QUIERO SABER SOBRE LAS ADICCIONES

7/23/2019 QUIERO SABER SOBRE LAS ADICCIONES

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Svíl Bmambmrem Eírjglms BUP, HUP.

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Svíl mambmrem Eírjglms




5




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Cltrijueecõl

Ga tghm jg ams mjceecilgs gs eihpagni gcltgrhclmbag. Eumlti hís sg clvgstcom, suroglhís prgoultms. Gs glirhg am emltcjmj jgnõvglgs y sgýirctms qug sukrgl m emusm jg su

hma hmlgni jg ghiecilgs. Gstg hmtgrcma li gsulm ibrm grujctm sibrg ga tghm lc prgtgljgsgrai, pgri sc eilstctuyg ul prchgrmegremhcglti pmrm qug ais mjiagsegltgs sggltgrgl y tihgl piscecõl krgltg m gstgtgrrcbag kamogai jg ams mjceecilgs.




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Gl hís jg ulm iemscõl ais mjiagsegltgs sggleiltrmríl eil pgrsilms qug sukrgl pir

gstis hmags y gs lgegsmrci qug eilizeml maoisibrg gstm tghítcem.

Rugoi ma ecgai qug gstg hmtgrcma sglecaai jg

ageturm sgm ulm bgljcecõl pmrm ustgj.




;

M [cefy, hc gspism y mhcom…




?

EMPÈZWAI CCLZRIJWEECÕL M AMU MJCEECILGU

¹]uã gs ulm mjceecõl9

Wlm mjceecõl gs ga rgsuatmji jg ul hmahmlgni jg ams ghiecilgs. Pir gnghpai, uldihbrg jg 70 mýis, emsmji, eil trgs dcnis gl am

Wlcvgrscjmj, gstí tml moibcmji eil ams eugltmsqug sg scgltg clempmz jg siauecilmr sus pribaghms msè qug iptm pir ergmrsg ulm rgmacjmj pmrmagam, ul hulji vcrtuma pgrsilma.

Gstg ‑tubi jg gsempg‘ ai aiorm m trmvãsjga maeidia, ga tmbmei, ams jrioms i maoulm itrmsustmlecm i priegsi, cleausi eil pgrsilms.

Ga cljcvcjui gs clempmz jg hmlgnmr suvcjm y jgecjg ducr m trmvãs jg ulm mjceecõl.




4

Wlm mjceecõl gs ul mpgoi ghiecilma mulm sustmlecm qug pugjg sgr agoma i cagoma6 pgrsilms i priegsi. Gstg mpgoi scghprg gsjgstruetcvi. Mkgetm maoþl írgm jga sgr duhmli, pir ai tmlti, ai mkgetm titmahgltg.

Ug trmtm jg ulm eiljuetm ibsgscvieihpuascvm (lgegscjmj cleiltriamjm jg rgpgtcrecgrtm eiljuetm jg hmlgrm rgeurrgltg) aagvmlji mul cljcvcjui m eilsuhcr maoulm sustmlecm igxpgrchgltmr maoþl priegsi qug prijuecrí maoþl

gkgeti pisctcvi (gukircm i pamegr) eil ga kcl jgacbrmrsg jga ul gstmji jg ílchi lgomtcvi (jiair,mburrchcglti, gstrãs, tchcjgz).=

Ams mjceecilgs pugjgl eamsckcemrsg gl>

Mjceecilgs m Priegsis> Uil mqugaamsrgamecilgs jgstruetcvms eil ga trmbmni, cltgrlgt,

= , Mjceecilgs> eõhi prgvglcrams gl lcýis y nõvglgs , Eiaihbcm>Orupi Gjctircma Lirhm, 2005), 2.




3

nugoi, pirliormkèm, sgxi, rgacocõl, jgpirtgs imaoulm itrm.

Mjceecilgs m sustmlecms> Gstmsmjceecilgs sg pugjgl jcvcjcr gl jis> sustmlecmsagomags g cagomags. Jgltri jg ams agomags gstíl ga

emkã, ga tã, am eihcjm y ais kírhmeis. Gl eumlti mams sustmlecms cagomags gstíl am pmstm bíscem jgeiemèlm (PBE), ãxtmscs, AUJ, hmrcdumlm, gltrgitrms.

Mjceecilgs m pgrsilms> Uil ams qug sgsugagl jmr gltrg livcis, eil tgrmpgutms,eilsgngris i prikgscilmags jg jcvgrsm èljiag.

Rgeugrjg qug ams mjceecilgs scghprg

tcglgl ul eihpilgltg jgstruetcvi.Wl mjceti pugjg prgsgltmr ais scoucgltgs

sèltihms>

=. Lgegscjmj jg clerghgltmr am gxpiscecõl

m am sustmlecm, pgrsilm i priegsi.




=0

2. Prgsglecm jg sèltihms jg mbstclglecmeumlji gstí agnis jg am emusm jg sumjceecõl.

5. Clempmecjmj pmrm jgtglgrsg gl amgxpiscecõl m am pgrsilm, sustmlecm i priegsi.

:. Jgsgis jg mbmljilmr am gxpiscecõl m amemusm jg su mjceecõl.

7. Jgjcemecõl m ibtglgr ais rgeursislgegsmrcis pmrm aagomr m am kugltg jg su

mjceecõl.;. Eiltclumr ga eilsuhg mulqug am pgrsilmsgpm ams eilsgeuglecms.

Zglom gl eugltm

Rgeugrjg qug ul mjceti gs ul glkgrhi,qucgl jgecjcõ i tihõ am jgecscõl jg gstmr msè.Gstm glkgrhgjmj mkgetm su egrgbri cltgrkcrcgljigl su kulecilmhcglti lirhma. Gl ga emsi jg amssustmlecms, ãstms chctml ais quèhceis lmturmags




==

jga egrgbri meistuhbrmlji ma mjceti m tihmr hísjrioms. Ãstms tmhbcãl mkgetml ga hgtmbiacshi.

Gl itrms pmambrms, ga mjceti dmeihprihgtcji su hghircm, sus scstghmshitcvmecilmags y sus ecreuctis jg rgeihpglsm.

Gl eileauscõl, tijis ais gstèhuais rgamecilmjism su mjceecõl pugjgl jgsmtmr ul cltglsi jgsgi pir ga ibngti mjcetcvi.=

Eilscjgrg tmhbcãl qug ul mjceti li

lgegsmrcmhgltg gs ul jgacleugltg (mulqug pijrèmsgrai) scli, pir sibrg tiji, ul sgr duhmli eilul tgrrcbag hmlgni jg ams ghiecilgs y jg amviaultmj.

Mjghís, eumlji gxcstg ul mjceti gl ulmkmhcacm, tijm am kmhcacm gstí mkgetmjm pirqug

= Dgrbgrt A., Pgtrc, Nidl H Oivgrl, y UmaclmsIrtcz, Hitcvmecõl. Zgirèm, clvgstcomecõl y

mpacemecilgs. (Hãxcei> Zdihsil, 200;), 2=:.




=2

cltgrmetþm eil ga glkgrhi gxpgrchgltmjisgltchcgltis jg vgroñglzm,= eõagrm i lgomecõl.

M eiltclumecõl vmhis m eiliegr ais prclecpmags tcpis jg mjceecilgs. Clcecmrghis eilams mjceecilgs jg priegsis.

= Hgrag M Kissuh y Hmrcayl N. Hmsil, Am

vgrou glzm> eõhi glkrgltmram y rgsiavgram (Hãxcei,J.K.> Gjctircma Pmx Hãxcei, =343), =2?.




=5

MJCEECILGU M PRIEGUIU

AWJIPMZÈM

Am pmambrm Mjceti vcglg jga amtèlmjjcetus, tãrhcli ghpagmji pir ga jgrgedirihmli pmrm jgscolmr m ais gseamvis pir jgujms.Pgri dm rgecbcji lihbrgs eihi nuomjir pmtiaõocei, nuomjir eihpuascvi, aujõpmtm, aujimjceti, auji jgpgljcgltg i nuomjirgs pribaghm.=

Ugoþl MPM (Msiecmecõl Mhgrcemlm jgPscqucmtrms) sil trmstirlis jga eihpirtmhcgltiqug eihpmrtgl ams emrmetgrèstcems jg amsjgpgljglecms m sustmlecms, gqucpmríljiams mamaeidiacshi y itrms jgpgljglecms m sustmlecms,

scglji ga ibngti jg mjceecõl am eiljuetm gl sè.

= -, Krmlecsei. Ams Lugvmsmjceecilgs> machglti , nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt (Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005), 200.




=:

Gstí nulti eil am pcrihmlèm, eagptihmlèm y itriseihi ul trmstirli jg ais díbctis y jga eiltria jgchpuasis.=

Am aujipmtèm gs clempmectmltg, priorgscvmy erõlcem.

Ga aujõpmtm gs ulm pgrsilm eil ul mpgoijgstruetcvi ma nugoi. Pugjg prgsgltmr amsscoucgltgs emrmetgrèstcems>

=.

Ug vugavg emjm vgz hís clempmz jgrgscstcr ais chpuasis m nuomr.2. Agscilm ibngtcvis kmhcacmrgs, pgrsilmags

i viemecilmags.5. Gs mrrgstmji pir ribi, krmujg i gstmkm

pir ibtglgr jclgri pmrm nuomr.:. Gs clempmz jg euhpacr eil jgujms.

= , Aucs. > priormhm jg smauj jga mjuati

y ga mlecmli (Ugvcaam> Gjctircma Hmj, 200;), =20.




=7

7. Matgrm su rgamecõl kmhcacmr i eilyuoma.;. Clempmecjmj pmrm gxpacemr pãrjcjms i

omlmlecms jg jclgri.?. Pgrjcjm jga trmbmni pir ga musgltcshi

pir nuomr.=

Gstg jgsirjgl jga jgsgi sg jmhmyirhgltg gltrg ais vmrilgs.2

Ams tgljglecms sucecjms sg jml gl maoihís jga 20% jg auji mjcetis.5

= , Ílogam, y Rucz. > ulm lugvm glkgrhgjmj (Bmregailm> Hmssil, 200=), 4.

2 - , N. N. (Bmregailm> Oaism, 2007) ::2.

5 -, Krmlecsei. Ams l , nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt (Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005), 205.




=;

Ai qug ul pmstir pugjg dmegr gl gstisemsis gs hitcvmr m clcecmr ul trmtmhcglti. Gatrmtmhcglti ai jgbg brcljmr ul psceõaioi i pscqucmtrm gxpgrti gl ga tghm.

_IRFDIACE (MJCEZI MA ZRMBMNI)

Gstg eumjri sg cjgltckcem gl ams pgrsilmsqug jgjceml hís tcghpi jg ai qug gs gxcocji pir

ams ecreulstmlecms ma trmbmni, dmecglji jga trmbmniga lþeagi egltrma jg sus vcjms, jgsjgýmji itrmsmetcvcjmjgs, scglji clempmegs jg tglgr itriscltgrgsgs.=

Ais cljcemjirgs sil>

= Aamlgzm, Krmlecsei Nmvcgr. Groilihèm y

psceisieciaioèm mpacemjm> hmluma pmrm am kirhmecõljga gspgecmacstm ([maamjiacj> Gjctircma Agx Livm,200?), 725.




=?

=. Gxtrghm metctuj ambirma.2. Jgjcemecõl gxegscvm gl tcghpi y

gskugrzi.5. Jgsgis eihpuascvis.:. Jgscltgrãs pir itrms metcvcjmjgs.7. Ugltcr prgieupmecõl moibcmltg jurmltg

ga kcl jg sghmlm.;. Clempmecjmj pmrm tihmrsg vmemecilgs i

jgsemlsmr.?. Chpiscbcacjmj jg mbmljilmr ma kclma jga

jèm ul trmbmni cleileausi.4. Pilgrsg lugvis trmbmnis pmrm aishihgltis jg jgsemlsi.

3. Ugr clempmz jg rgedmzmr trmbmnimjcecilma.

=0. Gxpgrchgltmr qug ga tcghpi sg pmsm huyrípcji eumlji sg trmbmnm.

==. Ugr eihpgtctcvi gl eumaqucgr metcvcjmj.=2. Hcrmr ga rgain eil chpmecglecm.=5. Ug meusmji pir am kmhcacm jg qug sg

jgjcem hís ma trmbmni.




=4

=:. Gxpgrchgltmr emlsmleci g crrctmbcacjmj scli sg trmbmnm jurmltg ais kclgs jgsghmlm.

=7. ]ugjmrsg dmstm ga þatchi gl am ghprgsm.=;. Li jgagom.=?. Zcglg pribaghms pmrm rgamnmrsg.=4. Zrmbmnm bmni tglscõl.=3. Ug eihulcem hgnir jgltri jg am ghprgsm

qug kugrm jg gaam.

Rgeugrjg qug ga mjceti ma trmbmni

smermaczm sus ambirgs eihi ga sistãl jg su vcjm yþlcei ibngtcvi jg su gxcstglecm.=

Ais mhcois pijghis>

=. Rgeihgljmr qug ga cljcvcjui vcsctg ul psceõaioi pmrm ul jcmolõstcei.

= Krmlecsei Mailzi Kgrlíljgs, Pir quã

trmbmnmhis ( Gspmým> Jcmz jg Umltis), =73.




=3

2. Li magltmr m trmbmnmr hís dirms jg amsjgbcjms.

5. Jgsmrriaamr ul eihprihcsi rgma eil amkmhcacm

:. Jmr gnghpai jg jclíhcem kmhcacmr.

=

= -, Krmlecsei. Ams Lugvmsmjceecilgs> machglti, sgxi, eihprms, tgagvcscõl,

nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt (Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005), 255.




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MJCEECÕL M AM RGACOCIL

Uc ga ibngtcvi jg ams mjceecilgs jg priegsis gs pilgrlis agnis jg lugstrms pglms isgltchcgltis jg euapm, mqugaams pgrsilms qug liglkrgltml sus jckceuatmjgs y sg mkgrrml m am

rgacocõl eihi vèm jg gsempg sg dml vugatimjcetis m gaam.=

Itrm jgkclcecõl rgzm msè, am mjceecõl m amrgacocõl gs usmr m Jcis, am coagscm i ul scstghm jgergglecms eihi ul gsempg jg am rgmacjmj i eihiul mrhm eiltrm sè hcshis y eiltrm itris, gl ulcltglti jg gleiltrmr i gagvmr su mutigstchm i bcglgstmr.2

=

Acll, Hmttdgw, Udgcam Kmbrcemlt Acll, yJgllcs Acll. Dgmaclo Upcrctuma Mbusg & Rgacocius

Mjjcetcil (Lgw Sirf> Pmuacst Prgss, =33:), =0-=:.

2 Nmhgs Uaibijzcgl, Dmwmcc mlj EdrcstcmlRgacocius Mjjcetcil (WUM> Wlcvgrsma Pubacsdgr,

200:), 2?.




2=

Gsti jgbg gltgljgrsg jga scoucgltghiji. Jcis li qucgrg qug lis jgseilgetghisjga hulji pmrm sgoucrai (mjceecõl), Jcis qucgrgqug gl hgjci jga hulji sgmhis auz, qug glhgjci jg lugstrms vcjms gvcjglecghis qug Ãagstí gl lisitris (vcjm gspcrctuma vcbrmltg).

Gs ecgrti qug dmy scstghms rgacocisis qugmbusml jg sus hcghbris eilvcrtcãljiais glmjcetis. Gstg mbusi rgacocisi oglgrmahgltg sg jmgl ams sgetms eil príetcems huy pripcms y aishcghbris aagoml m sgltcr ormtckcemecõl gl am

vgroñglzm oglgrmjm pir su clempmecjmj jg aagomrma lcvga jg ais cjgmags gxpugstis pir am sgetm.=

Jgbghis jgkclcr am jckgrglecm gltrggspcrctumacjmj y rgacocõl. Am gspcrctumacjmj gs am

empmecjmj jga sgr duhmli jg eihulcemrsg eilJcis, hcgltrms qug am rgacocõl gs am

= Brmjsdmw, Nidl, Dgmaclo tdg Udmhg Zdmt Bcljs Siu (Jggrkcgaj Bgmed, Kam> DgmatdEihhulcemtcils, =344), ;;




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scstghmtczmecõl jg am gspcrctumacjmj gl rctis yagygs. Eumlji am rgacocõl li gstí bmsmjm gl ulmsõacjm bmsg bèbacem, gltilegs am rgacocõl gs ulmsgetm.

Wl mjceti m am rgacocõl pugjg sgr>

=. Clempmz jg pglsmr, jujmr ieugstcilmr am clkirhmecõl imutircjmj jg sus aèjgrgsrgacocisis.

2. Pcglsml gl bamlei i lgori.5. Uus ergglecms sg bmsml gl am

vgroñglzm qug scgltgl eumljili dmegl ai eirrgeti.

:. Rèocjm y ibsgscvm mjdgrglecm mrgoams y eõjcois jg ãtcem.

7.

Metctuj jg li nuzomr m surgacocõl.;. Irmecõl eihpuascvm.?. Eiltrcbuecilgs jgshgjcjms m am

coagscm.4. Erggr qug ga sgxi y sus eugrpis

sil suecis.




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3. Eiljuetm eihpuascvm.=0. Eilkacetis eil am ecglecm,

hgjceclm y gjuemecõl.==. Uèltihms psceisihítceis eihi

jiair jg gspmajm, jiair jgembgzm g dcpgrtglscõl.

=2. Rupturm jg rgamecilgs yjgseilgxcõl jg am rgmacjmj.=5. Prgtgljgr tglgr hglsmngs jg

Jcis i hmlcpuamr ams Gsercturms.=

Amhgltmbaghgltg ais pmjrgs mjcetis m am

rgacocõl pugjgl aagomr m pmsmr pir mati ga mbusisgxuma jg sus dcnis pir pmrtg jg itris hcghbrisi jcrcogltgs jg am iromlczmecõl rgacocism m am qug pgrtglgegl pmrm li hmledmr m su cjiamtrmjmcoagscm.

= Flmugr, Umljy. Uurvcvirs Rgeivgrclo krih

Ugxuma Mbusg, Mjjcetcils, mlj Eihpuascvg Bgdmvcirs> "Luhb" Uurvcvirs (Lgw Sirf> DmwirtdUiecma _irf Prmetceg Prgss, 200=), 274.




