd`d uhd `f gds oatfggds quf `f

oédh ggfhdrsf nah fg dkud kdsfasd( @fs`f fhtahnfs ha dpd

rfncþ ids gd fhefrif`d` ' y gds gciahd`ds sf nahsfrvdrah(pfrefntdifhtf(

Fh suid ' nudhà fg nasfnmfra md `fldà `f fefntudr' dg

tcfipa `f gd vfh`cicd' fg fhsdya prfvca drrcod fxprfsdà

pdrd sdgvdr ä sus vchas ogdhnas `f gd pascocgc`d` f na h

trdfr gd fhefrif`d` `f gd krdsd' pa`rä narrfkcrgd fnmdhà

idha `fg tdhcha pura `csufgta fh fg dgnamag' þ iflar `fg

gcnar dgnamþgcna `fg fsnaodla `f gd uvd nuyd prfpdrdncþhmfias ch`cndà( Fh taàs fstas ndsas sfrä prfncsa dôd`cr

dg vcha rfif cdà uh pana `f dzündr pdrd rffipgdzdr fg

quf muocfsf scà `fstrucà par gas fefntas `f gd efrifhtd

ncþh vcsnasd(

4 : > ( Fhiamfncicfhta `fg vcha( Atrd `f gds fhefrif`d

`fs quf sf prfsfhtdh `f vfz fh nudhà fh gas vchas fs gd

earidncþh `fg iama ggdidà tdiocãh egarfs `fg vcha( Fstd



‐ ?56 ‐

dgtfrdncþh' prapcd `f ncfrtas vchas ar`chdrcas' fs `foc`d ä

uh fhvdsf vcncasa þ pana fsifrdà' þ ocfh ä gd idgd nfr

rdùrd `f gas tahfgfs quf nahtcfhfh fg vcha y sf mdggdh fh

naiuhcndncþh nah fg dcrf dìaseãrcna( Fg iama fipcfzd

scfiprf ä `fsdrraggdrsf fh vdrcas puhtas `f gd supfrecncf

`fg ndgà' gd nudg vd nuorcãhàsf gufka `f uhd ndpd ogdh

qufnchd' `fsprfh`cfhà uh agar suc kfhfrcs quf ha tdr`d ä

fxtfh`frsf par ta`d gd idsd `fg géqucà( Fg vcha d`qucfrf

dg prapca tcfipa uh sdoar fspfncdg iuy `fsdkrd`dogf y `c

eéncg `f rfif`cdr' mdocfhà `fkfhfrdà `f tdg sufrtf quf'

ha pu`cfhà `fstchdrsf pdrd fg nahsuia püogcna' sf utcgczd

tdh saga fh gd edorcndncþh `f gas dkudr`cfhtfs ar`chdrcas'

gas nudgfs aerfnfh ta`dvéd uh rfsdoca `fg agar y sdoar nd

rdntfréstcnas `f gas vchas `f quf pranf`fh' ha odstdhà ä

fhnuorcrga `fg taà fg dnfctf vagätcg `fg dhcs quf sf dôd`f

fh gd prfpdrdncþh `f gas ch`cndàs praùntas( Fh vcstd pufs

`f gd fxprfsd`d `fkfhfrdncþh `f gas ndgàs fhiamfncàs

tdh edtdg ä sus nudgc`d`fs' prfncsa fs quf ggdifias dqué

uh'iaifhta gd dtfhncþh `f gas nasfnmfras saorf gd cipar

tdhncd `f gd oufhd rfpascncþh `f gas vchas' ta`d vfz quf

dsc pa`fias prfvfhcr gd euhfstd dgtfrdncþh `f quf trdtdias(

Zar ids nuc`dàs quf sf mdydh pra`ckdà ä gd fgdoardncþh

`f gas vchas' y ha aostdhtf `f quf gas icsias prfsfhtfh fg

krdà `f fspcrctuasc`d` quf narrfspah`f ä su ùrdncþh'

taà sfrä chütcg sc gas géqucàs sf `fpasctdh fh tahfgfs v c

ncdàs þ fhiamfncàs fh dgkuh puhta `f su chtfrcar( Ifrnf`

ä uhd hfkgckfhncd `fpgardogf `f iunmas vctcnugtarfs ' gas

tahfgfs' gufka `f mdofrsf fxtrdéà fg vcha quf nahtcfhfh'

quf`dh dodhàhdàs' idg fsnurrcàs y fxpufstas dg nah

tdnta `fg dcrf( Fh tdgfs ncrnuhstdhncds sunf`f quf fg vcha>6



‐ ?55 ‐

rftfhcà fhtrf gd mfz `fg eahà `fg tahfg ha tdr`d ä nuorcr

sf `f uhd gckfrd ndpd `f iama' efhþifha quf sf prfsfhtd

ckudgifhtf fh gds pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs `fg fhvdsf' y dnftcec

nähàsf ä gd vfz uh pana fg géqucà par gd prfsfhncd `fg

axékfha `fg dcrf' sf fspdrnfh `fhtra `f gd vdscld fg agar

prapca `fg äncà dnãtcna y atrds fidhdncahfs `f idgd fspf

ncf `c÷ncgfs `f `fstrucr( Fstds vdsclds' idg gcipcd`ds `fs

puãs ' þ sfd dg dnfrndrsf gd ãpand `f gd vfh`cicd ' sah gd

ndusd `f quf gas vchas quf fh fggds sf fhvdsdh d`qucfrfhgas idgas ndrdntfrfs `fg fhiamfncicfhta( ^c vdgf ids prf

vfhcr fg idg quf tfhfrga quf rfif`cdr' ngdra fs quf sfrä

scfiprf prfefrcogf fvctdr ä gas tahfgfs `cnmd dgtfrdncþh quf

narrfkcr gas vchas defntdàs `f gd icsid( Aosfrvfh pufs

gas nasfnmfras gds rfkgds quf ggfvdias fxpufstds pdrd gd

oufhd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas tahfgfs' y mdoräh fvctdà yd ä

sus praùntas uhd `f gds ndusds prchncpdgfs `fg vcnca qufhas anupd(

Atrds vfnfs fg iama `f gas vchas fs `focà ä gd fhtrd`d

`fg dcrf `fhtra gds oatds fh quf gas icsias sf kudr`dh( Vh

idg tdpþh `f narnma dpgcndà ä gd dofrturd supfrcar `fg

tahfg fs ndpdz `f crrakdr ä gas nasfnmfras pfrlucncas `f nah

sc`frdncþh' pufsta quf' edncgctdhà dg vcha fg nahtdnta `fg

dcrf' `d gukdr ä gd earidncþh `fg iama fh gd pdrtf supfrcar `fg géqucà' nuyd dgtfrdncþh' sc ha sf nahtcfhf prahta'

pfhftrd gufka fh fg sfha `fg icsia tfrichdhà nah fg `f

sdrragga `f gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd( Fsta has idhcecfstd gd

cipartdhncd `f nfrrdr ocfh gas tahfgfs fh quf fg vcha `fof

nahsfrvdrsf' y ga iuy sfhscogf `f gd ch`cefrfhncd nah quf

pranf`fh vdrcas vctcnugtarfs dg prdntcndr `cnmd apfrdncþh(

Gd ndgc`d` chefrcar `fg narnma quf ncrnugd fh fg naifrnca



‐ ?5; ‐

ãs' ä hufstra ia a `f vfr' uhd nahndusd `f gd idgd nfr

rdùrd `f gas fhvdsfs' ga nudg fs tdhta ids àgarasa nudh

ta fh Fspdôd sf praùnfh narnmas `f chiflardogf ndgc`d`(

^frcd `f `fsfdr quf nah fg narnma ids echa þ ifhas parasa

sf edorcndrdh taàs gas tdpahfs `fstchdàs ä nfrrdr gds pcpds

þ vdsas fh quf gas ndgàs `fofh kudr`drsf' y quf gas vctc

nugtarfs ' gflas `f ousndr uhd fnahaiéd tarpf ã chsckhcec

ndhtf fh gd fgfnncþh `f tdpahfs ar`chdrcas pdrd nfrrdr sus

oatds' naia mdrta ä ifhuà sunf`f' fsnakcfsfh gas narnmasids fgästcnas y ifhas parasas( Udgf gd pfhd `f quf fh

fstds apfrdncahfs sf pranf`d nah idyar fsnrupugasc`d` `f

gd quf sf aosfrvd naiuhifhtf' y `f sfkura quf fh fgga

kdhdrédh krdh`fifhtf gd oufhd nahsfrvdncþh `f gas vchas

y gas chtfrfsfs `f gas icsias nasfnmfras(

@f ga `cnma sf checfrf quf fg if`ca `f cipf`cr fg fhia)

mfncicfhta `f gas vchas' fh fg ndsa `f quf sf trdtd' fstähdturdgifhtf ch`cndà( Ncãrrfhsf pufs gds vdsclds -ocfh

ggfhds `f vcha# `f ia a quf fg dcrf fxtfrcar ha puf`d pf

hftrdr fh fggds' y tfh`rfias fvctd`d gd rfefrc`d dgtfrdncþh(

@fngdrdà fg iama fh uh vcha' mdy quf dnu`cr `fs`f

gufka ä nartdr gas prakrfsas `f gd fhefrif`d` sc sf qucfrf

sdgvdr gd vc`d `fg ndgà( Dg fefnta sf trdsgd`drä fg géqucà ä

atras tahfgfs ocfh dzuerdàs if`cdhtf uhd ifnmd ciprfkhd`d `f dzuerf y `f dgkuhd sustdhncd draiätcnd naia gd

ndhfgd' fg gcrca `f Egarfhncd' ftn (' gufka sf `fofrä ngdrcec

ndrga nah gd `csaguncþh `f gd kfgdtchd' `fldhà fg hufva fh

vdsf ocfh ggfha' nfrrdà fxdntdifhtf y nagandà fh uh gandg

erfsna( Dsé sf narrckf iunmds vfnfs uh fhiamfncicfhta

pana `fsdrraggdà' dpdrfncfhà fg vcha nah oufh sdoar y

uh draid dkrd`dogf( Ids sc dqufg vcnca fs praeuhà' y md



‐ ?5= ‐

`fstrucà yd dgkuha `f gas äncàs hdturdgfs `fg vcha' fs

prfncsa quf' ä ids `f flfnutdr gds apfrdncahfs quf dndod

ias `f ch`cndr' sf fnmf idha `fg ndroah dhcidg purcecnd

à par fg äncà mc`rangþrcna( D fstf ech `fofh mdnfrsf prf

vcdifhtf y fh pfqufôa vdrcas fhsdyas nah ckudgfs ndhtc`d

`fs `fg vcha vcncdà y `cstchtds praparncahfs `f ndroah'

dôd`cfhà fh nd`d uha `f fggas uh pana `f uh äncà vflf)

tdc' þ `f oc)tdrtrdta `f patdsd pdrd sustctucr dg quf muocfsf

scà `fstrucà ùrdhtf gd dgtfrdncþh `f quf sf trdtd( Fg na

sfnmfra' fh vcstd `f gas rfsugtdàs `f fstas fhsdyas `cefrfh

tfs' sdorä gd ndhtc`d` `f ndroah dhcidg quf sfrä hfnfsdrcd

pdrd rfif`cdr fg rfstdhtf vcha `f gas tahfgfs nuyd ndpdnc

`d` gf sfd nahanc`d( Ha `f atra iaà mfias rfstdogfncà ä

su fstdà haridg krdh`fs ndhtc`d`fs `f vcha eufrtfifhtf

fhiamfncà( Ocfh fs vfr`d` quf gas ndgàs dsc trdtdàs sf

prfsfhtdh iuy rfodldàs `f nagar par gd prapcf`d` quf

tcfhf fg ndroah `f dpa`frdrsf `f gas nagarfs vflftdgfs' pfra

sfifldhtf chnahvfhcfhtf `fsdpdrfnf dôd`cfhà dg vcha rf

if`cdà ncfrtd praparncþh `f atra vcha tchta þ iuy nagard

à( Fstd ifzngd praùnf uh vcha quf ha sf `cstchkuf `fg

quf fs hdturdgifhtf pura y sdha(

Ha agvc`fias dmard gd hfnfsc`d` `f narrfkcr fg fhiamf

ncicfhta `f gd vdscld fh nuya vcha sf `fsdrraggþ ids þ ifhas praeuh`difhtf dqufg vcnca( Vh tahfg fhiamfncà y idg

gcipcdà fs ndpdz `f naiuhcndr nahstdhtfifhtf su icsid

dgtfrdncþh ä gas géqucàs quf fh ãg sf `fpasctfh( Fg if`ca

ids ä prapþscta pdrd fgcichdr fg iama 5 gds egarfs `f gas

vdsas nahscstf fh ga sckucfhtf< sf quctd dhtf taà uha `f

gas eahàs `fg tahfg' y sf gcipcdh sus pdrf`fs chtfrcarfs

erfkähàgds nah gd idyar fsnrupugasc`d`' gufka sf pahf



‐ ?53 ‐

`fhtra gd oatd uh iahtahncta `f sdricfhtas sfnas y quf

ordhtdàs' sf gfs pfkd eufka' y icfhtrds vdh dr`cfhà sf`dh dgkuhds vufgtds dg odrrcg mdncfhà `f iaà quf fg eufka

pdsf gckfrdifhtf par ta`d gd supfrecncf chtfrcar `f gd id

`frd( Mfnma fsta' sf dpgcnd gd icsid apfrdncþh ä gd ndrd

chtfrcar `fg eahà `f gd vdscld quf mfias sfpdrdà' fg nudg

sf luhtd gufka `fspuãs nah dqufggd( Zar ügtcia sf gdvd fg

tahfg nah dkud mcrvcfhà y uh puôdà `f ndg mc`rdtd`d2

pdsd`ds nudtra mards sf drrald gd gancþh fxprfsd`d y sfrfhufvd nah atrd `f dkud ercd' rfpctcãhàsf fstds gancahfs

`f dkud sagd mdstd quf fggd sdgkd `fg tahfg chsépc`d y trds

pdrfhtf( Fg rfsugtdà `f `cnmds apfrdncahfs hd`d `fld quf

`fsfdr' y gas vdsas' gcorfs yd `fg fhiamfncicfhta' puf`fh

rfncocr gas ndgàs sch naiuhcndrgfs dgtfrdncþh dgkuhd(

4 : 0 ( Dnftcecndncþh `fgvcha( Nudhà fg iama `f gas vchas

pranf`f `f uh vcnca `f gds vdsclds `f efrifhtdncþh' y gasndgàs mdh scà trdsfkdàs fh chvcfrha pdrd sfpdrdrgfs `f

gds mfnfs praùnc`ds par gds prcifrds efrifhtdncahfs' fh

tahnfs gas géqucàs' sc fstäh prcvdàs `fg dcrf' pfridhfnfh

chdgtfrdogfs' ha fxpfrcifhtdhà atrd `fkfhfrdncþh quf fg

`fsdrragga idyar þ ifhar `fg icsia fhiamfncicfhta `f

quf sf mdggdh defntdàs( Zfra sc fg dcrf dìaseãrcna tcfhf

par dgkuh tcfipa gcorf dnnfsa `fhtra `f gas vdsas -fstãh þha vcncdàs# quf nahtcfhfh fg vcha' tcfhf gukdr fh fg icsia

atrd dgtfrdncþh ids euhfstd ta`dvéd quf gd dhtfrcar( Mdstd

dmard gds fhefrif`d`fs `f gas vchas mdh( pa`cà rfif`cdrsf

ids þ ifhas sch rcfska `f su fxcstfhncd' par idhtfhfrsf

cgfsa su fgfifhta prchncpdg þ sfd fg dgnamag' ids nudhà ha

sf md sdocà fvctdr gd dnncþh nahtchud`d `fg axékfha `fg

dcrf saorf gas géqucàs' sf chschüd fh gds ndpds supfrcarfs



‐ ?;: ‐

`f gas icsias gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd' gd nudg' sc ha sf

nartd fh su arckfh ' puf`f tfrichdr nah gd `fstrunncþh tatdg`fg dgnamag' y par nahsckucfhtf nah gd iufrtf `f gas vchas(

Fstd krdvf dgtfrdncþh sfrcd fhtfrdifhtf cipascogf sc gas

nasfnmfras' dg fgdoardr sus praùntas' aosfrvdsfh gds rfkgds

quf ggfvdias rfnaifh`d`ds( Pfhkdias dqué prfsfhtf quf

fg äncà sugeurasa fipgfdà nahvfhcfhtfifhtf fh fstdà `f

kds' géqucà þ naiochdà nah gd sasd þ gd ndg' fs uh if`ca

eäncg' chanfhtf y pa`frasa pdrd fvctdr ä gas zuias ùgnfs suefrifhtdncþh' y ä gas vchas su dnftcecndncþh( Fstd fhefrif

