Retales Masonería Número 039 - Julio-Agosto 2014

7/21/2019 Retales Masonería Número 039 - Julio-Agosto 2014

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TG^HIG[ NG AH[B@GTÁHHØB > - @ÝAGTB ;< - Muilb-Hobstb ng 4:8>

Gi kb`tg`lnb ng ibs hrtákuibs b rggmh gkgshrlhag`tg gi pu`tb ng vlsth ngi gqul-pb ng ’Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh‑ sl`b ý`lkh y gxkiuslvhag`tg gi ng ibs hutbrgs ng

nlkfbs hrtákuibs.

[g nlstrlduyg gxkiuslvhag`tg g` ebrahtb gigktrû`lkb. [l ngsgh rgkldlr g` su gahli`btlkhklb`gs ng ùgvbs `ýagrbs b lèbrahklû`

sbdrg ih rgvlsth, pugng nhrsg ng hith g` ùgstrh ilsth ng AhliKflap(fttp=//ggpuri.kba/Ort^z ) b sbilkltè`nbib hi gahli ngi kbbrnl`hnbr

g-ahli ngi Kbbrnl`hnbr= rgthigsngahsb`grlhJoahli.kba

Ahrlb Iûpgz A.¿.A.¿. (Kbbrnl`hklû`)

Ohòigrl ([lad.) A.¿.A.¿. (Ahqugthklû`)

Ahùgi [butb A.¿.A.¿. -

Kbihdbrhnbr= Hrah`nb Ouhskf A.¿.A.¿.

Kbihdbrhnbr= Hqulil`b T. Ighi A.¿.A.¿.

Kbihdbrhnbr= M. A. Dhrrgnb Ah`nzluc A.¿.A.¿.

Kbihdbrhnbr= Hiergnb Tbdgrtb @gttb A.¿.A.¿.

Gi kb`tg`lnb sg g`kug`trh dhmb ilkg`klh Krghtlvg Kbaab`s KK D\-@K-@N ;.:fttp=//krghtlvgkbaab`s.bro/ilkg`sgs/dy-`k-`n/;.:/nggn.gs

[thee nlrgktlvb



XX.•.FF.•. tbnbs, h khnh u`b g` su orhnb y kb`nlklû`.

[bdgrdlh, brouiib, vh`lnhn, Kb`klg`klh. Kuhtrb phihdrhs qug nh` iuohr h nbs trhdhmbs qug pbnrè` iggrg` gstg `ýagrb. Zgrb qug ag fhkg` rgkhphklthr y pg`shr g` vbz hith.

[babs kb`sklg`tgs ibs ahsb`gs ng qug `b pbkhs vgkgs sg`tlabs brouiib ng sgrib, `hnh ahib fhy g`prl`klplb, pgrb `b sgrè h vgkgs qug g` vgz ng brouiib `bs vh`hoibrlhabs ng sgrib, `b khgrgabs `b pb-

khs vgkgs g` ih sbdgrdlh y ih vh`lnhn.

@b sgrè qug aukfhs vgkgs bs sg`tlabs aès brouiibsbs ng ngabstrhr ib qug sbabs qug ng hktuhr kbabib qug sg supb`g qug sbabs, ng abstrhr kb` `ugstrbs hktbs qug sbabs nlo`bs ng iigvhr u` ah`nli y `bqug ib iigvhabs phrh prgsualr ng giib.

@b sì ib qug fhrè` ustgngs, yb vby h iggr ih rgvlsth y h rgkhphklthr u` pbkb g` gi gnltbrlhi.

W` ^.•.H.•.E.•. y `bs iggabs gi ags qug vlg`g.

>

8:

8?

;7

²Ahsb`gráh kb`tgapihtlvh2

Ibs nbkg trhdhmbs ng Fìrkuigs y ihgvbiuklû` ngi Hiah (LL)

@bil ag ^h`ogrg

Zrgou`ths ng Ahsb`gráh

Ebtbs y nbkuag`tbs h`tloubs

Gnltbrlhi

4:787:

74 Zhshtlgapbs

47 L`lklhklû` y rgog`grhklû`

77

Ih kb`klg`klh

Dhmb ih nlrgkklû` ngiAhgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs

Horhngklalg`tbs

75 Zudilklnhn orhtulth

>7 Nlkklb`hrlb Ahsû`lkb

>? Zbiìalkhs phrh ildrgpg`shnbrgs

á`nlkg

;8 [bdgrdlh, brouiib y vh`lnhn

;? Ahtgaètlkh g` ih Ahsb`gráh

>> Eg ng grrhths



> Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

AH@W[KTL^B KBBCG - Egkfhnb g`trg gi 8>8: y gi 8>4:²Ahsb`gráh kb`tgapihtlvh2

²Ahsb`gráh kb`tgapihtlvh2

Zbr gi U.¿. F.¿. Zhuib Egr`h`ngs AburhBrlg`tg ng ^grgsl`h-Zlhuá - DrhsliLnlbah brlol`hi= Zbrtuouìs ngi Drhsli.

^rhnuktbr= U.¿. F.¿. Ahrlb Iûpgz.

Ibs prgsg`tgs tgxtbs eugrb` g`vlhnbs hi gahli ng ih kbbrnl`hklû` ngih rgvlsth mu`tb h u` gahli qug gi hu-tbr rugoh sg pudilqug thadlì`. G` nlkfbgahli sg gxpilkh gi rgsuithnb ng ih prgsg`thklû` ng ih pih`kfh b trhdhmb ah-

sû`lkb qug sg tltuih kbab gstg hrtákuib. Zgrb ngmgabs qug gi hutbr `bs vhyhoulh`nb y rgspgtgabs sus ngsgbs pudilkh`nb tbnb pbr gi brng` qug ngdgfhkgrsg. Hu`qug tbnb sg rggrh h Drhsli gs auy sg`kliib hapilhrib hi rgstb ngiau`nb, h ` ng kug`ths, ibs ahigs qug hegkth` h Drhsli thadlì` hegkth` hiau`nb.

^gxtb ngi gahli g`vlhnb h ih kbbrnl`hklû` ng ih rgvlsth

Gi hrtákuib ’Ahïþ`hrlh kb`tgapihtlvh2‑ abtlvû u`h sgslû` gxtrhbr -nl`hrlh g` ih HTI[ S8Q Thui [grrh`b `½ 8585, Brlg`tg ng ^grgsl`h-ZL S4S, gi náh4? ng ahyb ng 4:8>. G` gsh sgslû` sg nlskutlgrb` tgahs kbab ih vlb-ig`klh,kbrrupklû`, lapu`lnhn y ìtlkh g` ih pbiátlkh lapilkh`nb ih krghklû` ng uàh`lgstb kb`trh ibs ahigs qug hsbih` h ugstrb phás. H phrtlr ngi ah`lgstb,

eug krghnb gi ABULAG@^B AHÏB@HTLH ULOLIH@-^G qug, ng`trb ng btrhshkklb`gs, rgskhth gi phpgi sbklhi ng ih ahsb`gráh y ih kbibkh g` ih vh`-

ouhrnlh ng ibs khadlbs qug ih sbklgnhn rgkihah. Gstg abvlalg`tb tlg`gkhrèktgr pgrah`g`tg y duskh kb`trldulr g` ih kb`s-trukklû` ng u` phás aès mustb y fuah`lthrlb.

Hsá ih Ahsb`gráh, qug prbthob`lzû th`ths iukfhs g` gi phshnb ngùgstrb Drhsli, igvh`th ih dh`ngrh kb`trh ibs ahigs qug `bs fhkg` lègilkgs ykb`vbkh h tbnbs ibs ahsb`gs phrh gsth lapbrth`tg dhthiih.

@bsbtrbs, qug fhkgabs phrtg ngi ABULAG@^B AHÏB@HTLH ULOL-IH@^G, horhngkgráhabs y `bs sg`tlráhabs auy fb`rhnbs kb` ih pudilkhklû`ng gstg hrtlkuib y ngi ah`lgstb mu`tb h ihs gxpilkhklb`gs g`-klah ag`klb -

`hnhs

Zhuib Aburh

²Ahsb`gráh kb`tgapihtlvh2 S;Q

[g fhdih aukfb, g` ibs tgapibs ahsû`lkbs, sbdrg ih phrtlklphklû`ng ih Ahsb`gráh g` ibs orh`ngs hkb`-tgklalg`tbs au`nlhigs ngi phshnb. Gsl``gohdig ih eugrzh y ih lùg`klh qug ih Ahsb`gráh tuvb g` gi ngsh-rrbiibng nlkfbs gvg`tbs. Bilabs h ibs fgrah`bs ngklr, kb` brouiib igoátlab, qug gi

phpgi ngsgapgøhnb pbr ùgstrh Brng` eug eu`nhag`thi g` ih iukfh kb`-

trh ih tlrh`áh, ibs prgkb`kgptbs y ibs grrbrgs. Ih Tgvbiuklû` Erh`kgsh, ih L`ng-

S8Q @bth=HTI[= Huousth y Tgspgth-

dig Ibolh [ladûilkh

S4Q @bth=ZL= [loihs ngi gsthnb ngZlhuá ‛ Drhsli.

S;Q @bth=Dhmb gstg tátuib eug prg-

sg`thnb gi trhdhmb g` ihibolh ag`klb`hnh g` gigahli ngi Fgrah`b ZhuibAburh.

S>Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr=Ih Kb`splrhklû` Al`grh(iihahnh g` pbrtuouìsL`kb`ní`klh Al`glrhngdlnb h fhdgr bkurrlnb

g` ih rgolû` ng Al`hs Og-

rhls) eug u`h kb`splrhklû`bkurrlnh g` gi Drhsli kbib-

`lhi gi høb 8?6<, nlrlolnhh gsthdigkgr ih l`ngpg`-

ng`klh ng ih prbvl`klhng Al`hs Ogrhls g` kb`-

trh ngi Tgl`b ng Zbrtu-

ohi, hprbvgkfh`nb phrhgiib u`h rgvugith pbpuihrkb`trh ibs trldutbs l`sthu-

rhnbs pbr ihs hutbrlnhngskbib`lhigs.



7Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

AH@W[KTL^B KBBCG²Ahsb`gráh kb`tgapihtlvh2

pg`ng`klh ng ibs Gsthnbs W`lnbs, ih l`ngpg`ng`klh ng phásgs sunhagrlkh`bs kbab Kflig, Dbilvlh yHrog`tl`h, ih L`kb`ní`klh Al`glrh S>Q, ih Kbègngrhklû` ng Gkuhnbr, ih L`ngpg`ng`klh ng Drhsli,ih Hdbilklû` ng ih gskihvltun, ih Zrbkihahklû` ng ih Tgpudilkh, g`trg btrbs. Gi phshnb ng oibrlhs ngih l`stltuklû` ahsû`lkh `bs nh u`h klgrth nlag`slû` ng su eugrzh y ng su lùg`klh g` ihs orh`ngskhushs ng ih Fuah`lnhn. hadlì` bs nh ih rgspb`shdlilnhn, hktuhiag`tg, ng kb`tlùhr y ngeg`ngribs lnghigs dèslkbs ng ih Brng` pbrqug sbabs fgrgngrbs ng sus iukfhs, iigvhnhs h tìral`b pbr Fgr -ah`bs ng orh` kbrhmg. ^rhdhmgabs, fby, phrh qug `b sg plgrnh` gsths kb`qulsths th` rgigvh`tgs.

Ih Ahsb`gráh phsû pbr nbs ehsgs nlstl`ths= ih Ahsb`gráh Bpgrhtlvh, l`splrhnh g` ihs prèktl-khs ng ihs oulinhs agnlgvhigs y ih Ahsb`gráh Gspgkuihtlvh, surolnh h phrtlr ng 8?8? g` Ib`nrgs,kuh`nb phsû h hkgpthr algadrbs qug `b grh` hrtgsh`bs ng bklb. G` gstg pgrlbnb, lùlnbs pbr giBkuitlsab, Fgragtlsab y ih Hiqulalh, ibs Hkgpthnbs l`kbrpbrhrb` h ih Ahsb`gráh ibs kb`bklalg`tbshnqulrlnbs g` ihs Gskugihs ng [hdl-nuráh. Ibs Tltuhigs eugrb` krghnbr, kb`tg`lg`nb aukfbs gigag`-

tbs sladûilkbs qug bkuithdh` ibs kb`bkl-alg`tbs h ih vlsth ng ibs prbeh`bs nbth`nb, h su vgz, hiL`lklhnb Ahsû` ng u` hapilb ahtgrlhi ng gstunlb y prbeu`nhs rggxlb`gs. [g l`huourû ih ehsg ng ihAhsb`gráh Gspgkuihtlvh, g` ih qug ih l`nhohklû` ibsûkh oh`û kugrpb, ihs prgbkuphklb`gs ag-

theáslkhs eugrb` nlskutlnhs, ih trh`sauthklû` hiquáalkh rghi tuvb rgigvh`-klh, hsá kbab ibs gstunlbs

ngi H`tloub gsthag`tb, ng ih Kèdhih y ng ih @uagrbiboáh. W`h ehsg rlkh g` gspg-kuihklb`gs sbdrgihs aès nlvgrshs èrghs ngi kb`bklalg`tb fuah`b. ^bnb gstb eug erutb ng u`h ìpbkh, g`g i sloibVULLL, sbdrg tbnb g` Gurbph, gstbs tgahs grh` rgkurrg`tgs g` ibs kárkuibs l`tgigktuhigs. @b pbnáh sgrnlegrg`tg g` ibs tgapibs ahsû`lkbs.

Ih Ahsb`gráh abngr`h, thi kuhi ih kb`bkgabs hktuhiag`tg, tlg`g 4<? høbs. G` 4:8?, vhabsh kbàgabrhr ;:: høbs y, g` gstg gsphklb ng tlgapb, ih khrh ngi au`nb fh khadlhnb aukfb.[l, pbr u` ihnb, ih tgk-`biboáh, ibs kb`bklalg`tbs y ihs kbstuadrgs fh` suerlnb orh`ngs hvh`kgs3pbr btrb ihnb, hiou`hs ahilklhs ngi Fbadrg hý` sloug` h pgrpgtuhrsg sl` vlsth ng `hi. Ougrrhs,fhadrg, vlbig`klh ngsgèrg`hnh, ngsgapigb, kbrrupklû` g` tbnhs ihs gsegrhs, hbmhalg`tb ng ibsihzbs ehalilhrgs, l`vgrslû` ng ibs vhibrgs, sgxbihtráh y tbxlkbah`áh sb` hpg`hs hiou`bs gmgapibs ng

ibs ahigs qug `bs hlog` g` ùgstrh ìpbkh.

L`kiusb ngih`tg ng gstbs orhvgs prbdigahs, g` ùgstrh ibolhs b fhy ngdhtg b dýsqugnh ngeûrauihs phrh g`kb`trhr sbiuklb`gs. Bkuphabs gi abag`tb ng ih sgslû` ngstl`hnb h ih phihdrhg` dlg` ng ih Brng` g` og-`grhi y ng ih ibolh g` phrtlkuihr phrh ’mustlkhr‑ husg`klhs, egilklthr hiFgrah`b pbr ih ’drliih`tg plgzh ng hrqultgkturh‑ g` gi ^lgapb ng Gstunlbs, kbau`lkhr ih husg`klhg` ih prûxlah sgslû` b rgihthr hioý` l`klng`tg kbtlnlh`b. @lòu`h prbpugsth, prbygktb b khaphøh3`lòu`h hkklû` gegktlvh qug shqug h ibs Fgrah`bs ngi sugøb igtèrolkb g` gi qug sg fh` zhaduiil-nb. Gsthabs nbralnbs, g` sugøbs.

Alg`trhs th`tb, g` ihs egkfhs kávlkhs, rgkbrnhabs ibs fgkfbs ngi phshnb ng ih Ahsb`gráh. G`hitg-

kgabs gi kbrhmg ng ibs Fgrah`bs qug iukfhrb` kb` drhvurh kb`trh ih tlrh`áh y bs rg-mudlihabs kb`gi prgtìrltb oibrlbsb ng ùgstrh Brng`. Alg`trhs ib fhkgabs, gi au`nb qug `bs rbngh sg ngsabrb -

`h ngih`tg ng th`ths trhognlhs. Ih kbrrupklû` y ih ehith ng ìtlkh ng ibs pbiátlkbs y ng ibs ogstbrgs,sustrhyg`nb ùgstrhs gspgrh`zhs ng u`h vlnh nlo`h3 ih vlbig`klh gplnìalkh qug lègsth ùgstrhsklunhngs, tlrh`nb vlnhs y hkhdh`nb kb` ih phz3 ibs rgkursbs hturhigs slg`nb ngsdhsthnbs g` ba-

drg ngi khplthilsab y ngi prgnhtbrlb iukrb, kb` kbstgs hadlg`thigs hitáslabs, prl`klphiag`tg g` ihrgolû` hahzû`lkh3 ih dlbplrhtgráh rghilzhnh pbr phásgs qug rgtlrh` ng ùgstrhs tlgrrhs ih rlqugzh qugih `hturhigzh `bs bergklû g` hdu`nh`klh3 ih l`vgrslû` ng ibs vhibrgs abrhigs, kb` gi g`hqugkl -alg`tb ng ibs ihzbs ehalilhrgs y ih ngsl`tgorhklû` ng ih prbplh ehalilh. [l` fhdihr ngi eh`thsah ngitbthilthrlsab pbiátlkb qug `bs hsbadrh.

^g`gabs aukfhs dhthiihs. ^g`gabs aukfb kb` ib qug prgbkuphr`bs. Fby, `b sg gxlog ngibs ahsb`gs qug gapuøg` ihs hrahs phrh ngstltulr h ibs tlrh`bs, kbab g` ih Tgvbiuklû` Erh`kgshb ih Kb`murhklû` Dhflh`h ng 8?<6, sbib pbr klthr hiou`hs rgvugiths. @ugstrhs hrahs sb` ihs lnghs, gi



5 Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx²Ahsb`gráh kb`tgapihtlvh2

vgrdb trh`sebrahnbr, gi kba-prbagtgrsg kb` khushs `bdigs y ih kb`klg`klhklû` ng ih pbdihklû`,abstrè`nbig qug pbsgg eugrzh phrh trh`s-ebrahr ih rghilnhn. Ih Ahsb`gráh hdrloh g` sus kuhnrbs hfbadrgs ng nlegrg`tgs prbegslb`gs. Ngsng gi gigk-trlklsth hi sg`hnbr ng ih Tgpýdilkh, phsh`nb pbraìnlkbs, hdbohnbs, prbegsbrgs, hrtlsths, mugkgs, vg`ngnbrgs, kbagrklh`tgs, alilthrgs, g` `, pgrsb-

`hs qug tlg`g` pbngr ng lùg`klh g` gi agnlb nb`ng hktýh` y trhdhmh`. Ih Ahsb`gráh gs eugrtg.

Nìdli gs ùgstrh vbiu`thn ng utlilzhr gsh eugrzh g` prb ng ihs orh`ngs khushs b g` kbadhtlr ibs prb-digahs qug hlog` hi sgr fuah`b. Flstûrlkhag`tg, ih Ahsb`gráh lùyb g` ibs abvlalg`tbs ng ihfuah`lnhn, ng ng`trb phrh heugrh. Grh g` ihs sgslb`gs ng ihs Ibolhs qug ihs nlskuslb`gs y ngildgrh-

klb`gs hkb`tgkáh` phrh, ngspuìs, oh`hr ih khiig. Ih krlsls ngi au`nb hktuhi gstè l`tg`th`nb l`vgrtlrfhsth gsg abvlalg`tb sgkuihr. [g bdsgrvh u`h lìtrhklû` ng ihs prèktlkhs au`nh`hs, lù`nh`nbùgstrbs tgapibs, trhánhs pbr Fgrah`bs `b vlolih`tgs qug l`slstg` g` lapih`thr ihs pgbrgs prèktlkhsng ih pbiátlkh brnl`hrlh. Xulgrg` prbeh`hs ùgstrbs tgapibs shorhnbs, abvlnbs pbr gi pgrsb`hilsab,pbr ih hadlklû` y pbr ih vh`lnhn.

Ngi Hprg`nlz Ahsû` sg gspgrh qug vlvh g` u`lû` kb` sus fgrah`bs3 ngi Kbaphøgrb qugngaugstrg su kb`nukth g` ih rgktltun ng sus hkklû` y ngi Ahgstrb qug vg`zh g` sá alsab gi nrhoû`

ng ih vh`lnhn qug l`kl-`grh tbnhs ihs dug`hs bdrhs.

G` tbnb ib qug ih kbapb`g, ih Ahsb`gráh pbsgg kb`bklalg`tbs qug ngdg` sgr hikh`zhnbspbr gi gstunlb sgrlb y ngnlkhnb. @ugstrb ’ngslngrhtua‑ gs gi prborgsb l`nlvlnuhi phrh prbpbrklb`hribs agnlbs ng iborhr gi prborgsb kbigktlvb y ihs fgrrhalg`ths phrh nlkfb ` sb` ihs hkklb`gs pb-

sltlvhs, trhdhmhnhs kb` pgrslstg`klh, l`tgilog`klh y vbiu`thn rag. Gi phpgi sbklhi ng ih Ahsb`gráhngdg sgr gapighnb sl` tgabr, hsá ngdg sgr thadlì` ih hktltun ng ibs ahsb`gs ngih`tg ng ibs prb -

digahs qug `bs hag`hzh` h tbnbs. @lòý` fb`br `bs gspgrh sl ih l`nlegrg`klh gs ih prèktlkh quggigolabs phrh `b `bs kbaprbagtgr kb` gi trhdhmb ng rgtlrhr ibs bdstèkuibs ngi khal`b. Xug giphshnb oibrlbsb ng ùgstrh [udilag Brng` `bs iig`g ng brouiib y `bs l`splrg h kb`tlùhr iukfh`nbkb`trh ibs ahigs qug `bs hegkth`, pbrqug btrbs sb` ibs tlgapbs y btrhs ihs dhthiihs. Hig-mgabs ngùgstrhs ibolhs ih kbabnlnhn y ih l`grklh ngih`tg ng prbdigahs th` sgrlbs qug gxlog` ng `bsbtrbsu` gseugrzb kb`kg`trhnb phrh duskhr sbiuklb`gs làgnlhths. rhdhmgabs mu`tbs pbr u` au`nb ag-

mbr phrh tbnbs y phrh qug ibs L`lklhnbs qug `bs sukgnh` slg`th` gi alsab brouiib qug sg`tlabs pbribs Fgrah`bs qug `bs prgkgnlgrb`.

Hktuh`nb hsá, `b kbrrgrgabs gi rlgsob ng sgr kb`bklnbs kbab ih og`grhklû` ng ahsb`gsqug l`huourû ih ngsfb`rbsh ehsg ng ih Ahsb`gráh Kb`tgapihtlvh, qug hpg`hs hslstg h ibs hkb`tg-

klalg`tbs

Zhuib Egr`h`ngs Aburh.= - A.=A.= nhs HH.=TT.=II.=[[.= Khrlnhng LL `½ :8;7 g Èivhrb Ag`ngs `½ 48;<

Brlg`tg ng ^grgsl`h-ZL



?Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


Ah`lgstb ng ihs ibolhs S7Q

AH@LELG[^B NG IH[ IBOLH[ AH[Û@LKH[

HI ZWGDIB ZLHWLG@[G S5Q Ih Ahsb`gráh Zlhulg`sg, htg`th h ibs orh`ngs prbdigahs qug Zlhuá, g`phrtlkuihr, y gi Drhsli, g` og`grhi, gèrg`th` g` ib qug sg nlkg rgspgtb h ih vlb-ig`klh gplnìalkh3 ih krlsls ng hutbrlnhn l`stltuklb`hi qug sg ahtgrlhilzh g` ihlapu`lnhn y ih kbrrupklû` qug sg l`sthiû g` ih vlnh pýdilkh, g` rhzû` ng ihslaprbdlnhngs hnal`lstrhtlvhs, `b pugng qugnhr l`nlegrg`tg h`tg gi kihabrng ihs khiigs, gi nbibr ng ibs qug suerg`, uitrhmhnbs, pbr gi ruadb tg`gdrbsb quggi phás g`khal`h.

G`tg`ngabs qug ih Ahsb`gráh tlg`g gi ngdgr ng kuapilr su phpgi sb-

klhi y fhkgr vhigr sus Zrl`klplbs W`l-vgrshigs qug, g`trg btrhs kbshs, ’kbadh-

tg ih lo`brh`klh, ih supgrstlklû` y ih tlrh`áh S…Q Kb`ng`h ih gxpibth-klû` ngifbadrg, ibs prlvligolbs y ihs rgohiáhs S…Q y sustg`th qug ibs ahsb`gs tlg`g` ibs sloulg`tgs ngdgrgs gsg`klhigs= habr h ih ehalilh, ngilnhn y brouiib ng ih Zhtrlhy bdgnlg`klh h ih igy‑ Ngih`tg ng gstbs pbstu-ihnbs ng vgrnhngrh klunhnh-

`áh, b pbngabs g`trgohr`bs hi ngsè`lab, aukfb ag`bs ngmhr ng rgspb`ngrhr-ahtlvhag`tg, kuh`nb ibs g`galobs ng ih Brng` y ngi Zrborgsb qulgrg`l`sthurhr g` Drhsli u` gsthnb ng tgrrbr y ng sbadrhs, kb` gi kihrb bdmgtlvb ngl`sthurhr u`h ebrah ng obdlgr`b hdbal`hdig, qug yh `b tlg`g khdlnh g` giau`nb hktuhi. [l gi abag`tb gs ng krlsls orhvg, thadlì` gs gi abag`tb ng ihu`lû` y ih iukfh.

Ihs Ibolhs Ahsû`lkhs ngi gsthnb ng Zlhuá, rah`tgs ng gstg ah`lgstb,kbaprg`ng` qug ih sbklgnhn `b sbpbrth aès=

Ih kbrrupklû` y ih Ehith ng ìtlkh ng ibs pbiátlkbs y ng ibs ogstbrgs qugfhs sustrhánb ùgstrhs gspgrh`-zhs ng u`h vlnh aès nlo`h. Ih Lapu`lnhn ‛ qug l`kg`tlvh aukfbs kráag`gs ‛ qug sg l`sthiû g`tbnbs ibs `lvgigs hnal`lstrhtlvbs ngi phás= egngrhi, gsththi y au`lklphi. Ih vlbig`klh gplnìalkh qug lègsth ùgstrhs klunhngs, tlrh`nb vlnhs ygilal`h`nb ih phz.

Kbadhtlabs tgral`h`tgag`tg gi rgkursb h ih eugrzh y h ih vlbig`klh

phrh kb`sgoulr kuhiqulgrh ng ibs bdmgtlvbs y, phrh qug gstbs sgh` hikh`zh-nbs, ibs rah`tgs ng gstg ah`lgstb hkugrnh` ih u`lû` g` tbr`b h ihs sloulg`-

tgs hkklb`gs=

8.Bklhilzhr gi Abvlalg`tb AHÏB@HTLH ULOLIH@^G phrh ih krghklû`, gmg-

kuklû` y nlvuiohklû` ng ihs hkklb`gs kb`trh ih kbrrupklû`, ih lapu`lnhny ih vlbig`klh, ngsthkh`nb ugstrbs prl`klplbs y ngdgrgs kb` ih sbklgnhn.

4. Ah`legsthr ih pbslklû` ng ihs Ibolhs Ahsû`lkhs Zlhulg`sgs g` ib tbkh`tgh ibs prbygktbs ng rg-ebrahs ngi Gsthnb Drhsligøb g` ihs gsegrhs hnal`ls -

trhtlvh, pbiátlkh y munlklhi.;. Zrbabvgr khaphøhs ng kb`klg`klhklû` sbdrg gi gmgrklklb ng ih klunh-

nh`áh, brlg`th`nb hi pugdib plhulg`sg sbdrg ih `gkgslnhn urog`tg ng ihhitgr`h`klh g` gi pbngr, u`b ng ibs prl`klplbs dèslkbs ng ih Ngabkrhklh.

>. Hkbaphøhr ihs hkklb`gs ng ibs hog`tgs pýdilkbs y ng ibs trgs pbngrgs

S7Q @bth=rhs ih igkturh ngi trhdhmb su-

pgrlbr ibs ahsb`gs ng nleg-rg`tgs ibolhs sg puslgrb` htrhdhmhr y galtlgrb` gi prg-

sg`tg kbau`lkhnb.

S5Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr=Tgkbrnhabs hi igktbr qugZlhuá gs u`b ng ibs 45 gsth-

nbs qug mu`tb kb` gi NlstrltbEgngrhi ebrah` ih TgpýdilkhEgngrhtlvh ng Drhsli. Gstè ib-

khilzhnb hi `brbgstg ng ihrgolû` @brngstg ^lg`g u`hpbdihklû` ng ;,86> aliib`gs(8 ng mui. ng 4:8;) y u`h su-

pgrklg ng 478.74< ca4





ng ih Tgpudilkh, kb`rlg`nb hi Abvlalg`tb AHÏB@HTLH ULOLIH@^G gi phpgi rgigvh`tgs ngebrthigkgr ih ngabkrhklh phrtlklphtlvh.

7. Krghr khaphøhs l`stltuklb`higs pgrah`g`tg phrh ah`tg`gr gsths hkklb`gs.5. Tghilzhr, kb` urog`klh, g` gi èadltb ngi gsthnb, sgal`hrlbs kb` `gs gspgkákbs phrh ngdhtlr

y prbpb`gr sbiuklb`gs phrh ibs sloulg`tgs tgahs= sgourlnhn, shiun, gnukhklû`, sh`ghalg`tb g

lèrh-gstrukturh, rgebrahs y prbkgnlalg`tbs pbiátlkbs, sustg`thdlilnhn hadlg`thi y klunhnh`áh.?. Duskhr hkugrnbs kb` l`stltuklb`gs y klunhnh`bs qug sg suag` h ih khush ng gstg ah`lgstb,

g` prl`klphi, ihs ngaès Ibolhs ahsû`lkhs rgouihrgs.