2:

MJCEECIL M AM CLZGRLGZ

Ga tãrhcli mjceecõl m cltgrlgt dm cjiomlmlji sgoucjirgs gl kulecõl jg jgtgrhclmjis

kglõhglis eaèlceis qug eihglzmril mibsgrvmrsg gl tirli ma usi jg am cltgrlgt, eil prgsglecm jg sèljrihgs jg mbstclglecm.=

=. ¹Ucgltgs prgieupmecilgs gl tirli maCltgrlgt9 (pcglsms huedi gl am þatchmsgscõl y mldgams am scoucgltg sgscõl).

2. ¹Ucgltgs huedis jgsgis jg sgoucrlmvgomlji gl ga Cltgrlgt, clerghgltmljiemjm vgz hís ga tcghpi pmrm smtcskmegrtus lgegscjmjgs9

5. ¹Dms gxpgrchgltmji kmatm jg eiltria gltirli ma usi jga Cltgrlgt9

= Bmamougr Prgstgs, Ribgrti. Cltgrlgt> ullugvi gspmeci psceisiecma (Hiltgvcjgi> Gj. Zrcaeg,2005), =;4.




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:. ¹Zg qugjms gl aèlgm hís tcghpi jga qugjcspuscstg m gsm metcvcjmj9

7. ¹Zcglgs ga rcgsoi jg pgrjgr ulm mhcstmr,ulm rgamecõl, ul trmbmni i ulmipirtulcjmj gjuemtcvm pir ga Cltgrlgt9

;. ¹Dms hgltcji m tu kmhcacm i ma eilsgngri

i ma tgrmpgutm pmrm qug li tg prcvgl jgausi jga Cltgrlgt9?. ¹Ga Cltgrlgt gs ul hiji jg ducr jg am

rgmacjmj y scrvg pmrm jgs gstrgsmrtg9

Ãstms sil maoulms jg am prgoultms qug amJrm. Fchbgray U. Siulo kirhuam pmrm cjgltckcemrul CMJ (Cltgrlgt Mjjcetcil Jcsirjgr), mjghísmkcrhm qug ulis :00.000 lirtgmhgrcemlis gstílmkgetmjis pir ga CMJ (jg ulm pibamecõl jg ulis

20.000.000 jg mhgrcemlis eilgetmjis).=

= Siulo, Fchbgray U. Emuodt cl tdg Lgt> Diw ti Rgeiolczg tdg Ucols ik Cltgrlgt Mjjcetcil--

mlj m _cllclo Utrmtgoy kir Rgeivgry (Lgw Sirf> N.

_cagy, =334) 5, :.




2;

Am mjceecõl ma cltgrlgt gs ulmlgimjceecõl y tcglg qug vgr eil gstmr‑d‘ ) d d

Gxcstgl, sgoþl ais clvgstcomjirgs, eumtrihijmacjmjgs jg mjceecõl m am rgj>

HIJMACJMJ MPACEMECÕL EILZGLCJIU

=Mjceecõl eèbgr

sgxuma_gbs

pirlioríkcemsPirlioríkceis i

sgxumags

2Mjceecõl m ams

eèbgr -rgamecilgs

Edmt, rgjgssiecmags, kiris

Eihulcemecõlcltgrmetcvm eilitris usumrcis.

5 Eihpuascilgsjg am rgj

Píoclms wgb glsu hmyirèmeihgrecmags

Nugois jg mzmr,eihgreci

gagetrõlcei,

submstms.

:

Busemjirgs jgclkirhmecõl y"vmombuljisgagetrõlceis"

Hitirgs jg bþsqugjm

Uchpaghgltglmvgomr pir am rgj

scl ulm hgtmgspgeèkcem y busemrclkirhmecõl sibrgul tghm jg cltgrãs.




2?

Dmy ecgrtms emrmetgrèstcems jg pgrsilmacjmj i gstmjis ghiecilmags qugmuhgltml am vualgrmbcacjmj psceiaõocem m amsmjceecilgs. Am vualgrmbcacjmj psceiaõocem dmecmam mjceecõl m Cltgrlgt sg gxprgsm gl aisscoucgltgs kmetirgs jg rcgsoi>

=. Jãkcects jg pgrsilmacjmj> cltrivgrscõlmeusmjm, bmnm mutigstchm y lcvga mati jg bþsqugjm jg sglsmecilgs.

2. Jãkcects gl ams rgamecilgscltgrpgrsilmags> tchcjgz y kibcm siecma.5. Jãkcects eiolctcvis> kmltmsèm

jgseiltriamjm, mtglecõl jcspgrsm ytgljglecm m am jcstrmcbcacjmj.

:. Matgrmecilgs psceipmtiaõocems>

Mjceecilgs quèhcems i psceiaõocems prgsgltgs i pmsmjms.

7. Jgprgscõl.




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;. Ams pgrsilms jgpgljcgltgs jg Cltgrlgtsugagl sgr susegptcbags, vcocamltgs y prcvmjms. =

Am mjceecõl ma cltgrlgt pugjg oglgrmrjgpgljglecm eil ais hcshis sèltihms jga

sèljrihg jg mbstclglecm eumlji sg gstí hueditcghpi jgseilgetmji. Gstm jgpgljglecm pugjgsgr tml pgacorism eihi am mjceecõl m ams jrioms,eil am jckgrglecm qug ãstm gs agoma. Gstmjgpgljglecm oglgrm rgmeecilgs kèscems schcamrgsm ams mjceecilgs quèhcems.2

= Hmjrcj Aõpgz, R.C. ‑Am Mjceecõl mCltgrlgt‘. Psceiaioèm Ilaclg. dttp>//www.psceiaiocm-ilaclg.eih/eiambirmjirgs/lmedi/mcltgrlgt.dth (Eilsuatmji> =? hmrzi, 2003).

2 -, Krmlecsei. , nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt . 2?5.

http://www.psicologia-online.com/colaboradores/nacho/ainternet.htm









23

Ucl ghbmroi, dmy qucglgs eilscjgrmlqug gstm mjceecõl gs ul kglõhgli pmsmngri pripci jg ogltg lugvm gl ga cltgrlgt, scleilsgeuglecms ormvgs. Gl ga gstujci jg Siulo,ga 45% grm livmti eil hglis jg ul mýi usmljiam Rgj. Pgri, jg dmbgr ulm mjceecõl, sg jgbglcjgmr gstrmtgocms pmrm myujmr m ais mtrmpmjis piram rgj.=

MJCEECÕL MA UGTI

Gstm mjceecõl gs ulm jg ams hís lgomjms pir lugstrm euaturm.2 Gs priorgscvm, pugjgghpgzmr eil am eiljuetm jg vgr chprgsis, augoi

=

Nisã Hmrèm Agõl Rubci, Psceiaiocm jg amUmauj y jg am emacjmj jg vcjm. (Bmregailm> WIE,200:), =?0.

2 Mjceecilgs, ‑mjceecõl ma sgxi‘,mjceecilgs.irodttp>//www.mjceecilgs.iro/glkgrhgjmj/sgxi/cljgx.dtha (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi, 2003).

http://www.adicciones.org/enfermedad/sexo/index.html








50

vèjgis y augoi metcvcjmjgs hís rcgsoisms.Ucghprg gstí am eiljuetm ibsgscvm rgeurrgltg.= [m jgsjg am príetcem jg am hmsturbmecõl y vgr pirliormkèm, y li sg jgtcglg dmstm jgsmrriaamrdíbctis eihpuascvis jg eiljuetm cleauyglji prihcseucjmj sgxuma, ectms eil pristctutms,gxdcbcecilcshi gl cleausi m vgegs am vciamecõl yga clegsti.2 Gl itrms pmambrms gs ul trmstirliibsgscvi eihpuascvi gl ulm vmrcmltg sclouamr.5

= Ugxi mjcetis mlõlchis, ‑¹]ã 9‘ UGTMMdttp>//www.sgxmm.iro/gspmlia/mjjcet.dth (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi, 2003).

2 Hmry Bgtd Bilmeec, Zus prgoultms y ams

rgspugstms sibrg mhir y sgxi (Hmjrcj> GjcecilgsPmambrm, 2002), =?0.

5 H. Pgrgz, ‑¹]uã gs am mjceecõl ma sgxi9‘,sictu,dttp>//www.sictu.gs/sictu/2004/=0/20/sgxi/=22::35;

;3Y7:773:.dtha (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi, 2003).

http://www.sexaa.org/espanol/addict.htm


http://www.soitu.es/soitu/2008/10/20/sexo/1224493669_545594.html









5=

Eihi dghis vcsti, ga pribaghm gl tirli m amsmjceecilgs gs am eiljuetm ibsgscvm rgeurrgltg,qug sg jgsmrriaam gl ga cljcvcjui ma hmrogl jga priegsi, pgrsilm i sustmlecm m am qug am mjceecõlgstí vcleuamjm.

Ais mjcetis ma sgxi prgsgltml mlscgjmj, gstrãs ymrrgpgltchcglti, sgltchcgltis pripcis jg ulmmjceecõl.=

Ga pmecgltg sg ergm ga trmleg jg am prgieupmecõl,

gl ga qug ais pglsmhcgltis ibsgscvis sibrgjgtgrhclmji eihpirtmhcglti sgxuma eihigxdcbcrsg, ergml ulm lgegscjmj jg eilsuhi pmrmaiormr am gxprgscõl jg am eiljuetm. Gstm prgieupmecõl cltglsm cljueg ecgrtis

eihpirtmhcgltis rctumacstms, eihi rgeirrgl ulm

= Mbesgxiaiocm, ‑am jgpgljglecm jga sgxi‘,MBEsgxiaioèm.eihdttp>//mbesgxiaiocm.gstcacschi.eih/prclt.pdp9scj8=?? (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi, 2003).

http://abcsexologia.estilisimo.com/print.php?sid=177






52

rutm gl pmrtceuamr pir ul jgtgrhclmji bmrrci glga qug dml ieurrcji clecjgltgs mltgrcirgs jggxdcbcecõl.=

Gs mjceecõl ma sgxi sc euhpag ais ecleiscoucgltgs erctgrcis>

=. Eumlji am gxcstglecm y ais

jgsgis ocrml gl tirli m ai

sgxuma.

2. Ga jgsgi jg smtcskmegr ga mpgtcti

sgxuma rgsuatm chpuascvi gcleiltriambag.

5. Eumlji sg dm aiormji smtcskmegr

ga jgsgi sgxuma scgltg pir brgvg

tcghpi trmlqucacjmj y eiltria

sibrg am sctumecõl pmrm augoi sgltcr ul sgltchcglti jg euapm.

= Ribgrt Eriifs, Lugstrm sgxumacjmj (WUM>Eglomog Agmrlclo Amtcl Mh, 2000), 7;2.




55

:. Gltrg gpcsijcis jg

mutieihpameglecm sgxuma

gxpgrchgltm ul gstmji jg

‑‘ d augoi mpmrgeg ga krglgsè

mjcetcvi.

7. Ug meuhuam ga sgltchcglti jg

euapm, am bmnm mutigstchm y sg

jgtgrcirml ams rgamecilgs

kmhcacmrgs. Ug oizm hís jga sgxi

ecbgrlãtcei qug jga rgma gl gaemsi jg ais emsmjis.

=

Uc ulm pgrsilm prgsgltm trgs jg ams scoucgltgsemrmetgrèstcems, jgbg busemr myujm prikgscilma>

= -jgz, , nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt (Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005), ==?.




5:

=. Omstm tcghpi pamlckcemlji maoþlgpcsijci sgxuma cljgbcji.

2. Jgsmrriaamr ulm eiljuetm sgxuma cltglsm.5. Li tglgr ãxcti gl ga eiltria jg su vcjm

sgxuma acbgrtclm.:. Li tglgr kugrzm jg viaultmj pmrm jgtglgr

am krgeuglecm jg ais gpcsijcis.7. Jgnmr jg amji ams rgamecilgs siecmags

aèectms y ams ambirmags i kmhcacmrgs pirieupmrg jg su eiljuetm sgxuma cljgbcjm.

;.

Cr eilsuhcglji hís tcghpi, jclgri yjghís pmrm smtcskmegr su ergecgltgmpgtcti sgxuma.

?. Eumlji sg gxpgrchgltm ul tcghpi jgmbstclglecm tmhbcãl sg gxpgrchgltm ul

sèljrihg jg mbstclglecm eihicleihijcjmj y hmagstmr.=

= -, ,

nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt , ==?.




57

Gtmpms jg am mjceecõl sgxuma

Gtmpm =.Metcvcjmjgs

Gtmpm 2.Metcvcjmjgs

Gtmpm 5.Metcvcjmjgs

PirliormkèmHmsturbmecõl

PrihcseucjmjDihisgxumacjmjPristctuecõlZrmvgstcshiKgtcedcshi

Eilvgrsmecilgs sgxumags pirtgaãkili.

Aamhmjmsibseglms m

itris.Gspcmr m itrisscl qug gaaisai sgpml.Gxdcbcecilcshi

Meisi sgxuma.

Mbusi sgxumajg lcýis

PgjikcacmClegsti[ciamecõlUgxismjihmsiqucstm.

Eilsgeuglecms

Eilsgeuglecms Eilsgeuglecm

s Piei rcgsoiRgmaczmeiljuetmscagomagsMhglmzmsiemscilmags jg

pgrjgr ga

RcgsoihijgrmjiUcghprgcagomaPiscbag pãrjcjm jga

trmbmni

Mati rcgsoiUcghprg cagomaPãrjcjm huy pribmbag jgtrmbmniUcghprg

clviauerm




5;

ghpagiUg eilscjgrmqug li dmyvèetchms.

Ucghprgclviauermvèetchms.

vèetchms.

=

Wl mjceti ma sgxi gs díbca gl ga jcschuai, pirqugsu rgmacjmj ai mvgroñglzm. Eumlji sg dmlmutiormtckcemji eil pamegr sgxuma, sg scgltglvmeèis, eilkusis, siais, suecis y eilrghirjchcglti.2

]ugrcji mhcoi rgeugrjg qug gl am bmtmaam jg aissgltcjis vgleg mquga qug gsempm. Li pijghisjmrag lc ul siai gspmeci ma dihbrg vcgni, m am

= Nulg Dult, Eamvgs bèbacems pmrm

eilsgngrèm, tihi 7 (Eiaihbcm> Egltris jg actgrmturmercstcmlm, ), =5, =:.

2 , Gs rmzilmbag sgrergygltg9> 70 eugstcilgs metumags gl tirli m am kg (Hmjrcj> Gjcecilgs Pmambrm, 200:), 525.




5?

vcgnm lmturmagzm, pirqug jg sgr msè sg rgpiljrí ylis dmrí huedi jmýi.

Eil am eileupcseglecm li sg pugjg jmr lcloulmeilegscõl.

MJCEECÕL M AM PIRLIORMKÈM

Dmy qug dmegr ulm prgecscõl gl tirli mam pirliormkèm, ãstm gs am jghistrmecõl ijgsercpecõl jg am metcvcjmj sgxuma i jg am

jgslujgz ircgltmjm m gstchuamr ghiecilgssgxumags gl gspgetmjirgs y agetirgs. Am pirliormkèm nulti eil am kmltmsèm y amhmsturbmecõl gs eilscjgrmjm eihi uli jg aisgaghgltis jg am mjceecõl ma sgxi, ergmlji ul

eceai huy jckèeca jg rihpgr. Am kmltmsèm ergm ulmlgegscjmj jg smtcskmegr mldgais sgxumags, am pirliormkèm hugstrm chíoglgs jg eõhi dmegraiy am hmsturbmecõl gs am gxprgscõl kèscem, pgri,mulqug gstis trgs gaghgltis nultis privggl




54

macvci sgxuma, lulem smtcskmegl ga mpgtctighiecilma y gspcrctuma jga mahm jga mjceti.=

Rgeugrjg qug ga mpgtcti pir am pirliormkèm nmhís sg smecm. Wl pirlõormki(mjceti m am pirliormkèm) augoi jg vgr 5000 dirms

jg vèjgis pirlioríkceis, =00 000 chíoglgssuogstcvms y 200 dirms jg tgaãkilis grõtceis jcrí>‑¹L dy 9‘ G

Am pirliormkèm gs pgacorism pirqug>

=. Wlm siam gxpiscecõl m am pirliormkèm pugjg aagvmr m metctujgs y eiljuetmsmltcsiecmags.

2. Am pirliormkèm pugjg jcshclucr am

smtcskmeecõl sgxuma jg am pgrsilm.5. Am pirliormkèm eiljueg m muhgltmr amskmltmsèms jg vciamecõl.

= Gj Siulo, Ugxi puri (Ga Pmsi, Zx> EmsmBmutcstm jg Pubacemecilgs, =333), =?5.




53

:. Ais dihbrgs qug hcrml pirliormkèm sg pugjgl viavgr kíecahgltg mjcetis yeihglzmr m jgsgmr hís hmtgrcma vcsuma ytgrhclmr eihpirtíljisg eihi ai qugdml vcsti.

7. Gxcstg ulm rgamecõl siecma gltrg am pirliormkèm y am vciaglecm.

Gxcstgl eclei gtmpms gl ga priegsi jg mjceecõl mam pirliormkèm>

Gxpiscecõl m eumaqucgr hmtgrcma pirlioríkcei.

Mjceecõl. Eumlji am pgrsilm gacog jghmlgrm viaultmrcm glemhclmrsg gl gsmjcrgeecõl.

Mseglsi. Emjm vgz sg busemlgxpiscecilgs hís gxpaèectms.

Jgsglscbcaczmecõl. Ai qug mltgs grmgsemljmaisi mdirm ym li gs ul tmbþ. Ug




:0

jgnml jg amji ams lirhms jg jgeglecm yhijgrmecõl.

Eihpirtmhcglti. Ga pirlõormki trmtmríjg eihpirtmrsg pmrm smtcskmegr suskmltmsèms.=

Rgpmrg gl ams pmambrms jg Zgj Buljy (msgscli gl 70 d)> ‑deiliecji huedis dihbrgs qug eihgtcgril metisvciagltis eihi yi. Ucl gxegpecõl, tijis grml

‘

Gstmjèstcems jg am cljustrcm jg am pirliormkèm>

=. 20000 hcaailgs jg jõamrgs omstmjis gl

tiji ga hulji gl vèjgis pmrm mjuatis.

= Ugml HeJiwgaa, -f> jgecscilgs gl ulhulji jiljg tiji eugltm (Lmsdvcaag, Zgll> B&DPubacsdclo Oriup, 200?), ;3, ?0.




:=

2. 2700 hcaailgs omstmjis gl ga hulji glZ[ pir embag.

5. 2700 hcaailgs omstmjis gl ga hulji gl pirliormkèm pir cltgrlgt.