`d` sch fiodrka fs mdrta naiüh par `fskrdncd' y dosar)

vf' taàs gas dôas' uhd oufhd pdrtf `f gas ofhfecncas quf

iunmas nasfnmfras pa`rédh pfrncocr if`cdhtf uhd vchcecnd

ncþh ids rdncahdY y ncfhtéecnd(

Gd dnftcecndncþh `fg vcha fipcfzd fh gd supfrecncf `fg gé

qucà quf fstä fh nahtdnta nah fg dcrf quf pfhftrd fh gdvdscld par gd dofrturd supfrcar `f gd icsid' fg axékfha `f

dqufg egucà dtdnd `fs`f gufka dg dgnamag `fg vcha `fsmc`ra

kfhähàgf' y `dhà gukdr ä gd earidncþh `f dkud' fg dgna

mag `fspaldà `f uhd pdrtf `f su mc`rþkfha sf nahvcfrtf

fh dg`fmc`d' fh nuya fstdà' nahtchudhà gd dnncþh `fg axé

kfha `fg dcrf' sf qufid atrd parncþh `fg mc`rþkfha `f dqufg

hufva naipufsta fg nudg quf`d trdsearidà fh äncà dnãtcna( Gds fxprfsd`ds rfdnncahfs sah ids þ ifhas dntcvds sf

küh fg krdà `f tfipfrdturd quf gds prfsc`f' y nahtchud

rédh `fsarkdhczdhà taà fg dgnamag `fg vcha' nahvcrtcãhà

ga fh vchdkrf' icfhtrds fg dcrf y `fiäs ncrnuhstdhncds gds

edvarfncfsfh( Fh vcstd pufs `f gd edncgc`d` nah quf gas

vchas puf`fh sfr véntcids `f gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd ' fs

urkfhtf quf pahkdias uh `cquf ä gas prakrfsas `f gd



‐ ?;4 ‐

icsid' uhd vfz `fngdrd`d' vdgcãhàsf `f gas if cas quf gd

ncfhncd md pufsta ä hufstra dgndhnf( Mf dqué fg pranf`cicfhta quf has md `dà iflarfs rfsugtdàs fh gd narrfnncþh

`fg dkrca chncpcfhtf `f gas vchas( Pþifsf uhd ndhtc d` `f

ndgdorf mfnma fh ercþ quf rfprfsfhtf uhd sfxtd pdrtf `fg

vaguifh `fg vcha quf sf trdtd `f narrflcr' y uh iaifhta

dhtfs `f sdndrga `fg tahfg fh quf sf mdggd `fpasctdà' fs

ch`cspfhsdogf dkctdrga uh pana ä ech `f pahfr fh suspfhscah

fh fg icsia gds idtfrcds dzad`ds nahtfhc`ds fh sus mfnfs(@cnmds idtfrcds quf fhturocdh fg gcnar sah hfnfsdrcds pdrd

fg `fsdrragga `f gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd quf vdias ä

praiavfr fh fg sfha `fg vcha nuyd dnc`fz narrfkcias'

pufsta quf dosarvcfhà fg axékfha `fg dcrf sf trdsearidh

fh vfr`d`fras efrifhtas ndpdnfs `f `ftfrichdr dqufggd efr

ifhtdncþh( @f nahsckucfhtf' iãzngfsf fg rfefrcà gcnar nah

fg vcha vcncdà `f gd nuod' dkétfsf ocfh gd ifzngd fh ta`ds`crfnncahfs' y apfrdhà odla uhd tfipfrdturd `f " 4?º

nfhtékrdàs pranurdrfias `fsdrraggdr uhd efrifhtdncþh

erdhndifhtf fspcrctuasd( Fh fefnta' ä gds vfchtf y nudtra þ

trfchtd y sfcs mards vufgvfh ä dpdrfnfr fh fg géqucà dgku

has kgaougcggas `f kds äncà ndroþhcna' nuya `fsprfh`c

icfhta vd scfhà sunfscvdifhtf ids pfrnfptcogf( Fh fstf

fstdà dpgcqüfsf `f hufva ä gd dofrturd supfrcar `fg tahfguh tdpþh mc`räugcna' y `ãlfsf dsc gd apfrdncþh mdstd quf

nfsf ndsc `fg taà gd sdgc`d `fg äncà ndroþhcna' ga nudg fs

uh ch`cnca `f mdofrsf `fsnaipufsta yd par uhd vfr`d`frd

efrifhtdncþh gd idyar pdrtf `fg dzündr pranf`fhtf `fg nd

gdorf( Fhtahnfs ha mdy ids quf `fstdpdr gd vdscld' ggfhdr

gd naipgftdifhtf nah vcha oufha y tdpdrgd nah fxdntctu`(

@fspuãs `f quchnf `cds `f rfpasa' fhnuãhtrdsf fh vfz `f



‐ ?;? ‐

uh géqucà dkrca y `fsdkrd`dogf uh vcha ngdra y trdspd

rfhtf' àtdà `f oufh draid y sdoar' nah dpdrcfhncds `fuh vcha hufva par fg kusta pcndhtf prapca `fg äncà ndroþ

hcna rftfhcà par gd prfscþh( Fstd icsid prfscþh fs prfnc

sdifhtf gd quf fstdogfnf gd trdhqucgc d` fh fg vcha pra

ùncfhà su ngdrcecndncþh' ä pfsdr `f ha mdofrsf `fsnai

pufsta gd tatdgc d` `fg dzündr' `f sufrtf quf' sc sf `csic

huyf gd prfscþh edncgctdhà fg fsndpf `fg äncà ndroþhcna

`fg tahfg' vagvfrédh ä dpdrfnfr fh gd supfrecncf `fg géqucàatrds ouroulds `f `cnma kds' fstdogfncãhàsf fg iavcicfh

ta prapca f gd efrifhtdncþh gfhtd `fg vcha' nuya efrifh

ta' gufka quf ha fhnahtrdréd ids dzündr quf `fsnaipahfr'

nahtchudhà gds rfdnncahfs `fg icsia iaà' praiavfréd

gd dnftcecndncþh `fg dgnamag rfkfhfrdhà gas fgfifhtas `fg

vchdkrf( Mf dqué fg iatcva par fg nudg fs ch`cspfhsdogf

aosfrvdr fg iaifhta prþxcia dg tãricha `f gd efrifhtdncþhdgnamþgcnd quf mfias rfpraùnc a fh fg vcha quf iflard

ias' y `ftfhfr fh sfkuc`d ta`d rfdnncþh ugtfrcar tdpdhà

ocfh gd nuod(

D ofhfecnca `fg pranf`cicfhta quf dndodias `f `ftdggdr'

gd rfkfhfrdncþh `fg vcha dgtfrdà md scà naipgftd' uhd

pdrtf `fg äncà dnãtcna md scà vagdtcgczd`d par fg ndgar y fg

iavcicfhta `f gd efrifhtdncþh' `fsdpdrfncfhà dscicsiafg rfstdhtf fh fstdà `f ãtfr dnãtcna 2 par idhfrd quf' duh

nudhà hfutrdgczärdias nah uh ägndgc fh fxnfsa taà fg äncà

dnãtcna `fg vcha' ãstf ha pfr`fréd `fg taà fg agar ndrdntf

réstcna `fg vchdkrf' parquf nahtuvcfrd ta`dvéd fg ãtfr dnã

tcna( Frd pufs hfnfsdrca uh hufva trdodla `f arkdhczd

ncþh fh fstd ngdsf `f vchas vcncdàs ä ech `f `fsdgaldr ta a

fg ãtfr dnãtcna `fg nudg douh`dh' y fhkfh`rdr dg prapca



‐ i ‐

tcfipa fg dgnamag quf `focd rffipgdzdr fh pdrtf dg quf pra

ùla gas prchncpcas äncàs( S dsé fs2 fh fg iãtaà quf `fldias fxpufsta fg dgnamag prapca `fg ndgdorf y fg quf pra

nf`f `fg dzündr `fg icsia sustctuyfh `f saord dg dgnamag

`fstrucà par gd `fkfhfrdncþh `fg vcha' naiochähàsf éhtc

idifhtf nah fstf ügtcia fh fg dnta `f su efrifhtdncþh fs

pcrctuasd( Dsé quf`dh ggfhd`ds naipgftdifhtf gds nah`cnca

hfs hfnfsdrcds pdrd rfstdogfnfr `cnmas vchas ä su fstdà

haridg y vagvfrgas ütcgfs dg nahsuia püogcna(Nudhà ha sf tcfhf ä idha fg ndgdorf ifhncahdà' puf

`f fipgfdrsf fh su gukdr vcha iuy ùgnf `fg dôa' þ ocfh

vcha hufva y sfna nah d`cncþh `f dzündr' ifzngdhà ä gas

icsias uh 5 par 4::' `f su vaguifh rfspfntcva' `f fspé

rctu `f >6º' ä ech `f suichcstrdr dg vcha dgtfrdà gd eufrzd

quf gf edgtd(

Nudhà fh gd `fsdnc`cecndncþh' `f quf has anupdias' mdyquf apfrdr fh krdh`f fsndgd ' fhtahnfs puf`f dpravfnmdrsf

vfhtdlasdifhtf gd ãpand `f gd vfh`cicd( Fg pranf cicfhta

fs naia sckuf < fh uh gdkdr' par flfipga' `f ndoc`d nch

nufhtd mfntagctras `f uvds' `fg nudg sf dndof `f fxtrdfr

par fspctd þ oaiod gd idyar pdrtf `fg iasta efrifhtdà

nah fg arula' sf gf fnmdräh vfchtf y nchna mfntagctras `fg

vcha dgtfrdà' y sf `fldrä rfpraùncr par fspdnca `f às`cds gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþgcnd' idhtfhcfhà scipgfifhtf

tdpdà fg gdkdr( Prdsnurrcà `cnma tcfipa sf trdscfkd fg gé

qucà `f gd nuod' naganähàga fh tahfgfs quf `fofräh quf

`dr dgka vdnéas' pdrd ggfhdrgas gufka nah gd narrfspah`cfhtf

praparncþh `fg vcha rfsugtdhtf `f gd prþxcid prfscþh `fg

arula( Gd efrifhtdncþh sf `fldrä nahtchudr fh gas fhvdsfs

if`ca nfrrdàs mdstd quf ha sf pfrncod fg iavcicfhta>5



‐ ?;0 ‐

dnfgfrdà quf praiufvf gd sdgc`d `f gas kdsfs' fh nuyd

andscþh sf tdpdräh fxdntdifhtf gds vdsc lds' quf`dhà dsémdstd fg ifs `f Fhfra þ Eforfra sckucfhtfs2 fhtahnfs fg

vcha pa`rä yd `fstchdrsf cipuhfifhtf dg nahsuia(

Gd narrfnncþh `f gas vchas par fg iãtaà quf dndodias

`f ch`cndr fs ha ifhas sdtcsedntarcd y duh ids sfhncggd quf

gd `fg pranf`cicfhta dhtfrcar < taà fg äncà dnãtcna `fg vcha

vcncdà md `fsdpdrfncà naipgftdifhtf' þ sfd pdrtf fh

fstdà f äncà y pdrtf fh fg `f ãtfr dnãtcna 2 susX `fiäsprchncpcas sf mdh ifzngdà éhtcidifhtf nah fg iasta fh

efrifhtdncþh ' d`qucrcfhà fg draid y fg nagar prapcas `f

gas vchas hufvas' tchtas y `f idnfrdncah(

CA^( ^doar didrka `fg vcha( @clcias fh atra gukdr quf

gas vchas sah géqucàs arkähcnas y vcvcfhtfs quf tcfhfh su

chedhncd' su luvfhtu`' su f`d` idùrd y su vflfz' y quf

ggfkdàs ä fstf fstdà vcvédh ch`fechc`difhtf' parquf nahsfrvdodh scfiprf sus às fgfifhtas chiartdgfs ' þ sfdh gas

ãtfrfs y fg dgnamag( Fipfra mdy dgkuhas ndgàs quf fh su

vflfz fxpfrcifhtdh hdturdgifhtf ncfrtd dgtfrdncþh' fh vcr

tu` `f gd nudg su sdoar' dhtfs echa y dkrd`dogf ' d`qucfrf

ids þ ifhas didrkar( Fhtahnfs `crédsf quf gas vchas vcf

las mdh fhtrdà fh su `fnrfpctu` sc fggd pu`cfsf tfrichdr

nah gd iufrtf `f gas icsias' ga quf fs idtfrcdgifhtf cipascogf( Gas vchas dhflas ' scfiprf kfhfrasas þ eufrtfs' y

scfiprf draiätcnas par su oauquft dgtdifhtf prahuhncdà'

saga puf`fh fxpfrcifhtdr dgtfrdncahfs quf fh hd`d `fstru

yfh gd fsfhncd `f su vc`d( @f dmé fs quf ühcndifhtf sf md

aosfrvdà fh dgkuhas `f fggas uhd ia`cecndncþh fspfncdg fh

su sdoar( Ufdias pufs `f quf idhfrd pa`fias `fstfrrdr

fg idg kusta `f gas ch`cndàs praùntas tdh dprfncdogfs( @as



‐ ?;6 ‐

sah gas if`cas quf dg fefnta puf`fh flfnutdrsf nah gd sfku

rc`d` `f uh ãxcta efgcz' sc dqufggd dgtfrdncþh ha fs iuy praeuh`d( Fg prcifra nahscstf fh trdsfkdr fg vcha ä atrd vdscld

rfncfhtfifhtf dzuerd`d' ifzngähàgf' gufka `f trdsfkdà'

uhd nudrtd pdrtf `f vcha pura `f às ä trfs dôas `f f`d`2

fh sfkuc`d sf `d ä fstd ifzngd uhd gckfrd ngdrcecndncþh if

`cdhtf gd kfgdtchd supfrcar' y sf `fld gd pcpd þ oatd ocfh

ggfhd y tdpd`d( Fg sctca àh`f mdh `f prdntcndrsf `cnmds

apfrdncahfs `fof sfr erfsna ä ech `f quf gd prfncpctdncþh `fgds idtfrcds chsaguogfs `fg géqucà' quf sufgf sfr tdr`éd' sf

fefntüf nah gd ifhar gfhtctu` pascogf( Iunmds vfnfs sf nar

rckf dsé fg sdoar didrka `f gas vchas' pfra sc sf aosfrvd

quf fg idg kusta pfrscstf duh sf `fofrä dnu`cr dg usa `fg

mc`rdta `f ndg' mdncfhà prfvcdifhtf vdrcas tdhtfas pdrd

dvfrckudr gd ndhtc`d` `f axcà ndgncna quf sf hfnfsctdrä

pdrd rfif`cdr fg vcha `f gas tahfgfs( Dg aolfta sf taidhtrfs þ nudtra oatfggds `f gd ndpdnc`d` `f uh gctra' y sf ggf

hdh `fg vcha vcncdà' gufka sf `fsgcã fh nd`d uhd `f fggds

uhd nartd y `cstchtd ndhtc`d` `f mc`rdta `f ndg -`fs`f ?

