saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (40), 2009 ART SCIENCE ...40)_2009.pdf · Shota Rustaveli...

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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani

#3 (40), 2009

ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (40), 2009

gamomcemloba ̀ kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2009

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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (40), 2009

saredaqcio sabWonino mxeiZe

daTo janeliZe

irine abesaZe

literaturuli

redaqtori

mariam iaSvili

garekanis dizaini

levan dadiani

dakabadonebaekaterine

oqropiriZe

koreqtura

manana goSaZe

gamomcemlobisxelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masalauzrunvelyofili unda iyosSesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tanunda axldes monacemebi avtorissamecniero kvalifikaciis SesaxebqarTul da inglisur enebze,agreTve naSromis inglisurenovanireziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSorisokvleviT centrebs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, SoTa rusTavelisTeatrisa da kinos universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 218 292E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

Sinaarsi

k i n o m c o d n e o b a

roland (mixo) boraSvili

sergei eizenSteinis samontaJo Teoriebis evolucia ..............................8

ira demetraZe

neomiTologizmi kinematografSi ........................................................16vaJa zubaSvili

dokumenturi kino axal faseulobaTa formirebis procesSi ....................21rusudan kvaracxelia

metaforis zogadi klasifikacia ...........................................................................32TinaTin Wabukiani

montaJis struqturuli Semadgenloba Tavi VImontaJi, rogorc kinosaxis Seqmnis saSualeba .....................................................37giorgi xarebava

mimdevrobiTi da aramimdevrobiTi montaJi ..........................................................51

m e d i o l o g i a

daviT gujabiZe

atelevizio eleqtronuli specefeqti da Teatri ekranze .............................62nana doliZe

televiziis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi nawili I .............................72

giorgi TargamaZe

Jurnalizmi da moqalaqeoba.ufleba-valeobani ...........................................................................................78giorgi CarTolani

Toq-Sou teleJurnalistis profesiulikulturis daxvewis saSualeba .................................................................................88

x e l o v n e b a T m c o d n e o b a

marina bokuCava

ucxo kulturaTa elementebi Cinuri faifuris WurWelSi ......................100irma doliZe

Tbilsis Zveli Teatri .......................................................................................109

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u n i v e r s i t e t i s s a m a g i s t r o

p r o g r a m a

t e l e m e d i anino bagrationmuxraneli-gabunia

qarTuli telearxebis programuli strategiebi ..........................................116qeTevan jafariZe

mediakritikis patriarqi ....................................................................................124

e l e q t r o n u l i m e d i i s

g a m o y e n e b i T i s a S u a l e b e b i

t e l e r e J i s u r a S i

nikoloz kereseliZe

televizia da Teatri ............................................................................................133

avtorTa Sesaxeb ................................................................................................140

F I L M S T U D I E S

ROLAND BORASHVILIEvolution of editing theories by Sergei Eisenstein ............................................145IRA DEMETRADZENeo mythology in cinema on basis of western European film process.............146VAJA ZUBASHVILIDocumentary Film in the process of formation of new values........................ 147RUSUDAN KVARATSKHELIAGeneral Classification of Metaphor .....................................................................148TINATIN CHABUKIANIStructure of Editing(Editing as means of creating a film image)..........................................................150GIORGI KHAREBAVALiner and Non-linear Editing ................................................................................151

M E D I A S T U D I E S

DAVID GUJABIDZETV electrical special effects and theatre on the screen .................................152NANA DOLIDZETheBasic Tendency of Television Development .......................................... 153GIORGI TARGAMADZEJournalism and Citizenship. Rights and Responsibilities ...............................154CHARTOLANI GEORGETalk-Show as the possibility to upgrade professional cultureof the TV journalists ...............................................................................................155

A R T S T U D I E S

MARINA BOKUCHAVAElements of Foreign in Chinese Porcelain Pieces(according to piecec kept in S. Janashia Museum of Art’sporcelain fund) ..........................................................................................................157IRMA DOLIDZETbilisi Old Theatre ..................................................................................................158

CONTENTS

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kinomcodneobaU N I V E R S I T Y ’ M A P R O G R A M

T E L E M E D I A

NINO BAGRATIONMUKHRANELI-GABUNIAProgram Strategies of Georgian Channels .......................................................160KETEVAN JAPARIDZEPartriarch of Mediacritics .........................................................................................161

M E A N S O F E L E C T R O N I C M E D I A I NT E L E V I S I O N D I R E C T I N G

NIKOLOZ KERESELIDZETelevision and Theatre ..........................................................................................162

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roland (mixo) boraSvili

sergei eizenSteinis samontaJo

Teoriebis evolucia

didma sabWoTa reJisorma da kinos Teoretikosma sergeieizenSteinma, mowafem da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, levkuleSovis (sabWoTa reJisori da Teoretikosi) ideisgamgrZelebelma montaJis unikaluri Teoria daamuSava. Tumcasergei eizenSteinis dinamikuri montaJis formebi bevri ramiTgansxvavdeboda lev kuleSovis Teoriisgan. lev kuleSovisTvisdinamika Cadebuli iyo fizikur moZraobaSi maSin, roca sergeieizenSteinisTvis dinamika warmoiqmneboda ori kadris SejaxebisSedegad, romlebic axal gagebas, axal saxes qmnidnen, badebdnenaxal asociacias. lev kuleSovi ki asociaciuri montaJisSesaZleblobebs uaryofda.

sergei eizenSteini ar iziarebda lev kuleSovis poziciasmontaJis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze. is kinokadris arss damasalis organizaciis sakiTxebs mTlianad sxva mxriT miudga.lev kuleSovis Tezisis mkveTri uaryofiT, rom montaJi ariskadrebis jami, man sapirispirod Tavisi idea wamoayena _ sinTezisidea . erTmaneTis gverdze mdgomi kadrebi sergeieizenSteinisTvis warmoadgendnen nawarmoebs da axal gagebasbadebdnen (magaliTad, ivane mrisxanes koronacia amave filmSi_ es pirdapiri moqmedebaa, rodesac mefes Zalaufleba eniWebadabadebidan da RmerTisgan, magram amave dros koronaciismomentSi ivanesa da mis garemocvas Soris ibadeboda axaliurTierTobebi, da mayurebels eqmneboda garkveuli aRqma ivanemrisxanes rolisa ruseTis saxelmwifos CamoyalibebaSi).asociaciebis gamomwvevi montaJuri gadawyveta amasTan erTadyovelgvar Cveul logikur kavSirebs wyvets. sergeieizenSteinis azriT, montaJis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia, ekranzegaacocxlo adamianis azrovnebis svla, misi ̀ naxtomiseburoba~.

magram miuxedavad azrTa seriozuli sxvadasxvaobisa, levkuleSovic da sergei eizenSteinic kadrebis organizacias

(anu montaJs) kinowarmoebis safuZvlad, filmis agebulobisprinci pad da kinematografiulobis mTavar niSanTvisebadmiiCnevdnen. ori kadris absolutur fardobiTobaze xedva kimaTi kvlevebis amomaval wertilad iqca.

sergei eizenSteini iswrafvoda mieRwia grZnobisa da gonebissferoebis sinTezisTvis, rac, misi azriT, SesaZlebelia` i nteleqtualur ki noSi ~ , r a mdenadac ` m xolodinteleqtualur kinos Seswevs Zala, `dialeqtikis enazedayrdnobiT bolo mouRos `logikis enasa~ da `saxeTaenas~ Soris SuRls~.1 Teoriul naSromebSi is xSiradgadioda Tavisi drois sazRvrebs miRma da winaswar Wvretda1960-iani wlebis kinematografis aRmoCenebs. misi mwyobrisistema, Tumca zogierT momentebSi arcTu ise ucilobeli(radganac mis safuZvelSi Cadebuli iyo mkacri reJisorulidiqtati), dResac ki Tanamedroved gamoiyureba. bevrikinoreJisori, sergei eizenSteinis mier SemoTavazebuli saxierienis ganviTarebis gzebidan gamomdinare, poulobs xerxebs,romlebic mxolod mis warmosaxvaSi arsebobdnen: xmisa dagamosaxulebis kontrapunqtis gamoyenebis mxrivac, filmiskoloristuli (dafuZnebuli ferTa dominantze) gadawyvetismxrivac, da Sinagani monologis sxvadasxva formaTa ZiebiTac.

sergei eizenSteini _ grafikosi da arqiteqtori _kinematografSi xedavda mkafio, kadris dasrulebul naxats,winasa da momdevnos Soris urTierTkavSirs, maT konstruqciulmTlianobas (montaJuri frazis gaZlierebas mTelis nacvladmisi nawilis gamsxvilebiT an Sejaxebis xarjze, rac mesamekadrSi gadaizrdeba). swored gadaRebis axali xerxebisaTvisebis periodSi, rodesac moqmedeba ukve did monakveTebadnawevrdeboda, kameram ara marto Cvenebis wertilis Secvladaiwyo, aramed moqmedebis (an personaJis) fiqsirebac sxvadasxvarakursSi, anu, mimdinare ambavSi `Careva~, misi plastikurikomentireba. sergei eizenSteini midis sruliad axalgadawyvetebamde _ ori erTmaneTis gverdze mdgomi kadrebisSejaxebamde, erTi kadridan meoreSi `gadaxtomaze~ da uarsambobs saerTodan msxvil xedze saSualo xediT mdoregadasvlaze.

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sergei eizenSteini _ musikosi _ ritmuli aqcentebiT,polifoniuri struqturebis Sinagani ̀ afeTqebiT~ azrovnebda.mas hqonda idea, rom xmovangamosaxulebiTi (Звукозрительный)montaJi dakavSirebulia, pirvel yovlisa, musikalurikompoziciebis principebTan (xedebis sidideebs da maT SeerTebas,ferTa gadawyvetas iseTive zemoqmedeba aqvT, rogorc musikaSi_ ̀ forte~ da ̀ piano~, maTi ritmuli kompozicia imdagvaradveaagebuli gameorebebsa da intervalebSi da a. S.).

sergei eizenSteini _ inJineri _ Tavis nawarmoebebs agebdamayureblis mier filmis emociuri aRqmis zusti gaangariSebiT.gaiazra ra montaJi, rogorc mxatvruli gamoxatvis erT-erTiyvelaze mniSvnelovani saSualeba, reJisori mivida im azramde,rom kinos ena TanadaqvemdebarebaSi myofi dinamikuristruqturaa, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs ekranze asaxulimoqmedebis ara marto sivrcisa da drois msvlelobas, aramediersaxis ganviTarebasac mis subieqtur da istoriulerTianobaSi.

wamowia ra Zalauflebis, sikeTisa da borotebis problemebi,sergei eizenSteini _ moqalaqe _ pirvel yovlisa mimarTavdaTanamedroveobas, masSi eZebda analogiebs, Sepirispirebebsa dadapirispirebebs, TiTqos `gadmoisvrida~ istorias dRevandeldReSi. reJisoris istoriuli filmebi ganmsWvaluli iyosamyaros Tanamedrove aRqmiT. misi revoluciuri paTosi zogjeruecrad erTiandeboda meore planis ironiul CvenebaSi. amgvarad,zamTris sasaxlis aRebis saxelganTqmuli epizodis erT-erTkadrSi tyviamfrqvevi moTavsebuli iyo kariatidebis momrgvaloformebs Soris.

jer kidev munjur filmebSi seregi eizenSteinma pirvelinabiji gadadga xmovangamosaxulebiTi montaJis ideis praqtikaSiganxorcielebisTvis, ramac saSualeba misca gadmoeca saxeTamravalplanianoba da kinoxelovnebis zemoqmedebis axaliSesaZleblobebi aRmoeCina. epikuri filmebis (`gaficva~,`javSnosani potiomkini~, òqtomberi~) Seqmnisas reJisormagamoiyena epizodebis ritmuli ageba. is erTmaneTs àjaxebda~da imeorebda simbolur kadrebs, romlebic gasageb rigadgadaizrdebodnen: magaliTad, eqimis saTvale, romliTac is

matlebian xorcs Sescqeris (Semdeg is bagirze kidia), daodesis kibeze gatexili saTvale qalis amovardnili TvaliTìnteligenciis sibecis~ iersaxed gadaiqceva. planebis (xedebis)sigrZis, maTi sididis cvliT, movlenis an moZraobis (msxvilistatikuri xedi _ moZraobis umaRlesi wertilia) mxolodkuliminaciis gamoyenebiT, sergei eizenSteini ubralod ki arqmnida daZabul sanaxaobas, aramed scenis an epizodis ZiriTadazrs xsnida erTsa da imave movlenaze sxvadasxva xedviswertilebis `Sejaxebis~ meSveobiT da miuZRoda ra winmayurebels, saSualebas ar aZlevda mas Tavad efiqra.

odesis kibeze momxdari tragediis `mravalwertilovani~Cveneba uzrunvelyofili iyo faqtobrivad saxviTi rigismravalkameriani agebiT, romelic 1960-ian wlebSi televiziisspecifikad iqna aRiarebuli: erTdrouli moqmedeba iSlebodamikrofragmentebad, zemoqmedebda mayurebelze, rogorc dartymebi,da hqonda Tavisi droebiTi miziduloba (`daCexili~ montaJiiyo `Rilakiseuli~, fragmentaluri, satelevizio montaJiswinamorbedi). magram Tu sergei eizenSteinis es simbolurikadrebi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mrisxane protestSigadaizrdebodnen da drois gareSe xasiaTs atarebdnen,Tanadaqvemdebarebis mkacr Zalas moklebuli kadrebi, piriqiT,xazs usvamdnen droulobis xasiaTs: moqmedeba iSlebodamayureblis Tvalwin (àq da amJamad~).

sergei eizenSteinis azriT, reJisori ar unda apelirebdesmayureblis mexsierebas, Cveul kavSirebs, misi amocanaa _ isinidaamsxvrios. fragmentSi ̀ RmerTisTvis gvirgvinis axda~ (filmiòqtomberi~) reJisori kadrebis ubralo SepirispirebiT(sxvadasxva RmerTis, kerpis, urCxulis gamosaxulebebiT) arRvevswarmodgenas èrTian xelTuqmnel RmerTze~_ `RmerTisa dasamSoblos saxeliT~... romeli maTganis? romeli samSoblos?_ ìsmis~ gamosaxuleba ekranidan.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sergei eizenSteini montaJSi Txrobiswarmoebis ZiriTad xerxs xedavda, kinonawarmoebs ki ganixilavdapolifoniuri struqturis poziciidan, romelSic yvelakomponenti (gamosaxuleba, feri, ganaTeba, temporitmi) xelsuwyobs avtoris ZiriTadi azris gaxsnas. amasTan TiToeuli

roland (mixo) boraSvili sergei eizenSteinis samontaJo Teoriebis evolucia

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maTgani, emorCileba ra avtoris azris ganviTarebis logikas,Tavis racionalur da emociur datvirTvas, mTeli nawarmoebismTliani agebis tipisgan damoukideblad (iqneba es TxrobiTiTu kontrapunqtze agebuli nawarmoebi). aqedan gamomdinare,is werda, rom aucilebelia montaJi keTdebodes kadrisdominantis mixedviT _ masSi Warbi niSnis mixedviT: rakursis,moZraobis, sinaTlis, moqmedebis elementis, wminda optikurigaRizianebis da a. S.

sergei eizenSteinma daamuSava mayureblis yuradRebiskoncentraciis principebi: ZiriTadi azris gamoyofisTvisaucilebelia, zustad daisvas aqcentebi, romlebic gameorebisdros erTsa da imave reaqcias iwveven (magaliTad, mrisxaneba,aRSfoTeba, mwuxareba _ vakulinCukis mkvleloba, daxvretaodesis kibeze), Semdeg ki kadrebTan Sejaxebisas, sadac sapasuxoreaqciaa _ sapirispiro emociebi (gaseirneba àmerikulgorakebze~), mayurebeli grZnobs sasixarulo aRtyinebas, rogorces saxelovan nislebis scenaSia, sadac karWapebma TavisimoZraobiT, TiTqosda `gaarRvies~ siCume.

aseTi gadawyvetisas gansakuTrebul rols asruleben kadrebi(kerZod, msxvili xedebi da detalebi), romlebic, erTi mxriv,erTi da imave azrs xsnian, meore mxriv ki _ ara martosxvadasxva faqturiT, kadrsSiga moqmedebiT, aramed Tavis TavSigatarebuli garkveuli simboloebiT. magaliTad, epizodSi:àmboxeba `potiomkinze~ mRvdlis jvris statikuri xedebi,orTaviani arwivis xedebi montaJur rigSi èjaxebian~ maTkenmiSverili iaraRis lulebis win garinduli matrosebis saerToxedebs. ai, vin xocavs uiaraRo adamianebs _ RmerTi da mefe,ori RvTaeba, romelTa winaSe es matrosebi qeds ixridnen,visganac daxmarebas elodnen.

magram, drois msvlelobasTan erTad, sergei eizenSteiniSordeba Tavis pirvandel Ziebebs `naxtomebis~ sferoSi(ritmulad mkafiod organizebuli drouli montaJiT, rodesacmovlena nawevrdeba mravalwertilovani CvenebisTvis). isyuradRebas aqcevs imas, rom erTi xedis SigniT _ iqneba esplastikuri Tu xmovangamosaxulebiTi erTeuli _ arsebobsTavisi daZabuli moqmedeba, Tavisi kadrSiga montaJi, Tavisi

kadrSiga konfliqtebi: SiSveli montaJuri formis `...montaJi`naxtomiseburi montaJis~ etapis Semdeg~ gadadisgamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis Serwymuli polifoniisformebSi.

sergei eizenSteini werda: ùcnauria, rom dResmoiZebnebian adamianebi, romlebic gaiZaxian, rom ìvanemrisxanes~ montaJi _ saerTod araa montaJi(!), Tavadfilmi ki _ araa... kinematografi~.2

cvlileba sergei eizenSteinis filmebis stilistikaSiwinaswar iyo gansazRvruli: konfliqtebis Teoria, romelicmxolod pirvel etapze Seicavda Tavis TavSi zedapirze mdebare(`wamomxtari~ skulpturuli lomebi anda pensne _inteligenciis sibece da a. S.) ubralo asociaciebs, SemdgomSikontrapunqtis TeoriaSi gadaizarda. axali teqnikis danergviT,rac siRrmuli mizanscenebis agebis saSualebas iZleoda, Semdgomki xmis damkvidrebiT sergei eizenSteins SesaZlebloba gauCndamayurebelze Seemowmebina emociuri zemoqmedebisa da siuJetisracionaluri agebis sinTezis Tavisi idea, kontrapunqtSi maTiSejaxebiT.

xilvadisa da smenadis swored daumTxvevlobam ubiZgareJisors, gamoeyenebina Sinagani monologi (gmiris ara ubralod`fiqrebi~, rogorc xSirad axasiaTeben Sinagan monologs, aramedrogorc ̀ gareganisa~ da ̀ Sinaganis~ daumTxvevloba, magaliTad,`garegnulad~ mtkice da ̀ Sinaganad~ aforiaqebuli ivane mrisxane,misi aleqsandres gareubanSi wasvlis scenaSi). esdaumTxvevloba Cadebulia xmisa da gamosaxulebiskontrapunqtis gamoyenebis ara marto TviT princi pSi, arameddaZabulobis àfeTqebamde~ zrdaSic.

filmebma, sergei eizenSteinis azriT, mayurebelSi undagamoiwvion moqmedebisken ltolva (Taviseburi àRtyinebiskaTarzisi~). am moqmedebas SeuZlia Tavisi gamoxatva ipovosaRSfoTebiTi an dadebiTi emociebis dabadebaSi _ samyarospaTosur aRqmaSi da a. S.

am gamZafrebis SegrZneba rom gaCndes, filmis avtorebi(reJisori, operatori, mxatvari) iyeneben kadris meryevkompozicias, mis diagonalur agebas, moulodnel rakursul


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gadawyvetas, swrafad cvalebad msxvil xedebs, temporitmulinaxatis mkveTr cvlas. Suqtonalur gadawyvetaSi daZabulobisSTabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad xSirad dominireben obieqtebisCrdilebi (es SeiZleba iyos ivane mrisxanes figura, globusi,mitropolitis kverTxi da a. S.), obieqtivis mkacri naxati kixazs usvams faqturas da saxis nakvTebs.

daZabulobis SeqmnaSi gansakuTrebuli roli ekuTvnismusikalur partituras, musikaluri frazebis ganviTareba _matebis principiT aigeba. amasTan saxviTi rigi Seviwroebisaxal impulss iRebs (saerTo xedidan moZraobebze agebulisaSualo xediT msxvil xedze _ Seteva ̀ aleqsandre nevelSi~).saxviTi xedebis cvlis dros musikaluri frazebi zogjermeordebian (`yinulze brZola~ ̀ aleqsandre nevelSi~). zogjermolodinis gasaZliereblad xma ikargeba, Semdeg ki uecrad,rogorc `afeTqeba~ ise gaismis.

kinoSi feris gaCenam reJisors saSualeba misca gaemZafrebinadaZabuloba: opriCnikebis wiTeli perangebi cekvis drosganaTebis cvalebadobis gamo mkveTrad icvlebodnen TavistonalobaSi: Tbilidan civamde, Savi xifTanebi da fermkrTalisaxeebi avis momaswavlebel ganwyobilebas aZlierebdnen, fexebisbraguni da rakursSi gadaRebuli saxeebi ki agresiulobasusvamdnen xazs... da uecrad wreSi SemoiWreboda sarafanSigamowyobili, grZelnawnaviani rusi qalwulis niRbiT fedkabasmanovi. amiT icvleboda scenis ara marto temporitmi, aramedwarmoiqmneboda Tavzardamcemi grZnobac, rac ivane mrisxanesSemxedvare Zlierdeboda.

sergei eizenSteinis samontaJo Teoriebis evolucia _`atraqcionebis montaJidan~, sadac yovel epizodSi Tavisidasrulebuli formaa (kvanZis Sekvra, ganviTareba, kulminacia,kvanZis gaxsna da ̀ koda~, gadazrdili Semdgom epizodSi, romelicwinas kontrastulia) `naxtomebis~ Teoriis gavliT rTulipolifoniuri formis gamoyenebamde, gviCvenebs, rogor xdebodaxmovangamosaxulebiTi sinTezis Camoyalibeba. kinematografiuliformis srulyofiT sergei eizenSteins surda mayurebeligaexada ekranze mimdinare ambis Tanamonawiled da ara ubralodmWvretelad.

`...Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxviTisgan gansxvavebiTswored montaJuri pri nci pi Tv iTon mayurebelsaiZulebs Seqmnas, da swored amiT miiRweva is didiZala Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi mRelvarebisa mayurebelSi,ro m elic mo vle n e b i s g a mo s a xuleb a S i e moc i urn a w a r mo e b s u b r alo g a d moc e m i s i nfor m a c i ulilogikisgan ansxvavebs~ 3.

amgvarad, ekranze mimdinare ambis motivacia grZnobiTi,emociuri zemoqmedebiT mayurebels aiZulebs miiaxlovos`warsuli~ da ̀ awmyo~, gadaitanos ̀ istoria~ ̀ TanamedroveobaSi~.reJisori xazs usvamda, rom sinamdvilis nebismieritransformacia unda xdebodes ara raRac `meore realobis~SeqmnisTvis, aramed imisTvis, rom ekranulma saxem mayurebelsgauxsnas cxovrebis movlenebi xelovnebis mocemuli dargisTvismisawvdomi formiT pirobiTobis im xarisxiT, rac swored

xelovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da misi kanonebiT sruldeba.

1. ix.: Эйзенштейн С. Полн. собр. соч.: В 6 т., Москва, 1964. Т.3.2. Эйзенштейн С. Избранные произведения, Москва, 1964, Т.3, стр. 336.3. iqve, gv. 172.


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ira demetraZe

NneomiTologizmi kinematografSi

(dasavleTevropuli kinoprocesis magaliTze)EO

neomiTologiuri cnobiereba XX saukunis kulturulimentalobis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi ZiriTadi fenomenia.simbolizmidan moyolebuli postmodernamde yvela mxatvrulimimarTuleba neomiTologiur cnobierebas moiazrebs. Zirebijer kidev XIX saukuneSi isaxeba _ rihard vagnerisa dafiodor dostoevskis SemoqmedebaSi. miTologiuri motivebida reminiscenciebi Tavad mxatvruli teqstebis konstruirebiserT-erTi xerxicaa _ joises `ulisedan~ moyolebuliegzistencializmiT damTavrebuli (sartri; kamiu)...

lukino viskontis SemoqmedebaSi Tavad istoriuli realiebida esa Tu is epoqa eqvemdebareba miTologizacias. amgvaradisaxeba ara istoriuli, aramed miTologiuri dro da sivrce,sadac epizacia mxatvruli sivrcis modelirebis qvakuTxedixdeba. swored es garemoeba gamoarCevda lukino viskontisxelweras Tavis droze neorealizmisgan, Tumca misi suraTi`miwa caxcaxebs~ am mimdinareobis programul nawarmoebadaamiCneuli.

sainteresoa nacizmis simbolisturi da fsiqoanalitikuriinterpretireba, rac viskontim filmebSi ̀ RmerTebis daRupva~da ̀ didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi~ SemogvTavaza.ATavis mxriv,nacizmis am rakursiT interpretirebam, rac udaod viskontisprerogativas warmoadgens, mTel rig filmebs daudo safuZvelievropul kinematografSi (bernardo bertoluCis ̀ konformisti~;liliana kavanis ̀ Ramis portie~; pier-paolo pazolinis ̀ salo,anu sodomis 120 dRe~). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rainer vernerfasbinderis genialuri filmebic viskontis geniiTaanasazrdoebi. aqve minda gavixseno bunueliseuli frankistuliespaneTis simbolo _ filmi-igavi `viridiana~ (aq saubariaproblemis interpretirebis identurobaze da ara gavlenaze.bunuelis filmi mTeli Svidi wliT uswrebda viskontis`RmerTebis daRupvas~).

`didi daTvis idumali Tanavarskvlavedi~ erT-erTi imgamonaklisTagania viskontis SemoqmedebaSi, romelic reJisorisTanadroul epoqas, Tanamedroveobas exeba. sainteresoa erTiram, antonionis cnobili tetralogiis msgavsad viskontifokusirebas swored omisSemdgomi italiis, msxviliburJuaziisa da aristokratiis wreze axdens. asaxulia istendenciebi, rac garkveulwilad egreT wodebulma`ekonomikurma bumma~ ganapiroba. igive antonionis gamoTqma,rom vixmaroT: moixsna ra velosipedebis problema, kinokamera180 gradusiT Semobrunda da adamianis sulier samyarosmiejaWva. gaucxoeba da arakomunikabeloba industriulisazogadoebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli xdeba.

antonionim kacobrioba iluzorul TamaSSi Caaba(`fotogadidebis~ finaluri epizodi), sadac dakvirvebisas damiaxloebisas (teqnikur fotogadidebazea saubari) Tavadrealoba usxlteba subieqts, _ damkvirvebels xelidan...nebismieri movlena Tu adamiani iseve absurduli da pirobiTiaam samyaroSi, rogorc antikvariatis maRaziaSi arsebulivertmfrenis propeleri. `dabnelebaSi~ birJis scenaekonomikurad mzardi, industrialuri civilizaciis samyarosmodelicaa, sadac adamiani sakuTar saxes mTlianad kargavsda marionetad gadaiqceva. tbaSi iZireba Zvirad Rirebulimanqana da amiT materialuri civilizaciis uaryofaa xazgasmuli.mokled antonioniseuli gaucxoeba da arakomunikabelobaindustriuli civilizaciis realiebidan gamomdinareobs dafsiqologiuri tramvebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

viskonti filmSi ̀ didi daTvis idumali Tanavarskvlavedi~imave fenis da formaciis adamianebis problemebisreprezentacias miTologiis meSveobiT axdens: da-Zma sandrada jani agamemnonis Svilebis eleqtrasa da orestes erTgvariprototipebi arian. aq xazgasmulia maTi incestualuri kavSiri.deda, romelic moRalatea da meuRlis ̀ mkvleli~ hamletiseulaluziebs badebs. kinomcodne leonid kozlovi, viskontisSemoqmedebis cnobili mkvlevari, kidev erT kulturul citatazemiuTiTebs: filmis saTauri, romelic janis romanis saTaurisdublirebaa, Tavis mxriv, leopardis leqsidan ̀ mogonebebia~AaRebuli.Aaq,ra Tqma unda, antikuri miTologiis paralelurad,

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egzistencialuri Tematikacaa aqcentirebuli, _ imave sartrisada kamius literaturuli eqsperimentebi, sadac antikuri miTebiTanadrouli epoqis sailustraciod gamoiyeneba. amgvarad, saqmeneomiTologiur cnobierebasTan gvaqvs.

viskonti ̀ didi daTvis idumal TanavarskvlavedSi~ erTgvarimiTologiuri droisa da sivrcis konstruirebas axdens.moqmedeba Sua saukuneebis sagvareulo sasaxleSi TamaSdeba,Tanamedroveoba da istoria erT monoliTur mTlianobas qmnis.istoriuli dro da qronologia iseTive pirobiTi xerxiaviskontisTvis, rogorc jiosesTvis ùlises~ zusti TariRi1904 wlis 16 ivnisi. ̀ uliseSic~ aseve miTologiuri plastiaaqtualuri, odisevsis miTis saxiT. risTvis daWirda viskontisincestualuri Tematikis Semotana? pirvel rigSi sworedmiTologiuri konstruqciis gasaSiSvleblad. garkveulwilades aris is koleqtiuri aracnobieri, rac kacobriobis istoriasada kulturas udevs safuZvlad. isev wina planze gamodismamis xati, mama gmiria, kerpi Tumca cnobierebis siRrmeSidaleqili eWvi RrRnis Svilebis fsiqikas. sainteresoa ismotivic, rom swored mamis Zeglis gaxsnaze kulminacias aRwevsojaxuri tragedia da saerTod filmis moqmedeba am fokusSiamoqceuli. iqneb aqac kerpebis msxvrevasa da istoriis, uaxlesiwarsulis reviziasTan gvaqvs saqme. iqneb janis erTgvarisuicidaluri xasiaTis perfomansebi, romelic samwuxarodsabolood realistur qmedebaSi gadaizarda _ hamletiseuli`saTaguris~ perifrazia... xolo dros Tavisi koreqtivebiSeaqvs, Tuki hamleti Tavisi cnobierebiT axali droiskulturasa da filosofias udebs saTaves. janis istoria,Spengleris cnobili wignis saTauris dublireba rom movaxdinoT,èvropis mzis dasavalis~ maniSnebelia.

filmis prologSi grZeli panorama gvirabSi manqanebismoZraobas asaxavs. gvirabi adamianis an zogadad kacobriobisaracnobieris simbolod gamodgeba. viskontic xom Tavisigmirebis faruli, daTrgunuli kompleqsebis gamomzeurebascdilobs. amasTanave gvirabi wminda seqsualur simbolodacgamodgeba, rac Tavis mxriv aseve esadageba filmis mTavarmotivs. is, rom incesti daaxloebis, gaucxoebis daZlevis,adamianuri, naTesavuri komunikaciis erT-erTi xerxia am

arakomunikabelobis samyaroSi, _ faqtia; da kidev, sakuTariidenturobis SegrZnebis, gancdis saSualebaa. imave xerxsmimarTavs bernardo bertoluCi filmebSi `mTvare~ da`meocnebeni~. ̀ meocnebenis~ gmirebi 68 wlis ambebis monawileni,meamboxeni arian. maTi realoba kinoteqstebiTaa Canacvlebulida reprezentirebuli. maTTvisac RmerTi mkvdaria da es sulacar niSnavs, rom mamam unda daikavos RmerTis adgili. maTTvisseqsi da revolucia identuri cnebebia, da rac mTavaria da-Zma swored erTmaneTze axdens sakuTari egos proecirebas.filmSi ̀ mTvare~ ̀ umamo~ gmiri oidiposis kompleqsis erTgvariemanaciaa. mis mexsierebaSi daleqili mamis xati ewinaaRmdegebarealur mamas. amitomac igi garkveulwilad ikavebs mamisadgils dedis sarecelze, da miagnebs ra problemis arss,erTgvarad Tavisufldeba am kompleqsisagan. sayuradreboa, rombertoluCic saopero reminiscenciebs mimarTavs, magram amasufro kiCis saxe aqvs, rogorc orson uelsTan, vidreviskontiseuli maneris.

sainteresoa incestis kulturul-miTologiuri aspeqtebisgaanalizeba. klod levi-strosi am problemis socialurfunqciaze amaxvilebs yuradrebas. incestis akrZalva bunebidankulturaze, civilizaciaze gadasvlis mniSvnelovnadwinapirobad miiCneva. Aanu, incesti kulturisa da bunebiswinaarmdeg danaSauladaa aRiarebuli. imave svetonii, romaeliistorikosi, romis imperiis dacemis mizezs maRal fenebSigamefebul yvela saxis incests ukavSirebda. incestis akrZalvaqals saSualebas aZlevda emociuri izolaciisgan daeRwiaTavi da garesamyarosTan daemyarebina kontaqti, _ adamianTasxva jgufTan, gansxvavebul TemTan Sesuliyo kavSirSi. anuviskontis filmis erT-erTi motivic amaSi mdgomaraeobs.italiis aristokratia, sandrasa da janis saxiT, sworedizolaciaSia moqceuli, sakuTar naWuWSia gamoketili. incestimiTologiaSi kanibalizmTanac asocirdeba. igiveobis, sakuTariTavis msgavsis STanTqmas gulisxmobs, sakuTari arsebobisgaxangrZlivebis mizniT.

viskontis filmis finalSi Cndeba warwera: ìgi faSizmismsxverplad daeca~, rac TavisTavad, zogadad, filmisdramaturgiul koliziaze proecirdeba. es adamianebi swored

neomiTologizmi kinematografSiira demetraZe

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vaJa zubaSvili

dokumenturi kino axal

faseulobaTa formirebis procesSi

yoveli saukunis dasawyisi da ganviTarebis fazebi misTvisdamaxasiaTebeli msoflmxedvelobiT xasiaTdeba. XXI saukunisada axali aTaswleulis dasawyisi jer Camoyalibebis procesSia_ postmodernistuli, postindustriuli sazogadoebis wiaRSizeindustriuli proto virtualuri xanis Canasaxi Cndeba.1

XX saukunis wuxils ìstoriis dasasrulze~, àvtorisgardacvalebaze~, maskulturizaciaze, komerciuli xelovnebis,rogorc adamianTa zneobis Sinaganad gamomfitav sferoze,kidev ufro amZafrebs globalizacia, romlis gamowvevebisada safrTxeebis gaazreba sasicocxlod aucilebelia Cvennairipatara qveynisaTvis.

àucilebelia eris sulier samyaroSi sakuTari Tavisadmirwmenis aRzrda, Tu qarTvel xalxSi es rwmena ar aRizarda,verc erTi xelisufleba ver SeZlebs damoukideblobisSenarCunebas~, _ werda akaki baqraZe 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.2

`sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis aRzrda~ qarTuli sazogadoebisTvisseriozul problemad iqca. amitom Zalian didi mniSvnelobaaqvs im obieqturi garemoebebis, gamowvevebisa da safrTxeebisSeswavlas, rac axlavs globalizaciis process; globalizaciisa,romelsac apologetebic hyavs da mowinaaRmdegeebic. magrammTavari mainc gardauvali procesebis swori gaazreba damaTze adekvaturi reagirebaa da aranakleb mniSvnelovani _mzaoba am procesebSi monawileobisaTvis.

`bastiliis aRebis da adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciismiRebis Semdeg faseulobaTa es sistema (feodaluri epoqisfaseulobaTa sistema – v. z.) Seicvala, yovel SemTxvevaSiqaRaldze mainc... magram Zveli sistemis safuZvlebi _keTilSobili mefeebi, mSvenieri princesebi, mtacebeli baronebida uSiSari raindebi _ kvlavac cocxloben da kvlavac iWrebianCvens cnobierebaSi~, _ artur kestleris am sityvebs kinomcodnegiorgi gvaxaria Cvens realobas usadagebs da ambobs, rom

musoliniseuli reJimis msxverplni arian. swored es faSisturiwarsuli Tu istoriuli mexsiereba awevs maT mxrebze. sasaxliserTi fligeli daketilia, iq ar Sedian filmis gmirebi. esmaTi warsulicaa albaT da qvecnobieri kompleqsebi. imavexerxs mimarTavs viskonti filmSi òjaxuri portretiinterierSi~ _ faruli oTaxi profesoris binaSi, rac Tavismxriv, swored, omisdroindeli realiebis simboloa.

jani da sandras deda, rogorc ukve vTqviT, hamletiseulasociaciebs badebs. deda moRalatea, magram imavdrouladmsxverplic. igi sulierad avadmyofia, Tavis mxriv tiraniis,reJimis msxverplia. sistemis mieraa `gaupatiurebuli~.

cnobili mkvlevari, viqtor boJoviCi, wers: ̀ filmebSi ̀ rokoda misi Zmebi~ da, gansakuTrebiT, `didi daTvis idumalTanavarskvlavedSi~ reJisori gmirebs imgvar cxovrebiseulsituaciebSi ayenebs, rom TavianTi damangreveli da ulmobelivnebebis tyveobaSi xvdebian. (...) neorealizmis gmirebisagangansxvavebiT viskontis gmirebi bnel, destruqciul sawyissatareben sakuTar TavSi. Tumca sakuTar avtokomentarebSireJisori daJinebiT imeorebda, rom gmirebis xasiaTi da qmedebamaTive socialuri, klasobrivi kuTvnilebiT iyo motivirebuli,magram TandaTan aSkara xdeboda, rom saubari iyo ara amklasebis formirebis socio-istoriul Taviseburebebze, aramedsaerTod civilizaciis bedze. adamianis individualuri dakoleqtiuri arsebobis erTgvar ciklze, ganmeorebaze. erTxelTavad reJisorsac wamocda: ̀ risTvisaa saWiro warsuli? raTasayovelTao gacxaddes.~

marTalia filmis gmirebi sagvareulo, Zvel sasaxleSiarin da iq TamaSdeba moqmedeba, istoriuli da kulturulimemkvidreobiToba ar arsebobs. es tragikuli kolizia aramxolod viskontis Semoqmedebis, aramed misi piradi egzistenciisZiriTadi motivicaa. gamwydari droTa kavSiris gamrTelebaarc mas ZaluZs.

v. raihi. masebis fsiqologia da faSizmi. www.gumer.infos. averincevi. oidi posis miTis interpretaciis sakiTxisTvis.www.gumer.info l. viskonti: statiebi, mogonebebi, gamonaTqvamebi. Moskovi, 1986.a. plaxovi. miTis mimarTulebiT da istoriis siRrmeSi, moskovi,1989.

ira demetraZe

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Cven ukve vcxovrobT epoqaSi, romelSic materialisturrealobas virtualuri anacvlebs, inteleqtualur iniciativasinternetTaoba iRebs. icvleba urTierTmimarTeba marketinguliurTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel komponentebs Soris _ moTxovnasproduqtze ukve warmoSobs ara mxolod aucilebloba dasaWiroeba, aramed TviT marketinguli komunikaciebis mierSeqmnili moTxovnileba. es princi pi mniSvnelovnad cvlisPR-iT SeniRbuli propagandisa da, Sesabamisad, globalizaciisideologias daqvemdebarebuli xelovnebisa da mTlianadkulturis amocanasac.

am procesebs sainformacio globalizacia warmarTavs.`sazogadoebis makontrolebel instanciad ara saxelmwifo,aramed, kapitalis centrebi gvevlineba. es centrebisaerTaSoriso korporaciebia da maT xelSi uzomo Zalauflebaakoncentrirebuli~; `maT mier yvela saSualeba gamoiyenebasazogadoebis mani pulirebisTvis. isini floben masobrivsainformacio saSualebebs, gavlena aqvT sasamarTloebsa dasaxelmwifo dawesebulebebze, bazrebze ki maT gareSe araferixdeba~.8

sazogadoebasa da individze masobrivi komunikaciebistotaluri zemoqmedebis damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebisparalelurad, mkvlevrebi (sociologebi, fsiqologebi,filosofosebi, kulturulogebi...) sul ufro metad amaxvilebenyuradRebas masobrivi komunikaciebis demasifikaciaze;televiziis epoqa internetepoqaSi inacvlebs; da ara mxolodinterneti, interaqtiuri xdeba telesivrcec. elvin tofleri(amerikeli sociologi da futurologi) Tavis wignSi ̀ mesametalRa~ erT-erT Tavs swored ase asaTaurebs: `masobriviinformaciis saSualebaTa demasifikacia~. am wignSi tofleriaxali, zeindustriuli civilizaciis (pirveli _ agraruli,meore _ industriuli) niSnebs ayalibebs da didi xniT adreWvrets im tendencias, rac jer kidev Canasaxis mdgomareobaSiadaFTvlis, rom es civilizacia radikalurad cvlis masobriviinformaciis saSualebaTa mier masobriv cnobierebaSi Canergilunificirebul saxeebs/xatebs da qcevis standartebs.9 magramam protovirtualuri xanis mijnaze samyaro jerjerobiTisev dayofilia enobrivi, erovnuli, kulturuli, religiuri

vaJa zubaSvili

kestleris cnobili ese ̀ snobizmis anatomia~3 postkomunisturisazogadoebis, maT Soris, Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebisportretad SeiZleba aRviqvaT.4

da kidev erTi Strixi portretisTvis _ `dapyrobil ersaRar eZleva Zalebis realizebis saSualeba. es samyaro aRararis ̀ misi~ samyaro, misi arseboba sxvisi arsebobis danamatadiqceva. eri TavisTavs veRar povebs awmyoSi da, amdenad, misiistoria da eTnikuri namdviloba iqcevian erovnuli cnobierebisdafokusirebis wertilebad... eri iZulebulia, Tavis istoriuldamsaxurebasa da eTnikur originalobaze gadaitanos aqcenti,awmyo, misi arsebobis erTaderTi WeSmariti ̀ adgili~, CaanacvloswarsuliT, radgan igi veRar arsebobs sinamdviliT dasinamdvileSi~.5

daaxloebiT aseTi mzaobiT varT warmdgari globalizaciiseris winaSe, romelic erebisa da erovnulebis gamanadgurebelprocesad, sayovelTao erTgvarobisa da sayovelTao sakacobriostandartizaciis safrTxed aRiqmeba, romelic terorizmis,globaluri daTbobis, bunebrivi resursebis amowurvis SiSiTgajerebul fonze mimdinareobs. es aris procesi, romelSicsaxelmwifoTa Zalaufleba transnacionaluri, zeerovnulikompaniebis diqtatiT icvleba; procesi, romelic e. wevropizaciis, dasavluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebiTa dadeklarirebiT sinamdvileSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis,politikis, kulturis gavrcelebas warmoadgens ganviTarebadda CamorCenil qveynebSi, rasac Tan sdevs erTiani ekonomikuri,samarTlebrivi da politikuri sivrcis gardauvali Camoyalibebakapitalis usafrTxoebis mizniT.6

msoflio homogenizaciis procesi ki eTnikur, religiurda, saerTod, mTliani kulturuli qsovilis, kulturulidentobaTa rRvevas iwvevs. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianisuflebebi da Tavisuflebebi _ sityvis, sindisis, saqmianobisarsebiTi Tavisufleba umetesad deklarirebulia da mxolodgarkveul farglebSia daculi. `dRvandeli kapitalisturisazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiT swored imiT gansxvavdebastalinuri ti pis diqtaturisgan, rom aq tragediis ZiriTadmoqmed pirebad ara saxelmwifo da moqalaqe gvevlineba, aramedkorporacia da pirovneba~.7

dokumenturi kino axal faseulobaTa formirebis procesSi

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mosaxleobis 13% sargeblobs. teqnikuri sirTulisa daaRWurvilobis siZviris garda, `mniSvnelovania isic, rominterneti ufro did moTxovnebs uyenebs misi momxmareblisganaTlebis dones~.12

televizia dokumenturobis specifikur Tvisebas _imavdroulobas flobs. simultanoba, televiziis bunebriviTavisebureba `daswrebis efeqts~ qmnis da mas gansakuTrebuldamajereblobas aniWebs. didi xania, istorias Cabarda is dro,rodesac kinoTeatrSi kinoseansebis win uCvenebdnen kino-Jurnalebs, romlebic axali ambebis: movlenis, faqtis dakomentaris TiTqmis erTaderT audiovizualur formaswarmoadgenda. dokumenturi kinos es funqcia televiziamitvirTa, miT ufro, video Caweris damkvidrebis Semdgom. Tumca,sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde saqarTvelos samecnieropopularuli da dokumenturi filmebis studia `mematiane~TiTqmis ukanasknel wuTebamde ganagrZobda am funqciisSesrulebas da studiis gaCerebasTan erTad kinomateanis Seqmnisunikaluri saSualebac gaqra.