:. 5000 hcaailgs oglgrmjis mlumahgltg pir am pirliormkèm clkmltca.

7. :.2 hcaailgs jg sctcis wgb pirlioríkceisgl am cltgrlgt (2=% jga titma).

;. 5?2 hcaailgs jg píoclms wgb eil pirliormkèm gl ga cltgrlgt.

?.

;4 hcaailgs jg bþsqugjms pirlioríkcemsjcmrcms.4. 2700 hcaailgs jg eirrgis pirlioríkceis

sg ghctgl jcmrcmhgltg.3. =00 000 wgbs ikrgegl pirliormkèm

clkmltca cagoma.




:2

Ai pgir jg tiji gs qug ga :?% jg ais ercstcmlisjceg qug am pirliormkèm gs ul pribaghm hmyir glemsm.=

Gltrg ams eilsgeuglecms jg vgr pirliormkèmgstíl>

]ug ams chíoglgs mpmrgegríl gl amhgltg jg hmlgrm cljgsgmbag y gleumaqucgr hihglti.

Ug eihcglzm m vcsumaczmr m ams hungrgs

eihi nuougtgs sgxumags. Ug ergml gxpgetmtcvms li rgmacstms gl ga

pirlõormki, ym qug ga sgxi gl am vcjmhmrctma sg jm scl metirgs y scl acbrgtimaouli.

= Ril Aueg, . (Eiairmji Uprclos, Eiai> LgxOgl,200:), 43.




:5

Zghir, sgltchcglti jg euapm yvgroñglzm. =

MJCEECÕL MA JGPIRZG

M pmrtcr jga jgseubrchcglti jg amgxcstglecm jg ais ipcíegis gljõoglis, gs jgecr,lguritrmlshcsirgs lmturmags prijuecjis pir ga pripci egltri jga egrgbri, ãstis sil

quèhcemhgltg schcamrgs m ais ipcíegis eihi amdgrièlm y am hirkclm, y uli jg gaais gs amgljirkclm qug prijueg sglsmecõl jg gukircm, yqug pgrhctg am piscbcacjmj jg rgouamr ga jiair.

= Nisd HeJiwgaa y Bib Distgtagr, , pmstirgs, hmgstris y pmjrgs (Ga Pmsi, ZT> Gjctircma Hulji Dcspmli,2000), 247.




::

Gstm gukircm jga jgpirtcstm gstí acomjm m am prijueecõl jg ipci lmturma.=

Am mjceecõl ma jgpirtg sg jgkclg eihi amjgpgljglecm kcsciaõocem y psceiaõocem m ulrãochgl rgouamr jg gngrececi, emrmetgrczmji pir

sèltihms jgsmormjmbags sc sg jgnm jg dmegrgngrececi. Am mjceecõl pugjg sgr m eumaqucgrgngrececi, pgri sg msiecm hís m ams emrrgrms jgkilji, sgm eihi kugrg, gstm príetcem pugjg jmýmritris mspgetis jg am vcjm jga mtagtm.2

Gs ul dgedi qug ga gngrececi kèscei y jgpirtgoglgrm ul ormji jg gstrãs qug jgtgrhclm ulmmetcvmecõl eõrtcei-dcpitíamhi- dcpikcsi-mjrglma

= Rmkmga Aclmrgs, Psceiaioèm jga jgpirtg (Mrogltclm> Gjctircma Brunms, 200=), ===.

2 Hcedmga Fglt, Jceecilmrci Ixkirj jghgjceclm y ecglecms jga jgpirtg (Bmregailm> GjctircmaPmcjitrcbi, 2005), 25, 2:.




:7

eil metcvmecõl schpítcem egltrma y pgrckãrcem gclerghglti jg MEZD, Eirtcsia, Emtgeiamhclms yGljirkclms. Jg gstms dirhilms, amsemtgeiamhclms, jipmhclms y gljirkclms gstílvcleuamjms m am mjceecõl ma jgpirtg.=

Gstm mjceecõl pugjg sgr vcstm eihi clieum ydmstm bglgkcecism pir ga pitglecma eirpirma, amtmsm jg lguritrmlshcsirgs egrgbrmags y gagqucacbrci hgltma. Pgri sg pijrèm eilvgrtcr glulm lgegscjmj mbsiautm g clmeegscbag ma

mutieiltria g clkaucr jg ul hijieiltrmprijuegltg sibrg ais mspgetis smlctmrcis,ambirmags, kmhcacmrgs y siecmags jga cljcvcjui.2

=

, ã.(Ivcgji> Wlcvgrscjmj jg Ivcgji, =333), 22.

2 -, Ams l ,

nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt ( Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005), :2.




:;

Gstm mjceecõl sg pugjg prgsgltmr gl eirrgjirgs ym ais agvmltmjirgs jg pgsms. Hcgltrms qug gl ais prchgris prchm ga li pgrhctcr am prgsglecm jgormsm eirpirma, gl ais sgouljis prchm gajgsmrriaai jg ais hþseuais (dcpgrtrikcmhuseuamr).

Ams tgagvcsirms GUPL y GUPL2 mpmrgecgril pmrm pijgr smtcskmegr m ais mjcetis ma jgpirtgtgagvcsmji.=

= Am rgviauecõl jga hmrfgtclo jgagltrgtglchcglti. Megremlji ais mmolmtgs, ais Hgjcis

y am mmocm, ma hulji (Libufi Um> 200;), =;;.




:?

MJCEECÕL M AMU PGRUILMU

MJCEECÕL M AM MPRIBMECÕL

Uil mqugaams pgrsilms qug lgegsctmlsgltcr qug ag emgl bcgl m tiji ga hulji, ma pultijg jgseucjmr sus lgegscjmjgs vctmags pmrmeihpamegr m itris. Lulem gxprgsml su ipclcõl irgeamhml pmrm gvctmr emgr hma, y eumlji rgecbgl

ulm erètcem pir clnustm qug gstm sgm tcgljgl mjgshirilmrsg.=

Am mjceecõl m am mpribmecõl vm jg amhmli eil ga pgrkgeecilcshi, ga euma gs

chpiscbag. Pir gnghpai, mquga qug gstujcmhgjceclm pmrm eihpamegr m ais pmjrgs. Augoi

= Edmrags D Gaacitt y Amurm A. Uhctd, Mlscgjmj pmrm juhhcgs (Eiaihbcm> Lirhm, 200:),=22.




:4

busem eihpamegr m ais hgltirgs y prikgsirgs,cleausi augoi busem eihpamegr m ais pmecgltgs.Pgri ma busemr am pgrkgeecõl lis krustrmhis yaiormhis vcvcr clsmtcskgedis.=

Am gxegscvm lgegscjmj jg mpribmecõl

pugjg sgr pgacorism. Wl mjceti m gstg priegsi > ‑ , y L pugji pgrhctcr qug sg vgm mquga jgstgaai jgclsgourcjmj gl hcs inis. Eiltclþm silrcglji. Sli jgngs qug gstg tce lgrvcisi gl am hgncaam

jgrgedm sg vgm. Li trmougs eil jckceuatmjhcgltrms dmbams, gs huy ibvci. Li pugji pgrhctcr qug lmjcg hmagltcgljm hcs hitcvis.

= Rmfga J., Hgjceclm cltgormtcvm (Gspmým>Gasgvcgr, ), :7.




:3

Eamrckcem y eihpmrm tiji pmrm qug lmjcg sg ‘=

Ai qug jgbgrèm pglsmr ul mjceti m am mpribmecõl>

=. Ai qug ais jghís pcglsgl jg hè gs

chpirtmltg pgri li gs eruecma.2. Gs lirhma qug m huedis li ags emcom

bcgl, mulqug dmom ams eisms bcgl.5. Jgbi smtcskmegr hcs lgegscjmjgs eihi

ai dmoi pir ams jg ais jghís. 2

Emrmetgrèstcems jg ul mjceti m am mpribmecõl>

=. Gvctm ga eilkaceti eihi sgm.

= Niga M. Krgghml, Eõhi vcvcr gl pmz eil tu

eilecglecm scl viavgrtg aiei (Gspmým> EACG, =332),37.

2 Edmrags D Gaacitt y Amurm A. Uhctd, Mlscgjmj pmrm juhhcgs (Eiaihbcm> Lirhm, 200:),=22.




70

2. Pgsem euhpacjis jg maoþl hiji.5. Gxmogrm pmrm sgr mpribmji y rgeiliecji.:. Zcglg piems eilvceecilgs y li ams

vgltcam krgltg m pgrsilms jg ipclcõljckgrgltg.

7. Gedm hmli jg ais hgemlcshis jgjgkglsm (priygeecõl, lgomecõl,jgprgscõl).

;. Ug gedm am euapm gspgrmlji qug maoucglai eirrcnm.

?.

Ug hgtg gl ga eèreuai vcecisi jg am euapm.4. Zcglg ga sèljrihg jga Si-Si. Gs jgecrmatcbmnis gxtrghis i mutieihpmscõl.

3. Kmasm duhcajmj. Hg erctcei mltgs jg qugai dmoms. =

= Niga M. Krgghml, Eõhi vcvcr gl pmz eil tueilecglecm scl viavgrtg aiei (Gspmým> EACG, =332),37.




7=

Wlm pibrg gjuemecõl pugjg aagvmr m aismjiagsegltgs m dmegrsg mjcetis m am mpribmecõl,gspgecmahgltg eumlji am gjuemecõl sg bmsm gl gaemstcoi y am jgsmpribmecõl pir sibrg ga mhir y amkcrhgzm smbcmhgltg eihbclmjm.=

MJCEECÕL M AMU PGRUILMU

Ãstg gs ul tãrhcli qug gloaibm ulm sgrcgjg jgsõrjglgs mjcetcvis eihi>

=.

Mjceecõl ma mhir i m ais rihmlegs.2. Mjceecõl m ams rgamecilgs jcskulecilmags.5. Eijgpgljglecm.

Emjm ulm jg gsms mjceecilgs tcglgemrmetgrèstcems gspgecmags pgri tijms sil

= Nmlg Lgasgl y Ayll Aitt. Jcsecpaclm

pisctcvm pmrm mjiagsegltgs> rgkirzmlji am gjuemecõl

jg su mjiagsegltg y m ustgj hcshi m trmvãs jg ulm pmtgrlcjmj mhmbag y kcrhg > Gjcecilgs Ruz,2005)




72

mjcetcvms. Chpcjgl qug sg jgsmrriaag ulmcltchcjmj smlm y eilstruetcvm, cleausi eil aiskmhcacmrgs.

Gltrg ams emrmetgrèstcems jg gstm mjceecõlgstí ga eiltria ibsgscvi gl ams rgamecilgs, li

smbgr kcnmr aèhctgs smaujmbags gl ams rgamecilgs,eihpirtmhcglti ibsgscvi, jckceuatmj jg gxprgsmrlgegscjmjgs y sgltchcgltis, mcsamhcglti,jgtgrciri kèscei, hgltma y ghiecilma.=

Am mjceecõl m ams rgamecilgs gs am hcshmmjceecõl qug m ams jrioms, ma maeidia, ma nugoi yitrms y, ma couma qug ãstms, prijueg jghmscmji

= Csmbga Zrcougris, Zghmrci pmrm am prgpmrmecõl jg ipiscecilgs> trmbmnmjir siecma (Hmjrcj> Maema jg Oumjmrm, 2007), =7, =;.




75

hcgji, jiair y mldgai qug prijueg ameihpuascõl gl ga cltglti pir gvctmrais.=

Wlm pgrsilm qug tcglg gstm mjceecõleihcglzm ulm rgamecõl eil titma gukircm ygltuscmshi hcgltrms ergg qug ma kcl pijrí

smtcskmegr sus hís prikuljms lgegscjmjgs jgmhir, mtglecõl y sgourcjmj ghiecilma. Am pgrsilm sg vugavg emjm vgz hís jgpgljcgltg jgadihbrg y, ma couma qug ulm mjceecõl, lgegsctmgstmr hís tcghpi eil am pgrsilm pmrm sgltcrsg

hgnir y smtcskgedi, aagomlji m meismrsgrvcahgltg m am pgrsilm mhmjm.

Wlm pgrsilm qug tcglg gstg pribaghm pugjg prgsgltmrai pir>

= Oaircm Gseibmr, Jgsmtmlji ga luji. Cltgrmeecilgs duhmlms mjcetcvms (Wlcvgrscjmj jgEmajms, 200;), ==?.




7:

=. Privglcr jg ul diomr jcskulecilma qugli smtcskczi sus lgegscjmjgsghiecilmags.

m. Mbusi jg maeidia i jrioms. b. Eiljuetm eihpuascvm.e. [ciaglecm jihãstcem.j. Eiljuetm sgxuma clmpripcmjm.g. Jcseuscilgs y tglscõl eilstmltg.k. Amrois pgrèijis jg scagleci

gltrg ais pmjrgs.

o.

Eihpgtglecm pir am agmatmj jgais dcnis pir pmrtg jg ais pmjrgs.d. Clempmecjmj jg rgamecilmrsg jg

ais pmjrgs eil ais dcnis.c. Rcocjgz gxtrghm gl tghms eihi

jclgri, rgacocõl, trmbmni, tcghpi,mkgeti, sgxi, tgagvcscõl, trmbmnigl emsm, jgpirtgs, piaètcem, gte.

2. Dmbgr gxpgrchgltmji piei mkgeti jg ais pmjrgs y busem eihpglsmr su lgegscjmj

i am lgegscjmj jg itris.




77

5. Eihi sus pmjrgs li sg viavcgril aissgrgs emrcýisis qug lgegsctmbm, trmtm jgaiormr eilvgrtcr gl sgrgs emrcýisis m ams pmrgnms qug pugjg aiormr tglgr.

:. Eihi ag mtgrrm qug am i ai mbmljilgl,dmeg eumaqucgr eism pmrm qug am rgamecõlli sg rihpm.

7. Lmjm gs jghmscmji pribaghítcei, omstmhuedi tcghpi i gs jghmscmji eistisi sceiljueg m qug ga sgr mhmji sg qugjg

eil ãa i gaam.m. Ag eihprm ripm. b. Ag pmom sus ectms jg smauj.e. Ug rgubcem ogioríkcemhgltg.j. Ag jm am hctmj i ga titma jg sus

pisgscilgs.g. Ag jm ul auomr jõljg vcvcr.k. Ag pgrhctg mbusis ghiecilmags

pirqug mltgs lmjcg ag pgrhctcõgxprgsmr sus sgltchcgltis.

o. Ag busem y gleugltrm ghpagi.




7;

;. Jgsmrriaam ulm mjceecõl m am mpribmecõljg gsm pgrsilm.

?. Megptm hís jga 70% jg am euapm i gargpriedg i am rgspilsmbcacjmj jg ai qugsuegjm gl am rgamecõl.

4. Pisgg ulm huy bmnm mutigstchm. Erggqug jgbg omlmrsg ga jgrgedi jg sgr kgacz.

3. Lgegsctm jgsgspgrmjmhgltg eiltriamr msu pmrgnm.

=0. [cvg gl ais supugstis y ais sugýis jg am

rgamecõl qug gl am rgmacjmj, jgsmrriaaõulm sgeilj ackg gl tirli m am rgamecõl.==. Gs mjceti m ams hungrgs u dihbrgs y ma

jiair ghiecilma.=2. Gs pribmbag qug tglom maoulm

prgjcspiscecõl m jgsmrriaamr ulmmjceecõl m sustmlecms.=5. Ug eilegltrm hís gl rgsiavgr am vcjm jg

am pmrgnm y sg iavcjm jg sus lgegscjmjgs.




7?

=:. Piscbaghgltg pir tglgr gpcsijcisjgprgscvis, busem am gxectmecõl qug sg prijueg pir ulm rgamecõl clgstmbag.

=7. Ams pmrgnms mhmbags, gstmbags, eilkcmbagsli ag cltgrgsml pirqug ag pmrgeglmburrcjis.=

Wlm pgrsilm emsmjm eil ul mjceti pugjgjgsmrriaamr gstm mjceecõl m ams rgamecilgs ym qug ‑‘ )am rgmacjmj eihpuascvm jg su pmrgnm (i dcni i

dcnm) nustckceíljiai, tiagríljiai i megptíljiai.2

Eihi ga mjceti m ams rgamecilgs tijm suvcjm dm vcvcji gl ul diomr jcskulecilma, dm

= Ribcl Lirwiij, Ams hungrgs qug mhml

jghmscmji (Hãxcei> B, 2007), 53 ― 75.

2 Gaczmbgtd Gttirrg, Hungrgs y maeidia>¹pa 9 (Hmjrcj> Lmregm, =334), =7?.




74

vcvcji cltixcemji jg mjrglmaclm y eumlji gsormljg, lgegsctm maoi qug jgsmtg gsms hcshmsghiecilgs. Gltilegs sg glrgjm gl rgamecilgsjcskulecilmags rgpctcglji ga eèreuai vcecisimjcetcvi.=

= G, Jgnm jg rihpgr tus jcgtms , J.K.> Ugagetir,200:), ::.




73

MJCEECÕL M UWUZMLECMU

AGOMAGU

EMKÃ

Wlm hmyirèm jg lirtgmhgrcemliseilsuhg jcmrcmhgltg emkgèlm pir am agvggstchuamecõl qug prijueg scl gkgetis mjvgrsis.

Ucl ghbmroi, ulm ‑hclirèm‘ jg gaais jgsmrriaamul pmtrõl jg eilsuhi mbuscvi m pgsmr jg sukrcrcltixcemecõl pir emkgèlm rgeurrgltg ugxmegrbmecõl jg ulm glkgrhgjmj uaegrism pãptcem sgeuljmrcm ma emkã. Zmhbcãl pugjgl

prgsgltmr tiagrmlecm y mbstclglecm.