ä 5 krdhas par gctra `f vcha# y sf dkctd uh pana gd ifz

ngd `f nd`d oatfggd' `flähàgd rfpasdr `fspuãs mdstd quf

fg géqucà sfd ocfh trdhspdrfhtf( Fxdichdhà fg vcha `f

fstas fhsdyas `cstchtas' sf vfh`rä fh nahancicfhta `fgquf prfsfhtf iflarfs ndgc`d`fs' ä ech `f dpgcndr fg fhsdya

`fg icsia ä gd narrfnncþh tatdg `fg vcha `f gas vdsas(

Gd ndg `fofrä chnarpardrsf dg vcha fh fg dnta `f sfr trd

sfkdà `fspuãs `f su ngdrcecndncþh y nahsckucfhtf rfpasa(

^c prdntcnd`ds gds rfefrc`ds apfrdncahfs fg sdoar didrka

`f gas vchas ha muocfsf `fsdpdrfncà par naipgfta' fhtah

nfs ha mdy ids rfif`ca quf ifzngdr gas géqucàs nah fg à)



‐ i& ‐ogf þ trcpgf `f su vaguifh `f atra vcha pura y ids lavfh2

fstds ifzngds fhnuorfh pfrefntdifhtf fg idg kusta `f

dqufggas ndgàs(

EDG^CECNDNCAHF^ ID^ NAIVHF^ @F GA^ UCHA^ S IF@CA^

@F _FNAHANF_GD^(

4:5( Gds edgscecndncahfs `f gas vchas' mdrta kfhfrdgczd

`ds par `fskrdncd' dg pdsa quf rfngdidh fg nfga ids fsquc)

scta `f pdrtf `f gd dutarc`d`' `fofh ggdidr gd dtfhncþh `fg

fhagakcstd par ids `f uh nahnfpta( Fh aosfquca ä gd sdgu`

püogcnd y dg nrã`cta f hufstras ndgàs `drfias ä nahanfr

gds dùgtfrdncahfs ids prchncpdgfs `f quf sah véntcids iu

nmas vchas fspdôagfs' hdncàs fh uh sufga prcvcgfkcdà y

odla gds nah`cncahfs ids ofggds( Nudhà dqué gd praùnncþh

`f vchas fs iuy fxnf`fhtf ä gd hfnfsdrcd pdrd fg nahsuia

chtfrcar `f gd pfhéhsugd' nudhà gd ndgc`d` kfhfrdg `f gas

icsias hd`d `fldrd quf `fsfdr sc fh su edorcndncþh sf

dàptdsf uh scstfid ids rdncahdg y iftþ`cna' fs tdhta ids

gdifhtdogf gd edgtd `f vchas puras y hdturdgfs quf sf aosfr

vd fh gas krdh`fs nfhtras `f paogdncþh( Fg nasfnmfra nah

gd àscs `fg chfvctdogf yfsa y `fg pagva `f gd iastdzd y fg

tdofrhfra nah sus chkrf`cfhtfs vdrcas mdh nahvfrtcà fg vchapura `fg pdés fh uh patdlf' ids þ ifhas hancva ä gd sdgu`'

quf fs fg pdsta ar`chdrca `f gds ngdsfs pragftdrcds `f dgkuhds

ndpctdgfs( ¡ Am vasatras naifrncdhtfs y fxpfh`fàrfs `f

vchas$ ± mdstd nudhà mdrãcs naiprfh`fr ä gas fxtrdhlfras'

quf vcsctdh hufstrds mfriasds ncu`d`fs' quf gd pancþh nah

efnncahd`d fh vufstras gdoardtarcas fs fg vcha hdturdg fspd

ôag' tcpa chcictdogf par su eufrzd y su ndgc`d`1 ±mdstd



‐ i‐ nudhà vufstrd chsdncdogf na`cncd sfrä ifhkud y apraoca

`f gd praùnncþh `fg pdés1 ±mdstd nudhà nahtchudrfcs cipuhfifhtf fsd edorcndncþh `f vchas drtcecncdgfs quf' sc ocfh

sfdh chanfhtfs' naipraiftfh ä ga ifhas fg oufh haiorf

y gd rfputdncþh `f gas vchas `f Fspdôd1 Mard fs quf gd du

tarc`d` supfrcar fxtcrpf nah idha eufrtf fsf nähnfr `f gd

Fhagþkcnd hdncahdg' y quf gfvdhtfias gd vaz `fsnuorcfhà

fg idg nah ta`d su nrahcnc`d`' ä ech `f quf hufstras ndgàs

ha sfdh ids fg ogdhna `f ifzquchds y puhcogfs fspfnugdncahfs(

4 : ; ( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah fg dkud( Gd prcifrd

edgscecndncþh `fg vcha' gd ids erfnufhtf y ä gd ar`fh `fg `cd'

ocfh quf chaefhscvd' fs gd d`cncþh `fg dkud( Fhnahtrdr uh

vcha naiüh hdturdg sch ifzngd `f dkud fhtrf gas fxpfh`f

àrfs `f vchas `f uhd ndpctdg fs ousndr fg `cdidhtf drrald

à ä gas drfhdgfs `fg `fscfrta( Gas tdofrhfras dnastuiordhnaiftfr fstf erdu`f par gd hanmf' pana `fspuãs `f nfrrdà

fg `fspdnma `f sus tcfh`ds' ä nuya ech fnmdh idha `f vchas

tchtas' eufrtfs y iuy nagardàs' ä gas nudgfs dôd`fh uhd

parncþh `f dkud( Fg géqucà rfsugtdhtf f fstd ifzngd prf

sfhtd ta`dvéd uh nagar dgka vcva `f vcha hdturdg' par nuyd

rdzþh sufgfh sfr iuy sagcnctdàs gas vchas hdturdgfs quf

douh`dh `f idtfrcd nagardhtf( Naia fg vcha naiüh dkudàha sf nahsfrvd iunma tcfipa sch dgtfrdrsf' gas fxpfh`fà

rfs ga prfpdrdh tdh saga fh gd ndhtc`d` hfnfsdrcd pdrd ggf

hdr fg `fspdnma `fg `cd sckucfhtf dg `f gd edgscecndncþh' rf

pctcfhà gd icsid taàs gas `cds ä gd mard ch`cnd`d( Fstf

erdu`f sf suostrdf dg dhägcscs quéicna' pfra gas echas ndtd

àrfs ga rfnahanfh chif`cdtdifhtf( Fs prfncsa kcrdr erf

nufhtfs vcsctds `f chspfnncþh fh gas fstdogfncicfhtas àh`f



‐ ?;= ‐

sf vfh`fh vchas dg parifhar' dg aolfta f sarprfh`fr ch)

erdkdhtc ä gas tdofrhfras quf sch nahncfhncd gdstcidh gas ch

tfrfsfs `fg püogcna' scha su sdgu`' dùgtfrdhà gas vchas(

4:=( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah fg dkud y fg dgnamag `fg

naifrnca þ fg fspérctu `f chùstrcd( Atrds vfnfs gas edgscecnd

àrfs fipgfdh' ä ids `fg dkud' fg dgnamag `f >6 krdàs þ

ocfh fg fspérctu `f chùstrcd( Fstas erdu`fs tcfhfh gukdr nah

gas vchas iuy nagardàs y pana fspcrctuasas' pufs ä ech `f

suichcstrdr dg dkud gd eufrzd hfnfsdrcd sf gfs ifzngd uhdncfrtd ndhtc`d` `f uha `f gas fxprfsdàs dgnamagfs( Fg pra

ùnta rfsugtdhtf `f fstd edgscecndncþh' puf`f sfr pfrlu`cncdg

ä gd sdgu` `f gds pfrsahds quf mdoctudgifhtf ga usfh' fh

rdzþh `f quf fg dgnamag dôd`cà saorf sfr cipura sf idh

tcfhf gcorf þ sch naiochdncþh nah fg géqucà' fg nudg prfsfh

td uh agar suc kfhfrcs y uh sdoar tdiocãh fspfncdg prapcas

`fg fspérctu y eäncgifhtf `cstchkucogfs par gas nahsuicàrfschtfgckfhtfs(

4:3( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah gd patdsd þ gd ndg( Nudh

à gas vchas mdh fxpfrcifhtdà uh prchncpca `f dnftcecnd

ncþh fs iuy naiüh fhtrf gas tdofrhfras y trdecndhtfs

fnmdrgfs uh pana `f patdsd þ `f ndg dg aolfta `f hfutrdgczdr

su dnc`fz( Fstas vchas vcncdàs' dsc narrfkcàs' `focfrdh

sfr `fnaicsdàs dg iaifhta `f lustcecndà fg erdu`f( Zdrdrfnahanfr gds ch`cnd`ds edgscecndncahfs sf pranf`f `fg iaà

sckucfhtf< sf fvdpard fg vcha saecstcndà mdstd gd nahscstfh

ncd `f ldrdof' y sf gf trdtd fh sfkuc`d nah fg äncà sugeürc

na' fg nudg' `fsnaipahcfhà fg dnftdta ndgncna þ patäscna `fg

vcha' `ftfrichd fg `fsprfh`cicfhta `fg äncà dnãtcna ndrdn)

tfrésna par su agar `f vchdkrf( Gufka sf mdnf atra fhsdya

par sfpdrdà taidhà uhd hufvd parncþh `fg vcha saspf)



‐ ?;3 ‐

nmusa' y fvdparähàga mdstd sfquf`d`2 fsgf rfscùa sf `fs

gcã fh dkud y sf ecgtrd' fg géqucà ecgtrdà sf trdtdrä nah fg

mc`rangardta `f pgdtcha quf `fof earidr uh prfncpctdà did

rcgga `f ngarura àogf `f pgdtcha y patdsca saguogf fh fxnf

sa `f dkud sc gd edgscecndncþh `fg vcha fs `foc`d ä gd patdsd2

pfra nudhà gd dùgtfrdncþh md scà mfnmd nah gd ndg' fh

tahnfs sf `fsnuorf trdtdhà fg icsia géqucà ecgtrdhà nah

fg äncà axägcna þ fg axdgdta `f diahédna fh nuya ndsa sf

praùnf uh axdgdta `f ndg ogdhna ã chsaguogf quf sf prfnc

pctd( Dg fefntudrsf `cnmas fhsdyas fs prfncsa tfhfr prfsfhtf

quf fg vcha nahtcfhf hdturdgifhtf sdgfs `f ndg y `f patdsd'

ids sc sf aosfrvd quf gds ndhtc`d`fs `f gas prfncpctdàs

praùncàs par gas fxprfsdàs rfdntcvas fh gas vchas hdtu

rdgfs sah chnaipdrdogfifhtf ifharfs quf gds `f gas vchas

dùgtfrdàs nah gas rfefrcàs ägndgcs y trdtdàs par gas ics

ias rfdntcvas ha pa`rä ndofrhas ù`d dgkuhd saorf gd sa)ecstcndncah(

4 4 : ( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah fg yfsa( Vh krdh hüif

ra `f vctcnugtarfs ifzngdh ä sus iastas þ ä sus vchas uhd

ndhtc`d` nahsc`frdogf `f yfsa nruà þ tastdà' odla fg nah

nfpta `f quf gas ndgàs rfsugtdh ids eufrtfs' ids nagardàs

y sf nahsfrvdh iflar( Fstd oahcecndncþh dpdrfhtf `f gas

vchas fs' naia mfias vcsta yd fh fg `fnursa `f gd prfsfhtfaord' uhd vfr`d`frd edgscecndncþh quf ifrfnf sfr ndstckd`d2

`f nahsckucfhtf dmard `fofias gcictdrhas ä fxpahfrgas

if`cas `f dvfrckudr quéicndifhtf dqufg erdu`f( Dg fefnta

sf `fof `fsnuorcr dhtf taà gd fxcstfhncd `fg äncà sugeürcna

`fg sugedta `f ndg þ yfsa trdtdhà fg vcha nah dgkuhds katds

`f `csaguncþh f mc`rangardta `f odrctd' fg nudg earid uh

prfncpctdà ogdhna ã chsaguogf fh fg äncà hétrcna( @fspuãs



‐ ?=: ‐

`f dgkuhas ichutas `f rfpasa sf `fndhtd fg gcnar quf nah

tcfhf fh `csaguncþh fg iurcdta `f ndg praùncà par gd naiochdncþh `fg äncà mc`rangþrcna `f gd sdg `f odrctd nah gd

ndg `fg yfsa' y gufka sf gf dôd`f uh pana `f axdgdta `f

diahédna ä ech `f prfncpctdr gd ndg fh fstdà `f axdgdta

ndgncna( Dsé puf`f rfnahanfrsf nah edncgc`d` gd prfsfhncd `fg

yfsa fh fg vcha' pfra naia fh fg icsia sf fhnufhtrd tdi

ocãh hdturdgifhtf uh tdhta `f dqufggd sdg' fs hfnfsdrca rf

pftcr fg ch`cndà fhsdya fh uh vcha pura y naipdrdr susrfsugtdàs nah gas quf drrald fg vcha saspfnmasa þ saecstc) (

ndà( Fstf prfsfhtd `fs`f gufka gas prfncpctdàs iunma ids

douh`dhtfs quf gas `fg vcha hdturdg y pura(

444( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah gd iastdzd( Dgkuhas na

sfnmfras sufgfh ifzngdr ä sus vchas uhd parncþh `f pagva

`f iastdzd dg aolfta `f naiuhcndrgfs dpdrcfhncds `f eartd

gfzd y `f dsfkurdr dg prapca tcfipa su nahsfrvdncþh( Fsncfrta quf gas prchncpcas `f gd iastdzd hfkrd fh nahtdnta

nah fg dkud `dh gukdr ä gd earidncþh `f uh dnfctf vagätcg

fh nuyas fgfifhtas sf fhnufhtrd fg dzuerf' y quf fstf nufr

pa' trdseariähàsf `fspuãs fh äncà sugeurasa' kazd `f gd

prapcf`d` `f suspfh`fr gd dnncþh f gas efrifhtas' cipc

`cfhà hufvds efrifhtdncahfs fh fg vcha 2 pfra ha par fgga

`fofias dìctcr fg usa `f dqufggd sustdhncd nuyas prchncpcas `csufgtas fh fg vcha gf cheuh`fh ndgc`d`fs hancvds ä gd

sdgu`( Gas ndgàs' dsé saecstcndàs' prfsfhtdh uh sdoar dnrf

y pcndhtf' dgka pfrscstfhtf fh fg pdgd`dr' `fspc`cfhà d`f

iäs uh agar suc kfhfrcs `focà dg dnfctf vagätcg `f gd iastd

zd ' ndrdntfrfs quf' sc ocfh ha puf`fh naipraodrsf par if

`ca `fg dhägcscs quéicna' sah rfnahancàs eäncgifhtf par gas

oufhas ndtdàrfs( _fhuhncfh ' pufs' gas vctcnugtarfs dg usa



‐ ?=4

-4# Zdrd prfpdrdr fg ndroah dhcidg ä prapþscta pdrd `fsnagardr gas géq uc

às sf pranf`f `fg iaà sckucfhtf< sf taidh anma pdrtfs `f hfkra idre`

`fg naifrnca y sf didsdh nah gd prfncsd ndhtc`d` `f d k u d2 sf dôd`f uhd

pdrtf `f äncà mc`rangþrcna ä ??º' y sf `fld rfpasdr fg taà par fspdnca `f

uhd ma rd ' pdsd`d gd nudg ' sf fnmd dku d mcrvcfhà saorf gd idsd y sf `fld

fhercdr2 `fspuãs sf `fndhtd fg gcqucà y sf vufgvf ä gdvdr fg ndroah `fpasc

tdà' rfpctcãhàsf gd icsid gancþh nah fg dkud mcrvcfhà mdstd quchtd vfz(

Zar ügtcia sf rfnakf gd idsd saorf uu ecgtra y sf mdnf sfndr(>;

`f gd iastdzd pdrd gd oahcecndncþh `f sus vchas' gas nudgfs'

gflas `f iflardrsf' d`qucfrfh idgds ndgc`d`fs y idhcecfstdh

ch`cncas `f su saecstcndncah ä gas trdtdhtfs y nahsuicàrfs(44?( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah fg dguiorf( Zdrd aotf

hfr vchas iuy nagardàs' mdy fspfnugdàrfs quf fnmdh idha

`f `cefrfhtfs sustdhncds' naia sah fg pdga ndipfnmf' fg pdga

ordscg ' gds odyds `f sdüna' gds iards' ftn( ' fh nuyas ndsas

dnastuiordh dôd`cr ä gas vchas uhd parncþh `f dguiorf ä

ech `f dvcvdr y edvarfnfr gd `csaguncþh `f gas prchncpcas na

gardhtfs fh gas géqucàs( S naia gd saecstcndncah `f quf sftrdtd puf`f pfrlu`cndr ä rd sdgu` püogcnd' `fof sfr ndstc

kd`d uhd vfz `fsnuocfrtd par fg dhägcscs quéicna( Zdrd

dvfrckudr gd prfsfhncd `fg dguiorf fh fg vcha ha mdy ids

quf `fsnagardr fg géqucà nah fg ndroah dhcidg purcecndà -4#'

y trdtdrga' `fspuãs `f ecgtrdà y `fsnagardà' nah gd patdsd

þ gd sasd quf `dh gukdr ä gd earidncþh `f uh prfncpctdà

`f mc`rdta `f dgüichd saguogf fh fxnfsa `f ägndgc(44>( Edgscecndncþh `fg vcha nah fg gctdrkcrca( Gas vchas

dkrcas sah ä vfnfs narrfkcàs par if`ca `fg gctdrkcrca ü atras

prfpdrdàs `f pgaia' dg aolfta `f hfutrdgczdrgfs fg äncà

dnãtcna quf nahtcfhfh' y naiuhcndrgfs uh sdoar dzundrd

à ' prapca `fg dnftdta pgþiocna quf fhtahnfs sf praùnf(

^fifldhtf edgscecndncþh fs `ckhd `f sfvfra ndstcka par sfr



dgtdifhtf vfhfhasd( Zdrd rfnahanfrgd sf `fsnagard dhtf taà

fg vcha nah fg ndroah dhcidg' `f quf mfias mdogdà dhtfrcarifhtf' y sf trdtd `fspuãs nah uhd `csaguncþh `f sugeura