miuxedavad imisa, rom teleJurnalistebi da reportiorebiTiTqmis yvela movlenas asaxaven, romlebic Semdgomtelekompaniebis arqivebSi rCeba videomasalis saxiT, es araris srulyofili saarqivo masala, is viwro sauwyebo interesiTSemoifargleba da ara sazogadoebriviT; da Tanac, televiziebiZiriTadad sensaciur, rezonansul movlenebsa da politikurbrZolebs asaxaven da kadrs miRma rCeba uamravi sakiTxi, racSeiZleba samomavlod did faseulobas warmoadgendes. me amaSidamarwmuna saqarTvelos sxvadasxva telekompaniis sainformaciosamsaxurebSi muSaobis sakmaod didma gamocdilebam datelekompania `me-9 arxze~ Cem mier sruliad gansxvavebuliprincipiT Seqmnili video arqivis gaqrobam (ramdenadac mevici, am arqivis bedi dazustebiT aravin icis. es calke Temada problemaa).

informaciuli funqciisgan gamoTavisuflebam dokumenturkinos meti sivrce dautova principulad axali formebisZiebisTvis. ̀ kinopublicistikis mowodebaa _ asaxos cxovreba,gvaCvenos masSi axali ylortebi, romelic komunizmiskenmiiswrafvian, da Zvelic _ Cveni Secdomebi, naklovanebebi,

vaJa zubaSvili

da saxelmwifoebrivi barierebiT, romelTa rRvevac da dacvacdidad aris damokidebuli masobrivi komunikaciebissaSualebebis gamoyenebis mizanmimarTulebaze.

vidre kacobrioba virtualuri samyaros axal istoriaSigadainacvlebs, uamravi miwieri niSnisgan unda gaTavisufldes,rac individs mkveTr individualurobas aniWebs erTianikulturuli qsovilis saxiT. epSteini ambobs, rom virtualursamyaros erTi nakli aqvs, is mainc teqnosamyaroa, rogorcnebismier manqanas CarTva da gamorTva sWirdeba. amitom realoba,rogorc maradiuli safuZveli, garkveuli droiT mainciarsebebs.10

marSal maklueni civilizaciis ganviTarebis etapebsganixilavs, rogorc adamianis reaqcias civilizaciisgamowvevebze (`TiToeuli axali zewola iwvevs emociurgadaadgilebebs grZnobaTa mTeli sistemis proporciulobaSi.amitom Cven veZebT fsiqikur da socialur msoflaRqmaSi amemociur gadanacvlebaTa kontrolis saSualebas angadanacvlebaTa saerTod Tavidan acilebis saSualebas~) daaRniSnavs rom kacobriobis kulturis istoriis mTelmanZilze ar moi poveba piradi Tu socialuri cxovrebissxvadasxva faqtorTan da gafarToebasTan SeguebisSegnebuli magaliTi, Tu ara gamonaklisi _ Zalisxmevaxelovnisa: ̀ xelovani aTwleulebiT adre ixelTebs kulturulda teqnologiur garRvevaTa arss manam, sanam sruladgamJRavndeba maTi matransformirebeli gavlena. igi aSenebsmodelebs an axal noes kidobnebs momaval cvlilebaTaSesaxvedrad~. am mosazrebis gasamyareblad maklueni uindhemluisis azrsac iSveliebs: `xelovani yovelTvis aRwersmomavlis istorias, radganac mxolod is Seicnobsawmyos bunebas~ .11

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawili ̀ awmyos bunebas~masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT Seicnobs. axalRirebulebaTa damkvidrebis mTavar agentebad media institutebigvevlineba. jerjerobiT kvlav lideris rolSia televizia,romelic komunikaciis mraval formas erT saSualebaSiaerTianebs. marTalia, internetis konkurencia Zlierdeba, magramrogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, internetiT jerjerobiT msoflio

dokumenturi kino axal faseulobaTa formirebis procesSi

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personaJad iqcnen. saxeebi icvleboda, ucvleli mxolod siuJetirCeboda. `fotoatelieebSi es `daxatuli muSamba~ dRes aqa-iq TuRa SemorCa. drom Tan waiRo igi. magram, samwuxarod,xelovnebis yvela dargSi darCaAda jerjerobiT aravin uwyis,rodis moviSorebT~.15

akaki baqraZe dasZens, rom xelovnebaSi Tavs iCens sqematizmi,koniunqturis siyvaruli da primitiuli qveteqsti. me vfiqrob,es problema dRes ufro metad aqtualuria.

im periodSi TiTqos ori sabWoTa kino arsebobda: erTimowinave, ZiebiT savse namdvili xelovneba da meore, rogorcukve aRvniSneT, uferuli da daRlili ideologiis propaganda.farTod iyo gaSlili muSaoba kinos Teoriisa da kritikismimarTulebiT; da Tu uxv gamocemebSi meqanikurad Casmul samcnebas _ ̀ komunisturi partia, komunizmi, lenini~ _ amoviRebT,Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaferi Tavis adgilasaa dagarkveulwilad, _ mowinave ideebic matarebelic. rac mTavaria,yvelgan: TeoriaSic da praqtikaSic figurirebs ̀ dRevandeloba~,romlis oponirebac iyo SesaZlebeli.

xelovnebaSi, sabednierod, ar arsebobs mza formebi daerTxel aRmoCenili da gayinuli formulebi. amitom Semoqmedebamxolod ambis moyola ki ar aris, aramed axali formismigneba; Tundac, Zveli ambis axali SinaarsiT mowodeba imdrosTan SesabamisobaSi, romelSic xelovani cxovrobs.

realobasa da films Soris yovelTvis dgas avtori, romelicarsebuli realobis e. w. filmur realobad gardaqmnis procesSigansazRvravs Tavis damokidebulebas mis mimarT; rodesacgrZnobad-konkretuli faqtebi abstraqtul-azrobriv faqtebadtransformirdeba _ movlenebze Txrobidan _ movlenebzeSexedulebamde.

realuri cxovrebiseuli movlena mravalmxrivia,mravalmxrivia simarTlis cnebac da rac ufro xedvis mravalikuTxiT ganvixilavT mas, ufro metia am realobis sruliadgansxvavebuli suraTis miRebis albaToba. faqtis arsebobaj er k id e v a r ni S n a v s s i m a rTles doku m e nturkinoxelovnebaSi. calkeuli faqtebis konstatacia arafersniSnavs, vidre is ar gaiSleba Sesabamisi socialuri, politikuri(da a. S.) movlenis analizis fonze, arsebul gamowvevaTaAkonteqstSi,

romlebic xels uSlian Cvens ganviTarebas~,13 _ ase ayalibebdnensabWoTa kinokritikosebi dokumentalistikis funqcias; espaTosi Cvens dRevandel realobasac SeiZleba miesadagos, TumasSi cneba `komunizms~ _ `demokratiiT~ an, ubralod,`momavliT~ SevcvliT.

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi televizia aqtiurad viTardeba;Tumca, is xSir SemTxvevaSi kinofirs iyenebs da, Sesabamisad, _mi s pri nci p eb s ac . a m p eriodSi a m pri nci p eb i surTierTdapirispirebam da urTierTgavlenam mniSvnelovnaddaxvewa televiziisa da kinos gamosaxvis saSualebebi: kinoaRiWurva ufro mobiluri gadamRebi da xmis sinqronuladCaweris teqnikiT; televizia ki videoCaweris, gadaRebisa damontaJis axali saSualebebiT SeiaraRda da dRes TiTqmisaRar arsebobs principuli sxvaoba dokumentur, satelevizioda kino films Soris.

jer kidev 1925 wels Ziga vertovi aRfrTovanebiT werda:`ukve gamogonilia radioTi gamosaxulebis gadacemis saSualebada Cven unda vemzadoT ara operebisa da dramebisdemonstrirebisTvis, aramed gaZlierebulad unda vemzadoTimisaTvis, rom mivceT saSualeba proletarebs mTeli qveynisa,organizebulad dainaxon da isminon mTeli msoflio, naxon,mousminon da gaugon erTmaneTs~.14 Ziga vertovis es ocnebasrulad axda da ̀ proletaric~ da ̀ burJuac~ erTi globalurisamyaros saerTo telemayurebeli gaxda.

60-70-iani wlebSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria kino datelevizia Teoriuli kvlevebis mimarTulebiT – televiziisgavlena xelovnebis yvela sferoze vrceldeba, mniSvnelovanixdeba dokumenturobisa da mxatvrulobis problema TanamedrovexelovnebaSi. sabWoTa ideologiis propagandis mTavari aqcentiteleviziaze gadadis. xelovnebis saSualebebiT propagandasdaRla etyoba; TiTqos yvelaferi inerciiT, duned mimdinareobs.akaki baqraZe am periodis kinos adarebs provinciulfotoatelieebSi SemorCenil daxatul muSambas, romelzecdabali doniTa da xarisxiT Sesrulebul naxatze, adamianisTavis adgilas amoWrilia saxis sivrce. ̀ gmirul-romantiuli~siuJetebis moyvarulT saSualeba eZlevaT gavidnen fardisukan, Tavi gamoWril sivrceSi gamoyon da daxatuli siuJetis

vaJa zubaSvili dokumenturi kino axal faseulobaTa formirebis procesSi

28 29

`vinc fuls ixdis, musikasac is ukveTavs~, _ dRes Cvenidokumenturi filmi televiziis wiaRSi iqmneba Tu mis gareT,ZiriTadad mainc televiziiT demonstrirebas gulisxmobs.televizias ar awyobs gansxvavebuli formati, filmi, romelicawyobilia mofiqral mayurebelze, romlis dramaturgia kadrTaSepirispirebiT igeba da ar iTxovs axsna-ganmartebebs; romlismayurebeli ambis da saxis Seqmnis Tanamonawile xdeba daTviTon akeTebs daskvnas.

maskultura aRar iZleva momzadebuli auditoriisreproduqcirebis saSualebas; kino, literatura, Teatri,teleekrani ZiriTadad gasarTob produqciazea orientirebuli.televizia gamartivebul formas iTxovs. is, rasac Cventeleekranze vxedavT, dokumenturi kinos msgavsi meTodebisgamoyenebaa, romelic kargi verbaluri teqstis, SeiZleba iTqvas,kargad awyobili xmovan-xedviTi ilustraciaa, sadac yvelafers:filmis ritms, temps, emocias primitiuli semiotika dainformaciuli teqsti gansazRvravs.

ZiriTadi Tema lamis yvela tele-dokumenturi programisa,romelsac ̀ I arxi~, ̀ imedi~, ̀ rusTavi 2~ gvTavazoben, uaxlesiwarsulia. TiTqos piri Sekres da es warsuli safrTxobeladgadmoitanes awmyoSi; awmyoSi, romelic Cvens cnobierebaSiCveni mediasaSualebebiT arsebiTad saxelisuflebo TuxelisuflebisaTvis brZolis suraTsaa mibmuli da sociumiaqa-iq Tu gaielvebs; momavali ki deklarirebuli dasavluriRirebulebebia da mkvidrdeba stereotipiT: ̀ rogorc evropaSi~,`sxva qveynebSi asea/ase ar aris~. amitomac Cveni teleekranida masze warmodgenili `dokumenturi filmi~ akaki baqraZiszemoxsenebul `daxatuli muSambis~ princips ar gascilebia.

dokumenturi xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, CvenSifotoxelovneba ufro win aris wasuli. magaliTad, fotografinaTela grigalaSvili, Cemi azriT, WeSmarit xelovnebamde ayvanildokumentalizms aRwevs, sadac realoba mTeli Tavisi SinaganibrwyinvalebiT warmogvidgeba , sociumi _ misTvisdamaxasiaTebeli uSualobiT, gulwrfelobiT, gancdiT, adamianurigrZnobebiT savse poetikiT, sadac naturalizmisTvis iotisodenaadgilic ar rCeba.

istoriul kanonzomierebasTanASesabamisobasa Tu SeusabamobaSi.`Tu ar aris miRweuli simarTlis mTlianoba, moyvanili faqtebissizuste SesaZloa cru Canafiqris SesaniRbi saSualebaaRmoCndes~.16

dRes bevr publikaciaSi SevxvdebiT azrs: Cven ukvevcxovrobdiT sabWoTa kavSirSi, vsadilobdiT `sazkvebis~sasadiloebSi da vuyurebdiT filmebs revoluciasa dakomunizmis mniSvnelobaze. axla ki `makdonaldizacia~ da`holivudizaciaa~ da vuyurebT filmebs cud sabWoTa kavSirze.vxarobT, rom cudi warsuli ukan dagvrCa (magram drogvafxizlebs da win gverekeba: `gadaiwvii? ar SeCerde!wausnikerse!~ :) :) :) CvenTvis sinamdvile mxolod televizorSia.is, rac televizorSi ar aris, TiTqos arc arsebobs. empiriulrealobas redaqtirebuli telerealoba jabnis. sxva arxebiTmiRebul nebismier ambavs, TviTmxilvelic rom iyos adamiani,Tu televiziam ar daastura, faqtis mniSvneloba aRar eniWebada Cveni emociuri SegrZnebidanac qreba. Sesabamisad, virtualurgmirebsa da faqtebs ufro mZafrad ganvicdiT, vidre CvengverdiT myof adamianebsa da Cven garSemo momxdar ambebs.

axali ambebis sferoSi momuSave Jurnalistebma ician, rommaT ara aqvT ufleba daafiqsiron sakuTari pozicia maT miergadmocemuli ambis mimarT, raTa ar SebRalon obieqturi xedvamovlenaze da ar SeuSalon xeli mayurebels movlenis obieqturaRqmaSi. magram arcTu rTul teqnologias mSvenivrad SeuZlia`miukerZoeblobis~ SeniRbva.

gansxvavebiT axali ambebisagan, dokumenturi filmi Tu araris gaJRenTili avtoris poziciiT, maSin es filmi arSemdgarifilmia, radganac ar meguleba sxva princi pi, romlissaSualebiTac xdeba Temis, masalis SerCeva, filmis esTetikis,montaJuri principisa Tu stilis gansazRvra. am sayrdenisgareSe Cven filmze, rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebze, vervimsjelebT. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini, visac dRes Cven avtorebsvuwodebT, mxolod gamtarebad, Semsruleblad gvevlinebian imuxilavi avtorisa Tu avtorebisa, romlebic sadRac arian daCveni cnobiereba maT konturebs martivad gansazRvravs _`raRac, viRac, sadRac...~


30 31

http://history.club.fatih.edu.tr/103%20Huntington%20Clash%20of%20Civilizations%20full%20text.htm7. milton fridmani, kapitalizmi da Tavisufleba, mTargmnelis _ n.gvelesianis winasityvaoba, gamomcemloba ̀ sezani~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.XVI.8. iqve, gv. 15-16.9. Тоффлер, Элвин, Демассификация средств массовой информации,Третья волна, Глава 13, http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Toffler/_07.php10. Михаил Эпштейн, Протеизм. Манифест начала века, http://www.topos.ru/veer/07/v7_proteism1.html11. http://www.topos.ru/veer/08/v8_proteism2.html12.Маршалл Маклюен, Понимание Медиа, Москва-Жуковский, 2003,gv.76-77.13. maka ambrolaZe, globaluri teqnologiebi da kulturis ganviTareba,`xelisufleba da sazogadoeba~, # 2 (6), 2008, gv.144.14. Игорь Рачук, Твой большой друг, Москва, 1965; gv.121.15. Дзига Вертов, Статьи. Дневники. Замыслы. Москва, 1966, gv.86.16. akaki baqraZe, kino. Teatri, Tbilisi, 1989, gv.174.17. Ю. Я.мартиненко, Документальное киноискуcство, Москва, 1979, gv.97.18. ira demetraZe, Tanamedrove kinoprocesi _ kulturul-miTologiuri

arqetipebi, ̀ saxelovnobo mecnierebaTa Ziebani~, #1 (34), 2008, gv. 64.

magram realur cxovrebaze (da ara modelirebulze, rogorc`realiT SouSi~) dakvirveba rTulia, did drosa da ZalisxmevasmoiTxovs. bevrad advilia gamartivebuli meTodebis konveiruliwesiT gamoyeneba. dokumenturi kino improvizaciaa, sadaccxovreba sTavazobs avtors pirobebs.

statiis mTavar miznad me davisaxe Cemeuli xedviswarmodgena im fonisa da gamowvevebisa, romelic uxvadsTavazobs Temebs da problemebs dokumentur kinos. Sevecdebi,momdevno statiaSi ganvixilo arasatelevizio formatisdokumenturi kinos tendenciebi; am statias ki kinomcodneira demetraZis mosazrebiT davamTavreb: `iq, sadac arsebobskino, fundamenturi kultura da xdeba garkveuli kulturuliideologiis artikulireba, iq fizikuri da sulieri gadagvarebis

saSiSroeba ar dgas~.17

1. Михаил Эпштейн, Протеизм. Манифест начала века, http://www.topos.ru/veer/07/v7_proteism1.html;http://www.topos.ru/veer/08/v8_proteism2.html2. akaki baqraZe, dawunebuli gza, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 391.3. Артур Кестлер, Анатомия снобизма,http://lib.guru.ua/INPROZ/KESTLER/snobizm.txt4. giorgi gvaxaria, snobizmi da korufcia, Jurnali ̀ Tavisufleba~, #9,2004.5. zaza firaliSvili, mcire eri da istoriuli perspeqtiva, Tbilisi,1994, gv.30.6.Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations?,


32 33

igi gamosaxulebis wminda garegnul msgavsebas an kontrastsemyareba. am kategoriis magaliTi Cven ukve ganvixileT. arsebobsam kategoriis rogorc ubralo, aseve rTuli formac.

SedarebiT maRal safexurze dgas dramatuli metafora.igi moqmedebis Semadgeneli nawilia da masSi ganmartebiTielementi Seaqvs, imavdroulad xels uwyobs ambis sworadgagebas.

o. ioselianis filmis `giorgobisTve~ finalur scenaSiRvinis qarxnis meRvineebi qalaqis parkSi iReben fotos.Ddidimuyaos naWerze daxatulia firosmanis qeifi da moqeifeTaTavebis WrilSi meRvineTa Tavebi moCans. reJisori Cvenigaremomcveli samyaros xelovnurobas, daxatuli, xelovnurifonis gamoyenebiT amZafrebs.Aam scenis metaforuli qargafilmis prologis scenas wamoativtivebs, sadac naCvenebiaglexi meRvineebis ubralo yofa.Eesaa siyalbisa da movaleobismaniSnebeli metafora.

dabolos, m. martenis mixedviT, arsebobs metaforis mesamekategoria _ ideologiuri.Mmisi mizania mayureblis warmoaxvaSiim ideis transponireba, romelic filmis moqmedebis sazRvrebsgareT gadis da sabolood garkveuli msoflmxedvelobisgamoxatvas, reprezentacias eqvemdebareba.

T. abulaZis `natvris xis~ finalur scenaSi yru gugunigaismis, irgvliv nisli dgas, Zlivs gasagoni es xma nel-nelagaremomcveli sivrcis siCumes arRvevs, eufleba mas da sworedmis fonze igi gamayruebeli gveCveneba.Nnislidan brbos siluetiikveTeba. virze ukuRma SemousvamT marita qmris erTgulebisficis darRvevisaTvis. fers moklebuli es nacrisferi kadrebididi tragizmis matarebelia. epizodi aRiqmeba, rogorc yveladrois metafora: igi ubiri brbos sibnelis mimaniSnebelia, imbrbosi, romelmac silamaze da siwminde lafis dasasxmeladgaimeta. siuJetis mravalplaniani qveteqsti swored am epizodSiiyris Tavs, sublimirdeba.

kinematografiul narativSi amgvari ideologiuri metaforacxadad mianiSnebs avtoris poziciaze da, saerTod, aZlierebsfilmis inteleqtualur zemoqmedebas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am ierarqiaSi metaforis erTi garkveuliforma SesaZloa, meore formis matarebelic iyos. magaliTad,

rusudan kvaracxelia

metaforis zogadi klasifikacia

metafora kinoxelovnebaSi _ esaa gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac mayurebels xatovnad miewodebasagnis an niSan-xatis gadataniTi, faruli mniSvneloba.

metaforis istoria kinoSi kinoenis mravalferovanSesaZleblobaTa TandaTanobiTi aTvisebis process erTvis,asaxavs. metafora da zogadad metaforuli azrovneba, rogorcganzogadoebis saSualeba, xelovnebis yvela saxeobismaxasiaTebelia. igi emyareba sityvebis, saganTa da movlenaTaunars, gadmogvces saTqmeli ara marto pirdapir, aramed`gadataniTi~ mniSvnelobiT, qaragmuladac, anu Tavis TavSimoicavs sxvadasxva azrobriv konotacias, rac, Tavis mxriv,zogadad mxatvruli teqstis semantikur vels amdidrebs.

kinometaforis Seqmnis erT-erTi adreuli xerxiliteraturidan momdinareobs. Tavdapirvelad kino nawarmoebismxolod da mxolod garegnul qargas e. w. fabulas asaxavda,magram masSi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi idea avtorismravalmniSvnelovani da Rrma Canafiqris meSveobiTgamoixateboda.Kkinos istoriis kvlevisas advili dasanaxia,rom igi gamomsaxveloboTi saSualebebis, ganzogadebis xerxebisada kinometaforis gamudmebiT ZiebaSia.

20-iani wlebis reJisorebi filmis siuJetur qsovilSimniSvnelovani, arsebiTi sityvieri metaforis Sesatanadsxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavdnen. s. eizenSteini filmSi ̀ gaficva~montaJur Sepirispirebas iyenebs. jaSuSs _ melas, maimuns,bus da a. S. adarebs. igi iRebs cxovelebs, epizodebs wafenebiTtvirTavs, mimdinare movlenebis ritms arRvevs, yovelive es kiimisaTvis keTdeboda, raTa mieRo literaturis analogiuriSedarebiTi konstruqcia.

Tanamedrove metaforul konstruqcias SeiZleba hqondesmetad rTuli da mravalsaxovani mniSvneloba. magaliTad, marselmarteni wignSi `kinos ena~,1 metaforas sam kategoriad yofs:plastikur, dramatul da ideologiur metaforebad.Pplastikurmetaforas am ierarqiaSi yvelaze dabali safexuri ukavia.

34 35

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa xmauri musikis funqciiT.magaliTad, o. ioselianis filmSi `mTvaris favoritebi~ TudavakvirdebiT polifoniurad organizebuli `musikis~ xmebs– esaa WurWlis mtvrevis, namsxvrevebis akrefis xma, saTuneborblis xma, ZaRlis yefa nadirobis dros, afeTqebisa dakaris gajaxunebis xma da a. S. xmauris partitura Tavisikompoziciuri sirTuliT arafriT Camouvardeba musikalurpartituras.Ffilmis pirvel kadrebSi kvarteti, klasikurmusikas minorul tonalobaSi asrulebs da es minori mTelfilms wiTel zolad gasdevs. filmis msvlelobis drosramdenjerme gvesmis erTi da igive replika da xSirad mTelidialogebic. bunebis silamazeze monologs warmoTqvams XVIIIsaukunis aristokrati Seyvarebuli wyvili, Semdgom _ monadire-romantikosi. Tanamedrove parizSi ki es sityvebi gulmodgineddauzuTxavs policiels, guliT rom iswrafvis maRalisazogadoebisaken. ioselianis filmis Temaa _ xelovnebiskrizisi, kulturis Rirebulebebis Tanamedrove cxovrebisfskerze daleqva. agreTve kacobriobis kulturis mTavarimonapovaris, metyvelebis, sityvis gaufasureba. sityva dazogadad ena ki XX saukuneSi cnobierebis sinonimia.

m. martenis mier gaanalizebuli metaforis kategoriebiar unda agverios mis saxeobebSi. Mmetafora-detali, kadrsSigametafora, metafora-kadri, metafora-montaJuri fraza, metafora-epizodi, metaforaTa jaWvi filmis struqturaSi da Aa. S. esmetafoiris is saxeobebia, romlebic Tanamedrove kinematografSiwarmoCindebian, rogorc misi organuli elementebi.Mmetaforiskategoriebs da saxeobebs dayofis sxvadasxva safuZveli aqvT.rogorc ukve davinaxeT, kategoriebi ar qmnian metaforaTaurTierTuarmyofel jgufebs. isini Tanaarseboben da amiT areqvemdebarebian saxeobrivi klasifikaciis dayofas. filmisstruqturaSi kategoriebi mxolod axasiaTeben metaforaTamniSvnelobasa da funqcias.

metaforuli tendenciebi kinoSi SeiZleba ganvixiloTvertikalurad _ sxvadasxva saxis metafora (vizualuri daakustikuri) dawyebuli detalebiT kadrSi damTavrebulifilmis erTiani struqturiT. `vertikaluri metaforizmi~

rusudan kvaracxelia

vTqvaT dramatuli metafora xSirad Seicavs plastikurimetaforis elementebs, ideologiuri ki Tavis TavSi aerTianebsrogorc dramatuls, aseve plastikur metaforasac.magaliTisaTvis isev `natvris xes~ davubrundeT.

ulamazes maritas misi nebis gareSe, ZaliT miaTxovebenSeZlebul, warmosadeg kacs. maritas igi ar uyvars. maT saxlSiuecrad Semofrindeba Citi, romelic maritasTan asocirdeba,oTaxSi kedlebs aqeT-iqiT awydeba, gasasvlels, TavisuflebaseZebs. colis uyuradRebobiT ganrisxebuli SeTe klavs Citsda amiT maritasadmi Tavis damokidebulebas amJRavnebs. moyvanilmagaliTSi ideologiuri metafora mdgomareobs imaSi, romsilamaze, sinaze da, saerTod individualuroba kvdebaizolirebul, Caketil sivrceSi, rac emarTeba kidec filmisfinalSi maritas.

kinematografSi metafora, literaturuli metaforisgangansxvavebiT, vizualuri elementebis vizualurze davizualuris _ akustikur-verbalurze SepirispirebiTwarmoiqmneba.

sinamdvileSi, musika, xmauri da sityvebi _ TiToeuli Tavisfunqcias asrulebs kinoSi. sayovelTaod miRebulia azri, romsityva gviambobs gmiris azrebsa da grZnobebze, musikamowodebulia Sesabamis talRaze ganawyos mayurebeli, xmauriiZleva garemos daxasiaTebas, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba. Ddiax,iqneb saWirocaa kinoienis ama Tu im elementis funqciisgaTvaliswineba. magram gaTvaliswineba ar niSnavs aucileblobas,normad miRebas. musika, metyveleba, xmauri erTmaneTTan dinamikurkavSirSia da erTmaneTis SenacvlebiT sxva funqciebsackisruloben. musika metyvelebis magier _ uxmo kinoSitradiciuli Senacvlebaa. xmovan kinoSi ki Cven xSirad vxvdebiTsawinaaRmdego suraTs _ metyvelebas aqvs musikis an xmaurisfunqcia, rasac Teoretikosebi ornamentalur sityvasuwodeben.Aase magaliTad: a. tarkovskis `ivanes bavSvobaSi~germanuli ena xmauris rolSi gvevlineba (ismis gadauTargmneligermanuli teqsti), s. farajanovis filmSi ̀ saiaTnova~ musikisfunqcias asrulebs sparsuli da Zvelsomxuri metyveleba,datvirTuli uCveulo intonaciebiTa da refrenebiT.

metaforis zogadi klasifikacia

36 37

TinaTin Wabukiani

montaJis struqturuli Semadgenloba

Tavi VImontaJi, rogorc kinosaxis Seqmnis saSualeba

ra mniSvneloba aqvs montaJs kinorolis SeqmnaSi? rogoriunda iyos msaxiobis, reJisorisa da operatorisurTierTdamokidebuleba gadasaReb moedanze? ra ufromniSvnelovania msaxiobSi _ misi ostatoba, suliereba, fizikurimonacemebi Tu interesTa sfero? ras niSnavs samsaxiobo filmi?ras niSnavs cneba ̀ varskvlavi~? rogoria reJisoruli filmi?naSromis am nawilSi Sevecdebi swored am sakiTxebze visaubro.

kino ar aris antiTeatri, ufro metic, kino Teatria daplus bevri ram, rasac kinematografi flobs (igulisxmebasxvadasxva saSualeba samyarosa da adamianebis usasrulomravalferovnebis gamosaxatavad). momavali reJisorebisaTvisam elementebis codna aucilebelia.

cnobili rusi reJisori da Teoretikosi l. kuleSoviamtkicebda, rom kinematografSi msaxiobis TamaSs gadamwyvetimniSvneloba sulac ara aqvs. man erT-erT gamoCenil msaxiobssaTamaSod misca Semdegi etiudi: warmoidgineT, rom TqvencixeSi xarT dapatimrebuli, Tanac Zalian mSieri. am drossruliad moulodnelad wvnians mogarTmeven, rasakvirvelia,Tqvens bednierebas sazRvari ar eqneba da Sesabamisad SeafasebTam movlenas. Semdegi etiudi ki aseTia: Tqven isev sakanSigamoketili patimari xarT, Tumca ara gSiaT, magram sulidamZimebuli gaqvT, ocnebobT Tavisuflebaze, mzeze, Citebze,Rrublebze. am dros uecrad kari gaiReba da Tqvengamogicxadeben, rom gaTavisuflebuli xarT... rogor fiqrobT,Tqveni Sefasebebi am or etiudSi iqneba Tu ara gansxvavebuli?msaxiobma Tavi Seuracxyofilad igrZno da upasuxa: SeuZlebeliawvniansa da Tavisuflebaze vinme erTnairad reagirebdeso!

pasuxad kuleSovma orive zemoxsenebuli etiudi gadaiRo,Semdeg ki daiwyo montaJi. etiudi: `wvnianis Semotana~Semdegnairad daamontaJa: pirvel kadrSi aCvena msaxiobi sakanSi,

nawarmoebis stilis analizisas metad mniSvnelovania. metaforiskvleva horizontalurad cxadyofs, rogoraa dakavSirebuliigi Janris modifikaciasTan. `vertikaluri meraforizmi~saSualebas iZleva gavarkvioT, rogor gavlenas axdens igiformalur elementebze, nawarmoebis konstruqciaze.`horizontaluri metaforizmi~ unda ganvixiloT filmis saerToideasTan kavSirSi, roca mTeli nawarmoebi aRiqmeba rogorcmetafora.

kinoena arsebiTi xdeba filmis vizualur-verbaluri sistemiskonkretul konteqstSi. vizualur-verbaluri sistema ki, Tavismxriv, es aris filmis mxatvruli enis gamomsaxvelobis mTelispeqtri, misi mxatvruli struqtura. struqtura ki iskonkretuli gamomsaxveloboTi xerxebi da saSualebebia,romelTa Sorisaa metaforebic.Aamrigad, metaforebi iseve,rogorc sxva elementebi, filmis Tavad struqturaSiamoqceuli da ar Tanaarseboben mxatvrul nawarmoebebTan. isrogorc konkretuli erTeuli, da filmis saerTo qargisSeqmnaSi uSualo monawile, ra Tqma unda, sxva gamomsaxvelobiTsaSualebebTan erTad saboloo jamSi realizacias ukeTebsfilmis struqturas, rogorc abstraqtul da analitikurkategorias. kinematografiuli metafora iqmneba konkretuligamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT da igive misia ekisreba, racsxva `xilul elementebs~ kinoTxrobaSi. amasTan, igi xelsuwyobs reJisoris mxatvruli xedvis meTods, misi stilisa

da kinoenis gamovlena-warCinebas.

1. ix. Марсель Мартен. Язык кино, Москва, 1956.

rusudan kvaracxelia

38 39

SemTxvevaSi Seitans `saxeSi~ Tavis samsaxiobo `triukebs~, imsaidumlo niuansebs, rasac samsaxiobo xelovneba hqvia. magram,rodesac msaxiobi iZulebulia, brmad Seasrulos reJisorismiTiTebebi, maSin misi SemoqmedebiTi fantaziebi izRudeba. is,ubralod, ubeduria.

erTxel peterburgis did TeatrSi stumrad Cavida msaxiobir. harrisi. maSin axali gadaRebuli iyo antonionisgaxmaurebuli filmi ̀ wiTeli udabno~, sadac harrisi TamaSobda.yvelas ainteresebda, ra xdeboda antonionis gadaRebebze. ai,ra uambo harrisma rus kolegebs: `antonionim yovelgvarirepeticiebis gareSe, pirdapir gadaRebaze dagviZaxa da teqstebidagviriga. uxerxul dReSi CavcvindiT, radganac yvela msaxiobisxvadasxva qveynidan iyo Camosuli da erTmaneTis aravis esmoda.es namdvili koSmari iyo, aseT rameze aRarasodes davTanxmdebi~.1

antonionim es mizandasaxulad gaakeTa, radgan is filmsiRebda arakomunikabelurobaze da amgvari situacia mas Tavisimiznis misaRwevad sWirdeboda; amdenad, msaxiobebis Sinaganimdgomareoba mas naklebad ainteresebda. gamoCenili italielimsaxiobi m. mastroiani werda: ̀ antonionis yvelaferi winaswaraqvs mofiqrebuli, momzadebuli da dasabuTebuli, rodesac isZerwavs gmiris saxes an movlenas xsnis, SeuZlia, sulac aruyvardes is. igi maT iseve uyurebs, rogorc qirurgi,romlisTvisac sulerTia, rogor adamians ukeTebs operacias~.2

rasakvirvelia, yvela reJisori ase ar iqceva, amis magaliTadisev mastroianis interviu gamodgeba: `Cemze yvelaze didigavlena felinim iqonia. is gamomgonebelia, fantaziori, masTanmsaxiobebi ki ar TamaSoben, cxovroben... felini iZlevapersonaJebis ZiriTad xasiaTebs, sxva danarCeni erTobliviZiebaa _ felini msaxiobebs gadasaReb moedanze TavisuflebasaZlevs. felini im mcirericxovan reJisorTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,visac msaxiobi uyvars. msaxiobi masTan muSaobisas yovelTvisamaRlebul ganwyobazea... aqve minda oriode sityva viskontizecvTqva: igi daxvewili, aristokratuli manerebis progresuladmoazrovne mxatvaria, Tanac didi iumoriT... igi maestroa,sayvareli, momxibvleli maswavlebeli, man kinoSi Teatralurixelovnebis gamocdileba Semoitana~.3

momdevno kadrSi _ wvnianis Semotana, Semdeg msaxiobis SefasebamiamontaJa axlo xediT, oRond aq kuleSovma is Sefaseba kiar Casva, romelic msaxiobma wvnianis Semotanisas iTamaSa,aramed is Sefaseba Casva, romelic msaxiobma `tyveobidangaTavisuflebis~ Semdeg iTamaSa. Semdeg reJisorma eseqsperimenti piriqiTac daamontaJa. mTel am eqsperimentSi kiucnauri is iyo, rom verc erTma mayurebelma `SefasebebSi~gansxvaveba ver aRmoaCina, Tumca msaxiobma pirveli da meoreetiudi absoluturad sxvadasxvanairad iTamaSa.

am cdis Semdeg kuleSovi im daskvnamde mivida, rom mayurebelixSirad Tavad avsebs kadrebis mimdevrobas da maTSi imasxedavs, rasac mas montaJi STaunergavs. amis magaliTad,studentebs kuleSovis kidev erT eqsperiments gavacnob,romelic kinoTeoriaSi `kuleSovis efeqtiT~ aris cnobili.reJisorma msaxiobi mozJiuxini axlo xedze neitraluri saxisgamometyvelebiT gadaiRo. Semdeg daiwyo montaJi. erTSemTxvevaSi mozJiuxinis neitralur saxes miamontaJa sulsxvagan gadaRebuli naxevrad SiSveli qali, meore SemTxvevaSiimave mozJiuxinis neitraluri saxis gamometyvelebas kuboSiCasvenebuli bavSvis saxe miamontaJa... eqsperimentis bolosaRmoCnda, rom erTi da imave saxis neitraluri gamometyveleba,yvela SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva azrobriv datvirTvas iZenda.

aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, Tuki xelT gvaqvs ukvegadaRebuli masala (msaxiobis mier naTamaSevi siuJeti), isedavawyoT, rogorc gvsurs; anu, yvelaferi damokidebuliareJisoris poziciasa da montaJze, radganac, TeatrisagangansxvavebiT, kinoroli praqtikulad montaJis Semdeg iqmneba...oRond erTi pirobiT, saWiroa zusti kadrireba! raskvirvelia,arsebobs iseTi filmebic, sadac reJisoris gareSe msaxiobsaranairi improvizaciis ufleba ara aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi msaxiobizedmiwevniT zustad asrulebs reJisoris davalebebs da arSeaqvs rolSi Tavisi individualuri samsaxiobo Strixebi,niuansebi, sakuTari pozicia da damokidebuleba. aseT drosSeuZlebelia Seiqmnas samsaxiobo xelovnebis nimuSi. WeSmaritimsaxiobi arasodes Tanxmdeba mxolod reJisoris mierSeTavazebuli personaJis brmad Sesrulebas. is yvela

TinaTin Wabukiani montaJis struqturuli Semadgenloba

40 41

gamomsaxvelobiT metaforebs, aranair saoperatoro aRmoCenebsaTu asociaciur kavSirebs, romlebic montaJis dros iqmneba,ar SeuZlia Secvalos msaxiobis ostatoba, radgan mxolodmsaxiobs SeuZlia SeaRwios mayureblis sulsa da gulSi,aaRelvos da SeZras is.

msaxiobis TamaSi Teatrsa da kinoSi, rasakvirvelia,gansxvavdeba, radganac Teatrisa da saekrano xelovnebis(saekrano xelovnebaSi moiazreba televiziac) gamomsaxvelisaSualebebi sxvadasxvanairia. aqedan gamomdinare, icvlebamsaxiobis funqciebi scenasa Tu gadasaReb moedanze. racmisaRebia Teatraluri scenisTvis, is ekranze gamaRizianebelia.msaxiobi kinokameris win unda eridos arabunebriv, zedmetmoZraobas. filmebSi, rogorc wesi, uamravi axlo xedia, risgamoc mayurebels SeuZlia yuradRebiT miadevnos Tvalimsaxiobis saxeze yvelaze ufaqizes grZnobaTa fsiqologiuriurTierTkavSirebis gamovlenas.

cnobili reJisori xiCkoki wers: `me moviTxov negatiursamsaxiobo TamaSs _ msaxiobs unda SeeZlos sityvebis azriise gamoxatos, TiTqos arafers akeTebs~.5 ekranze msaxiobmaise unda iTamaSos SeTavazebul garemoebebSi, rom mayurebelsdarCes STabeWdileba, TiTqos yvelaferi sinamdvileSi xdebodada kameram SemTxveviT daafiqsira. amis misaRwevad ki saWiroagadasaReb moedanze niuansebiT TamaSi, radganac sityvis odnavgazviadebulad warmoTqma Tu zedmeti Jestic ki kameris miermyisierad fiqsirdeba da ufro SesamCnevi xdeba siyalbe.gadasaReb moedanze erTi gadapranWuli Teatralizebuliintonaciac, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi scenaze misaRebia,saekrano xelovnebaSi vulgaruli, yalbi da miuRebelia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT studentebs gavaxseneb TeatralursamyaroSi sakmaod gaxmaurebul ambavs. s. eizenSteinimeierholdis repeticiebs eswreboda. idgmeboda h. ibsenis ̀ nora~.mTavar gmirs, noras, axalgazrda damwyebi msaxiobi, ana bogdanovaTamaSobda. piesis mixedviT noras eSinia SantaJis, mis safostoyuTSi saSiSi werili CauSves, romelSic noras saidumloebaaris gamxelili. Tu misma qmarma yvelaferi gaigo, norasojaxi daengreva. nora sasowarkveTilia, safosto yuTis gasaRebi

TinaTin Wabukiani

kinoSi reJisoris damokidebuleba msaxiobebisadmisxvadasxvanairia, zogierTi reJisori mxolod profesionalmsaxiobebTan muSaobs, zogierTi upiratesobas tipaJebsa da`varskvlavebs~ aniWebs; Tumca arian iseTi reJisorebic, romlebicTavianT namuSevrebSi tipaJebs, ̀ varskvlavebs~ da profesionalmsaxiobebs erTnairi datvirTviT iyeneben. aqve unda aRvniSno,rom es mxolod kinoSia SesaZlebeli, radganac TeatrSitipaJi da ̀ varskvlavic~ uZluri da umweoa. kinoSi ki sworedmontaJis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia, ara marto tipaJebma da`varskvlavebma~ iarsebon, aramed iseTma personaJebmac, romlebicrealobaSi saerTod ar arseboben.

amis magaliTad momyavs kuleSovis eqsperimenti, saxelwodebiT`idealuri qali~. eqsperimentis dros reJisorma SeinarCunaucvleli foni da ucvleli moqmedeba, magram Tavad moqmedipiri ̀ Seqmna~. man gadaiRo gogona sarkesTan, romelic ixatavsTvalebs, tuCebze sacxs isvams da Semdeg fexsacmlis Tasmebsikravs. erTi SexedviT amaSi araCveulebrivi araferia, magramsaqme isaa, rom kuleSovma montaJis saSualebiT aCvena gogona,romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda. man gadaiRo erTi qalistuCebi, meoris Tvalebi, mesamis fexebi, meoTxis zurgi da eskadrebi garkveuli mimarTebiT erTmaneTs daukavSira, saboloodki realuri masalis gamoyenebiT miiRo absoluturad axalisaxe, personaJi.

am eqsperimentiT reJisori amtkicebda, rom kinematografisZala montaJis meTodSi mdgomareobs. mis Teoriul naSromebskinoTeoriaSi dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba. reJisori dapedagogi, 30-ze meti dokumenturi filmis avtori h. beleri(igi amJamad kinomontaJs aswavlis kiolnis xelovnebis umaRlessaswavlebelSi) wers: `montaJis sferoSi kinematografiulieqsperimentebi sistematuri saxiT pirvelad lev kuleSovmaganaxorciela... misi mosazrebiT, filmis arsi gadaRebulfragmentTa sazRvrebSi ki ar unda veZeboT, aramed, am fragmentTagadabmaSi.~4

kuleSovis eqsperimenti mxolod imis magaliTad gamodgeba,rom montaJis saSualebiT ekranze SesaZlebelia adamianisSeqmna. Tumca, aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom aranair

montaJis struqturuli Semadgenloba

42 43

saekrano xelovneba am TvalsazrisiT sxvagvaria. aqSesaZlebelia iarsebos iseTma mxatvrulma gadawyvetam, sadacmsaxiobi sulac ar aris ganmsazRvreli, sadac ̀ sagans~ SeuZliaara mxolod iTamaSos, aramed, iyos ufro metad gamomsaxveli,hqondes ufro meti mxatvruli funqcia, romelsac srulebiTacar moeTxoveba samsaxiobo individualoba da tipaJuroba. z.krakaueri Tavis wignSi: `fizikuri realobis reabilitacia~wers: ̀ kino garkveuli TvalsazrisiT ar aris iseTi adamianuri,rogorc Teatri. kinomasala sanaxaobiTi movlenebis uwyvetinakadia, sadac ganuwyvetliv icvleba fizikuri samyaros suraTebi,romlebSic CaerTvebian adamianebi; magram ar aris aucilebeli,rom isini yovelTvis iyvnen mTavari, amitomac kinomsaxiobiyovelTvis ar aris kinematografis gavrcobis sagani da maTarca aqvT ZiriTadi azrobrivi datvirTva.~7

z. krakaueri ambobs, rom msaxiobi saekrano qsovilSi iseTivesagania saganTa Soris, rogorc sxva elementebi; rom filmSiadamianis calkeuli nawilebi ise Seerwymeba fizikuri garemosfragmentebs, rom uecrad Cven Tvalwin aRmocendeba erTgvariformaTa SeTavseba, romelic mxolod da mxolod montaJissaSualebiT miiRweva; ufro metic, ekranze msaxiobis garegnobacki iseve iyofa nawilebad, rogorc mTeli rolis naxazi, romeliccalkeuli elementebisagan Sedgeba da ase TandaTanobiT aigebapersonaJis saxe.

pudovkini werda: `kinematografSi msaxiobi, TeatrisagangansxvavebiT, moklebulia moqmedebis uwyvetobas, epizodebisTanmimdevrulad TamaSs, organul kavSirebs... aqedan gamomdinare,kinoroli moiazreba momavalSi, mxolod reJisoruli montaJisSedegad.~8 amis sailustraciod gamodgeba Tundac Cem miergadaRebuli 30-mde telezRapari. TiToeul zRaparSi ramdenimepersonaJi iyo, yvela maTgans erTi msaxiobi TamaSobda, amas kimxolod montaJis saSualebiT vaRwevdi.