Wlm tmzm jg emkã eiltcglg =00ho. jgemkgèlm, ga tã ulis 70 ho y ais rgkrgseis eilemkgèlm gltrg 27 y 200 ho. Am emkgèlm sg mbsirbg

emsc pir eihpagti y maemlzm lcvgags híxchis gl




;0

smlorg gltrg 50 y ;0 hclutis jgspuãs jg amclogstcõl. Ga mbusi sg prijueg oglgrmahgltg glam gjmj mjuatm tghprmlm i cltgrhgjcm. =00ho prijuegl ulm hmyir jg sglsmecõl jg magrtm yjcshcluecõl jga emlsmleci. 200ho. pugjgl prijuecr clsihlci, jiairgs jg embgzm, sglsmecõljg mprglscõl, clqucgtuj y moctmecõl. Wl ormhijg emkgèlm pugjg prijuecr mlscgjmj cltglsm dmstm pílcei, am moctmecõl pugjg sgr gxtrghm y gatghbair huy litirci.=

Pmrm smbgr sc sg gs mjceti m am emkgèlm,gltilegs dmy qug jgnmr jg eilsuhcram pir jis itrgs jèms, ai qug prijuecrí ul jiair jg embgzm,qug sg macvcmrí eil ulm tmzm jg emkã i rgkrgsei jgeiam. Rgeugrjg qug eil ul eilsuhi jg 200 m

= Jmvcj P Hiirg y Nmhgs _. Ngkkgrsil. ã (Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr,2007), ;5.




;=

:00 ho. pir jèms sg pugjg jgsmrriaamr ulmmjceecõl m am emkgèlm.=

Itris sèltihms jg mbstclglecm prijuecjis pir am musglecm jg emkgèlm gl gairomlcshi sil mlscgjmj, jgprgscõl, kmtcom,

egkmagms y sèltihms jg orcpg. Egrem jg am hctmjjg ais bgbgjirgs prgsgltml scolis jgjgpgljglecm. Am emkgèlm sc gs ulm jriom.2

= Gmra Dcpp, ã ã mjiagsegltgs , > G ,=335), :5.

2 Jgllcs Eiil, ( > Cltgrlmtcilma Zdihsil, 2007), =30.




;2

=

Mjghís am emkgèlm gstchuam gaergechcglti jg qucstgs jg hmhm, pugjg

= Cbcj, =43.




;5

kmvirgegr ga eílegr jg vgncom, pribaghmsemrjèmeis y prgscõl matm, y gl ghbmrmzmjms gstírgamecilmji eil jgkgetis eiloãlctis y ams qugtihms ; tmzms jg emkã ma jèm jupaceml su rcgsoijg mbirti.=

M gstg eumjri jg mjceecõl ma emkã sg agaamhm emkgclcshi.2

Ga emkgclcshi sugag sgr jckèeca jgrihpgr, am hmyirèm jg pmecgltgs rgqucgrg ulm

cltgrrupecõl brusem y quczí hgjcemecõl.5

= Cbcj, =43, =30.

2 Ngml Emrpgr y Mjrcmlm Dmssml, Ais

machgltis> hgjceclm hcamorism (Eiaihbcm> Gjctircma Lirhm, =33:), 5=7.

5 Ogrmaj H Kglcedga, Lguriaioèm pgjcítrcemeaèlcem> ul glkiqug pir scolis y sèltihms (Hmjrcj>Gasgvcgr/Umuljgrs, 200;), 47.




;:

Pmrm am ecglecm sõai ul pgqugýi orupi jgais hcaailgs qug bgbgl emkã sil mjcetis, y gsti pirqug jgsmrriaaml tiagrmlecm y sèltihms jgmbstclglecm y ai tihml m pgsmr jg qug gxmegrbmsèltihms hãjceis i hgltmags, jg meugrji maerctgrci JUH-C[-ZR.=

Ga eiltglcji jg emkgèlm gl ais emkãsjgsemkgclmjis gs jga 0.=%. Am emkgèlm tmhbcãlgs eilscjgrmjm eihi sustmlecm pridcbcjm gl am príetcem prikgscilma jga jgpirtg.2

= Crwcl O Umrmsil y Bmrbmrm R. Umrmsil. > ga pribaghm jg

am eiljuetm clmjmptmjm > G,200;), :?=.

2 , Kmrhmeioliscm (Hmjrcj>Gasgvcgr, 2005), ?5.




;7

Mjghís ga eilsuhi jg emkgèlm pijrèmoglgrmr maueclmecilgs eihi gseuedmr viegsjiljg li dmy lmjcg.=

ZG

Ga eihpilgltg mjcetcvi jga tã gs am tgèlmy gstí msiecmji m ais psceigstchuamltgs2 y gstíjgltri jg ams Tmltclms, qug sil gstchuamltgsvgogtmags. Uil sustmlecms gxectmltgs scl gkgetigukirczmltg. Ug bgbgl eihi clkuscõl i gl

bgbcjms glgroãtcems. Gstchuaml gl ga scstghm

= d Fd, ‑mjm emkgèlm pijrèm > ‘, GLGW,dttp>//www.lah.lcd.oiv/hgjaclgpaus/spmlcsd/lgws/kuaastiryY?5?30.dtha (Eilsuatmji> 07 jg mbrca, 2003;).

2 , y . Dmy vcjm

jgspuãs jg-- ams jrioms9> hmluma jg prchgrismuxcacis pmrm mtgljgr ams mjceecilgs > Gjcecilgs, 200:), =?.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/news/fullstory_73790.html








;;

lgrvcisi egltrma y ergml jgpgljglecm kèscem y psceiaõocem agvg.=

Am tgèlm gs eilscjgrmjm ul maemaicjgvglglisi qug mkgetm ma dèomji y ma scstghmlgrvcisi.2

= , Hmtgrcmags pmrm am

cltgrvglecõl siecma y gjuemtcvm mltg ga eilsuhi jg

jrioms (Macemltg> Gjctircma Eaub Wlcvgrsctmrci, 200;),23.

2 Magnmljri Bismef, ¹Pir quã hg suegjcõ

gsti m hc9 (Mrogltclm> Gjctircma Fcgr,), 30.




;?

MJCEECÕL M AM EIHCJM

Gstm mjceecõl gs ulm jg ams hís jckèecags jg trmtmr pirqug am mbstclglecm li gs am rgspugstm. Ameihcjm gs ulm lgegscjmj jcmrcm. Ais cljcecis jgulm piscbag mjceecõl m am eihcjm sil ulm

ibgscjmj i ulm jgaomjgz gxtrghm, ga pgrkgeecilcstm gl eumlti m am mpmrcglecm kèscem yvgstcjis i huy diaomjis i mnustmjis, rctumaczmrams dirms jg ams , ‑ ‘, gxtrghms y am rgspugstm

kmhcacmr mltg gaams.=

Pmrm supgrmr m mjceecõl m am eihcjm sg jgbggleiltrmr pamegrgs pisctcvis i rgmags. Ug jgbgdmegr maoi mormjmbag gl auomr jg eihgr. Ug jgbg

eilvgrtcr ma meti jg eihgr gl ul tríhctg hís y

= Hgrag M. Kissuh y Hmrcayl N. Hmsil, krgltmram y rgsiavgram ,> G , =343), =5?.




;4

li gl ga egltri jg am vcjm. Ug jgbg busemr tglgrulm rgamecõl mjuatm eil am eihcjm.=

Am eihcjm gltilegs sg eilvcgrtg gl ul‑‘ Jgbghis glkrgltmr eil gkcemecm ais sgltchcgltis

eihi krustrmecõl, jgsmhir, siagjmj ymbmljili6 empmecjmj pmrm glkrgltmr am prgscõl jgorupi6 empmecjmj pmrm eiliegrlis, megptmrlis yvmairmrlis6 empmecjmj pmrm glkrgltmr sctumecõl jgemhbci i jg ercscs.2

Ais pmecgltgs mlirãxceis y buaèhceis pmrgegljgbmtcrsg gl vmli eil ulm uroglecm qug aismvmsmaam. Ais mlirãxceis sil mjcetis ma

= Híxchi Rmvglm, Wlm jgaomjm aèlgm(Gspmým> Gjctircma Omagrlm, 200;), =07.

2 Uusml Pcef, ã> prchgr ormji> yi qucgri, yi pugji , J.K.>Achusm, 2002), =33.




;3

mjgaomzmhcglti y huedis buaèhceis sg jgkclgleihi mjcetis m am eihcjm. Gstis mjcetis m ameihcjm eiltclþml eihcglji y vihctmlji (i puroíljisg) pgsg m eiliegr ais rcgsois qug gaaigltrmým pmrm su smauj. Gl ga gspmeci jg tcghpigltrg ais mtrmeilgs sg pugjg gxpgrchgltmr ulsèljrihg jg mbstclglecm.=

Ga eihpirtmhcglti mjcetcvi (sgm meumaqucgr sustmlecm, priegsi i pgrsilm) gs pritgocji pir ga mjceti pir díbctis y príetcems

qug tcgljgl m pritgogr su eiljuetm mjcetcvm. Wli pugjg emhbcmr ulm mjceecõl m am eihcjm pir ulmmjceecõl m ais gngrececis, ¹pgri euía gs hglishmai9, gsti gs jcseutcbag, pgri ai chpirtmltg gs

= Nidml [mljgracljgl, Zrmuhm, jcsiecmecõl yjgseiltria jg ais chpuasis gl ais trmstirlismachgltmrcis (Buglis Mcrgs> Orílcem, =333), 73.




?0

jgsmrriaamr ul muti eilegpti smaujmbag yhmltglgrai.=

Hmre Jmvcj y Rmhõl Uiti pripilgl gl ‑ ‘ q mjuati qug gstí gl ustgj m am hgsm emjm vgz qug

clocgrm sus machgltis m kcl jg qug pugjm tglgreiltria jg sus chpuasis.2

Wl jgsirjgl machgltceci sg pugjg prgsgltmr gl dcnis jg maeidõaceis y gl dcnis jg

eihgjirgs eihpuascvis.5

= Umljy Krctz, Kuljmhgltis jga hmsmngtgrmpãutcei (Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr, 2007), 74=.

2 Hmre Jmvcj, Am jcgtm jga si (Riedgstgr, [t> Cllgr Zrmjctcils, 2004), =4:.

5 Ribcl Lirwiij, Ams hungrgs qug mhmljghmscmji (Hgxcei> Gjcecilgs B, 2007), 2:=.




?=

Zijis gstis jgsõrjglgs machgltcecis,tmlti ais mtrmeilgs pir am eihcjm, eihi ammlirgxcm y am buachcm, tcglgl sus rmèegs gl amjclíhcem kmhcacmr.=

Ga hgiaai jga eihglsma eihpuascvi gs ga

pmvir ma mbmljili. Am mlirãxcem pcglsm>‑ q , q ‑ ‘… qugjmrhg gl ul gstmji gtgrli jg clkmlecm gljiljg yi li tgloi qug rgspilsmbcaczmrhg pir

…‘6 ‑ eihgr ai qugqucgrm y li subcr ul ormhi, m am vgz qug q q ‘6 > ‑

= Nidl Brmjsdmw, y Hmromrctm HiltgsBusedbgef, Nidl Brmjsdmw> am mlmaczm y meilsgnm (Hgxcei> Ugagetir, 2000), =;4 ― =?0.




?2

mlgstgscmrhg ai sukcecgltg eil eihcjm, li tgljrãq d ‘=

Buachcm

Am scoucgltg ectm gs gsemaikrcmltg y huy

> ‑Gs ulm glkgrhgjmj gl am qug am pgrsilm eihg gl gxegsi i tcglg gpcsijcisrgouamrgs jg clogstcõl gxegscvm jg machgltis yscgltg ulm pãrjcjm jg eiltria. Am pgrsilm augoiutcaczm jcvgrsis hãtijis eihi vihctmr,

eilsuhcr amxmltgs gl gxegsi m kcl jg prgvglcr ga

= Mljrgm _gctzlgr, ãis , > G , 2004), =;4,=;3.




?5

muhglti jg pgsi. Huedms pgrsilms eil buachcm,mulqug li tijms, sukrgl jg mlirgxcm lgrvcism‘.=

Am buachcm sg emrmetgrczm pir mtrmeilgscleiltglcbags. M gstis gpcsijcis jg clogstm virmzags scoug, m hgluji, ga ghpagi jg hãtijis

puromtcvis pmrm eiltriamr am omlmlecm jg pgsi.2

Mlirgxcm lgrvcism

Jgnghis m ais gxpgrtis ga jgkclcr am

> ‑Gs ul trmstirli machgltmrci qugchpacem achctmr am emltcjmj jg machglti qug ulm pgrsilm eihg, iemscilmlji clmlcecõl y ulm

= n _ [ [d, ‑‘,Hgjaclgpaus,dttp>//www.lah.lcd.oiv/hgjaclgpaus/spmlcsd/gley/mrtceag/0005:=.dth (Eilsuatmji> =2 jg mbrca, 2003).

2 [. G Embmaai, - G> Ucoai TTC Gjctirgs, =334), =;5.




?:

clempmecjmj pmrm pgrhmlgegr gl ul pgsieirpirma hèlchi, eilscjgrmji lirhma pmrm sugjmj y gstmturm. Ams pgrsilms eil gstg trmstirli pugjgl tglgr ul orml hcgji m muhgltmr jg pgsi,cleausi eumlji gstíl eil pgsi clsukcecgltg. Gadgedi jg li eilsuhcr sukcecgltg machglti idmegr jghmscmji gngrececi iemscilm pãrjcjm jg pgsi sgvgrm‘.=

Am mlirgxcm lgrvcism tcglg ams scoucgltgs

emrmetgrèstcems> Rgedmzi m hmltglgr ul hèlchi pgsi jga

eugrpi.

Wl tghir cltglsi m omlmr pgsi.

= , ‑ ‘,Hgjaclgpaus,dttp>//www.lah.lcd.oiv/hgjaclgpaus/spmlcsd/gley/mrtceag/0005;2.dth (Eilsuatmji> =2 jg mbrca, 2003).




?7

Wlm pgregpecõl jcstirscilmjm jg amchmogl eirpirma.

Mhglirrgm gl ams hungrgs.

Pugjgl sgr jg jis tcpis, ga jg tcpirgstrcetcvi y ga jg tcpi mtrmemrsg/puromrsg.=

= [. G Embmaai, - G> Ucoai TTC Gjctirgs, =334), =;5.




?;

Maeidiacshi

Ug jgkclg eihi tijm mqugaam pmtiaioèmqug hmltcglg ulm rgamecõl jg emusm-gkgeti eil gaeilsuhi jg maeidia. Am IHU jgkclg eihieumaqucgr jgtgrciri jga kulecilmhcglti kèscei,

hgltma i siecma jga cljcvcjui, euym lmturmagzm pgrhctm rmzilmbaghgltg mtrcbucr ma maeidiaeumaqucgr emusm.=

Gl am Gjmj Hgjcm, gl ga hmrei jg am

maquchcm, sg eilscjgrõ ‑q‘ mqugaams sustmlecms qug eiltglèml am gsglecm jgadihbrg y kug m pmrtcr jga scoai TCT qug sgeiliecõ ais gkgetis jga maeidia gl ga iromlcshi

= Aucs Ucavm , Eucjmjis glkgrhgris glmtglecõl prchmrcm> priormhm jg smauj jga mjuati y ga

mlecmli (Ugvcaam> Gjctircma Hmj, 200;), 2;.




??

duhmli.= Ga maeidõacei prgsgltm su mjceecõl jghmlgrm jckgrgltg uli jg itri. Wl maeidõacei gsulm pgrsilm qug li gs empmz jg eiltriamr susclogstm jg maeidia, scltcãljisg glkgrhi jg amviaultmj, y gstm mjceecõl emusm pribaghms mmspgetis chpirtmltgs jg su vcjm, eihi am ambirma,kmhcacmr y siecma.2

Ais mjiagsegltgs qug clorgsml m gstg huljiiseuri jga maeidiacshi oglgrmahgltg ai dmegl pirqug li sil empmegs jg rgscstcr am prgscõl qug

gngregl sus eihpmýgris sibrg gaais. Uc ais hís pipuamrgs tihml, gaais pcglsml qug jgbgl tihmrtmhbcãl. Lgegsctml hmltglgrsg kcrhgs g

= Mamcl Egreaã, Ga maeidiacshi> ulm

gxpacemecõl pmrm eihprgljgr, ul glsmyi pmrm

rgkagxcilmr (Hãxcei> Ucoai [gcltculi, 200:), ?.

2 Eamujcm Bamef, Gsi li hg suegjgrí> dcnismjuatis eil pmjrgs maeidõaceis (Hãxcei> Írbia,2000), =:.




?4

cljgpgljcgltgs. Itris clorgsml ma maeidiacshi pirqug vgl qug sus pmjrgs y dgrhmlis tihml,itris ai dmegl pirqug ibsgrvml qug gl su pugbai, ams ormljgs kcgstms ocrml gl tirli mamaeidia pmrm egagbrmr y sgltcrsg kgacegs. M gsti sgsuhm am emltcjmj jg pripmomljm qug ga maeidiargecbg. Hglsmngs qug trmlshctgl magorèm y siamz pgri qug ieuatml am vgrjmj jg ais diomrgsjgstrucjis y sukrchcglti pgrsilma.=

Eumlji sg dm mvmlzmji gl am clogstm jga maeidia,

ga pmecgltg pugjg prgsgltmr ga jgacrcuh trghgls iam maueclmecõl maeidõacem, scglji huy rgma pmrmga cljcvcjui qug am sukrg. Gstms maueclmecilgs pugjgl prgsgltmrsg dmstm :4 dirms jgspuãs jgdmbgr eilsuhcji maeidia i am þatchm birrmedgrm.

Gstms maueclmecilgs pugjgl cleaucr ga vgr

= Ribgrt Lirtd y Rcedmrj Irmlog, Gamaeidiacshi gl am nuvgltuj (Hãxcei> Gjctircma Írbia,=337), 3.




?3

mlchmags pgqugýis eihi clsgetis y rigjirgs,hmledms birrisms, jgstgaais jg auz i ams viegs jgmhcois i glghcois qug hmajcegl, mhglmzml idmegl rgpriedgs m ais pmecgltgs, mulqug ais pmecgltgs sil eilsecgltgs jg qug tiji gschmoclmrci.=

Gl Gspmým ga eilsuhi jg maeidia tcglg rgamecõleil ga ;?% jg msgsclmtis y eil ga 55% jg aissucecjcis, mjghís jg qug gs ga jcmolõstcei pscqucítrcei prchmrci gl ga 27% jg ais

sucecjcis.2

= Mltilcgttg Mhbriscli, Bgrlmrj_yszylsfc, Umltcmoi Hmjgri, Gaczmbgtd Emrrgrms yUcavcm Hmtrmn, Hmluma jg pscqucmtrèm pmrm pmecgltgs

eil glkgrhgjmjgs hãjcems (Bmregailm> Hmssil,200;), :0.

2 Utgvgl Dyhml, Hmluma jg uroglecms

pscqucítrcems (Bmregailm> Hmssil-Acttag, =33;), 557.