Gi abvlalg`tb AHÏB@HTLH ULOLIH@^G, kbapugstb pbr ihs Ibolhs Ahsû`lkhs ngi Gsthnb ngZlhuá, rah`tgs ng gstg ah`lgstb, rgltgrh` gi khrèktgr ng gagrog`klh g` ih gmgkuklû` ng ihs prb-

pugsths ah`legsthnhs y qug ihs hkklb`gs tgòh` sukgsb g` tbnhs ihs Ibolhs Ahsû`lkhs, phrh kb -

`bklalg`tb y pbslklb`halg`tb sbdrg ugstrbs h`fgibs qug vlsh` trhnuklr ibs ngsgbs ngi kb`mu`tb ngih sbklgnhn ng aunh`zhs urog`tgs y `gkgshrlhs phrh ùgstrb phás.

Gsthabs Mu`tbs, kb` gi pugdib plhulg`sg y kb` hqugiibs qug ngsgh` vgr g` Drhsli u`h sbklg-

nhn musth, ildrg y sbilnhrlh.

^grgsl`h-ZL, 45 ng muifb ng 4:8>

Abvlag`tbAHÏB@HTLH ULOLIH@^G



<Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


[lo`htèrlbs=

HH.˜.TT.˜.II.˜.[[.˜.

Khrlnhng LL `½ :.8;7,Hkèklh ^grgsl`g`sg `½ 8.4;>,Kruzglrb U `½ 8.;:5,Ildgrnhng ^grgsl`g`sg `½ 8.;8>,W`lëb Nr. Mhkbd Ohybsb `½ 8.;5?,Thui [grrh`b `½ 8585,Èivhrb Ag`ngs `½ 4.8;<,Hkèklh ^grgsl`g`sg LL `½ 4.8>6,Huoustb ng Khstrb `º 4.8?5,Mbëb @bigtb ng [bush `½ 4.?47,Flrha Hdld `½ ;.:5<,

Iuás @ûnol @bouglrh `½ ;.:<:,Zrbe. Bskhr Khvhikh`tg `½ ;.4?7,Erhtgr`lnhng ^grgsl`g`sg `½ ;.>:8,Ngith nb Tlb Zhr`hádh `½ ;.>55,Erh`klskb nhs Kfhohs Ulglrh `½ ;.5;?,Fgrûls nh Zètrlh `½ ;.<8?,Gstrgih ng @hzèrlh `½ >88>,Kb`sgifglrb [hrhlvh `½ >.8>:,Hdbilïëb `½ >.8<<

Hrtlkuib g`vlhnb pbr Zhuib Egr`h`ngs Aburh

Gi U.¿=F.¿. Zhuib Egr`h`ngs Aburh, trhdhmh g` ihs Huousths y Tgspgthdigs Ibolhs [ladûilkhs ’Khrlnh-

ng LL‑ @º :8;7 y ‑Èivhrb Ag`ngs‑ @º 48;<, g` gi Brlg`tg ng ^grgsl`h ‛ Zlhuá - Drhsli.



8: Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxxIbs nbkg trhdhmbs ng Fìrkuigs y ... (LL)

Ibs nbkg trhdhmbs ng Fìrkuigs yih gvbiuklû` ngi Hiah (LL)

^rhdhmbs W`b y Nbs Ulslû` rh`skg`ng`thi

Zbr gi U.¿. F.¿. Hiergnb Tbdgrtb @gttbIbolh ’W`lëb g [bilnhrlgnhng‑ `½ ;6? ‛ [ëb Zhuib - Drhsli

Lnlbah brlol`hi= Zbrtuouìs ngi Drhsli^rhnuktbr= U.¿. F.¿. Ahrlb Iûpgz

Zrlagr ^rhdhmb ‛ Ih khpturh ng ihs ygouhs h`trbpûehohs.Gi prlagr trhdhmb eug ih ’Khpturh ng ihs ygouhs h`trbpûehohs‑S8Q y sg kbrrgspb`ng hi slo`b ngHrlgs, gi Khr`grb.

Kug`th ih flstbrlh qug Fìrkuigs sg flzb hkbaphøhr pbr su orh`halob Hdngrls, qug ig hyunhdh g` su thrgh ng khpturhr ihs ygouhsh`trbpûehohs qug ahthdh` y ngvbrhdh` ih khr`g ng ibs fbadrgs.

W`h vgz khpturhnbs ibs h`lahigs ngmû qug su halob ihs kb`nu-

mgsg fhklh gi sltlb ngtgral`hnb3 sl` gadhrob, pbr sgr nìdli g l`sgourb,Hdngrls `b ib kb`sloulû y eug plsbtghnb pbr ihs ygouhs qug, ng làg-

nlhtb, kb-ag`zhrb` ng ùgvb h hthkhr h ibs fbadrgs g` su iuohr ngbrlog`. ^rlstg y fualiihnb, Fìrkuigs rgorgsû h ibs prhnbs phrh vbivgr hkhpturhrihs y kb`nuklrihs `hiag`tg hi iuohr nb`ng sgráh` nbagstl-khnhs.

Gsth prugdh l`nlkh qug ih prlagrh thrgh ngi Hiah ngdg sgr l`lklhnh g` gi au`nb ngi pg`sh-

alg`tb, nb`ng ngdg hikh`zhr gi kb`trbi ag`thi.

’Fhkg aukfb tlgapb qug ihs ygouhs ngi pg`shalg`tb vg`áh` prbnuklg`nb khdhiibs oug-

rrgrbs y, h trhvìs ngi pg`shalg`tb grrhnb, ng ih phihdrh grrhnh y ng ihs lnghs grrû`ghs,ngsdhsthdh` ibs khapbs. W`h ng ihs prlagrhs igkklb`gs qug tbnb prl`klplh`tg tlg`g qughprg`ngr gs gi trgag`nb pbngr qug gi gmgrkg ag`thiag`tg y ih gxtg`slû` ngi ahi qug ìipugng khushr g` gi agnlb qug ig klrku`nh. H trhvìs ng ihs ygouhs rgprbnuktbrhs ng suag`tg .Ìi tlg`g, pbr ib th`tb, qug hprg`ngr gi kbrrgktb usb ng su ag`tg y ih prlagrh kbshqug fh ng fhkgr gs khpturhr gi hspgktb egag`l`b ng ih ag`tg y iborhr qug `b sg prbnuz-kh` aès khdhiibs ougrrgrbs‑

G` ih igyg`nh qug gsthabs gstunlh`nb, ùgstrb fìrbg kb`sloug rghiag`tg khpturhr ibs h`l-ahigs, pgrb ibs sudgstlah. @b shdlg`nb ih eugrzh y pbtg`klh ng ihs alsahs, ng sus ’ygouhs h`trb -

pûehohs‑, ihs g`trgoh hi kul-nhnb ng Hdngrls, gi sáadbib ng su yb lègrlbr pgrsb`hi. @b sg nh kug`th

qug phrh gi nbal`lb kbrrgktb ng sus pg`shalg`tbs, hadbs, Fìrkuigs (gi hiah) y Hdngrls (ih pgrsb-`hilnhn fuah`h) sb` `gkgshrlbs phrh ouhrnhr gi nbal`lb ng ibs ngvhsthnbrgs khdhiibs.




xxxxIbs nbkg trhdhmbs ng Fìrkuigs y ... (LL)

G` ih sladbiboáh gsbtìrlkh, gi khdhiib rgprgsg`th ih hktlvlnhn l`tg-

igktuhi3 gi khdhiib dih`kb sladbilzh ih ag`tg liual`hnh ngi Fbadrg gsplrl-tuhi. Ibs khdhiibs `gorbs rgprgsg`th` ih ag`tg lègrlbr, kb` sus lnghs ehishsy grrû`ghs sbdrg ibs kb`kgptbs fuah`bs. Ihs ygouhs rgprbnuktbrhs l`nlkh`gi hspgktb egag`l`b ng ih ag`tg nh`nb `hklalg`tb h ihs lnghs, tgbráhs ykb`kgptbs ng ihs ebrahs ng pg`shalg`tb.

Gi pg`shalg`tb-ebrah, gi prbnuktb ng u` ag`thi bpgrhtlvb, gs g`gsth flstbrlh sladbilzhnb pbr ihs lnghs kb`kgdlnhs y ngmhnhs ildrgs sbdrg giau`nb, shivh`nb y kb`struyg`nb kuh`nb sb` erutb ngi Hiah y ngsdhs-th`-

nb, ngstruyg`nb h ibs fbadrgs kuh`nb gah`h` ng ih ag`tg lègrlbr.

Gi slo`b ng Hrlgs gs slgaprg hi prlagr slo`b ngi zbnlhkb pbrqug gs g`gsg slo`b qug ih ’Orh` Tugnh‑ l`lklh gi klkib. Gs gi slo`b ngi kbalg`zb b ngih Krghklû`.

Hrlgs, b khr`grb[lo`b ng eugob (hi louhi qug Igb y [holthrlb)Kuhilnhn L`lklb, kbalg`zb. Ubiu`thn b Zbngr qug sg gxprgsh h trhvìs ngorh`ngs prbkgsbs krghtlvbs. G` ibs prlagrbs phsbs, ihs hktlvlnhngs sb` nlrlol-nhs pbr gi ihnb ahtgrlhi ng ih vlnh y aès thrng pbr gi gsplrltuhi.Bpugstb pbihr Ildrh b dhih`zh(u` slo`b ng Hlrg)Tgog`tgs Gxbtìrlkb= Ahrtg3 Gsbtìrlkb= Agrkurlb

’G` ih vlnh ngi sgr fuah`b gi ahrkh gi l`lklb ng ih prlagrh kb`sklg`-klh ng ih gxlstg`klh ihtg`tg, sudmgtlvh y ih phrtlnh ngi sgr fuah`b g`gi kárkuib ng ih gxpgrlg`klh. G` ih vlnh ngi hsplrh`tg hi nlsklpuihnb, ginh ih kb``bthklû` ngi pgrlbnb ng rgbrlg`thklû` y rg`bvhnb gseugrzb

hutbkb`sklg`tg, y su phrtlnh, g` gsg gsthnlb `hi ngi khal`b gvbiutl-vb qug ib iigvhrè eugrh ngi rgl`b fuah`b y ib khphklthrè phrh iborhrih trh`slklû` fhklh gi rgl`b ng ibs nlbsgs (` ngi klkib ng ihs g`khr`h-klb`gs). G[ ih prbagsh fgkfh pbr Fìrkuigs, y gsth gs ih rgkbapg`shbergklnh h tbnbs ibs nlskápuibs. Gi prlagr trhdhmb ahrkh gi prlagr phsbg` gi khal`b ng trh`sihklû`‑’Hrlgs gs gi slo`b ngi pbngr g` gxph`slû`, ng ih lrrhnlhklû` ng ih g`gr-oáh nlvl`h h phrtlr ng ih nglnhn kg`trhi Nlbs, b ngi sgr fuah`b, u` flmbng Nlbs‑ S4Q

Gi slo`b ng Hlrgs sg khrhktgrlzh pbr trgs g`groáhs b lapuisbs= kbalg`zb,

krghklû` y rgsurrgkklû`.

Gi lapuisb ng ’kbag`zhr‑ pugng tg`gr iuohr pbr nbs khal`bs. Gi prl-agrb sg g`vugivg kb` ih ahtgrlh, gs ngklr, slapigag`tg rg`hkg g` ih khr`g,b g` sg`tlnb kb`trhrlb, gi sgou`nb khal`b, gi ng ih ildgrhklû` ng ih lùg` -

klh ng ih alsah khr`g, ng ih kb`qulsth ng ih ildgrhklû` ng tbnh lùg`klhahtgrlhi.

Gi lapuisb ng krghr, hngaès ngi slo`lkhnb l`lklhi ng krghr u` kugrpbgspgkákb phrh sl alsab, rgprgsg`th gi trhdhmb ngi hiah hprlslb`hnh phrhildgrhrsg ng nlkfh prlslû`.

Gi tgrkgr lapuisb rgprgsg`th ih krghklû` ngi kugrpb gsplrltuhi phrh ih`gkgshrlh ildgrhklû`.

S8Q @bth=Dhligy, Hilkg H. - ’Ibs ^rhdh-

mbs ng Fìrkuigs‑

S4Q @bth=Lnga `bth h`tgrlbr.




xxxxIbs Ulhmgs ng L`lklhklû` „ Ulslû` ^rh`skg`ng`thi

S;Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= G` ih altbiboáh orlgoh, ibsKákibpgs grh` ibs algadrbsng u`h rhzh ng oloh`tgskb` u` sbib bmb g` althn ng

ih erg`tg. Fhdáh nbs og`grh-klb`gs ng Kákibpgs. Ibs Ká -kibpgs ng ih prlagrh og`g-

rhklû` grh` flmbs ng Wrh`b yOgh y kb`bklnbs hrtgsh`bsy kb`struktbrgs. Grh` oloh`-

tgs kb` u` sbib bmb g` althnng ih erg`tg y u` tgapgrh-

ag`tb fbrrldig. Ih sgou`nhog`grhklû` ng Kákibpgs eugu`h prlaltlvh trldu ng g`br -ags ab`strubs ng u` sbibbmb ngskudlgrth pbr Bnl-sgb g` u`h rgabth lsih (g`

bkhslb`gs lng`tlkhnh kb`Fgspgrlh). [g ngkáh qug gs-

thdh` gstrgkfhag`tg rgih-

klb`hnbs kb` ibs Oloh`tgsy kb` u`h trldu eg`lklh (ibsZfhlhchl) surolnbs ng ihs ob-

ths ng shòrg qug khygrb`sbdrg Ogh (ih tlgrrh) kuh`-

nb Wrh`b eug khstrhnb. [l` gadhrob, gi kákib-

pg aès kb`bklnb ng gsthog`grhklû` grh u` flmb ngZbsglnû` y ih `lèh ^bbshiihahnb Zbilegab, qulg`plgrng gi bmb pbr kuiph ngBnlsgb.

S>Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= @b kbèu`nlr gi ^brb ngKrgth kb` gi Al`bthurb, ibqug sgráh auy eèkli hi fhdihrngi ihdgrl`tb ng Al`bs

S7Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= [g nh pbr dug`h qug ihprlagrh og`grhklû` ih ebr -ahrb` ^rgs Kákibpgs, sl`gadhrob, hiou`bs hutbrgsnlkg` qug gstbs trgs tuvlgrb`flmbs, slg`nb gstgs kuhtrb.,pbr ib qug gi tbthi grh` slgtg.Ih igyg`nh phrgkg rgegrlrsgh ibs trgs kákibpgs brlol`higsb prl`klphigs

Gstg slo`b trhg g` sl, pbr ib th`tb, gi kbalg`zb ng ih vlnh eáslkh y gikbalg`zb ng ih gsplrltuhi, ih krghklû` eáslkh y ih krghklû` gsplrltuhi, ih gagr -og`klh eáslkh y ih ildgrhklû` gsplrltuhi.

Gs gi slo`b qug obdlgr`h ih khdgzh, g` kb`sgkug`klh, gs gi slo`b ngipg`shalg`tb y, pbr gsth rhzû`, gi khdhiib rgprgsg`th ibs pg`shalg`tbs.

Ihs trgs kb`stgihklb`gs rgihklb`hnhs kb` Hrlgs sb`= Khsslbpìlh, ih Tgl-`h g`trb`lzhnh, slgaprg sáadbib ng ih ahtgrlh, nb`ng gi Hiah sg lìtrh g`duskh ng ih gvbiuklû`3 Kgtgus, gi Ab`strub Ahrl`b, gi g`galob ng ibs pgkgspgqugøbs, sáadbib ng hqugiib qug iihahabs ahi y qug duskh ngstrulr giHiah g`khr`hnh hprl-slb`è`nbih g` ih liuslû` ng ihs ebrahs y Zgrsgu ’hqugiqug sudyuoh‑, gi nbahnbr, hqugi qug pugng ’vg`kgr‑ h ih Tgl`h y hi ab`s-trub. Nlkg` qug Zgrsgu pbsgg gi ygiab ng ih l`vlsldlilnhn, ihs sh`nhilhs ng ihvgibklnhn, gi gskunb ng ih [hdlnuráh y ih gsphnh ngi Gspárltu.

Gi slo`lkhnb ng ih prugdh qugnh kihrb. @ugstrb fìrbg tlg`g qug kb-

ag`zhr su mbr`hnh g` gi Au`nb ngi Zg`shalg`tb, phrh bdtg`gr gi kb`trbiag`thi. Fhkg aukfb tlgapb qug sus ’ygouhs ngi pg`shalg`tb‑ prbnu-káh`’khdhiibs ougrrgrbs‑ pbr agnlb ngi pg`shalg`tb gqulvbkhnb, ng ihs phih-

drhs gqulvbkhnhs y ng ihs lnghs gqulvbkhnhs, ’ngsdhsth`nb ibs khapbs‑.

^bnbs ibs ahsb`gs kb` prgtg`slb`gs h Fìrkuigs ngdg` pgrah`gkgrprbeu`nhag`tg htg`tbs h sus ’ygouhs rgprbnuktbrhs‑. Ngnlkhr gspgklhihtg`klû` h sus pg`shalg`tbs, prbabtbrgs ng sus phihdrhs y hkklb`gs, vlol-ih`nb phrh qug gi gobásab, ih ahinhn, ih prgtg`slû`, ih khiua`lh b ih krátlkhngstruktlvh `b sgh` ibs erutbs ng su ag`tg, kb`sth`tgag`tg egrtlilzhnh pbr gigobásab y ih liuslû`, hspgktbs lègrlbrgs ng ih `hturhigzh fuah`h. Ibs pg`-

shalg`tbs brlol`hnbs g` gi Hiah, g` gi rgl`b gsplrltuhi, fh` ng sgr, slgaprg,gnlkh`tgs y erhtgr`bs.

[g pugng ngklr, pbr ib th`tb, qug gi prlagr orh` trhdhmb ng u` ahsû`gs gi kbrrgktb kb`trbi ng su hktlvlnhn ag`thi. Zhohabs g` ùgstrh prbplhvlnh gi prgklb ng ihs phihdrhs l`kbrrgkthag`tg prbegrlnhs y ng ihs hkklb`gsqug sg ngrlvh` ng giihs.

[gou`nb trhdhmb ‛ Ih khpturh ngi ^brb ng Krgth‑

Gi sgou`nb trhdhmb ng Fìrkuigs eug ih khpturh ngi ^brb ng Krgth, qughstrbiûolkhag`tg sg kbrrgspb`ng hi slo`b ng ^hurb.

Ih thrgh kb`slstáh g` khpturhr gi ^brb y kb`nuklrib hi Iuohr [horhnbnb`ng fhdlthdh` ibs fbadrgs ng u` sbib bmb (kákibpgs)S;Q. Gi ^brb gsthdhg` Krgth, lsih vlsldig g` gi fbrlzb`tg, g` ih qug gxlstáh u` orh` ihdgrl`tb, giihdgrl`tb ng Al`bs S>Q (Tgy ng Krgth y ouhrnlè` ngi ^brb) kuyh `hilnhn grhqug ibs fbadrgs aès hunhkgs sg pgrnlgsg` g` su l`tgrlbr hi l`tg`thr khpturhrgi ^brb. Fìrkuigs duskh y pgrsloug sbib gi ^brb pbr nlvgrsbs iuohrgs ng ih lsih3

oulhnb pbr u`h gstrgiih tltlih`tg qug drliihdh sbdrg ih khdgzh ngi h`lahi fhs-th qug iborh khpturhrib y ab`thrib.

Ibs nbkg trhdhmbs ng Fìrkuigs y ... (LL)



8;Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


Kug`th ih igyg`nh qug, h su hirgngnbr, sgpbstrhrb` [lgtg Fgrah`hs y ib hkbaphøhrb`higorè`nbig gi khal`b, y kb` gi drliib ng ih Iuzkhdhioû h trhvìs ng ihs houhs g` nlrgkklû` h ihtlgrrh nb`ng vlváh` ibs trgs Kákibpgs S7Q.

Iigoh`nb h tlgrrh rag, ibs trgs fbadrgs ká -kibpgs, qug gspgrhdh`, hohrrhrb` hi ^brb y ibiigvhrb` igmbs ng Fìrkuigs, hi ^gapib ngi [gøbr,g` gi l`tgrlbr ng ih klunhn ng ibs fbadrgs ng u`sbib bmb.

^hurb [lo`b ng tlgrrh (hi louhi qug Ulrob y Khprlkbr`lb)Kuhilnhn Zhrh ih ahybráh ng ibs fbadrgs gs gingsgb. Zhrh ibs nlskápuibs ih vbiu`thn b g prbpû-

sltb nlrlolnb.Bpugstb pbihr Gskbrplû`, slo`b ng houh (Kba-

pigag`tb ng ih nuhilnhn3 ngsgb su-pgrhnb)Tgog`tgs Gxbtìrlkb= Ugùs3 Gsbtìrlkb= Uuikh`b

Gstg trhdhmb rgprgsg`th gi l`lklb ngi trhdhmb ng ibs yh l`lklhnbs g` gi Zih`b Ag`thi. Gxprgshih rgihklû` g`trg nbs pbibs, gi pbsltlvb y gi `gohtlvb, g`trg gi ’yb‑ y gi ’@b yb‑, g`trg gi Gspárltu y ihAhtgrlh, g`trg ib Ahkfb y ib Fgadrh, y ih gsthdlilnhn b gqulildrlb g`trg ihs alsahs. Gs ih prugdh ngih sgxuhilnhn y ih sg`suhilnhn.

Gi kbapilkhnb trhdhmb ngi kbrrgktb usb ng ihs eugrzhs sgxuhigs sg rgprgsg`th g` gsth sgou`-

nh thrgh. Zhrh Fìrkuigs, gi ^brb rgprgsg`th gi ngsgb h`lahi.

[l rgkb`bkgabs ihs eu`klb`gs eáslkhs kbab u`h fgrg`klh nlvl`h y kbaprg`ngabs su usbkbrrgktb phrh dg`gklb prbplb y ng ih orh` ehalilh fuah`h, vgrgabs qug sg prbnukg u` ùgvblapuisb abtlvhnbr sudyhkg`tg ng ih kb`nukth fuah`h g` ib qug rgspgth hi sgxb.

Gi usb kbrrgktb ng ih eu`klû` sgxuhi, pgraltlg`nb gi l`tgrkhadlb ng g`groáh g`trg nbs sgrgsqug sg hah`, ih kb`tlùlnhn ng ih ehalilh fuah`h y ih krghklû` ng kugrpbs pbr agnlb ng ibs kuh-

igs ihs Hiahs kb`sloug` ibs vgfákuibs `gkgshrlbs phrh su prborgsb, pgraltlrè` gilal`hr ih phslû`, ihiumurlh, ih hutbshtlsehkklû`, ih nbig`klh g l`ùagrhdigs prbdigahs psáqulkbs ng ùgstrb pih`gth.

Ih ahtgrlh `b pugng kb`tlùhr slg`nb prbstltulnh pbr gi ngsgb gobásth, gi rgihklb`halg`tbg`trg ibs sgxbs sgrè obdgr`hnb pbr ih kbaprgslû` ng ibs prbpûsltbs nlvl`bs y pbr ih fhdlilnhn g` suutlilzhklû`.

Ibs tgxtbs gsbtìrlkbs y gsplrltuhilsths, g` og`grhi, sb` kihrbshi ng`lr qug gi Fbadrg (`bth ngi trhnuktbr= fbadrg kbab og`g-

rb fuah`b, gs ngklr, fbadrg b aumgr) pugng sgr purb, g` gi vgr -nhngrb hspgktb gsplrltuhi y, hi alsab tlgapb, khshrsg y kb`stltulru`h ehalilh. [b` kb`trhrlbs, gsb sá, ihs prèktlkhs rltuhilsths qug iig-

vh`, gvg`tuhiag`tg, h ihs brolhs sgxuhigs, b l`kiusb ihs prèktlkhsgobásths l`nlvlnuhigs qug iigvh` hi Fbadrg hi brohsab gspurlb g

lrrgspb`shdig, erutb ngi nbal`lb y gxlog`klh ng su ’yb lègrlbr‑,sgøbr ng ih ebrah y ih liuslû`.




8> Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


Zbr btrb ihnb, ng hnh vhig u` kb`trbi sgxuhi eáslkb g` u`h ag`tg ngog`grhnh hktlvh, kb`s-th`tgag`tg g`vugith g` sugøbs g laèog`gs ng u`h vlnh dhshnh g` ih sg`suhilnhn y ih vbiuptub -

slnhn. Ihs ’ygouhs h`trbpûehohs‑ thadlì` rgprgsg`th` gsths nlstbrslb`gs. Ihs ebrahs-pg`shalg`tbkb`tl`ýh` h sgr og`grhnhs.

^bnb hsplrh`tg h ih Iuz tlg`g g` gi sgxb u` prbdigah rghi hi qug gèrg`thrsg. Kuh`nb ihag`tg ng u` Fbadrg gstè tbthiag`tg vbikhnh fhklh gi sgxb y vlvg, prl`klphiag`tg, phrh shtlsehkgru` ngsgb khr`hi, kuh`nb sg vg lapbtg`tg phrh rgslstlr gi hpgob fhklh gi sgxb bpugstb, ngaugstrhsgr váktlah ngi hspgktb aès lègrlbr ng su hturhigzh, gi h`lahi ‛ Gi brb, y sg vg kb`trbihnb pbr giib.

Zgrb gi Kgildhtb thadlì` gs kugstlb`hnb kuh`nb gs erutb ng u` pg`shalg`tb gxtrgab ngu` Hiah `b prg-phrhnh phrh th`tb. Gsth bpklû` sg eu`nhag`th g` rgg`khr`hklb`gs alslb`hrlhs, bprg pih`ghnhs l`nlvlnuhi-ag`tg, nb`ng gi Hiah, prgphrhnh phrh giib, duskh kb`qulsths nlegrg`tgsngi ngsgb gobásth y pgrsb`hi, b ng gxtrgabs phtrbkl`hnbs pbr gi eh`htlsab y gi ngskb`bklalg`tb.[bib eu`klb`hrè sl gstg shkrlklb sg fhkg g` dg`gklb ng ih kbigktlvlnhn, g` gi aès purb hitrulsab.

Ng tbnb gstb sg hprg`ng ih igkklû` ng ih prbpbrklû`. Ih ebrthigzh phrh gmgkuthr ih thrghaès nleákli y ih nlspbslklû` phrh iigvhr h khdb gi trhdhmb hu`qug sg g`kug`trg aès hiiè ng ùgstrhspbsldlilnhngs l`lklhigs.

G` gi pih`b krghtlvb, gi lapuisb-pg`shalg`tb gs sgouln pbr gi ngsgb. Hikh`zhnb ih ’kb`s-klg`klh‑ khrhktgrástlkh ngi usb ng ih Thzû`, b usb ng ib Ag`thi, sg sloug ih ’sg`sldlilnhn‑. Gs ng gsthgthph qug trhth gi sgou`nb trhdhmb ng Fìrkuigs.

Ih iihvg ngi trhdhmb g` ^brb gs ih kbrrgkth kbaprg`slû` ng ih Igy ng Htrhkklû`, y gi kbrrgktbusb u kb`trbi ng ih ahtgrlh. Gi prlagr tgst gs ih l`tg`slnhn ng su `hturhigzh h`lahi y ihs rhzb`gs ngsu utlilzhklû`3 gi sgou`nb, ih htrhkklû` qug ih vlnh ahtgrlhi pugng gmgrkgr sbdrg ìi. Ih ahtgrlh y gi

sgxb sb` hpg`hs nbs hspgktbs ng u`h alsah eugrzh, u`h ah`legstè`nbsg g` gi Zih`b Eáslkb y btrhg` gi Zih`b Hstrhi, g` gi khapb ngi ngsgb gabklb`hi.






Al`bs, Tgy ng Krgth, nugøb ngi ^brb [horhnb, pbsgáh thadlì` gi ih-

dgrl`tb g` gi kuhi vlváh gi Al`bthurb S5Q . Gi ihdgrl`tb, slgaprg fh slnb sáadbibng ibs hthmbs qug `b iigvh h `lòý` iuohr ahtgrlhi3 l`nlkh hiob kbèusb, qugngsbrlg`th y giung, kbab fhkg ih vlnh eáslkh. Gi ^brb rgprgsg`th gi ngsgbh`lahi. Zbr ib th`tb, ih lsih ng Krgth (ih vlnh eáslkh), gi ihdgrl`tb (ibs gòhøbsng ih vlnh eáslkh) y gi ^brb (gi ngsgb), sb` sáadbibs lapbrth`tgs ng ih ’Orh`Liuslû`‑. Ih Iuz g` ih erg`tg ngi ^brb rgprgsg`th gi Hiah qug slgaprg ouáh hikh`nlnhtb g` gi ihdgrl`tb ng ihs liuslb`gs.

G` ihs h`tlouhs g`sgøh`zhs gsbtìrlkhs, ab`thr u` h`lahi slo`lkhkb`trbihrib. Fìrkuigs `b shkrlkh hi ^brb, ìi ib ab`th y ib nlrlog ‛ gi ngsgb gsnbal`hnb y nlrlolnb pbr gi Fbadrg.

’Ag`tg ilaplh y kbrhzû` purb, kugrpb eáslkb kbrrgkthag`tg broh`l- zhnb y ushnb, g` kbèbralnhn kb` ihs igygs ngi phás g` gi kuhi sungstl`b ib kbibkû, aèxlah kb`slngrhklû` pbr gi dlg`gsthr ng hqug-iibs h ibs qug sg g`kug`trh u`lnb y u`h vlnh ng sgrvlklbs habrbsbs=

gstb kb`stltuyg ibs lnghigs ngi hsplrh`tg‑ S?Q

Ihs trgs kb`stgihklb`gs rgihklb`hnhs kb` gi ^brb sb` Brá`, Gránh`b yHurloh.

