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Revision of the Bibliography Directed to the Teaching of Structures

There are some publications oriented to the teaching of structures for

architecture students. The world worry is for the architect can understand very

clearly the behavior of the structures is contain in them.

The revision is about the texts, expositions and the articles related to the

teaching of structures for architecture students. So the chapter is divided in the

next sections: 1) Texts and expositions and articles.

3.1 Texts:

a) Arnold Ch. y Reitherman R. 1987. Configuration and Seismic Design of

buildings: Editorial Limusa Mexico.

In this book we find the worry of the authors regarding to the formation of

architects in the seismic resistance of the buildings in earthquakes zones.

In the introduction, the present a reflection about the responsibility of the

architect in the configuration of buildings and their interrelation with the civil

engineer. They emphasize the importance that the education of the architect in

the seismic aspects should have with the goal of making seismic resistant

buildings working with the engineer.

The content of this book is focused in a conceptual form with even a few

mathematical tools. It includes the following themes: aspects of the land

movements, the answer of the building facing the seismic movements of land

with real examples of the answer of buildings in front of part seismic movements


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and the application of the seismic resistance configuration in the concept of

architecture.

It is a useful book for Architecture Students, because it is written in the

architects language and the three last chapters are for practical application to

the development of architecture projects.

b) Blanco A. 1991b. Structure Concepts

This is one of the first Peruvian books that wants to give to Architecture

Students, concepts of earthquake resistance configuration for armed concrete

and mason. It begins with a short description of the loads and its kinds; in

continues with a wide explanation of the structuration criteria and pre-dimension

of the elements that form the structures of armed concrete and mason.

Finally, it presents and describe several real projects refer to the structural

solutions, joined to the corresponding projects or Architecture.

This book gives clear and accurate tools to be used by architects in the

configuration of the architecture projects of buildings.

c) Gordon J. 1999. Structures of why things dont fall. Celeste

Ediciones. Madrid, Espaa.

This book is dedicated especially to architects and begins with a reflection

about structures. A relation of the structures with all things that exist in nature is

made. It covers since themes presented in a simple way about elasticity

science, tension and deformation; deformation energy, structures subdued to

different efforts such as traction, compression, flexion. Al these themes are

exposed in relation with nature, it finishes making and analysis about the


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philosophy of the project related to the shape, weight and the cost and a final

reflection about the efficacy and aesthetics of structures.

d) Millais M. 1997. Building Structures. Celeste Ediciones, Madrid.

The knowledge given in this book, are of conceptual character. The structural

behavior is shown by graphics that let visualize the transmission and generation

of strength in the elements that act in the structure.

The treated topics refer to the resistance of materials selected adequately with

basic knowledge to understand the behavior of the structures facing the

different kinds of loads.

It begins with the concept about structures, the loads and their travel in the

structures. It continues with concepts about the different types of effort

generated in the structure, the structure materials and finally it reaches to the

complete analysis of the structure behavior of a simple building of only one level

which is subdued to different kind of loads.

It finishes with the conceptual analysis of six real structures, very known in the

world and with a conceptual methodology in the development of the project of a

structure.

Its a useful book to complete the development of the structural intuition in the

teaching of Architecture Students. It also can be a good guide for the

preparation of didactic material.

It has the next themes: statics, analysis of isostatic structures, way of loans,

resistance of materials, properties of the transversal section of the structural

components, flexion and cut of simple beams, flexion efforts and cut in beams,


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analysis and design of columns, structural connections. It finishes with a

reflection about the relations among architecture structure and building.

h) Oshiro F. 1979 The book of the Architect. Editorial Universo S.A.

Lima, Per.

This is the first book published in our country with the goal of reaching in an

accesible way not only the architects, but also to the civil engineers,

technicians, students and persons dedicated to the building.

Its contents are: Ideas about earthquakes and measuments, history of

earthquakes in Peru, and in oher countries of the world, focus of the anti

earthquakes designs, the answer to the structure in relation to the soil, facing

the earthquakes.

This book is important because it shows cases of different structural failures

made by a bad architectonic configuration. It also stands out the concrete

buildings and masonry. It also shows the worry of the author to make all the

professionals to be conscius of the earthquake effects in buildings.

i) Salvadori M. y Heller R. 1998. Structures for Architects. Kliczkowski

Publisher. Madrid, Espaa.

It has a conceptual focus of the structural concepts that were mathematically

developed by the authors in the years of 1955 and 1960.

It was published before Moore (2000) and Millais (1997) books and contains a

similar focus. The purpose of this book according to a prologue by Pier Luigi

Nervi is to build a bridge between the more or less conscious intuiton about the


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structures (common intuiton to all human beings) and the scientific knowledge

about them.