40

Uèltihms

Ga maeidia sg mbsirbg m trmvãs jga gstõhmoi y gacltgstcli jgaomji y maemlzmlji su hmyireilegltrmecõl gl smlorg gltrg ais 50 y ;0hclutis augoi jg bgbcji pmrm jcspgrsmrsg gltrg

ais tgncjis eirpirmags. Ga 30% jga maeidiaclogrcji gs utcaczmji pir ga iromlcshi pmrm prijuecr glgroèm y ga rgsti sg gachclm m trmvãs jgais puahilgs y jg am irclm. Ma clceci jgaeilsuhi am sustmlecm emusm emhbcis gl ga

jgsghpgýi hitir jga pmecgltg mkgetmlji sueiirjclmecõl. Augoi mkgetm am empmecjmj jgrmzilmr y jcsegrlcr, mtrikcmlji su empmecjmj jg nuceci gl eumlti m am tihm jg jgecscilgs y nucecisjg vmair. Ga pmecgltg eihcglzm m sgr huy

eilvgrsmjir. Li pugjg emhclmr jgrgedi y sugstmbcacjmj ghiecilma sg pcgrjg. Eumlji am prgsglecm jg maeidia muhgltm gl ga iromlcshi, prgkcgrg pgrhmlgegr meistmji, y sc am sustmlecmmuhgltg pcgrjg am liecõl jg ai qug ieurrg m su




4=

margjgjir. Uc muhgltm ga eilsuhi sg pugjglmkgetmr ams írgms egrgbrmags qug eiltriaml amrgspcrmecõl y ais amtcjis jga eirmzõl, jgnmljigstg jg kulecilmr y emusmlji am hugrtg.=

Eilsgeuglecms

Eihi eilsgeuglecm jg am clogstm jg maeidia sg pugjg dmstm pgrjgr ga trmbmni, prgsgltmr þaegrms,glkgrhgjmjgs jga eirmzõl, jgrrmhgs egrgbrmagsy jghís glkgrhgjmjgs jga scstghm ecreuamtirci.

Mjghís ga pmecgltg pugjg sukrcr jgprgscõl,eílegr jg biem y gstõhmoi, y, vcjm hís eirtm(=0 m =7 mýis hglis gl rgamecõl m ais limaeidõaceis). Wl maeidõacei pugjg vciamr am agy,sukrcr rgsmem y ams hmjrgs maeidõacems pugjgl

dgrgjmr m sus dcnis ga sèljrihg maeidõacei

= Ihmr Oõhgz, Gjuemecõl pmrm am smauj ,(Uml Nisã> GWLGJ, 2002), 3:, 37.




42

kgtma,=qug gs ul sèljrihg jg hmakirhmecilgs prgsgltg gl dcnis jg hmjrgs qug dml eilsuhcjimaeidia jurmltg ga ghbmrmzi. Gstms matgrmecilgs pugjgl prgsgltmrsg eihi hmakirhmecilgsgstrueturmags (kmecmags), piei ergechcglti ymatgrmecilgs lguriaõocems eihi ga rgtrmsihgltma.2

Zmbmqucshi

Am lceitclm qug gstí gl emjm ecomrrcaai gs ul pijgrisi eceimetcvi qug ais kuhmjirgs utcaczml pmrm macvcmr am mlscgjmj, pmrm ga eiltria jga pgsi,

= Kgrlmlji Jcgz, JG[M (Hmjrcj> EírctmsGspmýiam, =334), =7.

2 Riogr Uhctd, Hmrcbga Hcouga, Lurcm Pirtmjg am Rcvm y Krmlf Lgttgr, Ibstgtrcecm, oclgeiaioèm y

smauj g am hungr (Gspmým> Hmssil, 2007), 22:.




45

eilegltrmrsg hgnir y kmecactmr sujgsglviavchcglti siecma. Wl kuhmjir eilsuhg20 ecomrris jcmrcis, rgecbcglji egrem jg 200jiscs jg lceitclm.=

Gl ga duhi jga tmbmei sg dml mcsamji hís jg

eumtri hca eihpilgltgs, scglji ais hísgstujcmjis am lceitclm, ga maquctríl y gahilõxcji jg emrbili, pgri jg gstms trgs, amrgspilsmbag jg am mjceecõl ma tmbmei gs amlceitclm, ais itris kmecactml i prijuegl am

kirhmecõl jg jcvgrsis eílegrgs, glkgrhgjmjgseirilmrcms y brilquctcs erõlcem.2

= N. N. Hirgli, _. Utmkk y K. N. Dgrrgri ,

Zmbmqucshi priormhm pmrm jgnmr jg kurhmr (Gspmým> Jcmz jg Umltis, 2005), 43.

2 Oumabgrti Bugam-Emsma, [cegltg G. Embmaai,N. Emrais Ucgrrm, Hmluma jg gvmaumecõl gl psceiaioèm

eaèlcem y jg am smauj (Hmjrcj> Ucoai TT, =33;), :7?,:74.




4:

Ga díbcti jg kuhmr gs eihi ga rgsti jgmjceecilgs, m trmvãs jg gstg meti sg trmtm jghmlgnmr am mloustcm qug oglgrm eumaqucgrjgsmnustg siecma gl am vcjm.= Amhgltmbaghgltggstm glkgrhgjmj sg clcecm oglgrmahgltg gl ammjiagseglecm y gl ais Gstmjis Wlcjis ulm tgregrm pmrtg jg ais nõvglgs qug eihcglzml m kuhmr ma prclecpci jg am mjiagseglecm hugrgl hísmjgamltg pir glkgrhgjmjgs rgamecilmjms eil gatmbmei.2

Ga tmbmei kug rgeiliecji eihi jriom pir amIHU gl =3?: y gl am metumacjmj gs cjgltckcemji

= Emrais K. Ritdhmll, Zãelcems y eilsgnis

pmrm jgnmr jg kuhmr (Buglis Mcrgs> Chmoclmjir,200=), :?.

2 Jmvcj Nmlfcls, Hgnirghis am smauj m tijms

ams gjmjgs ul hmluma pmrm ga emhbci jgeihpirtmhcglti (_msdclotil J. E.> IromlczmecõlPmlmhgrcemlm jg am Umauj, 2007), 37.




47

pir ams Mjhclcstrmecilgs smlctmrcms eihi am prclecpma emusm gvctmbag jg glkgrhgjmj yhugrtg.=

Am IHU emaeuam qug jg emjm =000 nõvglgs qugkuhml, ; hircríl gl meecjgltgs jg trílscti y 270

m emusm jga tmbmei eil ul titma jg ;0 000hugrtgs mlumags, ai qug supilg emsc ga =7% jgtijms ams hugrtgs gl mjuatis6 jg emjm =000 pgrsilms qug hugrgl gl Gspmým, ulm ai dmeg pireilsuhi jg jrioms cagomags, jis pir ga UCJM,

vgcltg pir meecjgltgs jg tríkcei y ecgltiecleugltm pir ga tmbmei (Eílegr jg puahõl,GPIE, emrjcipmtèm csquãhcem y glkgrhgjmjgsegrgbri vmseuamrgs).2

= Aucs Ucavm, Eucjmjis glkgrhgris gl

mtglecõl prchmrcm> priormhm jg smauj jga mjuati y gamlecmli (Ugvcaam> Gjctircma Hmj, 200;), 22.

2 Aucs Brmvi y Gacsm Hmrdugjm, Hmluma jg

Kmrhmeiaioèm (Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr, 2007), =3;.




4;

‑Gltrg ais gkgetis m eirti pamzi jga tmbmei gstílams matgrmecilgs gl am eilecglecm y am sglscbcacjmj pmrm pgrecbcr ga glini, distcacjmj, morgscõl yemhbcis gl ga gstmji jg ílchi mjghís jgclsihlci, hmrgi y vãrtcoi6 võhctis, pribaghmsecreuamtircis, muhglti jg puasmecilgs, muhgltijg am prgscõl mrtgrcma, tmqucemrjcm y mrrcthcmsemrjèmems6 y m amroi pamzi, sgltchcgltis jgkrustrmecõl, crrctmbcacjmj, crm y mlscgjmj mjghísjg jckceuatmjgs pmrm eilegltrmrsg y muhglti i

jcshcluecõl gl am krgeuglecm emrjcmem. Agscilgsemrjcmems. Muhglti jg am gachclmecõl urclmrcm,glkgrhgjmjgs y eihpacemecilgsemrjcivmseuamrgs, glkgrhgjmjgs puahilmrgs,þaegrms y pribaghms jcogstcvis, mpmrcecõl jg

jcvgrsis tcpis jg eílegr, hglipmuscm prgeiz yrgjueecõl jg am kgrtcacjmj gl ais dihbrgs‘.=

= Hmrèm Emýma, Mjceecilgs> eõhi prgvglcrams

gl lcýis y nõvglgs (Bioití> Orupi Gjctircma Lirhm,

2005), 7=, 72.




4?




44

MJCEECILGU M UWUZMLECMU

CAGOMAGU

Eiemèlm

Ams hijmacjmjgs jg lmreitríkcei gl gaPgrþ dml emhbcmji, maoulm sil>

Gl ga Pgrþ sgr prijueg y gxpirtmeiemèlm, m jckgrglecm jg am jãemjm jg ais?0 y 40, eumlji ga lgoieci grmjihclmji pir lmreitrmkcemltgseiaihbcmlis.

Am eiemèlm mdirm smag pir am eistm y pirvèm hmrètchm.

Ais emrtgags hgxcemlis jg am jriomieupml ul auomr jihclmltg gl ga Pgrþ,mulqug ais eiaihbcmlis scougl

metumlji.




43

Wl lþhgri chpirtmltg jg emhpgscliseiemagris sg dml trmlskirhmji gl prijuetirgs jg pmstm bíscem jg eiemèlm,magltmjis pir ais lmrei trmkcemltgs.=

Ugoþl am eihcscõl lmecilma sibrg

hmrcdumlm y mbusi jg jrioms, jg ais GstmjisWlcjis, ais pmtrilgs jg eilsuhi sil>

=. Wsi gxpgrchgltma, pmrm smtcskmegr ameurciscjmj.

2. Wsi rgergmecilma, pmrm oizmr jg aisgkgetis pamegltgris.

5. Wsi ecreulstmlecma, pir maoulm rmzõlsctumecilma pgrsilma. Maoulis jg gstms

= , y KgrlmljiRispcoacisc. i lgihcactmrcshi. (Achm> CGP, Clstctuti jg GstujcisPgrumlis, 200;.), =3:.




30

pgrsilms pugjgl jgrcvmr gl ulmjgpgljglecm psceiaõocem.

:. Wsi cltglsi, gs ga usi eitcjcmli,cltgrkcrcglji gl am dmbcacjmj kulecilma jgam pgrsilm tmlti gl ga trmbmni eihi glgstujcis, rgamecilgs mkgetcvms, gte.

7. Wsi eihpuascvi, ga pmtrõl jg eilsuhijihclm su vcjm.=

Embg jgstmemr qug jg am dinm jg eiem sggxtrmg ul maemaicjg qug scrvg pmrm am prijueecõl

jg am pmstm bíscem jg eiemèlm (PBE) y pmstm bíscem jg eiemèlm amvmjm (PBE-A). Pir gaai amdinm jg eiem li gs pripcmhgltg eiemèlm, pgrieiltcglg ga maemaicjg eil ga qug sg prijueg ameiemèlm. Gs jgecr, am dinm jg eiem gs am hmtgrcm

= CEMRGU (Iromlczmtcil). Jr > W , Kilji Gjctircma,=335), 5;.




3=

prchm gsglecma pmrm am prijueecõl jg ulm jriomgstchuamltg. Am dinm jg eiem pugjg sgreilscjgrmjm pmrm ul usi trmjcecilma gl pibamecilgs cljèoglms jg Biacvcm, Geumjir, Lirtg jg Edcag y jg Mrogltclm.=

Gltrg ais gkgetis eaèlceis gstí am gukircmy am gxectmecõl eil gagvmecõl jga gstmji jgílchi, muhglti jg empmecjmj jg trmbmni,clsihlci, jcshcluecõl jga emlsmleci, muhgltijg metcvcjmj hitirm. Prijueg ul muhglti jg am

pgregpecõl sglsircma, psgujimaueclmecilgs ysèljrihg pmrmlicjg. Pir ulm sibrgjiscs pugjg

= Mjmabgrti Umltmlm, ã (Hgxcei, J.K.> Ucoai TTC, 200:),=:=.




32

sibrgvglcr eilvuascilgs, gstmjis gpcaãptceis yeihm.=

Ga eilsuhi erõlcei sg pugjg rgmaczmr jgmeugrji m jcvgrsms hijmacjmjgs eihi amhmstcemecõl jg ams dinms jg eiem, am cldmamecõl i

clygeecõl jg ais piavis jg eairdcjrmti jgeiemèlm i ga kuhmji jg am pmstm bíscem jgeiemèlm y tgljrí eilsgeuglecms kèscems y psceiaõocems, jgpgljcglji jg vmrcmbags eihi amjiscs, am pgrsilmacjmj, am meegscbcacjmj m am

jriom, ga mbmljili kmhcacmr, gte.2

= Rmhõl Bmaagstgr y Nisã Bmamougr,Zixceiaioèm eaèlcem ([maglecm> Wlcvgrsctmt jg[maglecm, 200:), 3=.

2 Mljrãs [grmlcm, Oumabgrti Bugam-Emsma,[cegltg G. Embmaai, Cagmlm Mrcms, N. Emrais Ucgrrm,Krmlecsei Bms y Kgrlmlji Bmajciegjm, Hmluma jggvmaumecõl gl psceiaioèm eaèlcem y jg am smauj (Hmjrcj> Ucoai TT, =33;), :44.




35

Wlm jriom jgrcvm jg am eiemèlm, qug gshís jmýclm y hís mjcetcvm gs ga ermef. Pmrm jgnmrjg usmram gl am hmyirèm jg ais emsis sg rgqucgrgdispctmaczmecõl y huedis pmecgltgs emhbcml ammjceecõl ma ermef pir ga maeidia.=

Wlm geilihèm sustgltmjm gl galmreitríkcei gl clsistglcbag pir tghmsgeiaõoceis y geilõhceis. Am lmturmagzm sgmkgetm y am geilihèm jg qucglgs tcglgl qugsistglgr m hcags jg mjcetis m am sustmlecm.2

= Auz Gaczilji y Mloga Ecj, Prclecpcis bísceis jg smauj (Hãxcei> Achusm, Lircgom, 2002),4;.

2 Agi Ombrcga, Ocabgrti Aõpgz y Rcvms,Mutilihcms cljèoglms gl Mhãrcem Amtclm> lugvmskirhms jg eilvcvglecms piaètcems (Gspmým> Pmzms y[majgz, 2007), 502..




3:

Ais y ams jgpgljcgltgs jg PBE pugjgltglgr sgscilgs jg eilsuhi jg ;, 4 dmstm jcgzdirms, jiljg am jiscs gl tãrhclis jg lþhgri jg ‑‘), pugjg aagomr memltcjmjgs gxtrghms (70, ;0, 40, =20 ecomrrcaaisjg PBE). Jgsjg ga pulti jg vcstm siecma yeuaturma, am pmstihmlèm (mjceecõl jg am PBE),cleirpirm ulm sub y ‑n‘,cleauyglji eõjcois mtèpceis. =

Hmrcdumlm

= , ‑ ‘,jriomsoaibm,dttp>//www.jriomsoaibma.iro.pg/jrioms.pdp9ctgh85Y 2 (Eilsuatmji> 0: jg hmyi, 2003).

http://www.drogasglobal.org.pe/drogas.php?item=3_2








37

Am hmrcdumlm gstí msiecmjm eil ammjceecõl m itrms substmlecms coumahgltg jmýclmsy pgacorisms.=

Am hmrcdumlm pugjg prijuecr gukircm yílchi, pgri pugjg matgrmr am hghircm rgecgltg,

prijueg ulm gsemsm empmecjmj pmrm rgmaczmrtmrgms qug prgecsml mtglecõl jcvcjcjm (eiljuecrul muti) y emusm pãrjcjm jg am empmecjmj jg nuceci erètcei y ulm jcstirscõl jg am pgregpecõljga tcghpi. Gl maoulis emsis piei krgeugltgs

mpmrgegl maueclmecilgs vcsumags y jcstirscilgseirpirmags pgrecbcjms i rgeugrjis mtgrrmjirgseil gpcsijcis jg gstrãs i kcgbrg. Am tghpgrmturm

= T y . d y (Hmjrcj>Jyfclsil, 200;), =07.




3;

eirpirma pugjg jcshclucr y prgsgltmrsg m ais 20hclutis jg kuhmr, ulm tmqucemrjcm.=

M sghgnmlzm jg am gsquczikrglcm, ammjceecõl ma emllmbcs mkgetm m aislguritrmlshcsirgs eihi am jipmhclm, am

megtcaeiaclm, ga scstghm OMBM y ais kiskiaèpcjisjg hghbrmlm pir ai qug sg matgrm am trmlshcscõlsclíptcem. Ga emllmbcs li emusm gsquczikrglcm pgri su usi erõlcei pujg ikrgegr ul hijgai jgkulecilmhcglti egrgbrma schcamr.2

Ãxtmscs

= Rcedmrj G Bgdrhml, Ribgrt H. Facgohml,y Dma B. Nglsil. Lgasil trmtmji jg pgjcmtrèm (Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr, 200:), ;74.

2 Ocusgppg Mhmrm, Pgrsgoucjis gl ga pmrmèsi> eamvgs pmrm gleiltrmr ulm smacjm m ams

mjceecilgs (Hãxcei> Gjctircma Agetiruh, 2002), =:;.




3?