Brlû` slo`lkh, iltgrhiag`tg, gxpibthr g` ih Iuz. [u badrg h`tloub grh’Ibs trgs Tgygs‑ h khush ng ihs trgs gstrgiihs qug sg g`kug`trh` g` gi iih-

ahnb kl`turû` ng Brlû`. Giihs rgprgsg`th` ibs trgs hspgktbs ng ih Nlvl`lnhn=Ubiu`thn, Habr g l`tgilog`klh. Ihs trgs g`groáhs b rhybs l`lklhigs ng ih ah`l-egsthklû`.

Gránh`b gs ih sgou`nh kb`stgihklû`. Ebrah kbab u` rlb ng gstrgiihsqug kbrrg dhmb ibs plgs ng Brlû`. slo`lkh ’Tlb ngi Mugz (b mulklb)‑ y gs gi sáa-

dbib ngi rlb ng ih vlnh qug iigvh ihs Hiahs h ih rgg`khr`hklû`.

Ih kb`stgihklû` ngi Hurloh gs ih kb`nuktbrh ngi khrruhmg qug iigvh hùgvhs tlgrrhs.

Kb` tbnb gstb tg`gabs h Brlû` sladbilzh`nb gi Gspárltu, Gránh`b h ihrgg`khr`hklû` y Hurloh kbab rgprgsg`th`tg ngi hiah.

Kuh`nb gi Hiah khdhioh ih ebrah, nbal`è`nbih y kb`nuklì`nbih,

kb`bkgrè sus bdilohklb`gs vgrnhngrhs. Tgkb`bkgrè ih rgihklû` qug ngdgtg`gr kb` btrbs sgrgs fuah`bs, qulgrh qug sgh kbab ahrlnb b aumgr, phnrgb ahnrg, fgrah`b b fgrah`h, halob b kbaphøgrb. Kb` gi kbrrgktb usb ngsu vlnh eáslkh, ng sus rghilnhngs y g`groáh gsplrltuhi, gi Hiah eu`klb`hrè kbabehktbr kb`trbihnbr ng ih vlnh y tbnb gi kugrpb sg iig`hrè ng Iuz.

Ih dgiih rgprgsg`thklû` qug g`kb`trhabs hquá gs qug Fìrkuigs `bgs sbib u` khzhnbr sl`b aès dlg` gi prbplb ^brb g` su `hturhigzh lègrlbr y ibsKákibpgs g` su `hturhigzh supgrlbr.

Gi Kákibpg Drb`tgs S6Q , gi ^rbadû` b gi [b`lnb Krghtlvb, gs gi sáadbibngi prlagr hspgktb ng Nlbs, gi Zh-nrg qug fhdiû. Gstgrbpgs, gi Tgièaphob bih Iuz, rgprgsg`th gi sgou`nb hspgktb y sladbilzh gi Hiah. El`hiag`tg Hrogssladbilzh gi tgrkgr hspgktb, ih Hktlvlnhn l`tg`sh ng ih vlnh g` gi Zih`b Eáslkb.

S5Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= Kbab nlmg g` u`h `bthh`tgrlbr `b fhy qug kb`-

eu`nlr gi ^brb ng Krgth kb`gi Al`bthurb, hu`qug gxlstgu`h rgihklû` g`trg hadbs,

yh gi Al`bthurb gs flmb ngZhrsleh`g y gi ^brb ng Krg-

th. Gxlstg` vhrlhs vgrslb`gshkgrkh ng ih herg`th qugbkhslb`û qug, Zhsáehg, ihgspbsh ng Al`bs, tuvlgrh ih`gkgslnhn ng u`lrsg hi ^brbng Krgth. Ih vgrslû` aèsgxtg`nlnh nlkg qug Al`bs,flmb ng ]gus y ng Gurbph, pl-nlû hi nlbs Zbsglnû` hpbybphrh sukgngr hi rgy Hstgrlû`ng Krgth erg`tg h sus fgrah-

`bs Thnhah`tls y [hrpgnû`

y sgr rgkb`bklnb kbab thipbr ibs krgtg`sgs. Zbsglnûìb gskukfû g flzb shilr ng ibsahrgs u` fgrabsb tbrb dih`-

kb, hi kuhi Al`bs prbagtlûshkrlkhr g` su `badrg. [l`gadhrob, hi qugnhr Al`bsahrhvliihnb pbr ihs kuhilnh-

ngs ngi fgrabsb tbrb dih`-

kb, ib bkuitû g`trg su rgdh-

øb y shkrlkû h btrb tbrb g`su iuohr gspgrh`nb qug ginlbs ngi bkìh`b `b sg nlgrh

kug`th ngi khadlb. Hi shdgr

gstb Zbsglnû`, sg iig`û nglrh, y phrh vgòhrsg, l`splrûg` Zhsáehg u` ngsgb th` l`-

sûiltb kbab l`kb`tg`ldig pbrgi fgrabsb tbrb dih`kb qugAl`bs ouhrnû phrh sá. Zhrhkb`suahr su u`lû` kb` gitbrb, Zhsáehg rgqulrlû ih hyu-

nh ng Nìnhib, qug kb`s-truyû u`h vhkh ng ahngrhrgkudlgrth kb` plgi ng vhkhhutì`tlkh phrh qug giih sgagtlgrh. Gi tbrb yhklû kb`giih, krgyg`nb qug grh u`hvhkh ng vgrnhn. Ng gsthu`lû` `hklû gi Al`bthurb,iihahnb Hstgrlû`.

S?Q @bth=Bs ^rhdhifbs ng Fìrku-

igs‑ ‛ Dhligy, Hilkg H.

S6Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr=Ibs trgs klkibpgs ng ih prlag-

rh og`grhklû` grh`= Drb`tgs,Gstìrbpgs y Hrogs (hu`qughiou`hs eug`tgs khadlh` hHrogs pbr Hkaû`lngs b Zl-rhkaû`)






Kuh`nb gi brb ngi ngsgb gs g`trgohnb h ibs Kákibpgs, hi l`lklhnb kb` u` sbib bmb, qug gs gi alsab,su Hiah, ibs trgs hspgktbs nlvl`bs qug ig sb` prbplbs, kbag`zhrb` h ah`legsthrsg.

Gi sgou`nb trhdhmb ng Fìrkuigs gsthdh kb`suahnb.

Gstg gs thadlì` gi sgou`nb orh` trhdhmb ngi l`lklhnb ahsû`. Ohnu, Zhtrlh y Ehalilh sb` ibs prl`kl -plbs dèslkbs ng `ugstrh kberhnáh.

Zrûxlah g`trgoh= Ibs nbkg trhdhmbs ng Fìrkuigs y ih gvbiuklû` ngi Hiah (LLL) ‛ ^rhdhmbs ^rgs ykuhtrb

[bdrg gi hutbr

Gi X.¿. F.¿. Hiergnb Tbdgrtb @gttb, `hklû gi ;: ng Nlklgadrg ng 8<78 y eug l`lklhnb g` ih Ahsb`gráhgi :4 ng ahrzb ng 4::> y, g` ih hktuhilnhn, bstg`th gi orhnb ;: ngi T.¿. G.¿. H.¿. H.¿...

Gs aìnlkb y gsplrltuhilsth.Zrgslng`tg ng ih Hsbklhklû` ng Aìnlkbs Ahsb`gs3

Algadrb Gegktlvb ngi Klrkuib Fgraìtlkb Bsvhinb Brtgoh.^rhdhmh g` ih ibolh ’W`lëb g [bilnhrlgnhng‑ `½ ;6? „ [ëb Zhuib „ DrhsliGnltbr ngi Ildrb „ ’Wa Gstunb sbdrg h Elslbibolh nh Hiah‑Zugng` kb`thkthrig g` gi gahli= rbdgrttl`gttbJubi.kba.dr




8?Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxxIh kb`klg`klh

Ih kb`klg`klh W` drgvg h`èilsls elibsûelkb y pslkbiûolkb

ng ih vbz ng ùgstrh kb`klg`klh.

Zbr gi U.¿. F.¿. M.A.Dhrrgnb Ah`nzluc „ Ibolh [bi ng Hrhouh `½ <5 „ Ug`gzugih

Bráog`gs hkgpthnbs ng ih kb`klg`klh

H`hilkgabs ibs trgs bráog`gs aès kbaýàg`tg hkgpthnbs ng ih kb`klg`klh=

8. G` prlagr iuohr, ngsng ih krgg`klh g` ib sbdrg`hturhi, sg fh kb`slngrhnb ih kb`klg`klh abrhikbab u`h gxprgslû` ng ih igy nlvl`h. G` gi èadltb krlstlh`b agnlgvhi, pbr gmgapib, sg kb` -

slngrhdh qug Nlbs fh nhnb ih kb`klg`klh hi sgr fuah`b phrh qug pugnh rgkb`bkgr ih igy`hturhi, qug gs gi ngshrrbiib ng ih igy ng Nlbs g` gstg au`nb. Kbab gmgapib pu`tuhi gi brlog` mungb-krlstlh`b ng ih kb`klg`klh sg prgsg`th g` gi rgihtb sladûilkb ngi Oì`gsls g` gi abag`tbqug ibs phnrgs ng ih fuah`lnhn, Hnè` y Gvh, kbag` ngi èrdbi prbfldlnb tbah`nb hsá kb`-

klg`klh ngi dlg` y ngi ahi. @b vhabs h h`hilzhr gstg tlpb ng bpl`lû`, yh qug ngpg`ng ng ihkrgg`klh prgvlh g` hiou`h rghilnhn sbdrg`hturhi, sbdrg ih kuhi ibs hrouag`tbs sbdrh` pbr sgrfgkfbs ng eg.

4. Zbr btrh phrtg, ngsng pbsturhs `hturhilsths, sg fh ngeg`nlnb h vgkgs qug ih kb`klg`klh abrhi

gs u`h khphklnhn l``hth ng tlpb rhklb`hi qug `bs pgraltg ngklnlr sbdrg ib dug`b y ib ahib.Ngsng gstg tlpb ng pbsturhs thadlì` sg fh ngeg`nlnb qug gs l``hth, pgrb `b rhklb`hi, sl`bu`h gspgklg ng sg`sldlilnhn b ng khphklnhn pgrkgptlvh phrh gi dlg` y gi ahi.

;. Zbr ýitlab, ngsng nlstl`tbs gèbqugs, sg fh kb`slngrhnb qug ih kb`klg`klh abrhi sg hnqulg-

rg. [goý` gsths tgbráhs, ih tbahabs ngi g`tbr`b g` qug `bs fgabs ngshrrbiihnb. Ibs vhibrgsnbal`h`tgs g` ibs nlstl`tbs orupbs sbklhigs g` qug `bs abvgabs hegkth` h ùgstrb abnb ngvhibrhr ihs kbshs y ihs hkklb`gs. H ib ihrob ng ugstrh vlnh, gsth kb`klg`klh lrè ngshrrbiiè`nbsgy vhrlh`nb, hu`qug ib eu`nhag`thi ng ih alsah sg hnqulgrg g` ih lèh`klh y ih hnbigskg`klh.

H`èilsls ng ih kb`klg`klh

Zhrh g`tg`ngr h khdhilnhn ih hpbráh ibsûkhqug rgprgsg`th ih kb`klg`klh kbab g`tg rgouihnbrng ibs hktbs gs `gkgshrlb kbag`zhr pbr gi hrnubtrhdhmb ng ng`lrih h shdlg`nhs qug u`h ng`lklû`kb`kiuyg`tg b agmbr nlkfb ng`ltlvh `b sgrè pbsldig,gmgapib yh alig`hrlb ng gstb ib tg`gabs kb` Zihtû`g` su nlhibob tltuihnb Kèral`gngs.

W`h flpûtgsls dhshnh g` ih gxpgrlg`klh ga-

párlkh pbnráh kbag`zhr h l`tulr qug ih kb`klg`klh sgprgsg`th kbab u` shdgr u`lvgrshi h vgkgs iihahnb

sg`tlnb kbaý` ngi dlg` y ngi ahi, pgrb fhsth hquáih ng`lklû` pbnráh gqulphrhrsg kb` ih ng sg`shtgz,slg`nb ih nlegrg`klh kb`trhsth`tg qug ih kb`klg`klh




xxxxIh kb`klg`klh

iigvh hngaès kb`slob ih gxlog`klh l`kb`nlklb`hi ng u`h kb`nukth abrhi ng-

tgral`hnh sl` qug fhyh ngtrès kbhkklû` gxtgrlbr ng `lòu`h kihsg, hktuh`-

nb kbab eugrzh igolsihnbrh, prbfldltlvh, l`klthnbrh y sg`tlag`thi. Ihs hkklb-

`gs ng ih kb`klg`klh sb` l`tulklb`gs kbapigmhs qug sg lapb`g` pbr sl alsahshpbyè`nbsg g` ih rhzû`, prgsg`tè`nbsg gsths hkklb`gs ng ih kb`klg`klh ng

u` abnb aès làgnlhtb y urog`tg kuh`nb vgth y rgprlag u`h ngtgral`hnhkb`nukth pb`ngrhnh kbab l`kbrrgkth pbr ih kb`klg`klh, y sl h pgshr nggsths hkklb`gs gi l`nlvlnub rgerg`h ihs hkklb`gs kbrrgkths y kbagtg u` hktb`gohnb pbr ibs vhibrgs ng ih kb`klg`klh, gsth kbab agkh`lsab ng ngeg`shhktuhrè kbab mugz y kbab gmgkutbr utlilzh`nb u` khstlob pslkbiûolkb h trh-

vìs ngi sg`tlalg`tb ng kuiph, gi kuhi gs iihahnb kbibqulhiag`tg Khrob ngKb`klg`klh . Ih prgnlspbslklû` `hturhi phrh gshs l`tulklb`gs ng ihs vgrnhngsaès u`lvgrshigs kuyb kb`mu`tb iihahabs kb`klg`klh, gs l``hth hi fbadrgg` og`grhi, pgrb ih gstrukturh gspgklkh ng gsths l`tulklb`gs g` sl kb`bklnhskbab kb`vlkklb`gs abrhigs dèslkhs sb` hnqulrlnhs h phrtlr ng ih gxpgrlg`klhgxtgr`h, u` gmgapib sg`kliib gs gi rgspgtb h ih vlnh kbab vgrnhn u`lvgrshi,

nb`ng ih vlnh gs u` vhibr l`vlbihdig pgrb sgoý` ih gxpgrlg`klh gxtgr`h qugsg rgkldg g` khnh sbklgnhn `hkg` gxkgpklb`gs phrh gstg ngrgkfb `hturhi,gmgapib ng gstb pugng` sgr= ih ngeg`sh ng ih phtrlh h trhvìs ng ihs hrahs,pg`hs ng augrtg hpilkhnhs pbr ih mustlklh ebrahi, ngeg`sh ng ih prbplh vlnh,gtk., gxkgpklb`gs y vhibrgs gxtgr`bs qug sb` ih gstrukturh qug sbstlg`g ihskb`vlkklb`gs abrhigs dèslkhs ng khnh l`nlvlnub ibs kuhigs sg kb`muoh` kbìbs vhibrgs u`lvgrshigs b `hturhigs ng ih kb`klg`klh.

Kbab rgsuithnb ng ih gxpgrlg`klh prèktlkh gi slstgah ag`thi ngi l`-

nlvlnub g` su lèh`klh kbaprugdh ngsng ibs prlagrbs høbs ng vlnh qug gibdrhr ahi trhg ahihs kb`sgkug`klhs y iugob kbaprg`nlg`nb kb` gi ngspgr -thr ng ih rhzû` aès hngih`tg gi sg`tlnb qug sudyhkg g` ihs vgrnhngs ìtlkhsgigag`thigs qug sb` ih ahtgrlh prlah prl`klphi ng ih kb`klg`klh rgouihnbrhng ibs hktbs. Zbr gmgapib gi l nlvlnub ngskudrlrè gi ngdgr ng ih orhtltun, phrhib kuhi hdrh slnb `gkgshrlb kb`bkgr prgvlhag`tg qug gs bdrhr dlg` mu`tb hsus kb`sgkug`klhs, og`grh`nb kbab rgsuithnb ih orhtltun. Gi dlg`, ihs kb` -

sgkug`klhs, ih orhtltun, gi bdrhr, ihs vgrnhngs ìtlkhs gigag`thigs, gtk., tbnbgstg kb`mu`tb ng kb`bklalg`tbs y fgkfbs nhrè kbab rgsuithnb ih kb`klg`-

klh rgouihnbrh ng ibs hktbs, qug gs u` agkh`lsab ag`thi qug og`grhrè giahybr dhih`kg ng dg`gklbs sbklhigs g l`nlvlnuhigs pbsldigs.

Ib khrhktgrástlkb ng ih kb`klg`klh gs ih vlvg`klh ng u`h hutbrlnhnsbdrgpgrsb`hi l`kb`nlklb`hnh y hdsbiuth hmg`h h su prbplh vbiu`thn qug

sg hrrhloh kbab igolsihnbrh y mugz brng`h`nb sl` tg`gr g` kug`th kuhiqulgrgseugrzb ng hutb mustlkhklû` b hutb lapbslklû`.

Ihs vgrnhngs ìtlkhs gigag`thigs qug rgouih` h ih kb`klg`klh ngi l`nl-vlnub b sb` agrbs kb`bklalg`tbs hdstrhktbs sl` rgihklû` kb` gi fbadrg, sl`bqug sg trhth ng u` ngdgr qug tbah ih ebrah ng igy, nh`nb kbab rgsuithnbqug ih igy ng su kb`klg`klh gs ih igy ng su prbplh kb`nukth. Igy lapugsth pbrih vbiu`thn ngi Orh` Hrqultgktb ngi W`lvgrsb y igy g` kuh`tb abnb ng bdrhrprbplb ng khnh sgr y kb`nlklb`hnb h ih vgz qug brng-`hnb pbr su prbplh`hturhigzh.

[l dlg` gi fbadrg `b pbsgg u`h l`tulklû` kb``hturhi ng ihs kb`gxlb-`gs ng ih igy abrhi kb` ih `hturhigzh fuah`h g` pig`b usb ng su rhzû`, ihrgkb`bkg kbab phrtg ng su `hturhigzh rhklb`hi khrhktgrástlkh ng su prbplh

@bth ngi kbbrnl`hnbr=

Zihtû`. (>4?-;>? h. K.)eug u` iûsbeb orlgobsgoulnbr ng [ûkrhtgs yahgstrb ng Hrlstûtgigs. G`;6? eu`nû ih Hkhngalh,l`stltuklû` qug kb`tlùh-

ráh su ahrkfh h ib ihrobng aès ng `bvgklg`tbshøbs y h ih qug Hrlstûtgigshkunlráh ngsng Gstholrh hgstunlhr ibsbeáh hirgng-

nbr ngi ;5?, kbaphrtlg`-

nb, ng gstg abnb, u`bsvgl`tg høbs ng halsthny trhdhmb kb` su ahgstrb.Zihtû` phrtlklpû hktlvh-

ag`tg g` ih g`sgøh`zhng ih Hkhngalh y gskrl-dlû, slgaprg g` ebrah ngnlèibob, sbdrg ibs aès nl-vgrsbs tgahs, thigs kbabibsbeáh pbiátlkh, ìtlkh,pslkbiboáh, h`trbpbiboáhibsûkh, gplstgabiboáh,

o`bsgbiboáh, agtheáslkh,kbsabob`áh, kbsabib-

oáh, ibsbeáh ngi igòuhmgy ibsbeáh ng ih gnukh-

klû`.



8<Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxxIh kb`klg`klh

gsg`klh fuah`h. Ngdlnb h gstb (ih kb`klg`klh) rgkb`bkg ih gxlog`klh ng u`h kb`nukth hprbplh-

nh rgspgktb h ihs klrku`sth`klhs tgapbrhigs, gsphklhigs, hngaès ng ngtgral`hnbs abnbs ng hil-ag`thklû` y ng ihs rgihklb`gs sgxuhigs, hiob auy nlstl`tb ng ib qug bkurrg g` ih kb`nukth h`lahi,nb`ng kb` su `hturhigzh gxg`th ng ihs vgrnhngs ìtlkhs gigag`thigs y ih husg`klh ng ih rhzû` qugprbnukg ih l`gxlstg`klh ng ihs kb`vlkklb`gs abrhigs dèslkhs, fhkg` l`khphz hi h`lahi ng pbsggr

u`h kb`klg`klh qug rgouig sus hktbs y su hkklb`hr sg vugivg purhag`tg l`stl`tlvb y bpbrtu`lsth.

Kb`kiuslû`

Ihs hkklb`gs ng ih kb`klg`klh, kbab hktbs qug sb`, gstè` brlg`thnbs fhklh gi gxtgrlbr, ihrghilnhn, gi au`nb, ibs ngaès. Zgrb, pbr sgr kb`sklg`tgag`tg abrhigs, tlg`g` u` hspgktb l`tgr`b,qug gs gi qug fhkg qug sgh` vhibrhdigs. @b pbngabs bivlnhr qug sbabs kb`sklg`tgs pbrqug sh -

dgabs qug pbngabs gigolr, pbrqug sg`tlabs qug tg`gabs pbsldlilnhn ng sgoulr khal`bs nlegrg`-

tgs g` ùgstrh vlnh, pbrqug `bs nhabs kug`th ng qug ùgstrhs hkklb`gs tlg`g` kb`sgkug`klhs.Ih kb`klg`klh ng gsths kb`sgkug`klhs gs ih dhsg ngi hspgktb l`-tgr`b ng ih abrhi, g` giih gstègi brlog` ng ih vhibrhklû` ng ùgstrbs hktbs, ùgstrbs fèdltbs b ùgstrb abnb ng vlnh. Zgrb ih

kb`klg`klh fuah`h gs thadlì` kb`klg`klh ng ih ildgrthn, kb`klg`klh ng qug `b tbnhs ihs pb-sldlilnhngs ng gigkklû` sb` louhiag`tg vhilbshs. Zbr gsb gs gspgklhiag`tg lapbrth`tg pih`tghr`bsquì gs y kûab eu`klb`h. Ih alsah phihdrh qug ushabs phrh rgegrlr`bs h giih yh `bs nh u`h plsth=gsthr kb`sklg`tg slo`lkh nhrsg kug`th ng ib qug bkurrg hirgngnbr. Ih kb`klg`klh gs u`h ebrahng kb`bklalg`tb b ng pgrkgp-klû`. Ih kb`klg`klh gs kb` ib qug `bs nhabs kug`th ng ib qugvhig khnh kbsh y khnh hktb, ng ib qug agrgkg ih pg`h phrh ih vlnh, y kbab ib pih`tgb [ûkrhtgsg` ih Hpbiboáh ng Zihtû`= ih kb`klg`klh `bs fhkg nlegrg`klhr ng ib qug gs dug`b y prbvgkfbsb,ng ib qug `b agrgkg ih pg`h, ng ib ahib, ng ib pgrmunlklhi, ng ib qug fhy qug gvlthr. Hsá pbngabskb`kiulr qug ih kb`klg`klh gs ùgstrb ouáh pgrsb`hi y qug ngdgabs slgaprg prgsthr htg`klû` h ihvbz ng ùgstrh kb`klg`klh pbrqug gs y sgrè slgaprg ùgstrh agmbr ouáh.

[bdrg gi hutbr

Gi U.•.F.•. M. A. Dhrrgnb Ah`nzluc

Flmb ng phnrg Ohiigob y ahnrg Wkrh`lh`h, gs Lò. Gigktrlklsth, prbegsbr u`lvgrslthrlb, gskrltbrhngaès ng ildrg pg`shnbr. Tgslng y trhdhmh g` Ug`gzugih g` ih Ibolh ’[bi ng Hrhouh‑ `½ <5 kb`b-

klnh lèbrahiag`tg kbab ’Ih W`lvgrslnhn ng ihs Ibolhs‑ ngdlnb h ih ihroh ilsth ng liustrgs ahsb`gs

Ug`gzbih`bs l`lklhnbs g` giih, thadlì` gs gi Zrlagr Orh` Gxpgrtb ng ih Orh` Ibolh ng ih Tgpýdilkhng Ug`gzugih y sg g`kug`trh trhdhmh`nb gspgkákhag`tg g` gi TGHH.




xxxx

Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs nlrlog ih kgrgab`lh vgih`nb pbr su dug` ngshrrbiib y kh`hilzh`nbih g`trhnh ng ih ibolh y ah`tg`lg`nb gi dug` brng`. Ngkbrhnb kb` u` sbtugr kb` ih rgprgsg`th-

klû` u`h vhrh g` su kg`trb, gs `badrhnb khnh høb ahsû`lkb pbr gi Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb.

Kbab Fgrags y Ablsìs iigvh gi dhstû` ng ah`nb b dèkuib. Gsg dhstû` rgprgsg`th gi gmg ngiau`nb qug sbstlg`g gi klgib, ngskh`sh`nb h ih vgz sbdrg ih tlgrrh, pgrb thadlì` gi gmg qug iloh ibkgigstg y ib tgrrgstrg. Tgprgsg`th ih hutbrlnhn ahtgrlhi y gsplrltuhi, ih ahgstráh ng ihs g`groáhs kg -

igstgs y tgrrgstrgs. Gs gi trhthnb ng u`lû` g`trg gshs nbs eugrzhs kbab bdmgtb qug pgrautg rghilzhribs alihorbs ngi klgib sbdrg ih tlgrrh pbrqug tbkh gi klgib pbr u`h pu`th y ih tlgrrh pbr ih btrh.

Gs kbab btrb pbngrbsb sáadbib ng ih Ulnh y ih vgrtlkhilnhn, gi Èrdbi qug pb`g g` kbau`l-khklû` ibs trgs `lvgigs ngi kbsabs, gi sudtgrrè`gb h trhvìs ng ihs rhákgs, ih supgrklg h trhvìs ngsu trb`kb y ihs hiturhs h trhvìs ng ihs rhahs, ih vhrh gsthdigkg u`h rgihklû` g`trg h tlgrrh y gi klgibpgrb h trhvìs ngi Fbadrg.

Ih sbstlg`g ragag`tg kb` ih ah`b lzqulgrnh y sus obipgs sg sl`krb`lzh` ng ebrah `hturhi hkhnh tgrkgr phsb.

Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs g` ahrkfh `bs rgkugrnh qug, hi louhi qug u` pgrgorl`b sbdrg gikhal`b ng [h`tlhob ng Kbapbstgih sl `b sg hvh`zh `b sg hikh`zh gi bdmgtlvb.

Ih Erhtgr`lnhn Ahsû`lkh `gkgslth sgr h`lahnh pbr gi pg`shalg`tb y gi sg`tlalg`tb ng sudýsqugnh ng iuz phrh pb`grsg gegktlvhag`tg g` abvlalg`tb. \ hquá sg qulgrg ngklr pb`grsg g`abvlalg`tb l`tgrlbr, gegktuhr gi pgrgorl`hmg ng ih htg`klû` phrh ngmhr ng ihnb pg`shalg`tbs ygabklb`gs brnl`hrlhs, sl`b prbkurhr hkgrkhrsg ib aès pbsldig h su [gr y hi ng sus fgrah`bs, pugs gi

Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs, qug gs g` gegktb gi Ahgstrb ngi Tltuhi, tlg`g u` rbi ng ih ahybr lapbrth`-

klh g` gi dug` eu`klb`halg`tb ng ih ibolh, th`tb g` gi pih`b ahtgrlhi kbab g` gi gsplrltuhi.

Gs qulg` hkgrkh ibs nbs pih`bs phrh pgraltlr h ibs Fgrah`bs phshr kb` klgrth ehklilnhn ngu`b hi btrb.

Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs gs slgaprg hslstlnb pbr gi Fgrah`b ^grrldig, qug kb`sgrvh ih gsph-

nh ngsg`-vhl`hnh, y kb`bkgnbr ngi brng` u`lvgrshi, rgkbog ih g`groáh `gkgshrlh phrh ih ngeg`shng ih hrab`áh y ih erh-tgr`lnhn.

Gs qulg` vgih phrh qug ih ibolh gstì prgphrhnh phrh ihs kgrgab`lhs gspgklhigs y thadlì`

phrh ihs tg`lnhs rgouihrgs

Dhmb ih nlrgkklû` ngiAhgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs

^bahnb ngi dibo ’Ih laprg`th ng Dg`mhaá`‑Eug`tg= fttp=//ahsb`grlhihlaprg`thngdg`mhal`.dibospbt.kba.gs/4:8>/:;/dhmb-ih-nlrgkklb`-ngi-ahgstrb-ng.ftai

^átuib brlol`hi= Ih phrtltlb` nu Ahàtrg ng Kìrìab`lg.Zudilkhnb kb` hutbrlzhklû` ngi dibo Fhutgs orhngs ahïb``lqugs, tbahnb h su vgz ngfttp=//www.gkbsshlsngshl`tmgh`.bro/hrtlkig-ih-phrtltlb`-nu-ahltrg-ngkgrgab`lg-<?5?>5>?.ftai

Dhmb ih nlrgkklû` ngi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs




xxxxDhmb ih nlrgkklû` ngi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs

L`trbnukg h ibs bklhigs y h ibs Fgrah`bs nurh`tg ihs g`trhnhs rltuhigs g l`tgrvlg`g khnh vgzqug ib gxlog u` brng` supgrlbr. Kb`bkg gi brng` kûsalkb b su rgprgsg`thklû` ogborèkh sbdrg ih tlgrrh, prbygkthnh g` gil`tgrlbr ngi ^gapib, rgoih ibs ngspihzhalg`tbs g` gi kugrpb ng ih ibolh alrh`nb pbr ih prgnbal`h`-

klh ngi brng` u`lvgrshi.

Gs ih vlvh rgprgsg`thklû` ng ihs igygs nlvl`hs y gi ohrh`tg ngi brng` ahsû`lkb. Gstè ildrg ngpuislb`gs gabklb`higs, ildrg ng sus lnghs, ildrg ng su kugrpb, phrh gmgkuthr kb` kb`klg`klh ibs ogs-tbs mustbs qug kbrrgs-pb`ng` h ih hrab`áh gtgr`h y qug gstè` kbnlkhnbs g` gi rltuhi.

Kb` sus ngspihzhalg`tbs g` ibolh, gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lh gs kb`sklg`tg ng sus plgs y ngisugib, ngi abvlalg`tb ng sus plgr`hs kb`krgth y sladûilkhag`tg. [g vugivg kb`sklg`tg ng ih g`gr -oáh qug klrkuih pbr su kugrpb y ngi sgr qug ib fhdlth.

Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs gs gi sáadbib ngi brng` kûsalkb y ahsû`lkb qug rgspgth g liustrhkb` sus ah`legsthklb`gs y ngspihzhalg`tbs g` gi sg`b ng ih ibolh.

Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs hslstg hi Ug`grhdig phrh qug gi ngskg`sb ng ih iuz rgspgtg thibrng`.

Hi louhi qug u` klgob obipgh ngih`tg suyb kb` su dhstû`, gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs ibfhkg kuh`nb hvh`zh ng`trb ng ih ibolh. Gs u` ouáh qug shdg qug gstè klgob y phrh hvh`zhr fhklhih iuz `gkgslth aès qug sus nbs plgr`hs, u` tgrkgr sbpbrtg, su dhstû`.

Hsá gs qug `b sbib ibs nbs Ulolih`tgs sb` qulg`gs hyunh` hi Ug`grhdig h hdrlr ih ibolh, sl`bhngaès gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs y gi Fgrah`b ^grrldig. @b sg trhth slapigag`tg ng hdrlr gitgapib g` qug sg fh` rgu`lnb ibs Fgrah`bs, sl`b aès dlg` ng hdrlr gi gspárltu y ’rgu`lr ib qug gstènlspgrsb‑ phrh kbapb`gr u`h u`lnhn.

Hsá, hdrlr ih ibolh gs prbkgngr h `ugstrh hpgrturhng gspárltu. Gi rltuhi tlg`g pbr `hilnhn hrab`lzhrihs eugrzhs ngi l`tgrlbr kb` ihs ngi gxtgrlbr. Gi rg-

kl`tb, u`h vgz kgrrhnb sg kb`vlgrtg g` u` iuohrkb`shorhnb.

Khnh fgrah`b ngvlg`g g` hktbr, u` hktbr qugvlvg l`tg`shag`tg su rbi. Tbnghnb pbr gi alstgrlb3gsh hk-tltun bpgrh sbdrg ih `hturhigzh alsah ngil`nlvlnub g` su sg`tlnb sgkrgtb.

Hfbrh, g` gi pûrtlkb, gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhsl`vlth hi slig`klb h`tgs ng ’gi hdh`nb`b ng ibsagthigs‑.

Tgspgktb hi sladbilsab ng ibs agthigs= gs auygvlng`tg qug pbr agthigs gsthabs fhdih`nb nggsb qug `bs hth hi au`nb ahtgrlhi kbab ihs ph-

slb`gs qug l`tg`th` nbal`hr`bs sl` kgshr, gs ng-

klr ihs kbshs eýtligs, `gohtlvhs b `b pgrah`g`tgs.\ hquá, g` ih ibolh y g` `ugstrbs kbrhzb`gs sb`hdsbiuthag`tg l``gkgshrlhs.

Iugob ng u` l`sth`tg ng slig`klb, kb` u` obipg





ng dhstû` g` gi sugib, gi Ahgstrb ng kgrgab`lhs l`vlth h ibs fgrah`bs h sgoulrig. Gi obipg ng dhs -

tû` fhkg khgr h ibs fgrah`bs g` btrh htaûsegrh h ` ng dg`gklhr ih hkklû` qug vh h ngshrrbiihr -sg. Ih aýslkh prgnlspb`g hi gspárltu h ih kb`tgapihklû` ng ihs kbshs nlvl`hs.

Hi pg`gtrhr g` gi tgapib, sbib sg pgrkldg u`h pgqugøh iuz y sgrè `gkgshrlb hvh`zhr phrh

qug gsh pgqugøh iihah prbnuzkh u`h liual`hklû` tbthi. Ih klrkuihklû` pbr gi tgapib ngdg sgr gù` sg`tlnb ngtgral`hnb. Ibs Fgrah`bs gstè` bdilohnbs h sgr kb`nuklnbs h ` ng `b gqulvbkhr ihváh, y qug gi algnb h u`h sg`ngrb gqul-vbkhnb ibs higmg.

Gi sg`tlnb sg gilog kb`slngrh`nb qug gi Fgrah`b kb`tgapih gi Brlg`tg, pugs vg`grh y dus-kh ih iuz, gi sbi `hklg`tg. G` gegktb, gi tlgapb prbeh`b yh `b kug`th. ^g`gabs u` sladbilsab sbihrkb` ih gvbkhklû` ng ih fbrh qug ih brlg`thklû` ngi tgapib, ih nlspbslklû` ng ibs Fgrah`bs, ih pb-

slklû` ng ihs kbiua`hs tgstlab`lh` kbab tbahnbs ng ih bdsgrvhklû` ngi sbi.

Fhy qug `bthr h`tg tbnb qug ih pugrth ngi tgapib gsth g` bkklng`tg, pugs gi ahsû` vlg`gng ihs tl`lgdihs ngi au`nb prbeh`b phrh iigohr h Brlg`tg g` duskh ng iuz.

Hi brlg`tg sg sltuhdh gi phrhásb tgrrg`hi. Zgrb h`tgs ng g`trhr sg ngdg phshr pbr g`trg ihs nbs kb -iua`hs. @b ngdg bivlnhr qug ih htabsegrh ng u`h ibolh sg krgh h phrtlr ng hktbs rltuhigs, y ng bdmg-

tbs sladûilkbs nls-pugstbs sgoý` u` brng` dlg` ngtgral`hnb. Ngspuìs vlg`g gi tur`b ng ibs Kbaph-

øgrbs qug sg slg`th` sbdrg ih kbiua`h ngi agnlbnáh y ng khrh h ibs Hprg`nlkgs. [g agzkih` g`trgibs Ahgstrbs y sg sgphrh` ng ibs Hprg`-nlkgs.

Zbr ` iigoh gi tur`b ng ibs Ahgstrbs, gi Fgrah`b [gkrgthrlb, gi Fgrah`b Brhnbr. Ibs Fgrah-

`bs Ulol-ih`tgs y pbr ýitlab gi Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb.

Gi pûrtlkb gsthrè kb`vg`lg`tgag`tg liual`hnb kb` u`h dumáh. Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhshkbaphøh h ibs Fgrah`bs g` sus ngspihzhalg`tbs, louhi qug h ibs Fgrah`bs vlslth`tgs, ngsng ihkbiua`h fhsth gi Brlg`tg.

G` gi sg`b ng ih ibolh gs gi ý`lkb g` klrkuihr y `hnlg sg ngspihzh sl` sgr hkbaphøhnb pbrìi. Iigvh ibs ag`shmgs ngi F. [gkrgthrlb hi Ug`grhdig, g`kg`nlg`nb ihs iukgs h`tg gi hù`klb fgkfbkhnh vgz pbr ihs trgs iukgs ng ih ibolh, gi Ug`grhdig y ibs nbs Ulolih`tgs.

Hi Bkklng`tg, y h ibs ihnbs ng ih pugrth ng ih ibolh, sg fhiih` ihs kbiua`hs kb` ihs igtrhs D yM y khnh Ul-olih`tg sg sltýh ngtrès ng u`h ng giihs.

Ibs kh`ngihdrbs slgaprg hsbklhnbs hi tgr`hrlb [bi, Iu`h, Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb. Ih iuz hrtlklhikbògih ihs kbshs, ihs dumáhs ihs h`lah. H ih iuz ng ihs dumáhs, tbnb kbdrh vlnh.

Gi yb l`tgrlbr sb`ngh tbnb y sg hdrg h ih l`tgorhilnhn ngi hrkb lrls rghi. H`hilzh tbnbs ibs kbib-

rgs phrh `b vgr aès qug ngi `gorb aès bskurb hi dih`kb aès purb. [upb`g h`tg tbnb u`h hapilh-

klû` ng ih alrhnh= [g ebkhilzh sbdrg ih dûvgnh kgigstg pgrb ah`tg`lg`nb ibs plgs g` tlgrrh.

Ih dumáh gs u` sáadbib pbngrbsb3 iigvh gi eugob, ih g`groáh, pugstb qug ih iihah qug vh krg-

klg`nb gs sáadbib ng ih gigvhklû` gsplrltuhi (vlsth ngsng slgaprg kbab sáadbib ngi hiah, ng ihpurlkhklû`.

Gi thiigr sg vh hkihrh`nb prborgslvhag`tg fhsth hikh`zhr ih pig`h liual`hklû`, ngspuìs ngih tgrkgrh iuz. Hfbrh sg g`klg`ng gi Ngith. Ngspuìs ng kruzhrsg, ibs nbs Ulolih`tgs sudg` fhklh

Brlg`tg g` duskh ng ih iuz. Ibs nbs Fgrah`bs Ulolih`tgs gskihrgkg` gi Brlg`tg kbab rggmb ng ihiuz qug gi Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb ngrrhah sbdrg khnh u`b ng ibs Fgrah`bs. Hsá g` ih ibolh ihs l`nlvl -nuhilnhngs sg vh` ngsvh`gklg`nb h agnlnh qug gi tgapib sg grlog pbkb h pbkb.





Hi Brlg`tg drliih ih gstrgiih haáogrh qug g` su kg`trb tlg`g ih igtrh O, auy liual`hnh. Gstg gs gi ab-

ag`tb aès eugrtg ngi rltuhi nb`ng khnh u`b rghilzh l`tgrlbrag`tg gi Kb`bklalg`tb fhsth su orhnbaès hitb.

Hfbrh pugng` kbag`zhr ibs trhdhmbs.

Iigoh gi klgrrg ng gsbs trhdhmbs. Gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs y gi Fgrah`b ^grrldig klrkuih` h ihvgz kb` gi [hkb ng ihs Zrbpbslklb`gs y hngaès phrh rgkldlr gi ûdbib g` gi ’^rb`kb ng ih Ulunh‑. Zbr` sg udlkh` ngih`tg ng khnh iuz ng brng` phrh gxtl`oulrihs hi kbah`nb ngi Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb.Gi Kuhnrb ng Ibolh gs rgkbolnb y rgkudlgrtb.

Gi Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb hdh`nb`h su sltlhi sgoulnb pbr tbnbs ibs Fgrah`bs3 h ih shilnh gi Ahgs-trb ng Kg-rgab`lhs y gi Fgrah`b ^grrldig sg udlkh` khrh khrh pbr ýitlah vgz.

[bdrg gi pûrtlkb, gi Ahgstrb ng Kgrgab`lhs nh u` obipg ng su dhstû` sbdrg gi sugib= ’Alsfgrah`bs, u` l`sth`tg ng slig`klb h`tgs ng rgkupgrhr ibs agthigs‑… Gs gi abag`tb g` qug sg ng-

dgráh rgkbrnhr ib qug sg fh trhdhmhnb g` ih tg`lnh y kb`sgrvhr ib gsg`klhi phrh rg`bvhr `ugstrh

alrhnh sbdrg gi au`nb y su hdh`lkb ng pbsldlilnhngs.

Kb` u` ýitlab obipg ng dhstû`, gsthabs g` gi pûrtlkb, ih tg`lnh fh tgral`hnb.




xxxx

fttp=//ahsb`grlhihlaprg`thngdg`mhal`.dibospbt.kba.gs




xxxxL`lklhklû` y rgog`grhklû`

L`lklhklû` y rgog`grhklû`

^gxtb tbahnb ng ih bdrh ’Gi alstlklsab ng ih ahsb`gráh‑ ng Kiyagr [wlrdur`g

’Gi rltuhi ng ih Erh`kahsb`gráh (sladbilzhklû` Ahsû`lkh) sg dhsh g` gsth igy `hturhi, y ihkgrgab`lh ng ih l`lklhklû` liustrh, h khnh phsb, gstg prl`klplb= y sl gi rgsuithnb qug sg bdtlg`g, gìh ahybráh ng ibs khsbs, gs u`h pbsgslû` (ng phihdrhs y sáadbibs) aès qug u`h rgog`grhklû` (ngikh`nlnhtb), gi prl`klplb `b gs pbr gsb ag`bs vgrnhngrb. Ih agrh rgpgtlklû` ng prl`klplbs abrhigs,b igkklb`gs ng ìtlkh, y su liustrhklû` sladûilkh y rgprgsg`thklû` nrhaètlkh, g` ah`grh hiou`h sb`l`ýtligs. Giihs sg nlrlog` h ih kb`klg`klh y hi sg`tlnb abrhi ng khnh fbadrg y h `lòý` fbadrg sg ig

fh fgkfb aès ahib pbr ihs igkklb`gs ng ih Ibolh. Zbr gstbs ’rltbs y dg`gklbs‑ gi Erh`kahsû` gstèpbr sbdrg tbnbs ibs fbadrgs, g` ih qug iihahabs ùgstrh klvlilzhklû` abngr`h, ih aès prûxlah hih H`tlouh [hdlnuráh. Ìi gstè g` pbsgslû` ngi tgrrltbrlb g` qug sg bkuith` ihs Mbyhs ng ih Kbrb`h ngih [hdlnuráh. Ìi pugng khvhr aès fb`nb y fhiihr, `b sûib ih Kihvg ngi Hrkh, gi Hrkh ng ih Hilh`zh, giZgrohal`b ng ih Igy, sl`b qug, ush`nb gi gspárltu gskb`nlnb g` ihs hihs ngi Xugrudá`, pugng gig-

vhrsg ildrgag`tg pbr ihs rul`hs ngi“ tgapib y, g`kb`trh`nb h Gibfla (Mgfbvhf-Hnb`hl gi Zhnrg ngih Iuz), hprg`ngr thadlì` h ngklr= ’\b sby gi qug sby‑.

²@b gs gstb kbab u`h rhpsbnlh, y `b sb` sl`b ibs ih`nahrcs, trhnlklb`gs y oilebs ng ih Erh`k-

ahsb`gráh2

’Ih Klg`klh W`lvgrshi y ih [udilag Elibsbeáh, qug g` u` tlgapb sg g`sgøû g` ibs Orh`ngs Alstgrlbs ng Golptb, Khingh, Zgrslh g L`nlh (y hfbrh g` gi [hkgrnbklb ng Hgtf) y g` au-kfhs btrhs `hklb`gs ng ih h`tl-oùgnhn, gs igtrh augrth g` ih Ahsb`gráh abngr`h. Gi Ah- sû` l`tgilog`tg, sl` gadhrob, ngdlgrh sgr ih ýitlah pgrsb`h sbdrg ih tlgrrh qug `gohrh qugthi [hdlnuráh gxlstlû hiou`h vgz, pbr ih sg`kliih rhzû` ng qug tbnh ih supgrgstrukturh ng ih Ahsb`gráh gstè kb`strulnh sbdrg ihs trhnlklb`gs ng su gxlstg`klh3 y su rltuhi slrvg kb-ab suabùag`tb vlvb. Gi pgregkklb`halg`tb g` gi orhnb prgkgng`tg, gs g` tbnhs phrtgs u`h rhzû` phrh prborgshr g` Ahsb`gráh. Gstg pgregkklb`halg`tb sg fhkg kb`slstlr g` ih fhdl-ilnhn ngi kh`nlnhtb phrh rgpgtlr, phihdrh pbr phihdrh, klgrtbs rltuhigs y bdilohklb`gs yhphshnbs, - kuyb slo`lkhnb y gxpilkhklû` kb`stltuyg ih l`strukklû` ng ibs nlegrg`tgs orhnbs.Ih kbstuadrg sbdrg gstg pu`tb, hi ag`bs g` ibs Gsthnbs W`lnbs, slrvg phrh hsgourhr ibs ngrg-kfbs y dg`gklbs ng ih Ibolh (ih ibolh sladbilzh th`tb gi klgib kbab gi W`lvgrsb), h hqugiibs

qug tlg`g` ngrgkfb h giibs3 y phrh hphrthribs ng ibs ngaès, aès qug phrh fhkgr hvh`zhrhi kh`nlnhtb fhklh gi vgrnhngrb kb`bklalg`tb (gstb gs, gi trhgr h ih gxlstg`klhs, ah`legsth-klû` y pgrsb`lkhklû`, ihs pbtg`klhs y eugrzhs l``hths ng`trb ng gstg u`lvgrsb, qug pbnráhiigohr h sgr u` klgib). - Nr. Dukc, Aystlk Ahsb`gry.

Fhkg sloibs, gxlstáh u` vgrnhngrb Alstlklsab ng`trb ng ih Ahsb`gráh [ladûilkh, y gsth gs ihigyg`nh (^bnbs ibs orhnbs ng ih H`tlouh Ahsb`gráh Aástlkh, gstè` g` pbsgslû` ng ih Erhtgr`lnhnFlmbs ng Bslrls).

Bkurrlû qug kuh`nb gi Orh` ^gapib gstuvb ilstb, [hibaû` vhkliû g` kb`shorhrib, pbr nbsrhzb`gs=





Zrlagrh, ngdlnb h ih augrtg ng Flrha Hdlee.

[gou`nh, ngdlnb hi fgkfb ng qug kb` ih augrtg ngi Flmb ng ih Ulunh, ih Zhihdrh ng Ahgstrby gi abnb sgkrgtb ng ushrih, sg fhdáh` pgrnlnb. Zbr ib th`tb, [hibaû` sg vlb prgklshnb h kb`vbkhrh u` Kb`klilb [gkrgtb, h ihs nbkg g` pu`tb, g` ih krlpth sgkrgth dhmb gi [h`ktua [h`ktbrua.

Gstg Kb`sgmb [gkrgtb gsthdh kbapugstb pbr [hibaû`, Tgy ng Lsrhgi3 Flrha, Tgy ng ^lrb3 ]h-

nbc, gi Orh` [hkgrnbtg y Dg`hihf, Khpltè` ng ihs Ouhrnlhs.

Ngspuìs qug [hibaû` fudb ngpibrhnb ih pìrnlnh ng Flrha Hdlee, y kb` ìi, ng ih Zhihdrhng Ahgstrb, y ih ah`grh sgkrgth ng ushrih, sg igvh`tû Flrha, Tgy ng ^lrb, y rgkbrnû hi Tgy [hibaû`qug @htfh`, gi Zrbegth, gsthdh vlvb hý` y pbnráh sgr ýtli phrh hyunhr g` hiob g` gsth ngsorhklh.Zbr ib th`tb, [hibaû` brng`û h Dg`hihf, Khpltè` ng ihs Ouhrnlhs, qug duskhrh y trhmgsg h`tg ìi h@htfh`, gi Zrbegth.

Fhdlg`nb hvgrlouhnb Dg`hihf qug @htfh` gi Zrbegth gsthdh g` ih khsh ng Hdihtfhr, u` h`-

tloub Orh` [hkgrnbtg ngi Tgy Nhvln, iigoû fhsth gi Zhihklb sûib phrh g`kb`trhr qug @htfh` fhdáhaugrtb ng vgmgz, pbkb h`tgs ng su iigohnh. G` vlsth. ng gstb, sg nlspusb h rgorgshr, ngskudrlg`nbh u` gxtrh`mgrb qug vhohdh kgrkh ng ih Krlpth [gkrgth, ib tbaû dhmb su kustbnlh y ib iigvû h ihprgsg`klh ngi Kb`sgmb [gkrgtb. Gi gxtrh`mgrb rgsuitû sgr Hdngab`, fbadrg auy shdlb y sýdnltb ngFlrha, Tgy ng ^lrb. Gxhal`hnb, sg ngskudrlû qug fhdáh slnb l`lklhnb kbab Hprg`nlz, phsh`nb hiOrhnb ng Kbaphøgrb, y gigvhnb hi [udilag Orhnb ng Ahgstrb Ahsû`, pbr [glsha, u` Gskrldh qugfhdáh vlhmhnb pbr gi phás ng ibs ^lrlbs, ng nb`ng Flrha, Tgy ng ^lrb, trhmb h sus prbplbs nbal`lbs ibssgkrgtbs ng ih Ahsb`gráh.

Zbr sgr Hdngaû` Ahgstrb Ahsû`,, y rg-

kb`bkgrib gi Tgy Flrha kbab u` fbadrg shdlby hstutb, kb`kiu-yû pbr sgr hnaltlnb hi Kb`sgmb[gkrgtb, ngspuìs ng fhdgr ngpbslthnb g` ihsah`bs ngi Tgy [hibaû` u` ah-ùskrltb qug fh-

dáh rgkldlnb ng u` abnb ahrhvliibsb y alstgrlb-

sb ng ah`bs ng u` Golpklb, nurh`tg gi tlgapbg` qug gi Kb`sgmb [gkrgtb ib tuvb g` khutlvgrlb.[hibaû` qugnû, th` kbapihklnb kb` gi ahùs-

krltb qug l`-agnlhthag`tg hnaltlû h Hdngab`kbab algadrb ngi Kb`sgmb [gkrgtb, qug g` gsgabag`tb gsthdh sgslb-`h`nb. Hdngab`, h suvgz, sg sl`tlû th` hithag`tg fb`rhnb, qug sbilkltûu` pgralsb, qug sg ig btbroû, phrh gaprg`ngr u`

vlhmg h ih tlgrrh ng Golptb h ` ng sgr l`lklhnb gìbs sgkrgtbs ng ibs L`lklhnbs ng ih Orh` Zl-rèalng3y, h su vgz, prbagtlû rgorgshr h ih tlgrrh ng ibsLsrhgilths y rgvgihr hi Kb`sgmb [gkrgtb tbnb ib qugfudlgsg hprg`nlnb.

Hdngab` tuvb ìxltb g` sus gseugrzbs3 y ibsorhnbs sloulg`tgs sg l`stltuygrb` phrh kb`sgrvhrgi kb`bklalg`tb qug ìi fhdáh bdtg`lnb g` ihtlgrrh ng Golptb, nurh`tg su vlhmg g l`lklhklû` gìh Orh` Zlrèalng ng Zlgnrh= -Gi Fgrhinb ngi Tgy3

Orhnb ng Ahgstrb ng ih Kugvh [gkrgth.





Ngspuìs ng ngskh`shr pbr trgs náhs g` gi pbzb ng Dggrsfgdh3 Hag`l, gi. Kh`th`tg, gi Hstrûibob yHdng-ab`, dhmb ih gskbith ngi Fgrhinb ngi Tgy, vlhmhrb` g` gthphs ilvlh`hs fhsth gi Ab`tg [grdhi,nb`ng gi orupb sg rgeuolû g` u`h kugvh `hturhi y hfá Hdngab` rgkldlû sus l`strukklb`gs `higs,h`tgs ng sgr l`lklhnb g` ibs Orhnbs ng ih Zlrèalng.

Nurh`tg gi kursb ngi vlhmg, Hag`l gxpilkû h Hdngab` aukfbs alstgrlbs vgihnbs kb`kgr`lg`-tgs h ih l`lklhklû`, y gi abtlvb pbr gi kuhi grh lapbsldig nhr h kb`bkgr gstbs alstgrlbs hi pýdilkb gòg`grhi.

W`h phrtg ng ihs kbshs qug Hag`l kbau`lkû h Hdngab` g` su vlhmg, gs ih sloulg`tg= ’H`tgsng hphrgkgr g` ih tlgrrh, gi fbadrg (hi Hiah qug tbah su rgslng`klh g` gi kugrpb, ih iihahabsfbadrg) vlváh g` u` au`nb gsplrltuhi, slalihr h hqugi g` qug vlvg ngspuìs ng ngmhr ih tlgrrh. Khnhu`b houhrnh su tur`b g` gsth gsegrh phrh ah`legsthrsg g` ih tlgrrh, hphrlklû` `gkgshrlh, vlnh ngprugdhs ng ih qug `hnlg pugng gskhphr.

’Ih vlnh h`tgrlbr, pbr ih kuhi tbnbs fgabs phshnb, eug pbr ngklrib hsá u`h vlnh ng pbkh

g`tlnhn, ng nbib-rgs ng phrtb, ng egilklnhn kbab hqugiih ng qug obzhabs ngspuìs ng ùgstrhphrtlnh ng ih tlgrrh3 pgrb gsth egil-klnhn `b pugng kbaprg`ngrsg, pbrqug `b gstè hkbaphøhnhng sg`shklû` phrh prbdhr su rghilnhn. Zbr gsth rhzû`, Nlbs kb`slngrû kb`vg`lg`tg qug phsèrhabsh trhvìs ng gsths vlnhs sukgslvhs= ih prlagrh, g` gi au`nb ng qug bs fhdib, u`h vlnh ngskb`bklnh,ng dghtltun, khrg`tg ng sg`shklû` -ih sgou`nh, ih ng qug obzèls hfbrh, u`h vlnh ng hkklû`, sg`-

shklû` - u`h vlnh nbibrbsh kbibkhnh g`trg ihs nbs, phrh ngabstrhr pbr su kb`trhstg ih nuizurh ngih tgrkgrh ‛ ih vlnh ngi dlg` y ngi ahi, sl` ih kuhi `b pbnráhabs gsthr khphklthnbs phrh hprgklhr ginlkfb gsthnb rgsgrvhnb h `bsbtrbs (ibs L`lklhnbs -hqugiibs qug kb`qulsth` ih Tgog`grhklû` alg`-

trhs gstè` g` gi kugrpb ng khr`g y shòrg, iigoh`nb hsá h ih Kb`klg`klh ngi Hiah, qug gs u`h phrtgng Nlbs).

Kuh`nb ibs pbngrgs ng ih agabrlh gstè` ib suklg`tgag`tg ngsplgrtbs phrh pgrkldlr gi gsth-

nb ng gxlstg`klh h`tgrlbr, hi `hklalg`tb abrthi, ibs ngsg`khr`hnbs hprg`ng` gi hxlbah ng qug giHiah gs u`h gah`hklû` ng ih Nglnhn y, g` su gsg`klh brlol`hi, gs tbnb purgzh, vgrnhn y shdlnuráh.Ihs Hiahs brgkg` g` gi Zhrhásb ng Zurgzh y Habr, kbab ibs khpuiibs g` gi Mhrná` ngi Zhnrg ^bnb-

pbngrbsb ng làbrthi dgiigzh. Gs ih tg`ng`klh ng ih `hturhigzh Nlvl`h, kuybs prl`klphigs htrldutbssb` gi Habr y ih [hdlnuráh, ih Ulnh y ih Iuz, gi ng rgpgtlrsg gtgr`hag`tg y rggmhr su prbplh pgregk -

klû` g` ngstgiibs ng ih alsah. Gsths kflsphs ng eugob kgigs-tlhi (phrtg ng Nlbs) sg kb`vlgrtg` g`Hiahs y kbab gi gegktb ngdg phrtlklphr ng ih `hturhigzh ng ih khush, gi eugob qug hktlvh ih vlnhthadlì` sg kb`vlgrtg g` Iuz, y fg hquá kûab ihs Hiahs qug gah`h` ng ib Nlvl`b, sb` tbnb Habry Iuz, alg`trhs qug ih liual`hklû` ng ih Iuz, qug drbth slgaprg ngi orh` [bi kg`trhi ngi [gr (ih Iuzng Nlbs) lrrhnlh fhklh tbnhs ihs Hiahs (qug sg hrab`lzh` kb` Nlbs b ih Iuz), kb` ngstgiibs kbrrgs-pb`nlg`tgs ng Iuz.

@hklnhs ngi Habr, qug gstè g` prbpbrklû` kb` gi Khibr Nlvl`b, g lrrhnlhnhs kb` Iuz, qug gs[hdlnuráh y Ugrnhn Nlvl`h, ihs prlagrhs y aès pbngrbshs Hiahs rgpltlgrb` ih hkklû` ngi [uprgabBrlol`hnbr, lrrhnlhrb` gah`hklb`gs ng su prbplb sgr, hiou`hs aès hiths, btrhs aès dhmhs, - ihs aèshiths tg`nlg`nb fhklh hrrldh, h ihs gsg`klhs gsplrltuhigs, y ihs aès dhmhs ebrah`nb ahtgrlh nlvlnl -nh. Ihs gah`hklb`gs aès ng`shs, sloulg`nb ih igy krghnbrh, sg kb`ng`shrb` g` sbigs, shtìiltgs,au`nbs, - khnh u`h rgpltlg`nb ih flstbrlh ng ih krghklû`. Ibs [bigs nlgrb` hklalg`tb h ibs [lstgahsy khnh algadrb ng u` slstgah iigoû h. sgr gi gskg`hrlb ng gsthnbs sudbrnl`hnbs ng gxlstg`klhgsplrltuhi b ahtgrlhi.

Ihs ^lgrrhs qug fh` iigohnb h ih khphklnhn ng hidgrohr vlnh broè`lkh, `gkgshrlhag`tg ihs

htrhg`. Ihs tlgrrhs ihs `gkgslth`, gi klgib ihs prbvgg. ²Ng nû`ng2 H agnlnh qug ihs tlgrrhs kihah-dh` pbr gi sgøbráb ng sgrgs supgrlbrgs qug ihs obdgr`hrh`, ibs gspárltus ng igmh`bs Gng`gs báh` ibsaurauiibs ng ih [grplg`tg tg`thnbrh (ngsgb, l`qulgtun), gi prl`klplb h`lahi, gi l`tgigktb ngsplgrtb





qug, rboh`nb h ihs Hiahs dg`nlths ngsng sus nlsth`tgs phrhásbs ihs iig`hdh` kb` u`h l`ngskrlptl-dig l`qulgtun ng khadlb ng fbrlzb`tgs ng kb`bklalg`tbs aès hapilbs, ng ahybrgs pbngrgs3 giihsngdgráh` sgr kbab ibs nlbsgs y kb`bkgr gi dlg` y gi ahi. G` gsth h`-slbsh `gkgslnhn ng ihs tlgrrhspbr fbadrgs y g` gsth l`vbiu`thrlh h`slgnhn ngi Hiah pbr kb`bklalg`tb l`tg-igktuhi, sg gegktuû ihu`lû` g`trg hadbs3 y gi gspárltu iigoû h sgr prgklplthnb fhklh ibs rgl`bs ng ih ahtgrlh, phrh sbag -

tgrsg h u`h pgrgorl`hklû` h trhvìs ng ibs gsthnbs prbdhtbrlbs ng ih tlgrrh, phrh hsá rgkbdrhr ùgvh-ag`tg gi phrhásb, ngspuìs ng fhkgr gstg pgrgorl`hmg pbr kbapigtb.