The themes which were seen are: the structure of Architecture, loans, structural

materials, structural demands, efforts, structural systems, structural plates. We

must mention the worry of the authors in the relations between the Architect and

the Engineer, the development of the intuition, in the integration of the structure

to the architectonic space.

Another important aspect that can be applied to the teaching methodology of

structures is the following recommendation: The qualitative knowledge must be

often a previous requeriment of the quantitative study, because rarely we wake

up the interest in a field without any comprehenssion previous to this one. It

proposes the use of a simple Math to describe the behavior of structures.

3.2 Articles and Exposures

a) Arnold Ch. 1996. Architectonic aspects of the resistance earthquake

design. Conferencia Mundial N 11 de Ingeniera Ssmica. Acapulco

Mexico.

Arnold gives more importance to the architecture influence that the architect

should have present. The design of and earthquake in the projects and

emphasizes the necessity of the jointly participation of the Architect and the

engineer in the project of a building since the beginning. To get this, he

recommends some conditions that both should accomplish.

There must be a common language and understanding. The Architect must

have some understanding about earthquake engineering such as acceleration,

amplification, basal cutting, fragile failure and shock absorben. At the same time

the architect must have a general understanding of the typical characteristics of


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the resistance earthquake structures, cutting walls, resistance, resistent doors

in the moment, diaphragm, aislators. The new concepts of behavior must be

understood. On the other hand the engineer must understand the funcions and

aspirations of the Architect.

It presents a short history of the apparition of a new architectonic style created

by the Le Corbusier in 1929 in the West Europe (zone of no earthquakes). It is

based on steel and concrete doors, it is characterized for the use of slim

columns, big spaces, jutting outs, assymetric, lack of redundance, free plants,

continuos glassed walls, free frontis with only a few non structural elements.

This new style was copied for many countries which brought serious problems

in the earthquake regions. Regarding to this, Arnold says: This architecture of

the 50s to 70 years, has left with many poor earthquake configurations, which

represents a very serious problem in the reduction of the earthquake menace of

our cities. This hasnt been improved, because the architects dont design still

irregular buildings and they demand that engineers make secure building

without affecting the architecture.

He finishes calling to an architectonic conception of simple, economic,

functional buildings and with the best earthquake designs. This document is

very important, because it makes a real diagnosis of the world problem that

exists in the earthquake countries, regarding to the great responsibility of the

architects in the configuration of buildings.

b) Charleson A. Taylor M. 2004. Exploration in the earthquake

Architecture. Conferencia Mundial N 13, de Ingeniera ssmica,

Vancouver, Canad.


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This document describes and review the initial studies made by eight students

of fourt grade of the Architecture School of the University of Victoria in

Wellington. The goal was the exploration of themes of earthquake architecture.

e) Moisset D. 1992. Intuition and reasoning in the design Ediciones

Escala, Bogot Colombia.

This book is dedicated to architects with a basic formation of statics and

resistance of materials, because its focus is conceptual. It contains themes

related to the structural intuition, the equility, pandeo, efficiency, security.

The author of this book is an architect that for the same reason, treats of

transmiting his knowledge to his colleagues in a very clear and accurate way.

The book can also serve of an inspiration resource to make structural models

that permit the students to experiment the structural behavior.

f) Moore F 2000. Comprenhension of the structures of Architecture.

Mc. - Graw Hill Mexico.

The focus and the contents are similar to Millais book. It emphasizes the

importance to integrate the structure and architectonic design. Even when the

book is focussed in a conceptual way, the author recognizes the limitations of

the quantitave focus, because these knowledgements must be learned with the

mathematical tools. Besides it contains themes of tensional structures, arcs,

domes, systems of eggshells.

In the same way to Millais book it contributes in the complementation of the

development of the structural intuition and in the preparation of didactic

material. It also gives technological alternatives different to the common ones.


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g) Onouye B. y Kane K. 2002. Statics and Strength of materials for

architecure and building construction. Editorial Prentice Hall. New

Jersey, United States.

It is used nowadays, in the teaching of the first courses of structures of the

Faculty of Architecture and city planning of the Pontificia Universidad Catlica

del Per. It is a book which is oriented to the formation of architecture students.

Its contents are related to static themes and resistance of materials which are

necessary in the formation of students of architecture. It has as objective to

develop the structural intuition based in the mathematical demostrations stated

in practical and accesible calculations.

The Knowledgements are oriented to integrate the structural tools to the

architecture by means of the planning of real cases that present the behavior of

the structure of buildings.

Its contents beging with a reflection about the structures witn everything that

exists in nature, its function is to support loans, its basic functional

requeriments, the structures considered in the field of Architecture.

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