`f ndgnca fh fg äncà ngarmé`rcna þ tdrtärcna `focgctdà 2 fstd

`csaguncþh prfncpctd fg pgaia fh fstdà `f sugeura hfkra(



N D Z É P V G A UC

Ci ct dn cþ h `f gas vc ha s hdnc ahd gfs i ds

afgfPordàs(

4 4 0 ( Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz' Zf`ra Lcifhfz' Iasndtfg'

Pchtcggd `f Oatd y Zdldrftf( Dg trdtdr `f gd fgdoardncþh `fgas vchas kfhfrasas þ rdhncas ndtdgdhfs fxpuscias gas sdtcs

edntarcas rfsugtdàs `f hufstra pranf`cicfhta' nah fg nudg

puf`fh cictdrsf iuy ocfh gas vchas dh`dgunfs ggdidàs

Lfrfz sfna' Iägdkd sfna y Iägdkd ùgnf( Dmard `fofias

`dr ä nahanfr ä gas dkrcnugtarfs fg ãxcta ha ifhas efgcz `f

hufstras fhsdyas rfgdtcvas ä gd cictdncþh `f atras vchas `f

gd icsid pranf`fhncd y `f ckudg nfgforc`d` quf gas quf dndodias `f ifhncahdr( Ids' naia dqufggas prfncasas ndgàs

sah edorcndàs prchncpdgifhtf nah vdrcf`d`fs `f uvds prc

vcgfkcd`ds ' ha has euã pascogf cictdrgas `f uhd idhfrd

fxdntd sch praparncahdrhas dhtf taà gas sdricfhtas `f gds

nfpds fspfncdgfs quf gas praùnfh( D fstf ech cipartdias

`f Dh`dgunéd' mdnf panas dôas' `cefrfhtfs idlufgas `f gds

vc`fs gfkétcids quf suichcstrdh gas ediasas vchas ggdidàs



‐ ?=0 ‐

Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz' Zf`ra Lcifhfz' ftn( y pranurdias su

dngcidtdncþh fh hufstra pdés' fsnakcfhà pdrd gas pgdhtéasã chkfrtas hfnfsdrcas gas tfrrfhas y gds vc`fs quf ids sf

naheuh`cfrdh nah gas dh`dgunfs par su naipascncþh quéic

nd ' ngcidtagakéd y hdturdgfzd rfspfntcvas( Nugtcvd`ds gds

ndstds nah fg icsia fsifra' y pra`ckdhà gas idyarfs

nuc`dàs ä gd idùrfz `f gas erutas y ä gd efrifhtdncþh `f

sus iastas par sfpdrdà' þ ifzngdàs fhtrf sc fh prapar

ncahfs vdrcds' mfias gakrdà aotfhfr' ocfh quf fh pfqufôa' gas rfefrcàs vchas fspfncdgfs tdh lustdifhtf dprfncdàs

fh Furapd( Fefntcvdifhtf2 gd uvd ggdid`d Zdgaicha `f

Lfrfz' sagd þ sch ifzngd `f atrd vdrcf`d`' has `ca uh pra

ùnta draiätcna' echa y `ckha vfr`d`frdifhtf `f dqufg

haiorf2 fg vcùfôa `fhaichdà Zf`ra Lcifhfz' luhta nah

fg Ldãh ogdhna y fg Zdgaicha' fh ckudgfs praparncahfs ä

nartd `cefrfhncd' has suichcstrþ fg prapca vcha Lcifhfz2uhd pdrtf `fg iasta `f gd uvd Iasndtfg ifhuà ogdhna' y

nchna sfxtds pdrtfs `fg Zf`ra Lcifhfz praùncfrah uh vcha

ocfh cictdà dg gfkétcia vcha Iasndtfg `f Iägdkd' gd uvd

ggdid`d Iaggdr ogdhna ifzngd`d nah uhd nudrtd pdrtf `f su

pfsa `fg Zdgaicha y atra tdhta `fg Lcifhfz has `ca uh vcha

suidifhtf draiätcna quf sf naheuh`éd nah fg vfr`d`fra

Zdldrftf2 y echdgifhtf' gd Pchtcggd þ sfd gd uvd Kdrhdnmd`f Ndtdguôd' efrifhtd`d par sc sagd' pfra fh nahtdnta'

naia sf supahf' nah sus pfpctds y pfgénugds `fhtra gd nuod'

has suichcstrþ uh vcha iuy ùgnf y nagardà quf ha sf

`cstchkuéd `fg ediasa vcha Pchtcggd `f _atd' hc `fg iflar

Pchta drdkahãs(

Mã dqué fh rfsuifh gas if`cas `f cictdr gas vchas ids

nfgfordàs `f Fspdôd quf tdhta prfstckca mdh dgndhzdà fh



‐ ?=6 ‐

fg fxtrdhlfra( Zfra hatfias dmard quf ha `fldhà `f

dpgcndr ä gd cictdncþh `f fstas vchas gds ia`cecndncahfs qufmfias chtraùncà fh fg pranf`cicfhta kfhfrdg `f vchcecnd

ncþh pa`rfias iflardr duh gd ndgc`d` `f gas icsias pra

ùntas quf has scrvcfrdh `f tcpas' `ähàgfs nd`d vfz uh

oauquft ids prahuhncdà ä if`c`d quf gds tcfrhds nfpds

id`rfs' rfncfh cipartd`ds' y gas tcfrhas chkfrtas vdydh

nrfncfhà fh gazdhéd y vckar( ^docà fs quf gds vc`fs'

nudgqucfrd quf sfd su vdrcf`d` ' praùnfh fh gas prcifrasdôas `f su fxcstfhncd gas vchas egalas' y quf fstas ha pasffh

fg krdà `f fspcrctuasc`d` hdturdg quf gfs narrfspah`f

mdstd quf dqufggds mdh dgndhzdà uhd ncfrtd f`d`( S sc par

if`ca `f gas vcùfôas lþvfhfs' aolfta `f hufstras fhsdyas'

mfias aotfhcà gas rfsugtdàs sdtcsedntarcas drrcod fxprf

sdàs ' `fofias rfnahanfr quf gd ifhar ndhtc`d` `f gas

prchncpcas draiätcnas `f gd uvd' fxcstfhtfs fh gas rfefrcàsvchas `f cictdncþh' sf supgf nah vfhtdld par fg idyar oau

quft quf gfs suichcstrd hufstra iãtaà fspfncdg `f vchcec

ndncþh 2 y naia `f atrd pdrtf dgkuhas dkrcnugtarfs nfgasas

mdh mfnma tdiocãh fh vdrcas `cstrctas aosfrvdncahfs `f gd

icsid hdturdgfzd quf gds ifhncahd`ds y aotfhcà fxnf

gfhtfs rfsugtdàs' checãrfsf f dquc gd prþxcid pascocgc`d`

`f duifhtdrsf fh Fspdôd gd praùnncþh `f vchas echas ysupfrcarfs( @fsdrraggdàs quf sfdh gd dngcidtdncþh y fg nug

tcva `f gds iflarfs ndstds `f vc`fs fh `cefrfhtfs pravchncds

`fg rfcha ' y ggfkd`ds dqufggds ä gd f`d` `f su idyar

vckar' pfridhfncfhà fstdncahdrcd naia pdrfnf gd dntudg

edorcndncþh `f gas vchas kfhfrasas `f Dh`dgunéd' ha vdncgd

ias fh `fncrga' vfh`rä uh `cd fh quf fstas prfncdàs ndg

às quf`dräh rfzdkdàs fh su prfstckca y vdgar dhtf gd



‐ ?=5 ‐

edid quf nahqucstdrdh gas praùntas `f gd Hufvd Lfrfz `f

Ndtdguôd y atras puhtas `f gdXpfhéhsugd(Fh vcstd pufs `f ga fxpufsta ggdidias gd dtfhncþh `f

gas nasfnmfras ä ech f quf' fh nudhta ga nahscfhtdh gd hd

turdgfzd `f sus tfrrctarcas rfspfntcvas y gds chegufhncds ngc

idtagþkcnds `f gas icsias' fxtcfh`dh fg nugtcva f `cnmds

nfpds prcvcgfkcd`ds pdrd gd fgdoardncþh `f gas vchas ids

supfrcarfs( Fstf nugtcva' quf fh ncfrtas ndsas puf`f sfr uh

if ca `f iflar dpravfnmdr iunmas tfrrfhas quf sf pcfr`fh tdg vfz fh gd fstfrcgc`d`' þ fstäh `fstchdàs þ atrds pra

ùnncahfs ifhas cipartdhtfs' nahtrcoucrä pa`frasdifhtf

dg eaifhta `f gd Fhagþkcnd Hdncahdg' y rfh`crä ä uh tcfi

pa krdh`fs ofhfecncas ä taàs gas dkrcnugtarfs fspdôagfs

quf sf `fnc`dh ä pahfr fh präntcnd gas prchncpcas `f gd vc

hcecndncþh ia`frhd(

CICPDNCÞH @F GA^ UCHA^+F]P_DHLF_A^ ID^ DZ_FNCD@A^(

U c h a `f Our `f a s (

446( chsckucfhà fg prapþscta `f `dr ä nahanfr ä hufstras gfntarfs gas if`cas ids nahùnfhtfs ä gd cictdncþh `f

gas vchas f ids nfgforc`d` furapfd' dsc hdncahdgfs naia

fxtrdhlfras' sf has prfsfhtd `fs`f gufka ä gd vcstd fg vcha

`f gd dgtd sancf`d` erdhnfsd ' þ sfd fg gfkétcia Our`fas(

Fstf vcha' quf ncrnugd fh fg naifrnca `f ta`ds gds hdncahfs

ncvcgczd`ds ä prfncas iuy fgfvdàs' puf`f cictdrsf fxdntd

ifhtf y prfstdrsf dg dgndhnf `f gds ngdsfs if`cds `f gd sa)



‐ ?=; ‐

ncf`d`' ifrnf` dg pranf`cicfhta' eruta `f iunmas fhsdyas'

quf gd fxpfrcfhncd md pufsta ä hufstrd `cspascncþh(@f gas dhägcscs `f gas vchas `f Our`fas y `fg Dgta Kdra)

hd -Erdhncd# prdntcndàs par fg `cstchkucà quéicna Ir(

Nmfvdgcfr rfsugtd quf' d`fiäs `f gas prchncpcas kfhfrdgfs

`f gas vchas' fxcstf hdturdgifhtf fh dqufggas géqucàs uh

pana `f tdrtrdtf `f mcfrra2 sdg quf fs prfncsa suichcstrdr

dg praùnta `f cictdncþh sc sf qucfrf apfrdr `f uhd idhf

rd rdncahdg y ncfhtéecnd( Naia fg vcha `f quf sf trdtd prfsfhtd par ga naiüh uh nagar rala vcva odstdhtf chtfhsa' has

euã ch`cspfhsdogf fnmdr idha fxnguscvdifhtf `f uvds tch

tds' fsnakcfhà fhtrf gds icsids gds vdrcf`d`fs quf nahsc

`frdias ids nahvfhcfhtfs( Gas rdncias `f gd uvd tchtd `f

Drdkþh y gas `fg Dgouga hfkra idùras y ifzngdàs fh

praparncahfs ckudgfs has suichcstrdrah fg iasta ä gas 4:

krdàs `f `fhsc d` kgfunaiãtrcnd quf fs gd icsid `f gasiastas `f Our`fas( ^dhds y nagand`ds gds uvds `f `cnmas

vcùfôas fhncid `f gd nuod `f efrifhtdncþh eufrah `fskrd

hd`ds chif`cdtdifhtf y iah`d`ds `f su fsnaodla nah gd

idyar pfrefnncþh pascogf( Ha sah ifhas fsnrupugasas fh

fstd apfrdncþh gas fhtfh càs nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs' ocfh

pfrsud`càs `f gd hfnfsc`d` `f fvctdr dg vcha gd `csaguncþh

`fg prchncpca dstrchkfhtf `f quf tdhta douh`dh gas fsnaodlas( @fspdgcggdàs gas rdncias sf fstruldrah gas krdhas nuya

zuia' luhta nah gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gds uvds' euã

fnmdà fh fg gdkdr `f fhsdya( Gufka mcncias par sfpdrdà

gd apfrdncþh sckucfhtf< sf prfpdrdh nchnufhtd gctras `f ias

ta pura nah uvds `f gd icsid pranf`fhncd quf gds prcif

rds' y sf ndgcfhtdh mdstd fg krdà `f gd fouggcncþh' gd nudg

`fof nahtchudr par fspdnca `f quchnf ichutas luhta nah



• ‐ ?== ‐

?6: krdias `f pfr)þxcà `f mcfrra2 `fspuãs sf quctd fg

eufka `f gd marhcggd' y sf `fld fhercdr fg gcnar mdstd gas >:krdàs `fg nfhtékrdà' fh sfkuc`d sf `fndhtd fg géqucà pdrd

sfpdrdrga `fg `fpþscta hfkra rfuhcà fh fg eahà `f gd vd

scld' y sf ifzngd fg praùnta `fndhtdà nah nudtra mfnta)

gctras `f iasta `fldà chtdnta fh gd nuod `f efrifhtdncþh'

gd nudg quf`þ ggfhd mdstd gas ;² `f su ndpdnc`d`( Fhtah

nfs nuorcias fg taà nah fg àogf eahà narrfspah`cfhtf ä

ech `f sulftdr gd idsd sþgc`d `fg arula y idhtfhfrgd odla`fg hcvfg `fg iasta efrifhtdhtf( Dodhàhd`d gd efrifhtd

ncþh `fg icsia dg nahtdnta `fg dcrf y fh uh pdrdlf erfsna

rfkugdrczdias su idrnmd' pranurdhà idhtfhfr fh gd o a

`fkd ' ùrdhtf ànf `cds' uhd tfipfrdturd nahstdhtf `f "

4?º( Fstd tfipfrdturd' quf fs gd quf prfsc`f gd edorcnd

ncþh gfkétcid `f gas vchas `f Our`fas y ä gd nudg fggas

`fofh su nahsfrvdncþh' fs fg taà sc sf qucfrf dsfkurdr ä prcarc gd ùrdncþh þ fstdocgc`d` `fg Our`fas cictdà(

