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@m tfk`m ZSFT, l prfvil, alstrmr `m pmnttuvl mkkfsl kumnel fstmcm eisplnic`f. @klnlkfn klal tfk`ms ef dunkilnfs l tfkdunkilnfs. Fstn ucikmems bustl efcmbl etfk`ms sf uti`izmn pmrm inikimr dunkilnfs lquf mpmrfkfn fn f` rfnh`n ef` afn ef

ucikmel fn `m pmrtf indfrilr ef `m pmntm``@ms lpkilnfs eisplnic`fs pmrm f` lpfrmelklnstmntfafntf y efpfnefn ef` sldtwmklntrl`melr.

@m tfk`m [IHVIFNUF (NFWU) aufstrm lpkiltfk`ms ef dunkilnfs, kumnel fxistfn eikgM@UM[ ([GIDU ) buntl kln ltrm tfk`m fbfkut

prinkipm`afntf rf`mkilnmems m `ls alvia@m tfk`m AFN[ (AFNV[) aufstrm `m pmnprinkipm`. Kumnel nl fst sfhurl ef quf` cltn AFN[ quf `f alstrmr `ms lpkDKUN l `m tfk`m ef dunkilnfs, aufstrm unpfraitf m `ls lpfrmelrfs kmacimr fn `ms ]VIKO (SZIEL) m DV@@ (Z@FNL).

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@m tfk`m tfmkg (fnsfmr) ink`uyf [F@FKU, F([F@FKKILNMS, FEIUMS Y EMUL[). F` cltnpmrm krfmr, kmrhmr l humremr prlhrmams. F` pmntm``m ef` prlhrmam sf`fkkilnmel fn fsfEMUL[ bm`m `ms pmntm``ms pmrm vfr l feitmr e

vmrimc`fs quf pueifrmn uti`izmrsf fn `ls prl[UFZ (ZM[L) kmacim `m sf`fkkin ef` alel pfraitf prlcmr un prlhrmam un pmsl m `m vVsf `m tfk`m SF[FU (SF[UMC@FKFS) pmrm `iapm`mrams ef frrlr quf sf prfsfntfn.@m tfk`m GL@E (EFUFNIEL) sf usm pmrm pmu``fvnel`l m un alviaifntl ef efsmkf`frmFNUFS (INHSF[MS) mkfptm l iap`fafntm uprfvimafntf tlamem fn f` Ufmkg Zfnemnt.Vsf `m tfk`m DXE l Mef`mntmr pmrm fbfkutmrprlhrmam gmkim mef`mntf. @m tfk`m CXE l Mrfhrfsmr f` rlclt un rfnh`n m `m vfz, kumneintfhrieme ef un prlhrmam un pmsl m `m vfz@m tfk`m KLLSE l Kllrefnmem sf usm pmrm ef amnipu`mkin "blh" l f` sistfam ef kllr

pmrm alvfr f` rlclt.

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@ms lpkilnfs eisplnic`fs sln2 BLINU, XLS@E, BLH, V[FS(V[VMSIL) y GFSSMAIFNUM. @ms tfk`ms ef vf`lkieme efamnipu`mkin blh tifnfn un plrkfntmbf plsitivl l nfhmtivl ysf usmn pmrm sf`fkkilnmr l mbustmr `m vf`lkieme ef` rlclt m`alvfrsf.

@m tfk m CMKO[ZMKF (SFHSF[MS VN F[ZMKIL) sf usm pmrmclrrmr kmrmktfrfs l nafrls quf mpmrfkfn inafeimtmafntfefspus ef` kurslr. Vsf `m tfk`m IUFA (FNUSMEM) pmrmsf`fkkilnmr rfnh`lnfs ef fntrmems fn `ms pmntm``ms ef`Zrlhrmams ef` Ufmkg Zfnemnt.

Fstm tfk`m fs un atlel as mvmnzmel ef alvfr f` kurslrgmstm un rfnh`n efsfmel ef` prlhrmam. @m tfk`m ZL[N l

Zlsikin alstrmrm `m pmntm` m ef eftm``fs ef plsikilnfs kln `mindlramkin ef `m plsikin rfspfktl ef `m ucikmkin, `mlrifntmkin y `m klndihurmkin ef kmem fbf. F` usumril pufefrfefdinir fstf cltn. @m tfk`m [UMUV[ (F[UMUV[) alstrmr `mpmntm``m ef F[UMUV[. Gmy siftf tfk ms efsihnmems pmrm quf f`usumril `ms efdinm. @ms tfk`ms x, y, z, y B= m `m B4 sf klnlkfnklal tfk`ms ef amnipu`mkin blh y sf uti`izmn pmrm alvfr lamnipu`mr f` rlclt. F` tfk`mel nuarikl dmki itm `m nmvfhmkin

efntrl ef `ls afns y pmntm``ms ef` sldtwmrf y pfraitf f`inhrfsl ef emtls nuarikls.

@ms tfk`ms ef` kurslr sln mquf``mmpuntmn m `m efrfkgm, izquifrem,tfk`ms ef` kurslr pfraitfn f`eirfkkin quf mpuntm kmem unm efs mquf``m quf bm`m `ms pmntm``mssm`iems). Zrfsilnf fstm tfk`m pmrmtipl ef I/Ls eisplnic`fs fn f` sisklndihurmr unm I/L.

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Vstfe vfr quf f` klaprfnefr k`mrmafntf `ls alels bBLINU y XLS@E sf tlrnmr fn unm rfdfrfnkim csikm pm

aukgms ef sus nfkfsiemefs ef prlhrmamkin.

Ym sfm quf su mp`ikmkin iap`iquf un rlclt fstmkilnmril, l unl quf trmacifntf ef sfhuiaifntl fn `nfm l ef sfhuiaifntl fn rif`, fn elnsfhuir unm pifzm y klntinumr gmkifnel su trmcmbl sin eftfnfrsf. @m akln blh y f` rfdfrfnkimel ef indlramkin ef `ms plsikilnfs sfrndunkin klal lpfrmelr. Kln fstl klnk`uials fstf aeu`l. Fn `mseimplsitivms sf `f prfsfntmr un kufstilnmril pmrm prlcmr sus klnlkiaif