Ih orh` ahybráh ng ibs Ahsb`gs sb`rág` kb` ngsnì` kuh`nb sg ush, gi tìral`b ’Klg`klhBkuith‑ kb` rgspgktb h ibs Alstgrlbs3 pgrb, h pgshr ng tbnb, sl `b fudlgsg slnb pbr ihs Erhtgr`lnh-

ngs Bkuiths, ih Ahsb`gráh `b fhdráh gxlstlnb. Ih Nbktrl`h [gkrgth eug ih rgilolû` nleu`nlnh u`lvgr -shiag`tg g`trg ibs H`tloubs. Zrugdh` su nleuslû`, ibs h`higs hutì`tlkbs ng ih flstbrlh, u`h khng`hkbapigth ng nbkuag`tbs qug augstrh` su khrèktgr y prgsg`klh g` tbnhs ihs rgolb`gs, mu`tb kbìhs g`sgøh`zhs ng sus orh`ngs Hngptbs, qug gxlstg` fhsth fby g` ihs krlpths sgkrgths ng ildrgráhspgrtg`gklg`tgs h ihs Erhtgr`lnhngs Bkuiths, g`trg ibs kuhigs ngdg horhngkìrsgig aès qug h kuhi-qulgr btrh, h ih vgrnhngrh Erhtgr`lnhn Tbsh-Kruz, pbr fhdgr ouhrnhnb l`thktbs ibs gskrltbs sgkrgtbs

y [horhnbs. Hu`qug sg pgrsloulû l`nlvlnuhiag`tg h aukfbs algadrbs ng gsth Erhtgr`lnhn, g` au-kfhs phrtgs y nurh`tg tbnbs ibs sloibs, ih Brng`, kbab thi, fh kb`tlùhnb sl` l`tgrrupklû`.

’@b shdgabs `hnh pbr gi agrb fgkfb ng qug `bs ib fhyh` nlkfb. Ngmhn qug ibs nlbsgsorltg` ih vgrnhn ng tbnbs ibs sloibs g` ibs bánbs ng u` `gklb pbr slgaprg, y pbr slgaprg sg-oulrè gi `gklb hpgohnb h su `gkg-nhn. Fg hquá nb`ng sg fhiih gi kb`kgptb y gi prl`klplbng tbnhs ihs L`lklhklb`gs. (Gs gi kb`bklalg`tb ngspig-ohnb pbr orhnbs, ng u`h ah`grhbrng`hnh, slstgaètlkh, phsb h phsb, h agnlnh qug sg ngshrrbiihdh g` gi @gûtb ih khph-klnhn ng kbaprg`ngr. Gi rgsuithnb gs ih [hdlnuráh pbr agnlb ng u` krgklalg`tb l`tgr`b, gs-plrltuhi ngi Hiah). Gi kb`bklalg`tb `b gs u`h agrh hnlklû`, hiob horgohnb h hiob qug yhgxlstg3 sl`b qug gs aès dlg` kbab u` khadlb prborgslvb b trh`sebrahklû` ng ih gstrukturhbrlol`hi, phrh fhkgr, g` khnh phsb, u` ùgvb sgr. Gi vgrnhngrb kb`bklalg`tb b krgklalg`-tb (hkuauihklû` ng shdlnuráh pbr agnlb ng ih gxpg-rlg`klh) ng ih shdlnuráh g` gi fbadrg,gs u` Iigohr h sgr Gtgr`b3 u`h trh`sebrahklû` prborgslvh fhklh ih sgagmh`zh ng ih Nglnhn[uprgah y gi pbngr supgrlbr. ’Nr. Dukc, Ahsb`gráh Aástlkh.

Khnh Hiah ngdg ’gihdbrhr su prbplh shivhklû` (Làbrthilnhn)‑. Ih [hivhklû` pbr ih Eg yGxplhklû` Ul-khrlh, kbab fby sg g`tlg`ng`, ù`kh sg g`sgøhrb` pbr Mgsýs `l pbr `lòý` btrb shivh-

nbr, pugs gsths nbktrl`hs `b ebrah` phrtg ng ihs Gskrlturhs gsbtìrlkhs. [b` pgrvgrslb`gs ng ih nbk -

trl`h brlol`hi, ngdlnhs h ih ah`b ng-orhnhnbrh ng Kb`sth`tl`b. G` ih Loigslh prlaltlvh, kbab g` ihNbktrl`h [gkrgth, `b fhdáh u` Krlstb phrh tbnb gi au`nb, sl`b u` Krlstb g` pbtg`klh phrh tbnb giau`nb y ng`trb ng khnh fbadrg. Ibs ^gûibobs, prlagrb flklgrb` u` egtlkfg ng ih Nlvl`lnhn lapgr -sb`hi, Ba`lprgsg`tg3 ngspuìs hrrh`khrb` gi Krlstb ng ibs kbrhzb`gs ng ih fuah`lnhn, kb` gi ` ng

nglkhr h Mgsýs y pbngr tg`gr u` Nlbs pgkuilhr ng giibs y qug sgráh kbab u` ’dh`kb ng ilqulnhklû`‑g` su ’trèkb ng Hiahs‑. Ih Ahsb`gráh b g`sgøh ih [hivhklû` pbr ih Eg, l pbr ih Gxplhklû` Ulkhrlh.Tgkûrrh`sg sus orhnbs, gstýnlgsg ih flstbrlh sgoý` ih g`sgøh` sus hutbrlnhngs rgkb`bklnhs, y sgg`kb`trhrè qug ù`kh fh hidgrohnb thigs nbktrl`hs.

’Ih Fuah`lnhn g` kb`mu`tb, gs gi ý`lkb Nlbs pgrsb`hi3 gi Krlstb gs ih rghilzhklû` b ihpgregkklû` ng gsth Zgrsb`h nlvl`h g` (pbr agnlb ng) ih gxpgrlg`klh l`nlvlnuhi kb`sklg`tg.Kuh`nb gsth pgregkklû` sg rghilzh, gi gsthnb sg, iihah Kfrgstbs, g`trg ibs orlgobs, y Dunnfhg`trg ibs Fl`nýgs. ’[gn pgregktbs, kbab vugstrb Zhnrg qug gstè g` ibs Klgibs gs Zgregktb‑.

’Fgabs iigvhnb h ùgstrh rgilolû` gi alsab gobásab h qug nhabs rlg`nh sugith g` ùgs-

trhs btrhs pbsg-slb`gs, thigs kbab aumgr g flmbs, khshs, tlgrrh y phtrlh3 y gi alsab gspárltuphrtlnhrlsth qug fhy g` ùgstrbs pbiátlkbs, sg prgsg`th kbab phrh mustlkhr gi gobásab gòg`grhi, pugs sg bpb`g` h ih fgrah`nhn ngi fbadrg g laplng` ih eu`nhklû` ng ’ih Orh`



4<Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


Tgpýdilkh, kbapugsth pbr aukfhs @hklb`gs y pbr tbnbs ibs pugdibs‑. Gsth lngh ng ih Fgr -ah`nhn W`lvgrshi, qug grh u`h nbktrl`h eu`nhag`thi g` ibs H`tloubs Alstgrlbs, sgoý` sgngsprg`ng ngi prlagr pbstuihnb ng ih, Nbktrl`h [gkrgth y qug sg ngkihrh hdlgrthag`tg g`gi tgrkgrb, y h ih qug thadlì` sg nh lapbrth`klh khplthi g` ih Ahsb`gráh, gs ih ngnukklûìûolkh ng ùgstrh lngh ng ih Nlvl`lnhn y ngi slo`lkhnb y `hturhigzh gsg`klhi ngi Kfrgstbs.

’Ih Ahsb`gráh b prgnlkh lòu`h rgilolû` ugvh3 `b fhkg sl`b rgltgrhr gi Ah`nhalg`tbhù`klhnb pbr Mgsýs, qug thadlì` fhdáh slnb hù`klhnb pbr tbnbs ibs orh`ngs rgebrah-

nbrgs y rgilolb`gs, ngsng qug gapgzû ih flstbrlh. Xulthn ibs horgohnbs tgbiûolkbs ng ih rg-

ilolû` nì Mgsýs, phrh g`sgøhrih kbab ìi ib flzb y kbab ih g`sgøhrb` ibs Gsg`lbs y O`ûstlkbsng ibs prlagrbs sloibs, y bs g`kb`trhrìls kb` (gi Alstlklsab ng) ih Ahsb`gráh. Ih Ahsb`gráhg` su purgzh, ngrlvhnh ng ih h`tlouh Cèdhih kbab u`h phrtg ng ih orh` Tgilolû` W`lvgrshing ih [hdlnuráh, qug vlg`g ng ih aès rgabth h`tloùgnhn,“ sudslstg l`ngstruktldig g` tbnbsibs tlgapbs phrh ih kbapigth fgrah`nhn u`lvgrshi ngi fbadrg. Gi Krlstlh`lzhr ih Ahsb`gráhb ilalthrih h ihs hahrrhs sgkthrlhs ng kuhiqulgr krgnb, `b sbib ih ngebrahrih y gapgqugøg-

kgráh, sl`b qug hsá kbab slgaprg fh` surolnb iukfhs g`trg ihs sgkths rgilolbshs, kbab rgsui-

thnb l`gvlthdig sg pb`nráh h fgrah`b kb`trh fgrah`b, y h Ibolh kb`trh Ibolh. ’Nr. Dukc,Ahsb`gráh Aástlkh.

Gi Alstlklsab ng ih Ahsb`gráh, `b pugng rgkb`bkgr `lkbibr `l krgnb3 y g` gstg ehktbr gs nb`ng ngskh`sh susgourlnhn y pbr agnlb ngi kuhi iborhrè orhnuhiag`tgih Fgrah`nhn W`lvgrshi ngi Fbadrg. Gi Alstlklsab `bsûib g`sgøh gstb, sl`b thadlì` qug hquìiibs qug pgr -tg`gkg` h ih Erhtgr`lnhn ngdg` prhktlkhrib. ²@b fhyhkhsb u`h bih ngi gspárltu ng Erhtgr`lnhn, l`vhnlg`nbkhsl tbnbs ibs phásgs2. Kb` tbnh ih rlqugzh pbsgánh pbribs rlkbs, y ihs pbkhs fbrhs ng trhdhmb y ahybrgs dg`g-

klbs ng ibs bdrgrbs, ²gstè hiou`b ng giibs shtlsegkfb2²@b sukgng, pbr vg`turh, qug tbnhs ihs kihsgs, rlkbs ypbdrgs pbr louhi, suerg` kb`sth`tgag`tg u` ngskb`-

tg`-tb l`tgr`b, qug gs phrh gi gspárltu ib qug gi kè`kgrgs phrh ih khr`g2 Gsth gs ih sgøhi klgrth ng qug ihs Hi-ahs ng ibs fbadrgs gstè` trhth`nb ng vlsiuadrhr giph`brhah ngi euturb3 qug gstè` gspgrh`nb ih iigohnhng ih @ugvh L`tgrprgthklû` ng ihs Ulnhs Igygs, hnhpth-

nhs phrh su hpilkhklû` h ihs `gkgslnhngs ng ih @ugvhGrh.

’G` th`tb qug ih ag`tg pgrah`gzkh gskihvlzhnh pbribs dhmbs ngsgbs, gi fbadrg `b pugng duskhr b nlskgr -`lr ib dug`b b ib vgrnhngrb. [g prgou`th, ²Xuì gs dug-

`b phrh aá2 Ildgrhnb ng thigs ngsgbs b ng ihs l`kil-`hklb`gs pgrsb`higs, gi plng y duskh hqugiibqug gs dug`b b vgrnhngrb g` sá alsab. Kuh`nb sg fh hikh`zhnb gsth kb`nlklû` y sg ih ah`tlg`gfhdltuhiag`tg, sg nlkg qug gi kuhnrhnb gstè l`kiulnb g` gi trlèòuib. [g nlkg qug ih `hturhigzhlègrlbr gstè hi u`ásb`b kb` ih Nlvl`h, b [upgr Hiah. Gi kb`bklalg`tb y pbngr ngi Fbadrg, yh `bgstè rgstrlòlnb b ilalthnb pbr gi pih`b lègrlbr, b pbr gi kugrpb eáslkb, sl`b qug, trhskg`nlì`nbibs pbragnlb ng ih rgog`grhklû` (Gsplrltuhilzhklû`) y iigoh`nb h sgr pgregktb kbab fuah`b, gi fbadrghikh`zh ih Nlvl`lnhn. Gstg gs gi slo`lkhnb agth y kb`suahklû` ng ih gvbiuklû` fuah`h. \ gsthibsbeáh ng`g gi ý`lkb y gxkiuslvb prbkgsb pbr gi kuhi pugng iborhrsg.

’Gi Fbadrg Zgregktb, gs Krlstb3 y Krlstb gs Nlbs. ^hi gs gi ngrgkfb ng `hklalg`tb ygi ngstl`b ng tbnh Hiah fuah`h (qug `b sg ngstruyg h sá alsah pbr agnlb ng sus hktbs,



;: Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


pugs Nlbs nlmb= ’Gi Hiah qug pgqug, abrlrè‑). [g g`sgøû g` tbnbs ibs Orh`ngs Alstgrlbs ngih H`tloùgnhn3 pgrb ibs krgnbs gxbtìrlkbs ng ih Krls-tlh`nhn, ngrlvhnbs ng ihs phrèdbihsy higobráhs, g` ihs kuhigs gsth nbktrl`h gsthdh bkuith phrh gi lo`brh`tg y gi prbeh`b, fh` rgkb`bklnb gsth [uprgah Kb`suahklû` sûib phrh Mgsýs, y ih fh` fgkfb bskurh g lapbsldigphrh tbnb gi rgstb ng ih fuah`lnhn. G` iuohr ng ìsth, ih nbktrl`h aès orh`nlbsh rgvgihnh

hi fbadrg, ibs tgûibobs fh` gsthdigklnb ih [hivhklû` pbr ih Eg, g` u` krgnb fgkfb pbr ibsfbadrgs, y fh` lapih`thnb ih hutbrlnhn ng ih Loigslh phrh ’hthr b ngshthr g` ih tlgrrh b g`gi klgib‑. G` gsth ebrah ih Igy sg hùih, ih mustlklh sg ngstrb`h (`b sûib sg klgoh), gi aìrltb sglo`brh gi gseugrzb ngsagrgkg, y gi sgkthrlsab, htgásab y ahtgrlhilsab, sb` su rgsuithnb‑. Nr.

Dukc, Ahsb`gráh Aástlkh.

^bnh vgrnhngrh l`lklhklû` gs u` prbkgsb l`tgr`b, `b gxtgr`b, Ih kgrgab`lh gxtgrlbr `b tlg`gvlnh, \ sûib slrvg g` kuh`tb sg rggrg h sladbilzhr, liustrhr y, pbr g`ng, h fhkgr rgshithr ibs khadlbsl`tgrlbrgs. ’L`lklhr‑ qulgrg ngklr ’rgog`grhr‑ y gstb sg iborh pbr gi gseugrzb, pbr prugdhs, pbr nbal`lbpgrsb`hi, pbr trlstgzh ng-sgòhøbs, erhkhsbs y u`h rg`bvhklû` nlhrlh ngi kb`lktb. Zbr gsb gs qug gifbadrg ngdg ’gihdbrhr su prbplh shivhklû`‑, ngdg hikh`zhr ih Kb`klg`klh ngi Hiah y, pbr ýitlab

ih Làbrthilnhn. Ih kb`suahklû` `hi ng ih L`lklhklû`, gs gi g`kug`trb ngi Kfrgstbs, gi Kg`trb ng ihIuz.

Gi prbdigah, g` prlagr iuohr, ng ih vgrnhngrh L`lklhklû`, b l`strukklû` g` bkuitlsab, kb`slstgg` kbibkhr tbnhs ihs hkklb`gs ngi kugrpb dhmb gi nbal`lb ng ih Ubiu`thn3 g` ildgrhr ih pgrsb`hil -nhn ngi nbal`lb ng sus hpgtltbs, phslb`gs y `hturhigzh lègrlbr. Ih lngh `b gs ih ng ngsprgklhr gikugrpb, sl`b ih ng purlkhrib y trh`sauthrib, b ngstrulr ibs hpgtltbs sl`b gigvhribs y kb`trbihribs, Gstb,g` Xuáalkh Bkuith (Hiqulalh), sg kb`bkg kbab trh`sauthklû`. Gstg nbal`lb ng ih hturhigzh l`tg-

rlbr `b khadlh -ngstruyg- gi kugrpb eáslkb b khr`hi, sl`b qug ib sudbrnl`h hi sgr rghi, gi Hiah. [l` thitrh`segrg`klh ng hutbrlnhn, ih `hturhigzh lègrlbr slgaprg ngsgh`nb, hphoh tbnhs ihs vldrhklb`gsgigvhnhs, hsá kbab sl g` u`h brqugsth sbib sg ngmhrè` bár ibs vlbib`kgibs y thadbrgs pugs rgsuithráhaès rulnb qug hrab`áh. Ng hquá gi nlkfb= ’Hqugi qug sg kb`qulsth h sá alsab, gs aès orh`ng qughqugi qug sg tbah u`h klunhn‑ y ’ráogtg h tl alsab y pbnrès sgr ahgstrb sbdrg tbnhs ihs kbshs.

^bnb Ahsû` sl`kgrb, qug gstì l`tgrgshnb g` gi gspárltu ng ihs g`sgøh`zhs ng su :rng`, tlg`ggi ngdgr ng gstunlhr kulnhnbshag`tg ih ibsbeáh ng ibs ahgstrbs qug fh` rgkb`strulnb ih H`tlouh[hdlnuráh, phrh kuapilr sus gxlog`klhs y, fhdlì`nbib fgkfb, oulhr sus hkklb`gs g` tbnbs ibs prbdig-

ahs ng ih vlnh g` ebrah ng gsthr prgphrhnb phrh g`trhr hi Orh` Fhii ng ih Ibolh, nb`ng ngdgrènhr kug`th ng tbnbs sus hktbs y, h su vgz, rgkldlr su ’[hihrlb‑.

Nhnb erhtgr`hiag`tg,

T. [wl`dur`g Kiyagr.

’Dgvgriy Fhii‑, Xuhcgrtbw`, Zh. Bkt. 4:, 8<4



;8Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx[bdgrdlh, brouiib y Uh`lnhn

Gi khtgklsab krlstlh`b g`sgøh qug ih sbdgrdlh gs u`b ng ibs slgtg pgkhnbs khplthigs. Ihphihdrh sbdgrdlh gs u` susth`tlvb egag`l`b qug sg brlol`h ng ih gxprgslû` ihtl`h supgrdlh. [lo`l-

kh brouiib ngsagnlnb, hrrboh`klh, hitlvgz. Ih phihdrh brouiib, susth`tlvb ahskuil`b, gs ng brlogògraè`lkh, urobil, y slo`lkh dráb, kb`kgptb gigvhnb qug hioulg` fhkg ng sl alsab, sg`tlalg`tb

gigvhnb ng ih nlo`lnhn pgrsb`hi. Ih gtlabiboáh klth hu` brouiib , g` gsphøbi y brouii g` khthiè`.Ih phihdrh vh`lnhn gs u` sudsth`tlvb egag`l`b qug vlg`g ngi ihtá` vh`lths y qug slo`lkh erholil-nhn, kbshs vh`hs, eýtligs, ngsgb ng drliihr, ng htrhgr ih hnalrhklû` ng btrbs. Zrgsu`klû` rlnákuih.

G` gi nlkklb`hrlb ’Alkfhgils‑ S8Q pbrtuouìs-lòiìs, g`kb`trhabs qug ihs phihdrhs sbdgrdlhy brouiibs sb` trhnuklnhs pbr prlng, hrrboh`kg y fhuoftl`gss, g`trg btrhs. Gsths phihdrhs sg kb`-

eu`ng` y tlg`g` aukfbs slo`lkhnbs. Zrbkurhrì htg`grag h ihs gxpilkhklb`gs aès ýtligs kuh`nbngsdhstg ihs hspgrgzhs pbrqug gsthabs trhth`nb ng vlklbs abrhigs.

Ih sbdgrdlh sg ah`lgsth kbab u` kbapbrthalg`tb gxkgslvhag`tg brouiibsb, kb` hrrboh`klh,kb` ih prgtg`slû` ng supgrlbrlnhn sbdrg btrhs pgrsb`hs. Gs auy kbaý` htrldulr sbdgrdlh h ihs pgr -

sb`hs rlkhs, ib kuhi pugng sgr l`mustb, pugs aukfbs, l`kiusb nlspb`lg`nb ng dlg`gs ahtgrlhigs ypbslklû` sbklhi, sb` fualings y slapigs g` su ebrah ng sgr. W`h pgrsb`h pbdrg pugng vbivgrsg sb -

dgrdlh qugrlg`nb hphrg`thr ib qug `b gs y ib qug `b tlg`g. Zugng vbivgrsg hrrboh`tg, gxlolg`nbu`h pbslklû` prlvligolhnh pbr su kb`nlklû` ng pbdrgzh. Ih sbdgrdlh iigvh h ih pgrsb`h h fulr ng ihrghilnhn, h gòhøhrsg kb` su prbplh lahog`. H tg`gr `gkgslnhn ng hphrgkgr, ng sgr rgkb`bklnh,`b vhibrlzhr y slgaprg nlsalùlr h ibs ngaès, h phshr pbr g`klah. Zugng sgr u` agkh`lsab ng ng-

eg`sh, u`h aèskhrh ng dhmh hutbgstlah. Gi sbdgrdlb `gkgslth kbapg`shr su ehith ng sgourlnhn,hutb hrahrsg tbnb gi tlgapb, l`kiusb ngsprgklh`nb h ibs ngaès.Gstg kbapbrthalg`tb pslkbiûolkb pugng tg`gr su brlog` g` u`h gxpgrlg`klh ngshorhnhdig phsh -

nh. Zhrh b vbivgr h suerlr ih alsah sg`shklû` sg hutb vhibrlzh y, phrh ngeg`ngrsg ng su l`sgourlnhn,prgklsh ngsprgklhs h hioulg`. @b hkgpth hyunh, ngsohsth sus rgihklb`gs ng halsthn. [b` hktltungs

qug ig pgrmunlkh` y `b ig pgral-tg` vlvlr dlg` y egilz. Khsl slgaprg shkrlkh su trh`qulilnhn y fhsth suprbplh shiun. [g g`kug`trh g` u`h prl-slû` pslkbiûolkh g` ih qug ohsth, ahiohsth, aukfh g`groáh.Gi sbdgrdlb gs l`khphz ng vgr ibs aìrltbs ng ibs ngaès, pbrqug rgkb`bkgr gi thig`tb g` btrb pugnghag`hzhrib yh qug rgkgih `b sgr suklg`tgag`tg dug`b. Ihs pgrsb`hs sg higmh` ng u` sbdgrdlbpbrqug gs nleákli sgr su halob. Ih agmbr ebrah ng hyunhr h u` sbdgrdlb gs ngabstrhr qug `b gsth -

abs kbapltlg`nb, `b tg`gr sg`tlalg`tbs ng supgrlbrlnhn, ng lègrlbrlnhn, tg`gr aukfh phklg`klh.Zgrb gs prgklsb thadlì` gsthr higrth phrh b khgr g` ih trhaph, pbrqug hi l`tg`thr hyunhr, krgyg`-

nb qug gi prbdigah ib tlg`g gi btrb, pbngabs gsthr slg`nb pbsgánbs pbr u` orhnb l`hngkuhnb ngbrouiib prbplb.

Fhy qulg` vgrè g` ih phihdrh brouiib u`h kb``bthklû` pbsltlvh, kbab pbr gmgapib, u` hng-

kuhnb sg`tlnb ng nlo`lnhn y vhibr, hutb rgspgtb fb`rbsb, u` abtlvb mustb ng gxuithklû`. ^g`gr u`hhngkuhnh hutbgstlah y fhkgr u`h kbrrgkth gvhiuhklû` ng sus pbsldlilnhngs. Gvlthr qug `bs fual-iig` b ah`lpuig`. W` sg`tlalg`tb ng shtlsehkklû` kb` hiob qug gs vlstb kbab gigvhnb. W`h hktltunabrhi qug `bs higmh ng prèktlkhs ngsfb`gsths. Gsthabs brouiibsbs ng ibs phnrgs, ng ibs flmbs, ng

[bdgrdlh, brouiib y Uh`lnhn

Zbr gi U.¿.F.¿. Ogrsb` Agrïb` UlglrhH=.T=.I=.[=. Tgpudilkh`h @½47 - Orh` Ibolh Ahsû`lkh ngi Gsthnb ng Gspárltb [h`tb - Drhsli

Lnlbah brlol`hi= Zbrtuouìs ng Drhsli^rhnuktbr= U.¿.F.¿. Ahrlb Iûpgz Tlkb



;4 Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


ùgstrh klunhn, ng ùgstrb phás, ng ih l`stltuklû` h ih qug pgrtg`gkgabs,ng ùgstrhs rgihklb`gs. Gi prbdigah hphrgkg kuh`nb gi brouiib sg kb`vlgrtgg` sbdgrdlh y hn-qulgrg u` sg`tlnb pgybrhtlvb. [g tbr`h g` u` sg`tlalg`tbgobásth, hnalrh`nb gi aìrltb prbplb, kb` u` gxkgsb ng habr prbplb, hrrb-

oh`klh, sbdgrdlh, làbngstlh, prgpbtg`klh b ngsprgklb hi prûmlab, vh`lnhn

g` `. G` sg`tlnb pgybrhtlvb, ih hktltun ng brouiib sg phrgkg aukfb h ihsbdgrdlh. G` ihs rgegrg`klhs gapighnhs phrh fhkgr gstg trhdhmb, ibs kbag`-

thrlbs ng khnh u`h ng ihs phihdrhs ngi tátuib gapigh` ihs btrhs g` su gxpilkh-

klû`.

Hi-Ofhzzhil S4Qg` ’G`sgøh`zhs Tgilolbshs [us‑, nlkg qug kuh`nb u`fbadrg sg slg`tg supgrlbr h btrb y gsb ig prbnukg u` mýdlib l`tgrlbr tlg`g br -ouiib. Nlgrg ng ih vh`lnhn, pbrqug gsth slo`lkh kb`sklg`klh ng ih prbplhshtlsehkklû` alg`trhs qug gi brouiib rgqulgrg btrb bdmgtb ng kbaphrhklû`phrh prbnuklr gsg sg`tl-alg`tb. W` fbadrg sbilthrlb g` gi au`nb pugng sgrvh`lnbsb pgrb `b brouiibsb pbrqug g` gi fbadrg brouiibsb ib gs pbrqug sg

kb`slngrh supgrlbr h ibs ngaès. Htrlduyg u`h pbslklû` phrh ìi y btrh phrh ibsngaès. Gstg sg`tlalg`tb l`hnb qug lapb`g u` hspgktb ng `b ag tbqugs,sg iihah brouiib. Ihs vlrtungs sb` ihs pugrths ng ih egilklnhn, sl` gadhrob, gibrouiib ihs klgrrh. Hi sg`tlrsg supgrlbr, `b ngsgh phrh ibs btrbs ib qug ngsghphrh sá. @b pbnrè gilal`hr ih g`galsthn, ih g`vlnlh, gi rgsg`tlalg`tb, ih lrh, gieh`htlsab, ih nlehahklû` y gi ’tg ngdb‑. Kbab `b pugng ahthr hi kugrpb,l`tg`th hsgsl`hr ih nlo`lnhn. @b pbnrè kuitlvhr ih vgrnhn, ih sl`kgrlnhn, `lgskukfhr kb` khiah u` kb`sgmb.

Gi kb`bklalg`tb gs pbngr. Hi hnqulrlr kb`bklalg`tb, gi fbadrg hn-

qulgrg pbngr. Ih kb`sklg`klh ngi pbngr ib gxhith kb` ehklilnhn. Gs prgkl-sb kulnhr nurh`tg gi hprg`nlzhmg ng hnqulrlr u`h ebrahklû` abrhi. Gi kb-`bklalg`tb, gi pbngr, vh h nhr eugrzh h sus kuhilnhngs bkuiths. [l gsthdhl`kil`hnb hi brouiib y `b fh nhnb lapbrth`klh hi ngsdhstg ng su plgnrh, sgvbivgrè aès brouiibsb hi hnqulrlr kb`bklalg`tb. Fhdrès slgaprg og`tg kb`gi shdgr g` ih pu`th ng ih igòuh, pgrb qug `b ib l`tgr`hilzh`. Ih ngvbklû` ygi sgrvlklb rgilolbsb ngsplgrth` hnalrhklû` gibolbs fhklh gi prgnlkhnbr qug,rèplnhag`tg, vlì`nbsg rgspgthnb pbr ibs ngaès, sg g`vh`gkg. Gstg kb`-

vg`klalg`tb sg ngshrrbiih fhsth iigohr hi brouiib, g`tb`kgs, gstg ngvbtb sgkrgg supgrlbr, ehvbrgklnb pbr Nlbs, ngsprgklh h sus kbòì`grgs y ibs iihahng pgkhnbrgs. Gxtgrlbrlzh ih sbdgrdlh g` gi vb-khduihrlb qug gapigh, g` ihgxprgslû` ehklhi y g` gi tb`b ng ih vbz. ^bnb kb`bklalg`tb vlg`g ng Nlbs yiigoh h ih fuah`lnhn pbr gi shkrlklb ng ibs qug ig prgkgng`. Iugob, qulg`

hnqulgrg kb`bklalg`tb ngdg sgr horhngklnb h Nlbs y h ibs ahgstrbs ngiphshnb. ^hadlì` ngdg rgkbrnhr qug ih augrtg `lvgih h tbnbs, gstb gs, hgrunltbs y h ibs slapigs, hadbs sgrè` phsth ng ibs alsabs oush`bs. Gs prbdh-

dig qug Hi-Ofhzhil fhyh gskrltb brlol`hiag`tg g` èrhdg, g` gstg khsb ngdgkb`slngrhrsg ih nlkuithn ng ih trhnukklû` y ih pbsldlilnhn ng qug ih phihdrhsbdgrdlh sg hngkuì agmbr hi tgxtb.