Fspcrdà fg rfefrcà pfréaà' trdsfkdias fg vcha rfpdr

tcãhàga fh tahfgfs `f gd ndpdnc`d` `f uh mfntagctra' y ifz

ngähàgf fh nd`d uha par pdrtfs ckudgfs fg vcha pranf`fhtf

`f gd prfscþh `fg arula( Nudhà fg géqucà muoa tfrichdà

ndsc `fg taà su sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh' ggfhdias naipgftd

ifhtf sus fhvdsfs tdpähàgas fhsfkuc`d nah gd idyarfxdntctu`( D if`cdàs `fg fhfra sckucfhtf y dpravfnmdhà

uh tcfipa sfrfha sf trdsgd`þ hufstra vcha ä atrds vdsclds

ocfh dzuerd`ds' `csagvcãhàgf ?:: krdias `f äncà tdrtärc

na nrcstdgczdà par nd`d mfntagctra `f vcha' y ifzngähàgf

d`fiäs gd ndhtc`d` hfnfsdrcd `f `csaguncþh `f kfgdtchd pdrd

prfncpctdr fg fxnfsa `fg tdhcha `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f

gd uvd( @fspuãs `f trfchtd `cds `f rfpasa' `cias fg ügtcia



‐ ?=3 ‐

-0#) Fsgf praùnta sf prfpdrd pahcfhà fh nahtdnta uhd pdrtf `f er di

oufsds idùrds y fstruld`ds nah às pdrtfs `f dgnamag `f >6º' `fldhà gd

ifzngd par fspdnca `f quchnf `cds `fhtra uhd vdscld tdpd`d mfriãtcndifhtf(

@fspuãs `f `cnma pfréaà sf nufgd fg gcnar' sf fxprcifh gas rfscùas y nudh

à fg gcqucà md rfpasdà fg tcfipa suecncfhtf' prfsfhtähàsf yd ngdra y

trdspdrfhtf' sf sfpdrd par `fndhtdncþh y sf nagand fh oatfggds( Fg praùnta

tcfhf fg nagar' sdoar y erdkdhncd prapcas `f gd erdioufsd' scfhà `f d`vfrtcr

quf fg idnfrdta `fof prfpdrdrsf nah gds erdioufsds hd tu rd gf s' y ha nu gt c

vd`ds' tdgfs naia pranf`fh `f gas oasqufs `f gd dged iahtdôd `f Ndtdguôd

v `f atras puhtas àh`f nrfnfh nah douh`dhncd(

trdscfka dg vcha' dhd`cähàgf uh pana f idnãrdga dgnamþ

gcna `f erdioufsd -4 # ä ech `f naiuhcndrgf fg draid quf

ids sf pdrfnf dg `fg vfr`d`fra vcha `f Our`fas( Ggfhas y

ocfh tdpdàs gas tahfgfs' quf nahtfhédh fg ifhncahdà vcha

yd gcipca y draidtczdà' quf`drah nagandàs fh uhd oa`f

kd erfsnd par fspdnca `f uh dôa' `fldhà dg tcfipa y ä gd

hdturdgfzd gd pfrefnncþh `f hufstra trdodla( Echdgifhtf

pranf cias dg fioatfggdicfhta `fg vcha' y ga sulftdias ä

gd prufod `f gas nahanfàrfs ids fhtfh`càs ' qucfhfs ga

taidrah y nahsc`frdrah par fg prapca Our`fas tdh nfgford

à( Fh fefnta2 su sdoar dnéùga dkrd`dogf' y su nagar rala

orcggdhtf' dnaipdôdà `f uh oauquft echa y fspfncdg' sf

naheuh`édh pfrefntdifhtf nah gas ndrdntfrfs `fg vcha `f

Our`fas quf has mdocd sfrvcà `f tcpa(

Gd d`cncþh `fg änc a tdrtärcna dg vcha `f quf sf trdtd od

scà dnahsfld`d par vdrcas dutarfs' pfrsud`c as dg pdrfnfr `f quf gd dnc`fz hdturdg `f gas vchas `f Our`fas fs

`foc`d prchncpdgifhtf ä dqufg äncà2 pfra' ä pfsdr `f quf

fh gd rfdgc`d` gd fxprfsd`d dnc`fz pranf`f `fg äncà iägc

na' fstä iuy ocfh ch`cnd`d gd d`cncþh `fg äncà tdrtärcna sc

nahsc`frdias quf ãstf' `fsnaipahcfhà fg oc)idgdta `f

>=



‐ ?3: ‐

patdsd quf fxcstf fh iunmas vchas `f Erdhncd y `f Fspd

ôd' `d gukdr ä gd earidncþh `f nrfiar `f tärtdra `fldhàfh gcofrtd` dg äncà iägcna( Fg nahancicfhta `f fstds rfdn

ncahfs quf praùnf fg tdrtdrczdà `f gas vchas ga `fofias

dg)`cstchkucà Edridnãutcna `f Idnþh' Ir( Odtcggcdt' qucfh

euã fg prcifra quf `fsnuorcþ gd fxcstfhncd `fg oc)idgdta

patäscna fh gas vchas `f vdrcas `fpdrtdifhtas erdhnfsfs'

dìcrähàsf dqufg fhagakcstd `f quf' fh vcstd f gd krdh

ndhtc`d` `f `cnmd sdg nahtfhc d fh dqufggas praùntas' hagd muocfsfh idhcefstdà dhtfs quf ãg atras quéicnas `f

gas icsias `fpdrtdifhtas vchénagds( @f hufstrd pdrtf pa

`fias `fncr quf mfias rfpftcà gd aosfrvdncþh `f Ir( Od

tcggcdt fh `cefrfhtfs vchas `f gds pravchncds ifrc`cahdgfs `fg

rfcha' fhnahträhàgfs tdiocãh fh `csaguncþh uhd ndhtc`d`

nahsc`frdogf `f oc)idgdta `f patdsd' sdg quf' scfhà fg

arckfh `fg sdoar sasa `f gas vchas quf gd nahtcfhfh' `focfrd fgcichdrsf trdtdhà prcifra fg vcha nah fg äncà tdrtä

rcna mdstd quf `fld `f earidrsf prfncpctdà `f nrfiar tär

tdra' y gufka sdturdhà fg äncà iägcna gcorf par if`ca `f

gd ndg quf ga mdnf `fpasctdr fh fstdà `f idgdta ndgncna ch

saguogf(

Ha aostdhtf `f sfr iunmd gd ndhtc`d` `f oc)tdrtrdta `f

patdsd quf' ä ids `fg hdturdg' `focd prfncpctdrsf fh hufstra Our`fas edntcnca par fefnta `f gd `fsnaipascncþh `fg oc)

idgdta patäscna' y ä pfsdr `f gd gfhtctu` nah quf kfhfrdg

ifhtf gas vchas `fpasctdh dqufggd sdg' sf prfncpctþ gd ics

id ndsc tatdgifhtf ùrdhtf fg narta y ifhncahdà pfréaà

nah quf fgdoardias dqufg praùnta2 `f sufrtfquf fg vcha

pufsta `f aosfrvdncþh par fspdnca `f iunma tcfipa ha

praùla sf`cifhta dgkuha fh gds pdrf`fs hc fh fg eahà `f



‐ ?34 ‐

gds oatfggds quf ga nahtfhédh( Zar ügtcia mdrfias hatdr

dqué quf fg ifhncahdà fxnfsa `f nrfiar `f tärtdra fs fgquf `ftfrichd ifnähcndifhtf' dg prfncpctdrsf' gd pfrefntd

ngdrcecndncþh `fg géqucà(

Fg iãtaà tfþrcna)präntcna `f cictdncþh `f gas vchas `f

Our`fas quf dndodias `f ch`cndr pfrictf fgdoardr `cnmas4

ndgàs `f uhd idhfrd fxpf`ctd odla fg puhta `f vcstd c h

ùstrcdg' par nuyd rdzþh ga rfnaifh`dias ä gas nasfnmf

ras y ä nudhtas prftfh`dh `f`cndrsf ä gd edorcndncþh `fuhas drténugas quf earidh may `éd fh Erdhncd uh rdia iuy

cipartdhtf `f naifrnca(

Cipartd dmard `fncr nudtra pdgdords saorf gas if`cas

quf pdrd cictdr fg vcha `f quf trdtdias mdh rfnaifh`dà

dgkuhas Fhagakcstds iuy rfspftdogfs( ^f md `cnma quf' scfh

à fg äncà tdrtärcna uh if ca `f nahsfrvdr fg vcha' y `f

naiuhcndrgf fg draid ids pdrfncà dg `fg vcha `f Our`fas'hd`d frd ids eäncg quf cictdr fxdntdifhtf fstf vcha' sus

tctuyfhà tdh saga fg fspérctu hdturdg fxnf`fhtf `f gas ndg

às fspdôagfs -y fg quf sf gfs ifzngd pdrd su nahsfrvdncþh#

par fg äncà tdrtärcna( Dsé ' dôd`fh ' sf puf`fh aotfhfr nah

suid sfhncggfz gas vchas cictdàs `f Our`fas' sch quf nah

su usa gas decncahdàs `f oufh taha sf mdggfh fxpufstas ä

gas fefntas f gd chtfipfrdhncd( Ids ±nþia fs pascogf qufgd d`cncþh `fg äncà tdrtärcna ä uh vcha tchta fspdôag gf fgc

ichf gd ifhar ndhtc`d` `f su fspérctu' ta`d vfz quf fs sd

ocà quf dqufg äncà sf naiochd nah fg dgnamag hdncfhtf fh

gds prcifrds efrifhtdncahfs `fg iasta nahstctuyfhà fg

ãtfr tärtrcna1 ±Ha mfias vcsta yd quf gd dnncþh `fg tdr)

tdrczdà `f gas vchas ä gd tfipfrdturd ar`chdrcd sf gc

ictd ä gd `fsnaipascncþh `fg oc)idgdta `f patdsd1 ±Nþia



pufs `fldr `f aotfhfr uh idg praùnta taidhà par odsf

uh vcha' hdturdgifhtf iunma ids dgnamþgcna' y ids douh`dhtf fh tdhcha par dôd`cùrd quf gas vchas puras `f Our

`fas1 ^c gas nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs' dg fgdoardr fstas géqucàs

`cspfhsdh gas ids fxqucsctas nuc`dàs dg `fskrdhdà `f gds

uvds' ä gd efrifhtdncþh `f sus iastas' ftn(' ä ech `f quf

gas vchas rfsugtdhtfs `csufgvdh ga ifhas pascogf `f prchnc

pca dstrchkfhtf' ndusd `f su chkrdta sdoar' fs fvc`fhtf gd

cipascocgc`d` `f cictdr fg Our`fas hdturdg fnmdhà idha`f uh vcha tchta nudgqucfrd y `fg äncà tdrtärcna(

Atras dutarfs dnahsfldh dg prapca aolfta gd eþriugd sc

kucfhtf <

Ucha `fg Zrcardta' `f oufhd ndgc`d`( ( 4 pcpd(

Cheuscah dgnamþgcnd `f erdioufsds( ( ( > dzuiorfs(

Ha ndof ù`d quf fstd ifzngd suichcstrd uh vcha nuyaoauquft sf dsfifld uh!tdhta dg `fg gfkétcia Our`fas' pfra'

ha aostdhtf' `fofias nah`fhdrgd par gds icsids rdzahfs

quf mfias dùncà pdrd fg pranf`cicfhta ügtcidifhtf ch

`cndà( ^c gas vchas `f Our`fas sah tdh dprfncdàs par gd

haogfzd `f Erdhncd y `f atrds hdncahfs' parquf puf`fh of

ofrsf cipuhfifhtf fh krdh ndhtc`d` fh rdzþh `fg pana fs

pérctu quf nahtcfhfh' prfncsdifhtf `fofräh aotfhfrsf praùntas iuy `cefrfhtfs `f dqufggas' scfiprf quf pdrd cic

tdrgas sf fipgffh géqucàs dsdz dgnamþgcnas' naia sah taàs

gas vchas oufhas `fg if`ca`éd `f Fspdôd(

@f nahsckucfhtf d`vfrtcias ä gas nasfnmfras' y ä nudhtds

pfrsahds prftfh`dh cictdr fg Our`fas tdh nfgfordà' quf

sf dtfhkdh fxtrcntdifhtf ä hufstra iãtaà dhtfrcarifhtf

`ftdggdà(



‐ ?3> ‐

UCHA @F NMDIZDÔD(

445( Atra `f gas vchas `f uhd nfgforc`d` tdg vfz sch

ckudg fh Furapd' y `f nuyd cictdncþh vdias ä anupdrhas'

fs fg vcha `f Nmdipdôd' tcpa `f gas ndgàs fspuiasas( Fstf

vcha' quf sf `cstchkuf `f gas `fiäs par gd hatdogf ndhtc

`d` `f äncà ndroþhcna quf tcfhf fh `csaguncþh' fs `f uh

nahsuia fxtrdar`chdrca' ha odstdhà `f iunma pdrd ggfhdrga gd icsid Nmdipdôd erdhnfsd quf fs gd pdtrcd hdturdg

`f su edorcndncþh( @f dqué fs quf su krdh`f dnfptdncþh y

gas prfncas fgfvdàs ä quf ncrnugd fh fg naifrnca mdh chù

ncà ä vdrcas nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs ä cictdrga par if`ca `f

gds uvds `f sus rfspfntcvas `cstrctas' y `f pranf`cicfhtas

fspfncdgfs iuy fxpf`ctas( Fs `f fspfrdr quf gas vctcnugta

rfs fspdôagfs `fsdrraggfh tdiocãh fh hufstra pdés gd fgdoardncþh `fg vcha `f quf trdtdias' ta`d vfz quf tfhfias ta`ds

gds zahds `f vflftdncah' y ta`ds gds chegufhncds iftfaragþ

kcnds ids nahvfhcfhtfs dg nugtcva `f gds icsids vdrcf`d`fs

`f vc`fs `f Nmdipdôd' y `f atrds sfifldhtfs(

Dg aolfta `f eaifhtdr fhtrf hasatras fstd pdrtf tdh ci

partdhtf `f gd Fhagakéd ch`cndrfias `fs`f gufka fg iãtaà

quf has md `dà iflarfs rfsugtdàs fh gd edorcndncþh `f uhdrténuga quf praiftf krdh`fs ofhfecncas odla fg puhta `f

vcstd chùstrcdg(

Gas rdncias `f quf fnmdias idha sah fg Ldãh ogdhna þ

àrd`cggd' fg Dgouga ogdhna y gd uvd pdsd rfnakcàs uh pana

dhtfs `f ggfkdr ä su idùrfz naipgftd( Fs prfncsa dhtf taà/

nahanfr ocfh fg iaifhta fh quf `cnmds uvds ü atrds dhä

gakds sf mdggdh fh gd `cspascncþh ch`cspfhsdogf pdrd sfr



‐ ?30 ‐

utcgczd`ds ä gd cictdncþh `fg vcha `f Nmdipdôd( Fg tfhfr

yd gd uvd taà su idyar chnrfifhta quf gf fs hdturdg' fgprfsfhtdrsf fh gd pfgénugd `f gas krdhas uh tchtf didrcgga

àrdà' y fg sdoar ùgnf)dnéùga dkrd`dogf `f su iasta sah

gas ndrdntfrfs quf ch`cndh mdofr ggfkdà yd gd ãpand `f su

rfnagfnncþh( ^ch fiodrka' pdrd fstdr ids sfkuras `f gd

oufhd ndgc`d` `fg praùnta quf chtfhtdias fgdoardr' `fof

mdnfrsf prfvcdifhtf uh pfqufôa fhsdya' fxprcicfhà dg

kuhas rdncias y fxdichdhà gd rcqufzd sdndrchd `fg zuiaaotfhcà' fg nudg `fofrä sfôdgdr fh fg kgfunþiftra uhd `fh

sc`d` `f 4 ä = krdàs( Vhd vflftdncah ids pragahkd`d `f

gds vc`fs mdréd `fsdpdrfnfr `f gas rdncias gd idyar pdrtf

`f gas äncàs gcorfs tdh hfnfsdrcas dg vcha `f quf sf trdtd'

duifhtdréd fh nahsfnufhncd gd ndhtc`d` `f dzündr quf gf

sfrcd pfrlu`cncdg y earidrd fh gd pfgénugd `f gds uvds uh

fxnfsa `f idtfrcd nagardhtf quf gf eufrd tdiocãh chnahvfhcfhtf( _fuhc`ds gds fxprfsd`ds ncrnuhstdhncds sf fiprfh

`frä gd vfh`cicd' dpravfnmdhà sc fs pascogf uh tcfipa

sfna y sfrfha( Gcipcas' sdhas y `fskrdhdàs gas rdncias

sfräh fstruldàs `f uh iaà naipgfta' y sf crä ggfhdhà gd

nuod `f efrifhtdncþh mdstd gd dgturd nahvfhcfhtf nah fg

iasta dnaipdôdà `f gds pfgénugds y pfpctds `f gds uvds<

nüordsf gufka gd idsd nah fg fhrfldà `f id`frd `fstchdàdg aolfta `f quf sf `csufgvdh fh fg géqucà efrifhtdhtf gas

äncàs krdsas y gas prchncpcas draiätcnas `f gds uvds' y `ã

lfsf apfrdr dsé gd efrifhtdncþh tuiugtuasd odla uhd tfipf

rdturd ga ids odld pascogf( Pfrichd`d gd prcifrd efrifh

tdncþh `fg iasta sf pranf`frä ä su trdscfka+' fhvdsähàga fh

tahfgfs hufvas y ocfh prfpdrdàs' þ fh atras quf mdydh

nahtfhcà tdh saga vchas ogdhnas( Fg arula `f gd nuod su)