TvalsaCinoebisTvis studentebs vuCveneb telezRapars: ̀ Txada ciknebi~, Semdeg ki ganvixilav. am zRaparSi sam personaJs:deda Txas, mgels da wamyvans TamaSobda msaxiobi r. bolqvaZe.Cemi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, gadaRebis win aqtiurrepeticiebs gavdiodi, sadac yvela epizods vamuSavebdi, yvela

mxolod mis qmars aqvs. anam am scenas verafriT gaarTva Tavi;dro aRar iTmenda. maSin meierholdma gadawyvita msaxiobsdaxmareboda da es epizodi Semdegnairad gadawyvita: epizodiskulminacia msaxiobma `iTamaSa~ zurgiT, romelsac mocaxcaxeSuqis nakadi ecemoda. ase Seiqmna iluzia, rom TiTqos noraSiSisagan caxcaxebda. efeqtma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba.mayurebeli moixibla msaxiobis TamaSiT da fexze wamomdgarimxurvale emociebiTa da taSiT gamoxatavda Tavis aRtacebas.

am epizodis gadawyvetaze Semdgom xSirad saubrobda sergeieizenSteini. igi ambobda, rom `noras~ repeticiebze kideverTxel darwmunda, rom reJisoris xelovneba yovlisSemZleada saocrebebs flobs! mis Tvalwin ibadeboda sareJisorosaxeebi, sareJisoro plastika, ̀ kadrirebuli (msaxiobis) zurgi~,sareJisoro montaJuri konteqsti. `zurgis~ efeqti wmindasamontaJo scenuri `kadri~ iyo (TavisTavad is xom araferswarmoadgenda, magram speqtaklis msvlelobisas, epizodisganviTarebisas man tragikuli gamoZaxili SeiZina). meierholdmasareJisoro ̀ triukiT~ gadmosca axalgazrda qalis simartove.Seiqmna mosalodneli katastrofis winaswari SegrZnebebi,atmosfero... meierholdis xelovnebiT moxibluli eizenSteiniwerda: `me viyavi Caplinis gadaRebebze, bernard Sous xmovankinoze vesaubrebodi, pirandelos vekamaTebodi, TumcawaruSleli da yvelaze didi STabeWdileba Cemze meierholdis`noras~ repeticiebma moaxdina.~6

cxadia, ekranze igive epizodi sul sxvagvarad unda aCveno,radganac saerTo xedze noras zurgis gamoCeniT veranairganwyobas ver SevqmnidiT, es arafers mogvcemda. ekranzeaucilebeli iqneboda noras axlo, an saSualo xedebis Cveneba.Teatraluri piesis moqmedeba mihyavT personaJebs. piesisSinaarsic dialogebiT aris agebuli. Teatraluri esTetikaamtkicebs stilizaciis aucileblobas. scenaze yvelaferi:msaxiobi, kostiumi, dekoracia, musika, ganaTeba, reJisura saboloojamSi, erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. scenaze ar SeiZlebafsiqo-fizikuri moqmedebis gareSe dainaxo msaxiobis sxeulisnawilebi cal-calke.


44 45

Zalian saintereso iyo rogorc CemTvis, aseve msaxiobisTvisdialogebis Cawera. radganac orive personaJs erTi msaxiobiTamaSobda, amitom gadaRebisas winaswar mqonda msaxiobTanerTad gaTvlili kadris kompozicia, mizanscena, gadaRebiswertilebi, rakursebi da kadris masStabebi (xedebi). aseTSemTxvevaSi TiToeul Jests, moZraobasa Tu xmis intonaciasacki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac, praqtikulad, personaJi,roli, saboloo saxes montaJis meSveobiT iRebs.

am magaliTiT studentebs vuxsni, rom es konkretuliSemTxveva, am formiT satelevizio ekranisTvis misaRebia, radganacTavad zRapris pirobiToba itans groteskamde ayvanilTeatralur grimsa Tu kostiums, rasac aseTi doziT, cxadia,serialebsa da filmebSi zogadad ver gamoiyeneb; Tumcagamonaklisebi aqac SesaZlebelia.

saerTod ki, ekranze erT-erTi mTavari faqtori msaxiobisgaregnobaa. gamoCenili reJisori roselini wers: `me virCevmsaxiobebs mxolod maTi garegnobis mixedviT.~9 misi sityvebidangamomdinare sruliad naTelia, rom kinonawarmoebi bevrad arisdamokidebuli fotografiaze, radganac kinoSi, TeatrisagangansxvavebiT, msaxiobis SerCeva arsebiTad aris damokidebulimis fizikur monacemebze. TeatrSi SesaZlebelia, rom julietasroli 30 wlis qalma iTamaSos, rac mayurebels aranairdiskomforts ar Seuqmnis, kinoSi ki msaxiobma ranairi grimicar unda gaikeTos, verafriT moitans julietas asakis surnels.

gamoCenili italieli reJisori Zefireli, romelsacimdroindeli TeatrTmcodneebi da kritikosebi `reJisor-Seqspirologs~ uwodebdnen, xangrZlivad muSaobda `romeo dajulietaze~. man TeatrSi bevrjer dadga es piesa da yoveliaxali dadgmisas ambobda: bolos da bolos movrCi am dawyevlilpiesaze muSaobaso; magram TiToeuli dadgmisas axal da axalaRmoCenebs akeTebda. rva wlis Semdeg man daiwyo `romeo dajulietas~ ekranizaciis ganxorcieleba da yvelaferi, racdagrovili hqonda, aq Seajera. es iyo, upirveles yovlisa,veronis cxovrebis saguldagulo codna, detalizacia.

reJisorma gadasaRebad airCia is adgilebi, romlebmacSeinarCunes Suasaukuneebis momxibvleloba. yvela monawile,

niuanss winaswar vsazRvravdi, raTa TiToeul kadrs zustidatvirTva hqonoda. Cems SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zneli TiToeulipersonaJis radikalurad gansxvavebuli saxis Seqmna iyo,radganac televiziaSi momgebiania saSualo da axlo xedebzemuSaoba. ase rom, TiToeuli personaJi gansxvavebuli undayofiliyo ara mxolod xasiaTiT, aramed garegnobiTac. jerviRebdi wamyvans sainkrustacio fonze, am SemTxvevaSi msaxiobiTavisTavs warmoadgenda, anu, saWiro ar iyo SeTxzulipersonaJis TamaSi. zRaprul garemos ki Semdeg vqmnidi montaJiT.

swored am mizniT wamyvani gadaviRe inkrustaciis fonze,Semdeg ki, kompiuteruli montaJisas, wamyvanis ukana foniSevqmeni _ mdelo, romelzec dafrinavda gamWvirvale, ucnauriformis burTulebi. aman momca zRapruli garemo, realurisada irealobis SerwymiT Seiqmna saTanado atmosfero. SemdeggadaviRe deda Txisa da ciknebis epizodi. miuxedavad imisa,rom zRapari Teatralizebuli iyo, bekekebs, cxadia, msaxiobebiver iTamaSebdnen. bekekebs 5-6 wlis bavSvebi TamaSobdnen.

es, erTi mxriv, kargi da misaRebi iyo, vinaidan bavSvebiTavisi sufTa TvalebiT, mocemul pirobiTobaSi, deda TxasTanZalian bunebrivad `TamaSobdnen~, magram, meore mxriv, iyoproblemebic; rodesac mglis Semosvlis scenis gadaRebadaviwyeT, patara ̀ bekekebi~ Teatralizebul mgels sinamdviledaRiqvamdnen da iwyeboda SeSinebuli bavSvebis yvirili, tirilida studiidan gaqceva... me da SemoqmedebiTi jgufi amisaTviswinaswar mzad viyaviT, Cven es rTuli epizodi erTi dubliTunda gadagveRo, radganac meore dubli (am epizodis gameoreba)SeiZleboda aRar Semdgariyo (aseT SemTxvevebSi xandaxan bavSvikategoriul uarzea).

aqedan gamomdinare, am epizodis gadaRebisas erTdrouladramdenime kamera muSaobda, isini sxvadasxva wertilidanafiqsirebdnen epizods. dadgenili mizanscena patara msaxiobebisgauTvaliswinebeli emociebisa da Sefasebebis gamo, cxadia,icvleboda. operatorebi `iWerdnen~ saintereso detalebs,momentebs, ramac me saSualeba momca Semdeg, montaJisas, esepizodi sainteresod amewyo.


46 47

saekrano xelovnebaSi, Teatrisgan gansxvavebiT, SesaZlebeliagamoiyeno tipaJebi, kinematografiuli momxibvlelobis mqoneadamianebi. samsaxiobo momxibvlelobis cnebas SesaniSnavadgansazRvravda didi rusi reJisori k. stanislavski. igi werda:`sakmarisia scenaze samsaxiobo momxibvlelobis mqone adamianigamovides, rom is mayurebels maSinve Seuyvardeba. risTvis?silamazisTvis? magram xSirad is lamazi sulac ar aris!xmisTvis? iciT, xandaxan mas scenuri xma sulac ara aqvs! maS,raSia saqme? es auxsneli mizidulobis Zalaa, romliswyalobiTac adamianis naklic ki Rirsebad gadaiqceva da masmimbaZvelebic gamouCndebian xolme Tayvanismcemelebis saxiT...amas scenuri momxibvleloba hqvia.~11

studentebs ganvumartav, rom arsebobs cxovrebiseulimomxibvlelobac, romelic friad gansxvavdeba scenuri dakinematografiuli momxibvlelobisagan. samsaxiobo momxibvleloba,Tavis mxriv, Semdeg nairsaxeobad iyofa: inteligenturi _aseTi msaxiobis gamoxedvaSi azris moZraoba da sibrZne igrZnoba;arsebobs msaxiobi `ucodvelobis xibliT~ _ maT siberemdeTvalebSi gulwrfelobis, siwmindis anarekli aqvT. es maTiSemoqmedebis ZiriTadi berketebia. aseve arseboben ̀ uaryofiTixiblis~ adamianebi. isini xSirad cxovrebis bolomde itanjebian,cdiloben gaTavisufldnen am Sinagani gamosxivebisgan, misdasafaravad patar-patara warmatebebsac aRweven samsaxioboostatobiT, Tumca misgan mTlianad ver Tavisufldebian.arseboben ̀ dadebiTi xiblis~ matarebeli msaxiobebic, maTgansikeTe da sinaTle gadmodis.

calke unda ganvixiloT `komikuri momxibvlelobis~ mqonemsaxiobebi. aseTebi yvela TeatrSia saWiro, maTTvis msofliodramaturgiaSi uamravi rolia Seqmnili. aseT msaxiobebskomediidan trgediamde SeuZliaT rom avidnen. maTi gmirebimayurebels jer acineben, Semdeg ki Cndeba tkivili. darbaziiyineba tkivilis gancdisa da TanagrZnobisagan. rogor xdebaes, Zneli asaxsnelia. gavixseneb msoflios udidesi komikosis,Carli Caplinis, sityvebs: ̀ gaacino mayurebeli, amaSi aranairisaidumlo ar aris! mTeli Cemi saidumloebaa _ Tvalebi farTodmqondes gaxelili, goneba daZabuli da fxizeli, rom araferi

teqnikuri personali da statistebic ki, italielebi iyvnen.rodesac Zefirelis hkiTxes, ra iyo am filmis warmatebismTavari komponenti: reJisori, operatori Tu msaxiobi, mandaufiqreblad upasuxa: rasakvirvelia, msaxiobi. reJisoris azriT,yvela `romeo da julieta~, romelic mas unaxavs, imiTgamoirCeoda, rom masSi yovelTvis xandazmuli julietebiiyvnen, rac TeatrSi, ase Tu ise, misaRebia, xolo kinoekranze _miuRebeli, radgan saSinel siyalbes badebs.

erT-erT Tavis interviuSi Zefireli werda: ̀ rasakvirvelia,didi riski iyo aseT rolebze axalgazrda msaxiobebis mowveva(olivia xasi da leonard uaitigomi), magram arc cnobilmsaxiobebTan aris advili muSaoba. me mimuSavia maria kalasTan,riCard bartonTan, elizabet teilorTan... axagazrdobayovelTvis gvajildoebs, axalgazrdobas gulwrfeloba dasinorCe moaqvs, es ki is aris, rasac adamianebi wlebTan erTadkargaven... msaxiobebma films misces is, rac me mWirdeboda,axalgazrdobis srulyofa da arasrulyofa.~10

zogi reJisori kinoSi yvelaze mZlavr saSualebad montaJsmiiCnevs, zogi pirvelobas plastikur gadawyvetas aniWebs, magramarian reJisorebi, romlebic absolutur upiratesobas msaxiobisostatobas aniWeben. maT miaCniaT, rom yvela kinematografiulisaSualeba, yvela sareJisoro xerxi: kadris kompozicia,mizanscena da sxva, msaxiobis TamaSs unda eqvemdebarebodesda xels uwyobdes.

garda amisa, vinaidan kinogadaRebebi araTanmimdevrulia,ufro mizanSewonilia, roli repeticiebze gamTliandes, radganSemdgom, gadaRebisas, msaxiobisTvis personaJis TamaSi, gardasaxvaadvili iqneba. rodesac kinoSi Teatris msaxiobebi muSaoben,es maTi Rirsebaa, radgan scenuri gamocdileba msaxiobs zrdis,Tumca unda iTamaSo Tu ara ekranze, xandaxan kiTxvis niSnisqveS dgas, rodesac TeatrSi es kiTxva erTmniSvnelovania _unda iTamaSo! kritikosebi xandaxan ase amboben: is ki arTamaSobs, aramed cxovrobso. amaSi is igulisxmeba, rom Tukimsaxiobi rols bolomde gaiTavisebs, maSin is ise kargadTamaSobs, rom Cven gvarwmunebs _ ki ar TamaSobs, aramedcxovrobs!


48 49

es adamiani saxea. sofi loreni ver iTamaSebs ana kareninas,imitom rom aq saWiroa gardasaxva. amasTan dakavSirebiT a.vaida wers: `Tumca arseboben iseTi msaxiobi varskvlavebi,magaliTad, Jan gabeni, romelSic dro kristaldeba; misi Cvevebimisi drois emociuri rigia. magram aseTi saxe-xasiaTebisaTvisaucilebelia dramatuli situaciebi, romelic maTTvis organuladaxloa da aucilebelia reJisura, romelmac unda uxelmZRvanelosprocess, raTa Sesaferis garemoebebSi gamoavlinos TviTnabadisaxeebi.~14

studentebs kidev erTxel ganvumartav, rom kinoSi`varskvlavis~ gavlena ufro Zlieria, vidre Cveulebriviartistisa, radgan `varskvlavebi~ cocxali miTebiviT arian,isini adamianebze saocar gavlenas axdenen. aqedan gamomdinare,kinematografs ar ZaluZs am fenomenis mimarT gulgriliiyos. albaT, Cndeba kiTxva: TamaSobs Tu ara `varskvlavi~kameris win? ra Tqma unda, TamaSobs, magram es TamaSigansakuTrebuli saxisaa. es TviTgamoxatvaa. kinorolis SeqmnisasmTavari msaxiobi da raJisoria, Tumca aqve minda gavixsenogamoCenili reJisoris, roselinis, sityvebi, romelic man TaviserT-erT interviuSi Tqva: `filmi ar iqmneba SemoqmedebiTijgufis mier. rasakvirvelia, masze uamravi adamiani muSaobs,magram, praqtikulad, es erTi adamianis nawarmoebia.~15

reJisura rTuli saqmea, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad mzaddebafilmi an telegadacema, rogor terminebs gamoviyenebT anrogori sistemiT mimdinareobs saorganizacio samuSaoebi.reJisuraSi mTavari yvelgan erTia: saintereso ambavi, gadaRebisprincipi, konstruqciis SerCeva da montaJi. me swored montaJzeSevaCere yuradReba, konkretulad ki, mis mniSvnelobasa daformebze, radganac evoluciis msgavsad, sadac moZraoba martiviorganizmebidan ufro rTulisken aris mimarTuli, saekranoxelovnebaSic SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT montaJis ganviTarebispatar-patara da didi naxtomebi _ martividan rTuliformebisaken. statias ki h. beleris sityvebiT davamTavreb:`kinomontaJis evoluciisa da ganviTarebis mokle retrospeqtivagviCvenebs, rom montaJis modelebi kinoxelovnebis mudmivadganviTarebad, Ria sistemas warmoadgens. montaJis erTmaneTisagan

gamomeparos iseTi, rac SeiZleba Cems profesiaSi gamomadges.me Seviswavle adamianis buneba, amis gareSe Cemi xelovnebauazroa.~12

komediuri momxibvlelobis sapirispirod arsebobstragikuli momxibvleloba. aseTi msaxiobebis temperamenticecxlovania, xolo grZnobebis siRrme _ ganusazRvreli. maTSeuZliaT mayurebelTa darbazi adamianuri tragediis gancdebSisruliad CaZiron. scenaze msaxiobis garegnuli nakli SeiZlebaSeivsos misi mdidari Sinagani samyaroTi, samsaxiobo xibliT.samsaxiobo momxibvleloba msaxiobis Sinagani samyaros anareklia,misi gamomuSaveba treningebiT an reJisoruli xerxebiT,SeuZlebelia. es unikaluri niWia, RvTis wyaloba, is an aqvsmsaxiobs, an ara.

momxibvleloba, samwuxarod, mudmivi sulac ar aris _arc cxovrebaSi da arc scenaze. momxibvleloba pirovnebisanareklia. icvleba pirovneba, misi Tvisebebi da, Sesabamisad,icvleba momxibvlelobac. gavixsenoT, rodesac momxibvleliadamiani narkotiks an Rvinos mieZaleba, rogor TandaTan icvlebamisi fizikuri Sesaxedaoba da rogor qreba masSi sicocxlismanaTobeli sxivi...

davubrundeT isev mTavar Temas. rogorc araerTgzisaRvniSneT, saekrano xelovnebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvskinematografiuli momxibvlelobis adamianebs. isini amZafrebensocialur xedvas, maTSi xandaxan gardasuli saukuneebisgamoZaxilia... es iseTi ram aris, rasac vercerTi msaxiobi veriTamaSebs, da kidev, kinoSi, Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT, SeiZlebagamoiyeno `varskvlavi~. gamoCenili reJisori a. vaida werda:`kinoSi unda iyvnen kargi artistebi da `varskvlavebi~... eserTi da igive sulac ar aris. rogori msaxiobia sofi loreni?aseTi kiTxvis dasma ar SeiZleba! is sofi lorenia da es arismTavari~.13

`varskvlavi~, SesaZlebelia, gaxdes qali an mamakaci, romlebsacaranairi Teatraluri ganaTleba ara aqvT da saerTod scenazeverc gamovlen, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi isini umweoni arian.`varskvlavi~ bunebisa da sazogadoebisgan Seqmnili esTetikurimovlenaa, TviTnabadia. ̀ varskvlavi~ gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa,


50 51

giorgi xarebava

mimdevrobiTi da aramimdevrobiTi

montaJi

jer kidev maSin, rodesac msoflioSi pirvelad damkvidrdamontaJis cneba, veravis mouvidoda azrad am terminisTvisufro konkretuli mimarTuleba mieca. maSin ar arsebobda`mimdevrobiTi~ an e. w., `wrfivi~, an `xazovani~ montaJi da,bunebrivia, ar iarsebebda `aramimdevrobiTi~ montaJic, Tumcaaqve davZen, rom dRevandeli ganmartebiT kinofirze arsebulinebismieri montaJis saxeoba Tavisuflad SegviZlia mivakuTvnoTswored `aramimdevrobiT montaJs~.

dRes SegviZlia gamovyoT sami tipis samontaJo mowyobiloba:kinosamontaJo (Moviola, Flatbed editor Steenbeck), samontaJoeleqtronuli marTviT (gamoiyeneba magnitur videokasetebzesamuSaod) da kompiuteri.

firze gadaRebuli filmebi kinosamontaJoebze ewyoba daisini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan samontaJo firis ganismixedviT: 70, 65, 35, 16, 8 mm.

ZiriTadad, ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba 35 mm. firi. rogorcsrulmetraJiani, ise moklemetraJiani mxatvruli filmebisgadasaRebad da samontaJod, xolo 16 mm.-ianma firebma kigamoyeneba ufro metad dokumenturi da satelevizio filmebiswarmoebaSi pova.

gadasaReb adgilze xmis myisieri Caweris moTxovnilebisgamo 16 mm.-ian firebs cal mxares magnituri biliki daumates,

kinosamontaJo ̀ moviola” kinosamontaJo ̀ stenbeki”

sruliad gansxvavebuli koncefciebi da modelebi, romlebicdRes erTmaneTis gverdi-gverd Tanaarseboben, migvaniSneben imaze,rom maT kinos mravalferovnebis dafuZneba SeuZlia. amkoncefciebis, modelebisa da principebis codna, Tavis mxriv,imis saSualebas iZleva, rom isini an gamoviyenoT, anda, piriqiT,ugulvebelvyoT da, amdenad, praqtikaSi filmis montaJiTTavisuflad da damoukideblad sargeblobis saSualeba

movipovoT.~16

1. Я. Варшавский, Играть или не играть. Актёр в кино, Москва,«Искусство» 1976, gv. 88.2. М. Зиновиев, С. Марков, Два часа с Марчелло Мастроиани, Экран,1969-1970, Москва, 1970, gv. 145.3. iqve, gv. 45.4. h. beleri, kinomontaJis aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 47.5. З. Кракауер, Реабилитация физической реальности, Москва,«Искусство», 1974, gv. 137.6. С. Эйзенштеин, Избранные произведения, т.1, Москва, 1964, gv.309-310.7. З. Кракауер, Реабилитация физической реальности, Москва, 1974, gv.140.8. iqve, gv. 141.9. iqve, gv. 139.10. Встречи и знакомства Ф. Дзефирели, Экран, Из.«Искусство», Москва,1969, gv. 285.11. К.С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, т. 3, Москва, gv. 234.12. В. Пансо, Труд и талант в творчестве актёра, Москва, 1972; gv. 55.13. Я. Варшавский, Играть или не играть. Актёр в кино, Москва, 1976, gv.97-99.14. iqve, gv. 98 .15. h. beleri, kinomontaJis aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 75.

16. Interview with Roberto Rossellini By V. Schulz _ “Film Cutture”, N 52, 1972.

TinaTin Wabukiani

52 53

gadis eleqtronul damuSavebas da iwereba magnitur firze.xmac imave firze iwereba). Sesabamisad, montaJis drosaceleqtronika marTavs Camwer, wamkiTxvel da efeqtebisaparaturas. amgvari montaJis ZiriTadi naklovaneba imaSigamoixateba, rom Tu reJisorma ukve awyobili (damontaJebuli)filmis romelime fragmentis amoReba an Secvla ganizraxa,SesaZloa aRmoCndes seriozuli problemis winaSe, risigamosworebac SeuZlebeli iqneba kadris amoWriT an gadaerTebiT(SegaxsenebT, rom am tipis fizikuri Careva magnitur firzear xdeba).

magaliTisaTvis:gvaqvs awyobili kadrebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT

davuSvaT mesame kadri gveCveneba zedmetad da movindomeTmisi amoWra. imis gamo, rom mis nacvlad rCeba carieli adgili,me-2 da me-4 kadrebs erTmaneTze ver gadavawebebT, unda moxdesme-3 kadris Canacvleba sxva kadriT an me-4 kadris SemdegdamontaJebuli yvela kadri mTlianad unda gadavweroT sxvafirze (kasetaze) da Semdeg mesame kadrs meoTxedan bolomdexelaxla gadavaweroT. es, raRa Tqma unda, ukve didi problemaa,rom araferi vTqvaT gadanaweri masalis xarisxobriv daqveiTebazeda SesaZlo xmovani struqturis darRvevaze.

grafikulad ki miviRebT Semdegs:

garda amisa, filmisTvis an satelevizio gadacemisaTvisgadaRebuli masala xSirad sakmarisze metia da SesaZloa

xolo kinokamerebs maTze Caweris saSualeba. am teqnikurmaprogresma mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli sateleviziomauwyeblobisa da, nawilobriv, kinoxelovnebis ganviTarebasac.

televiziis ganviTarebas Tan mohyva videosignalis magniturfirze Cawerisa da Senaxvis moTxovnileba, Tumca, Tavdapirveladsatelevizio signalis mxolod gadacema iyo SesaZlebeli.misi Cawera sakmaod mogvianebiT iqna nacadi. aman gamoiwviavideofiris aucilebloba da im droidan dRemde videosignaliaudiosTan erTad iwereba magnitur firze. magnitur firsaqvs ucnauri Tvisebebi: imis gamo, rom am firze gamosaxulebaiseve, rogorc xma, optikuri ar aris da TvaliT misi danaxvaver xerxdeba, SeuZlebelia kadris zusti gaWra da sxvakadrze mibma. samagierod, martivad xdeba erTi firis meorezegadawera da, Sesabamisad, moniSnuli fragmentis qronologiurimibma (miwera) wina gadawerili fragmentis Semdeg. sworedaseTi Taviseburebis gamo videofirze montaJs (gadawerismeSveobiT) `mimdevrobiTi~, anu `xazovani~, montaJi daerqva(misi istoria 1950-iani wlebidan iwyeba da ukve 1990-ianiwlebis dasasruls ubralod `video montaJi~ daerqva).

aseTi tipis montaJi eleqtronulad xerxdeba (ase imitomewodeba, rom obieqtividan kameraSi Semosuli gamosaxuleba

video samontaJo studia

giorgi xarebava mimdevrobiTi da aramimdevrobiTi montaJi

54 55

patara detalebs, raRa Tqma unda, miaqvs uamravi dro, fulida nervebi.

rac Seexeba terminebs, Tu SevadarebT montaJis sam termins:mimdevrobiTs, wrfivs da xazovans, albaT, ufro swori iqnebodaqarTulSi sityva `mimdevrobiTi~ gvexmara, radgan `xazovanimontaJi~ TavisdaTavad arafrismTqmelia da `mimdevrobiTze~metad ver gamoxatavs Tavis mniSvnelobas. termini `wrfivimontaJic~ ucxo enidan pirdapir Targmans warmoadgens dagaazrebulad Tu vimsjelebT, mainc iseve naklebad mimaniSnebelia,rogorc `xazovani montaJi~.

davubrundeT saTqmels.informaciis (am SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebis da xmis)

cifruli Caweris SesaZleblobam da kompiuteruli teqnikisswrafma ganviTarebam ganapiroba aramimdevrobiTi montaJissiswrafe da moxerxebuloba. aramimdevrobiTi cifruli montaJistruqturulad saukunis ganmavlobaSi firze arsebuli montaJisabsulutur analogs warmoadgens, magram kinomontaJTan SedarebiTmisi ganviTareba geometriuli progresiiT mimdinareobs dauamrav axal, iol gzas gvTavazobs.

Sevecdebi ganvmarto aramimdevrobiTi montaJis arsi firzeda Semdeg cifrul samontaJoze.

teqnikurad firis montaJi xdeba (aRvwer, rac SeiZlebamartivad) Semdegnairad:

ra Tqma unda, kinofirze gamosaxuleba optikuria da misidanaxva SesaZloa SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac ki, Tumca gamosayenebelimasalis detalebis dasazusteblad samontaJo magidasTan xdebagamosaxulebis gadaxedva gadidebuli saxiT. moviolazeoptikuri gamadideblis meSveobiT gamosaxuleba memontaJiswin mdebare mqrqal minaze sarkul-linzuri sistemiT proeqtirdeba,xolo magnituri an optikuri xmis firi gamosaxulebasTansinqronulad jdeba kbilanebian meqanizmSi. mbrunavi babinebismeSveobiT (romlis firis sigrze 600 metramde SeiZlebaiyos da drois mixedviT 20 wuTs Seesabameba) firis garbenaSesaZlebelia marcxnidan marjvniv an piriqiT (anu win daukan). yoveli samontaJo Wra niSnavs gamosaxulebis da xmisfiris fizikurad gaWras.

gadaRebuli masalidan xdeba samontaJod vargisi masalis

giorgi xarebava

pirveli kadri iyos meToTxmete kasetaze, meore – meSvideze,mesame – mecxreze da a. S. warmoidgineT: ras niSnavs amkadrebis mimdevrobiT damontaJeba: kasetis moZebna, videomagnitofonSiukve arsebuli kasetis gamocvla, gadaxveva saWiro kadrisdasawyisamde, fragmentis pirveli kadris moniSvna da gamzadebamisawerad... da ase wvaleba TviToeul kadrze.

axla warmovidginoT, rom ukve awyobil fragments, anmTlianad films, an gadacemas ukve erTvis xmovani rigi:sinqronuli xma da xmaurebi, damatebuli xmaurebi, musika,romelsac Tavisi ritmi da musikaluri fraza gaaCnia daromlis gaWrac Zalian xSirad Zneli an SeuZlebelic kixdeba, diqtoris xma da a. S.

Tumca eleqtronuli mimdevrobiTi samontaJoebi saSualebasgvaZlevs, rom xmis or an oTx arxze vimuSaoT, survilisamebrgamovcvaloT vizualuri an audio monakveTi da mas CavanacvloTzustad imxelave naWeri, ramxelac iqna amoRebuli, magramxSirad warmodgenac ki mzaravs ramdenad rTul daarastabilur process warmoadgens am tipis montaJi. ZalianxSirad, eleqtronuli aparaturis samarTavi pulti ver akeTebsuzustes gadabmebs da acilebs 1, 2 an 5 fotogramiTac ki.Sesabamisad or samontaJo erTeuls Soris SeiZleba erTigaparuli fotograma aRmoCndes... da yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba.

garda yvelafer amisa, saintereso faqtia isic, rom magniturfirze videokamera gamosaxulebas da xmasTan erTad(imavdroulad) drois mimaniSnebeli kodis biliksac wers (e.w. taimkodi. magaliTad, 01:33:48:22, sadac 01 saaTis aRmniSvnelia,33 - wuTis, 48 - wamis, xolo 22 - kadris), raTa SemdgomSiwamkiTxvelis saSualebiT pultma miiRos Sesabamisi niSnulebi,Tu saidan da sadamde waakiTxos Canaweri. Tu sistema gvaqvs(25k./wm.), es niSnavs, rom am adgilas myofi kompiuterSiSeyvanili kadri videokasetaze imyofeba dasawyisidan 1 saaTis,33 wuTis, 48 wamis 22-e kadrze. aqac problemas vawydebiT,radgan xandaxan gadaRebis dros kaseta, romelzdac iwerebagamosaxuleba, icvleba an sxva kameraze grZeldeba Cawera.amis da sxva mizezTa gamo xSirad xdeba taimkodis wyvetamagnitur firze, es ki samontaJo aparaturis dabnevas iwvevsda Sesabamisad montaJis teqnikuri mxarec rTuldeba. am patar-

mimdevrobiTi da aramimdevrobiTi montaJi

56 57

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam gacilebiTgaamartiva montaJis teqnikuri mxare da metic – xeli Seuwyoaxali montaJuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas. misi meSveobiTkinofirze montaJis gamartivebac ki gaxada SesaZlebeli.

gamosaxulebis da xmis cifrul formatSi CaweriT dadamuSavebiT bevr rames miaRwies. aRvweroT mTeli teqnologiuriprocesi:

videokameris meSveobiT gadaRebuli masala Caiwerebakasetaze an xist diskze cifrul formatSi, Semdeg xdebamisi Seyvana (gadawera) samontaJo kompiuterSi, sadac cifruliinformaciis damaxsovreba xdeba e. w. xist diskze da momavalSisamontaJo programiT xdeba am informaciis wakiTxva-damuSaveba.video da audio masalasTan erTad Sedis da iwereba taimkodis(Canaweris drois maCvenebeli kodi) cifruli informaciac,rac xels uwyobs gadaRebuli masalis winaswar gaSifrvas,amorCevas da zustad im masalis Seyvanas, romelsac reJisoriTvlis saWirod. es varianti kinofiridan masalis SerCevisidenturia. taimkodi Sedis Semdegnairad: sT:wT:wm:kdr, magaliTad,01:05:45:23. Cawerili taimkodi ar icvleba. samontaJo programasaSualebas gvaZlevs, masalidan SevarCioT da amovWraT CvenTvissasurveli samontaJo erTeuli da mivabaT nebismier sxvas. aqSeiZleba paraleli gaivlos zemoxsenebul kinofiris montaJTan,

Tanamedrove aramimdevrobiTi samontaJo kompiuteri iMac

SerCeva, anu amoWra, saukeTeso dublebis amoReba da daxarisxeba,ris Semdegac iwyeba egreT wodebuli `Savi montaJi~, anupirveladi montaJi (es procedura Zalian nelia da did drosmoiTxovs). Tanmimdevrulad an epizodebis mixedviT vawyobTfilmis gamosaxulebas da vuTanxmebT xmas, magram am SemTxvevaSi`Tanmimdevruli~ sulac ar niSnavs zemoT xsenebul uaryofiTs.mimdevrobiTi montaJisgan gansxvavebiT kinofiris gaWra dagadabma SesaZlebelia nebismier kadrze da nebismier dros,mTavaria, ar dairRvas dramaturgiuli Txroba (Tanmimdevroba).

pirveladi montaJis Semdeg xdeba mTeli damontaJebulifilmis saguldagulo gadaTvaliereba, zedmeti kadrebis amoyra,gamorCenili saWiro masalis Casma, gamosaxulebis da xmovanistruqturis saboloo Camoyalibeba da am etapze ukve sruldebamontaJi, rasac Cven saboloo montaJs vuwodebT. reJisorifizikurad Tavadac rom amontaJebdes, ZiriTadi masaladazRveulia, radgan faqtobrivad mas ar uxdeba filmisoriginalTan, anu negativTan, Sexeba da montaJis drosgamousworebeli dazianeba gamoricxulia. amasTan saboloomontaJis drosac ki SesaZloa yovelgvari darRvevis anSecdomis gamosworeba, magaliTad, mTeli epizodis gadanacvlebaan konkretuli detalis amogdeba da a. S.

rac Seexeba audio mxares, aq kinofirze muSaobisasgacilebiT rTulad iyo saqme, sanam kompiuteruli teqnologiebiam process gaamartivebdnen, radgan Canawerebis umravlesobagamosaxulebasTan srul sinqronizaciaSi yofnisTvis 35 mm.-ian magnitur perforirebul firebze iwereboda, Tanac yvelamaTgani: msaxiobis xma, xmauri, musika, xmovani efeqti da a. S._ cal-calke firze. Tu davfiqrdebiT, rom filmSi ramdenimemsaxiobi, sxvadasxva tipis xmauri, musikaluri gadasvlebi daefeqturi xmauria saWiro, maSin naTeli xdeba, rom 20-30 xmisbilikis erTze gadawera da gaerTianeba SeiZleba dagvWirveboda.es Zalian did Sromas, energias da koncentracias moiTxovs.Semdeg am audio, magnituri firis optikurad Cawera, negativismontaJi, optikuri gamosaxulebis da xmis gaerTianeba dadabeWdva xdeboda (minda SegaxsenoT, rom es procedura aqZalian martivad aris aRwerili, dawvrilebiT kidev uamravdetals Seicavs).


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filmis erTian, mTlian naWers (originali rCeba xeluxlebeli,sanam ar wavSliT). es yvelaferi saocrad hgavs kinofirissamontaJo proceduras, sadac reJisori aseve ar hkidebs xelsfilmis originals da mis mier damontaJebuli filmis sabolooawyobas kompiuteris nacvlad akeTebs specialisti laboranti,swored is awyobs filmis negativs da amzadebs pozitivisdasabeWdad.

albaT, garkveuli zogadi STabeWdileba ukve SegveqmnaimisTvis, rom warmovidginoT, Tu raSi daexmara kompiuteruliteqnologiebis ganviTareba kinofirze montaJs.

TanamedroveobaSi kinofirze montaJi sagrZnoblad gamartivda,kerZod ki, negativze gadaRebuli masala laboratoriulidamuSavebis Semdeg pidapir gadahyavT romelime cifrulformatSi Tavisive futaJis nomrebiTurT (imisTvis, romSemdgomSi ioli mosaZebni iyos zusti samontaJo erTeulioriginalur negativze), Semdeg xdeba misi damontaJebakompiuterze (ra Tqma unda, efeqtebis gareSe) da ukve bolomdeawyobili filmis mixedviT misi negativis montaJi (isev daisev laborantis mier). gamodis, rom reJisors Zalian martivad,saxlis porobebSic ki SeuZlia amontaJos filmi da misicifruli versiis meSveobiT aewyos absoluturad identurifilmi originali masalis safuZvelze.

SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom kompiuteris da moviolasgamoyenebiT montaJs bevri saerTo aqvT, miT umetes, rom cifruli

Tanamedrove portatiuli samontaJo kompiuteri (Mac Book Pro)

radgan am programis Semqmnelebma montaJis safuZveli daZiriTadi principebi sworedac kinomontaJidan aiRes, SemdegdaamuSaves, bevri ganviTarebadi siaxlec daumates da SemogvTavazes.

kinofirze, montaJisgan gansxvavebiT, kompiuteri gamosaxulebasrealurad ar Wris, is mxolod moniSnavs SerCeuli kadrisdasawyiss da dasasruls (virtualurad), anu, samontaJo bilikzeawyobil konkretul gamosaxulebas originalidan kiTxulobs.magaliTisaTvis: Seyvanili masalidan pirveli fragmenti gvaqvs50 wm.-is xangrZlivobiT, meore ki – 2 wT. da 30 wami da a. S.Cven pirveli fragmentidan amoviReT mxolod erTi kadri,romelic iwyeboda 00:00:15:00 da mTavrdeba 00:00:45:00(kadris xangrZlivobaa 30 wm.) da davdeT samontaJi bilikze.meore fragmentidan aviReT 00:02:03:00-dan 00:02:16:00-mde(xangrZlivobaa 13 wm.) da mivabiT wina kadrs. samontaJobilikze es ori kadri originalidan waikiTxeba zustad iqidaniqamde da im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc Cven davalageT. axalifragmentis saerTo xangrZlivoba iqneba 43 wm. aseTi meTodiTewyoba mTeli filmi da kompiuters SeuZlia, mexsierebidanqronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT amoikiTxos nebismierifragmentis nebismieri kadri erTi fotogramis sizustiTacki. kompiuterul programaSi samontaJo bilikze muSavdebarogorc gamosaxuleba, aseve xmac. nebismier dros da nebismieradgilze SeiZleba arasasurveli fotogramis, samontaJo kadris,epizodis, fragmentis amogdeba, Casma, gadawera, gadamravleba,sxva adgilze gadasma, damateba, efeqtis dadeba, feris, kontrastisda intensivobis koreqcia da a. S.

xmasTan dakavSirebiTac SesaZlebelia imave procedurebisCatareba da metic: xmis donis kontroli, balansi, miqsi, xmovaniefeqtis dadeba da sxva.

moTxovnisamebr SesaZlebelia 100-mde gamosaxulebis daamdenive xmis bilikis gamoyeneba sxvadasxa efeqtis misaRwevad.aqve SiZleba filmis rogorc `Savi~, ise saboloo montaJisSesruleba. SesaZleblobebi ufro da ufro matulobs. imisgamo, rom samontaJo programa original masalas ar cvlis,aucilebelia imave programaSi awyobili filmis eqporti, anucalke gayvana, rac gulisxmobs ukve damuSavebuli gamosaxulebisda xmis gadaTvlas da kopirebas. gayvanis Semdeg miviRebT


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mediologiaaramimdevrobiTi samontaJo programebis gamomgoneblebma daganviTarebis xelSemwyobebma ukve didi xnis ganviTarebulikinomontaJis safuZvlebi gamoiyenes da Sesabamisad struqturacdauaxloves. mimdevrobiTi montaJi ki Tavisi arsiT safuZvlianadgansxvavdeba maTgan. sistemis sirTulis da gamoyenebaSi misiarapraqtikulobis gamo misi ganviTareba Sewyda, garkveulwiladSemorCa telestudiebSi da sul cota xanSi istorias Cabardeba.mis adgils safuZvlianad ikavebs cifruli aramimdevrobiTisamontaJo sistemebi da axali teqnologiebi.

dRevandel dRes aramimdevrobiTi samontaJo sistemebidanSegviZlia davasaxeloT ramdenime yvelaze meted gavrcelebulida gamosadegi programa. esenia: APPLE-is “Final Cut Pro”, AVID-is “Avid Expres Pro”, ADOBE-is “Premiere Pro”, Pinnancle-is“Liquid Edition Pro”, CANOPUS-is “EDIUS”, SONY-s “Sony Vegas”da sxvani. am samontaJo sistemebs profesionalebi ukve aTeuliwlebis ganmavlobaSi aviTareben da xvewen. amJamad maTsrulyofili saxe gaaCniaT, Tumca ganviTarebis procesi arCerdeba da ras SemogvTavazeben uaxloes momavalSi, aravinicis.