Gi brouiib sbib khush nlspuths, ih shdlnuráh sg g`kug`trh kb` ibs qugprbkurh` kb`sgmb. Zr 8;=8:

^bnb kbrhzû` hitlvb gs hdbal`hklû` hi sgøbr, klgrthag`tg qug `bqugnhrè lapu`g. Zr 85=7

Ih sbdgrdlh prgkgng h ih rul`h, y gi brouiib h ih khánh. Zr 85=86 Aès vhig sgr abngstb kb` ibs fualings qug rgphrtlr ibs ngspbmbs kbìbs sbdgrdlbs. Zr 85=8<

S8Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= Ibs nlkklb`hrlbs ’Al-kfhgils‑ sb` rgkb`bklnbskbab ng ibs agmbrgs g`gi Drhsli y sb` sl`û`lab ngkhilnhn y prgklslû` g` sukb`tg`lnb.

S4Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= Hdu Fhaln Aufhaahn

ld` Aufhaahn ht-ûsl-hi-Ofhzlil, (Ofhzhigf,Lrè`, 8:76 ‛ ûs, Lrè`, 8<ng nlklgadrg ng 8888),tgûibob, murlsth, iûsbeb,pslkûibob y aástlkb ngbrlog` pgrsh. [u phpgi gs-plrltuhi g` gi Lsiha fh slnbkbaphrhnb kb` gi ng[h` Houstá` y ng fgkfbkbapusb u`hs Kbègslb-

`gs kbab hquìi, kb` gi

tátuib ng Gi qug ildrh ngigrrbr (hi-Au`qlnf al` hi-nhihi)3 gs kb`slngrhnbu`b ng aès orh`ngs tgû-

ibobs, iûsbebs y aástlkbsngi Lsiha. Grh ausuiaè`su``á ng ih gskugih sfhegáy tg`náh hi alstlklsab hs-kìtlkb sueá, g` gi qug ngmûu`h fb`nh laprb`th qugeug iugob sgoulnh pbr sh-

dlbs ngi rg`badrg ng [b-

frhvhrnl y Hdnui Xhngr

Olih`l.



;;Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


Ib qug oh`habs kb` ùgstrb brouiib gs qugih hrrboh`klh vlg`g u`lnh h ih rlqugzh. [hd 7=6 ^rh`sebrahs g` vg`kgnbr u` pugdib fual-iihnb, y fualiihs gi alrhr hitlvb ng ibs brouiibs. [hi

86=46

[gøbr, al kbrhzû` `b sg iig`h ng brouiib, alalrhnh `b sg igvh`th hrrboh`tg. @b duskb orh`-ngzh `l kbshs supgrlbrgs h aá. [hi 8;:=8 Zbrqug gs ngi l`tgrlbr ngi kbrhzû` ng ibsfbadrgs qug prbkgng` ibs ahibs pg`shalg`tbs=kbrrupklû` , rbdbs, hsgsl`htbs, hnuitgrlb, kbnlklh,erhung, ngsfb`gstlnhn, g`vlnlh, nlehahklû`, brou-iib g l`sg`shtgz. Ahr ?=48,44 Ibs fbadrgs sg vbivgrè` gobásths, hvhrbs,ehèhrrb`gs, sbdgrdlbs, rgdging h ibs bmbs ng ibsphnrgs, lòrhtbs y ahivhnbs. LL ^la ;=4

G` gi ildrb ngi ’Gkigslhstgs‑, ih phihdrh vh`l-nhn sg rgpltg trgl`th y bkfb vgkgs, sgoý` al vgr -slû` ng ih Dldilh. Gxlstg` vgrslb`gs qug ih sustltuyg`g` hiou`bs vgrsákuibs. Gsth phihdrh eug trhnuklnhngi tìral`b fgdrgb ’Fgdgi‑ hi ihtl`b ’vh`lths‑ yngdg sgr g`tg`nlnh g` gi sg`tlnb ng ’vhkulnhng‑.Zgrb htg`klû`, gs prgklsb nlstlòulr g`trg gi sg`tlnbDádilkb y gi sg`tlnb abngr`b. Fgdgi ngdg sgr g`-

tg`nlnh iltgrhiag`tg kbab sbpilnb, vhpbr, gdil`h,ib qug sg nlserhzh g` gi hlrg, ushnhs kb` gi sg`tlnbng hiob vhkáb, l`ýtli, eýtli, phshmgrb, liuslû`, ngkgp-

klû`, ehith ng kb`slstg`klh. Ih Dldilh ush gsths ph-

ihdrhs phrh hnvgrtlr ng ihs kbshs qug tlg`g hphrlg`klh ng vhibr, pgrb qug u` h`èilsls pbstgrlbr augs-trh` ehish g liusbrlb. G` pbrtuouìs y btrbs lnlbahs abngr`bs, ih phihdrh vh`lnhn eug dh`hilzhnh kb`gi sg`tlnb `gohtlvb ng brouiib pgrsb`hi, ng sg`tlrsg lapbrth`tg, bstg`thklû` ng pbngr pgrsb`hi, giusb ng hnbr`bs g` gxkgsb, ng qugrgr htrhgr hnalrhklû` y gibolbs, prgsu`klû` y eutlilnhn.

Kuh`nb ngsghabs rgsbivgr u` prbdigah, gi prlagr phsb ngdg sgr gi ng gihdbrhr u` hng-

kuhnb nlho`ûstlkb, ngskrldlr ibs ngthiigs ngi prbdigah. Ngsng gi pu`tb ng vlsth ibsûkb, ih ’fuali-nhn‑ gs u`h vlrtun abrhi y u` tìral`b agnlb g`trg nbs gxtrgabs, ih sbdgrdlh y gi rgdhmhrsg, kb`sl -ngrhnbs vlklbs. Ihs rgilolb`gs kg`surh` ih sb-dgrdlh, g` gstg hspgktb ibsbeáh y rgilolû` sb` hilhnhs.Kuh`nb kbag`zhabs h ngsdhsthr ihs hspgrgzhs, prgklshabs ng gstg nlho`ûstlkb phrh gilal`hr ibs

rgsqulklbs ng hioý` vlklb qug pbr vg`turh punlgsg gxlstlr. Zgrsb`hs sbdgrdlhs sb` u`h áàh al`bráhg` u` orupb, pgrb su ag`tg tûxlkh gs khphz ng nlsbivgr gi orupb. Hktýh ng ah`grh bkuith g l`tg`-

th kb`trbihr h ibs ngaès phrh qug sus ngsgbs sgh` shtlsegkfbs. Ih kurh gs ig`th, g` gstg khsb, giorupb ngdg tbahr u`h vhku`h, prgvg`lrsg, kb`bklg`nb gi prbdigah. Ngdgabs rggxlb`hr sbdrggstb, l`tg`thr kbaprg`ngr gi pu`tb ng vlsth ng ih pslkbiboáh y ih sbklbiboáh, pbrqug ih hrab`áh gskbab ih iiuvlh. Hi prgphrhrag phrh gskrldlr sbdrg gi tgah, usì nlkklb`hrlbs y gskrltbs rgilolbsbs. Ihiltgrhturh ahsû`lkh gs auy pbdrg sbdrg gstg hsu`tb

Gskrltb g` Ulih Ugifh, `bvlgadrg ng 4.:8;Ogrsb` Agrïb` Ulglrh

Khn ;.6?7



;> Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


Tgegrg`klhs dldilborèkhs

8 ‛ Hi Ofhzzhil - Brouiib y Uh`lnhn. L` G`sgøh`shs Tgilolbshs [us. p 74 h 54, trhnuklnb pbr GnuhrnbÈivhrgs. Dug`bs Hlrgs HT = Gnltbrlhi Fhstl`hpurh. 8.<65. 84>p4 ‛ Kfhapil`, Tussgi @brah` 3 Dg`tgs, Mbëb Ahrqugs - G`klkibpìnlh ng Dádilh ^gbibolh g Elibsbh.

Ubi UL. [ëb Zhuib-[Z= Gnltbrh g Nlstrldulnbrh Kh`nglh 8.<<?. 8.:4?p; ‛ Kg`trb Dádilkb Khtûilkb - Dádilh [horhnh. [ëb Zhuib-[Z= Gnltbrh Hvg Ahrlh 8<65.> ‛ Nlbkgsg ng Zg`gnb - Khtgklsab nh Nbutrl`h Krlstë. 84½ gn. [ëb Zhuib= Gnlï÷gs Ibybih 4.::>.7 ‛ Eurthnb, Ihl l - Bs ? Zgkhnbs Khplthls Hbs Bifbs nh Zslkbibolh. Nlspb`ldig g`= fttp=//il`fhhdgr -th.kba/ahohzl`g/4:84/:7/bs-?-pgkhnbs-khplthls-hbs-bifbs-nh-pslkbibolh/ hkkgsb gi= 8?-8:-8;5 ‛ Fbuhlss, H`tb`lb 3 Uliihr, Ahurb ng [hiigs.- Nlklb`èrlb Fbuhlss nh Iáòuh Zbrtuougsh. Tlb ng Mh`gl-rb TM= Gnltbrh Bdmgtlvh 4.::8. 4.:44 p.? ‛ Igiib, Mbsì 3 Igiib, Gnohr - Nlklb`èrlb Zrètlkb Ubi. LL. Zbrtb Zbrtuohi= Igiib & Lraëbs Gnltbrgs. 8<5>.8.;5> p6 ‛ Aýrklh, Aèrklb - H Kurh nh [bdgrdh. Nlspb`ldig g`= www.gisfhnnhlahrlilh.kba/ahrklbaurklh/2p18 hkkgsb gi= ;:-8:-8;.

< ‛ Tbzh, Alkfgig. @ëb [g Nglxg Hprlslb`hr Zgih [bdgrdh. Nlspb`ldig g`= www.hrkhu`lvgrshi.kba/`btlklhs/gèbkb/`btlklhs/`hb-sg-nglxg-hprlslb`hr-pgih-sbdgrdh-4:74:.ftai hkkgsb gi= ;:-8:-8;.8: ‛ ]hob, Tbsgaglrg - [bdgrdh= Kb`kgltb Gxhogrhnb Ng [l Zbng Hrrul`hr H Ulnh. Nlspb`ldig g`=fttp=//www4.ubi.kba.dr/vyhgstgihr/sbdgrdh.fta hkkgsb gi= ;:-8:-8;.

[bdrg gi hutbr

Gi fgrah`b Ogrsb` Agrïb` Ulglrh `hklû gi < ng g`grb ng 8<>< y eug l`lklhnb g` gi Hrtg Tghi gi 85ng nlklgadrg ng 8<<5.Lòg`lgrb Horû`bab y khshnb kb` Uhiqulrlh [gssh Agrïb`, rgslng g` Ulih Ugifh, g` gi gsthnb ngGspárltu [h`tb ‛ Drhsli..^rhdhmh g` gi Tltb Gskbkìs H`tloub y Hkgphnb g` ih Ibolh H=.T=.I=.[=. Tgpudilkh`h @½47, hilhnh hih Orh`ng Ibmh Ahsû`lkh ngi Gsthnb ng Gspárltb [h`tb (OIAGG[). Brlg`tg ng Ulih Ugifh, Gsthnb ng



;7Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx@bil ag ^hògrg

Ih Ildgrthn gs u`h ng ihs trgs kbiua`hs dèslkhs y prlabrnlhigs qug sbpbrth` ih ahsb`gráh, hsákbab thadlì` kuapig gsh eu`klû` gah`klphnbrh y rgog`grhnbrh ng ugstrh huousth l`stltuklû`.

[l ih qugrgabs ng`lr, pbngabs ngklr qug gs u`h ng ihs aès hiths orhklhs qug gi sgr fuah`bpugng pbsggr, gs gi ngrgkfb qug tbnbs tg`gabs phrh fhkgr g` dg`gklb prbplb, tbnb ib qug `bpgrmunlqug gi l`tgrìs ng ibs ngaès.

B kbab hiou`h vgz ig nlmb Nb` Xulmbtg h su pl`tbrgskb hyunh`tg, ’Ih ildgrthn, [h`kfb, gsu`b ng ibs aès prgklbsbs nb`gs qug h ibs fbadrgs nlgrb` ibs klgibs3 kb` giih `b pugng` louhihrsgibs tgsbrbs qug g`-klgrrh ih tlgrrh `l gi ahr g`kudrg3 pbr ih ildgrthn, hsá kbab pbr ih fb`rh sg pugngy ngdg hvg`turhr ih vlnh, y, pbr gi kb`trhrlb, gi khutlvgrlb gs gi ahybr ahi qug pugng vg`lr h ibsfbadrgs‑.

Ih ildgrthn, fh slnb abtlvb ng shòrlg`ths g l`tg`shs iukfhs hkhnìalkhs y pbiátlkhs, fh slnbsl`û`lab ng rbapgr ihs khng`hs ngi kbib`lhilsab, ng ih gskihvltun y ngi nboahtlsab rgilolbsb, qugsûib hi phrgkgr, gapgzû h tbahr sus erutbs b h ahtgrlhilzhrsg h phrtlr ng 8?6?, kb` ih Kb`stltuklûìldgrhi ng ibs Gsthnbs W`lnbs ng @brtghaìrlkh y g` 8?6<, kb` ih Tgvbiuklû` Erh`kgsh, ih kuhi, pihs-

aû gstg prl`klplb ng`trb ng ih ngkihrhklû` ng ibs ngrgkfbs ngi fbadrg y ngi klunhnh`b. Hfbrhdlg`, Ih Ildgrthn, g` sg`tlnb l`lklètlkb, gs hqugiih pbsg-slû` l`tgrlbr g l`nlvlnuhi, gspgklhiag`tgl`ngpg`nlg`tg ng ih gxtgrlbr ng ih sbklgnhn prbeh`h qug `bs rbngh.

Ngsng ugstrbs bráog`gs, ibs kuhigs sg plgrng` g` ih `bkfg ng ibs tlgapbs, gi fbadrg fh vlvl-nb gilolg`nb, y hsá, sg fh lnb hutbkb`struyg`nb orhnuhi y kb`sth`tgag`tg. Zbr supugstb, qug sg fhhutbkb`strulnb y gspgklhiag`tg `bsbtrbs ibs ahsb`gs, ibs kuhigs `bs hutb thiihabs phrh sgr ildrgsng ibs vlklbs, ibs algnbs, ih lo`brh`klh y ng ibs nboahs qug g`khng`h` y g`sbadrgkg` ùgstrbspg`shalg`tbs y ùgstrh kb`klg`klh, ibs kuhigs `b `bs ngmh` hikh`zhr ih iuz.

Ih Ildgrthn qug duskhabs, ih pbngabs hikh`zhr h trhvìs ng ih vgrnhn y trh`slth`nb pbr gi

khal`b ng ihs vlrtungs, gs ngklr, ildgrtè`nb`bs ngi grrbr, ng ih liuslû`, ng ibs fèdltbs `gohtlvbs, ngihs phslb`gs ngstruktlvhs, ng tbnb hqugiib qug klgoh ùgstrb gspárltu y ùgstrb g`tg`nlalg`tb.

Hebrtu`hnhag`tg phrh `bsbtrbs, ngsng ùgstrh l`lklhklû`, ih ahsb`gráh hkbaphøhnh ngsu shdlh sladbiboáh, bs fhkg herb`thr trgs vlhmgs purlkhnbrgs, ibs kuhigs, h trhvìs ng khnh u`b ngsus gigag`tbs `bs gapumh h nhr gsg prlagr phsb fhklh ih ildgrthn ng tbnh gsh khtgrvh ng làb-

rhilnhngs y vlklbs, pgrb h su vgz, `bs gxlog qug gapgkgabs h rgkbrrgr gi khal`b ng ibs prl`klplbsy ng ihs kb`vlkklb`gs sûilnhs, gi khal`b ngrgkfb ngi prborgsb y ngi ngdgr, ngmh`nb htrès tbnhshqugiihs khng`hs ng ibs ahtgrlhi, ng ib dh`hi, ng ib l`mustb, ng ib vlklbsb, kb` gi ` ng iigohr hi btrbgxtrgab ng ib mustb, ng ib á`tgorb y ng ib vlrtubsb.

Hsá XX.•. FF.•., kuitlvgabs ih rhzû`, ih [beáh ng ùgstrbs h`tloubs iûsbebs, gi g`tg`nlalg`tby, pbr btrb ihnb, pgrb hi u`ásb`b, iukfgabs kb`sth`tgag`tg kb`trh ih lo`brh`klh, gi gobásab, ih l`-

tbigrh`klh y ibs eh`htlsabs qug b pgraltg` ih l`ngpg`ng`klh ng ùgstrb gspárltu y hi rhzb`halg`tb

@bil ag hògrg

Zbr gi Fgrah`b Egr`h`nb Iu`h [hihs




xxxx@bil ag ^h`ogrg

ngshrrbiihrsg g` duskh ng ih rghilnhn l`tgr`h ng ihs kbshs. Xulgrb kb`kiulr, rgkbrnè`nbigs als FF.•.,ib qug rgzh g` `ugstrh Igy [horhnh, ’Ih vgrnhn bs fhrè ildrgs‑, y thi kbab ib klth y ib horgoh ZgpgTbnráougz g` su ildrb Ag`tlrhs Eu`nhag`thigs ng ih Loigslh Khtûilkh, ’Ih Ag`tlrh krgyg`tgs‑

[bdrg gi hutbr

Gi fgrah`b Egr`h`nb Iu`h [hihs gs Ahgstrb ahsû` ngsng gi :; ng Ahyb ng 4:8> y trhdhmhg` ih dg`gaìrlth y kg`tg`hrlh Ibolh Khrthog`h `½ 74, murlsnlklb`hnh h ih Ibolh @hklb`hi Kbiba-

dlh`h, kb` sgng g` Khrthog`h ng L`nlhs.Gahli kb`thktb= egr`h`nbiu`hshihsJoahli.kba



;?Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx

²Xuì gs ib qug gxlstg g` gstg phsgb pbr ibs khal`bs tg`gdrbsbs qug sg g`trgihzh` iigvh`nbhi igktbr h agnlthr y, sbdrg tbnb, h l`vgstlohr2

Ihs khsl 7:: pèol`hs ngi ildrb ngi gskrltbr lòiìs Nh` Drbw`, ng ;6 høbs, hikh`zhrb` gi rgkbrnng aès ng 8> aliib`gs ng gmgapihrgs vg`nlnbs ngsng su ih`zhalg`tb g` 4::; g` gi agrkhnb hag-

rlkh`b (aès ng 85: ali gmgapihrgs sbib g` Drhsli ng nb`ng `b shilû ng ih ilsth ng ibs aès vg`nlnbsngsng su ih`zhalg`tb, g` ahrzb ng 4::> pbr ih gnltbrh [gxth`tg ‛ sb` aès ng 47 sgah`hs g`trg ibsdgst-sgiigrs, sgoý` ih rgvlsth Ugmh S4Q ) y trhnuklnb g` aès ng kuhrg`th phásgs. Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl gsu`b ng ibs eg`ûag`bs gnltbrlhigs ngi høb 4::> S;Q.

Hiou`hs laprgslb`gs sbdrg gi ildrb=

• [goý` gi ’^fg @gw \brc ^lags‑= ’ Hrrhshnbr, u`h pgregkklû`. W`h flstbrlh ng suspg`sg gstl-auih`tg g l`tgilog`tg. Ngsng Fhrry Zbttgr, `lòý` hutbr shtlszb th`tb h sus igktbrgs kb`nu-klì`nbibs h trhvìs ng u`h sukgslû` ng gthphs kb` u`h `hrrhtlvh qug ngmh sl` rgsplrhklû`‑

• [goý` Zgbpig Ahohzl`g= ’W` ùgvb ahgstrb ngi suspg`sg l`tgilog`tg. W`h hvg`turh khutlvh-nbrh y rgtbrklnh‑

• [goý` gi _hsflòtb` Zbst= ’Lapbsldig phrhr ng iggr. Gxtrhbrnl`hrlhag`tg thig`tbsb. Ehskl`h`tgy nlvgrtlnb… u`h prbgzh kb`slngrhdig‑

Gsths ngkihrhklb`gs ib ngmh` kihrb= gi ildrb `hklû phrh sgr igánb y… ¡nlseruthnb!

@b fhy `hnh aès bpbrtu`b qug trh`skrldlr gi kb`tg`lnb ng ih kb`trhpbrthnh ngi ildrb=

’W` hsgsl`htb ng`trb ngi Ausgb ngi Ibuvrg, Zhrls, trhg h kbihklû` u`h sl`lgstrh kb`splrh-klû` phrh rgvgihr u` sgkrgtb qug eug prbtgolnb pbr u`h sbklgnhn sgkrgth ngsng ibs tlga-pbs ng Mgsukrlstb. Ih vlktlah gs gi rgspgthnb g`khrohnb ngi ausgb, Mhkqugs [hu`lærg, u`bng ibs iángrgs ng gsh h`tlouh erhtgr`lnhn, gi Zrlbrhtb ng [lû`, qug tuvb kbab algadrbs h

Igb`hrnb nh Ul`kl, Uáktbr Fuob g Lshhk @gwtb`. Abag`tb h`tgs ng abrlr, [hu`lærg, kb`sloug ngmhr u` ag`shmg klerhnb g` ih gskg`h ngikrlag` qug hpg`hs su `lgth, ih krlptûorheh erh`kgsh [bpflg @gvgu y Tbdgrt Ihònb`, uèhabsb prbegsbr ng sladbiboáh ng Fhrvhrn, pugng` rgsbivgr. Ibs nbs sg kb`vlgrtg` g` sbspgkfbsbs y ngtgktlvgs alg`trhs rgkbrrg` ihs khiigs ng Zhrls yIb`nrgs l`tg`th`nb ngsklerhr gi l`trlkhnb rbapgkhdgzhs qug igs pugng rgvgihr u` sgkrgtbalig`hrlb qug g`vugivg h ih Loigslh Khtûilkh. Hpg`hs u`bs phsbs pbr ngih`tg ng ihs hutbrlnhngs y ngi pgilorbsb hsgsl`b, [bpflg y Tb-dgrt sg ih`zh` h ih dýsqugnh ng plsths bkuiths g` ihs bdrhs ng Nh Ul`kl y ’gìbqugkg`‑ kb`hiou`bs ng ibs ahybrgs alstgrlbs ng ih kuiturh bkklng`thi - ng ih `hturhigzh ng ih sb`rlsh ng Ab`h Ilsh hi slo`lkhnb ngi [h`tb Orlhi.

Agzkih`nb h ih pgregkklû` ibs lòrgnlg`tgs ng u`h flstbrlh qug `bs g`vugivg g` u` sus-pg`sg kb` lèbrahklb`gs sbdrg bdrhs ng hrtg, nbkuag`tbs y rltuhigs sgkrgtbs, Nh` Drbw` sg kb`shorh kbab u`b ng ibs hutbrgs aès drliih`tgs ng ih hktuhilnhn.

Gi kûnlob NhUl`kl=

u` ildrb phrh iggr y nlseruthrS8Q

Zbr gi U.¿. F.¿. Hqulil`b T. Ighi

^rhnuklnb ngi Zbrtuouìs ngi Drhsli pbr= U.¿.F.¿. Ahrlb Iûpgz

Ahtgaètlkh g` ih Ahsb`gráh




xxxx

Gi kûnlob NhUl`kl htrhph hi igktbr ngsng ih prl-agrh fhsth ih ýitlah pèol`h‑

G` gstg abag`tb, trh`skrldlg`nb ih phrèerhsls ngiildrb

’G` Zhrás, Tbdgrt Ihònb`, u` prbegsbr ng sla-dbiboáh ng Fhrvhrn, rgkldg u`h iihahnh tgigeû`lkhur-og`tg dlg` g`trhnh ih `bkfg. Gi g`khrohnb ngiIbuvrg fh slnb g`kb`trhnb hsgsl`hnb ng`trb ngiausgb kb` u`h alstgrlbsh ag`shmg klerhnh hi ihnbngi kugrpb. H agnlnh qug Ihònb` y u`h krlptûorheh erh`-kgsh ng thig`tb, [bpflg @gvgu, vh` ngsklerh`nb u`hh u`h ihs gxtrhøhs prugdhs qug sg prgsg`th`, sg sbr-prg`ng` hi ngskudrlr plsths bkuiths g` ihs bdrhs ng

NhUl`kl - vlsldigs phrh tbnbs pgrb lòg`lbshag`tgkhauhnhs pbr gi pl`tbr. Ih trhah sg kbapigth kuh`nb Ihònb` sgnh kug`th ng u` nhtb gskhiberlh`tg= Gi g`khrohnbaugrtb gsthdh ilohnb hi Zrlbrhtb ng [lb` ‛ u`h sb-klgnhn sgkrgth vgrnhngrh qug yh kb`tb g`trg susalgadrbs h [lr Lshhk @gwtb`, Dbttlkgiil, Uáktbr Fuob yNhUl`kl, g`trg btrbs.Ihònb` pgrkldg qug gstè` sbdrg u` gsph`tbsb sg-

krgtb flstûrlkb qug, h ib ihrob ng ibs sloibs, sg abstrû hi alsab tlgapb kihrb y pgilorbsb. Gù`h khrrgrh erg`ìtlkh h trhvìs ng Zhrás y Ib`nrgs, Ihònb` y [bpflg fh` ng agnlr sus eugrzhs kb` u` bpb`g`tg pbngrbsb y ngskb`bklnb qug phrgkg prgvgr khnh u`b ng sus phsbs. H ag`bs qug ngsklerg` gi kbapilkhnb rbapgkhdgzhs, ibs sgkrgtbs ng Zrlbrhtb ‛ y u`hvgrnhn h`tlouh auy pgrturdhnbrh ‛ gsthrè` pgrnlnbs phrh slgaprg‑

Gi ildrb kb`sloug kbapilkhr ih ahngmh ng ebrah ehskl`h`tg, ih flstbrlh ng ih klvlilzhklû`, g`gspgklhi ih flstbrlh ng ih Loigslh Khtûilkh qug gs hkushnh ng ah`lpuihr y hitgrhr tbnh ih flstbrlh ngMgsukrlstb, abtlvb pbr gi kuhi eug kb`slngrhnb h`tlkrlstlh`b hi pu`tb ng sgr gxpuishnb ngi Iádh`balg`trhs qug ih Loigslh Khtûilkh sg ah`tlg`g, g` prl`klplb, hmg`h hi hsu`tb.

Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl kruzh ih ogbagtráh (pg`thorhahS>Q), ahtgaètlkh (sgkug`klh ng Eldb`hkkl S7Q,`ýagrb ‖pfl“ S5Q), kèdhih y sladbilsab (gstrgiih ng Nhvln S?Q), pgrsb`hmgs dádilkbs y ih Loigslh Khtû -

ilkh (Mgsukrlstb, Nhvln, [hibaû`, Ahráh Ahonhig`h S6Q, Mbsì ng Hrlahtgh, Il`hmg [horhnb, [h`tb

Orlhi S<Q, Uhtlkh`b, Gvhògilbs, Zhph, Bdlspb).

Kbab sg pgrkldg, gi ildrb ng Nh` Drbw`, ’Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑, eug gskrltb phrh sgr igánb pbr’og`tg orh`ng‑ ng ag`tg hdlgrth y, sbdrgtbnb, prgnlspugsth phrh pb`gr g` nunh ibs phrhnloahsg`rhlzhnbs g` ugstrh kuiturh, gspgklhiag`tg ibs rgihklb`hnbs kb` ih Loigslh Khtûilkh, ib ahskuil`by ib egag`l`b, y kb` ih fgrgmáh g` ih flstbrlh ng ih rgilolû`.

Ibs fgkfbs prgsg`thnbs g` gi ildrb kug`th` u`h flstbrlh qug aukfh og`tg `b kb`bkg. Zbrgmgapib, gi sh-kgrnbklb `b gsthdh vgnhnb h ihs aumgrgs g` ibs prlagrbs náhs ng ih Loigslh y gi kg-

ildhtb ng ibs phnrgs sbib sg kb`vlrtlû g` rgoih sgls sloibs ngspuìs ng Krlstb. Hngaès ng gsb, AhráhAhonhig`h `b gs ih ý`lkh pgrsb`hilnhn egag`l`h lapbrth`tg g` ibs Gvhògilbs, nlohabs, trhnl-

klb`higs3 sukgng qug Nh` Drbw` ih rgtrhtû kbab pbngrbsh, eugrtg, l`ngpg`nlg`tg, l`tgilog`tg,pbrth-gsth`nhrtg ngi krlstlh`lsab aukfb ngspuìs ng ih augrtg ng Mgsýs y, hngaès, pbr quì `b,sg`suhi3 tbnb gsb fhkg ng giih u`h ourh aukfb aès hkkgsldig y fuah`h qug ih [h`th Ulrog`




;<Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx

Ahráh, rgtrhthnh kbab hitlvh y pgregkth qug sg kb`vlrtlû g` ibs ýitlabs høbs ng ùgstrh ìpbkh gù`h ourh gxtrgahnhag`tg lapbrth`tg g` ih Loigslh orhklhs h ih gspgklhi hnbrhklû` qug gi ZhphMuh` Zhdib LL lapih`tû g l`kg`tlvû.

’Al kb`kiuslû` pgrsb`hi gs qug ’Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑ gs u`h ehskl`h`tg y dlg` gihdbrhnh

bdrh ng kklû`, kb`strulnh, ng prl`klplb h `, kb` l`tgrgsh`tgs phrtákuihs ng fgkfbs pbkbkb`bklnbs y prbvbkhklb`gs gstlauih`tgs, hu`qug eugrtgag`tg gspgkuihtlvhs. [u aèxlabvhibr surog sl gs igánb kbab ildrb ng lnghs y agtèebrhs ‛ u` kuhngr`b ng `bths hi gstlibng Igb`hrnb, qug hyunh hi igktbr h rggxlb`hr sbdrg su prbplh ibsbeáh, su kbsabiboáh, suskrgg`klhs rgilolbshs y sus krátlkhs‑ (Nh` Durstgl`, ng ildrb ’Ibs [gkrgtbs ng Kûnlob‑)

G` rgsuag`= ’Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑ gs u` rbah`kg ng lnghs.