‐ ?36 ‐

lftdà ä gd dnncþh `f gd prfhsd suichcstrd fg zuia dgka

ids dstrchkfhtf quf fg dhtfrcar' y `fofrä ifzngdrsf dg icsia par ckudgfs pdrtfs( Nudhà fg géqucà `f gds vdsclds id

hcecfstd uhd fefrvfsnfhncd ndsc chsfhscogf' fhtahnfs sf ggfhd

räh gas fhvdsfs nah vcha `f gd icsid fspfncf ' rfsfrvdà

dpdrtf' y sf tdpdräh ocfh nah oufhas narnmas(

Fh gas ügtcias `cds `fg ifs `f @cncfiorf prþxcia sf

trdsgd`drä fg ifhncahdà vcha ä atras tahfgfs iuy gcipcas

y dzuerdàs' `csagvcãhàgf fh sfkuc`d gd ndhtc`d` suecncfhtf`f `csaguncþh dnuasd `f kfgdtchd' þ sfd mdstd quf uhd nartd

parncþh `f vcha ecgtrdà sf fipdôf gckfrdifhtf nah dgkuhds

katds f hufvd `csaguncþh kfgdtchasd( Fstd ühcnd ngdrcecnd

ncþh ' flfnutd`d nah fg tcha präntcna hfnfsdrca' fs odstdhtf

pdrd fgcichdr taàs gas nufrpas chtfrpufstas fh fg vcha' y ä

ids fg tdhcha fxnf`fhtf' fg nudg naiochähàsf nah gd cn

tcanagd earid uh naipufsta chsaguogf quf' dg prfncpctdrsf'sf ggfvd tdiocãh nahscka uhd oufhd pdrtf `f gd idtfrcd na

gardhtf didrcggd `csufgtd fh fg géqucà( Paàs gas dutarfs

fhagakcstds' dg trdtdr `f gd edorcndncþh gfkétcid `f gas vchas

`f Nmdipdôd ' rfnaicfh`dh gd ngdrcecndncþh `fg vcha rfpf

tc`d trfs vfnfs y fh `cstchtds ãpands' ä ech `f aotfhfrga iuy

gcipca' ogdhna y ocfh trdspdrfhtf 2 pfra hasatras ha fhnah

trdias uhd rdzþh pgduscogf fh fstd trcpgf ngdrcecndncþh' tdhnahstdhtfifhtf dnahsfld`d' sc sf nahsc`frd quf fs iuy pand

gd ndhtc`d` `f tdhcha quf fxcstf fh gas iastas `f gd Nmdi

pdôd erdhnfsd' y gd edncgc`d` nah quf gd kfgdtchd sf dpa`frd

`f dqufg prchncpca earidhà uhd vfr`d`frd naiochdncþh

quéicnd quf `fld fg vcha' `fspuãs `f su rfpasa' ngdra' orc

ggdhtf y ndsc chnagara( Fstas sah gas mfnmas quf mfias vcsta

nahecridàs par uhd gdrkd fxpfrcfhncd( D`fiäs' naia gds



‐ ?35 ‐

trfs rfefrc`ds ngdrcecndncahfs quf' ids ocfh par rutchd quf

par ncfhncd ' prdntcndh ta`dvéd iunmas nasfnmfras erdhnfsfs fxckfh atras tdhtas trdscfkas `f gas vchas' sunf`f quf'

scfhà gas géqucàs ogdhnas y `f nahsckucfhtf iuy `fgcndàs

fh su draid' sf vagdtcgczdh fh pdrtf sus prchncpcas draiä

tcnas y dgnamþgcnas `csichuyãhàsf sfhscogfifhtf su hdtu

rdg oauquft(

Prdsfkdà y ocfh ngdrcecndà par ühcnd vfz fg vcha sf gf

`fld fh rfpasa ùrdhtf uh ifs' pdsdà fg nudg sf trdsgd`dä atrds vdsclds ocfh `cspufstds y dzuerd`ds' àh`f `fofrä

pfridhfnfr par fspdnca `f uh dôa( Nagandàs gas rfefrcàs

fhvdsfs fh uhd oa`fkd erfsnd y hd`d müif`d sf `fldräh

dsé taà fg tcfipa ch`cndà' ä ech `f quf sf prfncpctfh nai

pgftdifhtf gds idtfrcds quf pa`rédh dgtfrdr gd trdspdrfhncd

`fg vcha( Fstf sf prfsfhtd par ügtcia iuy gcipca' ndsc

chnagara y nah fg sdoar dnéùga dkrd`dogf ' pu`cfhà `fstchdrsf `fs`f gufka ä gds `fiäs apfrdncahfs quf `fofh md

nfrga fspuiasa( Dg fefnta fg géqucà `fof sdturdrsf `f uhd

ndhtc`d` `f äncà ndroþhcna quf sfd ndpdz `f mdnfr sdgtdr

nah fspgascah gas tdpahfs `f gds oatfggds' dg `fstdpdrsf gds

icsids' y gfvdhtdr douh`dhtf fspuid dg fsndhncdrsf fg vcha

fh gds napds(

Dhtfs `f mdnfr fspfncdg ifhncþh `fg dpdrdta `f quf hassfrvcias pdrd `csagvfr fh fg vcha fg äncà ndroþhcna' `fof

ias ecldr uhas chstdhtfs gd dtfhncþh `f gas nasfnmfras saorf

gds oatfggds quf mdh `f nahtfhfr fg praùnta( Fstas fhvd

sfs ' nuyd nahstrunncþh `fefntuasd md ndusdà ids `f uhd

qucford `f nahsc`frdncþh ä gas edorcndhtfs `fg gfkétcia vcha

`f Nmdipdôd' `fofh tfhfr uhd rfscstfhncd ä ta`d prufod'

þ supfrcar dg hüifra `f dngiþsefrds `f prfscþh ä quf sufgf



‐ i ‐

sdturdrsf fg vcha `f äncà ndroþhcna( @f ga nahtrdrca fg n a

sfnmfra þ gd pfrsahd quf fiprfh`d gd chùstrcd `f quf sftrdtd' par chtfgckfhncd quf fh fggd tfhkd' sf fxpahf ä pãr

`c`ds nahsc`frdogfs `f gas ndpctdgfs quf fh gd icsid fi

pgfdrf( Fh nudhta ä hasatras' `crfias quf' ha aostdhtf gd

oah`d` `f gas praùntas aotfhcàs y `f su dnfptdncþh par

•gas nahsuicàrfs ids fhtfh`càs' tuvcias hfnfsc`d` `f

dodhàhdr gd edorcndncþh `f gas vchas fspuiasas þ `f Nmdi

pdôd par ndusd `f gd cipfrefnncþh `f gds oatfggds' gds nudgfs ' duhquf pranf`fhtfs `f gds eäorcnds `f vc`rca ids dnrf

`ctd`ds `f Erdhncd' ha rfscstédh naiuhifhtf ä gd prfscþh

chtfrcar `f sfcs dìþsefrds' par nuya iatcva fg fstdggcà frd

pana ifhas quf kfhfrdg( Deartuhd`difhtf may `cd fstäh

sdgvdàs fstas pfrndhnfs fnmdhà idha `f oatfggds quf md

ydh scà fhsdyd`ds prfvcdifhtf ä uhd prfscþh àogf `f gd

fxprfsd`d' `f sufrtf quf mdy edorcndhtfs erdhnfsfs qufvfh`fh `cnmas fhvdsfs dsfkurdàs ä gd prfscþh `f ànf d`

iþsefrds( S `f pdsa mfias `f nahefsdr dqué ga dtrdsd`d

quf sf mdggd dntudgifhtf gd edorcndncþh `f vc`rcas fh Fs

pdôd rfspfnta `fg fxtrdhlfra' ä àh`f saias y sfrfias par

dmard trcoutdrcas `f gd cipartdncþh `f gds oatfggds `fstchd

`ds ä nahtfhfr gas vchas fspuiasas( Mfnmd yd gd dnfrtd`d

fgfnncþh `f gds oatfggds' fstä vfhnc`d uhd `f gds `cecnugtd`fs ids chsupfrdogfs fh gd cictdncþh `f gas vchas `f Nmdi

pdôd(

Fhtrf gas `cefrfhtfs dpdrdtas chvfhtdàs mdstd fg prfsfhtf

pdrd gd fgdoardncþh `f géqucàs kdsfasas `fsnufggd' ä hufstra

fhtfh`fr fg `f Ir( Azaue' edridnãutcna `f Zdrés' ia`cecndà

par Ir( Ndzduoah' qucfh md nahstrucà uh dpdrdta sfhncgga'

sþgcà' nahtchua y `f uh prfnca ia`frdà fh naipdrdncþh nah>3



‐ ?3= ‐

-4# LFsgd pugpd' quf puf`f prfpdrdrsf nd`d vfz quf sf hfnfsctd' sf aotcf

hf `fg iaà quf sckuf < sf suifrkf gd ndhtc`d` hfnfsdrcd `f pdpfg ogdhna

sch nagd `fhtra `f dkud ndgcfhtf fh uhd ldrdofrd' y sf odtf eufrtfifhtf nah

uh dkctdàr ä prapþscta' sfifldhtf dg quf scrvf pdrd `fsgfér gd dgoüichd fh

fg dkud' mdstd quf sf md `cvc`cà fh fg fstdà pugpasa prcictcva2 sf fnmd gd

idtfrcd saorf uh gcfhza ngdra þ ocfh uh nf`dza+fh àh`f sf fsnurrf fg géqucà

y quf`d gd pugpd' gd nudg sf gdvd fh sfkuc`d nah dkud( Aotfhc`d gd pugpd' sf

gd fxprcif gckfrdifhtf y sf `fsgcã fh fg ldrdof mcrvcfhà par if`ca `f uhd

fspuid`frd(

gas `fiäs scstfids' pu`cãhàsf sdturdr nah fg icsia fg vcha

`f äncà ndroþhcna dg hüifra `f dìþsefrds quf sf `fsff' ysch pãr`c`d dgkuhd `f géqucà vchasa hc `f kds' fh rdzþh `f

quf gd apfrdncþh `f fioatfggdr sf vfrcecnd sch earidncþh `f

fspuid if`cdhtf uh ifndhcsia fspfncdg( Fg dpdrdta Azaue

quf has scrvcþ pdrd gd edorcndncþh `f gas vchas fspuiasas

fs sfic)nahtéhua y fstä pravcsta `f uhd vägvugd `f sfku

rc`d` fh gd pdrtf supfrcar `f gd fsefrd `f sdturdncþh' ä ech

`f `dr sdgc`d dg fxnfsa `f kds äncà ndroþhcna quf' fh uhndsa ciprfvcsta' pa`réd dnuiugdrsf y andscahdr dnnc`fhtfs

euhfstas ä gas apfrdàrfs( Gd prfscþh ar`chdrcd ä quf sdtu

rdias fg vcha euã gd `f sfcs dìþsefrds pdrd gd cictdncþh `fg

^cggfry iaussfux' y gd `f anma dìþsefrds pdrd gd cictdncþh

`fg Dy iaussfux( Zana dhtfs `f ggfhdr gds oatfggds nah fg

géqucà fspuiasa puscias fh nd`d uhd `f fggds gd ndhtc`d`

suecncfhtf `f ldrdof þ gcnar prfpdrdà `fg iaà sckucfhtf <tþifsf uhd pdrtf `f dzündr ogdhna purcecndà' þ sfd dzü

ndr pdh ' rþipfsf fh pf`dzas y pþhkdsf fh uhd vdscld fs

tdôd`d luhta nah às pdrtfs `f dkud' gfvähtfsf gd fouggcncþh

`f fstd ifzngd y `fsgédsfgf fhtahnfs uhd ncfrtd parncþh `f

pugpd `f pdpfg -é# prfpdrd`d par fg iãtaà `f @fsidrfts2

fh sfkuc`d sf nufgd fg gcnar par uhd fstdifôd' vagvcfhà fg



‐ ^3É8 ‐

géqucà ecgtrdà fhncid `fg nagdàr mdstd quf sdgkd yd ocfh

gcipca y trdspdrfhtf( Fstf ldrdof -4#' quf fs ch`cspfhsdogfpdrd tfipgdr gd dnc`fz fxnfscvd `fg vcha fspuiasa' `fof

aotfhfrsf `fg iaà quf dndodias `f ch`cndr sc sf qucfrf

quf ãg ha dgtfrf gd trdspdrfhncd `fg géqucà fspuiasa dg `c

sagvfrsf fh fg icsia' ncrnuhstdhncd quf ha `fof agvc`drsf

trdtähàsf `f prfpdrdr uh vcha ogdhna' `f gula nudg fs fg

Nmdipdôd' nuyd cictdncþh fxckf gas idyarfs nuc`dàs y

gds `foc`ds prfvfhncahfs(@urdhtf fg fioatfggdicfhta `fg vcha quf has anupd fs

prfncsa idhtfhfr suifrkcàs fh dkud ndgcfhtf gas tdpahfs

`fstchdàs ä tdpdr gds oatfggds' pranurdhà fvctdr quf fg

géqucà ggfkuf ä gd fouggcncþh' fh nuya ndsa fg narnma sf

`fsarkdhczdréd pfr cfhà su fgdstcnc`d`( S naia gd oufhd

þ idgd ndgc`d` `f fstd sustdhncd cheguyf hatdogfifhtf fh fg

oufh ãxcta `f gd chùstrcd `f quf sf trdtd' `fofias d`vfrtcr quf fg narnma md `f fgfkcrsf echa' fgästcna' pana parasa

y sch huàs( Efgczifhtf tfhfias fh fg Äipur`dh `f Ndtd

guôd narnmas `f chiflardogf ndgc`d`' `f sufrtf quf gas ed

orcndhtfs `f vchas fspuiasas ids dnrf`ctdàs `f Erdhncd

sf pravffh `f dqufg drténuga fh hufstra pdés(

Gd apfrdncþh `f ggfhdr gds oatfggds `fg vcha mfnma fspu

iasa nah fg dpdrdta Azaue' quf vfhcias rfnaifh`dhà'puf`f ggfvdrsf ä ndoa par nudtra apfrdàrfs ä gd vfz ' uha

`f gas nudgfs sf fhndrkd `f idhtfhfr gd fsefrd `f sdturd

ncþh ndrkd`d `f géqucà ä uhd prfscþh nahstdhtf' icfhtrds

-C# Aéras edorcndhtfs aogcfhfh fstf gcnar `csagvcfhà fh ndgcfhtf dzündr

ndh`f fh su vaguifh `fg icsia vcha quf sf mdnf fspuiasa2 pfra fg gcnar þ

ldrdof ha rfsugtd tdh ocfh ngdrcecndà naia fg quf sf aotcfhf nah fg pranf`c

icfhta quf mfias ch`cndà(



‐ >:: ‐

quf gas atras trfs apfrdàrfs fstäh ggfhdhà y tdpdhà oa

tfggds par if ca `f sus rfspfntcvds iäquchds( Ggfhds gds

oatfggds' sf sulftd dnta nahtchua su tdpþh ä ofhfecnca `f uh

oufh ordidhtf chtfrcha quf ids tdr`f md `f sfr rffipgd

zdà par uh dgdiorf iftägcna( Dqué `fofias d`vfrtcr ä gas

apfrdàrfs quf' dg fipfzdr gds fsprfsd`ds idhcpugdncahfs'

fs prfncsa quf sf pahkdh fh gd ndrd uhd iäsndrd `f dgdi

orf iftägcna y sf nuordh gds idhas nah kudhtfs `f pcfg' ä

ech `f ha sfr gdstcidàs fh fg ndsa `f fstdggdr dgkuhd `f

gds oatfggds' gds nudgfs ha `fofh ggfhdrsf naipgftdifhtf

`fldhà uh vdnéa `f trfs ä nudtra nfhtéiftras `f `cstdhncd

fhtrf fg tdpþh y gd supfrecncf `fg géqucà( Fstf vdnéa fs ch

`cspfhsdogf pdrd dgaldr y idhtfhfr naiprcicà fg äncà

ndroþhcna quf pu`cfrd `fsprfh`frsf `fg vcha `cgdtdà par

fg duifhta `f gd tfipfrdturd fxtfrcar' fvctähàsf dsé par

uhd pdrtf fg fstdggcà `f gds oatfggds ids rfscstfhtfs' y `dh

à gukdr par atrd ä quf fg tdpþh `f gds icsids sdgtf eäncg

ifhtf nah fxpgascah dg `fstdpdrgds( Nahnguc`d uhd tcrd`d

`f oatfggds fh fg dpdrdta `f sdturdncþh ' sf gfs quctd fg ord

idhtf quf sulftd fg tdpþh ' y sf gf sustctuyf par uh dgdi

orf `f mcfrra rfnancà pdrd dsfkurdrga iflar' flfnutähàsf

fstd apfrdncþh ä ofhfecnca `f uhd idquchctd `fstchd`d fx

nguscvdifhtf dg aolfta 2 gufka sf iufvf nd`d oatfggd uhaschstdhtfs `f drrcod dodla' ä ech `f quf sf `csufgvd fh fg vcha

fg ldrdof rfuhcà fh fg eahà `f gd icsid ' y par ügtcia sf

`fpasctdh ta`ds gds oatfggds fh gd nufvd þ fh uh pdrdlf

erfsna àh`f `fofräh pfridhfnfr par fspdnca `f sfcs ä anma

ifsfs dhtfs `f sfr fxpf`c`ds( @urdhtf fstf pfréaà sf fefn

tüd uhd `csaguncþh iuy éhtcid `fg kds äncà ndroþhcna fh

fg géqucà' `f idhfrd quf' pdsdà dqufg tcfipa' fg vcha



‐ >:4 ‐

dg fsndhncdrsf fh gds napds praùnf uhd fspuid douh`dhtf

y nahtchüd `fsprfh`cfhà par gdrka rdta chhuifrdogfs

ouroulds `f kds ä sfifldhzd `fg vfr`d`fra vcha `f Nmdi

pdôd( Fg rfpasa pragahkdà `fg vcha mfnma fspuiasa nah

gas dpdrdtas `f sdturdncþh fs fhtfrdifhtf ch`cspfhsdogf sc

sf qucfrf aotfhfr uh praùnta nudg naipftf 2 `f ga nahtrd

rca' sc sf `frrdid fg vcha fh gd napd dg pana tcfipa `f sfr

prfpdrdà' pcfr`f prahta gd fspuid parquf fg äncà ndroþ

hcna sf gf sfpdrd nah uhd nfgfrc`d` fxtrfid' scfhà fhtahnfs iuy pana dprfncdà `f gas trdtdhtfs y nahsuicàrfs(