•Roberto Schiavone - “Montare un film”, romi 2002, gv. 28-46.• Dominique Villain - “Le montage au cinema”, Paris 1991, gv. 72-73.• Gavin Millar, Karel Reisz - “The technique of film editing. Butterworth &Company. 1951. gv. 209-267.

giorgi xarebava

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gadaRebuls Teatris darbazSi mdgari telekameriT, da usmensmis xmas, romelsac iWers scenis sivrceSi ganlagebulimikrofonebi. telemayureblis yuradRebas ar SeuZlia TavisiyuradRebis koncentrirebiT iseve ̀ moaSoros~ xelisSemSlelimomentebi scenaze mimidinare moqmedebas, rogorc TeatrisdarbazSi mjdoms, radgan telemayureblis aRqma Semofargluliatelekameris da misive televizoris SesaZleblobebiT,mikrofonis mier aRqmuli da televizoris dinamikis (andinamikebis sistemis) mier gamosxivebuli scenuri xmovanebiT.Tuki TeatrSi mjdomi mayurebelma SeiZleba verc ki SeamCniosmsaxiobis mier Zalauneburi gadacdoma intonaciaSi anmoZraobaSi (an swrafad daiviwyos igi), videoCanaweri amgadacdomas gamadidebeli lupis efeqtiT warudgenstelemayurebels da yoveli axali demonstrirebisas gaimeorebs.

am TvalsazrisiT, Teatraluri xelovneba ekranul sivrceSigadatanisas ueWvelad ganicdis met-nakleb degradirebas. Tumca,amave dros arsebobs sxvadasxva xerxisa da saSualebis rigi,romelic Tavidan agvaSorebs am danakargs.

statiaSi: ̀ Teatraluri speqtaklis video versiis reJisura~,manana anasaSvili wers: ̀ ...Teatraluri speqtaklis video versiisSeqmnisas reJisori unda eridos specefeqtebis gamoyenebas,raTa amiT xeli ar SeuSalos Teatraluri speqtaklis zustireproduqciis Seqmnas.~1

terminSi `specefeqti~ avtori gulisxmobs eleqtronulivideomontaJis iseT saSualebebs, rogoricaa: ̀ wafena~, ̀ gamodevna~,`marao~ da sxva saSualebebi, romliTac erTi kadri meoriTicvleba uwyveti gadasvlis procesiT; klasikuri montaJi _axlo, saSualo da saerTo xedebis kanonikuri monacvleobiT– avtors Teatraluri speqtaklis videoversiis Seqmnisasufro misaRebad miaCnia.

unda iTqvas, rom am mosazrebas aqvs logikuri safuZvli,radganac Teatris bunebisaTvis eleqtronuli videomontaJisxerxebiT warmodgena xSirad Janrul aRrevas iwvevs.specefeqtebi, romlebic misaRebi da aucilebelic kia reklamisada klipisaTvis, Znelad warmosadgenia telespeqtaklSi daabsoluturad miuRebelia film-speqtaklis zemoT aRweriliformisaTvis.

daviT gujabiZe

satelevizio eleqtronuli specefeqti

da Teatri ekranze

Teatraluri xelovnebis iseTi ekranuli saxeebi, rogoricaa,Teatraluri speqtaklis video-versia, satelevizio Teatrisspeqtakli (telespeqtakli), literaturuli Teatri, saestradoSousa Tu varietes nomris videoCanaweri, scenaze dadgmulispeqtaklisgan gansxvavebiT, satelevizio ekraniT CvenebisaTvisiqmneba. marTalia, yvela am CamoTvlil nawarmoebs scenurisafuZveli aqvs, magram maTi ganxorcielebis sivrce satelevizioekrania, romelSi `gadasvlisasac~ scenuri xelovnebis opusiekranuli xelovnebis enaze unda ̀ iTargmnos~, raTa maqsimaluradSeinarCunos mayurebelze zemoqmedebis da misi aRelvebis unari.

satelevizio vizualur samyaros moqmedebis gamoxatvisda movlenebis arsis gadmocemis sakuTari xerxebi da ileTebigaaCnia. Tuki erTmaneTs davupirispirebT Teatralur dasatelevizio xerxebs, kerZod, msaxiobis namuSevris Cvenebisas,SegviZlia davakvirdeT Semdeg gansxvavebebs:

a). Teatralur scenaze dgas cocxali msaxiobi, masmayurebeli darbazidan uyurebs, piradad ismens mis xmas,akvirdeba mimikas da Jestebs im adgilidan, sadac igi zissalaroSi SeZenili bileTis Sesabamisad; es adgili SeiZlebaiyos pirvel rigSic, meeqvseSic, da meaTeSic, benuaris loJaSida qandaraze. miuxedavad amisa, Teatraluri mayurebelipraqtikulad erTnairad aRiqvams speqtakls yvela CamoTvliliadgilidan, radgan Teatris mayurebeli speqtaklze mosvlisaseTanxmeba da upirobod emorCileba im usityvo SeTanxmebas,romlis mixedviTac igi Tavisi yuradRebis daxmarebiT ̀ aSorebs~yvela xelisSemSlel moments Tetris scenaze mimdimnaremoqmedebas da praqtikulad erTnairad ganicdis msaxiobisxelovnebiT mogvril aRtacebas Tu cremls, miuxedavad imisa,saukeTeso adgilze zis Tu qandaraze.

b). telemayurebeli ki imave speqtaklis satelevizio versiisyurebisas xedavs ara msaxiobs, aramed mis gamosaxulebas,

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da enotis msgavs fantastikur cxovelad gardaqmnili plastikis,iumorisa da dramatuli niWis feierverks awyobs scenaze.misi ironiisaTvis kinematografis xerxebic SesaniSnavisafuZvelia. erT-erT epizodSi igi vertikalurad dadgmulsawols warmogvidgens, romelSic misi Zilgatexili gmiriwrialebs. teqnikuri manipulirebis, akrobatuli ileTisa damxatvruli ganaTebis saSualebiT Teatris mayureblis winaSeuceb Cndeba sawolis `zedxedi~, danaxuli oTaxis Weridan,rac Teatralur scenaze erTob moulodnelia, Tumca kinoSiaseTi xedi Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba.

am speqtaklis videoversiis Seqmnisas, Cveni azriT, muSaobda2 gadamRebi kamera, romlebmac sul mcire orjer mainc gadaiResspeqtakli, xolo masala Semdgom iqna damontaJebuli.videofilmis montaJSi ramdenime gadasvlisas gamoyenebuliawafenebi, xolo erTgan – eleqtronuli specefeqtic, rac,gulwrfelad unda iTqvas, rom srulebiTac ar aRiqmebauadgilod. ase rom, specefeqtebis gamoyenebaze Teatralurixelovnebis ekranul formebSi kategoriuli pozicia, albaT,arasworia. Tumca, cxadia, specefeqti metad moridebiT daSerCeviT unda iqnas gamoyenebuli Caweris reJisoris mier,rakiRa TviT Teatris bunebisaTvis Znelia eleqtronulivideomontaJis xerxebiT sivrcul-droiTi erTianobis awyoba.

saintereso informacias wavawydiT yofili `centraluriteleviziis~ yofili redaqtoris _ olga koznevas, memuarulstatiaSi: `ormoci weli da erTi weliwadi - maxsovsrogorc am wuTSi~, qveTavi `vinaa umTavresi~ - xelovnebaTu teqnika?:

`(19)59 Tu 60 wlis gazafxulze televiziiT undagveCvenebina sergei vladimiris Ze obrazcovis Tojinebis Teatrisspeqtakli ̀ mefe-iremi~ _ karlo gocis piesis mixedviT. mTeliCveni gadamRebi jgufi... (statiis avtori am jgufSi reJisorisasistentad muSaobda. d. g.) Zalian vRelavdiT imis gamo, romar vicodiT, Tu rogor aisaxebodnen gmiri Tojinebiteleekranze. axlo xeds SeeZlo ̀ gamoeaSkaravebina~ Tojinebissaxeebze mimikis ararseboba, Tojinebi xom Teatris darbazisTvisiyo gaTvlili.... s. v. obrazcovma da msaxiobebma CvenTanerTad gamosavali ipovnes: axlo xedebze (warmosaxviTi) mimika

daviT gujabiZe

magram ase araa yvela SemTxvevaSi: Tuki satelevizioreJisuris winaSe dgas ara mxolod reportaJuli Cawerisamocana, aramed Teatraluri speqtaklis audiovizualuriadekvatis Seqmna, maSin savsebiT SesaZlebelia, gamoyenebuliiqnas televiziis `enis~ elementebi, romlebic aZliereben anaumjobeseben piesis dramaturgiuli Sinaarsis an aqcentisgadmocemas satelevizio sivrceSi.

magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia ganvixiloT video-Canaweriakrobati-msaxiob jeims tieris speqtakl-feeriisa: ̀ hanetonissimfonia~ (speqtaklis reJisori _ etien bosku, kostumebismxatvari _ viqtoria tieri, Caweris reJisori _ patrik Caplinski,filmis montaJi _ domenik diurani). Caweris organizatorebiarian Teatri ̀ Round-Point~, Teatraluri speqtaklebis gadaRebisada DVD Canawerebis gamavrcelebeli firma ̀ La Copat~, ̀ ARTE-France~ da `TV-5~. Canaweri gakeTebulia 2005 wels.

am Canawerisa da TviT speqtaklis analizisaTvisaucileblad migvaCnia ramdenime faqtoris aRniSvna. jeimstieri Carlz Caplinis qaliSvil _ viqtorias da cirkiscnobili msaxiob Jan-batist tieris vaJiSvilia. jeims tieribavSvobidanve cirkis garemoSi izrdeboda, xolo dedamisi masnairgvar kostiumebs ukeravda saojaxo speqtaklebisaTvis. amkostiumebSi gamoiyeneboda aramarto qsovilebis kombinaciebi,aramed iseTi moulodneli aqsesuarebi, rogoricaa: musikaluriinstrumentebi, sufris vercxleuli, WurWeli da a. S.

speqtaklSi yovelive es erTob saintereso formiTaaasaxuli. jeims tieri da misi 4 msaxiob-akrobatisagan Semdgaridasi originaluri formiT warmogvidgenen Zilgamtydari gmirisRamis koSmarebs da sizmareul fantasmagoriebs. scenaze`cocxldeba~ ferweruli tilo, kostumis momentaluri cvliTadamiani `gardaisaxeba~ giganturi xvlikis msgavs arsebad,rezinisebr moqnili gogona Cven Tvalwin ̀ gadaiRvreba~ karadidaniatakze, iatakidan _ savarZelze, dabolos _ yvavilis qoTanSi,TviT tieri scenaze ukravs violinos da dasrialebsgorgolaWiani cigurebiT (babuamisze aranakleb), asrulebsurTules moZraobebs cal borbalze Semdgari velosipediT, 5metris simaRleze dafrinavs sacirko trapeciaze, moqmedebisSeuwyetlad akeTebs kostiumis transformirebas da xarisa

satelevizio eleqtronuli specefeqti da Teatri ekranze

66 67

`fexis wverebze~. yovelive es dainaxa saaparatoSi amosulmaobrazcovma (romelic moulodnelad aRmoCnda Cems zurgsukan, albaT, raTa bolos da bolos gaerkvia, xom ar anadgurebdamis... speqtakls televizia). man igrZno, Tu rogor uWirda amgniasSi sareJisoro jgufs da operatorebs _ daenaxaT, moesminaTda emontaJebinaT speqtakli... da man mrisxaned ubrZana (teqnikurnawils): `ar gabedoT adamianebisaTvis xelis SeSla axalixelovnebis SeqmnaSi!~ cxadia, Cveni teqnikosebi Zalianganawyendnen. `Cven xom TqvenTvis... Tqven Cven gareSe... esusamarTlobaa...~ da a. S.

rTuli iyo mdgomareoba TviT SemoqmedebiT jgufSic ...`Teatris~ reJisoris da `televiziis~ reJisoris da maTTanerTad asistentis, redaqtoris da xmis reJisoris erTdrouliarsebobisas. maT Soris ̀ sabrZolo Setakebebisas~ saaparatoSi`bumbulebi dafrialebda~... da ai, s. b. obrazcovma...zrdilobianad da mtkiced ganacxada: ̀ me Tavad vmuSaob TqvenTanerTad Cemi speqtaklis satelevizio variantze da gadavwyvite,rom me operatorebisa da olga vasilevnas (reJisorisasistenti) meti aravin mWirdeba. gmadlobT!~3

moyvanili ori citata, garda `pirdapiri eTeris~ droisteleviziis kuriozebisa, cxadad gviCvenebs, Tu ra aris ismTavari, rac ocdaaTma weliwadma ver Secvala televiziiTTeatraluri speqtaklis gadacemisaTvis da rac ase iSviaTadxorcieldeba qarTuli televiziis praqtikaSi: _ speqtaklisdamdgmeli reJisoris dgoma satelevizio samontaJo pultTanda mis mier uSualo xelmZRvaneloba speqtaklis sateleviziovariantis gadaRebisas.

film-speqtakli _ rogorc Teatraluri xelovnebisekranuli forma _ srulfasovan Rirebulebas mxolod maSiniZens, Tuki gadaRebis reJisuris amocana xdeba piesisdramaturgiis gadmocema ekranuli saSualebebiT im SezRudulpirobebSi, roca es dramaturgia xorcieldeba speqtaklisdamdgmeli reJisoris mier gamoyenebuli xerxebis araugulebelyofiT, aramed maTi ekranuli adekvatebis SeTxzviTda realizaciiT.

mizani erTaderTia da ucvleli: ekranze Teatralurixelovnebis nimuSis gadatanisas ar unda dairRves dramaturgiis

Secvala Tojinis Tavisa da sxeulis plastikam, da msaxiobTaxmebma!.. mefis irmad gadaqcevebi ori kameris gamosaxulebismikSirebiT gamovida... dRes SeiZleba gagveRimos _ ̀ CveulebrivimikSirebiT~, magram maSin _ es dasawyisi iyo. (ar undadagvaviwydes, rom yvelaferi es pirdapiri eTerisTvis -erTaderTi gadacemisTvis mzaddeboda. d. g.).

sergei vladimeris Ze obrazcovi... Tavidan eWvobda _iqnebodnen Tu ara misi Tojinebi sakmaod telegenurebi. magram,roca amaSi darwmunda, gatacebiT atarebda repeticiebs daTavidan gvaSorebda yvelafers, rac ki xels uSlida saqmes.ar damaviwydeba, Tu ra risxviT daatyda Tavs igi televiziisinJinrebs da teqnikosebs, romlebic saaparatoSi xmamaRlaganixilavdnen TavianT teqnikur problemebs. Cven amas veguebodiT,radgan miCveuli viyaviT, rom gaumarTavi telekameragamosaxulebas ver mogcems, xolo Tu mikSerma gvimtyuna _mayurebeli ver naxavs, mefis gadaqcevas irmad! es asea. mudmivikamaTi: `vinaa ufro mTavari~ _ xelovneba Tu teqnika?

...teqnikosebis da inJinrebis xmauri saerTod angrevdasareJisoro jgufis muSaobas, Cven erTmaneTis xmac ar gvesmoda.xolo am dros studiaSi midis scena, isic _ Tojinebianimsaxiobebis SesrulebiT, da Tanac es scena cocxali montaJispirobebSi unda aCvenos (gadasces) teleoperatorma uzarmazarikameriT da amave dros ar daejaxos gverdiT momuSave meorekameras da grZel `weros~, romelsac mikrofoni msaxiobebispirTan miaqvs... aq kidev gamnaTeblebi da kabelmeisterebi2 _faCuCebiani da xelTaTmanebiani qalebi, romlebic cdilobdnenuCumrad mimoewiaT kabelebi... da yovelive es _ gansakuTrebiT`cocxali eTeris~ wlebSi _ damokidebuli iyo pultTanmomuSave sareJisoro jgufze, sadac reJisoris asistentiwinaswar gawerili scenaris partituris mixedviT aZlevdamokle brZanebebs da SeniSvnebs operatorebs, reJisorisTanaSemwes (xolo xmis reJisori _ mikrofonis operatorebsda magnituri Canawerebis operatorebs musikis dawyebis anSecvlis Sesaxeb), Tu ra adgilidan grZeldeba speqtaklismoqmedeba, romeli msaxiobi unda iyos mzad, romeli kameraamTavrebs scenas da romeli operatori `gadadis~ Semdegscenaze da yvela maTgani unda gadaadgildes Cumad, uxmaurod,

daviT gujabiZe satelevizio eleqtronuli specefeqti da Teatri ekranze

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`speqtaklebis `meSCanebi~ da `fskerze~ magaliTze cxadixdeba, Tu raoden didi (samwuxarod, arc Tu xSirad gamoyenebul)SesaZleblobebs malavs sakuTar TavSi televiziisaTvisgardasaxuli Teatraluri speqtakli. diax _ sworedac romgardasaxuli (anu xelaxla agebuli). televizias xom Tavisiena aqvs, igi moiTxovs sxva plastikas, moqmedebis sxva ritmsda Teatraluri sanaxaobis sateleviziod gadaqceva sakmaodrTuli saqmea. g. tovstonogovma satelevizio `meSCanebze~oTxi Tve daxarja _ daaxloebiT imdenive, ramdenic mas sWirdebaaxali speqtaklis dadgmisaTvis. gacilebiT naklebi drodaxarja g. volCekma `fskerze~-s satelevizio versiisaTvis,magram ra Zalisxmevad daujda mas es!~4

amrigad, Teatralur scenaze ganxorcielebuli speqtaklisteleviziiT saCveneblad sakmarisi ar aris gadaRebis ̀ meqanikuri~Sesruleba _ sami (an meti) kameriT axlo, saSualo da farToxedebis logikurad cvalebadi mimdevroba. sasurvelia, idealurSemTxvevaSi ki aucilebelia TviT speqtaklis damdgmelireJisoris uSualo xelmZRvaneloba speqtaklis satelevizioversiis gadaRebisas (zogi avtori, kerZod, q-ni m. anasaSviliswored ase moixseniebs Teatraluri speqtaklis satelevizioCaweris process zemoT xsenebul statiaSi. xolo amgvarimidgomiT, speqtaklis gadaRebisas mizanscenebis Secvla araTusavsebiT dasaSvebi, aramed absoluturad gamarTlebulaucileblobad SeiZleba dadges. amis magaliTia Temur CxeiZismier peterburgSi, did dramatul TeatrSi, dadgmulilermontovis ̀ maskaradis~ Caweris SemTxveva, roca sateleviziosadguri ori dRis ganmavlobaSi iwerda speqtakls umayureblodarbazSi da Cawerisas ramdenime mizanscenis adaptirebacmoxda kamerebisTvis momgebianad Cvenebis mizniT.

amdenad, speqtaklis reJisors, SeiZleba iTqvas, televizia`meore cdis~ saSualebas aZlevs sakuTari namuSevris xelaxalirealizebisaTvis rogorc film-speqtaklis, ise Teatralurispeqtaklis dadgmis saxiT.

iuri kagarlicki am ̀ meore cdis~ upiratesobebis logikasase xedavs: `am movlenaSi araferi gasakviri ar aris. yoveliTeatraluri namuSevari WeSmariti mxatvrisaTvis aramartoganxorcielebuli, aramed ganuxorcielebeli Canafiqrebicaa.

ZiriTadi xazi da reJisoruli gadawyvetis principebi daelementebi; xolo amisaTvis, zogjer SeiZleba speqtaklissatelevizio versiam scenur variantSi Carevac ki moiTxovos(mag., speqtaklis ara warmodgenisas, aramed scenaze repeticiisdros Cawerisas SesaZlebelia mizanscenebis telekamerebisaTvismomgebianad gadasaRebad koreqtireba). aq isev unda gaesvasxazi im faqts, rom, Tuki televizia xelovnebaa (da igi aris),mas sakuTari ena gaaCnia da nebismieri sxva xelovnebisnawarmoebi meqanikurad ki ar unda iqnas citirebuli, aramedteleviziis enaze Sesabamisi ̀ Targmani~ unda gakeTdes. sworedamitom aris aucilebeli sareJisoro pultTan speqtaklisdamdgmeli reJisoris yofna da imis kontroli, rom televiziisreJisorma speqtaklis ̀ tele-enaze Targmnisas~ (Tuki igi amasakeTebs) `azrobrivi Secdomebi~ ar dauSvas.

es kontroli aucilebelia, Tuki aseT dros sareJisoropultTan aRmoCndeba profesionali Semoqmedi reJisori(gansakuTrebiT _ kinematografiuli praqtikis mqone).Teatraluri speqtaklis mimarT, rogorc Semoqmedebis sagnismimarT, midgoma SeiZleba cudi SedegiT damTavrdes. qarTultelesivrceSi iyo SemTxveva, roca Caweris reJisormaeqsperimentis saxiT Caweris formad aiRo ara TviT msaxiobisCveneba teqstis warmoTqmisas, aramed misi partniorebisSefasebebi mis mier teqstis warmoTqmis dros. cxadia, TeatrisdarbazSi mjdomi mayurebeli orives xedavs _ molaparakemsaxiobsac da mis partniorsac, da maT urTierTobasac scenurikanonzomierebebiT aRiqvams, magram mayurebeli amas praqtikuladerTdroulad Zalauneburad akeTebs Tavisi Tvali-tvinis (mzera-aRqmis) meqanizmis moqmedebiT, risi satelevizio adekvatisSesaTxzavad planebis montaJze ufro metad Sidakadrulikompoziciebia upriani. televiziis teqnikis SemTxvevaSi ki amxerxma xsenebul ganxorcielebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobagamoiwvia.

iuri kagarlicki, msgavsi SemTxvevis (Teatraluri speqtaklissatelevizio montaJis) Sesaxeb wers: ̀ elementaruli logikisTanaxmad, satelevizio speqtakli, Seqmnili Teatraluris Semdeg,unda iyos ara uaresi, aramed gacilebiT ukeTesi. aucilebladukeTesi!~).


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improvizacia... improvizacia, rogorc gadmocemis forma (aqigulisxmeba gadacemis avtorTa moumzadebloba da araprofesiulisiTamame d. g.). etyoba, satelevizio kamera ukve TviTongvkarnaxobs Tavis pirobebs da igi mkacrad gvsjis, roca am

kanonebis darRvevas viwyebT~.6

1. manana anasaSvili. `Teatraluri speqtaklis video versiisreJisura~, ̀ Teatri da cxovreba”, 2006, #1, gv. 52.2. kabelmeisteri: specialuri teqnikuri profesia teleteqnikisganviTarebis sawyis etapze. kabelmeisters evaleboda telekamerisada sareJisoro pultis SemaerTebeli mravalsadeniani da sakmaodmsxvili kabelis gadaadgileba kameris moZraobis paralelurad3. olga kozneva. `ormoci weli da erTi weliwadi - maxsovsrogorc am wuTSi~, qveTavi ̀ vinaa umTavresi~ - xelovneba Tuteqnika?~ http://www.tvmuseum.ru/attach.asp?a_no=1016.4. Кагарлицкий Ю., Обман хорош, когда в него верят (Театральныйспектакль на телеэкране),”ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЕ вчера, сегодня, завтра“,№ 89,Москва , 1989, с. 43-44.5. iqve, gv. 43.

6. Владимир Саппак – «Телевидение и мы» 2-е изд. Москва, 1988, с. 52

im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca namuSevari sayovelTao qebas msaxurebs,aris erTi adamiani, romelmac icis, Tu ra ar gamovida da esadamiani _ reJisoria. cxadia, karg speqtakls aqvs imisperspeqtiva, rom publikis winaSe TamaSisas `momwifdes~ (daes, albaT, misi umTavresi niSania), magram raRaca yovelTvisaris iseTi, rac ukvalodaa dakarguli da am danakargiskompensireba xdeba sxva masalaze, sxva speqtaklis Seqmnisas.aseTi gakveTili ukvalod ar Caivlis, igi moitans Tavis nayofsreJisoris SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi, magram ver uSveliskonkretuli scenuri xelovnebis namuSevars. xolo TukiTeatraluri speqtaklis dadgmas imave speqtaklis sateleviziovariantis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba mohyveba, igi reJisors aZlevsganumeorebel Sanss, rom daubrundes Zvel da nacnob masalasdagrovili gamocdilebiT, da ukve miRweulze dayrdnobiT,axal gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, aiwios ukvearsebul Sedegze ufro maRla.~5

teqnikuri progresi iseve, rogorc kinematografis sxvaJanrebis SemTxvevaSi, Teatraluri xelovnebis gadaRebisesTetikis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti faqtoria. teqnikaaucilebeli, Tumca arasakmarisi pirobaa Janris ganviTarebisa.rogorc xelovnebis sxva sferoebSi gadamwyvetia Semoqmediadamianis faqtori _ reJisoris niWiereba da profesionalizmi,misi unari teqnikur siaxleTa rigSi aRmoaCinos mxatvruliSemoqmedebis axali saSualebebi.

ZiriTadi kiTxva ki, vfiqrobT, ase unda daisvas: ras moiTxovsmayurebeli audiovizualuri da, kerZod, satelevizioproduqciisagan (e. i. film-speqtaklisaganac)? pasuxi, rogorcmravalwliani praqtika gvarwmunebs, aseTia: mayurebeliteleviziisagan moiTxovs SemoqmedebiTi procesis asaxvas dagadmocemas, moulodnelobas, ekranze moqmedi adamianis bunebrivreaqcias _ danaxuls obieqtivis mier; es momenti ki sainteresoaaramarto uSualod cocxali gadacemisas, aramed aranaklebsainteresoa CanawerSic. mTavaria, rom speqtaklis gadaRebisdros dacul iqnes ekranuli xelovnebis Janruli moTxovnebi.

`televiziaSi araferia iseTi organuli da mimzidveli,vidre improvizacia mis nebismier formaSi. magram, vimeoreb,araferia imaze autaneli, vidre mkvdari, dadgmuli (reJisoruli)


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eqsperimentuli xasiaTisaa da mTavar rols Sesabamisadgamomgoneblebi da inJinrebi asruleben. miuxedavad imisa, romteleviziis istoria (mxedvelobaSia regularuli mauwyeblobisdawyeba) jer kidev saukunesac ver iTvlis, man moaxerxaTanamedrove adamianis, sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebisganuyreli Tanamgzavri gamxdariyo. moZravi gamosaxulebisSor manZilze gadacemis mcdeloba pirvelad 1922-23 wlebSiamerikaSi ganxorcielda, amave periods ekuTvnis im mimRebzeCatarebuli eqsperimentebi, romelic Tanamedrove telemimRebebsdaedo safuZvlad. ,,jeneral eleqtrikma~ yvela warmatebaerTad mokriba da 1928 wels niu-iorkSi eqsperimentulisadguric gaxsna. telemauwyeblobis sazeimo gaxsna ramdenimejerSedga, Tumca arasrulyofebis gamo kvlevebi kvlav grZeldeboda.aRniSnuli periodi ara mxolod amerikisTvis, aramedinglisisTvis da germaniisTvisac usafuZvlo xmauris periodia.1925 wels swavlulma da mecnierma o. adamianma samferovenitelevizori gamoigona. Tumca telemauwyeblobis im droisTvisarsebul teqnikasTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda da SesabamisadfarTo popularobac ver moipova.Mmiuxedavad amisa 20-aniwlebis SuaxanebSi televiziam axali esTetikuri maxasiaTebeliferi SeiZina. Mmayurebelma telesignalis saSualebiT sakuTarTavze gamoscada ferTa gamis zemoqmedeba1. 1940-50-ani wlebisSemdeg ki, swored feradi gamosaxuleba iqca auditoriiscnobierebiT manipulirebis fsiqologiuri teqnologia.Ggasulisaukunis 20-ian wlebSive iwyeba televiziis Camoyalibebismeore da ganmsazRvreli etapi: regularuli mauwyeblobisSeqmnis mcdeloba, aseve telemimRebebis gayidva-gavrcelebisSedegad farTo auditoriis Camoyalibeba. televiziisTeoretikosebi am epoqas teletranslaciis epoqad naTlavenda misi umTavresi niSani satelevizio qselSi gavrcelebuliinformaciis sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomobaa (miuxedavadimisa, rom im periodisaTvis auditoria ar iyo ase farTo).

1928-35 wlebSi evropaSic, amerikaSic da ruseTSicmimdinareobda eqsperimentebi eleqtronuli televiziis SeqmnissferoSi. televizias ar dasWirvebia xangrZlivi Ziebebi simunjisdasamarcxeblad da masobrivi informaciis audiovizualursaSualebaTa Soris wamyvan poziciebze formireba, rac ara

nana doliZe

televiziis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi

nawili I

televizia zemoqmedebs faseulobaTa, SefasebaTa daSexedulebaTa mTel sistemaze, nergavs qcevis wesebsa daayalibebs Tvisobrivad axal faseulobaTa sistemas. teqnikuriparametrebiT, sainformacio mobilobiT, farTo gavrcelebisada masobriv auditoriaze zemoqmedebis saSualebebiT masobrivkomunikaciebis saSualebaTa Soris televizia yvelaze didipopularobiT sargeblobs da informaciis gavrcelebisa damiRebis ualternetivo saSualebad moiazreba. amasTan,Tanamedrove adamianis moTxovnilebas informaciis momentaluradmiRebis TvalsazrisiT kidev erTi faqtori emateba, informaciasainteresod da damaintrigeblad unda iyos mowodebuli, sadacxSirad racionaluris adgils emociuri ikavebs. XXI saukunisadamiani cxovrebisadmi hedonistur midgomas avlens, tkbobiswyaro ki nebismier sferoSi SeiZleba aRmoaCinos da miTufro _ telesivrceSi. Tumca, aRniSnuli Tvisebebi, droTaganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda, mravali teqnikuri Tu teqnologiuri,aseve sociokulturuli da esTetikuri transformaciebisSedegad. sawyis etapzeve televiziam sakmaod xmaurianiganacxadi gaakeTa sakuTari dabadebis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa,rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi misi arseboba mecnier gamomgonebelTamxolod viwro wrisTvis iyo cnobili. Tumca, maSinve iyoSesaZlebeli am axali gamogonebis sazogadoebaze mZlavrizemoqmedebis SesaZlebloibebis danaxva.

1890 wels parizSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso kongreszepirvelad gaJRerda termini „televizia~ konstantine perskismier. sityvasityviT TargmanSi is Sors xedvas niSnavs damraval enaze _ pirdapiri an Sinaarsobrivi TargmaniT gamoiyeneba.Tumca 1880 wels gamoJona Setyobinebam aleqsandre belismier ,,fotofonis~ gamogonebis Sesaxeb, romelic presis miervizualur telegrafad moinaTla. zogadad pirveli periodi

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axdens.Ppirveli reklamidan aTi wlis Semdeg (kvlav amerikaSi)saerTo nacionaluri axali ambebi gavida eTerSi.Uukve nebismieradamians, planetis nebismieri kuTxidan SeeZlo axali sainteresoambebi Seetyo. swored am movlenis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda marSalmaklueni Tavis gaxmaurebul naSromSi: „gutenbergis galaqtika~,4

rom samyaro erT did soflad gadaiqca, sadac TiToeulimacxovrebeli sofelSi gavrcelebul Worebs ismens, Tanac esWorebi xSirad daSorebulia arsebul sinamdviles. televiziaara mxolod qmnis globalur sofels, aramed amave sofelSiavrcelebs globalur Worebs. informaciis vrcel teritoriazegavrcelebam teleauditoriis globaluri gaerTianeba moaxdina,interesebis, faseulobebis, cnobierebaSi arsebuli dogmebismixedviT. globalizaciis process telemimRebebis xelmisawvdomobamacSeuwyo xeli. 1950 wlisaTvis televizoris fasi 450 dolarsSeadgenda, aT weliwadSi ki am fasma 250 dolaramde daiwia.televizori xelmisawvdomi gaxda amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis.

1953 wlis 18 dekembers regularuli feradi televiziisfunqcionireba daiwyo da televizoric mayureblisaTvisgacilebiT momxibvlelad gamoiyureboda. specialurad feraditeleviziisaTvis daiwera opera „amali da misi Ramis stumrebi~da daiwyo telefilmebis era, im gansakuTrebuli xelovnebisformireba, romelmac masobrivi auditoriis esTetikuri gemovnebagansazRvra.

axali ambebi, publicistika, telefilmebi erTiansociokulturul da esTetikur kompleqsSi gaerTianda, rasacmniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli videomagnitofonebis gamogonebam(pirveli videomagnitofoni amerikaSi 1976 wels gaiyida).UukveSesaZlebeli gaxda Setyobinebis droSi Senaxva, aseve misimet-neklebad Seucvleli SinaarsiT mravaljeradad gamoyeneba(multi plicirebis meTodi).Aamdenad televiziam SeZloinformaciis rogorc droSi, aseve sivrceSi Senaxva.teleinformaciiT gajerebuli telesamyaro maradiulobisTaviseburi niSniT aRibeWda da swored 1950-60-ani wlebisdamaxasiaTebel niSnad iqceva masobrivi kulturis mTelsamyaroze gavrcelebis, planetis macxovreblebis erT saerToauditoriaSi gaerTianebis procesi. televiziis mier poziciebisgamyareba misi funqciebis sxva masobriv saSualebebze

nana doliZe

mxolod teqnikuri maxasiaTebeli, aramed gansakuTrebuliesTetikuri fenomenia. rodesac verbaluris_sityvis davizualuris_gamosaxulebis Serwyma xdeba. televiziisaudiovizualuri buneba mas multimediur xelovnebad aqcevs,romelic ara mxolod saxviT xelovnebas, aramed saoratoroxelovnebas, Teatrs, kinematografs da sxvas aerTianebs daauditoriaze gavlenis masStabebs zrdis.

1936 wels televiziis istoriaSi pirvelad berlinisteleviziam olimpiuri TamaSebis pirdapiri translirebisorganizeba moaxdina. TavisTavad am faqtma axali esTetikuriTavisebureba gamoavlina: sainformacio Setyobinebis realurdroSi miRebis, sivrcis problemis daZlevis SesaZlebloba.televizia simultanuri gaxda (sakomunikacio procesisTavisebureba, romelic saSualebas iZleva, SetyobinebaerTdroulad miewodos mraval adamians). aRniSnuli faqtorebigansazRvravs kidec Tanamedrove televiziis funqcionirebisTaviseburebebs, aseve mis esTetikur SesaZleblobebs dagansazRvravs satelevizio produqciis ganviTarebis veqtorebs.

regularuli mauwyeblobis dawyebasTan (1939 weliamerikaSi) erTad televiziis moRvaweoba uwyveti da ritmulixdeba2. satelevizio programebi, romelic gamudmebuladzemoqmedebda mayurebelze, Tanamedrove adamianisTvis is erTgvarTanamgzavrad gadaaqcia, SesTavaza ra gansxvavebuli samyaro,sxva realoba, romelic sakuTari kanonebiT arsebobs daviTardeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki swored satelevizio realobaiqca ufro mniSvnelovani XX saukunis da gansakuTrebiT XXIsaukunis adamianis cxovrebisTvis da vidre misi garemomcveliobieqturi realoba.

1941 wels pirvelad amerikuli televiziis eTerSi gavidapirveli reklama, romlis damzadebazec sul raRac xuTidolari daixarja, xolo saeTero drois danaxarji oTx dolarsSeadgenda. saerTo jamSi ekranze cxra dolariani reklamis –„bulovis~ markis saaTis, prezentacia moxda3. swored aqedaniwyeba televiziis istoriaSi realobis miTologizaciisa dasimulaciis meTodi. miTebis fabrika mravalferovan, teqnologiuradufro daxvewil samyaros qmnis, romelic realur samyaroSiciWreba da sazogadoebis cxovrebis garkveul deformirebas

televiziis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

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gaerTianeba mohyva. iseve, rogorc dasavleT evropaSisaxelmwifos marTvisagan damoukidebeli kerZo telekompaniebisCamoyalibeba da Sesabamisad sakuTari sainformacio dakulturuli politikis Seqmna iwyeba. Tanamedrove etapzeteleviziis klasifikacias gansxvavebuli meTodebiT axdenen,maT Soris translaciis meTodiT, moRvaweobis ti piT,warmoSobis principiT, auditoriis, programuli specializaciis,finansirebis, satelevizio programebis pluralizmis xarisxiT,saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan kontrolis TaviseburebebiT,telemauwyeblobis sakomunikacio modeliT.Yyvela am Taviseburebisakumulirebis saSualeba ra Tqma unda televizias yovelTvisar gaaCnda da Sesabamisad maTi gaCena da formireba mravaliaTeuli wlis manZilze mimdinareobda.Ffaqti erTia, romTanamedrove epoqis adamianis qcevas gansazRvravs swored issociokulturuli faseulobebi da dogmebi, romlebictelearxebis saSualebiT vrceldeba, risTvisac is ara mxolodteqnikur SesaZleblobebs, aramed im esTetikur Taviseburebebsaciyenebs, romelsac man istoriuli ganviTarebis gansxvavebuletapebze miaRwia.

G

1. Очерки истории телевидения. М.: Наука. 1990. с. 2162. В.В.Егоров - Телевидение: Страницы истории. Издательство: АСПЕКТПРЕСС, 2005, с. 202.3. Н. А. Голядкин-История отечественного и зарубежного телевидения,Издательство: Издательство: Аспект Пресс. 20044. Мак-Люэн Маршалл -ГАЛАКТИКА ГУТЕНБЕРГА: Сотворениечеловека печатной культуры. К.: Ника-Центр, 2003. с. 432. (Серия «СДВИГПАРАДИГМЫ»; Вып. 1).5. http://www.edeon.by.ru/

gadanawilebas iwvevda. radiom, romelmac Tavisi repertuarisnawili (sapnis operebi da drama) televizias gadasca, TviTonoperatiuli informaciisa da musikis gadmocemaze gadaewyoda es gaxda misi specializacia. mraval qalaqSi televiziisgavrcelebam gazeTebis daxurva gamoiwvia. 1950-55 wlebSikinoTeatrebSi xalxis raodenoba xuTjer Semcirda. holivudiswamyvani studiebi ekonomikur kriziss ganicdidnen.farToformatiani kolosebi, rogoric iyo `kleopatra~ da`benguri~ ZviradRirebul proeqtebad moiazreboda da amasTangaTvlili iyo masobriv mayurebelze, romelsac ukve saxlSidarCena ufro surda, vidre kinoTeatrSi wasvla. Tumcakinoindustrias saSvelad isev televizia moevlina, romelmacmisTvis teleserialebis dakveTa daiwyo da sarfianadac ixdidaboevikebis gaqiravebisTvis.

gasuli saukunis 70-an wlebSi televizia ganviTarebisaxal etapze gadadis – Tanamgzavrulma da sakabeloteleviziebis gaCenam teleauditoriis interesebis mixedviTdanawevreba gamoiwvia, amasTan televiziam axali teqnikurimiRwevebis aqtiuri gamoyeneba daiwyo. 1965 wels orbitazeamerikuli Tanamgzavri gauSves saerTaSoriso sateleviziokavSiris uzrunvelsayofad da swored aqedan iwyeba informaciisgavrcelebis meoTxe globaluri sistemis (telegrafis,telefonisa da radios Semdeg) formireba. 1967 wlidanrogorc amerikaSi, aseve dasavleT evropaSi srul feradmauwyeblobaze gadasvlis procesi dasrulda5. paraleluradruseTSi ixsneba „ostankino~ da erT weliwadSi yofili sabWoTakavSiris mTel teritoriaze eTerSi sainformacio programa,,vremia~ vrceldeba. centralizebuli sabWouri modeliamerikul-evropuli modelisagan mowyvetiT arsebobda daZiriTadad arsebuli ideologiis propagandas emsaxureboda.cenzuris gamavrcelebel da makontrolebel organos„glavliti~ warmoadgenda, romelic 1990 wels gauqmda daswored es periodi aRiniSneba sazogadoebriv-politikur dakulturul cxovrebaSi kardinaluri cvlilebebiT da iwyebaaxali msoflmxedvelobis, axali faseulobebis formirebismniSvnelovani etapi. decentralizaciis process yofilisocialisturi qveynebis televiziebis globalur sofelSi

nana doliZe televiziis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

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Jurnalizmi da moqalaqeoba.

ufleba-movaleobani

informacia demokratiis valutaa _ rac ufro Tavisufalia misimimoqceva, miT ufro jansaRia politikuri da

socialuri sistema da piriqiT.

am kuTxiT me erTaderT movaleobas vcnob – xalxis uflebasinformirebuli iyos yvelafris Sesaxeb, garda pirovnebis piradicxovrebis detalebisa, isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesacsajaro figurasTan (fabliq fersonTan) ar gvaqvs saqme.

dava imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba aCvenos Jurnalistma dara ara, didi xania gadawyvetilia da kanoniTaa daregulirebuli.rac Seexeba saxelmwifo saidumloebas _ misi Senaxvisa dagauvrceleblobis pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi awevT saxelmwifomoxeleebs da ara Jurnalistebs. ase rom, JurnalistebismTavari movaleobaa mediaciis, anu informaciis, gacvlis procesSikomunikaciis arxebis damabinZureblad ki ar iqces, aramedsazogadoebaSi mis Tavisufal da dabalansebul gacvlasSeuwyos xeli.