Gs ul jgrcvmji quèhcei jg am mlkgtmhclmjgltri jga eilnulti jg jrioms jg sèltgscs, amseumags sil scltgtczmjms jg kirhm cagoma y sg dmcji gxtgljcglji su usi jgsjg ams jãemjm jg aisiedgltm gl ais mhbcgltgs tgeli y trmleg,kuljmhgltmahgltg ais kclgs jg sghmlm. Am prgsgltmecõl gs gl kirhm jg pmstcaam y susgkgetis sg clcecml gltrg 50 -+ ;0 hclutis eilulm jurmecõl gltrg 2 y ; dirms. Gstm sustmlecmcltglsckcem ams prgegpecilgs sglsircmags,

priviemlji muhglti gl am ghpmtèm, empmecjmjjg eihulcemecõl gukõrcem, gagvmecõl jga gstmjijg ílchi, jcshcluecõl jga emlsmleci y sugýi,sujirmecilgs, tmqucemrjcm, líusgms, võhctis,vcscõl birrism gltrg itrms. Augoi jg ghpagmjm am

sustmlecm sg pugjgl prgsgltmr emlsmleci,crrctmbcacjmj, agtmrocm, jiair jg am huseuamturmhmljcbuamr, jiair jg embgzm y mlirgxcm.=

= Rmhõl Bmaagstgr y Nisã Bmamougr,Zixceiaioèm eaèlcem ([maglecm> Wlcvgrsctmt jg




34

Zmhbcãl sg am eilieg eihi jriom jgamhir, pirqug ga qug am eilsuhg sg scgltg kgacz ysglsuma.=

AUJ

Ais mjcetis ma AUJ sugagl gxpgrchgltmrmaueclmecilgs vcsumags, mujctcvms y tíetcags,jurmltg mprixchmjmhgltg 30 hclutis. Gsisgkgetis sg eihpaghgltml eil sgltchcgltis jg pílcei, jgacrci, psceiscs, jgprgscõl, mlscgjmj y

jgtgrciri jga nuceci. M lcvga kèscei pugjgl prgsgltmr tmqucemrjcm, sujirmecõl, jcamtmecõl jg

[maglecm, 200:), 3?.

= Ombrcga Hgncm, Umauj y sgxumacjmj (EistmRcem> GWLGJ, 200;, =7;).




33

ams pupcams, tghbairgs, jcstirscõl vcsuma y viegs,emair g cleausi pugjgl hircr.=

Gstm jriom pgrtglgeg ma orupi jg jrioms psceijãacems, pirqug eiljuegl m gxpgrchgltmrsglsmecilgs gxtítcems y hèstcems eil gpcsijcis

maueclmtircis. Uu lihbrg ecgltèkcei gsjcmtcamhcjm jga íecji acsãrocei (AUJ), y gs uleihpugsti scltãtcei ibtglcji gl ambirmtirci ympmrgecõ pir prchgrm vgz gl =375, scltgtczmji pir ga hãjcei suczi Mabgrt Dikkhmll, m pmrtcr jg

am hgzemaclm y am pscaieybclm. Am hgzemaclm sggxtrmg jga pgyitg, hcgltrms qug am pscaieybclm jgul diloi hgxcemli.2

= Egagstg Bijcli, Ams mjceecilgs> jga usi m

am jgpgljglecm (Buglis Mcrgs> Ailosgaagr, 200=), ?0.

2 Pmbai Rissc, Jrioms y ais mjiagsegltgs (Hmjrcj> Gjctircma Zãbmr, sk), 75.




=00

Nulti eil ga ãxtmscs (HJHM)eilstctuygl ais prclecpmags maueclõoglis.=

Mlkgtmhclms

Jg meugrji m ul clkirhg jg Lmecilgs

Wlcjms jga mýi 2000, hís jg 57 hcaailgs jg pgrsilms gl tiji ga hulji eilsuhglmlkgtmhclms, scglji ga hiji jg eilsuhi hísrgecgltg am hgtmlkgtmhclm. Nulti eil am eiemèlmmatgrml ga gstmji hgltma ma muhgltmr ais

lguritrmlshcsirgs gxectmjirgs jga egrgbri, prijuecglji ulm gukircm m eirti pamzi y ulmmjceecõl eil ga usi rgpgtcji.2

= Rcedmrj Ogrrco, Psceiaioèm y vcjm (Hãxcei>Pgmrsil Gjuemecõl, 2007), =;5.

2 Ucavmlm Rcooci, Eaèlcems pscqucítrcems jg Lirtgmhãrcem. [ia. 24/2007/5 (Bmrsgailm> Hmssil,200;), ?:0.




=0=

Gstms sustmlecms sil pitgltgsgstchuamjirgs psceihitirgs qug mkgetml mascstghm lgrvcisi egltrma y ma scstghmemrjcivmseuamr. Am tiagrmlecm m gstm sustmlecm sgjgsmrriaam eil rmpcjgz pir ai qug huediseihcglzml m clygetírsgam pmrm aiormr gkgetis híscltglsis.=

Uihlèkgris i bmrbctþrceis

Uil jrioms jgrcvmjms jga íecji

bmrbctþrcei qug tcglgl ul gkgeti jgprgsir sibrgga scstghm lgrvcisi egltrma. Gl ul prclecpcikugril utcaczmjis eihi sgjmltgs y sihlèkgris, pgri metumahgltg su usi gstí huy achctmji pir

= Crwcl O., Umrmsil y Bmrbmrm R. Umrmsil. mlirhma> ga pribaghm jgam eiljuetm clmjmptmjm > G,200;), :?;.




=02

sus gkgetis tõxceis sgeuljmrcis eihi oglgrmrmjceecõl.=

Pugjgl sgrvcr eihi mltcgpcaãptceis,sgjmltgs, mlgstãsceis, mjghís pugjgl prijuecremhbcis jg emríetgr gl am pgrsilm, kmatm jg

eiirjclmecõl hitirm, jgsõrjglgs gl garmzilmhcglti. Cltgrruhpcr rgpgltclmhgltg sueilsuhi pujg prijuecr tghbairgs, jgacrcis yeilvuascilgs.2

= . JceecilmrcisIxkirj-Eihpautglsg (Hmjrcj> GjctircmaEihpautglsg, 200:), ;;.

2 Nisã Aulm, ¹]uã dmegr eil ul dcni mjceti9 (Eiaihbcm, Gjctircma Uml Pmbai, =33;), 22.




=05




=0:

=

= Jgllcs Eiil, >Zdihsil, 2007), 2;?.




=07

RGPMUGHIU MAOWLIU EILEGPZIUBÈBACEIERCUZCMLIU

Ga dihbrg gs ul sgr ergmji pir Jcis(Oãlgscs => 2; y 2?) y ai dczi jga piavi jg am

tcgrrm (Oãlgscs 2>?) y m jckgrglecm jg ais sgrgsvcvis qug kugril ergmjis Ugoþl su gspgecg(Oãlgscs => 2=, 2:, 27), ga dihbrg ergmji mchmogl jg Jcis (Oãlgscs =>2;., Auems 5>54).

Jcis dczi ma dihbrg eihi ul sgrgxmatmji (Oãlgscs =>24, Umahis 4>:-3) y jg ulsiai dihbrg surocgril tijms ams rmzms (Dgedis=?>2;, Rihmlis 7>=2, =36 = Eircltcis =7>2=, 22)

S m eihi li pijèm sgr jg itri hiji,

Jcis dczi qug ga dihbrg kugrm dgedi m am chmogljg Jcis (Ogl. =>2?6 Dgb. =>?, =:6 Ogl. =4>=-=3>226 Jml. 3>2=6 Aþg. =>==-546 Dged. =2>7-=06= Eir. =7>::.6 Ãxi. 2:>=06 Ãxi. 55>20-556 Jml.?>3, =06 Eia. =>=76 Dgb. =>5> Dgb. 2>?6 Gea. ?>236




=0;

Gkg. :>2:6 Ogl. =.5=6 = Numl :>46 Hmt. 22>5;-:06Ogl. 2>=46 Ogl. =>2;6 Uma. 4>;-46 Ãxi. 20>4-==6Ogl. 2>=?6 vgr 5>22). Uu chmogl y sghgnmlzm mlcvga kèscei, hirma, y gspcrctuma.

Pgri ga dihbrg jgbèm supgrmr ulm prugbm

gl am ergmecõl y grm am jg rgscstcr am tgltmecõl m pgemr. Ga pgemji sg ircoclõ gl Aueckgr (Csm. ;>56Jgut. 52>:6 Nib 5:>=06 Umlt. =>=56 Uma. 7>:6 ==>76Ogl. =>5=6 Dgb. 7>3), ãa kug ga mutir jga pgemji ymutir jg tiji eumlti trmg jiair ma dihbrg (Gzg.

24>=?6 vgr = Zch. 5>;6 Csm. =:>=2-=:6 Mpie.=2>:,?-3).

Gl ga acbri jga Oãlgscs, empctuai 5,vgrsèeuais : dmstm ga 22 tglghis ga rgamti jg am

tgltmecõl y am emèjm jga dihbrg y mquèibsgrvmhis eumtri hihgltis jgecscvis gl am bmtmaam>

=. Gvm gstuvi siam.

2. Gvm jcmaioõ eil ga jcmbai.




=0?

5. Gvm mabgroõ ga pglsmhcglti jg hís paglms ghiecilgs kugrm jg am viaultmjjg Jcis.

:. Gvm gxpgrchgltõ ga pgemji.7. Gvm eilvcjõ m su gspisi.

Jgsjg gltilegs ga dihbrg vcvg gl uleilstmltg eilkaceti eilscoi hcshi m kcl jgtihmr ams hgnirgs jgecscilgs m kmvir jg aieirrgeti (Rih. =>=4-226 = Numl 5>:6 Umlt. :>=?6Rih. =:>256 Hmt. =2>506 Numl =;>36 Umlt. 2>=06

Ãxi. 20>=56 =:6 Rih. 5>=36 Rih. ;>256 Hmt.;>=26 Hmt. ==>246 Priv...:>256 Hmt. =7>=36 Ngr.=?>3) y tiji gsti memrrgõ ais pgirgs rgsuatmjis pmrm ga oãlgri duhmli (Hmt. =7>=36 Ngr. =?>36Ogl. :>4, 256 ;>=-76 ==-=56 Uma. =:5>26 vgr =:>56

= Rgy. 4>:;6 Priv. 20>36 Gea. ?>206 Rih. 5>256 =Numl =>46 = Eir. =7>226 Rih. 7>=26 Nib =:>:6Uma. 7=>76 Rih. 4>?,46 Gkg. 2>5)

Gl gstg hmrei bèbacei ams mjceecilgs sil

ga kruti jg am ibrm jga jcmbai pmrm mrruclmr am




=04

ergmecõl jg Jcis hmlckgstmjm gl ga dihbrg y gslugstrm gageecõl pgrhmlgegr jga amji jga Ugýir.M qucglgs dubcgrml emèji gl ga glsmahi smtílceijg ams mjceecilgs, ga Ugýir ags prihgtg acbgrtmj yacbgrmecõl kclma (Numl 4>5;6 Numl =7>:, 76 Rih.?>=7, =3,20, 22-2:6 Rih. ?>276 4>=6 Gkg. 2>=, 5,4-=06 Numl =>=56 5>76 2 Eir. 7>=?6 = Numl 2>=).

Rgeugrjg qug, ma aggr ga Gspèrctu jgPrikgeèm, dmy vmrcis tcpis jg mjceecilgs, qugGO_ li hglecilm, eihi am mjceecõl ma cltgrlgt,

ãxtmscs, eiemèlm, i mpribmecõl. Rgsemtghis ais prclecpcis eiltglcjis gl ams rgkgrglecms mmaoulms sustmlecms i priegsis.

Zã, emkã y eihcjm

‑ yjgstruyglji ams mahms pir hgjci jg sustgltmecilgs sutcags. ¹[gríl lugstris dgrhmlis ysgltcríl ga pgemji jg eihpamegr ga mpgtcti

pgrvgrtcji9 ¹Jgsemrtmríl gaais ga tã, ga emkã, am




=03

emrlg y tijis ais machgltis gstchuamltgs, yjgjcemríl ais hgjcis omstmjis gl gstmseihpameglecms jmýclms m gspmrecr am vgrjmj9...¹]uã pijgr tcglg ga mjceti ma tmbmei pmrm jgtglgrga priorgsi jg am cltghpgrmlecm9 Jgbg dmbgrulm rgviauecõl gl lugstri hulji sibrg ga tghmjga tmbmei mltgs qug ga dmedm emcom sibrg am rmèzjga írbia. Rgemaemhis mþl hís gstg tghm. Ga tãy ga emkã gstíl ergmlji ul mpgtcti pirgstchuamltgs hís pijgrisis, eihi ga tmbmei y ga

d‘ n machgltceci, 7=4).

Ga tmbmei

‑ q kuhm i hmstcem tmbmei

eihgtg ul pgrnuceci, li siamhgltg eiltrm sèhcshm, scli tmhbcãl eiltrm tijms ams pgrsilmseil qucglgs aagom m rgamecilmrsg. Uc dmy qugibtglgr ais sgrvcecis jg ul hãjcei, sg jgbg pmsmr pir mati ma mjceti ma tmbmei. Lulem pijrèm

sgr ul eilsgngri sgouri. Uc am glkgrhgjmj tcglg




==0

su rmèz gl ga usi jga tmbmei, ga hãjcei sg sgltcrítgltmji m jgecr ulm eism pir itrm y mjuecr ulmemusm kmasm, pirqug ¹eõhi pijrèm eiljglmrsg m q 9‘(Eilsgnis sibrg am smauj, 52=).

Zrmbmni eil ais mjcetis

‑D q ymlchgl. Li pgrhctícs qug Umtmlís mpmoug amþatchm edcspm jg gspgrmlzm gl sus eirmzilgs. M

ais grrmltgs qug tcghbaml y auedml eil ga hma,Ercsti ags jceg> "[glcj m hè"6 y ãa eiaiem sushmlis jgbmni jg gaais, y ais agvmltm. Am ibrmqug rgmaczõ Ercsti jgbãcs dmegram visitris eihisus gvmlogacstms jg auomr gl auomr. Zrmbmnmj eil

kg, gspgrmlji qug ams mahms sgml omlmjms pmrmMquga qug jci su vcjm, m kcl jg qug ais dihbrgsy hungrgs tihgl piscecilgs ma amji jg Jcis.Eiambirmj eil Jcis pmrm omlmr ma mjceti m am bgbcjm y ga tmbmei, m kcl jg qug vglzm ais díbctis

qug ai rgbmnml dmstm maemlzmr ul lcvga clkgrcir ma




===

q ‘ w D,?-=-=305).

‑Zn y gamjceti ma tmbmei, jcecãljiags qug lcloþl bgijidgrgjmrí ga rgcli jg Jcis, y qug "li gltrmrí gl

gaam lcloulm eism clhuljm". Histrmjags ga bcglqug pijrèml dmegr eil ga jclgri qug mdirm omstml q d q ‘ Hclcstry, pío. 2;4).

Hijm (eilsuhcshi), oaitilgrèm

‑Ais dihbrgs y ams hungrgs, qug prikgsml sgr sgoucjirgs jg Ercsti, sil m hglujigseamvis jg am hijm y jg ul mpgtcti oaitõl. Gl

am prgpmrmecõl jg rgulcilgs m am hijm, sgclvcgrtgl tcghpi y glgroèm -qug jgbcgrmljgjcemrsg m pripõsctis hís gagvmjis y libags- pmrm eieclmr ulm vmrcgjmj jg pamtis clsmaubrgs.Jgbcji m gstm hijm, huedis qug sil pibrgs y

qug jgpgljgl jg su trmbmni jcmrci, gstíl




==2

jcspugstis m cleurrcr gl omstis m kcl jg prgpmrmrjckgrgltgs eamsgs jg rcems tirtms, eilsgrvms, pmstgags, y ulm vmrcgjmj jg machgltis m am hijm pmrm ais vcsctmltgs‘. (Eilsgnis sibrg ga rãochglmachgltceci, =0:, =07).

Hmsturbmecõl

‑ q ga ercstcmlcshi li eihprgljgl ga pgemji jgambusi pripci VhmsturbmecõlX y sus rgsuatmjis

clgvctmbags. Wl díbcti clvgtgrmji dm egomji sugltgljchcglti. Li sg jml eugltm jga emríetgrgxegscvmhgltg pgemhclisi jg gstg pgemji‘ y tgstchilcis, tihi =.27:).

Hmltglgrsg kcrhgs

‑ d embmahgltg, ais hmais díbctis lmturmagsjgsmpmrgegl eil am myujm jg Ercsti, y tijms ams




==5

eisms sil dgedms lugvms. Gltrg ais qug prikgsmlsgr scgrvis jg Ercsti, jgbgrèm gxcstcr ul kgrvcgltg pripõscti, tma eihi ga qug hmlckgstõ Jmlcga glam eirtg jg Bmbcailcm. Umbèm qug Jcis grm sukirtmagzm y su gseuji, su vmloumrjcm y surgtmoumrjcm. Gltrg ams eirrupecilgs qug airijgmril gl am eirtg jg Bmbcailcm, sg hmltuviacbrg jg ams chíoglgs y ais silcjis qug pijèmlsgjuecrai y dmegrai emgr gl am tgltmecõl. Eumljisus jgbgrgs rgqugrèml qug gstuvcgrm prgsgltg gl

gseglms jg iroèm, cltghpgrmlecm y am hís bmnmcjiamtrèm, euatcvõ ga díbcti jg irmrscaglecismhgltg, y msè ai pritgocõ ga pijgr jgJcis. Zglgr am hgltg gagvmjm dmecm Jcis sgrí y ‘ Sd'

Clstruetir. ?-;-=43:).M rmèz jg tiji gsti ga Ugýir aamhm m sus

dcnis m ulm vgrjmjgrm rgkirhm jg am smauj.Ibsgrvghis ai scoucgltgs pmsmngs>




==:

‑Jurmltg mýis ga Ugýir dm gstmjiaamhmlji am mtglecõl jg sus dcnis m am rgkirhm pri smauj. Ãstm gs ulm jg ams ormljgs rmhmsjg am ibrm jg prgpmrmecõl pmrm am vglcjm jgaDcni jga dihbrg‘. (Eilsgnis sibrg ga rãochglmachgltceci, 4:).

Gstg rmhi jg am ibrm jga Ugýir li dmrgecbcji am jgbcjm mtglecõl, y pir gstg jgseucjisg dm pgrjcji huedi. Uc am coagscm hmlckgstmrmul cltgrãs hmyir gl rgkirhms pir hgjci jg

ams eumags Jcis hcshi gstí trmtmlji jgprgpmrmram pmrm su sgouljm vglcjm, suclkauglecm sgrèm huy supgrcir m ai qug gs mdirm.(Eilsgnis sibrg ga rãochgl machgltceci, 3=, 32).