‑Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑, hngaès ng rgkbrrgr ibs khal`bs ng ih ogbagtráh, ahtgaètlkh, kèdhihy sladbilsab, pgrsb`hmgs dádilkbs y ih Loigslh Khtûilkh (gspgklhiag`tg gsth)3 thadlì` khal`û pbr ibsgskrltbs shorhnbs (Dldilh, Kbrè` b Hikbrè`, ^brè, Kh`b` Zhil), sbklgnhngs sgkrgths (Zrlbrhtb ng [lû`

S8:Q, Khdhiigrbs ^gapihrlbs S88Q, Bpus Ngl S84Q, Ahsb`gráh, Tbsh Kruz).

½Gi ildrb thapbkb lo`brh nl`hstáhs (Agrbvlòlh S8;Q ), alstlklsab, flstbrlh ngi hrtg y gi prbplb hrtg(Ih Ýitlah Kg`h S8>Q, Ab`h Ilsh S87Q , Gi Fbadrg ng Ultrudlb S85Q), klunhngs y phásgs (Ib`nrgs, Zhrls,Gskbklh), Loigslhs y ^gapibs ([hl`t [uiplkg S8?Q, Hdhnáh ng _gstal`stgr, Khpliih ng Tbssiy` S86Q, Loig-

slh ngi ^gapib, ^gapib ng [hibaû`), ausgbs (Ibuvrg), týauibs (Lshhk @gwtb`), lngborhahs (kruxogaahth S8<Q), rgilolb`gs, aýslkh grunlth (Abzhrt S4:Q) gtk. g` u`h trhah ng gskg`hrlb rghi, ¡fhsthgi prbplb _hit Nls`gy (iìhsg Alkcgy Abusg, Kg`lklg` th, Ih dgiih nuralg`tg, Dih`kh @lgvgs) b gs-khph` ng ih g`vgstlnh ngi hutbr!

[goý` gi hutbr= ’^bnhs ihs ngskrlpklb`gs ng bdrhs ng hrtg, hrqultgkturh, nbkuag`tbs y rltuhigs sg-

krgtbs g` gstg rbah`kg sg kbrrgspb`ng` rlourbshag`tg kb` ibs rghigs‑. Mustb hquá rgslng ih og`lh-

ilnhn ngi hutbr= g`trgihzhr igyg`nhs y kklû` kb` u`h rghilnhn qug, h prlbrl, pugng sgr kb`sththnh,hiou`hs vgkgs vgrnhngrh.

W` ildrb phrh sgr igánb, kbab fgabs nlkfb, pbr ‖og`tg orh`ng“, ng ag`tg hdlgrth y khphzng pb`gr g` nunh phrhnloahs g`rhlzhnbs g` ùgstrh kuiturh.

W` ildrb qug hý` pugng sgr nlseruthnb h pgshr ng qug fh phshnb aès ng u`h nìkhnh ngs-ng su ih`zhalg`tb hi agrkhnbS48Q .

²@bs qugnh hiob aès qug høhnlr2

¡[á! @ugstrb horhngklalg`tb h Aèrklb Goynlb [. Tb`nb`, prbegsbr ng ih W`lvgrslnhn Gstèklbng [è (Tlb ng Mh`glrb, Drhsli) qug, g`trg btrhs hktlvlnhngs, bs suolrlû ih igkturh ng ih Drbw` kuh`nbìi, Goynlb, hý` `b fhdáh rgkldlnb ih Iuz. ¡Orhklhs fgrah`b! ¡Orhklhs al fgrah`b!

’Ih vgrnhn `b gs ngtgral`hnh pbr gi ngsgb fuah`b `l pbr sus ngkrgtbs ‛ Giih slo`lkh ihhrab`lzhklû` ng ih ag`tg y ngi kbrhzû` fuah`b kb` ib qug rghiag`tg gs. Ag phrgkg`gkgshrlb ngklr tbnb gstb pbrqug kb` aukfh ergkug`klh, gi pbngr, ih bpl`lû` pýdilkh y ihtrhnlklû` sb` vlstbs kbab sl`û`lab ng vgrnhn‑ (Ahrohrgt [thrdlrn ‛ ngi ildrb ’Ahráh Ahonh-

ig`h y gi [h`tb Orlhi ‛ Ih aumgr ngi vhsb ng hihdhstrb‑)

’[bpflg, tbnh eg ngi au`nb sg dhsh g` l`vg`klb`gs. Gsth gs ih ng`lklû` ng eg ‛ hkgpthr

qug hqugiib qug lahol`habs gs vgrnhn, hu`qug `b ib pbnhabs prbdhr. ^bnhs ihs rgilolb-`gs ngskrldg` h Nlbs h trhvìs ng agtèebrhs, higobráhs g flpìrdbigs, ngsng ibs prlagrbs golp-klbs fhsth gi khtgklsab abngr`b. Ihs agtèebrhs sb` u`h ebrah ng hyunhr h ugstrh ag`tg




>: Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx

h prbkgshr ib laprbkgshdig. Ibs prbdigahs hphrgkg` kuh`nb kbag`zhabs h krggr g` ihsagtèebrhs hi plg ng ih igtrh‑ (nlèibob ng Ihònb`, gxtrhánb ngi ildrb ’Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑ng Nh` Drbw`)

Zrûxlab `ýagrb= Ih sgkug`klh ng Eldb`hkkl

@bths=Ngdlnb h ih kh`tlnhn y gxtg`slû` ng ihs `bths, qug fhkg` lapbsldig sltuhrihs tbnhs g` ibs ihtgrlhigsngi hrtlkuib, sg kbibkh` h kb`tlùhklû`=

S8Q Gi prgsg`tg tgxtb, ilogrhag`tg abnlkhnb, eug brlol`hiag`tg pudilkhnb g` ihs gnlklb`gs 4;> y4;7, :5 ng ahrzb ng 4:8: y 8; ng ahrzb ng 4:8:, ngi sgah`hrlb gigktrû`lkb EBIFH AHÏÞ@LKH(ebifhahkb`lkhJoahli.kba).

S4Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= Ih rgvlsth Ugmh gs u`h ng ihs rgvlsth ng ahybr nleuslû` g` gi Drhsli y pbngabsngklr qug gs u`h rgvls-th ng tlpb og`grhilsth nb`ng khdg` tbnbs ibs tgahs.

S;Q Tgkbrngabs qug gstg ahtgrlhi eug gskrltb g` bvlgadrg ng 4::>, ng abnb qug ibs nhtbs prgsg`-

thnbs sb` vèilnbs phrh hqugi abag`tb y, klgrthag`tg, hiou`bs ng giibs eugrb` supgrhnbs (@bth=Hqulil`b T. Ighi)

S>Q [áadbib ng gqulildrlb g`trg ib ahskuil`b y ib egag`l`b, sáadbib ng ih pgregkklû` y ng ih dgiigzh,ng ih dgstlh kuh`nb gstè l`vgrtlnb. Gi pg`thorhah, u`h gstrgiih ng kl`kb pu`ths rghilzhnh kb` u`trhzb, pgrtg`gkg h ibs tlgapbs aès prlaltlvbs ng ih fuah-`lnhn= ibs plthoûrlkbs ih iihahdh` pg`th-hieh y ibs shkgrnbtgs kgiths ’plg ng ih fgkflkgrh‑ y thadlì` sgiib ng [hibaû`, kb`bklnb g` ih

gnhn agnlh kbab kruz ng ibs nug`ngs. Ih sgøhi thadlì` rgprgsg`th ibs kl`kb sg`tlnbs y phrh ibs munábs slo`lkhdh ibs kl`kb ildrbs Abshlkbs. W` gstunlb aès prbeu`nb sbdrg gi pg`thorhah y h`gsyh eug prgsg`thnb g` gsth sgrlg ng hrtákuibs.

S7Q [gkug`klh ùaìrlkh l`lklhnh kb` u` phr ng u`bs y qug h phrtlr ngi sgou`nb tìral`b, gi sloulg`-

tg gs ih suah ng ibs nbs h`tgrlbrgs= 8 8 4 ; 7 6 8; 48 ;>... ‛ gi kbklg`tg g`trg ibs tìral`bs hnyhkg`tgssg hprbxlah, orhnuhiag`tg hi `ýagrb ng brb pfl (sg igg ‖“). Tgkbag`nhabs iggr gi hrtákuib @ý -

agrbs ’alstgrlbsbs‑= Zl, Zfl y ih sgrlg ng Eldb`hkkl pudilkhnh g` gi `ýagrb 47 ng gsth rgvlsth (Hdrling 4:8;).

S5Q Gi `ýagrb ng brb (pfl) og`grhnbr ng ibs ihnbs ngi trlèòuib ng brb (trlèòuibs lsûskgigs ngi pg`-

thorhah) y ngi rgktèòuib ng brb (rhzû` 8 x 8,586:;;<66, ih Nlvl`h Zrbpbrklû`) gs gi rgsuithnb ng ihgxprgslû` (∝(7+8)/4) gs ngklr, 8,586:;;<66... su l`vgrsb 8/pfl1 :,586:;;<66 ah`tlg`g ibs ngklahigs.W` gstunlb aès prbeu`nb eug pudilkhnb kb` gi tátuib Gi trlèòuib ng brb, sgoag`tbs èurgbs y nlvlslû`ng u` sgoag`tb g` rhzû` agnlh y gxtrgah g` gi `ýagrb ;: ng gsth rgvlsth (Bktudrg 4:8;).

S?Q W` fgxhorhah bdtg`lnb pbr gi g`trgihzhalg`tb ng nbs trlèòuibs gquliètgrbs, thadlì` kb`b-

klnb kbab [giib ng [hibaû`. Tgprgsg`th ih u`lû` pgregkth g`trg ib gsplrltuhi y ib ahtgrlhi, g`trg ibahskuil`b y ib egag`l`b.

S6Q [goý` ih Tgvlsth [upgr L`tgrgssh`tg (rgvlsth ng nlvuiohklû` drhsligøh), bktudrg ng 4::>= ’Zrbstltu-

th, aumgr plhnbsh qug rg-kbolû gi shòrg ng Krlstb hi plg ng ih kruz, prlagrh hpûstbih, sáadbib ng ibegag`l`b g` gi u`lvgrsb krlstlh`b... Aukfb sg gspgkuih sbdrg qulg` fh slnb Ahráh Ahonhig`h, ahs

ib klgrtb gs qug pbkb sg shdg ng giih. Hiou`bs tgûrlkbs ng ih kb`splrhklû` `b nunh` qug giih eugih ahnrg ngi flmb ng Mgsukrlstb, qug `b fhdráh augrtb g` ih kruz kbab `bs kug`th` ibs gvhògilbs,sl`b qug fhdráh fulnb kb` giih hi [ur ng Erh`klh nb`ng fhdráh nhnb brlog` h u` il`hmg shorhnb.




>8Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxxAhtgaètlkh g` ih Ahsb`gráh

Gstbs fgkfbs ù`kh fh` slnb prbdhnbs‑. Nh` Drbw` `b tbahr phrtg, prgrlg`nb ab`thr u` puzig kb` plgzhs ng igyg`nhs gxlstg`tgssbdrg u`h aumgr qug gs pbkb rg-trhthnh g` ih Dldilh, pgrb qug, orhklhs h ’Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑ b y hih hktrlz Aû`lkh Dgiukkl g` gi ia ’Ih phslû` ng Krlstb‑ ng Agi Oldsb`, tlg`g su rgputhklû` rgvgs-

tlnh ng orh` vhibr. Fhy nlskuslû`, l`kiusb, sbdrg sl ih aumgr qug Mgsýs shivû ng ih augrtg kb` ih eh-

absh erhsg ’Xulg` gstì ildrg ng pgkhnb tlrg ih prlagrh plgnrh‑ `b grh ih alsah qug ib hkbaphøhnurh`tg gi khivhrlb, lng`tlkhnh pbr hiou`bs kbab Ahráh ng Dgth`lh, Zbr ih Dldilh shdgabs qug Ahráh Ahonhig`h eug gxbrklzhnh pbr Krlstb (Iukhs 6,4) ’\ hi-ou`hs aumgrgs qug fhdáh` slnb ku-rhnhs ng gspárltus ahilo`bs y gègragnhngs= Ahráh, iihahnhAhonhig`h, ng ih qug shilgrb` slgtg ngab`lbs‑ y kbag`zû h sgoulrig ngsng gsg abag`tb. Giih ibhkbaphøû nurh`tg ih kruklxlû` y ngskudrlû gi sgpuikrb ng Mgsýs vhkáb kbrrlg`nb h kb`tèrsgib hibs hpûstbigs Zgnrb y Muh`. Gi gskrltbr orlgob @lcbs Chzh`tzhcls, hutbr ng ’Ih ýitlah tg`thklû` ngKrlstb‑ (trh`sebrahnb g` ia pbr Ahrtl` [kbrsgsg g` 8<66), sl` gadhrob, krgg qug giih fhdráh l`vg`-

thnb ih rgsurrgkklû` pbr habr h Mgsýs y pbrqug `b hkgpthdh su augrtg, phsh`nb hsá h prgob`hrgi rg`hklalg`tb ngi agsáhs. Gi alstgrlb g` tbr`b h Ahráh Ahonhig`h huag`th kb` u`h flstbrlh qug g`vugivg hi phnrg

Dìrgògr [hu`lærg. G` 8<68, hi rg-ebrahr u`h pgqugøh loigslh ngnlkhnh h giih, kb`strulnh nb`ngh`tgs fhdáh u` tgapib vlslobnb, g` Tg``gs-ig-Kfätghu, g` gi sur ng Erh`klh, [hu`lærg fhdráh g`-

kb`trhnb u` tgsbrb qug, sg gspgkuih, fhdráh slnb trhánb ngsng ^lgrrh [h`th pbr ibs Khdhiigrbs ^ga-

pih-rlbs. Aès hiiè ng kb`vgrtlr hi phnrg g` u` fbadrg rlkb, gi ngskudrlalg`tb prbdhráh ih gxlstg`klhngi il`hmg shorhnb y gi fgkfb ng qug fhsth fby g` náh gxlstg` ngskg`nlg`tgs nlrgktbs ng Mgsukrlstb.

S<Q Gi kèilz g` qug Mgsýs dgdlû vl`b g` ih Witlah Kg`h (kèilz ng Krlstb) y kb` gi kuhi Mbsì ng Hrlah-

tgh rgkbolû ngspuìs su sh`-org g` gi abag`tb ng ih kruklxlû`. [goý` Nh` Drbw`, gi [h`tb Orlhigs gi tìral`b kbab fby sg kb`bkg hi [hòrghi (u` kb`-mu`tb ng nbkuag`tbs sgkrgtbs dhmb ih prb-

tgkklû` ngi Zrlbrhtb ng [lû`) qug slo`lkh, iltgrhiag`tg, ’shòrg rghi‑3 u`h agtèebrh phrh gi il`hmgshòuá`gb ng ih nl`hstáh Agrbvlòlh supugsthag`tg eu`nhnh pbr ibs ngskg`nlg`tgs ng Mgsukrlstb.

S8:Q Ab`hstgrlb ng [lû` (Zrlgurs ng [lb`)3 sgoý` gi ildrb ‖...[bklgnhn sgkrgth gurbpgh eu`nhnh g`8:<< y qug gxlstg rghiag`tg. G` 8<?7, ih Dldilbtgkh @hklb`hi ng Zhrás ngskudrlû pgrohal`bs kb`b-

klnbs kbab ’Ibs nbsslgrs [gkrgtbs‑ qug lng`tlkhdh` l`ù-agrhdigs algadrbs ngi Zrlbrhtb ng [lb`,g`trg giibs [lr Lshhk @gwtb`, Dbttlkgiil, Uáktbr Fuob y Igb`hrnb NhUl`kl. Gi Zrlbrhtb prbtgog gi il`hmgnlvl`b y g` u` abag`tb hngkuhnb hù`klhrè ih sgou`nh iigohnh ngi Agsáhs y ih khánh ng ih Loig-

slh Khtûilkh, hku-shnh ng usurphr gsh fgrg`klh shorhnh. [goý` Nh`, gi Zrlbrhtb tlg`g su brlog` gìbs prbplbs khdhiigrbs tgapihrlbs y eugrtgs rgihklb-`gs kb` ih Ahsb`gráh y ibs Tbsh Krukgs.

S88Q Brng` ng ibs Zbdrgs Khdhiigrbs ng Krlstb y ngi ^gapib ng [hibaû`, b Khdhiigrbs ^gapihrlbs,tg`áh` kbab ’u`lebrag‑ tý`lkhs dih`khs kb` u` dihsû` ng kruz rbmh ng drhzbs louhigs kuyhs gxtrg-

alnhngs grh` aès ihrohs3 b pbnáh` fhkgrsg ih dhrdh l kbrthrsg gi khdgiib, nlstlòulì`nbsg hsá gù`h ìpbkh g` ih qug ih ahybráh ng ibs fbadrgs sg dhrdghdh ‛ sgoý` ih trhnlklû` su kuhr-tgi eugkb`strulnb sbdrg ibs plihrgs ngi ^gapib ng [hibaû`, ng hfá gi `badrg ng ih brng`. Ibs tgapihrlbsfhkáh` vbtbs ng pbdrgzh, khstlnhn y klgoh bdgnlg`klh. Ih prlagrh lèbrahklû` flstûrlkh sbdrg ibs tgapihrlbs, ng fgkfb ih aès kb`bklnh, eug gskrlthpbr gi flstbrlhnbr erh`klskh`b Oulifgrag ng ^yrg g`trg 88?7 y 8867 (ìpbkh kuadrg ng ihs Kruzh -

nhs). [goý` gi flstbrlhnbr ih brng` eug eu`nhnh g` 8886 pbr Fuougs ng Zhyg`, u` `bdig, qug sgprgsg`tû mu`tb kb` bkfb kbaphøgrbs g` gi phihklb ng Dhinul`b L, rgy ng Mgrushiì`, kb` gi bdmgtlvbngkihrhnb ng ’th`tb kuh`tb pgraltlgsg` sus eugrzhs, ah`tg`gr ibs khal`bs y ruths (ng lgrrh [h`th)sgourhs (…) tg`lg`nb gspgklhi kulnhnb kb` ih prbtgkklû` ng ibs pgrgorl`bs‑ Aukfhs igyg`nhs g`vugivg` h ih brng`, u`h ng giihs gs gi supugstb tgsbrb qug ih brng`fhdráh g`kb`trhnb g` gi ^gapib ng [hibaû`, `b sbib pbr gi brb, sl`b prl`klphiag`tg pbrqug kb` -

tg`nráh ih prugdh ng qug Krlstb `b fhdráh augrtb g` ih kruz y sl gskh-phnb h Erh`klh nb`ng fhdráhl`lklhnb ih nl`hstáh shorhnh. Ih brng` hikh`zû u` gxtrhbrnl`hrlb pbngr pbiátlkb, alilthr y `h`klgrb3 suerlû vhrlbs hthqugs



>4 Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


sbdrgvlvlg`nb h tbnbs fhsth qug, g` agnlb ng kb`splrhklb`gs, ibs tgapihrlbs eugrb` kb`ng`hnbspbr fgrgmáh y sus algadrbs, ngspuìs ng tbrturhnbs pbr ih L`-qulslklû`, kb`ng`hnbs h ih fbougrh. Giýitlab hktb rgolstrhnb g` ih flstbrlh ng ih brng` eug ih augrtg g` ih fbougrh ngi ýitlab Orh` Ahgs-

trb, Mhkqugs ng Abihy, g` ahrzb ng 8;:>. [goý` hiou`bs hutbrgs, ih brng` `b eug nlgzahnh pbrkbapigtb, u` drhzb ng ih alsah sg bkuitû g` Gskbklh ‛ aukfbs ahsb`gs kb`slngrh` h ibs tgapih-

rlbs kbab sus prbplbs h`tgkgsbrgs. Ihs gvlng`klhs abstrhrb` qug l`ùagrhdigs khdhiigrbs, kuh`nb eugrb` sbagtlnbs h l`tgrrb-

ohtbrlb (iìhsg tbrturh) pbr phrtg ng ih L`qulslklû`, sg rgegráh` h hiob iihahnb Dhpfbagt= flpbtìtl -khag`tg u`h krlhturh althn ahkfb khdráb, althn fuah`h, pbstgrlbr-ag`tg trh`sebrahnh pbr ihLoigslh g` ih rgprgsg`thklû` ng [hth`ès.

S84Q [goý` ih rgvlsth [upgr L`tgrgssh`tg (rgvlsth ng nlvuiohklû` drhsligøh, bktudrg ng 4::>= ’Tgtrh-

thnh g` ’Gi Kûnlob NhUl`kl‑ kbab u`h brng` ng eh`ètlkbs rgilolbsbs hngptbs h ihs prèktlkhs ag -

nlgvhigs, l`kiuyg`nb hfá ih hutbhogihklû`, gi Bpus Ngl gs g` rghilnhn u`h prgihkáh (khrob, tltuib)ng ih Loigslh Khtûilkh kb` kgrkh ng 67 ali algadrbs g` 5: phásgs. Ng hkugrnb kb` su wgd bklhi,su prl`klphi bdmgtlvb gs ’gsphrklr gi gvhògilb pbr agnlb ng ih sh`tlkhklû` ngi trhdhmb‑

Hu`qug ih ngskrlpklû` `gohtlvh qug fhkg Nh` Drbw` ng ih broh`lzhklû` `b gs `bvgnhnhiou`h. Ngsng su eu`nhklû` ‛ g` 8<46 pbr gi phnrg Mbsì Ahráh Gskrlvè ng Dhihougr (gsphøbi), aèsthrng kh`b`lzhnb pbr gi Zhph Muh` Zhdib LL ‛ gi Bpus Ngl vlg`nb slg`nb ih nlh`h ng krátlkhs th`tbng broh`lzhklb`gs sgkuihrgs kbab ng orupbs khtûilkbs. Ih prl`klphi krátlkh nlkg qug tlg`g u`h supugsth tg`ng`klh hi kb`sgrvhklb`lsab pbiátlkb yrgilolbsb, L`kiuyg`nb hfá kb`gxlb-`gs kb` broh`lzhklb`gs ng uitrhngrgkfh y sgkths ng l`splrhklûàgnlgvhi. G` su wgd, gi Bpus Ngl sg ngg`ng y sg ngskrldg kbab ’u`h broh`lzhklû` kb` bdmgtlvbspurhag`tg gsplrltuhigs. Gi ildrb rgtrhth hi Bpus Ngl ng ah`grh ehish, kbab u`h broh`lzhklû` aèsprgbkuphnh pbr gi iukrb y gi pbngr qug pbr btrh kbsh kuh`nb ih vgrnhn gs qug gi Bpus Ngls tlg`gkbab agth hyunhr h ihs pgrsb`hs h l`krgag`thr su eg, l`tgorè`nbih g` sus hktlvlnhngs kbtlnlh`hsy `b lapigag`thr kuhiqulgr tlpb ng prborhah pbiátlkb‑. Gstb gs ib qug nlkg` g` su wgd bklhi.Nh` Drbw`, sl` gadhrob, hrah qug ih ebrah kbab gs rgtrhthnb gi Bpus Ngl sg dhsh g` u`h ngkg-

`h ng ildrbs sbdrg ih broh-`lzhklû`, hsá kbab g`trgvlsths h gx algadrbs y h l`tgorh`tgs ng ih alsah.

S8;Q Ih prlagrh khsh rghi ng Erh`klh eu`nhnh hprbxlahnhag`tg g` gi >7: pbr Agrbvìg (Agrb-

vgkf b Agrbvgus) u`h ourh gkilpshnh pbr ih igyg`nh. Ih nl`hstáh g`trû g` ngkhng`klh kgrkh ng4:: høbs ngspuìs. Kflingrlk LLL, ýitlab agrbvlòlb kb`bklnb, eug ngpugstb pbr Zgpl`b LLL, gi Drgvg,qug usurpû gi trb`b kb` hpbyb ngi Zhph. [goý` ih flstbrlh ‖phrhigih“ ih nl`hstáh fhdráh slnb brlol-`hnh pbr ibs ngskg`nlg`tgs nlrgktbs ng Mgsukrlstb kuyh agth gs gi ah`tg`lalg`tb ngi il`hmg sh` -

ouá`gb ng Krlstb fhsth fby.

S8>Q Bdrh pl`thnh pbr Nh Ul`kl fhklh gi 8><7 qug sgoý` hiou`bs gxpgrtbs gstè iig`h ng u` slèá`

ng g`loahs.

S87Q [goý` Drbw`= h`horhah g`trg Haû` (nlbs golpklb ng ih egrtlilnhn) g Lsls (nlbsh golpklh nhegrtlilnhn), ih u`lû` ng ib ahs-kuil`b y ib egag`l`b g` u`h alsah lahog` hadlouh.W`h tgbráh suolgrg qug ih aumgr ngi kuhnrb sgráh gi prbplb Igb`hrnb NhUl`kl trhvgstlnb3 sgoý` btrhstgbráhs sgráh ih aumgr ngi kbagrklh`tg Erh`kgsb Ngi Olbkb`nb, ng hfá qug sgh kb`bklnh kbab ihOlbkb`nh. Igb`hrnb NhUl`kl hklû gi 87>4 g` ih klunhn ng Ul`kl (ng hfá su sbdrg`badrg, prgsthnb h ihbdrh ng Drbw`), grh fbabsg-xuhi kb`bklnb, hnbrhnbr ngi brng` nlvl`b ng ih @hturhigzh, gxfuah-

dh khnèvgrgs phrh gstunlhr h`htbaáh fuah`h (u`h fgrgmáh phrh ih Loigslh Khtûilkh ng ih ìpbkh),gskrldáh nlhrlbs alstgrlbsbs g` u`h khilorheáh l`vgrtlnh lapbsldig ng iggr (fgkfb gxpibrhnb g` gi ildrb

ng Nh`), krgáh qug tg`áh gi pbngr ng trh`sebrahr pibab g` brb y fhsth ng gòhøhr h Nlbs krgh`nbu` gilxlr phrh rgtrhshr ih augrtg, g` sus l`vg`klb`gs tg`gabs hrahs ng ougrrh y tbrturh fbrrlplih`tgsg lahol`û u` slèá` ng l`vg`klb`gs qug sbib sg punlgrb` fhkgr rghilnhn sloibs aès thrng, gi fgilkûp-



>;Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh


tgrb gs u`h ng giihs.

S85Q Gi kugrpb ng u` fbadrg ngsùnb ng`trb ng u` kárkuib ebrah`nb u` pg`thorhah, sladbilzh`-

nb gi gqulildrlb g`trg ib ahs-kuil`b y ib egag`l`b. (vgh ih lahog` g` gi prbplb tgxtb)

S8?Q Zbr nb`ng phshdh gi prlagr agrlnlh`b ngi au`nb (Iá`gh Tbsh) h`tgs ngi hktuhi agrlnlh`b ngOrgg`wlkf.

S86Q Khpliih kb`strulnh g`trg 8>>5 y 8>65 hsbklhnh h ih ahsb`gráh y ih brng` rbsh kruz ‛ ibs alga-

drbs ng ih ehalilh [l`kihlr, kuyb nbal`lb gsthdh g` Tbssiy`, h pbkbs cliûagtrbs ngi h`tloub kuhrtgiog`grhi gskbkìs ng ibs tgapihrlbs, sb` rgkb`bklnbs kbab ’orh`ngs ahgstrbs fgrgnlthrlbs ng ihahsb`gráh gskbkgsh‑

S8<Q W` kruklmb ng pihth kb` 8; ogahs qug rgprgsg`th` h Mgsukrlstb y ibs 84 hpûstbigs kruz y kru-

klmb vlg`g` ngi ihtá` kru-klhrl, ’tbrturhr‑.

S4:Q _bieohò Hahngus Abzhrt, krghnbr ng ih bdrh Ih Eihuth Aèolkh, ýitlah ûpgrh ng Abzhrt,kb`bklnh kbab ih Ûpgrh Ah-sû`lkh, pugs, sgoý` ibs g`tg`nlnbs, ih bdrh gs u` rggmb ng ihs trh -

nlklb`gs ahsû`lkhs ‛ Abzhrt eug bklhiag`tg hnaltlnb g` gi sg`b ng ih Ahsb`gráh gi náh 8> ngnlklgadrg ng 86?>.

S48Q @bth ngi trhnuktbr= Tgkugrng gi igktbr qug ih egkfh ng gskrlturh ng gstg trhdhmb eug gi høb4::>.

[bdrg gi hutbr

Gi U.¿.F.¿. Hqulil`b Tghi gs brlu`nb ng Gsphøh (]habrh), pgrb rgslng g` Drhsli (Ilah Nuhrtg „Al`hs Ogrhls) ngsng nlklgadrg ng 8<74.Lòg`lgrb gigktrlklsth y prbegsbr u`lvgrslthrlb, sg g`kug`trh mudlihnb.

Eug l`lklhnb g` ih Ahsb`gráh gi :; ng [gptlgadrg ng 8<?5, gigvhnb hi orhnb kbaphøgrb gi46 ng Hdrli ng8<?6 y gxhithnb h Ahgstrb gi 4; ng Ahrzb ng 8<?<.Gi :7 ng Muilb ng 8<66 bkupû gi khrob ng Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb.