Jurnalizmis eTika moicavs mTel rig wesebs, romelTadacva aucilebelia auditoriasTan urTierTqmedebisas, magramcxadia, masSi cvlilebebi Tavad drom Seitana. Zvel saberZneTSiJurnalistis mTavari mizani iyo aRewera Seulamazebeliobieqtivizebuli faqtebi. Tukidide Cv.w.aR.-mde me-5 saukuneSiwerda – rac Seexeba movlenaTa faqtobriv aRweras, Cemiprincipi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ar Cavwero Cem mier pirveladvegagonili istoria da arc Cems sakuTar STabeWdilebebs vendo.me an uSualod veswrebodi aRweril movlenebs, an vigebdimowmeTa saSualebiT, romelTa nawers maqsimalurad vamowmebdi.am SemTxvevaSic ki simarTlis migneba advili ar aris, vinaidansxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxvanairad aRwers erTidaigivemovlenas, aniWebs ra upiratesobas romelime mxares, an Tavisimexsierebis arasrulfasovnebis gamo.1

dRevandeli Jurnalisti xifaTs ar erideba, rom sakuTariTvalebiT, yurebiT, ynosvis Tu Sexebis organoebiT ganicadosis, ris moyolasac apirebs xalxisTvis. sazogadoeba saTanadodafasebs Jurnalistis Tavganwirvas. misi samsaxurisaucileblobis aRiarebis da pativiscemis gamoxatulebadsakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom maTi sicocxlis gafrTxilebauamravi saerTaSoriso konvenciiT aris daculi. maTze Tavdasxmaamoralur saqcielad iTvleba da rogorc meomari mxareebierTmaneTs aclian frontis xazze mdebare wyaros wyliTsargeblobas, aseve ufrTxildebian Jurnalistis Sromas, missicocxles.

miuxedavad amisa, Jurnalistic ar aris dazRveuliSecdomebisgan. is Cveulebrivi adamiania da movlenis danaxvisasaRqmas awarmoebs Tavisi filtrebis (anu, qargebis) gavliT,rac rbilad rom vTqvaT `namdvilobis~ naklebi xarisxiTxasiaTdeba. meore etapze _ nanaxis, anu Tavis mier aRqmuliambis, gadmosacemad Jurnalisti drois simciris, pirobebis arqonisa da sxva xelisSemSleli mizezebis gamo imasac vergadmoscems obieqturad, daumaxinjeblad da Seucvlelad, racTavisi ̀ filtrebiT~ dainaxa. vinaidan jer ambis analizi misTvisnacnobi arxi-qargis, an metanarativis karkasze unda aawyos,Semdeg sxva dabrkoleba iCens Tavs – gadmocemis saSualeba,sityvebi an `azris formebi~ Jurnalistis gonebaSi arsebulileqsikuri maragidan ivseba, rac gadmocemul ambavs damatebiTicvlilebebiT aRWuravs. sabolood, redaqtoris mier Tavis`wisqvilze dafquli ambebi~ aRwevs auditoriamde da aq kidevramdenime ciklis gavla uwevs.

cxadia, yovelive es cnobilia, mravalmxriv gaanalizebuliada masTan brZolis xerxebi da saSualebebic mowodebulia,xSir SemTxvevaSi TviTon Jurnalistebis mier.

jon stoselis wignSi ̀ miTebi, tyuilebi da sisuleleebi~,2

romlis qvesaTauria – `jon stoseli Txris presis mierdamarxul sinamdviles~. moTxrobilia uamravi nimuSiarawinaswarganzraxuli tyuilisa, rac gabatonebuliamasmediaSi. zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis – Jurnalistis

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Jurnalizmi da moqalaqeoba. ufleba-movaleobanigiorgi TargamaZe

zedapiruli midgomis, evristikuli tendenciebis gamo.Jurnalists, an ufro swored, reportiors, arc saSualebaaqvs, arc dro da arc survili, CauRrmavdes mis mier naxulmovlenas, Seamowmos `namdviloba~, gamomwvevi mizezebi andaniSnuleba. igi cdilobs, rac SeiZleba swrafad gadasces`cxeli ambavi~ Tavis redaqtors, rac misi gasamjelos momatebissafuZvelia. xolo simarTlis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi mcireSansi rCeba misi finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad.amgvari midgomis saukeTeso frazaa qarga – ̀ sisxldenas eqcevadauyovnebeli yuradReba, auditoriis yuradReba ki _ masmediisumTavresi samiznea~. am dros umarTlebeli fufuneba iqnebasisxldenis gamomwvevi mizezebis dadgenaze fiqri,specialistTan konsultaciis miReba da a. S. amis nacvlad,SeiZleba gamoviyenoT yurmokruli an sazogadod cnobiligadaumowmebeli informacia da masSi naCqarevad SefuTulisisxlmdeni Wriloba `cxlad~ mivawodoT auditorias.

Sedegad, uamravi WeSmariteba maxinjdeba, ikargeba anC a n ac vlde b a s icruiTa d a sisuleliT . al baT ,maRalteqnologiuri eris gariJraJze, roca cxovreba gacilebiTmartivi iyo, am Jurnalisturi `codvebis~ Sedegi arc iseSesamCnevi iyo. magram, dRes movlenebi elvis siswrafiTviTardeba. tempi maRalia da misi daweva arc ise advilia. esaramc da aramc ar marTlebs auditoriisaTvis damaxinjebuliambebis miwodebas. problemis gadaWra SeiZleba eqspertisdaqiravebiT, mecnier-mkvlevris saqmeSi CarTviT, magram eskeTilSobiluri ganzraxviT dawyebuli saqmec guldasmiTmuSaobas moiTxovs. eqspertis SerCevac eqsperts saWiroebs,romelic Secdomisagan dazRveuli ar aris.

Jurnalizmis kontrols aSS-Si ramdenime organizaciaemsaxureba. eseTia “MMFA - amerikis mediis mniSvneloba”,3

romelic veb-ze dafuZnebuli aramomgebiani kvlevisa dainformaciis centria aSS-s mediis konservatuli dezinformaciisanalizisa da SesworebisaTvis. is aerTianebs 501 organizacias,awarmoebs mediaSi arsebuli dezinformaciis kvlevas, maT Soris,amerikis wamyvani axali ambebis wyaroebisa – NBC, ABC, FOXda a. S., da aseve, yvela beWdur medias. weliwadSi erTxelaqveynebs yvelaze mcdari Jurnalistis gvars. am organizaciis

kritikosebi amboben, rom is emsaxureba demokratebs, vinaidanmaTgan iRebs solidur Tanxas, e. i., es organizaciackontroldeba.

meore organizaciaa `patiosneba da sizuste reportaJSi– F`AIR”,4 romelic warmoadgens erovnuli mediis mayurebeljgufs. misi daniSnulebaa, mediam warmoadginos sazogadoebisyvela jgufis interesebi. masac hyavs Tavisi makontrolebelikritikosebi.

Semdegi organizacia warmoadges axali ambebis ombudsmenTada mkiTxvel-mayurebelTa warmomadgenlebisagan Semdgarkoleqtivs, romlebic urTierkamaTisa da SeTanxmebis saSualebiTagvareben rogorc mediis, aseve mayurebelTa interesebs. misiwevri SeiZleba gaxdes, garda Juralistisa, nebismieri moqalaqewliuri 150 dolaris Setanis SemTxvevaSi. organizacia marTavswliur Semajamebel konferenciebs Sesabamisi muSaobis angariSiswarmodgeniT.

am organizaciebis sia sakmaod grZelia. maTi CamoTvla anmuSaobis meTodebis ganxilva Sors wagviyvanda. Cveni mizaniiyo, gveCvenebina, ramden barieriani kontroli arsebobs dasavlurmediaSi.

Cven vcdilobT, movi povoT saqarTvelos mediissociologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebi am kuTxiT da vsvamT sakiTxs,saqarTveloSi msgavsi organizaciebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

yovelive zemoTqmuli warmodgenas gviqmnis Jurnalistispirovnul da profesiul moTxovna/problemebze, magram imisaTvis,rom Jurnalistma an masmediam srulyofilad ganaxorcielosmediatoris funqcia mmarTvel wreebsa da mosaxleobas Soris,aucilebelia visaubroT moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobebisSesaxebac.

manamde ki, mcire terminologiuri eqskursi ZiriTadi cnebebisformulirebisaTvis. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom vapirebT ramdenimeqarTuli terminis Semotanas Txrobis gaadvilebis mizmiT.inglisur sityva freims da freimings qarTulad metadSeesityveba CarCo da CarCos morgeba. magram aseve SesaZlebelia

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giorgi TargamaZe

qargis gamoyeneba. am ukanasknels is damatebiTi upiratesobaaqvs, rom gaaCnia erTsityviani zmnis forma – qargva. Cven arSevudgebiT qargisa da CarCos istoriuli etimologiurifesvebis Ziebas, ubralod, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT immsgavsebaze, rac maT mniSvnelobebs Soris arsebobs. qarTulienis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi qarga ganmartebulia, rogorcspecialuri konstruqcia an CarCo, romelzec gadaiWimebamosaqargi masala. cxadia, qarga azrobrivad moicavs rogorcCarCos, anu gansazRvrul SemosazRvrulobas, iseve mniSvnelobisSinaarsobliv datvirTvas. Tumca, kompromisul variantSiSesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT orive qarTuli Sesatyvisi, mxolodqarga da qargva mimdinare procesis asaniSnavad, xolo CarCo– damTavrebuli, stabiluri mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad.

cxadia, qargas uamravi ganmarteba aqvs imisdamixedviT, misiromeli Tvisebis wamowevas cdilobs adamiani an rogoriamisi damokidebuleba – droSi, sivrceSi, valentobis mixedviTqargaSi an CarCoSi Casmuli movlenis amaTuim maxasiaTeblisadmi.

qargad SegviZlia miviCnioT nebismieri logo, moto, moraluri,socialuri, bunebis an fizikis kanoni, andaza, aforizmi,mSoblebisa da Svilebis damokidebuleba da a. S.

masmediis mkvlevrebi mTavrobis mier sazogadoebisTvismiwodebul rwmenaTa sistemas qargas (ing. frame) uwodeben,xolo qargis morgebis process freimings, anu qargvas. qarga,es aris rwmenaTa sistema ama Tu im movlenis an sagnis mimarT,romelic mniSvnelobas sZens mas da SeaTavsebs adamianis gonebaSiarsebul rwmenaTa sistemasTan. sainteresoa, rom adamiani qargisgamoyenebas maSin ki ar Seudgeba, roca movlenas dainaxavs,aramed am qargaSi, rogorc prizmaSi aRiqvams mTel samyaros.im qargas, romelic yvela individis gonebaSi arsebobs, CvenvuwodebT Sinagan qargas. xolo qarga, romelsac dainteresebulijgufi awvdis sazogadoebas an zemoqmedebis obieqts,komunikaciis anu garegani qargaa.

imisaTvis, rom qarga amoqmeddes, saWiroa ramdenime moTxovnisgaTvalswineba.

1. unda ganvsazRvroT Tema, movlena an obieqti, romlismimarTac Camoyalibdeba qarga. mag., socialuri sakiTxebis qargagansxvavdeba sagareo urTierTobaTa qargisagan, xolo TviTsocialuri sakiTxebis qarga icvleba droSi da sxvadasxvawels sxvadasxvanairia.

2. saWiroa specifikuri poziciis gamocalkeveba sxvamovlenebisagan. mag., socialuri keTildReobis qarga moicavsekonomikuri danaxarjebis qargas, Sexedulebebis qargas,humanitarul qargas, individualizmis qargas. maTgan saWiroaerTerTis gamocalkeveba da maszed poziciebis SemuSaveba.

3. saWiroa ukve arsebuli qargebis Seswavla, raTaSemuSavdes axali qargis agebis sqema. mag., kargi iqnebasaqarTvelos kulturalurad arsebuli qargebis Sesaxebliteraturis Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobda axalikulturaluri wesebisa da Sexedulebebis aRmocenebas arsebulniadagze. an sociologTa mier adre arsebuli qargebisgamocalkeveba, vTqvaT, reformebis Sesaxeb, romelSic aucilebadiqneba qargebi – reformebis msxverpli da beneficiari, reformisSedegebis proeqtebis qarga, reformis politikuri strategiebisqarga, Tanasworobis principebis dacvis qarga da a. S.

4. rodesac arsebul qargebis sistemas ganvsazRvravT,Semdeg saWiroa wyarobis amorCeva maTi SigTavsis analizisaTvis.mag., rogor iyo asaxuli qargebi literaturaSi, xlovnebaSian mediaSi, Semdeg TiToeul maTganSi, mag., mediis romel saxeobaSi– televiziaSi, gazeTSi Tu JurnalSi da a. S.

Tanadrove moqalaqeTa sazogadoebas didi ambiciebi aqvs,rom monawileobdes politikur procesebSi, gaTvaliswinebuliiqnas misi azri, SeekiTxon mimdinare reformebis Sesaxeb. es,ra Tqma unda, misasalmebelia, magram meore mxriv, TviTonmoqalaqe gansazRvruli valdebulebebis matarebelia. pirvelrigSi, pasuxismgebelia informaciis moZiebaze, damuSavebaze,Seswavlaze da mocemul politikur situaciaSi mis saTanadodgamoyenebaze.

mogexsenebaT, politikuri procesi mravalmxrivi movlenaa,magram masSi mkveTrad gamoiCeva zogadi sqemebi da mamoZravebeliZalebi. mmarTveli partiis politikuri elita awarmoebsgardaqmnebs, xolo moqalaqeTa sazogadoeba am gardaqmnebisZiriTadi obieqtia. yoveli axali idea an garegani qarga,

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giorgi TargamaZe

romelsac mmarTveli partia wamoayenebs, moqalaqeTa mxridan

ejaxeba TiToeuli moqalaqis gonebaSi arsebul SexedulebaTa

sistemas (Sinagani qarga) mocemuli ideis Sesaxeb. SexedulebaTa

sistema niSnavs, rom mocemuli ideis Sesaxeb individs SeiZleba

gaaCndes ramdenime rwmena, romelTagan TiToeuli am ideis

calkeul maxasiaTeblebs eZRvneba. mag., Tu mTavroba ayenebs

sakiTxs misaRebi gamocdebis sistemis Secvlis Sesaxeb, moqalaqis

gonebaSi amotivtivdeba adre arsebuli korufciuli sistema,

romelic moqmedebda umaRles saswavleblebSi miRebis sistemaSi,

rac negatiur asociaciebs iwvevs. xolo axali sistemis dadebiTi

mxareebis gasagebad TiToeuli individis moqalaqeobrivi valia

gaecnos, daamuSavos da Seiswavlos reformis proeqti, raTa

mi s goneb aSi war moiSvas reformisadmi dadebiTi

damokidebulebis ganwyoba. anu, Zveli sistema, rogorc negatiuri

mxare emateba axal sistemas, rogorc dadebiT movlenas da

maTi absoluturi jami, anu sxvaoba uaryofiT da dadebiT

Sefasebebs Soris warmoadgens moqalaqis Sexedulebas, xolo

moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebis jami qmnis sazogadoebis azrs

mimdinare reformebis Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod, moqalaqes ezareba sakiTxis gacnoba da

damuSaveba, an ubralod, ar aqvs amisi dro. Sedegad, igi an

eyrdnoba masmediis, Tu politikuad aqtiuri adamianebis azrs,

rac SeiZleba ar iyos adeqvaturi, gamomdinare maTi politikuri

interesebidan da xdeba momxre an mowinaaRmdege reformisa.

erTi mxriv, moqalaqes aqvs ambicia, monawileobdes politikur

procesebSi, meore mxriv ki, nacvlad sakiTxze muSaobisa,

amjobinebs, dakmayofildes evristikiT. rac niSnavs daskvnamde

mokle gziT misvlas. sxvagvarad, magaliTisaTvis zusti gazomva

ki ar moaxdinos, aramed gansazRvros, ramdeni TiTis dadebaa

Sesaswavli obieqti, intuitiurad imsjelos an ubralod,

SeuerTdes sazogadoebriv azrs.

adamiani sakuTari azris gareSe komfortulad ver igrZnobs

Tavs. is sazogadoebis wevria da es wevroba avaldebulebs,

hqondes uryevi da infrmacias dafuZnebuli azri sazogadoebaSimimdinare cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. sxvanairad is kargavspativiscemas rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve sakuTari Tavismxridanac.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli sruliadac ar gaxlavT qarTulifenomeni. gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi aSS-Si Catarebulmasociologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rom sazogadoebis wevrTaumravlesoba saerTod ver erkveva ara marto mimdinarepolitikur procesebSi, aramed umTavresi politikuri cnebebis,rogoricaa liberalizmi, konservatizmi, sityvis Tavisuflebada sxv. mniSvnelobaSi.

amrigad, imisaTvis, rom individi, sazogadoebis wevrisrulyofili politikuri subieqti gaxdes, pirvel rigSi,saWiroa, flobdes informacias, hqodes misi damuSavebis unarida Sedeg, daiswavlis ra saTanado masalas, SeZlos misi sworadgamoyeneba saWiroebisda mixedviT. swavla warmoadgensinformaciis procesirebisa da SenarCunebis erTianobas.sazogadoebis is nawili, romelic axerxebs axlis gacnobasda swavlas, Cveulebriv, ufro mtkiced dgas Tavis poziciebzeda sworad axdens kargis da cudis diferencirebas movlenaTafarTo nakadSi.

Cven visaubreT sazogadoebis cxovrebis xilul procesebze,magram axla mivubrundeT im procesebs, romelTac adgiliaqvT politikuri elitisa da mosaxleobis urTierTobisfsiqologiur doneze. rogorc vTqviT, mmarTveli Zala masmediissaSualebiT mosaleobas awvdis gamzadebul proeqts ama Tuim cvlilebis Casatareblad, sadac dasabuTebulia, rom proeqtiaucileblad unda ganxorcieldes, vinaidan Zvel mdgomareobasaqvs ramdenime uaryofiTi mxare, xolo cvlilebis SemdegmiviRebT ramdenime dadebiT mxares. individis gonebaSi arsebulisqemebi ZiriTadad eTanxmeba Zvel sistemaSi arsebulmdgomareobebs, magram proeqtis ZiriTadi sagani, Cveulebriv,individis gonebaSi aRZravs rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiTganwyobas. Tu individis gonebaSi aRZrul SefasebaTaumravlesoba emTxveva Zveli sistemis maxasiaTebelTaumravlesobas, maSin individi xdeba opozicioneri.

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ra ganapirobebs opozicionerobas: informaciis deficiti,Zveli faseulebebis trfiali, axlis gacnobisadmi daudevaridamokidebuleba, sxvisi azrebis gamoyenebisadmi midrekileba.es yvelaferi Seexeba sazogadoebis umetes nawils, romeliccodnis ZiebiT ar gamoirCeva. xolo mcire nawili, romelicmudmivad zrunavs Tvi ganaTlebaze, cxadia, ufro obieqturadSeafasebs siaxlis upiratesobebs (Tu aseTi aris), magramganaTlebuli nawilis dayolieba yovelTvis ufro Znelia, vinaidanmas mraval alternatiul informaciaze miuwvdeba xeli. amitomxSirad sazogadoebis aqtiuri nawili gvevlineba siaxlis momxred,mxolod ara im formulrebiT, rogorc politikur liderebs surT.

yovelive aq CamoTvlili rom SevajamoT, fsiqologiuriprocesebi miiRebs aseT sqematur gamosaxulebas. mTavrobaiZleva interesis sagnisadmi xedvis pozicias, anu moawodebsqargas, romliTac unda SemoisazRvros da romelSic undaaigos cvlilebis gasatareblad aucilebeli axal rwmenaTasistema. sazogadoebis mxridan TiToeuli individi agebebsTavis qargas, anu mis mier movlenis xedvis pozicias. esqargebi, rogorc erTi, ise meore mxridan, Sedgebamravalricxovani qvesistemebisagan, romlebic iyofa jgufebad.TiToeuli jgufi warmoadgens movlenis romelime TvisebisSefasebaTa erTobliobas. sazogadoebis mravalricxovanebasruliadac ar niSnavs qargaTa mravalferovnebas. piriqiT, Tuindividebis qargebi raimeTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgansazogadoebrivi azris zemoqmedebiT, es gasxvaveba maT SorismkveTrad mcirdeba da sabolood anulirdeba, TumcaSesaZlebelia piriqiT, _ gansxvaveba ufro gamoikveTos, racganapirobebs politikuri dajgufebis Seqmnas.

mTavrobis mier mowodebuli da sazogadoebis mierSemogebebuli qargebis ZiriTadi nawili mainc erTmaneTs emTxveva,rasac ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, es arissazogadoebis kulturaluri erTgvarovneba (Tumca, bolo drossaqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli politikuri vnebaTaRelvani sworederovnul-kulturaluri faseulebebis ucxo kulturasTanSejaxebam gamoiwvia). magram aris gansxvavebuli qargebic, anqvesistemebi, an kidev ufro zustad, SefasebaTa gansxvaveba

erTidaigive movlenis, sagnis an maTi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. albaT,swored aq eZleva udidesi mniSvneloba Jurnalizms, rogorcmediators gabatonebul Zalasa da sazogadoebas Soris.

mediaciuri funqciebis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba asevemravalfaqtoruli da metad faqizi procesia. Tu gabatonebulipolitikuri Zalis ideologi guldasmiT ar SearCevs TiToeulsityvas an frazas, sazogadoebasTan konfliqti gardauvalia.magram, rogorc ityvian, joxs ori bolo aqvs. igive ideologsmarjved SerCeuli frazebiT SeuZlia iseTi qarga moaxviosTavs sazogadoebas, rom es ukanaskneli damyoli gaxdes nebismieri,maT Soris, saziano cvlilebebisTvisac ki. Jurnalisti Tavisixalxis Svili unda iyos. vgulisxmobT, unda warmoadgendessazogadoebaSi arsebul romelime socialur jgufs. bevrskamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad saWiroa, rom sazogadoebaSiarsebul yvela jgufs yavdes warmomadgneli axali ambebisdepartamentSi, Tu problema gadaiWras maRalprofesiuliJurnalistebiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalistma kargadunda icodes istoriuli da kulturaluri faseulobebi, raTanebismieri axali ambavi, iqneba es gabatonebuli klasebisganmowodebuli informaciis gadacema Tu movlenebis epicentridan`cxlad~ mosuli informacia, xalxisTvis gasagebi qargiT iqnasmiwodebuli farTo sazogadoebisaTis. cnobilia, rom adamianisruliad axal informacias ver aRiqvams. mas aucilebladesaWiroeba safuZveli an struqtura misTvis cnobili ambebisa,romelzec unda aigos axali informacia. aq Cans Jurnalistisda Jurnalizmis roli da aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnosJurnalistis individualuri Tvisebebi – Sexeduleba, Cacmuloba,mimikebi da Jestebi, diqciis Tavisebirebani da sityvebisa da

frazebis ostaturi SerCevis unari.

1. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian war. bks. 1 and 2, trans. C.F.Smith (Cambridge: Harvard Uviversity Press, 1991), p. 35-39 .2. John Stossel. Myths, Lies, and Downright Stupidity: Get Out the Shovel —Why Everything You Know is Wrong.3. http://mediamatters.org/4. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=100

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Sous orive ganmartebas iyenebs qarTuli telemedia. erTimxriv, Cven vxvdebiT Toq-Sous auditoriis TanxlebiT da,meore mxriv, am saxelwodebiT iwodebian is sateleviziodiskusiebi da debatebi, romelTac cnobili JurnalistebiuZRvebian auditoriis monawileobis gareSe.

Toq-Sous umTavresi safuZveli aris analizi, romelicSesaZloa exebodes rogorc politikas, ekonomikas, socialursakiTxebs, aseve kulturas, sports, Sou-bizness da a. S. aserom, Toq-Sou aris universaluri satelevizio Janri, romeliciyenebs rogorc saubars, intervius, diskusias, aseve siuJets,reportaJs da mcire zomis satelevizio filmsac ki. igi arisTiTqmis yvela satelevizio nawarmoebis gamaerTianebeli.

Toq-Sous popularobas ganapirobebs misi demokratiuloba.misi auditoria, umTavresad, sazogadoebis farTo speqtrisganSedgeba da yoveli mayurebeli masSi Tavis enaze mosaubreadamians aRmoaCens. Toq-Sous centrSi yovelTvis dgas wamyvani.is aris mTavari maspinZeli, Sesabamisad, mas udidesipasuxismgeblobac akisria. Toq-Sous wamyvani ganswavlulobasTanerTad mWermetyveli, analitikuri gonebis mqone daavtoritetuli pirovneba unda iyos, radgan mis mier gakeTebulaqcentebs mayurebeli TiTqmis uyoymanod iRebs. amitom wamyvanimaqsimalurad unda ecados, SeinarCunos obieqturoba da daicvasneitraliteti.

qarTul telesivrceSi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSigansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda Jurnalisti ingagrigolia, romelic saqarTvelos televiziis sxvadasxva arxzeuZRveboda sazogadoebriv-politikur Toq-Souebs. ingagrigolias popularoba, danarCen wamyvanebTan SedarebiT, mismaukiduresma demokratiulobam ganapiroba. mayurebeli masSixedavda maTTvis gasageb enaze, maTi leqsikiT mosaubretemperamentul qalbatons, romelic xSirad zustad gamoxatavdasazogadoebaSi arsebul ganwyobas. inga grigoliaSi mayurebelsmoswonda Semtevi xasiaTi, uSiSari buneba, mWeqare xma, saubriseqscentruli manera, plastika, Cacmis stili, makiaJi, Tmisvarcxniloba da a. S. marTalia, iyvnen gamonaklisebic, visacinga grigolia Tanamedrove profesiul standartebs moklebul,arc Tu maRali gemovnebis mqone wamyvanad miaCnda, romelic

giorgi CarTolani

Toq-Sou teleJurnalistis profesiuli

kulturis daxvewis saSualeba

Toq-Sou – yvelaze gavrcelebuli satelevizio JanriasaqarTveloSi. salaparako Janris gadacemebs Soris igi yvelazekargad moergo Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs,radgan igi yvelaze srulad warmoaCens mimdinare rTuliproblemebis farTo speqtrs. amasTan, Toq-Sou teleJurnalists,telewamyvans, moderators ganuzomlad popularuls xdissazogadoebaSi. sazogadoebriv-politikuri mimarTulebisredaqciebi Toq-Sous yvelaze xSirad maSin mimarTaven, rodesacsazogadoeba Zlier politizebulia da mas qveynis politikuricxovrebis yoveli detali ainteresebs. amave dros, Toq-Soupolitikosebis popularizaciis, maTi reitingis amaRlebis,amomrCevelSi ndobis mopovebis metad efeqturi saSualebacaa.Tumca Toq-Sous iyenebs teleJurnalistikis da publicistikisTiTqmis yvela sxva dargic. analitikur JurnalistikasTanerTad igi popularulia mxatvrul, gasarTob da sportuliprogramebSi.

sazogadoebriv-politikuri problematikis Semcveli Toq-Souebi gansakuTrebuli dinamikiT, simwvaviT gamoirCevian. aqxSiria kamaTi, daZabuloba, vnebaTaRelva, rac saxilvelad kidevufro sainteresos xdis programas. bevri mayurebeli, romelsacawuxebs esa Tu is problema da ar icis, rogor da sadgamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba, siamovnebiT monawileobs aseTitipis gadacemebSi da aqtiuradac afiqsirebs sakuTar pozicias.

Toq-Sou (ingl. talk show – saubari-warmodgena) _ esaris salaparako gadacema, romelSic monawileobs studiaSimowveuli auditoria. teri elmori `aSS-is masobriviinformaciis enis leqsikonSi~ Toq-Sous gansxvavebulganmartebasac iZleva. misi azriT, es aris ̀ saqveynod cnobiliwamyvanis programa, romelic intervius iRebs cnobiliadamianebisgan.~1 (Ellmore, R.Terry. Mass Media Dictionary. LincolnWood, 111.: National Textbook Co., 1992). saqarTveloSi Toq-

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auditoriis, mayureblis moTxovnebic minimaluria. samwuxarorealobaa isic, rom teleJurnalistebi Toq-Sous wayvanisteqnologiebs da zogadad am ti pis Souebis momzadebismeTodologias sakmaod mwirad ecnobian swavlebis procesSic.arada, Toq-Sou yvelaze univesaluri saSualebaa momavaliJurnlistebis profesiuli daostatebis da profesiulikulturis amaRlebis saqmeSi.

CvenSi gavrcelebuli azri, rom Toq-Sous wayvana mxolodgamocdil Jurnalists unda vandoT, romelsac televiziaSimravalwliani muSaobis Semdeg SeiZleba ergos amgvari ̀ pativi~,mcdari mosazrebaa, radgan, gamocdilebis garda, Jurnalistsspecifikuri unar-Cvevebic da Sesabamisi teqnologiebis codnacsWirdeba am tipis Souebis wayvanisTvis.

raSia Toq-Sous wayvanis sirTule? pirvel yovlisa,auditoriis marTvaSi. Toq-SouSi umTavresad bevri adamianimonawileobs: ZiriTadi stumrebi, ramdenime aTeuli adamianisganSemdgari auditoria. wamyvani valdebulia akontrolos aseTiraodenobis adamianebis saqcielebi teleeTerSi. man unda SeZlosauditoriis sruli damorCileba, raTa xelidan ar gaeqcesgadacemis marTvis sadaveebi, ar dauSvas qaosi, xmauri, uwesrigoba.amdenad, Toq-Sous wayvanisas wamyvani gadacemis SinaarsobrivmxaresTan erTad pasuxismgebelia eTerSi myofi yovelisubieqtis qmedebebis swor koordinaciazec. wamyvanma undaSeZlos stumrebs Soris saubris, diskusiis, debatebis, warmoeba.droulad unda dauTmos sityva mowveuli auditoriiswarmomadgenlebs da a. S. erTi sityviT, man unda akontroloseTeri.

Toq-Sous Sinaarsobrivi struqturis SeqmnisTvis upirvelesisirTule misi dramaturgiuli qargis Sedgenaa. sworeddramaturgiis kanonebs eqvemdebareba rogorc gadacemis TemisdamuSaveba, ise Semdgom misi eTerSi warmoCena. magramSinarsobriv mxaresTan erTad, aranakleb mniSvnelovania Toq-Sous momzadebis, misi organizebis, prodiusingis sakiTxebi.ramdenadac is rTuli struqturis mqone sateleviziogadacemebs ganekuTvneba, SeuZlebelia, igi erTma adamianma, TundacZlaian gamocdilma Jurnalistma, martom moamzados. koleqtiurida individulauri muSaobis sinTezi aqcevs Toq-Sous

giorgi CarTolani

mxolod garegnuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis wyalobiTaxdenda efeqts sazogadoebis garkveul nawilze. amis miuxedavad,masobrivi auditoriisTvis is udavo kerpad iqca. inga grigoliassaxels ukavSirdeboda samarTlianobis cneba. mayurebelidarwmunebuli iyo, rom mas SeeZlo nebismier mwvave politikurTemaze sruliad ukompromiso Souebis momzadeba. mayurebelsverc ki warmoedgina inga grigolia araobieqturi, romelimepartiis an telekompaniis poziciis gamtarebeli JurnalistisrolSi. am Jurnalists, marTlac, hqonda sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sous wamyvanisTvis aucilebeli erTi unikaluriTviseba – damajerebloba. maSinac ki, rodesac wamyvani ar iyobolomde gaTviTcnobierebuli Toq-Sous TematikaSi, sazogadoebisdidi nawilisTvis misi saubris manera imdenad damajerebeliiyo, rom isini verc ki warmoidgendnen, rom grigolia, SesaZloa,siRrmiseulad arc ki yofiliyo Caxeduli im TemebSi, razecsaubrobda.

rasakvirvelia, Jurnalisti inga grigolia ar SeiZlebaCaiTvalos Toq-Sous idealuri wamyvanis magaliTad, magramarsebul sinamdvileSi mas yvelaze gamokveTilad gaaCnda amtipis gadacemebis wayvanisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebi.

kidev erTi popularuli telewamyvani, romelic sruliadgansxvavebuli tipis Toq-Sous uZRveba qarTul mediasivrceSi,Jurnalisti maia asaTiania, romelsac telekompania `rusTavi2~-ze mihyavs gadacema ̀ profili~. maia asaTianis Sous xasiaTi,gansaxilvel sakiTxTa problematika, Zalian axlosaaTanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis Sinagan bunebasTan da,rac mTavaria, mis gemovnebasTan. inga grigoliasgan gansxvavebiT,maia asaTiani ar flobs Toq-Sous wayvanisTvis aucilebelTvisebaTa did arsenals, magram, amis miuxedavad, misi Souyvelaze reitingulia Tanamedrove telesivrceSi msgavsgadacemaTa Soris. amis mizezebis gaanalizeba Sors wagviyvans.magram erTze mainc SevCerdebi: problema ara mxolod wamyvanSi,aramed Tavad auditoriaSia. qarTvelma mayurebelma sruladarc ki icis, ra saxis profesilnalizms, inteleqts, Sinagantemperaments, artistulobas, damajereblobas da auditoriasTanurTierTobis gansakuTrebul formebs unda flobdes Toq-Sous wamyvani. Sesabamisad, am tipis Souebis wamyvanTa mimarT

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amave jgufis mier dgindeba, Tu ra saxis reportaJi ansiuJeti unda momzaddes gansaxilvel TemasTan dakavSirebiT.Toq-SousTvis maTi arseboba ar aris aucilebeli, Tumcasasurvelia, radgan swored reportaJi an siuJeti, anuvizualuri masala, gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, gavacnoT mayurebels,auditorias da stumrebs gansaxilveli Temis sxvadasxva aspeqti,Temis mimarT arsebuli umTavresi masala. siuJetSi anreportaJSi im adamianebis mosazrebebsac warmovaCenT, romlebicstudiaSi ar arian mowveulni, magram garkveuladdakavSirebulni arian gansaxilvel TemasTan. Toq-Sous siuJetisan reportaJis xangrZlivoba ar unda iyos didi.

am samuSaos Catarebis Semdeg SeirCeva ZiriTadi stumrebi,ramac unda gansazRvros Toq-Sous xasiaTi. iqneba es saubari,diskusia Tu debatebi. SesaZloa, samive erTad. swavlebisprocesSi sasurvelia, yvela tipis Toq-Souebis momzadeba,radgan isini gansxvavebuli specifikis matarebelni arian dawamyvanis muSaoba erTmaneTisgan xSirad radikaluradgansxvavdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tema aqtualuria da SeicavssayovelTaod aRiarebul problemas, maSin stumrebi daauditoria ar kamaTobs. isini msjeloben, rogor daaRwionTavi arsebul problemas. magaliTad, Tu saubaria msoflioekonomikur krizisze, rac ar aris sakamaTo, rom arsebobs,Toq-Sous mizani iqneba problemis arsis da problemisgadawyvetis perspeqtivebis Cveneba. Sesabamisad, wamyvani arisTanamosaubre, romelsac ufleba aqvs gamoTqvas sakuTarimosazrebebic. magram, Tu saubaria qveynis politikurcxovrebaze, bunebrivia, iqneba cxare kamaTi, diskusia dadebatebic ki sxvadasxva politikuri mosazrebis mqone stumrebsSoris. am SemTxvevaSi, wamyvans ar aqvs ufleba miemxrosromelime politikur mosazrebas, man unda daicvas neitraliteti,xeli Siuwyos kamaTis da diskusiis organizebulad warmarTvas.ase rom, arCeuli Tema ganapirobebs Toq-Sous xasiaTs dawamyvanis muSaobis specifikasac.

mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba Toq-Sous formati, Tema, ZiriTadistumrebi da siuJetis an reportaJis xasiaTi, dgindeba mowveuliauditoriis raodenoba da Semadgenloba.

univesalur saswavlo masalad momavali Jurnalistebisprofesiuli daostatebis procesSi.

momavali Jurnalistebis praqtikul-eqsperimentuliswavlebis sistemaSi Toq-Sous gamoyeneba unda moxdes masSemdeg, rac studentebi daeuflebian sainformacio daanalitikuri Jurnalistikis TiTqmis yvela Janrs: intervius,saubars, diskusias, debatebs, aseve reportaJebs da siuJetebs.aseve saeTero metyvelebis kanonebs. mxolod amis Semdeg,swavlebis damamTavrebel etapzea SesaZlebeli mivmarToT Toq-Sous, rogorc studentebis profesiuli daostatebis maCvenebelerTgvar tests.

ramdenadac Toq-Sous momzadeba xdeba koleqtiurimonawileobis Sedegad, saswavlo Toq-Sous momzadebaSi CaerTvebastudentTa sakmaod did nawili. aucilebelia, funqciebis zustiganawileba: garkveul jgufs daevaleba prodiusingi, ramdenimestudenti moamzadebs reportaJebs, studentTa erTi nawiliiqneba stumris, xolo danarCeni mowveuli auditoriis rolSi.aucilebelia, pedagogma zustad SearCios Sous wamyvani anwamyvanebi.

eqsperimentuli swavlebis mTavri mizania, studentebmaSeiswavlon urTulesi satelevizio Janris momzadebis damisi wayvanis meTodologia. gaerkvnen Toq-Sous agebisteqnologiebSi da misi momzadebisTvis saWiro TanmimdevrulqmedebebSi.

Tavdapirvelad, studentebs miecemaT davaleba, moifiqronTema, romelzec unda gaimarTos Toq-Sou. Semdeg dgindeba isumTavresi problemebi da sakiTxebi, riTac es Tema unda iyoswarmodgenili SouSi. amis Semdeg muSavdeba momijnave daparaleluri Temebi da problemebi. es samuSo prodiuserTajgufis mier unda Catardes wamyvanis TanamonawileobiT. aqveunda aRiniSnos, rom Toq-Sous wamyvani monawileobs Sousmomzadebis yovel etapze, maT Soris reJisorebTan, dizainerebTanda operatorebTan erTadac. Toq-Sous Tema unda iyosteleauditoriisTvis mimzidveli, saintereso. unda iZleodesdinamikuri gaSlis, sxadasxva mosazrebis warmoCenis, kamaTisSesaZleblobas, unda iyos aqtualuri da nebismierimayureblisTvis advilad aRsaqmeli.

giorgi CarTolani Toq-Sou teleJurnalistis profesiuli kulturis daxvewis saSualeba

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unda imoZraos da ra saxis unda iyos moZraobis traeqtoria,raTa mayurebels ar darCes STabeWdileba, rom wamyvanigauazreblad da umiznod gadaadgildeba studiaSi.

wamyvanma zustad unda daadginos, mowveul stumarTaganvis ra ZiriTad kiTxvas dausvams. man aseve unda zustadgansazRros rodis da ra Temebis gaSlisas sWirdeba masauditoriis mosazrebebis CarTva saubrebsa Tu debatebSi.winaswar momzadebuli aseTi tipis sqema Tavidan aacilebswamyvans qaoturobas da daicavs mas gauTvaliswinebelimoqmedebebisgan. wamyvanma savaraudod unda gansazRvros, rasakiTxebma, ra Temebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios cxare kamaTi,aurzauri. unda ifiqros imazec, aseTis SemTxvevaSi, rogordaaSoSminos auditoria, ganmuxtos situacia.

kompoziciurad Toq-Sou sasurvelia, daiwyos wamyvanisSesavalma sityvam, monologma kadrSi, sadac is mayurebelsmokled ganumartavs gansaxilveli Temis arss da imasac, Turatom aris am Temis ganxilva aqtualuri, aseve waradgensmowveul stumrebs da auditorias.

amis Semdeg sasurvelia, naCvenebi iyos winaswar momzadebulireportaJi an siuJeti Temaze, ris merec daiwyeba saubrebistudiis stumrebTan.

interviu-saubrebis Tu diskusia-debatebis struqturawamyvanis mier individualurad ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi Janrebisteqnologiebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mTavaria, Sous mimdinareobisaswamyvanma daicvas dramaturgiis ZiriTadi kanonebi. man zustadunda icodes, ra sakiTxebi warmoadgens Sous eqspozociurnawils, rodis unda daiwyos Temis gaSla da stumrebissaSualebiT sxvadasxva mosazrebebis warmoCena. aucilebelia,student-wamyvans vaswavloT, Tu rogor unda mixvdes da ramoimoqmedos, rodesac problemis irgvliv msjeloba CixSiSedis, rogor unda gadavides Semdeg sakiTxze, gaamwvavoskamaTi da msjeloba. aseve aucilebelia, wamyvanma icodesrodis dasvas Sous kulminaciisTvis saWiro kiTxvebi dasakiTxebi, raTa auditoriac da stumrebic warmarTos SousmTavari, sakvanZo problemebis ganxilvisken. Sous kulminaciuretapze ikveTeba problemis mTavari arsi, mosazrebebisdapirispirebis mizezebi, mosalodneli Sedegebi da a. S. amis

ramdenadac es aris saswavlo-eqsperimentuli Sou, rogorczemoT ukve aRiniSna, stumrebic, wamyvanic da auditoriacarian studentebi. Sesabamisad, isini irgeben maTTvis miniWebul`rols~, inawileben funqciebs. student-wamyvanis garda amSousTvis safuZvlianad unda moemzadon student-stumrebic.isini unda gaerkvnen TemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi, raTaSeZlon yvela ZiriTad kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. imis gamo,rom saswavlo-eqsperimentuli Toq-Sou maqsimaluraddauaxlovdes realur satelevizio gadacemas, Seiqmnas bunebrivisituaciebi da studentebs, romlebic ganasaxiereben stumrebsda auditorias, ar mouwioT maTTvis uxerxuli rolis TamaSi,umjobesia, ufro metic, aucilebelia, saswavlo Toq-Sous TemebiSeirCes im problemebis safuZvelze, rac awuxebs axalgazrdobas,studentebs da raze saubrisasac isini iqnebian gulwrfelebida kompetenturebi. es SesaZloa iyos axalgazrduli problemebi,studenturi cxovreba, xelovnebis da kulturis, Sou-biznesisproblemebi, sportuli cxovreba da a. S. miuxedavad imisa,rom Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba da, maT Soris,studentobac metad politizebulia, ar aris rekomendebulipolitikuri Sous gamarTva, radgan stumrebis rolSi myofistudentebi ver gascemen argumentirebul da kompetenturpasuxebs wamyvanis mier momzadebul umTavres SekiTxvebs. amiTdazaraldeba Sou, daibneva wamyvanic, stumrebic.

saawavlo-eqsperimentuli Toq-Sous momzadebaSi yuradRebaunda gamaxvildes yvela im detalze, romelic axasiaTebszogadad Toq-Sous momzadebas da, maT Soris, mniSvnelovaniastudiis mowyoba da stumrebis, auditoriis da wamyvanisganlageba.

upriania, saswavlo Sou gaimarTos im auditoriaSi, romelicgamoyofilia studentebis saswavlo procesisTvis. es auditoriamaqsimalurad unda hgavdes satelevizio studiis pavilions,sadac iqneba auditoriisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebi, wamyvanisda stumrebis magida da skamebi.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces Toq-Sousmimdinareobis dros saswavlo studiaSi wamyvanis gadaadgilebas.student-wamyvans pedagogma zustad unda ganumartos, ra dros


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gamorCeuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT student-wamyvanismetyvelebis kulturas. Toq-Sous wamyvans sasurvelia (vfiqrobaucilebelic), hqondes gamarTuli sametyvelo aparati.Sesabamisad, studentebs Soris Toq-Sous wayvana iseTs undadaevalos, romelic sxva TvisebebTan erTad kargadac metyvelebs.kargi metyveleba ar niSnavs mxolod sityvebis da bgerebisswor warmoTqmas. studenti unda flobdes winadadebis, frazisazrobrivad, logikurad, intonaciurad da emociurad sworadda gamarTulad warmoTqmis teqnologias. ase rom, saswavlo-eqsperimentuli Sous mowyoba upriania mas Semdeg, racstudentebs Seswavlili aqvT saeTero metyvelebis kultura.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos student-wamyvanisToq–Sous auditoriasTan araverbaluri kontaqtisTvismomzadebas, radgan telesivrceSi mniSvnelovania ara mxolodis, Tu ras laparakob, aramed isic, Tu rogor usmen. aseTdros, wamyvanma aucileblad unda akontrolos sakuTri mimika,Jestikulacia, plastika. warmoidgineT, romelime respodentiambobs iseT rames, romelic mas did sibrZned miaCnia, Tqven ki_ did sisuleled. am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, ar eubnebiTstumars, ra sisuleles ambobTo, magram Tu gaognebuli saxiTSexedavT an kidev uaresi, sicili agitydebaT, es gacilebiTmetad Seuracxyofs mas, vidre naTqvami. aseve mniSvnelovaniais, Tu rogor Jestikulirebs wamyvani. xelebis mudmivi, farToamplitudiT qneva, xSiri, umisamarTo siaruli, Tavis qnevaRlis mayurebelsac da stumrebsac. saswavlo–eqsperimentuliSous momzadebis procesSi studentebma es unar-Cvevebiaucilebad unda Seiswavlon, raTa momavalSi Tavidan aicilonmsgavsi saxis profesiuli kulturisTvis SeuTavsebeli qmedebebi.

aucilebelia, saswavlo-eqsperimentuli Toq-Sous mimdinareobisas,monawileebs hqondeT imis sruli SegrZneba, rom isini pirdapireTerSi muSaoben, anu, Seiqmnas pirdapiri eTeris imitacia, racufro mobilizebuls xdis monawileebs. sasurvelia, aseTisaswavlo Toq-Sou Caiweros videomatarebelze. es, erTi mxriv,saswavlo Sous ufro daamsgavsebs namdvil teleSous, radganmis monawileebs kameris win mouxdebaT muSaoba da, meoremxriv, Canaweris naxvis Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba Secdomebisgamosworeba.