Ga =0 jg jcecghbrg jg =4?= hg kughistrmji lugvmhgltg qug am rgkirhm pri smaujgs ul rmhi jg am orml ibrm qug dm jgprgpmrmr m ul pugbai pmrm am vglcjm jgaUgýir. Gstí tml èltchmhgltg rgamecilmjm eil ga

hglsmng jga tgregr íloga eihi am hmli ai gstí




==7

eil ga eugrpi. Am agy jg ais Jcgz Hmljmhcgltisdm scji eilscjgrmjm acvcmlmhgltg pir aisdihbrgs, pgri ga Ugýir li qucsi vglcr m emstcomrm ais trmlsorgsirgs jg jcedm agy scl hmljmrags prchgri ul hglsmng jg mhilgstmecõl. Ga tgregríloga prieamhm gsg hglsmng. Uc ais dihbrgsdubcgrml scji scghprg ibgjcgltgs ma jgeíaioi, ydubcgsgl aagvmji m embi gl su vcjm ais prclecpcisjg gsis prgegptis, am hmajcecõl jg tmltmglkgrhgjmj qug mdirm cluljm ma hulji li

gxcstcrèm. (Eilsgnis sibrg ga rãochgl machgltceci.42).

Zijis ais sgrgs rgspilsmbags pugjgleihprgljgram sc qucgrgl. Ais cjcitms li sgrílrgspilsmbags. Dmegr eamrm am agy lmturma g

clstmr m qug sg am ibgjgzem gs am ibrm qugmeihpmým ma hglsmng jga tgregr íloga, eil gapripõscti jg prgpmrmr m ul pugbai pmrm amvglcjm jga Ugýir. (Eilsgnis sibrg ga rãochglmachgltceci,. 45).




==;

Gl am prgpmrmecõl jg ul pugbai pmrm amsgouljm vglcjm jga Ugýir, jgbg rgmaczmrsg ulmorml ibrm pir hgjci jg am jckuscõl jg ais prclecpcis jg smauj. (Eilsgnis sibrg smauj, 20:).




==?

Ais pmsis jga priegsi mjcetcvi y gahihglti mjgeumji pmrm am cltgrvglecõl

Eihi ym ai dghis vcsti, am mjceecõl liaagom jg am lmjm, scli qug gs am rgspugstm hísschpag, kíeca, lmjm gambirmjm jg ulm pgrsilm quggstí busemlji pamegr pmrm hgloumr su jiair pirmaoþl gvglti qug ai eilhclm ma hcshi, gs jgecr,eumlji ulm pgrsilm tcglg ul hma hmlgni jgghiecilgs gltilegs li tcglg am empmecjmj pmrmrgpilgrsg jg ulm rgmacjmj vcvglecma gxtrghm pmrmgaam hcshm, y jcoi pmrm gaam hcshm pir qug amhcshm rgmacjmj gxtrghm pugjg sgr ulm lchcgjmj pmrm itrm pgrsilm, y gs pir gaai qug busem ulm‑ ‘, , pmrmagam, eilsecgltghgltg sg trmlskirhm gl ulmvmtmr y jgecjg vcvcr ul gspgncshi, y gstggspgncshi gs priviemji pir ulm pgrsilm i ulmsustmlecm i ul priegsi




==4

Gstg priegsi ag pugjg rgsuatmrormtckcemltg, mulqug augoi, sc li tcglglemutgrczmjm am eilecglecm, prijuecrí ul tgrrcbagjiai r jg eirmzõl ym eihpmrmjm eil ulmhirjgjurm jg sgrpcgltg pir ga smbci Umaihõl(Privgrbcis 25> 5= y 52).

M eiltclumecõl ormkcei y jgsercbi aishihgltis jga eceai mjcetcvi y jiljg lisitris pijghis rgmaczmr am cltgrvglecõl.




==3

Kmetir jgsglemjglmltg.

Jgpgljcglji jga tcpi jg mjceecõl, gs amgxpiscecõl jg ul cljcvcjui m ul priegsi isustmlecm i pgrsilm qug jgspcgrtm su




=20

eileupcseglecm (Umltcmoi =>=5-=;), memrcecm su pulti jãbca, suocgrg ga clceci jg ul jgsgiibsgscvi rgeurrgltg.

Gstg kmetir jgsglemjglmltg pugjg sgroríkcei, mujcivcsuma, rgma i chmoclmrci, jg maaè

qug ul gxmjceti jgbcgrm gngregr eiltria sibrg suviaultmj y pglsmhcglti tmlti i hís qug ulm pgrsilm lirhma. Jgtgloíhilis ul brgvghihglti gl eilscjgrmr am scoucgltg ectm>

‑L q q Weiltriag sus pglsmhcgltis, sclitmhbcãl sus pmscilgs y mkgetis.Uu smavmecõl jgpgljg jg qugWj. sg oibcgrlg gl gstms eisms.

Am pmscõl y ais mkgetis silclstruhgltis pijgrisis. Uc sgmpaceml hma, sc sg gngregl eilhitcvis gqucviemjis, sc sil hmaeiaiemjis, sil pijgrisis pmrm

rgmaczmr su ruclm y jgnmram eihi




=2=

m ulm líukrmom jgsvmacjm, sclJcis y scl gspgrmlzm. Amchmoclmecõl jgbg sgr jihclmjm pisctcvm y pgrscstgltghgltg sc ams pmscilgs y ais mkgetis dml jg sgrsihgtcjis m am rmzõl, am y ‘(Eiljueecõl jga Lcýi, :54).

Gstg hihglti gs ga qug sg jgbg vcocamr,ga mjceti qug jgsgm rgeupgrmrsg jgbg eucjmr jg

clcecmr gstg priegsi qug jgsglemjglmrí am iammjcetcvm.

Uc ga cljcvcjui jm rcgljm sugatm m su pglsmhcglti y su chmoclmecõl, gltilegs

clorgsmrí gl ul sgoulji gstmjci eiltclumlji msèga emhcli rgsbmaisi dmecm am pgrpgtrmecõl.

Mhbcgltmecõl




=22

Gs jgecr, sg ergml ams eiljcecilgsmjgeumjms pmrm qug ga cljcvcjui jgsgg prmetcemrsu meti mjcetcvi, gstms eiljcecilgs oglgrmahgltgsil>

Uiagjmj. Agnis jg sgr ul hihglti gl ga

qug sg pugjg jcskrutmr jg am hgjctmecõl, ulm buglm ageturm i am gngeuecõl jg ul pmsmtcghpi, pmrm ulm pgrsilm mjcetm, am siagjmj sg eilstctuyggl ul gleiltrmrsg eilscoi hcshi y su jiair jgli tglgr pamegr, pir ai qug trmg m su hgltg am

piscbcacjmj jg smtcskmegrsg eil su eiljuetmmjcetcvm.

Ghiecilgs jgseiltriamjms, eihijgprgscõl, mlscgjmj, crm, krustrmecõl, qug pugjgl

gstmr vcleuamjms m ulm jcgtm, ul hma jèm, ul hmargsuatmji, i maoulm ecreulstmlecm qug ams oglgrõ.Mltg gstms ghiecilgs, ga mjceti busem liglkrgltmrams pirqug li qucgrg i li smbg eõhi, y busem ducr jg gaams ergíljisg ulm sgouljm vcjm

pmrmagam, ulm rgmacjmj mjcetcvm.




=25

Ga sugýi i emlsmleci gs eumlji am hgltggstí hís susegptcbag m megptmr ai qug sgm sclipilgr huedm rgscstglecm.

Gltilegs, nultis gstis trgs kmetirgs, iuli jg gaais, ga mjceti busem ul auomr jiljg

pugjm gleiltrmr ga mhbcgltg mjgeumji pmrm pgrpgtrmr su meti mjcetcvi.

Nustckcemecõl

Gl gstg hihglti ga cljcvcjui gleugltrmvmrcms rmzilgs qug nustckcqug su eiljuetm > ‑y y y ‘, ‑d q ‘,‑y ‘,

‑, ai y n ‘, ‑ai viy ‘, q nustckceml tiltmhgltg am gxpiscecõl m ul metimjcetcvi. Pgri ais hcshis mrouhgltis litgljrèml lcloþl gkgeti sc dubcgsg maoulm pgrsilm

prgsgltg ibsgrvmlji,




=2:

Pgrpgtrmecõl

Mquè ga mjceti eilsuhm su meti. Nugom,hcrm, tiem, eilsuhg i pmrtcecpm jg mqugaai qugrgpujcm, jg mqugaai qug jgsprgecm y sg eiltmocmjg mqugaai qug li tcglg am kugrzm jg viaultmj

pmrm lgomr. Uu hgltg gs eilsecgltg jg qug gstídmecglji hma pgri sg dm jgnmji jihclmr pir aisjgsgis jg sus mpgtctis jgseiltriamjis.

Ga mjceti pugjg clcecmr eil am eilecglecm

jg qug sõ ‑ ‘, jgseubrg qug gstuvi huedi hís qug ul rmtcti pmrtcecpmlji jg mqugaai qug ul jèm jgsprgecõ.

Am mjceecõl ergm ul gkgeti jg sgjmecõl,

ergmlji gl ga mjceti ulm sglsmecõl jg sgourcjmjjg qug ai qug gstí dmecglji li gs hmai.

[groñglzm

Gl gstm gtmpm jga eceai mjcetcvi, ga mjceti

ym eilsuhõ su meti y sg scgltg huy hma pir ai




=27

qug dczi, msuhg ulm metctuj jg mutirgedmzi ymutirgpribmecõl. Pglsmhcglti eihi>

‑y y , y q , ‘, ‑ y q jgbèm ‘, ‑ qug li pujg membmr eil

¿‘

Mquè gs jiljg ga mjceti aairm ga jiair jgli pijgr jihclmrsg. Zcglg pglm pir li pijgrjgecr li m am tgltmecõl.

Gl gstg hihglti gs gl qug sg pugjgdmegr am CLZGR[GLECÕL.

Eumlji ga mjceti sg gleugltrm hma jgdmbgr eihgtcji su kmatm, sg dmeg lgegsmrcm amcltgrvglecõl jg ul tgrmpgutm, ul mhcoi i ulkmhcacmr qug ai oucg jg am hmli dmecm amkirtmagzm qug gleiltrmrsg eil Ercsti Ngsþs pir pgrjõl (Numl ;>5?), ãstg gs ga hgnir hihglti




=2;

pmrm rgmeihijmr ams kcams jg am viaultmj y prgpmrmr ma mjceti pmrm rgscstcr am prõxchm vgz.

M kcl jg pijgr meihpmýmr ga ãxcti jg ulmjceti sg ai jgbg eiltmetmr eil ulm pgrsilm qugai meihpmýg vèm tgagkõlcem i pgrsilmahgltg gl

ais hihgltis jckèecags. Ug jgbg gltrglmr amkugrzm jg viaultmj, am mutigstchm y, sibrg tiji,su eilkcmlzm gl Jcis.

Am mjipecõl jg ais iedi rghgjcis

lmturmags pir pmrtg jga mjceti ai myujmrí pmrmtglgr kugrzm jg viaultmj y jihclci pripci. Amcleauscõl jg>

=. Ga jirhcr tghprmli (mltgs jg ams ileg

jg am liedg) pmrm rgeupgrmr glgroèms,eil am auz mpmomjm y scl lcloþl rucjiqug pijmhis hmlgnmr myujmríl mgleiltrmr pamegr gl ams sctumecilgsschpags jg am vcjm.




=2?

2. Ga dmegr gngrececi jcmrcmhgltg, usmr am bceceagtm, smacr m eirrgr i emhclmr i prmetcemr ul jgpirtg macvcmríl am tglscõl.

5. Am eilkcmlzm gl Jcis eihi bmsg pmrmul paml jg hmlgni jg ghiecilgsmyujmríl m glkrgltmr ga gstrãs yjgsmzilgs jg am vcjm.

:. Ga eihgr smli brcljmrí ma egrgbri amhmtgrcm prchm pmrm eilstrucr ulm hgnirjcspiscecõl hgltma.

7.

Ga eilsuhi jg iedi vmsis jcmrcis jgmoum purm y jg =2 vmsis gl vgrmli,myujmríl m tglgr ams eãauams jga eugrpiachpcms y gl bugl kulecilmhcglti.

;. Ga mcrg puri brcljmrí ulm hgnir

gvmeumecõl jg ais rgscjuis mãrgis jgaeugrpi.?. Am gxpiscecõl jg qucleg hclutis ma sia

gl ams gstmecilgs jga mýi qug ai pgrhctmlmacvcmrí ams tglecilgs y tilckcemrí am pcga.




=24

4. Am tghpgrmlecm, gs jgecr jg ai bugli, ailgegsmrci y jg ai hmai lmjm, eihikcaisikèm jg vcjm kirtmagegrí am viaultmj pmrm vcvcr eil pripcgjmj.

Rgeugrjg qug sc sg kug mjceti, scghprg

qugjmrí gl ga egrgbri ga emhcli sclíptcei qug sggambirõ eil am mjceecõl eiltclum, pir ai qug sgdmrí hís kíeca rgclcecmr, qug sc li sg dubcgsglulem prmetcemji ul hma díbcti. Pir gaai gslgegsmrci qug ga gx mjceti cjgltckcqug y sg magng

jg ais kmetirgs jgsglemjglmltgs gl am hgjcjm jgai piscbag.




=23

Maoulis hijgais jg emhbci jg eiljuetm

Gxcstgl jcvgrsis hijgais jg gxpaceml gaemhbci jg eiljuetm qug myujml m ulm pgrsilm moucmr m ul mjceti eil ga ibngtcvi jg qug ãstg

rgeupgrg ga eiltria jg su vcjm.

Hijgai jga mutieiltria

Augoi jg eumrgltm mýis jgclvgstcomecilgs, ais gxpgrtis gl gstg hijgai

eileauygl gl qug ga tãrhcli mutieiltria lijgpgljg jg jg ams hitcvmecilgs i kugrzmscltgrlms qug aagvml m ul cljcvcjui m jgecjcremhbcis gl su eiljuetm, scli qug gs ul priegsigl ga euma ga cljcvcjui ouèm, jcrcog y rgouam ga

priegsi jg emhbci jg su pripcm eiljuetm,eilvcrtcãljisg gl metir jg su emhbci.

Gstg hijgai rgqucgrg qug ga cljcvcjuicjgltckcqug euíags sil ais kmetirgs qug

clkauglecml gl su eiljuetm y eõhi gstis kmetirgs




=50

pugjgl sgr hijckcemjis pmrm dmaamr ga emhbcieiljuetuma jgsgmji.

Pmrm aagvmr mjgamltg gsti, gs lgegsmrcijgsmrriaamr trgs ipgrmecilgs chpirtmltgs>

=. Gspgeckcemr euía gs am eiljuetm qug sgqucgrg hijckcemr, cjgltckcemram paglmhgltg y pilgram eihi bamlei.

2. Cjgltckcemr euíags sil ams sctumecilgs qugmltgegjgl m am eiljuetm qug jgsgi

emhbcmr, eumags sil ams eilsgeuglecmsjg am eiljuetm qug qucgri hujmr y suseilsgeuglecms eiljuetumags y siecmags.

5. Chpaghgltmr ul paml jg meecõl qugemhbcg ams sctumecilgs mltgegjgltgs y

eilsgeugltgs.

Gsti gxcog qug sg aagvg m embi ammutiibsgrvmecõl sgrcm y sclegrm, am pamlgmecõlhgjcimhbcgltma eilecglzujm y am priormhmecõl

eiljuetuma pmrm aiormr ga emhbci.




=5=

Am mutiibsgrvmecõl tcglg am kclmacjmj jgeiliegr am krgeuglecm eil qug am eiljuetm qug sgjgsgm emhbcmr sg hmlckcgstm y su rgamecõl eilauomrgs y meiltgechcgltis. Pmrm gsti gs lgegsmrciga usi jg ulm mogljm pmrm ul muti rgocstrimjgeumji.

Am pamlgmecõl hgjcimhbcgltma gs gaemhbci jg ams sctumecilgs qug meihpmýml m ameiljuetm qug sg jgsgm emhbcmr.

Am priormhmecõl eiljuetuma dmeg usi jgais rgkirzmjirgs tmlocbags (prghcis eilergtis) icltmlocbags (prghcis mbstrmetis) eihi aismutiemstcois (prcvmecilgs) pmrm aiormreilergtczmr ais emhbcis jg eiljuetm jgsgmjis.

Gstg hijgai gxcog qug ga pmecgltg tglomam jcspiscecõl y kugrzm jg viaultmj pmrm mutimjhclcstrmrsg ul priormhm jg emhbci jgdíbctis, mulqug tmhbcãl pugjg oizmr jg am




=52

myujm jg ulm rgj jg mhcoi qug ai mpiygsiecmahgltg.=

Hijgai jg ergglecms gl smauj

Gstg hijgai sg bmsm gl eumtri jchglscilgs,

am susegptcbcacjmj pgrecbcjm, qug gs amvmairmecõl qug dmeg ga cljcvcjui jg su pripcm eiljuetm, sc gs buglm, clieum ihmam.

am sgvgrcjmj pgrecbcjm gs eumlji gacljcvcjui eilscjgrm ams eilsgeuglecmsjg sus gageecilgs jg smauj gl tãrhclisjg ormvgjmj.

Bglgkcecis pgrecbcjis, qug gs am

eilscjgrmecõl jg ams jcvgrsms

= Agilmrji Rgylisi Grmzi, y Csmme Ugacosil Lcsglbmuh. > ulglkiqug eiljuetuma > Ga Hmluma Hijgrli,2007), 2= ― 25.




=55

eilsgeuglecms jg ams eiljuetmssmaujmbags qug ga cljcvcjui pugjg tihmssil eiljuetms qug ga cljcvcjui eilieg.

Bmrrgrms pgrecbcjms, sil ams trmbms yibstíeuais qug ga cljcvcjui pugjg

gleiltrmr ma tihmr ulm jgecscõl jg ulmeiljuetm smaujmbag y qug jgbgríglkrgltmr pmrm hmltglgr su jgecscõl.

Gstg hijgai jgpgljg jg am empmecjmj jgmutioibcgrli qug ga cljcvcjui tglom y jg amhitcvmecõl qug pisgm pmrm aiormr ul emhbci.=

Hijgai trmlstgirãtcei y ams gtmpms jg emhbci

= Ghcaci Hirgli Uml Pgjri y Ngsþs OcaRimags- L, ‑ >rgvcscõl tgõrcem, eilscjgrmecõl erètcem y pripugstmmatgrlmtcvm> dmecm ul mlíacscs kulecilma jg ams ‘, Rgvcstm Cltgrlmecilma jg

Psceiaioèm y Zgrípcm Psceiaõocem, 2005, 3= ― =03.