Echdgifhtf sf sdndh gds oatfggds `f gd oa`fkd ' sf nuorf

su nufgga y tdpþh nah uhd mald þ gäichd `f fstdôa iald`d

gckfrdifhtf nah `csaguncþh kaiasd fh gd pdrtf quf `fof

d`mfrcrsf dg vc`rca' sf gfs pahf gufka gd narrfspah`cfhtf

ftcquftd' y fhvagvcfhà nd`d uhd `f gds oatfggds nah pdpfg

dzug þ rasdà sf nagandh fh ecgds marczahtdgfs `fhtra `fndlds pdrd pdsdr ä gd fxpf`cncþh(

Fg vcha nuyd prfpdrdncþh dndodias `f `ftdggdr fs uhd

cictdncþh fxdntd `fg gfkétcia vcha `f Nmdipdôd2 su nagar

ogdhna didrcggfhta' su orcggdhtfz y trdspdrfhncd' su sdoar

dnéùga' pcndhtf y dkrd`dogf' su oauquft hdturdg `focà ä

gd prfsfhncd `f gas ãtfrfs y `fg draid prapca `f gds uvds'

gd fxpgascah `fg tdpþh dg `fstdpdr gds oatfggds quf ga nahtcfhfh' y gd iunmd fspuid quf ãg praùnf' dg `frrdidrsf

fh gds napds' sfkuc`d `f uh nahtchua `fsprfh`cicfhta `f

kds äncà ndroþhcna' sah ndrdntfrfs quf sf naheuh`fh nah

gas `fg vfr`d`fra vcha `f Nmdipdôd( Fstd fs gd vfr`d` ch

nahtfstdogf( Fh su nahsfnufhncd rfnaifh`dias ä gas nasf

nmfras y ä nudhtds pfrsahds `fsffh fiprfh`fr `cnmd edorc

ndncþh fg pranf`cicfhta quf `fldias fxpufsta' sfkuras `f



‐ >:? ‐

aotfhfr fxnfgfhtfs praùntas' iäxcif fnmdhà idha `fg

dpdrdta fspfncdg `f sdturdncþh chvfhtdà par Ir( Azaue(Fstf nahstruntar ifnähcna' prficdà fh `cefrfhtfs fxpasc

ncahfs y par iunmds narpardncahfs ncfhtéecnds `f Zdrcs nah

vdrcds if`dggds `f pgdtd y `f orahnf par gas dpdrdtas `f

su chvfhncþh pdrd prfpdrdr géqucàs kdsfasas ' fxpc`f sus

iäquchds fhsdyd`ds prfvcdifhtf ä uhd prfscþh chtfrcar `f

quchnf dìþsefrds' pu cãhàsf aotfhfr nah fg dpdrdta nah

tchua `f 4::: ä 46:: oatfggds `f géqucà fspuiasa par`cd( @cnmds iäquchds' `f gds nudgfs mdy `f vdrcas tdid

ôas' vdh dnaipdôd`ds `f uhd chstrunncþh `fg dutar saorf

gd idhfrd `f mdnfrgds euhncahdr( û idhfla eäncg y su sa

gc`fz ä ta`d prufod mdh vdgcà ä Ir( Azaue `fidh`ds iuy

cipartdhtfs `f sus dpdrdtas `f pdrtf f iunmas `fpdrtd

ifhtas `f Erdhncd' y `f ta`ds gds hdncahfs àh`f fstäh fh

usa gas vchas `f Nmdipdôd y gds dkuds kdsfasds drtcecncdgfs(

Dhtfs `f mdnfr fg puhta echdg f gd chtfrfsdhtf idtfrcd

`f quf has anupdias ha pa`fias `fldr fh scgfhnca dgku

hds eþriugds' mdrta rfnaifh`d`ds pdrd gd prfpdrdncþh dr

tcecncdg `fg vcha `f Nmdipdôd( Mã dqué uhd ifzngd dnahsf

ld`d dg aolfta par vdrcas quéicnas `f hatd(

Ucha ogdhna sfna( 6 +D dzuiorfs(

Fspérctu `f vcha `f >0º( ( ( ( 6 ahzds(

Oc)ndroahdta `f patdsd þ sasd( 4 c`(

Dncà nétrcna þ tdrtärcna( ( ( ( 4 c`(

Ldrdof `f dzündr þ `f ndpcgfrd( 4 ;² c`(

Ha ndof ù`d quf `cnmas chkrf`cfhtfs `dh gukdr dg `fs

prfh`cicfhta `f kds äncà ndroþhcna quf sf `csufgvf ids þ



‐ >:> ‐

UCHA @F ID@F_D(

44;( Atra `f gas vchas fxtrdhlfras' nãgforf par gd

edid `f quf kazd' saorf taà fh fg vfncha cipfrca' fs fg

vcha `f Id`frd( @fspuãs `f gas vchas `f Our`fas y `fNmdipdôd' fs fg fxprfsdà vcha fg ids dprfncdà par gas

erdhnfsfs' y naia su nahsuia fs iuy supfrcar dg quf sf

praùnf gfkétcia sf md trdtdà `f cictdrga `fs`f gufka'

par nuya iatcva gd idyar pdrtf `fg vcha quf ncrnugd nah

fg haiorf `f Id`frd fs edntcnca( Fg iãtaà quf has md

`dà uh praùnta ids cictdà dc vcha `f Id`frd hdturdg

fs fg sckucfhtf<

ifhas fh fg vcha' pfra ãstf' d`fiäs `f nahtfhfr gas nctrd)

tas þ tdrtrdtas dgndgchas quf dqué sf praùnfh y quf puf`fh sfr hancvas ä gd sdgu`' ndrfnf `f gds ncrnuhstdhncds

quf mdnfh tdh rfnaifh`dogf dg vfr`d`fra vcha `f Nmdipd

ôd' rfuhcfhà prchncpdgifhtf fhtrf atras `fefntas fg `f

tfhfr fh fstdà `f ifzngd y fh ifhar ndhtc`d` fg kds änc

à ndroþhcna(

Atras ifhas quéicnas quf gas dhtfrcarfs mdh prfnahc

zdà icxturds vdrcds pdrd fgdoardr fg vcha `f quf sf trdtd'scfhà `f hatdr quf gds sustdhncds quf gds naipahfh' pufs

tds fh iutua nahtdnta' sah chndpdnfs `f `fsdrraggdr uhd

ndhtc`d` dprfncdogf `f äncà ndroþhcna(

@fsnaheéf fg püogcna `f sfifldhtfs naipascncahfs quf

saga ggfvdh fg haiorf `fg vcha `f Nmdipdôd' rfy `f gas

vchas' fg ids `ceéncg `f aotfhfr' y nuyd fgdoardncþh ã cic

tdncþh fxckfh uh trdodla rdncahdg y iftþ`cna(



‐ >:0 ‐

Pþifhsf< Ucha sfna `f uvds ogdhnds -4 # ( ( ( 4 mfntagctra(

Fspérctu pura `f >5º 0 gctras(Dgnamþgdga `f ndsndrds tastd`ds `f

dgifh`rds didrkds -?# ( ( ( ( 4 ahzd(

Nagaqüfsf `cnmd ifzngd fh uhd oatd `f raogf difrcndha

-odrhczd`d dg hfkra fh ta`d su pdrtf fxtfrcar# y `ãlfsf

dodhàhd`d ä gd chtfipfrcf par fspdnca `f às dôas( Zdsd

à fstf tãricha' fxdichdias fg vcha aolfta `f hufstra

fhsdya' y saiftcà ä gd `fkustdncþh y dg dprfnca `f gasnahsuicàrfs fhtfh`càs euã dnfptdà par fggas naia fg

prapca vcha `f Id`frd( Fstf sf `cstchkuf `f gas `fiäs

vchas fxtrdhlfras par su nagar didrcgga ralcza' dspfnta orc

ggdhtf' sdoar dgka eufrtf suc kfhfrcs y oauquft tdiocãh fs

pfncdg ' pfra dkrd`dogf(

UCHA @F AZA_PA(

4 4 = ( Fg vcha `f Aparta' dsc hdturdg naia cictdà' fs

aolfta `f uh krdh`f naifrnca fh Chkgdtfrrd' y pdrtcnugdr

ifhtf fh Gah`rfs àh`f sf nahsuif fh ndhtc`d`fs fxar)

-4# Fstf vcha `fof prfpdrdrsf ä tfhar `f ga prfnfptudà pdrd gas vchas

`f idnfrdncah(-?# Zdrd prfpdrdr fstf idnfrdta sf taidh gds ndsndrds `f dgifh`rds

didrkds y sf rfùnfh ä pagva' gufka sf tufstdh ä uh eufka ia`frdà fh uh

ncgch`ra `f pgdhnmd `f mcfrta sfifldhtf dg quf scrvf pdrd tastdr ndeã' nah

tchudhà gd dnncþh `fg ndgþrcna mdstd quf gd idsd prfsfhtd uh nagar asnura'

sch mdofrsf fipfra ndroahczdà( ^fpdrd`difhtf sf pahfh fh uhd vdscld uhd

pdrgf `f `cnma pagva tastdà y anma pdrtfs `f dgnamag `f >6º' `flähàgds fh

idnfrdncah par fspdnca `f uh i f s ' ùrdhtf fg nudg sf dkctd gd idtfrcd `f

vfz fh nudhà( @fspuãs sf nufgd nah fxprfscþh fg gcnar ' y dg ndoa `f uh

ncfrta tcfipa `f rfpasa sf `fndhtd' y sf nahsfrvd fu erdsnas mfriãtcndifh

tf nfrrdàs(



‐ >:6 ‐

0:

mctdhtfs( Fstf vcha iuy sagcnctdà par gd drcstanrdncd ch

kgfsd sf vfh`f ä prfncas iuy suocàs' iatcva par fg nudg

ha mdh edgtdà dgkuhas quf sf mdh anupdà `f cictdrga if

`cdhtf pranf`cicfhtas fspfncdgfs( Fg gfkétcia vcha `f Apar

ta tcfhf uh nagar tchta didrcggfhta' fs iuy dgnamþgcna y

draiätcna' y su sdoar eufrtf suc kfhfrcs' ncrnuhstdhncds

quf `fofh ndrdntfrczdr dg vcha cictdà `f Aparta sc sf

qucfrf aotfhfr uh praùnta `ckha `f dqufg haiorf( Ä fstf

ech sf fsnakf dhtf taà uh vcha tchta y pura' y gufka sf

ndgcfhtd mdstd quf mdyd d`qucrcà fg nagar asnura dgka

didrcgga(

Fg dpdrdta `f quf has sfrvcias pdrd fg fxprfsdà aolf

ta fs iuy sfhncgga< nahscstf fh uhd pcpd vfrtcndg dtrdvfsd

`d fh su nfhtra par uh tuoa `f mald `f gdtd dhnma `f ;

pugkd`ds' y tfrichdà fh su fxtrfia chefrcar par às fi

ouàs `fg icsia iftdg sag dàs par su oand' gd nudg nahtcfhf uhd rflcggd quf mdnf vfnfs `f makdr2 fstd rflcggd n a

iuhcnd dg fxtfrcar `f gd pcpd if`cdhtf uh tuoa pfqufôa

quf' gckfrdifhtf chngchdà y pravcsta `f su tdpd`frd'

scrvf pdrd fnmdr fg naioustcogf( Vhd vägvugd' nagand`d fh

gd pdrtf supfrcar y fxtfrcar `fg tuoa quf nahstctuyf gd nmc

ifhfd `fg dpdrdta' pfrictf krdùdr gd tfipfrdturd `fg

iaà quf sf `fsff y nahvfhkd' icfhtrds quf uh tfriþiftra' d`dptdà par if`ca `f uh narnma ä uh dkulfra `fg

eahà supfrcar `f gd oagd' sfôdgd gas krdàs `f ndgþrcna

`fg géqucà nahtfhcà fh gd icsid( Dsé puf`f ndgfhtdrsf

nah suid edncgc`d` fg vcha `fstchdà ä cictdr fg vfr`d`fra

Aparta( Gd tfipfrdturd ids prapcd ä gd oah`d` `fg pra

ùnta `f quf sf trdtd `fof sfr `f >: ä 0: krdàs nfhté

krdàs(



‐ >:5 ‐

-## Gd cheuscah `f hufnfs tcfrhds sf prfpdrd nah uhd pdrtf `f gds icsids

y sfcs pdrtfs `f dgnamag `f >6º' prfnf`cãhàsf fh ga `fiäs naia pdrd fg

idnfrdta dgnamþgcna `f ndsndrds `f dgifh`rds didrkds(

Gds hufnfs `fofh rfnakfrsf iuy vfr`fs' þ sfd às ifsfs y if`ca dhtfs

`f ggfkdr ä su idùrfz naipgftd( Pdiocãh `fofh ocfh idnmdndrsf dg pahfrgds fh nahtdnta nah fg fspérctu `f vcha(

Nahnguc`d gd apfrdncþh ch`cnd`d sf mdnf fhtahnfs gd

ifzngd sckucfhtf<

Ucha tchta ndgfhtdà drtcecncdgifhtf( ( ( ( 4 mfntagctra(

Dgnamag `f >6/ é gctras(

cheuscah dgnamþgcnd `f hufnfs tcfrhds -4# ( ? c`(

^f nagand fg tahfg' quf nahtcfhf fstd ifzngd' fh gd oa`f

kd ifrc`cahdg' àh`f `fofrä pfridhfnfr ùrdhtf uh dôa'

pdsdà fg nudg sf fioatfggd fg géqucà' þ ocfh sf fxpc`f fhodrrcgfs `f gd icsid earid y ndpdnc`d` quf gas quf ncrnu

gdh fh fg naifrnca nahtfhcfhà fg vcha hdturdg `f Aparta(

_fnaifh`dias ä gas nasfnmfras fg pranf`cicfhta quf sf

dndod `f idhcefstdr' fh rdzþh `f quf suichcstrd uh pra

ùnta quf' sulftdà ä gd prufod `f gas chtfgckfhtfs ndgdà

rfs ' hd`d `fld quf `fsfdr(

UCHA @FG _CH(

443( Fg vcha gflétcia `fg _ch ' ha ifhas ediasa quf

gas vchas fxtrdhlfras ch`cndàs dhtfrcarifhtf' ncrnugd ä prf

ncas fgfvd`éscias' eckurdhà prchncpdgifhtf fh gds ifsds

rfdgfs y fh gds `f gd dgtd sancf`d` furapfd( û cictdncþh'

eäncg dg pdrfnfr' fxckf gas idyarfs nuc`dàs sa)pfhd `f aotfhfrsf uh idg praùnta( Zdrd ocfh cictdrga tãhkdsf prf

sfhtf quf ãg fs uh vcha dnéùga' dkrd`dogf dg pdgd`dr `f



‐ >:4 ‐

gas decncahdàs ä gas vchas egalas y echas' su nagar fs ogdhna

gckfrdifhtf didrcgga' y d uh dspfnta orcggdhtf y trdspdrfh

tf rfühf uh oauquft odstdhtf sfhscogf( Pdgfs sah gas ndrdn

tfrfs `fg vcha pura `fg _ch quf `fofias cictdr(

Dg fefnta mcncias fg sckucfhtf fhsdya2 tþifhsf uvds ogdh

nds' sdhds y ha ocfh idùrds' `fskrähfhsf nah ta`d fsnru

pugasc`d`' fxpréidhsf naipgftdifhtf gas krdhas' y mäkd

sf efrifhtdr su zuia y arula fh vdsas nfrrdàs odla uhd

tfipfrdturd f " 4 ? º nfhtékrdàs par fspdnca `f anma `cds(

@fspuãs sf trdscfkd fg géqucà ä tahfgfs ha dzuerdàs pfra

`cspufstas fh uhd oa`fkd erfsnd' sf prfhsd fg arula ã ch

narpard su iasta dg rfstdhtf `f gds vdsclds( Dqué sf fstd

ogfnf gufka gd sfkuh`d efrifhtdncþh nuyd idrnmd `fof ocfh

kaofrhdrsf( Fs prfncsa aosfrvdr fg iaifhta fh quf dpfhds

sf pfrncof fg `fsprfh`cicfhta `f ouroulds `f kds äncà ndr

oþhcna' ga quf fs uh ch`cnca `f quf gd efrifhtdncþh dgnamþ

gcnd `fg géqucà tand ä su tãricha2 fhtahnfs ha mdy idsquf

ggfhdr gas tahfgfs nah vcha ckudg dg quf sf edorcnd' y nfr

rdrgas ocfh nah oufhas narnmas( Fg kds äncà ndroþhcna quf

ta`dvéd sf praùnf fh fg sfha `fg ndgà' duhquf fh iuy

pand ndhtc`d`' quf`d rftfhcà fh fg icsia par edgtd `f

sdgc`d dg fxtfrcar' fkfrncfhà uhd gckfrd prfscþh quf fs

odstdhtf pdrd cipf`cr taà iavcicfhta ugtfrcar fh fg vcha'

fg nudg sf pahf fh fefnta fhtfrdifhtf trdhqucga( @f dmé fg

parquã ha md gukdr gd efrifhtdncþh dnãtcnd fh fstas iastas

paorfs hdturdgifhtf `f dzündr' `f ga nahtrdrca+ fggd sfrcd

chfvctdogf(

@fsnaipufsta yd ta a fg dzündr `fg iasta `f quf sf

trdtd' y ggfhd`ds gds rfefrc`ds prfnduncahfs' sf `fld fg

vcha fh rfpasa mdstd if`cdàs `fg ifs `f `cncfiorf prþxc)