Semdeg, wamyvans Sou TandaTan mihyavs finalisken. Sous yvelaes nawili saeTero drois sxvadasxva monakveTs Seesabameba dawamyvani, Tavad gansazRvravs, ra dro unda dauTmos eqspozicias,ramdeni wuTi sWirdeba kulminacias da ramden xanSi SeajamebsgamokveTil sakiTxebs. qarTul telemediaSi arsebuli yvelaToq-Sous aqilevsis qusli (vgulisxmob pirdapir eTerSimimdinare Souebs) swored saeTero drois daudevrad gamoyenebaa.iSviaTia, rodesac romelime wamyvani icavs dadgenilqronometraJs. qronometraJis darRvevam, Sous dausrulebelmayurebam SesaZloa daRalos mayurebeli. qronometraJis dacva,upirvelesad, wamyvans moeTxoveba da mis profesionalizmzemetyvelebs. profesional wamyvans nebismier, yvelaze rTulTemebze, sasaubrod, ZiriTadi problemis gamokveTisTvis dasasurveli pasuxebis misaRebad aucilebad hyofnis saeTerodrois 45-dan 60 wuTamde. amis Semdeg, ukve iwyeba gameoreba,e. w. `wylis nayva~, Temis tkepna. es Rlis mayurebels, Rlisstumrebs, auditorias da problemis arsi TandaTan bundovanixdeba. Clungdeba mayurebelis emociac. Sous dasawyisSi misTvismwvave da aqtualuri sakiTxebi, romelTa ganxilvaSic emociuradiyo CarTuli, TandaTan aqtualobas kargavs, mosabezrebeli dadamRleli xdeba. ase rom, didxniani da dausrulebeli Souebi,mxolod cud samsaxurs uweven rogorc telekompaniebs dawamyvanebs, aseve mowveul stumrebsac, romlebmac gadaRlilobisgamo SesaZloa, msjelobebSi dauSvan gamousworebeli Secdomebi,ascden Temas da, sabolood, arasasurveli STabeWdileba datovonmayurebelze.

wamyvanma Sous dawyebis pirvelive wuTebidan, sakuTaripirovnebis mimarT ndobiT unda ganawyos auditoriac dastumrebic, gamoiwvios isini maqsimalurad gulwrfelisaubrisken. amis miRweva ar aris rTuli saswavlo-eqperimentulToq-SouSi, sadac studentebi, wamyvanis megobrebi, Tanakurselebimonawileoben, magram sakmaod rTulia Semdeg, sateleviziosivrceSi muSaobisas. ndobis mopoveba sakuTari gulwrfelobiTda stumrebisa da auditoriis mimarT keTili ganwyobiT miiRweva.am saqmeSi wamyvans exmareba profesiuli kultura, inteleqti,pirovnuli momxibvlelobac ki, saubris manera, metyvelebiskultura, xma, mimika, Jestikulacia da a. S.


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xelovnebaTmcodneobarogorc vxedavT, saswavlo-eqsperimentuli Toq-Sousmomzadebas momavali Jurnalistebis profesiuli daostatebisprocesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. am ti pisprogramebi im unarebs uviTarebs studentebs, romlebicaucileblad gamoadgebaT momaval profesiul saqmianobaSi daromlis Seswavlac Semdgom etapze, telekompaniebSi moRvaweobisperiodSi, sakmaod rTulad, didi drois da Sromis daxarjvisfasad iqneba SesaZlebeli. amdenad, Toq-Sou, romelicuniversaluri, yvelaze gavrcelebuli da, rac mTavaria, mxolodteleviziisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janria, pirvel yovlisa, imstudentebis saswavlo programebSi unda SevitanoT, romelTac

momavali moRvaweobis sferod telemauwyeblobebi airCies.

1. ix: Вербицкий А.А., Бакшеева Н.А. Развитие мотивации студентов вконтекстном обучении. Москва, 2000.2. ix: Кузнецов Г.В., Так работают журналисты ТВ. Москва, 2004.3. ix: Прошкин Т.А., Организация телевизионного ток-шоу. Москва, 2006.

giorgi CarTolani

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stilizebuli mcenareuli CarCoebi, iraneli didebulebisportretebi) aris Sezavebuli fondSi daculi didi zomisbadia #33_26/44, (sur. 1, 2), romelic, savaraudod, XIX saukuneSinasredin Sah muhamedis mefobisas daukveTes Cinel mewarmeebs.badia `mwvane ojaxSi~ Semavali Cinuri WurWlisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli ornamentebiT Seimko. mis dekorSi mocemuliamcenareuli motivebi, geometriuli figurebi da peplebisgamosaxulebani. stilizebul CarCoSi gamosaxulia iranis Sahisnasredin yajaris da misi ori vaJis portretebi. CarCoSiveaCasmuli sparsuli warwera: `nasredin Sah yajari sulTanesulTan iran~, anu, `nasredin Sah yajari iranis sulTanTasulTani~. nasredin Sah yajari iranSi XIX saukuneSi mefobda,amitomac davaskvniT, rom badia, romelzedac misi portretiagamosaxuli, XIX saukuniT TariRdeba da Sahis mefobis periodSiCineTSi iranuli dakveTiTaa Sesrulebuli.2

sainteresoa, agreTve, badia #27_26/44 (sur. 3). igi saSualozomisaa, faifuris, Wiqurzeda moxatulobiT. TeTr fonzegamosaxul CarCoebSi erTmaneTs enacvleba liris gamosaxulebada feradi mcenareuli ornamentebi. moxatulobisTvisgamoyenebulia vardisferi, salaTisferi, narinjisferi dayviTeli saRebavebi, agreTve, _ oqros qanda. badiaze arisoqros qandiT Sesrulebuli warwera, romelic nawilobrivwaSlilia. is, rac ikiTxeba, saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,rom warweris Sinaarsi « rubais »3 leqsebis stilisaa: «hemeriqife momawode cotaodeni ukvdavebis wyali, ...Rvinis jamisavse yurZnis sisxliT. ...titis Rawviani arRavanisa». badiaaSkarad Cinuria. Aamaze, upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebs Tavadfaifuris xarisxi, amasTanave, moxatulobis kompoziciuri sqema,romelic yvela niSniT Cinuri tradicias ekuTvnis. xolo,rac Seexeba warweras, igi migvaniSnebs, rom badia iranelimyidvelisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. rubaias tipis leqsebis kiTxvasparsuli liris kemanCis (igi evropulisagan gansxvavdeba)akomponimentis TanxlebiT iyo miRebuli. badiazec lira daleqsi erTadaa gamosaxuli, rac am iranuli tradiciis asaxvaswarmoadgens. liris gamosaxulebis aseTi saxiT gamoyeneba,evropuli gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos. « didi abreSumis gza »

marina bokuCava

ucxo kulturaTa elementebi Cinuri

faifuris WurWelSi

(saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, s. janaSias saxelobismuzeumis faifuris fondSi daculi eqsponatebis mixedviT)

rogorc cnobilia, faifuris samSoblo CineTia. faifuri,am cnebisa da teqnologiis klasikuri gagebiT CineTSi ukveVI-VII saukuneebSi arsebobda, Tumca mis warmoSobas uswrebdaxangrZlivi da intensiuri muSaoba safaifure kecisa da Wiqurisdasaxvewad. agreTve mimdinareobda axali formebisa damxatvruli xerxebis Zieba.1

Cinuri keramikuli xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebisgza sam aTas wels iTvlis. Cinuri faifuris daTariRebasaimperatoro dinastiaTa mmarTvelobis periodebis mixedviTwarmoebs. esenia: tanis (Cv. w. aR. 618 _ 906 ww.), sunis (Cv. w.aR. 906 – 1279 ww.), iuanis (Cv. w.aR.1279 -1368 ww.), minisa(Cv. w. aR.1368 _ 1644 ww.), cinis (Cv.w. aR. 1644 _ 1912 ww.)dinastiebi.

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, s. janaSias saxelobismuzeumis faifuris fondSi Cinuri faifuris WurWeli sakmaoddidi raodenobiTaa warmodgenili.Aaq inaxeba sxvadasxva zomisjamebi, TefSebi, langrebi, surebi, larnakebi, finjnebi, lambaqebida faifuris sxva saxis nawarmi. WurWlis dekori mravalnairiada mravalferovani. aris kobaltiT moxatuli, monoqromulida poliqromuli faifuri. moxatulobis Tematikac mravalgvaria:mcenareuli da geometriuli ornamentebi, peizaJebi, budisturimotivebi, adamianTa, cxovelTa da frinvelTa gamosaxulebebida sxv.

fondSi daculi Cinuri WurWlis erTi nawili ,,klasikurad~Cinuria, anu, misi forma da dekori tradiciuli CinuriSinaarsisaa, magram aris Cinuri WurWlis meore jgufic, romlisornamentikaSi vxvdebiT ucxo (iranul, evropul da iaponur)kulturaTa motivebs. iranuli elementebiT (iranuli warwerebi,

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iyvnen dakavebuli, iraneli didebulebisagan sagangebodakveTebsac iRebdnen maTTvis faifuris nawarmis damzadebisTaobaze. iranSi Setanil Cinuri saqonelis Taobaze, kerZod kifaifurze, cnobebs arab avtorTa IX saukunisa da ufro mogvianoxanis Txzulebebi gvawvdis.4

XIII saukuneSi CineTidan iranSi aTasobiT mefaifuregadasaxlda. Sah-abasic (1585-1627) imdenad iyo dainteresebuliCinuri faifuriT, rom ispahanSi kompaqturad daasaxla faifurisCineli ostatebi, xolo 1611 wels qalaq ardebilSi, specialurSenobaSi, romelsac ̀ Cine-xane~ (Cinuri saxli) daarqves, SegrovdaCinuri faifuris uzarmazari koleqcia. am koleqciaSi iyoseladonebi, kobaltis faifuri, monoqromuli da poliqromuliWurWeli.5

iranuli formebisa da motivebis gaCenis meore mizezi iyoCineTSi muslimanuri religiis gavrceleba. muslimanobam CineTSijer kidev tanis dinastiis mmarTvelobis (VII-X ss.) xanaSiSeaRwia. mas Semdeg, CineTis mTeli istoriis manZilze, iqmusulmanuri Temi arsebobda. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoaimperator u-czunis mmarTvelobis periodi (1506-1521).imperatorma muslimanoba miiRo. Sedegad, mis karze muslimanebiwamyvan rols TamaSobdnen. aman kulturaSic pova asaxva. amperiodSi faifuris fabrikebs muslimanebi xelmZRvanelobdnen.6

faifuris is WurWeli, romlis ornamentikaSic gamoyenebuliaaxlo aRmosavluri, kerZod ki iranuli, motivebi, rogorc Cans,nawilobriv Cineli muslimanebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili.

CineTs savaWro kulturuli urTierTobebi hqonda sxvaqveynebTanac. aRmosavleTis portebis saSualebiT, vaWrobaxorcieldeboda iaponiasTanac. qalaqi Canani CrdilodasavleTissavaWro centri iyo. iq mravali ucxoeli iyrida Tavs.

vaWroba gansakuTrebiT minis periodidan (1368_1644)gaZlierda. Cinur faifurs mravali qveyana icnobda da maszemoTxovnileba Zalian didi iyo. faifurze moTxovnilebis gazrdam,Tavis mxriv, faifuris warmoebis zrda gamoiwvia. XIV saukunidanfaifuris warmoebis umTavres centrad cindeCJeni iqca. aqfaifurs jer kidev VII saukuneSi amzadebdnen. cindeCJenSisafaifure Tixis, kaolinis uzarmazari budobebi arsebobda,

marina bokuCava

xels uwyobda im qveynebis kulturaTa urTierTzegavlenas,romelTa teritoriazec gadioda da erTmaneTTan akavSirebda.

amas garda, fondSi daculia TeTr fonze lurji kobaltissaRebaviTa da oqros varayiT moxatuli faifuris ori erTnairilangari da aseTive ori badia: #33-26/13, #33-26/14, #33-26/15, #33-25/16, (sur. 4.) isini, albaT, erTi servizis nawilebswarmoadgens. langrebis centrSi oqros qandiT Sesrulebuliwarweraa : «brZaneba misi aRmatebuleba xayanisa, qveSevrdomTasando pirisa...» es WurWelic, aSkarad, Cinuria. faifuri ZalianmaRali xarisxisaa, aseve maRali xarisxisaa TeTri Wiquri damuqi lurji kobaltis saRebavi. aseTi tipis faifuris WurWelicinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanaSi mzaddeboda, gansakuTrebiTki XVII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIII saukunis pirvelnaxevarSi. ase rom, es badiebi da langrebi amave periodiTunda daTariRdes. warwera ki am SemTxvevaSic imaze metyvelebs,rom igi muslimanebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. Tumca, ZneliadabejiTebiT Tqma, kerZod, visTvis iyo is gamiznuli, adgilobrivimuslimani CinelebisTvis Tu sparseTSi gasatanad. «xayanad»CineTis imperators moixseniebdnen rogorc Cineli muslimanebi,ise iranelebi. aRniSnuli warwera daumTavrebelia. rogorcCans, Cinelma ostatma, romelmac es warwera gamoiyvana, sparsuliena ar icoda. man es warwera mxolod imisTvis gamosaxa, romlangarsa da badias sparsuli elferi SeeZinaT. rogorc Cans,ostats xelT hqonda iranul enaze dawerili teqsti, saidanacgadmoiRo imdeni sityva, ramdenic dekoris silamazisuzrunvelsayofad CaTvala saWirod.

Cinur faifurze iranuli formebisa da motivebis gaCenagasakviri ar aris. savaWro urTierTobebi ucxoeTis qveynebTanCineTs odiTganve hqonda. jer kidev tanis xanaSi, CineTissamxreTSi ucxoel vaWarTa (arabTa, iranelTa, berZenTa,ebraelTa) koloniebi aRmocenda. ganviTarebuli iyo rogorcsazRvao, ise saxmeleTo vaWroba. saxmeleTo saqaravno gzis _`didi abreSumis gzis~ _ meSveobiT, iranSi didi raodenobiTCinuri saqoneli Semodioda. abreSumis gza CineTs TavrizisgavliT dasavleT evropis qveynebTan akavSirdebda. Cineli Tuiraneli vaWrebi, romlebic CineTidan iranSi faifuris SetaniT

ucxo kulturaTa elementebi Cinuri faifuris WurWelSi

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siuJetebi Cinur faifurze XVIII saukunis bolos gaCnda,maSin, rodesac misionerma iezuitebma qristianobis gavrcelebascades da mosaxleobis mcire nawili gaqristianda kidec.maT Soris faifuris ostatebic iyvnen. pirveli evropulisiuJetebi Cinur faifurze swored religiuri xasiaTisa iyo.Semdeg mravlad gaCnda evropuli siuJetebi saero yofidan.Tavidan isini tradiciuli Cinuri formebisa da ornamentebismqone sagnebze Tavsdeboda, anu, evropuli siuJetebi garemoculiiyo Cinuri mcenareuli ornamentebiT, Cinuri warwerebiT da a.S. TandaTan Cinelma ostatebma ukeT aiTvises evropuli formebida siuJetebsac ufro damajereblad gamosaxavdnen. faifurisfondSi aris ramdenime TefSi da lambaqi (#26-24/8, #26-24/9, #33-26/128 (sur. 5), romlebzedac gamosaxulni arian evropultansacmelSi gamowyobili, evropeiduli tipis adamianebi,romlebic xils krefen. eWvgareSea, rom es TefSebic Cinuria,radgan am SemTxvevaSic saerTo kompoziciuri sqema Cinuria(Tanac fondSi daculia zustad aseTi TefSebi CinurisiuJetebiT). WurWeli evropisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. saerTod,Cineli ostatebi yovelTvis iTvaliswinebdnen myidvelisgemovnebas.7 es WurWeli savaraudod XVIII saukuneSi undaiyos damzadebuli.

Cinuri faifuri iaponiaSic gadioda. faifuris fondSiaris sasmisi, romelzec TeTr fonze lurji kobaltiT ramdenimesamurai aris gamosaxuli (17-42/40, sur. 6). moxatulobaWiqurs qvedaa. faifuris keci sakmaod Txelia da maRalixarisxis. sasmiss Zirze minis periodis damRa aqvs gamosaxuli.igi czindeCJenis saimperatoro qarxanaSia damzadebuli. amazemetyvelebs nivTis silamaze, faifuris kecis, Wiqurisa damoxatulobis maRali xarisxi da saimperatoro qarxnis damRa.Cinelebma faifuris markireba minis epoqidan daiwyes. rogorcwesi, damRa eqvsi ieroglifiT gamoisaxeboda. adreuli da Suaminis (1368-1521) xanaSi es eqvsi ieroglifi ormag wreSi iyoCasmuli. gviani minisTvis (1522-1644) aseve damaxasiaTebeliaeqvsniSna damRa, oRond is wreSi ar aris Casmuli. damRaSimocemulia dinastiis dasaxeleba da mmarTveli imperatorisdevizi. damRa iwereboda Wiqursqveda kobaltiT. ganxiluli

rac saukeTeso xarisxis faifuris warmoebis Seuferxebelzrdas uwyobda xels. cindeCJenSi, mzaddeboda saimperatorosaxlis yvela SekveTa. aqve iwarmoeboda saeqsporto faifurisudidesi nawilic. cindeCJenSi saimperatoro qarxnebis garda,kerZo sawarmoebic iyo, romlebic XV saukunemde, ZiriTadad,Sida bazrisTvis muSaobdnen, Semdeg ki imis gamo, romsaimperatoro qarxnebi saimperatoro saxlis Tu gare bazrisuzarmazar moTxovnilebebs veRar audioda, kerZo sawarmoebmagare bazrisTvisac daiwyes intensiuri muSaoba.

CineTs evropasTan savaWro kavSirebi jer kidev sunisxanidan hqonda rogorc «didi abreSumis gzis», ise sazRvaovaWrobis saSualebiT.

espanelebi da portugalielebi, romlebic Cinuri faifurisZiriTadi myidvelebi iyvnen, XVII saukunidan monopoliasholandiis vestindur kompanias uTmoben, romelmac XVII s.-ismanZilze CineTidan auarebeli faifuri gaitana.

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi sagareo bazarze faifurzemoTxovnileba kidev ufro gaizarda. gadioda rogorccindeCJenis saimperatoro qarxnebSi damzadebuli Zalian maRalixarisxis faifuri, ise kerZo sawarmoTa naxelavi, romelicxarisxiT mkveTrad Camouvardeboda saimperatoro qarxnisas.es saqoneli, ZiriTadad, gaTvlili iyo ucxo qveynebis naklebadSeZlebul mosaxleobaze. ucxoeli vaWrebisTvis gaxsniliumTavresi porti kantoni iyo. saqme ise aawyves, rom faifurzeucxoeTis uzarmazari moTxovnileba daekmayofilebinaT. kerZod,faifuris nakeTobebi mzaddeboda cindeCJenSi, iqve moiWiqebodada gamoiwveboda da aseTi saxiT (mouxatavi) igzavnebodakantonSi, sadac specialur sawarmoSi xdeboda am faifurisWiqurszeda saRebavebiT moxatva da dabal _ 600-800 gradustemperaturaze msubuqi gamowva. Semdeg faifurs gemebzetvirTavdnen da igi daniSnulebis adgilamde midioda. esnakeTobebi bevrad Camouvardeboda tradiciul, saukeTesoxarisxis Cinur faifurs.

zogjer, rogorc iranul magaliTze vnaxeT, ucxoelimomxmarebeli Tavad ukveTavda Cinel ostatebs faifurs maTTvissasurveli formiTa da moxatulobiT. pirvelad evropuli

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sasmisis damRa eqvsniSnaa da wreSi ar aris Casmuli, anu, igigviani minisaa (sur. 7). sasmisze samuraebi muqi lurji, moiisfrokobaltiT arian gamosaxulni. moiisfro kobaltic gvianiminisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.8 yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT,sakvlevi sasmisi gviani miniT SeiZleba daTariRdes.

amrigad, fondSi daculi masalis Seswavlis safuZvelzeSegviZlia vTqvaT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom ganxiluli CinuriWurWeli Seicavs iranuli, iaponuri da evropuli kulturebiselementebs, maT Cinur faifurze mniSvnelovani gavlena armouxdeniaT, Tanac moxatulobis kompoziciuri sqema yvelaSemTxvevaSi Cinuria.

marina bokuCava ucxo kulturaTa elementebi Cinuri faifuris WurWelSi

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irma doliZe

Tbilsis Zveli Teatri

XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi TbilisSi evropulitipis ori saTeatro nagebobaa: Teatri TamamSevis qarvaslaSi,erevnis moedanze da sazafxulo Teatri sainJinro uwyebisbaRSi.

1847-1851 wlebSi agebuli qarvaslis Teatri arqiteqtorjovani skudieris mier iyo daproeqtebuli. interierismxatvruli gaformeba grigol gagrins ekuTvnoda.

aleqsandre diuma, romelmac Tbilisis Teatri 1858 welsmoinaxula, aRfrTovanda misi silamaziT. `sindisis qenjnisgareSe SemiZlia vTqva, rom Tbilisis Teatris darbazi erT-erTi umSvenieresi darbazia, romelic me cxovrebis manZilzeminaxavs... madloba RmerTs, rogorc arqiteqturis, ise sxvamorTulobis mxriv, Tbilisis darbazs veRarafers usurveb~.1

Tbilisis Teatris Taviseburebas misi arqiteqturulistruqtura Seadgenda. qarvaslis interierSi Sida ezosnacvlad saTeatro darbazi ganTavsda. erTi Sinaarsis Senobasxva specifikis nagebobaSi Caiwera. miuxedavad saTeatro Senobismravali Rirsebisa (italiuri tipis mayurebelTa darbazi,kargi akustika, interieris mxatvruli gaformeba da a. S.),funqciis Sesabamisad ver moxerxda Teatris Senobissrulyofilad aRWurva. ventilaciis uqonlobis gamo maisidanoqtombramde warmodgenebi TiTqmis xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSiar imarTeboda. aRniSnuli problema qarvaslis TeatrSi vermogvarda. gadawyda sazafxulo Teatris ageba. adgili sainJinrouwyebis baRSi, sainJinro da wyalsazid (dRevandeli s. virsalaZisada jambulis) quCaTa gadakveTaze, SeirCa (amJamad aqsacxovrebeli saxlia ramodenime ofisiT _ virsalaZis q.#8.). XIX saukunis Tbilisis ganviTarebis gegmebze sazafxuloTeatris Senoba swored am quCaTa rkalSia warmodgenili.1870 wlis agvistosTvis Senoba ukve dasrulebuli iyo.

sazafxulo Teatri oriarusian da qandarian Teatrswarmoadgenda. mis farTo darbazSi moTavsebuli iyo parteri.pirvel iarusze ori, meoreze 23 loJa, maTgan erTi ̀ samefo”.

1. Кречетова М.Н. Вестфелен Э.Х. Китайский фарфор, Л., 1947, стр.15.2. g. kvirkvelia, Cinuri WurWlis katalogi, 1985 wlis angariSi, gv. 13,xelnabeWdi.3. ix.: rubai _ oTxstriqoniani leqsi iranul, arabul da Turqulenovan XI_XVII saukuneebis poeziaSi.4. A. Lane. Early islamic pottery, London, 1950, p. 10.5. Квертфельд Э.К., Фарфор. Лраткий исторический очерк. Л., 1940, стр.104, R.L. Hobson, Chinnese pottery and porcelain. London, 1915, p. 30.6. Арапова Т.Б., Рапопорт И.В. К истории культурных связей Ирана иКитая в XVI – начале XVII вв. ( по материалам керамическогопроизводства). Искусство и археология Ирана. Всесоюзная конференция.Доклады, (1969 г.), М., 1971, с.34. 7. Арапова Т.Б., Рапопорт И.В. ук. соч. с. 28.8. ix.: Стужина Э.П,. Китайское ремесло XVI – XVIII вв., М., 1971;Виноградова Н.А. Искусство средневекового Китая. М., 1962.

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gadakeTeba daavales iseTi klasis arqiteqtors, rogorc albertzalcmania, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tbilisis sazafxulo TeatrisainJinro uwyebis baRSi Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi saintereso nimuSi unda yofiliyo.~ 4

saqarTvelos literaturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifoarqivSi Cven mier moZiebul sazafxulo Teatris generalurgegm aze ( `Генералъный плань мьестности занемаемагоТифлисскимь летным театрамь~),5 romelic 1878 wlis 30maisiTaa daTariRebuli (e.Ei. gadakeTebis Semdeg) sazafxuloTeatri baRTan erTian kompleqsSia gaazrebuli. Teatris orsavmxares warmodgenilia dekoraciebis Sesanaxi nageboba, saxelosno,fanCaturebi, galerea. daproeqtebulia baRic, romlis dagegmvasada mowyobazec sagangebod uzruniaT.

generalur gegmaze Teatris Senoba sasceno kolofissworkuTxa moculobiT baRis siRrmiskenaa mimarTuli,eqsterierSi gamoxatuli ovaluri formis mayurebelTa darbaziki sainJinro quCaze gamodis. Teatrs orive mxridan minaSenebiaqvs _Mmarjvniv Senobis mTel gayolebaze, meore mxares kisasceno kolofTan. aRniSnul gegmasTan garkveul msgavsebasiCens saqarTvelos Teatris, musikis, kinosa da qoreografiissaxelmwifo muzeumSi daculi erTi grafikuli namuSevari,romelic sazafxulo Teatris eqsteriers warmogvidgens (muy.,q., f., 45X60 sm., naxats dakruli aqvs mokle anotacia: ̀ Зданиетеатра в Тбилиси на Водовозной ул. в 1880 годах~. marcxenaqveda kuTxeSi mxatvris xelmoweriT _ `Акопян~).NnaxatzeTeatris Senoba mocemulia sainJinro (virsalaZis) quCidan,Senobis naxevarwriul korpusze klasicistur stilSigadawyvetili frontoniani portikiT. Teatris arqiteqturulgadawyvetaSi ikiTxeba mayurebelTa darbazis iarusulidanawevreba. kerZod, iarusis done eqsterierSi pilastrebzegadasuli TaRediTaa gaformebuli, qandara ki _ mxolodpilastrebiT. mayurebelTa darbazis nawils scena-kolofisgan,misi sworkuTxovani masebiT aqcentirebis garda, gadaxurvacgamoyofs.

1886 wlis krebulSi , `Кавказский календаръ~ ,gamoqveynebulia sazafxulo Teatris mayurebelTa darbazisgegma (gv. 126), romlis mixedviTac, misi darbazi 500

`orTave iaruss gars ertya farTo derefani, sadac gaWriliiyo 12 kari. zeda iarusis karebi Ria aivanze gadioda, qvedasi– pirdapir baRSi. qandaras baRisagan gancalkevebuliSesasvleli hqonda... Teatris Werisa da darbazis moxatulobaSesrulebuli iyo dekorator knolis mier `mtkice xeliT,miTologiuri figurebiT, musikaluri atributebiTa dasamkauliT~. loJebis moxdenili ganlageba, saerTo sisadaveda ubraloeba sasiamovno STabeWdilebas tovebdnen~.2

sazafxulo TeatrTan dakavSirebuli saproeqto dokumentaciaar aris SemorCenili an jerac miukvlevelia. arsebuli masalebiTsazafxulo Teatris mSeneblobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miuRiaim droisaTvis TvalsaCino Tbilisel arqiteqtors albertzalcmans (1833-1897 ww.). marTalia, es masala ar arissafuZveli misi avtorobis gansazRvrisaTvis, magram faqtia,rom albert zalcmanma monawileoba miiRo TeatrisTvis adgilisSerCevaSi, masve Seudgenia Teatris mSeneblobisTvis savaraudoxarjTaRricxvac, imave zomis scenis gaangariSebiT, rac qvisTeatrSi (asec uwodebdnen Tbilisis Teatrs erevnis moedanze)iyo.3

1874 wels daiwva qarvaslis Teatri. TiTqmis meoTxedisaukunis ganmavlobaSi igi saopero xelovnebis, dramatuliTeatraluri xelovnebisa da sabaleto xelovnebis ganviTarebiskera iyo. xanZris Semdeg Teatri aRar aRudgeniaT da Senobammxolod qarvaslis funqciiT gaagrZela arseboba (1930-ianwlebamde). aseT viTarebaSi ZiriTadi datvirTva sazafxuloTeatrze gadmovida. zamTrisTvisac rom gamosadegi gamxdariyo,xis Senobas rekonstruqcia Cautares – kedlebi amoaSenes,Rumlebi gamarTes da `sazamTrod moawyves~.

`saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriul arqivSi daculi erTidokumentidan irkveva, rom 1872-1876 wlebSi sazafxulo TeatrisafuZvlianad SeukeTebiaT. Teatris gadakeTebis avtori cnobiliTbiliseli arqiteqtori albert zalcmani yofila. sabuTSidetalurad aris moTxrobili Teatris gadakeTebis Sesaxeb.Aaqvedaculia Tbilisis sazafxulo Teatris direqtoris damefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosis mimowera TeatrSisamSeneblo samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT da albert zalcmanisramdenime pataki... Tavad is faqti, rom Teatris safuZvliani

irma doliZe Tbilsis Zveli Teatri

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1. А. Дюма, Кавказ, Тбилиси, 1988 . стр.167.2. S. kaSmaZe, Tbilisis operisa da baletis Teatri, Tbilisi, xelovneba,1950, gv. 143.3. 1869 wlis 11 oqtombriT daTriRebul Tbilisis direqciisPpatakSikavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelosadmi, romelic exeba TbilisSisazafxulo Teatris Senobis agebis sakiTxs, vkiTxulobT ̀ unda aigosmsubuqi Teatri daCrdiluli baRis SuagulSi, sadac publika sicxisganTavSesafarsac naxavs da sasiamovnodac gaatarebs dros... xis Teatrisageba arqiteqtor zalcmanis varaudiT daaxloebiT 12,000 man. dajdeba~(i. ioviZe, Tbilisis Teatris istoriisTvis (amonabeWdi ̀ saistoriomoambe~-s t. 15-16-dan), 1963, gv. 6.4. m. mania, Tbilisis erTi ucnobi Canaxati, Jurn. `literatura daxelovneba~, 1998, #25. i. doliZe, ̀ saTeatro arqiteqtura saqarTveloSi~, 2005, gv. 113

6. n. uruSaZe, ̀ saxli saTamaSoi~, Tbilisi, 1999 w., gv. 124.

1898 wlis Tbilisis rukisfragmenti, sazafxuloTeatri # 107

1906 wlis Tbilisis rukis fragmenti,operis Teatri #53, ̀ artistulisazogadoebis~ Teatri #57

irma doliZe

mayurebelzea gaTvlili. parterSi – 310, balkonsa da galereaze_ 160, rasac emateba 22 loJa. iqve aRniSnulia, rom TeatrTanaris baRi, romelic 6 saaTidan Ramis 2 saaTamde moemsaxurebapublikas.Esazafxulo Teatri aq figurirebs, rogorc ̀ Tbilisis(saxazino) Teatri sainJinro quCaze~.

1896 wels dasrulda saopero Teatris mSenebloba.sazafxulo Teatrma TandaTan dakarga Tavis mniSvnelovneba.XIX saukunis miwuruls is ukve Zvel saxazino Teatradiwodeba. XX saukunis dasawyisSi Sendeba àrtistulisazogadoebis~ Teatri, zubalaSvilis saqalaqo saxalxo saxli,1914 wlamde funqcionirebs saTavadaznauro bankis Teatri.magramAra periodamde iarseba Tavad sazafxulo Teatrma?Aammxriv, mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis sxvadasxva periodisTbilisis rukebi.Aase mag., 1898 wlis rukaze (`qalaq Tbilisisda misi Semogarenis gegma Sesrulebuli da gamocemuli n. f.klementievis mier 1884 wels, Sesworebuli 1898 wlis 1ianvars~) sazafxulo Teatrze miTiTebulia: `Zveli Teatri(saxazino)~ sainJinro da wyalsazid quCaTa kuTxeSi (#107).saopero Teatris Senobaze ki vkiTxulobT: didi Teatri(saxazino) (#104).

1903-1904 wlebis Tbilisis rukaze, romelic Sevsebulia1906 wels, sazafxulo Teatri aRar aris aRniSnuli. operisa(#53) da sabanko Teatrebis gverdiT ki ukve àrtistulisazogadoebis~ Teatricaa naCvenebi (#57).

Aamgvarad, 1870 wels agebulma sazafxulo Teatrma 1906wlamde iarseba. swored am TeatrSi 1879 wlis 1 seqtembersgaixsna iliasa da akakis ZalisxmeviT aRdgenili profesiuliqarTuli Teatris pirveli sezoni b. jorjaZis komediiT: ̀ rasveZebdi da ra vhpove~ da r. erisTavis gadmokeTebuli vodeviliT:ìWviani~. `TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis uTeatrobis Semdeg,saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi kidev erTxel daibada profesiuliqarTuli dramatuli Teatri.~6

amdenad, Tbilisis sazafxulo TeatrSi, operis,saTavadaznauro bankis, zubalaSvilis saqalaqo saxalxo saxlis,àrtistuli sazogadoebis~ TeatrebTan erTad, yalibdebodaaxali qarTuli Teatri da iqmneboda misi axali istoria.

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naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelisrekomendaciiT.

statiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ nana doliZe

t e l e m e d i auniversitetis

samagistro programa

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serialebi dominirebs, nacionalur arxebze: telekompania ̀ imedze~,Ì arxze~ da ̀ rusTavi-2-ze~ dReSi 10 seriali gadis (gameorebisCaTvliT.), anu, 20 saaTidan 10 saaTi serialebs eTmoba, Semdeg_ ukve sainformacio àxali ambebis~ gadacemebs, romelsacjamSi 3 saaTi aqvs daTmobili. rac Seexeba sakabelo arxebs_ informacias telekompania `maestro~ jamSi 3 saaTs, xolo`kavkasia~ _ 2 saaTs uTmobs.

Cveni televiziebi politikuri Toq-SouebiT met-naklebadakmayofileben satelevizio bazars, maT Soris 5 telearxzemaTi raodenobaa aTi: ̀ politikuri kvira~, ̀ aqcentebi~, ̀ pirveliTema~, `barieri~, `speqtri~, `profesia Jurnalisti~, ùcnobikavkasia~, ̀ studia re~, ̀ pozicia~, ̀ dRis qronika~.

qarTuli telekompaniebi 9 iumoristul gadacemas sTavazobenmayurebels, maT Soris: ̀ vano javaxiSvilis Sou~, ̀ qlab Sou~,`komedi Sou~, `sicilis zona~, `sandros Sou~, èrisTavsissaTvale~, `Ramis Sou~, òrni qalaqSi~; 6 SemecnebiT (metnaklebad) gadacemas: `Cveneburebi~, `wiTeli zona~, `ra? sad?rodis?~, `rvani~, ìmediTa SeniTa~, `Toma CageliSvilis -saqarTvelos uaxloesi istoria~. rva sabavSvo programas:`basti-bubu~, ̀ sizmarvizia~, ̀ babilinas sakvirao zRapari~, ̀ ana-bana~, `rao-rao~, `sabavSvo kurieri~, `viswavloT xatva~,`mxiaruli startebi~; 4 sportuls: ̀ sportuli kaleidoskopi~,ìmedis fsoni~, ̀ uefas CempionTa liga~, ̀ goli~ da 16 Tematursatelevizio gadacemas: `profili~, `va-banki~, `me miyvarssaqarTvelo~, ̀ mowyvite wami~, ̀ cxovreba mSvenieria~, ̀ samoTxisvaSlebi~, ̀ Caalage Cemodani~, ̀ italiuri ezo~, dialogi rolSi”,àrt-bulvari”, ̀ me var qali~, ̀ Jurnalistis dRiuri”, ̀ avto-klinika~, ̀ xarisxis niSani~, ̀ transmisia~, ̀ didebis 100 wami~; 5musikalur-gasarTobs: ìmedis talRa~, `qalebi Tu kacebi~,`qarTuli xmebi~, ̀ kabares 5 varskvlavi~, ̀ mimRere rame~.

CamonaTvali sakmaod mravalferovania, Tumca Cndeba kiTxva,Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs sazogadoebis moTxovnas esa Tu isarxi? ZiriTadad, ras awvdis mayurebels da raze arisTiToeuli telekompania orientirebuli? romeli telekompaniaasrulebs sainformacio socialur-aRmzrdelobiT, kulturul-rekreaciul, saganmanaTleblo funqciebs?

nino bagrationmuxraneli-gabunia

qarTuli telearxebis programuli

strategiebi

Tavisufali drois industriaSi televizia dRes umTavresadgils ikavebs, rac telearxebs aiZulebs auditoriisgafarToebaze izrunon. telemauwyeblobisaTvis satelevizioprogramis Sinaarss, mowodebuli informaciis arssa damniSvnelobas upiratesi roli akisria.Mmagram mayurebels araubralod `raRac~ gadacemebi sWirdeba, aramed sainformacio,socialurad mniSvnelovani, problemuri, gasarTobi,saganmanaTleblo da SemecnebiTi.

Tanamedrove televiziebis damaxasiaTebeli niSaniaauditoriis maqsimalizaciisadmi ltolva _ swored, es faqtoriiqca televiziis ZiriTad ekonomikur kanonad. reklamadainteresebulia farTo auditoriis mqone telearxiT, telearxiki, swored, auditoriis, rac SesaZlebelia farTo fenebismobilizebiT da Sesabamisi programuli strategiis SemuSavebiT,prioritetebis dadgeniT, ZiriTadi orientirebis moniSvniT.

qarTul satelevizio sivrceSi TvalSisacemia satelevizioarxebis Janruli, Tematuri, programuli saxesxvaobebi.politizirebul sivrceSi telearxebi gansxvavebul polusebzelagdeba – erTi mxriv, ̀ rusTavi-2~, ̀ imedi~, ̀ I arxi~ da meoremxriv _ `maestro~ da `kavkasia~, romlebsac pirvel samTanSedarebiT mwiri materialuri da teqnikuri baza, mauwyeblobisgavrcelebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT. miuxedavadamisa, swored am arxebis programuli prioritetebigansazRvravs maTdami mayureblis interess.

qarTuli telekompaniebi mayurebels (2009 wlis maisisTvis)saerTo jamSi 70 gadacemas da 25 teleserials sTavazoben.Aaqedan 20 ucxouri gadacemebis analogia, xolo 50 _samamulo. serialebs rac Seexeba, 25-dan mxolod oTxia qarTulida isic komediuri Janris serialia.

telekompaniebi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 20 saaTimauwyebloben. dRis ganmavlobaSi telearxebze ZiriTadad

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da Tematuri Toq-SouebiT gamoirCeva, riTic sateleviziosivrceSi yvelaze gamokveTil arxad Camoyalibda. telekompania`rusTavi-2~ sazogadoebas ZiriTadad musikalur-gasarTobgadacemebs sTavazobs, romlebic praim-taimis dros mimdinareobs.rac Seexeba sainformacio gadacemebs, ̀ rusTavi-2~ mayurebels`kuriers~, `biznes kuriers~, P̀.S~, `patruls~ sTavazobs.gamorCeulia sabavSvo programebiT. igi bavSvebs 5 gadacemassTavazobs, romlebic mxolod SabaT-kviras gadis, xolo danarCendReebSi animaciuri teleserialiT Semoifargleba. `rusTavi-2~ 9 serials sTavazobs mayurebels, aqedan erTs _ qarTuls,danarCens _ ucxours. rac Seexeba saganmanaTleblo gadacemas,igi periodulad Toma CageliSvilis `saqarTvelos uaxloesiistoriiT~ESemoifargleba. SemecnebiT-gasarTob Toq-Soud`profils~ da sezonurad `ra? sad? rodis~ sTavazobsmayurebels.