Gi U.¿. F.¿. Hqulil`b Tghi eug eu`nhnbr ng ihs ibolhs [gptga Erhtgrls <7 (Táb ng Mh`glrb) gi8:/:6/8<6; y [th`lsihs ng Ouhlth 857 (Táb ng Mh`glrb) gi 4:/:5/4::5. Hadhs trhdhmh`nb g` gi TGHH

Zugng` kb`thkthrig pbr agnlb ng su g-ahli= hqulil`bighiJr?.kba



>> Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

Eg ng Grrhths

G` gi hrtákuib ng Egr`h`nb Iu`hs [hihs tltuihabs’Ng ih Iuz h ih bskurlnhn‑

y, iûolkhag`tg, gs mustb ib kb`trhrlb, ngdgráhabs fhdgrpugstb

’Ng ih Bskurlnhn h ih iuz‑



>7Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx

HO@B[^LKL[AB

Ih kb`kgpklû` ibsûkh ho`ûstlkh, g`sá`tgsls, `lgoh ih pbsldlilnhn ng kb`bkgrib agtheáslkb qug gxkgnh gi iáaltg ng ihgxpgrlg`klh sg`sldig, pgrb `b `lgoh qug

pugnh gxlstlr ib agtheáslkb3 slapigag`tgib ngskb`bkg, y ngkihrh l`hkkgsldig hig`tg`nlalg`tb fuah`b tbnh `bklû` nghdsbiutb. ng Nlbs y sus htrldutbs. Fuxigyiigoû h ngrlvhr ih gxprgslû` ng ih l`skrlp-

klû` Ho`bs-Ngb (hi Nlbs ngskb`bklnb).Xug [h` Zhdib vlb g` gi hithr ng u` tga-

pib ng Htg`hs. Gi ho`bstlklsab, ngsng ihibsbeáh orlgoh. vh hapilh`nb gi rgkb-

`bklalg`tb ng ih gxpgrlg`klh sg`sldig,h trhvìs ngi krgklalg`tb ng ih shdlnuráhng ih fuah`lnhn. \ ngsng ih krghklû`ng ih tgbráh ngi pslkbh`èilsls. ih hprg-

fg`slû` ng kb`bklalg`tb h trhvìs ngil`kb`sklg`tg gxpilkh g` dug`h phrtg ihsg`sgøh`zhs sladûilkhs y gsbtìrlkhs. Giho`ûstlkb, hsá pugng phrtlklphr (h trhvìsngi prl`klplb ng ildgrthn) g` gi trhdhmbahsû`lkb. Hu`qug ìstg gs u` tgah qug

sg prgsth h `b pbkbs ngdhtgs.

G[EGTH

Ih gsegrh fh sladbilzhnb ngsng ihs kuitu-

rhs hrkhlkhs ih pgregkklû` y ih tbthilnhn.Ibs golpklbs ih kb`slngrhdh` sáadbib ngu` Nlbs gtgr`b, ibs hiqulalsths sáadbib ngih tbthilnhn, ih trhnlklû` lsièalkh gxprg-

sh kb` giih ih pgregkklû`, y g` ih Erh`k-

ahsb`gráh ih gxtg`slû` u`lvgrshi ng ihBrng`. Gadigaètlkhag`tg ih gsegrh sg

lng`tlkh kb` gi oibdb, qug pbr slaliltunkb` ibs kugrpbs kgigstgs, sg kb`slngrhhigobráh ngi au`nb. G` aukfhs ibolhsngi Tltb Gskbkìs h`tloub y hkgpthnb,nurh`tg ibs trhdhmbs ngi sgou`nb orhnb,sbdrg khnh u`h ng ihs kbiua`hs qug gs-

tè` mu`tb h ih pugrth ng g`trhnh (D yQ),sg sustltuyg` ibs orupbs ng trgs orh`h-

nhs g`trghdlgrths pbr u`h gsegrh Hralihr(sbdrg ih kbiua`hQ) y gi oibdb tgrrgstrg(sbdrg ih kbiua`h D), g` nb`ng rg-prg-

sg`th` hngaès h ihs klg`klhs qug sg ng-

dg` gstunlhr g` gstg orhnb. Gi khadlbsladbilzh hngaès gi nbal`lb krgklg`tgsbdrg ihs phslb`gs3 ihs nbs gsegrhs {tgrrg-

`hi y kgigstlhi) kb`krgth` gi khapb nghkklû` ngi trhdhmb ahsû`lkb. G` btrbsorhnbs, hngaès, sg dbrnh` sbdrg ihs kb-

iua`hs qug hphrgkg` g` gi ah`nli.

^BIGTH@KLH

G` su ’^rhthnb ng ih ^bigrh`klh‑ ngkáhUbithlrg= ’Ih `hturhigzh nlkg h tbnbs ibs

fbadrgs= bs fg fgkfb hkgr nìdligs g lo-

`brh`tgs, phrh vgogthr hiou`bs al`utbsg` ih tlgrrh y phrh hdb`hrih kb` vugstrbskhnèvgrgs.Zugstb qug sbls nìdligs, sbkbrrgbs3 pugs-tb qug sbls lo`brh`tgs, liustrhrbs y sbpbr -thrbs. Kuh`nb sgèls tb-nbs ng ih alsahbpl`lû`, Mb qug ng vgrnhn `b bkurrlrè`u`kh3 kuh`nb `b fhyh aès qug vgr

u` fbadrg ng bpl`lû` kb`trhrlh, ngdìlspgrnb`hrib, pbrqug sby yb qulg` ig fhkgpg`shr kbab plg`sh= Bs fg nhnb drhzbs

NLKKLB@HTLBAH[Û@LKB

Gxtrhánb ng ibs nlkklb`hrlbs nlspb`ldigs g` giKg`trb ng Tgkursbs Nlolthigs ng ih OIG

NLKKLB@HTLB AH[Û@LKB




xxxx

phrh kuitlvhr ih tlgrrh y u` pgqugøb eui-obr ng rhzû` phrh kb`nuklrbs3 fg pugs-

tb g` vugstrbs kbrhzb`gs u` ograg` ngkbaphslû` phrh qug bs hyunìls autuh-

ag`tg h sbpbrthr ih vlnh. @b hfbouìlsgsg ograg`3 `b Mb kbrrbapèls3 shdgrqug gs nlvl`b3 y `b sustltuyèls ih vbz ng ih@hturhigzh pbr ibs alsgrhdigs eurbrgs nggskugih‑.G` ìsth, kbab g` btrhs bdrhs, Ubithlrg(kbab ahsû`) rggmû gi gspárltu ng ihAhsb`gráh

Kg`trb ng Tgkursbs Nlolthigs

Orh` Ibolh ng Gsphøhfttp=//www.oig-krn.kba

Nlkklb`hrlb Ahsû`lkbNLKKLB@HTLB AH[Û@LKB



>?Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxx

Gi [gøbr tlg`g kugrpb eáslkbS8Q

Zbr gi U.¿. F.¿. Hqulil`b T. Ighi

^rhnuklnb ngi Zbrtuouìs ngi Drhsli pbr= U.¿.F.¿. Ahrlb Iûpgz

Gi fgkfb

W`hs gnlklb`gs htrès S4Q pudilkhabs g` gsth kbiua`h gi hrtákuib ’Fugiihs g` ih hrg`h‑, gx-

trhánh g` egdrgrb ng 4:84 ng ih wgd fttp=//il`nhsag`shog`sgbrhkbgs.dibospbt.kba, y qug rgprb-

nuklabs hqul ùgvhag`tg=

W`h `bkfg tuvg u` sugøb… [bøì qug gsthnh khal`h`nb g` ih pihyh kb` gi [gøbr y g` gi klgib phshdh` gskg`hs ngal vlnh. Khnh gskg`h qug phshdh ag pgrkhtì qug g` ih hrg`h sg ngmhdh` nbs phrgs ng plsh-nhs= u`b grh aáb y gi btrb grh gi ngi [gøbr. Kuh`nb ih ýitlah gskg`h ng al vlnh phsû ngih`tg ng `bsbtrbs alrì fhklh htrès, fhklhihs fugiihs g` ih hrg`h, y `btì qug aukfhs vgkgs, g` gi khal`b ng al vlnh, fhdáh th` sbibu` phr ng fugiihs g` ih hrg`h. @btì thadlì` qug gsb sukgnáh g` ibs abag`tbs aès nleákligs y hòustlhnbs ng al vlnh.Gsb ag ihstlaû ng vgrnhn y ig prgou`tì h al [gøbr=

- [gøbr, ²^ý `b ag nlmlstg qug nhnb qug yb ngklná sgoulrtg, tý slgaprg khal hráhs h alihnb nurh`tg tbnb gi khal`b2 H pgshr ng tbnb, btì qug nurh`tg ihs ahybrgs trlduihklb`gsng al vlnh, fhdáh hpg`hs u` phr ng fugiihs g` ih hrg`h. @b g`tlg`nb pbr quì g` ihs fbrhsqug yb aès tg `gkgslthdh, ^ý ag ngmhstg sbib.

Gi [gøbr ag rgspb`nlû=

- Al qugrlnb flmb. Mhaès tg ngmhráh g` ihs fbrhs ng prugdh y ng suerlalg`tb. Kuh`nb fhsvlstb g` ih hrg`h u` sbib phr ng fugiihs grh` ihs aáhs. Eug gxhkthag`tg hfá qug tg khrouì sbdrg als drhzbs.

Hutbráh= Kbpyrloft © 8<6> Ahry [tgvg`sb`, h phrtlr ngi tgxtb brlol`hi 8<;5. ^bnbs ibs ngrgkfbs rg-

sgrvhnbs

Zhrh qulg` `b rgkugrng b `b fhyh igánb gi hrtákuib ng hqugi ags, g` hqugiih bkhslû` kb-

ag`thabs ih tb`tgrh ngi `hrrhnbr pbr gi ngthiig ng `b sgr khphz ng nlstlòulr sus fugiihs ng ihsfugiihs ngi [gøbr.

[l` gadhrob, fby bs prgou`thabs pbr quì abtlvb ngmû Gi fugiihs g` ih hrg`h. ²@b eug hkh-

sb Gi qulg` phsb ih ’tgk`biboáh‑ h su ý`lkb Flmb phrh qug punlgsg khal`hr pbr g`klah ngi houh2

Kb` tbnh sgourlnhn qug thadlì` pbnráh ngspihzhrsg pbr g`klah ng ih hrg`h sl` ngmhr `lòu`hahrkh b fugiih… ²@b gs hsá2 \ sl pbr hioý` abtlvb ih ngmû, ²quì gspgklg ng khizhnb ushdh gi [gøbrphrh gsh bkhslû`2 ²[gráh qug gsthdh ngskhizb2 ²Xuì `ýagrb ng plg khizh2

Zbiìalkhs phrh ildrgpg`shnbrgs




xxxx

Gs aès…gs aès… ²Gi [gøbr tlg`g thadlì` plgs kbab `bsbtrbs2 ²[usfugiihs sb` sgagmh`tgs h ih ùgs-trhs2 ²Ìi `b gs u` Gspárltu b kbsh phrgklnh2²^lg`g` ebrah eáslkh ibs gspárltus2 ²Ebrah fuah`h2 ²Hkhsb gs u` hilg`áog-

`h2 S;Q ²[grh u` fuah`blng2

@b shdgabs qug rgspb`ngr h th`th prgou`th, pgrb sl `bs eugrzh` hgiibs nlráhabs qug Gi sl tlg`g ebrah ng fuah`blng. W`h prugdh khsl lrrgeuth-

dig sg g`kug`trh g` ih kb`bklnh Brhklû` ngi Krgnb krlstlh`b

…phngklû dhmb gi pbngr ng Zb`klb Zlihtb,eug kruklkhnb, augrtb y sgpuithnb,ngskg`nlû h ibs l`gr`bs,hi tgrkgr náh rgsukltû ng g`trg ibs augrtbs, sudlû h ibs klgibsy gstè sg`thnb h ih ngrgkfh ng Nlbs, Zhnrg ^bnbpbngrbsb

Ngsng hiiá fh ng vg`lr h muzohr h ibs vlvbs y h ibs augrtbs. …

Fgabs rgahrkhnb hprbpûsltb ib ng gstè sg`thnb h ih ngrgkfh²[g`thnb2 Gi Zhnrg ²^hadlì` gstè sg`thnb b ng plg2 ²^lg`g gstb sg`tlnb slfhdihabs ng u` gspárltu2 ²Ng u`h g`groáh, ng u`h Iuz b ng hiob phrgklnb2

[l su ý`lkb Flmb, kb`kgdlnb pbr gi pbngr ngi Gspárltu [h`tb, `hklnbng ih Ulrog` Ahráh, ngspuìs ng rgsuklthr gstè sg`thnb h ih ngrgkfh ngi Zh -

nrg, tbnb l`nlkh qug Ìi thadlì` pbnráh gsthr sg`thnb g` btrb iuohr pugs ngbtrb abnb `b sgráh `gkgshrlb gxpilkhr qug sg sg`tû h ih ngrgkfh3 Ìi pbnráhfhdgrsg sg`thnb h ih lzqulgrnh (ihnb ngi kbrhzû`, ngi sg`tlalg`tb g` sg`tl-nb ourhnb) b ngih`tg, ngtrès b l`kiusb g`klah b ngdhmb ngi Nlbs Zhnrg…Kb`sgkug`tgag`tg gi Zhnrg, hsá kbab gi Flmb, thadlì` tlg`g ebrah3 pbsldig-

ag`tg pbr gsb, Ìi `bs krgû h [u lahog`…

Kb`kiuslû`

¡Gi Nlbs Dádilkb tlg`g kugrpb! ¡^lg`g ebrah! ¡y su ebrah gs ih ng u` fu-

ah`blng!

’Ih orh` g`galoh ng ih vgrnhn aukfhs vgkgs `b gs ih ag`tlrh ngil-dgrhnh, sl`b gi altb ‛ pgrslstg`tg, pgr-suhslvb, lrrghilsth‑ (Mb`f E. Cg``gny)

Zrûxlab `ýagrb= Ag vbivá khtûilkb y tgòb hiou`hs nunhs.

²Fh rggxlb`hnb sbdrg gi tgxtb2 ²Xulgrg nhr h kb`bkgr su kb`kiuslû`2²Xulgrg vgrih pudilkhnh2G`vágih h= rgthigsngahsb`grlhJoahli.kba

Zbiìalkhs phrh ildrgpg`shnbrgs

S8Q @bth=Gi prgsg`tg tgxtb grh l`-

ìnltb kuh`nb sg prbkg-

nlû h su trhnukklû` gàhrzb ng 4:8;, prbpbr -klb`hnb pbr Hqulil`b T.Ighi, kbihdbrhnbr ngTgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh yngi sgah`hrlb gigktrû-

`lkb EBIFH AHÏÞ@LKH(ebifhahkb`lkhJoahli.kba )

S4Q @bth=Uìhsg gi `ýagrb ;8 ng

Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh.(Bktudrg ng 4:8;).

S;Q @bth ngi kbbrnl`hnbr=@b g` vh`b gxlstg u` ildrbqug sg tltuih ’Grh` ibs nlb-

sgs hstrb`huths‑ ng GrlkcUb` Nhcl`g` b ‖H vugithsh ihs gstrgihs‑ ngi alsabhutbr3 sl` bivlnhr`bs ngih ’bdrh Zrlah‑ ng Mhk-

qugs Dgrolgr= ’Ibs gxtrh-

tgrrgstrgs g` ih flstbrlh‑,qug gs u` ildrb rghiag`tgsgrlb gskrltb pbr gi krgh-

nbr ng ih rgvlsth ZIH@G^H(ZIH@Æ^G) mu`tb h IbulsZhuwgis‛ ngdgabs rgkbr -nhr qug Nî`lcg` grh u`slapig rgpûrtgr alg`trhsqug Dgrolgr, grh lòg`lg-

rb quáalkb g klg`tákb)3thadlì` gskrldlû (Dgrolgr)mu`tb h Ibuls Zhuwgis giehabsb ’Gi rgtbr`b ng ibs

drumbs‑.



><Tgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh

xxxxZbiìalkhs phrh ildrgpg`shnbrgs

[bdrg gi hutbr

Gi U.¿.F.¿. Hqulil`b Ighi gs brlu`nb ng Gsphøh (]habrh), pgrb rgslng g` Drhsli (Ilah Nuhrtg „Al`hs Ogrhls) ngsng nlklgadrg ng 8<74. L`og`lgrb gigktrlklsth y prbegsbr u`lvgrslthrlb, sg g`kug`trh mudlihnb.

Eug l`lklhnb g` ih Ahsb`gráh gi :; ng [gptlgadrg ng 8<?5, gigvhnb hi orhnb kbaphøgrb gi46 ng Hdrli ng8<?6 y gxhithnb h Ahgstrb gi 4; ng Ahrzb ng 8<?<.Gi :7 ng Muilb ng 8<66 bkupû gi khrob ng Ug`grhdig Ahgstrb.

Gi U.¿. F.¿. Hqulil`b Ighi eug eu`nhnbr ng ihs ibolhs [gptga Erhtgrls <7 (Táb ng Mh`glrb) gi8:/:6/8<6; y [th`lsihs ng Ouhlth 857 (Táb ng Mh`glrb) gi 4:/:5/4::5. Hadhs trhdhmh`nb g` gi TGHH

Zugng` kb`thkthrig pbr agnlb ng su g-ahli= hqulil`bighiJr?.kba




xxxx

²Xuì sb` ibs phsbs pgrnlnbs2

[l ustgn shdg ih rgspugsth `b ngmg ng g`vlhrih y ih pudilkhrgabs g` gi sloulg`tg`ýagrb.Gskrldh h rgthigsngahsb`grlhJoahli.kba

Tgspugsth hi `ýagrb h`tgrlbr

²[hdg ustgn kuh`tbs orhnbs tlg`g gi Tltb ng Fgrgnba b Tltb ng Zgregkklû`2

Gi rltb pbsgg 47 orhnbs, aukfbs ng giibs kbl`klng`tgs g` `badrg kb` ibs ngi Tltb GskbkgsH`tloub y hkgpthnb

@B^H= Ih ahybráh ng ihs prgou`ths ng gsth sgkklû` sg dhsh` g` gi ildrb ’Krb`biboáh ahsû`lkh‑ngi U.¿. F.¿. Gtflgi Bahr Khrtgs.fttp=//www.erggahsb`s-erggahsb`ry.kba/krb`bibolhRahïb`lkh.ftai

ZTGOW@^H[ NG AH[B@GTÁH

]b`h ng rgihx




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EB^B[ \ NBKWAG@^B[ H@^LOWB[

]b`h ng rgihx

_liilha L (_lifgia L), 44 Ahrkf 8?<? ‛ < Ahrkf 8666




xxxx]b`h ng rgihx - Zhshtlgapbs

Kuè`nb sg ushrb` ibs trgs pu`tltbs pbr vgr prlagrh2 .¿.

ZH[H^LGAZB 4

Tgsbivlabs gkb`balzhr u` pbkb pbr khush ng ih krlsls. Kbag`zhabs fby ouhrnh`-

nb trgs ab`gnhs ng u` Gurb y btrbs nbs ng 8: kì`tlabs khnh u`h. Khnh náh sloulg`tg nu-

pilkhrgabs ihs ab`gnhs ngi náh h`tgrlbr. ²Kuè`tb vhabs h tg`gr hfbrrhnb ng`trb ng slgtgnáhs2

ZH[H^LGAZB ;

@b fhkg aukfb tuvlabs u` l`kg`nlb g` gi dbsqug, hquá g` Ilah Nuhrtg (Al`hs Ogrhls ‛ Drh-

sli), prèktlkhag`tg hphohnb pbr nbs vhilg`tgs dbadgrbs ngspuìs ng aukfb shkrlklb. Hi shilr ngidbsqug, u`b ng giibs gsthdh kudlgrtb ng kg`lzh, kb` gi rbstrb tbnb `gorb, gi btrb gstè ilaplb. ²Kuèing ibs nbs sg lrè h ihvhr ih khrh rèplnhag`tg2

²Xuì gs Zg`tgkbstìs2

^bnhs ihs rgspugsths/sbiuklb`gs ng ibs phshtlgapbs, mu`tb kb` sus rgspgktlvbs gù`klhnbs phrhrgergskhr ih ag`tg ngi igktbr, sgrè` pudilkhnhs g` ih prûxlah gnlklû`.

Alg`trhs th`tb, sl qulgrg g`vlhr`bs su rgspugsth h ibs ngsheábs gsthrgabs kb`tg`tbs ng rgkldlrihs ypudilkhr ihs aès brlol`higs

rgthigsngahsb`grlhJoahli.kba

[BIWKLB@G[ HI @ÝAGTB H@^GTLBT, MW@LB NG 4:8>

ZH[H^LGAZB 8

¡Zbr supugstb `b eugrb` 8.4<5 pèol`hs (< x 8>>)! Bdsgrvg qug slgaprg qug u` ildrb gs kbib-

khnb g` u`h gsth`tgráh, ih prlagrh fbmh qugnh h ih ngrgkfh ngi ildrb y ih ýitlah h ih lzqulgrnh, pbrth`tb ih pbiliih kbalû tbnhs ihs pèol`hs ng ibs ? ildrbs l`tgragnlbs (?x 8>> 1 8.::6 fbmhs) y hngaèsih prlagrh fbmh ngi prlagr ildrb (ildrb h ih lzqulgrnh, ihs btrhs 8>; qugnh` fhklh eugrh) y ih ýitlahngi ýitlab ildrb (ahs h ih ngrgkfh, ihs btrhs 8>; qugnh` ngspuìs y fgabs nlkfb qug kbalû fhsthih ýitlah `hnh aès), g` tbthi 8:8: fbmhs. @btg qug gi gù`klhnb sbib sg rggrg h fbmhs. Eámgsg qug g` ih sbiuklû` hphrgkg` ibs `ýagrbs khdhiástlkbs < ( ; x ; ) y 8>> ng ih sgrlg g

Eldb`hkkl, klgrthag`tg `b sbib g` gi gù`klhnb sl`b thadlì` g` gi ngshrrbiib kuybs `ýagrbs sgrgnukg` h <, ? g` ih rgspugsth y, kbab `b, tg`áh qug hphrgkgr gi `ýagrb 4 ¡Gi `ýagrb! [bib `bs qugnh u`h hkihrhklû`, ib gxpilkhnb hrrldh sg eu`nhag`tg g` gi fgkfb ng qug

ZH[H^LGAZB 8

ZH[H^LGAZB >





slgaprg kb`thabs ng lzqulgrnh fhklh ih ngrgkfh, u` prbkgsb hturhi phrh ih ahybráh ng bsbtrbs.

ZH[H^LGAZB 4

Kbibqug 8 dbih g` u`h khmh, ; dbihs g` ih btrh khmh, 7 dbihs g` ih tgrkgrh g làgnlhthag`-tg, utlilzh`nb u`h khmh dlg` ahybr qug ihs ngaès, kbibqug ihs ; khmhs h`tgrlbrgs g` su l`tgrlbr!

ZH[H^LGAZB ;

Zhrh gapgzhr, ngdg shdgr gi igktbr qug phrh ibs drhsligøbs, ih sgah`h gaplgzh g` Nbal`-

ob, louhi qug phrh ibs lòigsgs, nlkfb gstb, kbag`zhabs

Gxlstg` vhrlhs ah`grhs ng iigohr h ih rgspugsth kbrrgkth. W`h ng giihs gs kb`strulr u` kuhnrb

kb` ihs slgtg pbsldlilnhngs phrh khnh u`b ng ibs ag`tlrbsbs ‛ vìhsg hdhmb ‛ nb`ng gi prlagr nlhgs gi nbalòb, gi sgou`nb iu`gs, gi tgrkgrb ahrtgs y hsá sukgslvhag`tg fhsth gi sèdhnb qug gs gislgtg.

Ih prlagrh kbiua`h l`nlkh gi náh ng ih sgah`h ngi supugstb g`kug`trb, ihs trgs kbiua`hssloulg`tgs rg-gmh` ihs kb`nlklb`gs nhnhs pbr Hqulil`b g` gi ngsheáb3 kihrhag`tg vgabs qug alg`tg(A) ‛ Kbiua`h FB\ ibs náhs 4, ; y > y nlkg ih vgrnhn (U) ibs ngaès náhs3 g` ih kbiua`h ZB[LDIG, yhsgh kb` [ ([l) b @ (@b) l`nlkhabs ih pbsldlilnhn ng qug sukgnh ib qug duskhabs phrh gi khsb ngAHTLB.

Zbngabs vgr qug ihs kbiua`hs H\GT y FB\ eugrb` rgiig`hnhs ng hkugrnb kb` gi gù`klhnb3 phrh

gi rgiig`hnb ng ih kbiua`h ZB[LDIG, sg hpilkû gi sloulg`tg rhzb`halg`tb iûolkb, vhilnb phrh ibs nbsag`tlrb-sbs= Ahrlb y Hqulil`b.

8. [l (fby ‛ náh ngi g`kug`trb) hi ngklr AG@^L H\GT sg nlkg u`h vgrnhn (U), sg sloug qug gi nlhng hygr eug u` náh ng ngklr ih ag`tlrh (A), yh qug g` btrb khsb `b gs pbsldig4. [l (fby ‛ náh ngi g`kug`trb) hi ngklr AG@^L H\GT sg gstè al`tlg`nb (A) gs sgøhi ng qug ’`bal`tlû hygr‑3 pbr ib th`tb hygr eug gi náh ng ngklr ih vgrnhn (U), sl gsg náh eugrh gi náh ng ag`tlr ihkb`nlklû` `b sgráh pbsldig.

Zb`lg`nb u` gmgapib. [upbòhabs qug gi g`kug`trb fhyh sukgnlnb gi Iu`gs. Hqulil`b ag`tlrè (A)hi hrahr qug H\GT AG@^L, pbr ib th`tb H\GT (gi nbalòb) gs gi nlh g` gi qug nlkg ih vgrnhn (U) ibqug sg vg kb`rahnb g` ih kbiua`h H\GT, slg`nb pbsldig ([) gi hkb`tgklalg`tb, IH sgou`nh kb`-

nlklû` `b gs pbsldig y `b ag gxpilkhrì aès phrh `b hihrohr gstb, pgrb gi igktbr sgourb qug shdgkbab ngnuklrib.




Ng u`h ah`grh og`grhi, sl FB\ gs náh ng ag`tlrh (A) gi H\GT tlg`g qug sgr u` náh ng ngklr ih vgr -nhn (U) y sl FB\ gs u` náh ng ngklr ih vgrnhn (U) gi H\GT eug u` náh ng ag`tlr (A). Ib qug `b sghnhpth h gstb gs slapigag`tg lapbsldig pbr ihs ng`lklb`gs ngi prbdigah

Hsá pugs, fgabs ushnb gsg rhzb`halg`tb phrh rgiig`hr ih thdih y fgabs sgøhih g` kbibr vgrng ihspbsl-dlilnhngs vèilnhs phrh khnh u`b ng ibs ag`tlrbsbs y gi ý`lkb náh kbaý` gs gi MWGUG[

@B^H= Zhrh kihrlnhn ng ibs igktbrgs gsphøbigs fg abvlnb gi brng` y kbibkhnb ibs náhs kbrrgspb`-nlg`tgs. Tgkugrng gi igktbr, kbab ig nlmg hi prl`klplb, qug g` Drhsli gi prlagr náh ng ih sgah`h gs ginbal`ob y gi iu`gs sg nlkg [gou`nh ‛ eglrh, ng hfá gi `ýagrb 4, gi ahrtgs gs ^grïh ‛ eglrh gi ;, gtk

Btrh bpklû` gs kb`slngrhr ibs náhs g` qug khnh u`b nlkg ih vgrnhn kb` ibs qug alg`tgs y hi rgvìs.Hkih-rgabs gstb hiob aès

HXWLIL@B nlklg`nb H\GT AG@^L=

- Nlkg ih vgrnhn g` S7, 5, ?, 8Q y alg`tg g` S4, ;, >Q --0 gi ý`lkb náh h`tgrlbr h ihs kuhtrb pbsldlilnhngsprg-sg`thnhs gs qug gi alg`tg gs > (7 - 8), gstb gs, MWGUG[ ‛ `btg qug ibs náhs h`tgrlbrgs h 5, ? y 8sb` náhs ng ngklr ih vgrnhn.- Alg`tg g` S4, ;, >Q y nlkg ih vgrnhn g` S7, 5, ?, 8Q --0 gi ý`lkb náh h`tgrlbr pbsldig phrh khnh u`hng ihs trgs pbsldlilnhngs gs IW@G[ yh qug 4 - 81 8 (nbal`ob) náh ng ngklr ih vgrnhn.

AHTLB nlklg`nb H\GT AG@^L=

- Nlkg ih vgrnhn g` S4, ;, >, 8Q y alg`tg g` S7, 5, ?Q --0 gi ý`lkb náh h`tgrlbr h ihs kuhtrb pbsldlilnhngsprg-sg`thnhs y qug gi alg`tg gs ? (8 - 8), b sgh, ua náh h`tgrlbr hi NBAL@OB .

- Alg`tg g` S7, 5, ?Q y nlkg ih vgrnhn g` S4, ;, >, 8Q --0 gi ý`lkb náh h`tgrlbr pbsldig phrh htg`ngr hu`h ng ihs trgs pbsldlilnhngs gs MWGUG[ yh qug 7 ‛ 8 1 > (mugvgs) náh ng ngklr ih vgrnhn.

Gi náh kbaý` phrh hadbs gs mustb gi MWGUG[, kb`rah`nb ih rgspugsth yh nhnh. Zbr supugstb qugfhy btrhs ebrahs ng sbiuklb`hr gi prbdigah y

Zbr supugstb gstb gs u`h l`vg`klû`= ibs ahsb`gs slgaprg ngklabs ih vgrnhn ²b `b2





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HOTHNGKLALG@^B[

Gsth pudilkhklû` `b sgráh pbsldig sl` ih kbihdbrhklû` ng aukfbs Fgrah`bs qug `bs fh` pgraltlnbushr sus trhdhmbs g` ih alsah, louhiag`tg, hiou`bs ebrbs y rgvlsths `bs fh` hutbrlzhnb h rgpudilkhrhquá sus trhdhmbs, qug ag`bs qug nhr kug`th ng su erhtgr`lnhn y pudilkhr sus `badrgs y abnb nghkkgsb.

Ngsng yh, aukfhs orhklhs pbr vugstrb hpbyb

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Kbaprgib g` Ahsû`lkh.gs h su prgklb fhdltuhi,b kb` ngskug`tb g` ihs kfhrihs ngi hutbr ag`klb`h`nb qug gs igktbr ng ih rgvlsthTgthigs ng Ahsb`gráh



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Retales Masonería Número 039 - Julio-Agosto 2014

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