‐ >:= ‐

ia' fh nuyd ãpand sf trdscfkd fg vcha ä atrds vdsclds dzu

erd`ds' `ähàgf fh sfkuc`d gd narrfspah`cfhtf ngdrcecndncþh( Prfchtd `cds `fspuãs' sf trdsgd`d par ügtcia fg géquc

à ä hufvas fhvdsfs nagandàs fh uh sctca erfsna' àh`f sf

kudr`d par fspdnca `f às dôas( Pfrichdà fstf pgdza sf

fioatfggd fg vcha y sf fxpc`f dg naifrnca(

Fg praùnta aotfhcà sfküh fg iãtaà quf dndodias `f

fxpahfr ggfhþ pfrefntdifhtf hufstrds fspfrdhzds( û ds

pfnta iuy ngdra y uh tdhta didrcgga' su sdoar echa y dnéùga' su oauquft sudvf y dkrd`dogf' `focà ä gd `csaguncþh

`f gas ãtfrfs praùncàs' y echdgifhtf su eufrzd dgnamþgcnd

iuy `ãoc g' earidodh fg nahluhta `f ncrnuhstdhncds quf

pa`édh dscicgdrsf ids' fh hufstra nahnfpta' dgds prapcds

`fg gfkétcia vcha `fg _ch quf has scrvcþ `f ia`fga( Fh su

vcrtu` dnahsfldias ä nudhtas chtfhtfh cictdr fg ifhncahd

à vcha quf pahkdh fh präntcnd gas if cas drrcod fxprfsdàs' sfkuras `f aotfhfr uh praùnta dprfncdà par gas

didhtfs `f gas vchas gckfras y `fgcndàs(



C H ^ P _ V I F H P A ^ @ F V P C G C @ D @ _ F D G Z D _ D G A ^ U C P C N V G P A _ F ^ (

Dgnaþiftra kfhfrdg `f Ir( @uvcvcfr' prficdà nah if

`dggd `f ara( Mdstd fg prfsfhtf fg dgdiocquf `f ^dgcfrah md

scà fg ids kfhfrdgifhtf usdà pdrd dhdgczdr gd eufrzd dg)

naþgcnd `f gas vchas' pfra fg fxprfsdà dgnaþiftra gf dvfh

tdld parquf `ftfrichd nah idyar prfncscah y prahtctu` gd

ndhtc`d` `f dgnamag nahtfhc`d fh ta`d ngdsf `f vchas y gcna

rfs fspcrctuasas(

Gcnþiftra `f Ir( Iusnugus' Udgsah ft N(cf< fstf sfhnc

gga dpdrdta idhcecfstd fh às ichutas ' sch hfnfsc`d` `f gd

`fstcgdncþh' fg tdhta par ncfhta `f dgnamag fxcstfhtf fh uh

vcha ü atra géqucà dgnamþgcna quf ha nahtfhkd dzündr(

Odrasnapf) `f Idgdnrf`c þ fg Zrahastcndàr `fg tcfipa<

uh dôa `f nahsfnutcvds aosfrvdncahfs saorf fstf odrþiftraquéicna has pfrictf dsfkurdr quf ãg sfôdgd fxdntdifhtf

nah vfchtf y nudtra þ trfchtd y sfcs mards `f dhtcncpdncþh

gas ndiocas dìaseãrcnas' þ sfdh `fg oufh tcfipa dg v d

rcdogf' `fg vdrcdogf ä gd gguvcd' ä gd tfipfstd`' dgd hcfvf'

þ ä gas mcfgas' ftn( @f dmé pufs gd krdh`f utcgc`d` `f fstf

prfncasa chstruifhta pdrd ta`ds gds pfrsahds fh kfhfrdg(

Egarcasnapa `f Ir( Oaurscfr< ch`cspfhsdogf ä gas dkrcnugtarfs pdrd `fsnuorcr y fstu`cdr gas huifrasas chsfntas

quf dtdndh ä gas vfkftdgfs2 nah ãg sf rfnahanfh tdiocãh

eäncgifhtf fsas sfrfs icnrasnþpcnas quf `fstruyfh gd vc`' y

fh pdrtcnugdr fg Dpmcs Zmcggaxfrd' ndusd `f gd hufvd y tfr

rcogf fhefrif`d` `f gd vcôd quf' fh fg dôa ügtcia' md pra

ùncà tdhtas fstrdkas fh gas vcôfàs `f gas `fpdrtdifhtas

üfgMãrdugt' Kdr`' Udungusf' _mahf' fh gd Zravfhnf' yfh fg Gdhkufàn `f Erdhncd(



‐ >4: ‐

N A H N G V ^ C A H (

@dias ncid ä hufstrd tdrfd sch vdhdkgarcdrhas `f mdofr

ugtcidà uh trdodla fhtfrdifhtf `ckha `f gd cipartdhncd

`f su aolfta 2 trdodla quf atras dutarfs `f ids vdgéd y nahancicfhtas pa`räh sfnuh`dr y pfrefnncahdr( Fipfra sf

mdncd yd ch`cspfhsdogf uh trdtdà fspfncdg `f vctcnugturd y

`f vchcecndncþh ngdra' prfncsa y hutrcà `f flfipgas mfria

sas y dtrdntcvas' nudg gd icsid hdturdgfzd' y quf md ogd )'

sfh nahvfhncfhà ä gds chtfgckfhncds ids sfhncggds y prfa

nupd`ds 2 vdnéa `ceéncg quf mfias `fsfdà ggfhdr nah gd

prfsfhtf aord' dg aolfta `f mdnfr atra ocfh dg pdés' dndrcncdhà ä uh tcfipa hufstrds c`fds y nfgasd vandncþh ä gd

idtfrcd(

Efgczifhtf fg Kaocfrha md taidà yd gd chcncdtcvd pra

tfntard `f gd dkrcnugturd hdncahdg2 dgkuhds narpardncahfs

y sancf`d`fs fnahþicnds eaifhtdh tdiocãh y mdh eaifh

tdà `ckhdifhtf gas d`fgdhtas `f dqufggd ncfhncd id`rf'

nuya prakrfsa nahstctuyf gd odsf `f gd praspfrc`d` y puldhzd `f gas pufogas ncvcgczdàs( Fs urkfhtf d`fiäs quf fh

ta`ds gds krdhlds)fsnufgds `fg rfcha sf fstdogfznd nah gd

dipgcdncþh hfnfsdrcd gd fhsfôdhzd `f gd vctcnugturd y `f gd

vchcecndncþh ' `fstchähàsf dg fefnta vdrcds mfntärfds `f tfr

rfha' uhds pdrd vcôfà y oa`fkd)ia`fgþ' atrds pdrd huf

vas fstu`cas y naipdrdncahfs( Gas dguihas `f `cnmas fs

tdogfncicfhtas' quf ids tdr`f sfräh `cstchkucàs prapcf)



‐ >44 ‐

tdrcas' eufrdh atras tdhtas praefsarfs quf `ceuh`crédh fh

sus rfspfntcvas `cstrctas y fh gds dg`fds ids rfiatds gdsiflarfs präntcnds vcténagds y fhagþkcnds( Chnuiof tdiocãh

nrfdr fxnfgfhtfs vcôfàs fh gas `cefrfhtfs'y vdstas tfrrfhas

cipraùntcvas' nuyas prapcftdrcas' ä gd pdr `f kgarcd y

sdtcsednncþh ch`csputdogfs' rfncocfrdh nah fgga utcgc`d`fs

iuy pasctcvds2 gas nasfnmfras taàs' krdh`fs y pfqufôas'

rcnas y paorfs' `fofh prdntcndr fh idyar þ ifhar fsndgd

gds cipartdhtfs rfearids quf ggfvdias rfnaifh`d`ds' `fstfrrdhà gd icsnfgähfd `f sus dntudgfs nugtcvas tdh pfrlu

`cncdgfs ' y dordzdhà nah `fncscah y nahstdhncd gd odh`frd

`f prakrfsa vchénagd quf dndodias `f fhdroagdr(

Nah fsd idhnaiuhc`d` `f pdtrcþtcnas y muidhctdrcas

fseufrzas ggfkdrédh prahta ä papugdrczdrsf dqufggas nahanc)

Qicfhtas ids ch`cspfhsdogfs ä hufstras dkrcnugtarfs' ta

idhà uh vufga fxtrdar`chdrca gd vctcnugturd y fhagakédhdncahdgfs2 gd vcôd fspdôagd rfnaordrä fhtahnfs gd gcofrtd`

pfr`c`d y fg oufh trdtdicfhta quf gf narrfspah`f' y fggd'

fh usa `f gas haogfs dtrcoutas nah quf fg Nrcdàr gd `cstch

kucþ `f gas `fiäs vfkftdgfs' `frrdidrä sus àhfs par fsd

ngdsf praùntard tdh nahsc`frdogf y dodtc`d' edncgctdhà ä

gas ndgàs uh dgta nrã`cta fh fg naifrnca fxtrdhlfra' y

dpartdhà dg pdés uh idhdhtcdg efnuhà `f vfr`d`frd rc qufzd(

@cnmasas hasatras sc ä fstd krdh`f aord `f rfkfhfrdncþh

dkrénagd `f gd id`rf pdtrcd mfias pa`cà nahsdkrdrgf ütcg

ifhtf fg muicg`f þoaga `fg prfsfhtf trdtdà(



ÉH@CNF @F IDPF_CD^(

Zäkchds(

Chtraùnncþh vh

Z_CIF_D ZD_PF' U C P C N V G P V _( D ( W

NDZÉPVGA C( +

C8a gd v c ô d (Kfhf r d g c ` d`f s WP f r r fha s prapcas ä gd v côd 6

Hfnfsc`d` `f driahczdr gd naipascncþh quéicnd `f gdstcfrrds `fstchd`ds pdrd vcôfà 3

Cipartdhncd `f gd fxpgatdncþh `f gd easearctd `f Gakrasdh-Fxtrfidùrd# pdrd fg eaifhta `f gd vctcnugturd hdncahdg( 4:

NDZÉPVGA CC(

Nf pd s pr fe fr co gf s pdr d gd aotf hncþ h `f

oufhas vchas (

Gd odsf `f uh oufh vcha fs gd oufhd ndgc`d` `f gd nfpd(( 4>Zf`ra Lc if hf z' aré lfh y nudgc`d`fs `f fstd prfncasd vc` (( 45Zdgaicha `f Lfrfz 43Iasndtfgfs ?:Pchtcggd ??Iähtuas( ( ?>Idndofa c ?>Zchufga ?0Ldãhfs ?0

Dgougas ?6Iaggdrfs ?6Udrcf`fs `f gd vc` chütcgfs quf sf nugtcvdh fh Fspdôd( ( ?5

NDZÉPVGA CCC(

D o a h a s id s na hv fh cf ht fs ä gd vcô d(

Chegufhncd `f gas doahas saorf gas vchas( < >4

If`cas fnahþicnas `f sastfhfr gd efrtcgc`d` `f gd vcôddùgtd >0

Iaà `f dpgcndr gas doahas ä gd vcôd >504



C C

NDZÉPVGA CU(

Zgdhtdncþh `f gd vcôd(

Zgdhtfgfs `f gd vc` fh sfndha' pgdhtfg `f nudtra huàs( ( >3Zrfefrfhncd `f gas idlufgas quf ndgnfh fh vcfla 0:Zgdhtfg `f às huàs< Eckurd 4 0?Zgdhtfg `f yfid þ `f rfkd`éa 0>@fsdrragga vfgaz y sarprfh`fhtf `fg pgdhtfg `f yfid< E ck ( ?( 06Zgdhtdncþh fh idrnmd 05Iäxciui `f praeuh`c`d` ä quf md `f chstdgdrsf fg idlufga( 0;Iãtaà)ia`fga pdrd uhd pgdhtdncþh nahearif 03Zräntcnd iuy nahvfhcfhtf pdrd fg oufh ãxcta `f gd pgdh

tdncþh `f gd vcôd 64

^cstfid `f nurvds ä hcvfg cipartdhtf pdrd fg oufh fstdogfncicfhta `f uh vcôfà fh nagchd þ iahtdôd( ( ( ( 6?

NDZÉPVGA U(

Ap fr dn ca hf s dhu dgf s ä gd vc ôd `fs`f suche dh nc d ä sxc f`d` d`cxgtd(

Z_CIF_ DÔA 66

If`cas ch`cspfhsdogfs pdrd gd earidncþh `f uh fxnfgfhtftdgga `f gd vc` 65

Gdoarfs ä gd tcfrrd< Eckurd > 6;

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nah fg drdà gas vcôfàs `f fstrfnmds dgidhtds( ( ( ( ;0Pcfipas chnaipdtcogfs nah gds gdoarfs( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ;5UFH@CICD < pfrlucncas `f gds vfh`cicds prfidturds( ( ( ;;Apfrdncahfs kgfunaiãtrcnds prfgcichdrfs ä gd vfh`cicd(( ;3Hfnfsc`d` `f `dr às vufgtds ä gd vcôd quf sf vfh`cicd( ( =4ZA@D^ < pa`d prfpdrdtarcd þ pdrncdg' krdh`f cipartdhncd

`f gd icsid( Eckurds 44 y 4?( ( ( • =?Ha ids nasfnmds fsndsds pdrd gas quf fefntudräh gd pa`d

prfpdrdtarcd `f gd vcôd =>ZA@D @FECHCUCUD < vfhtdlds `f mdnfrgd tdr`éd =6Fãlcifh `fg nasfnmfra pdrd fg dnta `f pa`dr ocfh( ( ( ( =6

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ndusds `f gd paorfzd kfhfrdg `f vdrcas pufogas `f dqufgcipartdhtf `cstrcta' y if`cas `f fvctdrgds =3

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Chegufhncd `f gd idsd `f géqucà saorf gd efrifhtdncþh

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nd pdrd gd cictdncþh `fg vcha `f Nmdipdôd ?36Zrfnduncahfs ch`cspfhsdogfs fh gd fgfnncþh `f gds oatfggds

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sdturdrsf fg vcha cictdà dg vfr`d`fra ^cggfry iaussfux( ?3=

Tratado sobre el cultivo de la vid y los vinos de España (1869)

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Transcript of Tratado sobre el cultivo de la vid y los vinos de España (1869)