Tuki winaT telekompania `rusTavi-2~ telebazarzepolitikuri Toq-Souebis simravliT gamoirCeoda, dResdReobiTmxolod erTi politikuri Toq-Sou ̀ poziciiT~ Semoifargleba.telekompania dRes cdilobs sazogadoebas ZiriTadad gasarTobiprogramebi SesTavazos da amiT rac SeiZleba bevri mayurebelimiizidos.

telekompania ìmedi~ 20 saaTi mauwyeblobs da misprogramul bades ZiriTadad serialebi da satelevizioprogramebi avsebs. 9 teleserialidan 2 qarTuli, danarCeniucxouri serialia.Pprogramis danarCen nawils ori sportuli,xuTi musikalur-iumoristuli, erTi saganmanaTleblo, xuTiSemecnebiT-gasarTobi Sou da sami sainformacio gadacemaSeadgens. rogorc telekompania `rusTavi-2~, ìmedic~gamoirCeoda politikur Toq-Souebis simravliT. dRes kimxolod erTi Toq-Sou ̀ dRis qronikiT~ Semoifargleba, romelickviraSi orjer ratomRac Teqvsmet saaTze gadis. Tumcagasakviri is aris, rom gadacema tv-programaSi saerTod araris aRniSnuli. samagierod, gadacemis saxiT aris Casmulitv-marketis reklama, romelic mxolod ìmedze~ yovel dRedilis eTerSi 11:30; 14:40 sT.-ze 15 wuTi mimdinareobs. Tumcais arc gadacema da arc dokumenturi filmia, rogorc cnobilia,`tv-Sopingi~ yvela televiziaSi reklamis funqcias asrulebs.

nino bagrationmuxraneli-gabunia

sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli 20 saaTi mauwyeblobs deviziT:Ì arxi ganwyobisaTvis~. telekompania yoveldRe 7:30 wT.-zeiwyebs SemecnebiT-gasarTob-sportul-informaciuli gadacemaàlioniT~, romelic albaT sainformacio axali ambebissamsaxuri gasnsxvavebul enaze mauwyeblobs, cdilobssazogadoebis ganwyobis Seqmnas, Tumca aRniSnuli mxoloddasaxelebul funqciebad rCeba.

mayurebels sTavazobs 6 ucxour da 1 qarTul teleserials,romlebic saRamos eTerSi gadis yoveldRe, xolo dilis eTerSi_ ganmeorebiT, sam politikur Toq-Sous: erTs musikalurs,erTs iumoristuls, sam sabavSvo gadacemas, cxra gasarTob-SemecnebiT programas, or saganmanaTleblo gadacemas da erTsainformacios. Ì arxi ganwyobisaTvis~ 11-12 saaTs filmebsuTmobs, 3 saaTs sainformacio gadacemas, xolo danarCen 4-5_ saaTs satelevizio gadacemebs. sxva telekompaniebisagangansxvavebiT I arxze dReSi erTxel orSabaTidan-paraskevisCaTvliT 14:30 wT.-ze.

sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaqveyanaSi mcxovreb umciresobaTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebaa,amitomac kviraSi orjer rusul enaze, erTxel _ somxur,azerbaijanul da osur enebze mauwyeblobs (30 wuTi). aserom, saqarTveloSi umciresobebisaTvis qveyanaSi mimdinaremovlenebis asaxva mxolod erTxel xdeba. aris Tu ara essakmarisi?

unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli ar undaiyos orientirebuli konkurenciaze, swored es arxi undaiTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebis interess. met dros uTmobdessabavSvo, saganmanaTleblo da SemecnebiT gadacemebs.

`gamarjvebuli xalxis televizia~, anu `rusTavi-2~, dRessaqarTvelos telesivrceSi yvelaze konkurentunariantelekompaniad iTvleba. igi ZiriTadad sainformacio gadacema`kurieriT~, iumoristuli SouebiT da filmebiT cdilobssazogadoebis yuradRebis miqcevas. `rusTavi-2~ 20 saaTimauwyeblobs. 12 saaTs filmebs uTmobs, 4 saaTs _ sainformacios,xolo danarCen 4 saaTs, satelevizio gadacemebs.

`rusTavi-2~ programul badeSi ara politikuri anproblemuri gadacemebiT, aramed iumoristuli, musikaluri

qarTuli telearxebis programuli strategiebi

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Tematika erTi da igivea. rac Seexeba sainformacio gadacemebsaqac, satelitur arxebze, rogorc dro, ise formati erTnairia,xolo sakabelo arxebze, kerZod `maestroze~, sainformaciogadacema ùkomentarod~, romelic arc erTi telearxissainformacios ar hgavs, cdilobs moi povos da gaavrcelosis informacia, romelic sxva telearxebze garkveuli politikurimosazrebebis gamo SesaZloa ar gaSuqdes.

politikuri Toq-SouebiT ̀ maestro~, ̀ I arxi~ da ̀ kavkasia~gamoirCeva (TiToeul arxze sami politikuri gadacemaa). Tumca`maestrosa~ da ̀ kavkasiis~ garda sxva telearxebze mimdinareSimayurebeli ar monawileobs arc studiaSi damswre TanamonawilissaxiT, da arc zariT studiaSi, Tu mokle teqsturi (SMS)SetyobinebiT. rogorc cnobilia, Toq-Sou _ es aris gadacema,sadac mowveul stumarTan erTad mayurebelic, sazogadoebaciRebs monawileobasDda rac maRalia interaqtiulobis xarisxi,miT ufro maRalia yurebadobac. amgvari Sous naxva ki mxolodsakabelo arxebzea SesaZlebeli (`barieri~, ̀ speqtri~, ̀ profesiaJurnalisti~, ̀ ucnobi kavkasia~, ̀ studia ̀ re~).

dRevandeli televiziebi ZiriTadad gasarTob Souebze arianorientirebulni da xSirad dabali gemovnebis, uxamsobismowmenic vxdebiT. am TvalsazrisiT `rusTavi-2~ liderobs(`vano javaxiSvilis Sou~, ̀ qlab Sou~, ̀ komedi Sou~, ̀ siciliszona~, ̀ sandros Sou~, ̀ mimRere rame~, ̀ varskvlavebis cxovreba~da ̀ avtomariaJi~, ̀ va-banki~), Tumca TiTqmis yvela arxs uwevskonkurencias, radgan mas 8 Sou aqvs, ̀ imeds~ _ xuTi (`qalebiTu kacebi?~, ̀ imedis talRa~, ̀ orni qalaqSi~, ̀ Ramis Sou~ daprograma ìumorina~) da Ì arxi ganwyobisaTvis~ _ sami(èrisTavis saTvale~, `qarTuli xmebi~ da `kabares 5varskvlavi~.)

telekompania ̀ imedsa~ da ̀ rusTavi-2-s~ Soris sami gadacemaTiTqmis erTi formatisaa: 1. ̀ mimRere rame~ _ ̀ imedis talRa~2. òrni qalaqSi~ _ `sicilis zona~, 3. `Ramis Sou~ _ `vanojavaxiSvilis Sou~, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom konkurenciaZiriTadad gasarTobi Souebisa da teleserialebis siWarbeze,maTi praimtaimis eTerSi ganTavsebaze modis. telekompania`maestro~ da `kavkasia~ praim-taimis dros politikur Toq-Souebs uTmobs. garTobis mizniT `maestro~ musikiT

gaurkvevlobasa da erTgvar ironias badebs, aseT reklamastv-programaSi telekompania ̀ imedi~ gadacemad rom moixseniebs.

rac Seexeba e. w. opoziciur, sakabelo telearxebs isiniZiriTadad politikuri Toq-SouebiTa da sainformaciogadacemebiT Semoifarglebian.

telekompania `maestro~, rogorc sxva danarCeni arxi, 18-20 saaTi mauwyeblobs. mis ZiriTad bades politikuri Toq-Souebi, sainformacio gadacemebi da mxatvruli filmebiwarmoadgens. sainformacio gadacemas ̀ maestro~ jamSi 3 saaTsuTmobs qarTul telesivrceSi is erTaderTi arxia, romelicinformacias komentaris gareSe avrcelebs. ùkomentarod~romelic dReSi 11-jer 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi gadis, mxolodfaqtebiT Semoifargleba da daskvnebis gakeTebas Tavadmayurebels sTavazobs.

sxva telekompaniebisagan gansxvavebiT (garda `kavkasiisa~)dRes telekompania `maestros~ gadacema `JurnalisturigamoZieba~ gamoarCevs. aRsaniSnavia agreTve sazogadoebriv-politikuri datvirTvis mqone realiT-Sou `sakani #5~,romelic erT-erTi yvelaze reitingul da popularul gadacemadiTvleba. gadacemebis simwiris gamo telekompania `maestro~gadacemebis bades mxatvruli filmebiTa da musikiT avsebs.

telekompania ̀ kavkasia~ ZiriTadad politikuri Toq-SouebiTada sainformacio gadacemebiT aris datvirTuli. gadacema`speqtri~ orSabaTidan-paraskevis CaTvliT gadis EeTerSi, ̀ pres-eqspresi~ _ yovel orSabaTs da is saqarTveloSi mimdinareprocesebs, presaSi gaSuqebul informacias mimoixilavs.`barieri~ _ samSabaTobiTa da xuTSabaTobiT. yoveldReasainformacio gamoSveba ̀ dRes~ da jamSi 2 saaTi aqvs daTmobili.miuxedavad mcire gadacemebisa, igi telekompania ìmedisagan~gansxvavebiT, ara reklamebiT, aramed gameorebis eTeriT, ucxourimusikaluri klipebiTa da induri filmebiT cdilobs programisSevsebas.

amdenad, tv-programis gadaxedvisas, iseTi STabeWdilebarCeba, rom e. w. nacionaluri arxebis (`rusTavi-2~, ̀ imedi~, ̀ Iarxi~) ZiriTadi mimarTuleba erTia. isini erTmaneTs konkurenciaski ar uweven, aramed erTmaneTs emsgavsebian.MmarTalia, TiToeularxze minimum 7-8 teleseriali gadis, magram serialebis

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`kavkasia~ da ̀ maestro~ _ aRniSnul arxebze arc erTi sabavSvogadacemaa, da mxolod animaciuri filmis demonstrirebiTSemoifarglebian, maT Soris ìmedze~ SabaT-kviras dilis 8saaTze translirebul multi plikaciur films, romlisxangrZlivoba 10 wuTs Seadgens. es ki imis maCvenebelia, romsaqarTveloSi bavSvebisaTvis ver an ar iclian, radgan momgebianiar aris iseve, rogorc saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi. ZiriTadaddominirebs filmebi da gasarTobi programebi, televiziacxom masisTvis aris, im masisTvis, romelic gadacemis reitingsasaxavs. reitingi ki reklamis fass gansazRvravs, riTac CvenidRevandeli televiziebi suldgmuloben, garda I arxisa, romelicsazogadoebis mxridan finansdeba, Tumca ganaxlebuli mauwyebliseTerSi reklamac arc Tu ise iSviaTad gadis.

televizia ar aris mxolod statistikuri monacemebi,garTobis saSualeba, politikuri iaraRi anMmxolod biznesi.qarTuli televizia sazogadoebis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli, qarTuli

sityva da sazogadoebis msaxuri unda iyos.

1. Вартанова Е. Л. Медиаэкономика зарубежных стран, M., 2003, 2. Вакурова Н.В. Пространственно – временная организасиятелевизионных передач. М., 1981 г.3. www.1tv.ge4. www.rustavi2.com5. www.kavkasia.ge6 . www.maestro.ge7. gazeTi `tv programa~ – 2009 wlis 1-7 ivnisi.

Semoifargleba da romelic qarTuli estradiT aformebs eTers,xolo `kavkasia~ ki _ ucxouriT.

SemecnebiT-gasarTobi programebiT Ì arxi~ liderobs, igimayurebels mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi 9 gadacemas sTavazobs:(`me miyvars saqarTvelo~, ̀ mowyvite wami~, ̀ cxovreba mSvenieria~,`samoTxis vaSlebi~, ̀ Caalage Cemodani~, ̀ italiuri ezo~, ̀ dialogirolSi~, `xarisxis niSani~, `transmisia~). Semdeg poziciasimedi ìkavebs~ 5 gadacemiT (`Jurnalistis dRiuri~, àrt-bulvari~, `me var qali~, àvto-klinika~ da `didebis 100wami~). dabolos, `rusTavi-2~ 2 gadacemiT (`profili~, `va-banki~).

gasarTobi gadacemebis simwirea telekompania `maestrosa~da `kavkasiaze~, SesaZloa, amitomac sazogadoebis garkveulnawilSi, visTvisac televizia ara marto informaciis wyaroa,aramed garTobisa da dasvenebis ualternativo saSualeba,naklebi popularobiT sargeblobs. qarTul telesivrceSiucnauri suraTi ixateba: Tu amerikul, an evropul sivrceSigarTobaze swored sakabelo arxebia orientirebuli, CvenssinamdvileSi _ nacionaluri arxebi. sazogadoeba garTobistyveobaSia moqceuli da xSirad arsebul realobasdeformirebulad aRiqvams.

dRevandeli qarTuli telesivrce saganmanaTleblogadacemebis deficits ganicdis da am sivrcis Sevsebas ZiriTadadinteleqtualuri teleTamaSebiT cdiloben, magram arc maTimoWarbebaa Cvens televiziaSi: mxolod `rusTavi-2-ze~sezonurad `ra? sad? rodis?~ da ìmedze~, `rvani~. xoloTavad saganmanaTleblo gadacemas rac Seexeba, SeiZlebaCaiTvalos ̀ I arxze~ ̀ Cveneburebi~ da ̀ wiTeli zona~, romelic,samwuxarod, kviraSi erTxel gadis.

qarTul satelevizio sivrceSi problemad rCeba kvlavsabavSvo gadacemebis simcire. mxolod Ì arxi~ da `rusTavi-2~ cdilobs es problema cotaTi Seamsubuqon da bavSvebsgasarTob programebs sTavazoben: Ì arxi: `basti-bubu~,`sizmarvizia~, `babilinas sakvirao zRapari~; `rusTavi-2~ _àna-bana~, `rao-rao~, ̀ sabavSvo kurieri~, ̀ viswavloT xatva~,`mxiaruli startebi~. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, romraodenoba arasdros aris xarisxis ganmsazRvreli. ìmedi~,

nino bagrationmuxraneli-gabunia qarTuli telearxebis programuli strategiebi

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Seqmnis safuZveli; dRes mas saerTaSoriso qseli (interneti)ewodeba.

m. makluenma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrovekomunikaciebis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi.Mmisi wyalobiTsazogadoebas gauadvilda eleqtronul epoqaSi da teqnologiurbumSi masobrivi media saSualebebis zegavlenis Secnoba daaRqma maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. mecnieris kvlevebi amtkicebs,rom nebismieri media saSualeba informaciis SinaarsisganurCevlad axdens gansxvavebul zegavlenas sazogadoebaze.magaliTad, ambavi Tu istoria, romelic weria wignSi, TamaSdebascenaze, usmenen radioSi, uyureben filmis saxiT Tu gadmoicemateleviziiT _ gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba; TiToeul am mediasaSualebas aqvs sakuTariv misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sasaubroena da,Sesabamisad, zemoqmedebis unari; am princips TanamedroveeniT exmianeba makluenis cnobili fraza: `media saSualeba –es Setyobinebaa~.

termini `globaluri sofeli~ pirvelad vindam luisisnaSromSi gaCnda : `amerika da kosmiuri adamiani~(1948).Mmakluenis naSromma romelmac didi mRelvareba daqaosi gamoiwvia dasavleTis qveynebis samecniero wreebSi,`globaluri sofeli~ Tanamedrove realobis im metaforadaqcia, sadac televiziisa da SemdegSi saerTaSoriso qselis(interneti) mier Seqmnili samyaro igulisxmeba, sadaceleqtronuli teqnologiebis saSualebiT Cven mTel dedamiwazevafarToebT (vagrZelebT) sakuTar nervul sistemas.MmakluenisazriT, komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSualebebi, rogoric aris:televizia da radio axdens komunikaciis globalizaciassocialuri fenis yvela momxmareblis saSualebiT, romlebicam teqnologiebis meSveobiT martivad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTsda axdenen azrTa intensiur gacvla-gamocvlas.Mmaklueni xazsusvams, rom adamianebs Soris arsebuli fizikuri siSorearUuSliT maT xels komunikaciur aqtivobaSi da qselisgamWvirvalobis saSualebiT isini erTmaneTTan kontaqtsamyareben, ganixilaven ra socialur sferoSi arsebul sxvadasxvasakiTxs. swored masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi(teqnologiebi) uwyobs xels2 globaluri komunikaciis

konglomeracias (gaerTianebas).

qeTevan jafariZeM

mediakritikis patriarqi

`gindaT gaigoT, ras vfiqrob televiziaze?Tu gindaT ESeinaxoT erTi nawyveti ebraul-berZnul-renesansul-saganmanaTleblo-modernistul-dasavluri

civilizaciisa, maSin girCevniaT aiRoT culi dadaamsxvrioT yvela es mimarTuleba.”

marSal maklueni

herbert marSal maklueni (1911-1980) – kanadeliganmanaTlebeli, filosofosi, mecnieri, inglisuri literaturisprofesori, literaturuli kritikosi, komunikaciebisTeoritikosi, sociologi. Tumca cnobili mediamkvlevari erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli masobrivi sainformacio saSualebismomxmarebeli Tavad arasodes yofila da arc televizorisaqtiuri mayurebeli gaxldaT. mas uwodes `dasavleTisinteleqtualuri kometa~, `eleqtronuli saukuniswinaswarmetyveli~, ̀ niutonis da froidis Semdeg yvelaze didimoazrovne~, `mediakritikis patriarqi~, `popkulturiswinaswarmetyveli~, ̀ eleqtronuli epoqis mama~, romelmac mTelikariera miuZRvna masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebissazogadoebaze zegavlenis kvlevas.Mman jer kidev meoce saukunis60-ian wlebSi iwinaswarmetyvela media saSualebebis momavali,maSin, roca televizia Tvisi ganviTarebis sawyis etapze iyo,xolo personaluri kompiuteri mxolod oci wlis SemdeggaCnda.MXX saukunem daadastura misi cnobili gamonaTqvami:`Tavdapirvelad Cven vqmniT teqnologiebs, xolo Semdegteqnologiebi gvqmnian Cven~1. m. makluenma pirvelma gvamcno imaxali realobis gaCenisESesaZlebloba, sadac `vebserfingi~,`dawkapuneba~, momentaluri reaqcia, sakuTari miRwevadobisSegrZneba bunebrivi movlena gaxdeboda, rom samyaro ameleqtronul sivrceSi erT did soflad gadaiqceoda. masarasodes enaxa, magram iwinaswarmetyvela teqstisa da

eleqtronuli mediis sinTezi, rogorc axali media saSualebis

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komunikaciebis saSualebebiT gansakuTrebul kulturaskarnaxobs. sainformacio teqnologiebi, romlebic SeerTebuliaaudiovizualur xerxebTan, qmnian mTeli samyaros qcevaTamodelebs. komunikaciis saSualebebis swrafi tempiT ganviTarebaumokles droSi uzrunvelyofs adamianebis mier informaciismiRebas, iwvevs sazogadoebis savaldebulo integraciasmsoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da ufro da ufro zrdis maTglobalur pasuxismgeblobas4.

dRevandeli adamiani cxovrobs ara danawevrebul,izolirebul samyaroebSi, aramed kulturebisa da samyaroserTianobaSi. radios, televiziisa da SemdegSi internetismier Seqmnili garemo aris makluenis sofeli, sadac masobrivisainformacio saSualebebis globalizaciam mTeli msofliodaaaxlova erTmaneTTan patara soflis msgavsad, sadac yvelaerTmaneTs icnobs.Eeleqtronuli sistema axdens planetisintegracias, aaxloebs da Slis sazRvrebsQqveynebs Soris,qmnis msoflios im suraTs, sadac yvela Tavisuflad saubrobsda informaciis gavrcelebas ar gaaCnia sazRvrebi. globalurikomunikacia qmnis garemos, sadac erTad urTierTqmedebenmwarmoeblebi. iqmneba axali socialuri organizmi, sadacvizualuri beWdviTi kultura sruldeba da gadadiseleqtronul kulturaSi: beWdviT kulturas Caenacvlebaeleqtronuli sainformacio saSualebebi, kacobriobaindividualizmidan gadava koleqtiur individualizmze _`tomobriv safuZvelze~.Mmakluenis azriT, swored eleqtronulmedias Seswevs unari sazogadoebis yvela rasisa da feniswarmomadgeneli gaaerTianos vinaidan, eleqtronuli media ariskoleqtiuri erTobisken dabrunebis gza.E`eleqtronuli bumis~epoqaSi Tanamedrove adamians Tavisi arsebobis manZilze pirveladmieca saSualeba, dainaxos garemo. `Tu adamiani grZnobebisarsenalze SeigrZnobs axali, eleqtronuli garemos zemoqmedebisxasiaTs, is SeZlebs cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi cvlilebebisswarafad gansazRvras da winaswarmetyvelebas~, _ acxadebs

maklueni. arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, aris Tuara saerTaSoriso qseli (interneti) `globaluri soflis~

ideis matarebeli. Tanamedrove Teoritikosi glen vilmoti

qeTevan jafariZe

miuxedavad imisa, rom maklueni toponimad moixseniebsglobalur sofels, terminSi igulisxmeba istoriuli periodida ara geografiuli mdebareoba-adgili, romelsac win uZRoda`gutenbergis galaqtika~ (1962) (qronologiuri periodissxva geografiuli aRniSvna). es iyo naSromi, sadac makluenmaistoriaze Tavisi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi pirveladCamoayaliba da ganacxada, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebaganpirobebulia swored urTierTobebis, komunikaciurisaSualebebis ganviTarebiT, rac gansazRvravs sazogadoebriviyofierebis yvela sxva danarCeni aspeqtis ganviTarebas.Suasaukuneebis berma iohan gutenbergma yurZnis sapresi aparatisabeWd dazgad aqcia mxolod imitom, rom bibliisgavrcelebisTvis Seewyo xeli. Sedegad ki komunikaciis axalisferos Seqmnas daedo safuZveli, swored aqedan iwyeba marSalmakluenisaTvis gutenbergis era, anu beWdvis Zalauflebisera, romelsac, makluenis azriT win uZRoda kacobriobis`tomobriv safuZvelze cxovrebis xana~ da romelsacCaenacvleba ̀ markonis galaqtika~ (italieli mecnieri, romelmacsafuZveli Cauyara eleqtronul televizias) _ eleqtronulicivilizacia. meoTxe etapad kacobriobam eleqtronulicivilizaciis fazidan gadainacvla Tanamedrove epoqaSi,romelsac ̀ globaluri sofeli~ hqvia, sadac komunikaciis dainformaciis miReba-marTvis saSualeba aris televizia.`gutenbergis galaqtika~ iseve, rogorc ̀ globaluri sofeli~,masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis teqnologiuri inovaciebiTxasiaTdeba. ̀ eleqtronuli urTierTdamokidebulebis~ epoqaSiurTierTobis eleqtronulma saSualebebma adamiani informaciisgigantur nakadSi moaqcia, romliTac xeli Seuwyo mas `TavisTavSi moecva mTeli kacobrioba~, mieyvana adamiani gvarovnulimTlianobis aRorZinebamde da dabruneboda igi garSemomyofebTankontaqts3 _ amdenad, planeta erT gigantur soflad iqca.

makluenis azriT eleqtronuli revolucia ramdenime etapzeganxorcielda. sawyisi etapi iyo eleqtronuli teqnologia,romelic socialuri Terapiis rols asrulebda. man Seqmnasocialuri urTierTobebis axali etapi, sadac proporcia da

simaxinjeebi swordeba. eleqtronuli civilizacia pirveli

aRmoCnda, romelic socialur cvlilebebs ganapirobebs, masobrivi

mediakritikis patriarqi

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mniSvnelovania, anu informaciis Sinaarsi damokidebulia imaze,

Tu romeli saxis sainformacio saSualebiT gadmoicemainformacia televiziiT, radioTi, Tu gazeTiT. masobrivisainformacio saSualebebidan yvelaze popularulia televizia,romelic adamianis fsiqikaze seriozul zegavlenas axdens.maklueni ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebebs televiziis, rogorcmasobrivi sainformacio saSualebis specifikis Sesaxeb. misiazriT informacia garkveulad `ayalibebs sazogadoebas~, e. i.auditorias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens nebismierisainformacio saSualebis dedaazrs. teleauditoriagansxvavdeba sxva masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebisauditoriisgan.Aadamiani televizorTan ar aris mxolodmayurebeli, igi xdeba movlenaTa Tanamonawile; anuteleauditoria samyaros kameris obieqtivis saSualebiT ki

ar uyurebs, aramed `mimdinare movlenebs SeigrZnobs sakuTarbinaSi, an TviTon gadadis movlenaTa uSualo adgilebSi~;swored ise, rogorc amerika-vietnamis omis dros ̀ televiziamomis sisastike misaRebiOoTaxis komfortSi Semoitana, vietnamiswored amerikelebis sastumro oTaxebSi daikarga da araTviT vietnamis brZlis velze~. televiziis meSveobiT xdebaauditoriis da informaciis axleburi dakavSireba.MmakluenimiiCnevs, rom ̀ obieqturobis idealis~ Seqmna ̀ miukerZoebelimayureblis interesebisTvis~ aris ̀ informaciobanas ZveleburiTamaSi~. Tanamedrove eleqtronul samyaroSi ki obieqturiaxali ambebi yvelaze metad damokidebulia xedvaze.Aam mxriv,televizia, sxva sainformacio saSualebebTan SedarebiT, metindobiT da upiratesobiT sargeblobs: TuPpresa momxdaris

gadmocemas axdens, zogad analizs akeTebs, televiziis kvlevis

sagani _ aris is, Tu ra xdeba mocemul momentSi; igi umalerTveba movlenebSi.Aamitomac, televiziam mTavari yuradRebaunda miaqcios mimdinare procesebis gaSuqebas. `is rac moxdapresis saqmea, rac xdeba _ televiziisa~ _ acxadebsmaklueni.Mmisi azriT, televizias gazeTisgan gansxvavebiT ufroSeefereba `sasiamovno~ axali ambebi; amas iTvaliswinebsteleviziis specifikac da telemayureblis molodinic, romelicmiiCnevs, rom usiamovno, axali cnobebi `civ~ teleekranze

avrcelebs azrs, rom makluenis idea globaluri soflis

Sesaxeb aris damkvidrebuli kliSe, romelic ar iTvaliswinebsmmarTveli mTavrobis mier saerTaSoriso qselis korufciasda qseluri informaciis korporatiul kontrols.Aaseve, isxazs usvams ̀ globaluri soflis~ koncefciis problematikas:Tu sazogadoebis yvela fena erTnairad ar sargeblobsinternetiT an saerTod moklebulia qselur informaciassxvadasxva mizezis gamo da, Sesabamisad, ver iRebs monawileobasglobalizaciis procesSi, maSin `globaluri soflis~koncefcia realurad moklebulia im azrs, rom Tanamedrovesainformacio saSualebebi xels uwyobs sazogadoebisintegracias erT gigantur, eleqtronul sivrceSi. masobrivisainformacio saSualebebi aseve gamoiyeneba sociumis dasayofad.magaliTad, mecnier-mkvlevrebis: marSal val alstinis da erikbraijolfsonis Sexedulebis mixedviT, Tanamedrove masobrivisainformacio saSualebebi realurad floben sazogadoebisintegraciis potencials, romelic emyareba swored marSalmakluenis `globaluri soflis5~ koncefcias, magram imavesainformacio saSualebebs SeuZlia moaxdinos sazogadoebisfragmentacia, radgan, imavdroulad, sazogadoebas martivadSeuZlia segregacia da sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebadCamoyalibeba.

axali revoluciis mamoZravebel Zalas eleqtronulikomunikaciebis saSualebebi warmoadgenen, pirvel rigSi _televizia. makluenma masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebidayo or jgufad: `cxeli~ sainformacio saSualeba (radio,kino), romelic mayurebels gonebrivi muSaobisTvis minimalurSesaZleblobebs utovebs da `civi~ sainformacio saSualeba,romelic, piriqiT, mayureblisgan moiTxovs met Tanamonawileobas(telefoni, televizia, interneti). Sesabamisad, orive saxissainformacio saSualebebi sxvadasxva saxis zegavlenas axdens

sazogadoebaze da gansxvavebul Sedegebs iwvevs. magaliTad,

Tavis droze hitlerma swored radios saSualebiT moaxerxaganaTlebuli germanelebis daClungebaA(amitomac aris naTqvami:brZanebebi radioTi gadaeciT, TxovnebisTvis ki televiziasmimarTeTo). dRes komunikaciis saSualebebi informaciaze

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SeuZlebeli iqneboda komunikaciuri cvlilebebis gareSe, amyvelafers ki dasabami beWduri presis gamogonebam daudo,Semdgom ki es procesi eleqtronulma revoluciam daglobalizaciam gaagrZela. miuxedavad mkacri kritikisa, misisayovelTaod aRiarebuli koncefciebi mravali sociologis,mediamkvlevarTa Tu kulturologTa araerTi doqtrinissafuZveli gaxda, vinaidan urTierTobis uaxlesi saSualebebidanswored telexedva axdens Tanamedrove civilizaciisformirebas, amitomac marSal makluenis moRvaweoba dResacinarCunebs aqtualobas.

1. Marshall Mcluhan. Understanding Media:The Extentions of man, 1964.2. www.cultofjim.com3. www.britannica.com4. Маршалл Мак-Люэн. ГАЛАКТИКА ГУТЕНБЕРГА Сотворение человекапечатной культуры, Издательство «Ника-Центр, 2003, с. 4325. ix.: Jurnali ̀ sabWoTa xelovneba~, #2, 1986.6. www.marshallmcluhan.com.

ufro cudad aRiqmeba. amitom mayurebels urCevnia usiamovno

informacia gaigos gazeTis saSualebiT, radgan ̀ namdvili axaliambebi~, gazeTisTvis cudi ambebia. gazeTis specifika arissazogadoebis arsis Cveneba, igi movlenebs, sagnebs aCvenebssazogadoebis Signidan.Mmecnieris azriT, gazeTebisa daJurnalebis saukeTeso nawilia axali ambebis reklama, Tumcamas aqvs erTi nakli: is, rom beWduri media yovelTvis sasiamovnoinformaciis matarebelia. imisTvis, rom `kargis~ efeqtigawonaswordes, gazeTSi bevri cudi informaciac undagavrceldes.Aamitom, sainformacio saSualebebis mflobelebiyovelTvis cdiloben sazogadoebas miscen is, rac maT surT,radgan grZnoben, rom maTi Zala aris komunikaciis saSualebaSida ara SinaarsSi.Aanu makluenis sityvebiT: `sainformacio

saSualeba _ es Setyobinebaa~.

`media _ adamianis gagrZeleba~ (1964) _ aris pirvelinaSromi, sadac pirvelad gaCnda misi cnobili gamonaTqvami:`komunikaciis saSualeba _ es Setyobinebaa6~, radgan saSualebaayalibebs da akontrolebs kacobriobis qmedebis masStabebsda formebs~. masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi Sinaarsisgandamoukideblad axdenen zegavlenas sazogadoebaze da es arismaTi funqcia. aseve aq igulisxmeba yvela xelovnuri sainformaciosaSualebis zegavlena sazogadoebaze, mis cnobierebaze.MmakluenimiiCnevs, rom es sainformacio saSualebebi warmoadgenen adamianis`gagrZelebas~, romelic aZlierebs adamianis Sesabamisi organosmoqmedebas da amasTan mis garemomcvl samyarosac gardaqmnis.sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, nebismieri sainformacio saSualebissocialuriESedegi aris adamianis SesaZleblobebis ganvrcoba-

gafarToeba, gazrda, romelsac axali teqnologiebis zegavlena

iwvevs, Cveni SesaZleblobebisa da cnobierebis gazrdilimasStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT. adamianis grZnobaTa organoebierTgvar balansSi imyofebodnen, xolo yvela axalma saSualebamdaarRvia es saukunovani balansi.Msakomunikacio teqnologiebi

gansazRvravs makluenisTvis ama Tu im social-ekonomikuri

sistemis arsebobas. jer kidev `gutenbergis galaqtikaSi~miuTiTa man, rom industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba,ekonomikuri, socialur-politikuri infrastruqturebis Seqmna

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nikoloz kereseliZe

televizia da Teatri

telespeqtaklTa Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba

televiziis, rogorc programebis gadmocemis, debiuti Sedga1928 wels ̀ jeneral eleqtrikis~ laboratoriaSi. ̀ jeneralis~mier pirveli speqtakli gadaica 1928 wlis 11 ianvars. esiyo jaSuSuri melodrama `The qveen’s messenger~. am drossami uZravi kamera awarmoebda gadaRebas. erTi wlis Semdeges Janri aRwevs did britaneTs, xolo safrangeTs, omisdamTavrebisTanave. es iyo speqtaklebi, romlebic gadaicemodavideo magnitafonebis ar arsebobis sakompensaciod. 1966 wlis28 agvistos ORTF-is antenaze iwyeba gadacemis cikli`dRes TeatrSi~, romelic mravali weli gadaicemoda daoTxasze met translacias moicavda.

80-iani wlebis bolos, cifruli teqnikis gamoCenasTanerTad, speqtaklTa fiqsireba gaxda ufro martivi,ekonomiuriDDdaDSesabamisad produqtiulic. gadaRebisteqnologiebSi gamoikveTa ori mimarTuleba; pirvelmimarTulebaSi igulisxmeba, Cveni azriT, umniSvnelovanesielementebi: sabiujeto saxsrebis ekonomia, SesaZlebloba, erTjerze gadaRebul iqnes mniSvnelovani raodenobis vizualurimasala.Aam SemTxvevaSi SezRuduli biujetis gamo klasikurimeTodiT gadaReba saaparatos manqaniTa da multikameriTSeuZlebelia. mTel speqtakls msaxiobebi TamaSoben publikisgareSe, romelic gadaiReba erTaderTi planiT, mobiluri kameriT.Semdeg xdeba gadaReba ukve darbazSi publikis TandaswrebiTori operatoris mier, romelnic aRWurvilni arian oridamoukidebeli kameriT. imavdroulad, erTi adamianis mierganuwyvetliv xdeba, erTi mxriv, distanciurad gamosaxulebismonitorze kontroli da, meore mxriv, igive adamiani gamudmebiTxelmZRvanelobs am or operators yursasmenebis meSveobiT.montaJisas ki erTiandeba samive gadaReba: erTi _ publikisgareSe, ori _ misi TandaswrebiT.

naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelisrekomendaciiT.

statiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ sandro vaxtangovi

e l e q t r o n u l i m e d i i sg a m o y e n e b i T i s a S u a l e b e b i

t e l e r e J i s u r a S i

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garemodan cxovrebiseuli procesis arsis mzera. saWiroa,swored gaverkveT momqmed pirTa qcevisa da azrovnebis logikaSiimisaTvis, rom telemoTxroba zedmetad ubralo ar gaxdes,raTa obieqtivebma ki ar imoZraon movlenaTa zedapirze, aramedSeaRwion gmirTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis samyaroSi.

yoveli avtori cxovrebas Tavisi ganumeorebeli xerxiTasaxavs. dramaturgiuli masalis stiluri Taviseburebis daavtoriseuli bunebis adekvaturi satelevizio speqtaklisenis povna aris reJisoris amocana,Hxolo nawarmoebis Janruliwvdomis problemaKki televiziisaTvis gansakuTrebuli xerxebiTunda gadawydes da ara dramatuli Teatris mxatruli enisgadataniT telestudiaSi.

avtoris gaSifvris da SegrZnebis unari gamoixateba aramarto speqtaklis dadgmiTi nawiliT, aramed xatovanigadawyvetiT (dekoracia, musika, kostumi da a. S. ), misfsiqologiur SinaarsSi, gmirTa xasiaTSi da sulierganwyobilebebSi CawvdomiT _ es aris Tanamedrove satelevizioreJisuris sakiTxebi.

musikaluri Teatri televiziaSi

teleesTetikis gansakuTrebuloba cnobierdeba TandaTanobiTSemoqmedebiT procesebSi, saopero-literaturuli kompoziciebis,Teatrebidan transliaciebis, film operebis Seqmnisas.

saopero nawarmoebTa adaptaciis procesebSi aSkarad gaxdaorganuloba iseTi maxasiaTeblebisa, rogoricaa: formiskameruloba da Sinaarsis fsiqologizmi. yvelaze mkafiod esgamovlida XX saukunis operebis ekranizaciisas, romlebicTavisi arsidan gamomdinare Zalian `telegenurebi~ arian.`xedvis ekranuloba~ sul ufro SesagrZnobi xdebakompozitorTa xelovnebaSic ki.

ekranma gavlena moaxdina operis or wamyvan Janrul saxeobaze:erTi maTgani aris dakavSirebuli monumentur-epikur stilTanoperaSi, meore gamomJRavnda kameruli operis aRmavlobisas,romelic savse iyo fsiqologiuri da iSviaTad rTuliinteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moqmedeba

xmis teqstura brwyinvaled erwymis erTmaneTs am samnawilSi. es xmis Camweri mowyobilobis wyalobiT xdeba. erTimxriv, msaxiobebs aqvT mikrofonebi kostiumebSi Camaluli;meore mxriv, iwereba darbazidan momavali xma da xmauri(mikrofonebi uzrunvelyofen imas, rom xma absoluturad sufTaiyos da axlodan ismodes), gareTa mikrofonebi ki iwerendarbazis rezonanssa da publikis sicils.

meore mimarTuleba aranairad ar gamoricxavs SemoqmedebiTobas.srulyofilebisken mudmivi swrafvis wyalobiT, publikisTandaswrebiT Cawerili aseTi speqtakli xSirad iwvevsmayureblis gaocebas. am SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflad gamoiyenebasxvadasxva teqnika da meTodebi, romelic gamoyofs daafiqsirebs umniSvnelovanes personaJebs.Mmyisieri sateleviziokadrireba ki sakuTari enas qmnis, televiziis reJisori winaswargansazRvravs droSi ganfenil struqturul gegmas: romelwertilebSi unda daidgas kamerebi (romlebic drois raRacmonakveTSi gadaiReben scenis ama Tu im monakveTs), rommoaxerxos am konkretul Caketil sivrceSi gadaiRos personaJebi.satelevizio Caweris reJisori ki valdebulia gaakeTos Zalianzusti kadrireba, rac mowmdeba pirvelive pirdapiri montaJisdros. amasTanave, erTmaneTs dacilebuli kamerebis wyalobiT,mas SeuZlia, montaJis dros gamoasworos xarvezebi, daxvewosda warmoaCinos Tavisi Canafiqri. televiziis reJisori irCevsmxolod imas, risi Cvenebac mas aucileblad miaCnia da arayvelafers, rac Cans. televiziaSi mTavaria ara sityvebi,romlebsac msaxiobi warmoTqvavs, aramed is, rac maT miRmaa.teleobieqtivi xom mxolod imas xedavs, rasac aucilebladswored axla unda vucqerdeT axlo manZilidan da yuradRebiT.

siaxlis gareSe xelovneba ar arsebobs; igi arcmoulodnelobis gareSe arsebobs.Mmayurebls, misi piradicxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT nacnobi movlena misTvis ucnobirakursiT araCveulebrivi TvalsazrisiT moulodneli kuTxiTunda vaCvenoT im mxridan, saidanac mayurebels igi arasodesunaxavs. es yovelTvis Zalian sainteresoa, movlenaTaasaxvisadmi aseTi midgoma mayurebels mudam itacebs.satelevizio speqtaklisaTvis damaxasieTebelia momxdarimovlenebis siRrmeSi SeRwevis miswrafeba da ukve iqidan, am

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televiziis da Teatris morigi msgavseba imaSi mdgomareobs,rom pirdapiri telegadacemisa da Teatris mayurebeli erTsada imave gansazRvrul dros arian kontaqtSi monawilesa damsaxiobebTan, anu, im droSi aRiqvams mayurebeli moqmedebas,romelic misi TandaswrebiT axla mimdinareobs. Teatrismayurebeli warmodgenis udao monawilea. misma erTma uaryofiTmaan dadebiTma emociam SeiZleba zegavlena iqonios mTlianwarmodgenaze, rasac telemayurebelze ver vityviT, radganmimdinareobs TviTdamuxtva da ara emociaTa gacvla-gamocvla,magram telemayureblis dadebiT mxares warmoaCens misiveTavisufleba, romlidan gamomdinarec mas nebismier drosSeuZlia Sewyvitos telegadacemis yureba. telegadacemas amiTaraferiAakldeba.

satelevizio speqtakli aTvalierebs, Seiswavlis movlenas,yoveli mxridan gansjis da ise ar mogviTxrobs, rogorckinoSi da mayureblis iseT Tanagancdas ar iwvevs, rogorcTeatrSi. teleTeatris suli ikargeba, roca misgan kinosSeqmna undaT. kinoreJisorisTvis, mosmenis SegrZnebaa umTavresi,xolo kargi ideebi reJisoris TavSi ki ar ibadeba, arameddadgmasTan uxilav dialogSi.

erTi mxriv _ scenis planSeti da sarke, meore mxriv _televizoris ekrani warmoadgenen mocemul SemTxvevaSi orsxvadasxva xelovnebas: Teatralurs da kinomatografiuls(ufro swored _ telekinomatografiul), imisaTvis, romSenarCundes Teatraluri nawarmoebi ekranze, speqtakli undawarmoCenil iqnes sxva xelovnebis enis meSveobiT da amisaTvisgadasawyvetia ramdenime amocana.

upirveles yovlisa unda ganisazRvros, Tu rogorispeqtaklis Janri da stili airekleba filmis samontaJorigze. magaliTad, vodevilSi, fsiqologiuri dramisgangansxvavebiT, SeiZleba iyos orjer an samjer meti kadri dapanorama. speqtaklis tempo-ritmuli dinamika amas moiTxovs.Semdeg: momavali filmis tempo-ritmuli struqtura. raodengansxvavebuli unda iyo Teatraluri speqtaklisgan? Cvensxvadasxvanairad aRviqvamT Teatralur da ekranul dros:scenisTvis _ normaluria ekranisTvis _ gawelilia. SesaZloamogviwios speqtaklis ̀ SekumSva~Uekranze, rom man Tavisi xasiaTi

nikoloz kereseliZe

ar xdeba, arsebobs aqcentis gadatana niuansebiT mdidarmsaxiobTa TamaSze. aq teleekranisTvis ixsneba qmedebis farToSesaZleblobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki msaxioburi TamaSis detalebiscalkeul StrixTa gamsxvilebis dros. reJisors swored aqvsSerCeuli msxvili da saerTo xedebis Senacvlebis ritmi dasaxviTi saxieri rakursebi. es aris erTgvarad principi`Txrobisa qmedebis gareSe~.

samwuxarod, arc Tu ise bevria saopero da saekranoxelovnebebis warmatebuli sinTezebis magaliTebi, romlebicgvexmarebian gavacnobieroT televiziis mxatvruli potenciali.umetesi nawarmoebebi gvagonebs filmebs, sadac musika (romelicTeatralur speqtaklSi iyo matarebeli mTavari Sinaarsis)gadaiqca kinosanaxaobis mailustrirebel Tanxlebad. saoperoteleTeatris umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi mizani gaxda aragadayvana speqtaklis saekrano xelovnebis enaze, aramedoriginaluri damoukidebeli Janris Seqmna, romelic operisada telexelovnebis sinTezi iqneboda.

Teatris Tavisebureba, sxva satelevizio sanaxaobebTanSedarebiT, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Teatri operasTan erTadkvlavac rCeba yvelaze rTulad gadasaReb satelevizioTeatralur sanaxobad. Tu operaSi kidev SesaZlebelia,dauyovnebliv ar aCveno personaJi, romelic saubrobs, TeatrSies TiTqmis fiziologiuri valdebulebaa, vinaidan Cveni smeniTiyuradReba TiTqmis mxolod teqstzea koncentrirebuli.

ra aiRo televiziam Teatridan

televiziam Teatridan SeiTavsa, pirvel rigSi, ambaviliteraturuli nawarmoebis saxiT, TamaSis sanaxaobrivi mxare,verbaluri kultura, grimi, ganaTeba, amavdrouloba, msaxiobisurTierToba nivTebTan da isesxa ra kinematografisgan msxvilixediT gadmocema raime detalis, miaRwia subieqtur xedvas.televiziam aseve zustad Seiswavla scenasa da mayurebelsSoris mZlavri emociis matarebeli kontaqti, romelic Semdgomgamoiyena masebze zegavlenis mosapoveblad.

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gamoxatuli gancdebi. mTeli es `scena~ Caetia minimaluradmcire droSi, naxevar wuTSi, magram reJisorma am saSualebiT,telexedvis wesebiT gaazrebuli montaJiT, miRwia udidesmxatvrul efeqts.

samwuxaroa, rom dRes Cven ar gvaqvs saSualeba, vnaxoT essaucxoo telespeqtakli, radgan im dros televiziaPfirzearafers iRebda. studiaSi gaTamaSebuli ̀ darispanis gasaWiri~pirdapir eTerSi miewoda Tbilisel mayurebels, isic zafxulSi.is aRar gaumeorebiaT; darCa mxolod ori fotosuraTi,reJisoris Canaxatebi da misive mogoneba: `me aseTad vxedavmas~, gamoqveynebuli 1982 wels.

speqtaklebi ar cxovroben maradiulad; maT aqvT aRmavlobis,Wknobis da sikvdilis xana. mniSvnelovania droulad maTigadaReba firze, es aris TeatrisaTvis da telemayureblisaTviserTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba.

uaxlesi teqnika SeuzRudavad unda gamoiyenebodes CawerilspeqtaklebSi, radgan film_speqtakli aris gaTvliliteleviziis fondebSi Senaxvis xangrZliv vadebze. mniSvnelovania,rom axalma Taobebma naxon momavalSic sicocxliT savse

film-speqtaklebi.

G

1. ix: Vitold Krysinsky, Directeur artistique de la Copat, Paris, 2005.2. ix: qeTi doliZe, mixeil TumaniSvili fiqrobs, Tbilisi, 2004.

SeinarCunos. amis garda: rogor unda gadawydes mocemulfilm-speqtaklSi ori pirobiTobis Teatris da ekraniskonfliqti?MmagaliTad:GTeatraluri speqtaklis mizanscenebisgadmotana ekranze. maT axasiaTebT Teatraluri xasiaTispirobiToba: frontaluri wyoba, romelic yovelTvis mimarTuliamayurebelze (radgan mayurebeli unda xedavdes msaxiobissaxes). ekranze gadmotanili aseTi mizanscenebi kargavensinamdviles, e. i., saWiroa iseTnairad gaiTvalos maTi koreqcia,rom ekranze rezultati iyos iseTive, rogoric arisTeatralur darbazSi, raTa irRveodes cxovrebiseulisimarTlis SegrZneba. erTi sityviT ramdeni speqtaklicaa, imdenigadawyveta arsebobs: scenidan translaciiT dawyebuli,speqtaklis safuZvelze Seqmnili mxatvruli filmiTdamTavrebuli.

qarTuli tele-Teatris sawyisebi

1958 wels axlad fexadgmul saqarTvelos televiziisxelmZRvanelma a. ZiZigurma miiwvia mixael TumaniSvili daviTkldiaSvilis `darispanis gasaWiris” dasadgmelad. TeatrisreJisorma siamovnebiT miiRo miwveva, radgan es nawarmoebifsiqologiur dramad miaCnda, romelic gmirTa cxovrebismayurebelTan zedmiwevniT miaxlovebas iTxovda, swored amisSesaZleblobas iZleoda teleekrani. misi wyalobiT xom uamravadamians SeuZlia momqmed pirTa sulSi Caixedos.

es telespeqtakli telexedvis bunebis pirvel gamovlenad,satelevizio da kino montaJs Soris gansxvavebis saukeTesonimuSad iqna miCneuli. `Tu kinoSi montaJi xdeba erTi tipismasalisgan, anu, firisgan, telexedvaSi montaJi warmoebssxvadasxva tipis masalisagan, rac metad rTulia da maRalgemovnebas, ostatobas moiTxovs~.2 ase moixseniebdnen imdroindelpresaSi mixeil TumaniSvilis am dadagmaSi miRweul novatorulmidgomas. gmiris sulieri tanjvis gamoxatvis mizniT reJisormakadrSi montaJis xerxiT ̀ Semoitana~ saxe, Tvalebi (kino firzegadaRebuli). mas kvlav montaJurad mohyva (zogi studiiskameridan, zogi kinofiridan) msaxiobTa garegnuli pirisaxiT

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muSaobda: reJisorad saqarTvelos samecniero-popularuli dadokumenturi filmebis studiaSi; telekompania “me-9 arxis”sainformacio programebis mTavar reJisorad; telekompania “iberias”mTavar reJisorad; telekompania “mzis” sainformacio programebismTavar reJisorad.2002 wlidan aswavlis rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetSi; amJamad xelmZRvanelobs dokumenturi kinos saxelosnos.1998 wlidan rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetsada sxvadasxva umaRles saswavlebelSi kiTxulobs leqciebis kurss:“satelevizio reJisura”, “dokumenturi kinos reJisura”, “satelevizio“reklama”, “satelevizio teqnika da teqnologiebi”, “satelevizioreJisura da montaJi (teleJurnalistebisTvis)”.tel: + 995 (32) 39 21 24; + 995 (77) 50 09 07el-fosta: [email protected]; [email protected]

rusudan kvaracxelia _ kinomcodne. SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti.daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos institutiskinofakulteti redaqtor-meTodistis kvalifikaciiT. swavlobdaagreTve minskis xelovnebis universitetSi dramis reJisuraze. 1994wels muSaobda nato vaCnaZis saxelobis qarTuli kinos akademiaSi daparalelurad praqtikas gadioda tele-kompania `kavkasiaSi~. 1995wels muSaobda saqarTvelos televiziis I arxze kinoprogramebSi,gadacemaze `kinoTvali~ (Tanaavtori da wamyvani). 1997 wlidan,saqarTvelos Teatrisa da kinos institutSi mihyavda saleqcio kursi– mxatvris xelovneba kinoSi.tel.: +995 (95) 55 95 57; +995 (32) 39 76 03;el.fosta: [email protected]

TinaTin Wabukiani _ saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, reJisori.sxvadasxva dros muSaobda saqarTvelos televiziaSi (I arxi) _ jersatelevizio TeatrSi, Semdeg musikalur redaqciaSi, damdgmelreJisorad; aseve sabavSvo programebis mTavar reJisorad.misi sadisertacio Temaa: ̀ sabavSvo telemauwyeblobis sazogadoebrividaniSnuleba da esTetikuri Taviseburebani~ (qarTuli teleproeqtebismixedviT).amJamad muSaobs Temaze: ̀ montaJis struqturuli Semadgenloba~.tel: + 995 (99) 94 47 00

avtorTa Sesaxebroland (mixo) boraSvilib _ saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelisTeatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,reJisori, msaxiobi.daamTavra leningradis Teatris, musikisa da kinematografiis saxelmwifoinstitutis reJisuris fakulteti (i. karasikis saxelosno).sxvadasxva dros muSaobda kompania `qarTul telefilmSi~ jerkinoreJisoris asistentad, Semdeg – kinoreJisorad. iyo rogorckompaniis samxatvro sabWos wevri, aseve dokumenturi filmebisganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli.1995 wlidan aris saqarTvelos kinematografistTa kavSiris wevri,2007 wlidan _ gamgeobis wevri.pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweva saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi. xelmZRvanelobs mxatvrulikinos reJisuris saxelosnos. aris universitetis akademiuri sabWoswevri. gadaRebulia ramdenime mxatvrul filmSi.aris 35 dokumenturi da 2 srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmisreJisori. mis mier gadaRebuli filmebi dajildoebulia araerTisaerTaSoriso priziT. 2008 wels mieniWa Rirsebis ordenikinoxelovnebaSi Setanili wvlilisTvis.tel: + 995 (32) 94 90 72, +995 (99) 94 90 72.

ira demetraZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis asocirebuliprofesori (kinomcodneobis mimarTulebiT).daamTavra VGIK-is kinomcodneobis fakulteti. kvlevis sfero: realobissocialuri konstruireba mxatvruli teqstebis mxriv; nacionalur-mxatvruli dominantebiT samyaros enobrivi suraTi.tel: +995 (32) 22 49 45; +335 (77) 71 02 43el.fosta: [email protected]

vaJa zubaSvili _ Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori, telereJisuris mimarTulebis lideridamTavrebuli aqvs SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri institutiskinosareJisoro fakulteti. gadaRebuli aqvs ocdaaTamde mokle dasrulmetraJiani dokumenturi filmi _ studia `mematianesa~ da`qarTul telefilmSi~. miRebuli aqvs sakavSiro da saerTaSorisofestivalebis prizebi.

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nana doliZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. kinosa da televiziismkvlevari. SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetistelemediis samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli. Kkvlevis sfero:Tanamedrove msoflio kinosa da televiziaSi mimdinare procesebi.Eeleqtronuli Jurnalis ,,mediakritika” (www.mediakritika.ucoz.com)avtori da mTavari redaqtori. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 20 samecnieronaSromi, maT Soris erTi monografia.tel: +995 (32) 23 32 33; +995 (99) 58 48 85.el-fosta: [email protected]

giorgi TargamaZe _ saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo universitetis pedagogi. Jurnalisti, saqarTvelosparlamentis wevri. 1999 wels daamTavra Tbilisis i. javaxiSvilissaxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis Jurnalistikis fakulteti.1994 wlidan muSaobda baTumis xelovnebis saxelmwifo institutSipedagogad. 1993 wels ki aWaris televiziis departamentisTavmjdomared. 2003 wlidan iyo telekompania ìmedis” direqtori.2002 wlidan saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis leqtoria. monawileoba aqvs miRebulisaerTaSoriso konferenciebSi mediis sakiTxebze. 2009 wels miunxenSi,msoflio media kongresSi.

giorgi CarTolani _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. saqarTvelosSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetisxelovnebis da socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis mediis da masobriviinformaciis saSualebebis asocirebuli profesori, ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikurmecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori;daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluriinstituti Teatrmcodneobis specialobiT da moskovis lunaCarskissaxelobis Teatraluri xelovnebis saxelmwifo institutisaspirantura.aris `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebelis~ telekompania Ì arxis~ dRismimarTulebis gadacemebis generaluri prodiuseri. aseve mravalisatelevizio proeqtis avtori da wamyvani.aris mravali samecniero statiis da publikaciis avtori. kotemarjaniSvilis premiis laureati.

giorgi xarebava – saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo uiversitetis asistent-profesori, kinoreJisori.gadaRebuli aqvs ori moklemetraJiani mxatvruli da eqvsi dokumenturifilmi.eqvsi wlis manZilze aqtiurad muSaobda saqarTvelos ramdenime telearxzereJisorad.gavlili aqvs romis nacionaluri kinoskolis reJisuris zogadikursi da boloniis universitetis sadoqtoro mokle kursi Tavisufalikvlevis mimarTulebiT.amJamad muSaobs sadisertacio Temaze ̀ darRvevebi kinomontaJSi~. muSaobskinosaxelmZRvanelos Targmanze. aris saprodiusero kompaniis “ji-ef-em studios” prezidenti.tel:. +995 (77) 17 90 01el.fosta: [email protected]

daviT gujabiZe _ saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, saoperatorosaxelosno-jgufis ostati (fotografiisa da operatoris ostatobiskursebi).daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fizikis fakulteti,radiofizikosis specialobiT. aseve swavlobda SoTa rusTavelissaxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo Teatralur institutSi, levanpaataSvilis kinosaoperatoro da merab kokoCaSvilis kinosareJisorosaxelosnoebSi.2003 wels staJireba gaiara germaniaSi, aris evropis media-profesionalebis saerTaSoriso proeqtis “Nipkow-programm”-isstipendianti (q. berlini)Dda 2008 wels holivudSi (aSS) – USID–is `sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis~ programiT qarTvelikinoprodiuserebisaTvis.aris dokumenturi, mxatvruli da musikaluri filmebis avtor-reJisor-operatori, sareklamo rgolebis da videoklipebis reJisori. statiebisada gamokvlevebis avtori, romlebic sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynda gazeTebsada JurnalebSi `qarTuli filmi~, àxali epoqa~, `kino~, òmega~,`Teatraluri moambe~, `kavkasiis macne~, `kultura~, `duruji~,`TeatrmcodneobiTi da kinomcodneobiTi Ziebani” da sxva.tel: + 995 (22) 95 79 73; +995 (99) 55 30 93

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FILM STUDIESRoland Borashvili

EVOLUTION OF EDITING THEORIES BY SERGEI EISENSTEIN

SummaryEditing is one of the most peculiar components of screen art. It has the powerto make time stand still, make it run fast or slow, and skip a day, year, andcentury.On one hand editing is a principal method of world perception and on theother – editing is a constant reflection of director’s will: depict the world froma certain corner and in a certain conflict.There are basic laws of editing theory that are based on actual practice.“Grammar” and “syntax” of editing were mainly established during the periodof silent film.Soviet directors and theoreticians like L. Kuleshov, S. Eisenstein and Vs.Pudovkin have entered the history of world film as the fathers of film theory,directors, who practiced their working method on visual structure of filmproduction and discovered new forms of editing.How did the editing side of the cinematography form, what is the startingpoint, origin, which makes the director edit a certain scene?The article offers a brief introduction of the history of editing and its evolution– starting from silent films up to the present day.The article also examines the brief history of editing, its formation andevolution. On the basis of S. Eisenstein’s example the article discusses editingtheories – from silent up to audio-visual cinematography.

ABOUT AUTHORAn associate Professor of GeorgianShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film StateUniversity.Director, Researcher.He has graduated from Leningrad’s Theatre, Music and Film University’sCinema Directing Faculty. (I. Karaskin’s group)At Other times He worked in a company “Georgian TV film”, at first as anassistant of director, then - as cinema director. He was a member of company’screative boards, documents films department’s leader.From 1995 year he is a member of Georgian cinematography union.He makes teaching period in the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University.He is leading studio of creative film director. He is a member of UniversityAcademic boards.

avtori saxelmZRvanelosi Jurnalistikis specialobisSemswavlelTaTvis – ̀ tele-radio Jurnalistika~, naw. I.,`teleJurnalistika~.tel:. +995 (32) 31 88 18; +995 (77) 50 03 26;el.fosta: [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]

marine bokuCava _ daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetistruqturuli lingvistikis specialobiT. muSaobs saqarTveloserovnuli muzeumis simon janaSias saxelobis muzeumis eTnografiisganyofilebaSi. daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze `ingiloTayofisa da kulturis sakiTxebi~. wlebis manZilze eweoda samecnierokvleviTsa da safondo muSaobas. aris 17 statiis avtori saqarTveloseTnografiis sxvadsxva sakiTxebze, romlebic gamoqveynebulia sxvadasxvasamecniero JurnalSi.

irma doliZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. daamTavra Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriisfakulteti, xelovnebaTmcodnis specialobiT.muSaobs saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportissaministros kulturuli memkvidreobis departamentis strategiulidagegmvisa da evropuli TanamSromlobis sammarTvelos ufrosad;aris ara erTi statiis da monografiis: `saTeatro arqiteqturasaqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2005 w; ̀ iyo Tu ara Teatri ufliscixeSi~,Tbilisi, 2009 w. avtori. kvlevis Tematika: qarTuli xelovnebisistoria; Teatris arqiteqtura.tel.: +995 (99) 92 65 92; +995 (77) 27 00 45

el-fosta: [email protected] ; [email protected]

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ABOUT AUTHORArt History Ph.D. Film HistorianAssociate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University (In thefield of Cinema Studies)Graduate of VGIK’s Faculty of Cinema StudiesResearch Field: Social construction of reality according to literary text; verbalpicture of the world in terms of national-artistic dominants.Tel: +995 (32) 22 49 45; + (33577) 71 02 43E-mail: [email protected]

Vaja Zubashvili

DOCUMENTARY FILM IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF NEWVALUES

Summary

We already live in an epoch, where virtual reality replaces material. Intellectualinitiative is in the hands of the internet generation. Interaction between thecomponents of the marketing interrelation is changed. The product demand isno longer determined by necessity and need, but by the requirement createdby marketing communications. This principle transforms to a major extent thetask of arts and culture in general, which itself is subject to PR disguisedpropaganda and globalization ideology.Real life event is diverse in many ways. The notion of truth is diverse alsodepending on number of perspectives we view it from. Existence of fact doesnot necessarily determine its authenticity in documentary film. Stating of singlefacts does not mean anything if they are not laid out in corresponding social,political background, in the context of challenges, in historical regularity orirregularity.The author is constantly present between reality and film determining hisattitude in the process of transforming the existing reality into the so-calledfilm reality. But observation of real life (and not modified one as in realityshows) is hard requiring time and great effort. It is much easier to use simplifiedmethod by means of conveyor rule. Documentary film is improvisation, wherelife is offering conditions to the director. Nowadays whether our documentaryfilm is created in the heart of television or outside of it, it is still considered tobe demonstrated on TV. Television does not use different format, filmconstructed for thinking audience with a dramaturgy based on complimentary

He had role in some films: “Magdana’s Lurja” (directors: Tengiz Abuladze,Rezo Chkheidze, 1955), “Stranger’s children” (Director: Tengiz Abuladze, 1958),“I, Grandmother, Iliko and Ilarion” (Director: Tengiz Abuladze, 1962),“Bela”(Director: Stanislav Rostotski, 1966), “Smiling boys” (director:RezoChkheidze, 1969)He is a director of 35 Documental films and 2 Pictures. He had some prizes inone and others International Prize.In 2008 He was awarded by film cinematography.Tel.: + 995 (32) 90 72, +995 (99) 94 90 72

Ira Demetradze

NEO MYTHOLOGY IN CINEMA ON BASIS OF WESTERN EUROPEANFILM PROCESS

Summary

Neo mythological consciousness is one of the basic phenomenons determiningthe twentieth century cultural mentality. Starting from symbolism up to PostModern time period every artistic movement implies Neo mythologicalconsciousness. In the work of Luchino Visconti historical realities and this orthat depicted time period is subjected to mythology.Psychoanalytical and symbolic interpretation of Nazism is of a particularinterest in the movie “Sandra”. Visconti’s “Sandra” depicts problems of thesame class and people of same formation with means of mythology. SiblingsSandra and Jean represent prototypes of Electra and Orestes - children ofAgamemnon. Here their incestuous relationship is greatly emphasized. Mother,who is a betrayer and murderer of her “spouse”, gives way to “Hamlet”allusions.It is interesting to analyze cultural and mythological aspects of incest. ClaudeLevi-Strauss stresses the social function of this problem. Ban put on incest isconsidered as an important precondition for transition from natural to cultural,civil. In other words incest is considered as crime against culture and nature.On of the motives of Visconti’s movie is very much the same. Italy’s upperclass in the face of Sandra and Jean is in isolation, locked up in its own shell.In mythology incest is very often synonymous with cannibalism. It impliesdevouring its own likeness with the aim of prolonging own life.

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metaphors in their pictures. Modern metaphoric constructions may have verycomplex and many-sided meanings. Metaphors are mostly divided in threecategories: plasticity, dramatic and ideological metaphors. Plasticity metaphoris based on purely visual similarity or contrast. Dramatic metaphor is situatedon a higher level. It represents the integral part of the action and introducesexplanatory element into it. And the last, third category is an ideologicalmetaphor. The purpose of this metaphoric mean is to conceive into theimagination of a spectator the idea, which goes beyond boundaries of theaction of the movie and finally becomes subject to expression of a certainoutlook.In difference to literature metaphor, the cinematographic metaphor emergesbased on the contrast between the visual elements against the visual andvisuals against the acoustic-verbal.Metaphoric categories shall not be mixed with its types. They have differentbasis for classification/division. Metaphor-detail, inter-still metaphor,metaphor-still, metaphor-montage phrase, metaphor-episode, chain ofmetaphors within the film structure, etc. These are the types of metaphor thatare observed in the modern cinematography, as its organic elements.

ABOUT AUTHORCinematographer. PhD. Sota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University1987-1991 Minsk University of Arts Faculty of Drama director.1994 - Tbilisi Shota Rustaveli Institute of Theater and Cinema, faculty ofcinema. Was awarded the qualification of editor-methodologist.1994 - was employed by Nato Vachnadze Academy of the Georgian cinema.1994 - stageour at TV company “Kavkasia” .1995 - Channel 1 of the Georgian TV, film programs section, TV program“Kinotvali” (co-author and anchor).1997 - post graduate student at the Institute of Theater and Cinema. 1997 -conducted the series of lectures “art of painter in cinema” at the Instituteof Theater and Cinema. Tel.: + 995 ( 95) 55 95 57; + 995 (32) 39 76 03;e-mail:[email protected]

shots and does not require much explanation; audience of which becomes aparticipant of the story and image making own conclusion.The leading topic of every TV documentary on Georgian channels – “Channel1”, “Imedi”, “Rustavi 2” is the recent past. It seams as though they haveconspired and transformed this past as a scarecrow into the present; present,which due to Mass Media is made into a scene for political struggle for powerand society as such is rarely seen if ever.

ABOUT AUTHORAn associate Professor of Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film StateUniversity.Leader of the TV direction.He has graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Institute’s CinemaDireting Faculty. He is a director 30 short and and documentary pictures – inthe studio “Mematiane” and “Georgian Film”. He had some prize in one andothers Unit and International Prize.He worked: sauch as producer in the studio Georgian scientist-popular anddocumantary films; In TV Company “9 channels” by informational programleader producer; In TV Company “Mze” by informational program leaderproducer.From 2002 year he is teaching in the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmUniversity. Today he is leading the documentary film’s master class.From 1998 year he is teaching in the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmUniversity and in the other Universities: “TV producer”, “Documentary filmproducer”, “TV advertisement”, “TV technic amd technologes”, “TV produserand montage (for TV journalists)”Tel: + 995 (32) 39 21 24; + 995 (77) 50 09 07e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Rusudan Kvaratskhelia

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF METAPHOR

Summary

Metaphor, as a mean of generalization, is typical for any art. One of the waysof creating cinematographic metaphor is borrowed from literature. Initiallyfilms were simply reflecting the outline of the piece. Film directors of 20-ieswere applying various means to introduce important, significant verbal

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Giorgi Kharebava

LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EDITING

Summary

Back to the times when the Film editing was first given its name, no one wouldhave thought to call it something more distinctive.As linear editing did notexist, neither did the tern ̀ non-linear editing’ (NLE)Today though any kind of editing involving film stock can easily be callednon-linear.we can nowadays differentiate three types of editing systems.

ABOUT AUTHORProfessor at Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State UniversityFilm Director;Directed and produced two short narrative and six documentary films. Duringthe past six years he has worked at various Georgian TV stations as Director.Studied General Courses of Film Directing at Scuola Nazionale di Cinema diRoma, Italy as well as Doctorate Courses for free research at University ofBologna.Currently he is working on a topic titled “Breaks in Film Editing” as well as ontranslation of a film production handbook.He is the president of GFM.Tel.: +995 (77) 17 90 01;E-mail: [email protected]

Tinatin Chabukiani

STRUCTURE OF EDITING(Editing as means of creating a film image)

Summary

In this part of my work I will focus on film part in scene art and the importanceof editing in reference to it. Acting and its peculiarities are different in theatreand film. Film does not tolerate exaggerated acting. Here details, close ups andmiddle visuals attain more importance. Thus acting out every gesture andestimation requires a lot of skill. Here the line between real and imaginable isvery fine.Along with many other difficulties it is known, that films are not shotsuccessively and film part is practically created after editing is done. Due toits peculiarity, different types, “stars”, or just people who look good on screenget to play along with the actor; even more, sometimes an actor is of a minorimportance on screen. On screen an actor in just as much of an objects asmany other objects in film.Quite a large number of directors prefer editing when it comes to creating afilm part. Although some consider movement to be more important. Someconsider acting to be decisive. Along with the history of film development, weare able to trace the different stages of development of editing as well – fromthe simple forms up to the most complex. In the final part of my work I tried tostate successively the processes an actor has to go through while creating afilm part and the importance of editing in reference to it. Methodology isbased on the experience of famous film directors and theoreticians as well ason my twenty-five year work practice in theatre and television.

ABOUT AUTHORDirector. Researcher. An associate Professor of Georgian Shota RustaveliTheatre and Film State UniversityShe has graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s DramaDirecting Faculty.From 1980 to 1989 worked on Georgian Broadcasting Company (Channel 1) –first in television theatre, then in music editorial board as an artistic director;from 1989 to 2004 worked as an artistic director of child programs.Her dissertation thesis is: “Civil designation of child broadcast and itsaesthetical characteristics” (according to Georgian TV projects)Currently she works on a topic: “Structural Consistency of Editing”Tel: +995 (99) 94 47 00

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Davit Gujabidze is the director, cameraman and author of documental, featureand musical films. He has also directed music videos and commercials.He is the author of articles and researches published in different times in suchnewspapers and magazines as “Georgian film”, “New Epoch”, “Cinema”,“Omega”, “Theatrical Narrator”, “Culture”, “Duruji”, “Research in theatre andcinematography” and many more.Tel: +995 ( 99 ) 55 30 93

Nana Dolidze

THE BASIC TENDENCIES OF TELEVISION DEVELOPMENT

Summary

The coinage of the term “television” is connected with Constantin Persk.The term first was stated at the international congress held in Paris, in 1890.Despite of the fact, that existance of TV history (the regular broadcasting ismeant here) counts only a century, it managed to become a permanentcompanion of modern human being and his social life. The first period of television development is called experimental, when theaudiovisual means of communication was formed. Soon it became a leader bythe help its new aesthetical originality. The Invention of apparatus is followed by the experiments in creating picture,voice, color, methods of broadcasting, televiosion genres, also forminginteresting tendency for the global development. The problem of space was solved by creating the possibility of receiving theinformational message in the real time. Television became simultaneous. The designated factors define thecharacteristics of modern TV functions, also its aesthetical opportunitiesand directions of development of television product.

ABOUT AUTHORThe Doctor of Art Study. Cinema and Television researcher.Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theater and Film State University - the Head ofMaster’s Program in “Telemedia”. The field studies - ContemporaryProcesses of World Cinema and Television. The author and editor-in-chiefof the electronic magazine “Mediakritika”. Has published 20 scientific -research works and one monograph.Tel: +995(32)23 32 33; +995(99) 58 48 85.e-mail: [email protected]

MEDIA STUDIES

DavidGujabidze

TV ELECTRICAL SPECIAL EFFECTS AND THEATRE ON THE SCREEN

Summary

There is an opinion in Georgian research literature, that “filmmaker, whilemaking video version of the theatrical performance should avoid usage ofspecial effects, in order not to disturb the process of reproduction of theperformance.” the term “special effect” means options of video editing suchas: “fan”, “banish”, “fade” etc. which allows continuous transition from onescene to another. While creating the video version of theatrical performance,classical editing is preferred for sake of retaining the unity of the genre.This opinion is opposed in the article. The author suggests that in the modernstage of the TV language development it is possible and even necessary touse technical achievements of video editing. This is applied when the goal offilmmaker is not only documenting, but the creation of “Audio-visual”adequate of the performance, which asks for TV language elements; the lateramplifies transmission of the content of the drama on screen.For illustration, author reviews video versions of several performancescontaining “fade” and other electrical special effects, which is consideredperfectly natural.Relying on the examples presented in the article, author concludes that in theprocess of creation of video versions of the theatrical performances it isnecessary to apply TV language elements - (special effects), however theseeffects should be chosen under supervision of performance editor.

ABOUT AUTHORAssociate professor at Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film StateUniversity.Graduated from I. Javakhishvili State University’s faculty of Physics withmajor in radio physics. Studied at Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre andCinema in Levan Paatashvili’s studio class of Photography directing and MerabKokochashvili studio class of movie directing.2003 He was an intern in Germany at “Nipkow-programm” of European Media-Professionals international program scholarship recipient.2008 member of USID-s program “Community connections” for Georgianfilm-producers, Holywood, USA

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George Chartolani

TALK-SHOW AS THE POSSIBILITY TO UPGRADE PROFESSIONALCULTURE OF THE TV JOURNALIST

Summary

Talk-Show – is the most popular TV genre in Georgia. Usually, themanagements of social-political direction of broadcasters are using “Talk-Show” when the society is very politicize, a deeply interested in every detailinternal politics. At the same time “Talk-Show” is very effective for the rating,and popularization of politicians. The genre - “Talk-Show” although is usedby every direction of TV journalism. Together with analytics, this genre ispopular in artistic, sporting and entertainment programs as well.The whole complex of collective and individual work on the Talk-Show turnsit into the universal teaching material for the future journalists, in the processof becoming a skilful master. After that when the students will be alreadytrained in all genres of information and analytical journalism, as well as beingtrained in the “standard of speech”; in the system of the practical experimentaltraining, for the future journalists, we have to use “Talk-Shaw” as a trainingcomponent.The main aim, main goal of the experimental teaching is to training students inthe methods of preparing and leading (as anchors), the very complicated TVgenre. To elucidate in the technology, clear up how to construct the Talk-Show program.Firstly, for the students would be given mission to think over the subject ofthe program. After will be decided what king of report will be needed and hasto be done about the subject. Than students have to decide the guests for themain discussion. Also would be chosen anchor. Because it is trainingexperimental show, anchor, guests and hall of audience will be students. Itwould be better if the subjects of discussion in the Talk-Shows would be thejuvenile, like: life of students, sport’s life problems in show business and ext.During the preparing of training experimental Talk-Show, it has to be accenton all of the details which is common for this program. Also in such importantdetails as it is the arrange studio, disposition of anchor, guests and audience.It would be better to make training experimental Talk-Show at the same lecture-hall which is belonging for student’s training process. This lecture-hall wouldbe looking like TV studio pavilion.Training in the preparing of experimental Talk-Show, for future journalists isvery important in the process to becoming a skilful professional. These kinds

Giorgi Targamadze

JOURNALISM AND CITIZENSHIP. RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Summary

Information is a currency for democracy - the freer its circulation is, the healthierthe political and social system gets, and vise-versa.

The article defines civil responsibilities of journalists and population. Itdescribes possible negative aspects of journalism, explains reasons ofanticipated mistakes and provides brief information on the monitoring bodiesof journalists in the USA.

The author introduces new Georgian terms such as ̀ karga’ instead of English`frame’ and ̀ kargva’ instead of ̀ framing’. He named an English term `frame ofmind’, which exists inside an individual’s mind, as an ̀ intrinsic karga’, while a`communication frame’ became an ̀ extrinsic karga’. He explains people’s naturalreluctance against being informed on painful social political developments,and their superficial, heuristic approach towards new ideas. He places arequirement on journalists as well as on citizens that only true and correctinformation should be used in public relationships.

ABOUT AUTHORLecturer of Georgianss Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University.Journalist; Member of the Georgian Parliament. In 1999 he graduated TbilisiState University , Department of Jurnalist. From 1994 he worked in Adjara ArtState Institute as a reader. in 1993 he was a director of Adjara televison andradio department. from 2003 he was a director of broadcasting company “Imedi”.from 2002 he is a lecturer in The Shota Rustaveli State University of Theatreand Cinema. He have taken part in international conferences concerningmedia issues. In 2009 in the world media congress in Munich.

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Marina Bokuchava

ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN IN CHINESE PORCELAIN PIECES(according to piecec kept in S. Janashia Museum of Art’s porcelain fund)

Summary

At the Georgian State National Museum’s Janashia Museum’s porcelain fundlot of Chinese porcelain subjects are preserved. Decoration and thematic ofthe décor of these subjects is very rich and various. There are theremonochromic and polychromic porcelain subjects with Cobalt decorationcovered with the images of plants, geometrical figures, landscapes, Buddhistmotives, human, animal and bird figures, etc.In these elements the different cultural influences are observed, presented asvisual or textual images.On the basis of the study of the existing materials it can be said that one partof the porcelain is “classically” Chinese, i.e. their form and decoration istraditional Chinese. There is another group of samples that demonstrate theforeign - Persian, European or Japanese cultural motives. The research basedon the analysis of existing material and scientific literature, proves that theseporcelain subjects are originally Chinese and these elements are used incommercial or decorative aims. These elements have not changed essentiallythe main original shape and traditional general composition scheme of Chineseporcelain.

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Tbilisi State University linguistic department in 1974. Since1975 she works at the Georgian State Musem’s Janashia Museum EthnologyDepartment. In 1993 she has held dissertation on the theme “Culture and lifeof Ingilos”. During the years she leads the scientific research in GeorgianEthnology. She is author of 17 articles published in different scientific additions.

ART STUDIESof programs are developing the ability which will be very useful for theirfuture activity. In case if the students will not be trained, in the future, theyhave to spend lots of time and labor to study the demands and nuances of thegenre of Talk-Show. In the conclusion we have to say that, Talk-Show, whichis the universal and the most spread genre of TV (we have to mention that thisgenre is typical jus for TV broadcasters), we have to include in the educationalprograms for the students, who choose for their future to be connected withthe TV broadcasters.

ABOUT AUTHORThe Doctor of science in art Associative professor in journalism - IvaneJavakhishvili Tbilisi State University ; Associative professor in Media Line -Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Cinema State University.Tel.: +995 (32) 318 818. +995 ( 77 ) 500 326; +995 (79) 500 326E-Mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

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ABOUT AUTHORDoctor of Art History.Graduated From Tbilisi I. Javakhishvili State University, Faculty of ArtHistory and Theory.2009 till now works at the National Agency for Cultural Heritage preservationof Georgia2005-2009 - Ministry of Culture, Monument Protection and Sport of Georgia -Head of the division of Strategic Planning and European Cooperation ofCultural Heritage Department2002-2003 - Monument protection Department of Georgia - Head of theMovable Monuments Protection Division2001-2002 - Coordinator of the Movable Monuments State Program in theMinistry of culture of Georgia1995-2002 - Ministry of culture of Georgia - Expert1992-2007 – Sh. .Rustaveli State University of Theatre and Film - lecturercourses: History of Georgian Art and Cultural Haritage of CeorgiaHas published 24 articles;Monographies: “ Theatre Architecture in Georgia,” Tbilisi, 2005 ; “WhetherThere Was a Theatre in Uplistsikhe”, Tbilisi, 2009.Topic of research: History of Georgian art. Theatre architectureTel.: +995 (99) 926 592; +995 (77) 27 00 45 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Irma Dolidze

TBILISI OLD THEATRE

Summary

By the early seventies of XIX century, in Tbilisi existed two theatric buildingsof European style: Tbilisi Theatre in Tamamshev’s Caravanserai situated inYerevan Square and another – The Summer Theatre in the Garden of EngineeringDepartment.In the Caravanserai Theatre that was built in 1847-1851 (architect – G. Scudieri,interior designer – Gr. Gagarin), despite of many advantages (auditorium inItalian style, Good acoustics, décor of the interior and etc.) due to the lack, ofventilation, the performances were suspended for almost five months. Adecision was made to build a summer theatre. The place has been chosen inthe garden of Engineering Department, on the crossing of Engineering andWater-carrier streets (recently streets of S. Virsaladze and Djambuli) By August1870, the building had been completed. The Summer Theatre had 2 circles anda gallery. The interior was painted by the decorator Knol. The Summer Theatrewas designed in the context of entire complex of the garden that was plannedand elaborated with a great carefully.The Summer Theatre’s designing documentation has not reached up to now.According to existed materials, the notable architect of that time, AlbertZalcman has taken part in its construction. He was also the author ofreconstruction of the Theatre. Mainly, after the burn-down of the CaravanseraiTheatre (in 1874) The Summer Theatre was reconstructed and provided withadditional walls and stoves in order to enable its functioning in winter.The useful information, up to which time the theatre has existed, contain mapsof Tbilisi. On the map of 1898 the Summer Theatre is marked as the “OldTheatre (Treasury)”and Opera Theatre is signed as the “Big Theatre (treasury).On Tbilisi maps of 1903-1904 that were completed in 1906, the Summer Theatreis not signed at all.Therefore, the Summer Theatre that has been built in 1870 existed till 1906.Mainly in that Theatre there was opened the first season of professionalGeorgian theatre and after almost quarter of a century without theatre, Georgianprofessional drama theatre was restored.

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Ketevan Japaridze

PARTRIARCH OF MEDIACRITICS

Summary

Called as the “Partriarch of mediacritics”, canadian enlightener, philosopher,scientist, critic of literature, sociologist, the outstanding media investigatorHerbert Marshal Mcluhan dedicated all his life to the research of influence ofthe mass media communication means over the society in the psycological,sociological, historical, physiological point of view. The following works arediscussed in the article: “Gutenberg Galaxy”, “Global Village”, and the“Extensions of Man”. In Mcluhan’s opinion, the development of mass media communicationssignificantly changed the relationship between human beings.The development of society is stipulated by the development ofcommunication means. Mankind transferring into the collective individualism, returns to the tribalbase by the help of globalization and a new social body is formed. There areno isolated cultures and worlds. The world becomes a big global village,where everybody knows each other, there are no borders between countriesand there are no obstecles in the exchanging of information. The scientist’ s works always were controversial in the western scientificcircle, despite of this fact they always remained as the subject of their particularinterest.

UNIVERSITY’MA PROGRAM

TELEMEDIA

Program Leader - Nana Dolidze

Nino Bagrationmukhraneli-Gabunia

PROGRAM STRATEGIES OF GEORGIAN CHANNELS

Summary

The most important thing in television broadcasting is the maintenance of thetelevision program, sense and value of transmitted information. Exactly heremanifests the program strategy of the television broadcasting, which contentsit transmits to the screen and which interests of the spectators can it consider.According to the analysis of the television programme were determined theprogram priorities of the Georgian television broadcasting stations. The surplusof the entertainment programmes, whose quality has not often grown to thedemands, is remarkable. On the other side tries the television broadcastingstation, which depends on the advertisement market, to monopolize itself asthe best transmitter of the entertainment programmes for mass spectators. Inthis background are not the knowledge programmes, educational or childprogrammes especially lucrative and, moreover, these are not competitive.However, the demands to the state television are rather different, because hisprimary job consists in behaving adequately to the social demands and inoffering multi-faceted programme to the audience.

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Accuracy of framing should be double-checked during the first directinstallation (by carrying out special manipulations with the two cameras; slipsto be corrected and the plans enhanced).In order to translate theatrical language of performance into “telemotion picturearts” language, it is necessary to solve various, unique problems.Different genre performances, proceeding from the tempo-rhythmic dynamics,demand accordingly different numbers of shooting frames and panoramas.The tempo-rhythmic structure of theatrical performances is stretched unlikethe structure of photoplays therefore it is necessary to “compress” time oftheatrical performance so to not lose its character and image.Theatrical mise en scenes of conditional character are absolutely frontal andon the screen they look deceitfully (lose their truthfulness).Their correction is calculated so that on the screen the feeling of truthfulnessperception was not broken.Each performances, has its unique design decisions, starting from the stage-broadcasting, and finishing a feature film created on the basis of theatricalperformance.

Theatrical performances do not live eternally, they have time of blossoming,fading and death. Timely fixation of performances is important in interests ofthe future generations and for further development of theatrical art.

MEANS OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN TELEVISION

DIRECTING

Program Leader - Sandro Vakhtangovi

Nikoloz Kereselidze

TELEVISION AND THEATRE

Summary

It happened in 1928 on the first of November, when for the first time in TVhistory the company «General Electric» (New York, the USA) has broadcastedperformance of «The Queen’s messenger” play.A few decades later, in 1958, for the first time in Georgia, management of thenew-born Georgian television has invited M.Tumanishvili for staging the playby D.Kldiashvili «Troubles of Darispana».Thanks to its specificity and psychology this play presented a good prospectfor a screen version (close-up of the characters’ portraits).Late in eighties digital techniques introduced into film-making technologyhave made shooting process simpler, more economic, easy and consequently,- productive.Two main directions have been distinguished in film-making technology:The first direction means shooting performance when the budget is limited,and “classical” shooting is impossible. Shooting is being carried out by onecamera, giving one plan without spectators, and two cameras with spectators.Shooting process is supervised remotely by the means of monitors and ear-phones.The sound structure consists of three parts: voices of the actor, a soundwhich is heard from the hall and reaction of the spectators. The best resultwould be reached by means of installation.The second direction means shooting (recording) performances in presenceof auditorium, yet using techniques, devices and various technological effectsand artistic measures which in result impress and fill spectators with admiration.Here instantaneousness of television framing is vitally important. In advanceit should be properly planned, what places it is necessary to put cameras inand which one in a certain interval of time would be shooting the certain partof the stage where the character would act, etc.

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