=5:

Pripugsti pir Priedmsfm y JcEaghgltgga mýi =342. Ectmji pir Mlogrmhc-Emhil. Gstghijgai sgýmam qug, pmrm aagomr ma emhbci, gacljcvcjui mtrmvcgsm eclei gstmjcis, ais eumagssil> prgeiltghpamecõl gl ga qug ulm pgrsilm lirgeilieg ul eihpirtmhcglti eihi pribaghítcei. Am kmsg jg eiltghpamecõl gl amqug ais cljcvcjuis rgeiliegl qug dmy ul pribaghm y dmegl pamlgs pmrm rgsiavgrai. Am kmsgjg jgtgrhclmecõl, gl am qug sg jgecjg emhbcmr am

sctumecõl gltrmlji gl am kmsg jg prgpmrmecõl pmrmtihmr meecilgs gkgetcvms gl clorgsmr msè m am kmsgjg am meecõl. Pir þatchi tglghis am kmsg jghmlutglecõl, gl am qug gvctmhis qug aiscljcvcjuis clviauermjis li jgngl sus pmtrilgs

jg eiljuetm lugvis.

=

= Mlogrmhc-Emhil, [. M. (200:). >Pcilgcrm Zdihsil Agmrlclo.




=57

Zgirèm jg am meecõl rmzilmjm

Gstm tgirèm gstmbageg qug am eiljuetmgstí gstrgedmhgltg acomjm m am cltglecõl jgacljcvcjui jg rgmaczmram i li, y gstm cltglecõl m suvgz gstí clkauglecmjm pir>

Ams metctujgs jg am hcshm pgrsilm dmecmam eiljuetm qug qucgrg clcecmr qug m suhmlgrm jg vgr sil ga rgsuatmji jg amsergglecms jg am pgrsilm megrem jg ams

eilsgeuglecms qug memrrgmrí am lugvmeiljuetm.

Ams lirhms subngtcvms qug sil gargsuatmji jg ams ergglecms jg am pgrsilmmegrem jg sc ais jghís eilscjgrml qug

pugjg aagvmr mjgamltg am lugvm eiljuetmy,

Am chpirtmlecm qug ag gs jmjm m am lugvmeiljuetm jgsjg ulm eilscjgrmecõllirhmtcvm i rgoamhgltmrcm y metctujclma




=5;

(sc scgltg qug gs ai hgnir metumr jghmlgrm jckgrgltg).

Ziji gsti aagvm m clcecmr ulm lugvmeiljuetm sgoþl gstm tgirèm.




=5?

=

MPACEMECÕL

= y , ‑ Am tgirèm jg am

meecõl rmzilmjm> chpacemecilgs pmrm ga gstujci jgams metctujgs‘, W Pgjmoõocem jg Jurmloi,? jg sgtcghbrg jg 200?, ?=.

Am ergglecm jg am pgrsilmjg qug am eiljuetm aagvm mecgrtms eilsgeuglecms amgvmaumecõl jg gaams.

Ams ergglecms jg am pgrsilmmegrem jg qug ga cljcvcjuii orupis gspgeèkceis ergglqug pugjgl rgmaczmr am

eiljuetm.

Metctuj dmecmam eiljuetm

Chpirtmlecm rgamtcvm jg ams

eilscjgrmecilgslirhmtcvm y metctujclma.

Lirhmsubngtcvm

Cltg

Ei




=54

Augoi jg vgr gstms trgs pripugstms qugcltgltml gxpacemr ga emhbci jg eiljuetm jg aiscljcvcjuis gleiltrmhis qug gs kuljmhgltma gaemhbcmr ams ergglecms y ams metctujgs jg aiscljcvcjuis pmrm qug gxcstm ul emhbci jgeiljuetm. Gsti gs prijuecji pir ga GspèrctuUmlti gl mqugaais qug ai buseml (Kcacpglsgs 2>=2y =5), ym qug mul am hitcvmecõl gs ul rgomai jgJcis (Umltcmoi =>=?).

Pmrm myujmr m ul cljcvcjui i orupi jg

ogltgs m emhbcmr, dmy qug jgsmrriaamr tmaagrgsjiljg sg gxpaitg, pir sibrg tiji, ga emhbci jgeiliechcglti y metctujgs pmrm qug gaais aagvgljg hmlgrm lmturma ma emhbci jg eiljuetm y msè pugjml jgnmr ais hmais díbctis.




=53

GA NI[GL S UW ]WG DMEGR EIHIPRIHIZIR JG UMAWJ

Am ambir jga nivgl gs hþatcpag. Gs mhcoi,eihpmýgri y prihitir jg eiljuetms smaujmbags.Pgri ini, ga nivgl jgbg dmegr tiji scl jgseucjmrtiji. Zctílcem ambir. Ga nivgl jgbg vcvcr jg tmahmlgrm qug pir su gnghpai sus eihpmýgrismprgljml ais bglgkcecis jg ulm vcjm tghpgrmltg.

Ga nivgl, eihi prihitir jg smauj, jgbgjgsmrriaamr trgs pcamrgs>

Muti gambirmrsg, gjuemr m am eilorgomecõl y

gstmbagegr aclgmhcgltis eamris jg eiljuetm.

Muti gambirmrsg

Gstm quczí gs am hís jckèeca jg ams tmrgms jga nivgl qug qucgrg dmegr ulm ibrm jg prihitir jg




=:0

smauj y jg prgvglecõl jg ams glkgrhgjmjgs, pirqug gsti gxcog qug gstg jgsmrriaag ulm vcjmmeirjg m ai qug prgjcem.

Gsti scolckcem qug ga nivgl ergg y vcvg am rgkirhm pri smauj prmetcemlji gl su vcjm ais iedi

rghgjcis lmturmags y trmtm jg vcvcr m am maturm jgsu gstmtus jg dcni jg Jcis.

=. Zglgr ul dirmrci jg eihulcõl pgrsilmaeil Jcis.

2. Zglgr ul priormhm jg gngrececis kèsceis.5. Bgbgr moum jg hmlgrm eilsecgltg.:. Zihmr sia jg hmlgrm hgtõjcem.7. Rgmaczmr gngrececis rgspcrmtircis.;. Eucjmr ams mvglcjms jga mahm.

?. Jirhcr tghprmli y ai sukcecgltg.4. Eihgr smli y ai hgnir piscbag.

Gjuemr m sus mhcois.




=:=

Zrmtmr jg eilviemr m gxpgrtis gl smauj ygltrglmr m ais viaultmrcis pmrm qug aagvgl ulhglsmng jg smauj prgvgltcvm m ams jckgrgltgsiromlczmecilgs jg am coagscm eubrcglji amsjghmljms lgegsmrcms pir orupi jg gjmjgs, sgxiu ieupmecõl.

Gstmbagegr aclgmhcgltis eamris

Gagvmr y sistglgr ga hmluma jg priegjchcgltis ‑ n,

qn‘ qg sgmhis gleiltrmjis scljibaãs.




=:2

Rgkgrglecms

Mbesgxiaiocm, ‑ A ‘ MBEsgxiaioèm.eihdttp>//mbesgxiaiocm.gstcacschi.eih/prclt.pdp9scj8=?? (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi,2003).

Mjmabgrti Umltmlm, Ga lmreitríkcei gl Mhãrcem

Amtclm. Hãxcei, J.K.> Ucoai TTC, 200:.

Mjceecilgs, ‑ Mjceecõl ma sgxi‘, mjceecilgs.irodttp>//www.mjceecilgs.iro/glkgrhgjmj/sgxi/cljgx.dtha (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi,2003).

Mamcl Egreaã, Ga maeidiacshi> ulm gxpacemecõl

pmrm eihprgljgr, ul glsmyi pmrmrgkagxcilmr . Hãxcei> Ucoai [gcltculi,200:.

Magnmljri Bismef, ¹Pir quã hg suegjcõ gsti m

hè9 Mrogltclm> Gjctircma Fcgr.














=:5

, Gs rmzilmbag sgr

ergygltg9> 70 eugstcilgs metumags gl

tirli m am kg. Hmjrcj> Gjcecilgs Pmambrm,200:.

Mailsi-Kgrlíljgz, Krmlecsei. Ams Lugvms

mjceecilgs> machglti, sgxi, eihprms,tgagvcscõl, nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt .Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005.

Mljrgm _gctzlgr, Myujmlji m pgrsilms eil

mlirgxcm, buachcm y eihgr eihpuascvi>

ouèm príetcem pmrm hmgstris, tgrmpgutms yhãjceis. Hãxcei, J.K.> Gjctircma PmxHãxcei, 2004.

Mljrãs [grmlcm, Oumabgrti Bugam-Emsma, [cegltgG. Embmaai, Cagmlm Mrcms, N. Emrais Ucgrrm,Krmlecsei Bms y Kgrlmlji Bmajciegjm, Hmluma jg gvmaumecõl gl psceiaioèm

eaèlcem y jg am smauj. Hmjrcj> Ucoai TT,=33;.




=::

[. M. Mlogrmhc-Emhil, . > PcilgcrmZdihsil Agmrlclo, 200:.

Mltilcgttg Mhbriscli, Bgrlmrj _yszylsfc,Umltcmoi Hmjgri, Gaczmbgtd Emrrgrms y

Ucavcm Hmtrmn, Hmluma jg pscqucmtrèm pmrm pmecgltgs eil glkgrhgjmjgs hãjcems.Bmregailm> Hmssil, 200;.

Bmamougr Prgstgs, Ribgrti. Cltgrlgt> ul lugvi

gspmeci psceisiecma (Hiltgvcjgi> Gj.Zrcaeg, 2005), =;4.

Bglnmhcl _ [ [d, ‑‘,Hgjaclgpaus,dttp>//www.lah.lcd.oiv/hgjaclgpaus/spml

csd/gley/mrtceag/0005:=.dth (Eilsuatmji>=2 jg mbrca, 2003).

Kgrlíljgz, Gngrececi kèscei y ga

jgpirtg> jg am prgvglecõl m am

tgrmpãutcem. Ivcgji> Wlcvgrscjmj jg

Ivcgji, =333.




=:7

Brmjsdmw, Nidl. Dgmaclo tdg Udmhg Zdmt Bcljs

Siu. Jggrkcgaj Bgmed, Kam> DgmatdEihhulcemtcils, =344.

, y KgrlmljiRispcoacisc.

TTC> rgkirhms lgihcactmrcshi. Achm> CGP, Clstctuti jgGstujcis Pgrumlis, 200;.

Emrais K. Ritdhmll , Zãelcems y eilsgnis pmrm

jgnmr jg kuhmr . Buglis Mcrgs>Chmoclmjir, 200=.

Egagstg Bijcli, Ams mjceecilgs> jga usi m am

jgpgljglecm. Buglis Mcrgs> Ailosgaagr,200=.

Edmrags D Gaacitt y Amurm A. Uhctd, Mlscgjmj

pmrm juhhcgs. Eiaihbcm> Lirhm, 200:.




=:;

Eamujcm Bamef, Gsi li hg suegjgrí> dcnis

mjuatis eil pmjrgs maeidõaceis. Hãxcei>Írbia, 2000.

Jmvcj Nmlfcls, Hgnirghis am smauj m tijms ams

gjmjgs ul hmluma pmrm ga emhbci jg

eihpirtmhcglti. _msdclotil J. E.>Iromlczmecõl Pmlmhgrcemlm jg am Umauj,2007.

Jmvcj P Hiirg y Nmhgs _. Ngkkgrsil. ã. Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr,

2007.

Jgllcs Eiil, .

Hãxcei> Cltgrlmtcilma Zdihsil, 2007.

Jgllcs Eiil, . > Zdihsil,

2007.

. Jceecilmrcis Ixkirj-Eihpautglsg. Hmjrcj> GjctircmaEihpautglsg, 200:.




=:?

, ‑ Pmstm bíscem jg eiemèlm‘,jriomsoaibm,dttp>//www.jriomsoaibma.iro.pg/jrioms.pd p9ctgh85Y2 (Eilsuatmji> 0: jg hmyi,2003).

Gmra Dcpp, ã ã> ouèm pmrmmjiagsegltgs. Hãxcei, J.K.> Gjctircma PmxHãxcei, =335.

Gj Siulo, Ugxi puri. Ga Pmsi, Zx> EmsmBmutcstm jg Pubacemecilgs, =333.

Gaczmbgtd Gttirrg, Hungrgs y maeidia> ¹pa 9. Hmjrcj> Lmregm, =334.

Ghcaci Hirgli Uml Pgjri y Ngsþs Oca Rimags-

L, ‑ Ga hijgai jg ergglecms jg smauj>rgvcscõl tgõrcem, eilscjgrmecõl erètcem y

pripugstm matgrlmtcvm> dmecm ul mlíacscs

kulecilma jg ams ergglecms gl smauj ‘, Rgvcstm Cltgrlmecilma jg Psceiaioèm y

Zgrípcm Psceiaõocem, 2005.









=:4

, y . Dmy

vcjm jgspuãs jg-- ams jrioms9> hmluma jg

prchgris muxcacis pmrm mtgljgr ams

mjceecilgs. > G,200:.

Kgrlmlji Jcgz, JG[M. Hmjrcj> EírctmsGspmýiam, =334.

-, Ams Lugvms

mjceecilgs> machglti, sgxi, eihprms,

tgagvcscõl, nugoi, trmbmni, cltgrlgt .Hmjrcj> ZGM, 2005.

Krmlecsei Mailzi Kgrlíljgz, Pir quã

trmbmnmhis. Gspmým> Jcmz jg Umltis.

Ombrcga Hgncm, Umauj y sgxumacjmj . Eistm Rcem>GWLGJ, 200;.

Ogrmaj H Kglcedga, Lguriaiocm pgjcmtrcem

eaclcem> ul glkiqug pir scolis y sèltihms.Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr/Umuljgrs, 200;..




=:3

Ocusgppg Mhmrm, Pgrsgoucjis gl ga pmrmèsi>

eamvgs pmrm gleiltrmr ulm smacjm m ams

mjceecilgs. Hãxcei> Gjctircma Agetiruh,2002.

Oaircm Gseibmr, Jgsmtmlji ga luji.

Cltgrmeecilgs duhmlms mjcetcvms.Wlcvgrscjmj jg Emajms, 200;.

Oumabgrti Bugam-Emsma, [cegltg G. Embmaai, N.Emrais Ucgrrm, Hmluma jg gvmaumecõl gl

psceiaioèm eaèlcem y jg am smauj . Hmjrcj>

Ucoai TT, =33;.

Dgrbgrt A., Pgtrc, Nidl H Oivgrl, y UmaclmsIrtcz, Hitcvmecõl. Zgirèm, clvgstcomecõl y

mpacemecilgs. Hãxcei> Zdihsil, 200;.

, , Rucz. > ulm lugvm

glkgrhgjmj . Bmregailm> Hmssil, 200=.

CEMRGU (Iromlczmtcil). >




=70

W , KiljiGjctircma, =335.

Crwcl O Umrmsil y Bmrbmrm R. Umrmsil. > ga

pribaghm jg am eiljuetm clmjmptmjm.

Hãxcei> G, 200;.Crwcl O., Umrmsil y Bmrbmrm R. Umrmsil.

> ga

pribaghm jg am eiljuetm clmjmptmjm.Hãxcei> G, 200;.

Csmbga Zrcougris, Zghmrci pmrm am prgpmrmecõl

jg ipiscecilgs> trmbmnmjir siecma .Hmjrcj> Maema jg Oumjmrm, 2007.

N. N. Hirgli, _. Utmkk y K. N. Dgrrgri,Zmbmqucshi priormhm pmrm jgnmr jg kuhmr. Gspmým> Jcmz jg Umltis, 2005.

Nmhgs Uaibijzcgl, Dmwmcc mlj Edrcstcml

Rgacocius Mjjcetcil. WUM> WlcvgrsmaPubacsdgr, 200:.




=7=

Nmlg Lgasgl y Ayll Aitt. ã lcjmj mhmbag

y kcrhg. Hãxcei> Gjcecilgs Ruz, 2005.

, Hmtgrcmags pmrm amcltgrvglecõl siecma y gjuemtcvm mltg ga

eilsuhi jg jrioms. Macemltg> GjctircmaEaub Wlcvgrsctmrci, 200;.

Ngml Emrpgr y Mjrcmlm Dmssml, Ais machgltis>

hgjceclm hcamorism. Eiaihbcm> Gjctircma Lirhm, =33:.

Niga M. Krgghml, Eihi vcvcr gl pmz eil tu

eilecglecm scl viavgrtg aiei. Gspmým>EACG, =332.

Niga M. Krgghml, Eihi vcvcr gl pmz eil tu

eilecglecm scl viavgrtg aiei. Gspmým>EACG, =332.




=72

Nidml [mljgracljgl, Zrmuhm, jcsiecmecõl y

jgseiltria jg ais chpuasis gl ais

trmstirlis machgltmrcis. Buglis Mcrgs>Orílcem, =333.

Nidl Brmjsdmw, y Hmromrctm Hiltgs Busedbgef,

d d ais GW mlmaczm y meilsgnm. Hãxcei>Ugagetir, 2000.

Nisã Aulm , ¹]uã dmegr eil ul dcni mjceti9.

Eiaihbcm, Gjctircma Uml Pmbai, =33;.

Nisã Hmrèm Agõl Rubci, Psceiaioèm jg am Umauj y

jg am emacjmj jg vcjm. Bmregailm> WIE,200:.

. Mjceecilgs> eõhi prgvglcrams gllcýis y nõvglgs. , Eiaihbcm> OrupiGjctircma Lirhm, 2005.

Nisd HeJiwgaa y Bib Distgtagr, > ulm ouèm




=75

, pmstirgs, hmgstris y pmjrgs. Ga Pmsi, ZT>Gjctircma Hulji Dcspmli, 2000.

Nulg Dult, Eamvgs bèbacems pmrm eilsgngrèm,tihi 7. Eiaihbcm> Egltris jg actgrmturm

ercstcmlm, s/k.

Flmugr, Umljy. Uurvcvirs Rgeivgrclo krih

Ugxuma Mbusg, Mjjcetcils, mlj

Eihpuascvg Bgdmvcirs> "Luhb"

Uurvcvirs. Lgw Sirf> Dmwirtd Uiecma

_irf Prmetceg Prgss, 200=.

Am Rgviauecõl Jga Hmrfgtclo Jga

Gltrgtglchcglti. Megremlji ais hmolmtgs,

ais hgjcis y am hmocm, ma hulji. LibufiUm, 200;.

Agi Ombrcga, Ocabgrti Aõpgz y Rcvms, Mutilihèms cljèoglms gl Mhãrcem Amtclm>

lugvms kirhms jg eilvcvglecms piaètcems. Gspmým> Pmzms y [majgz, 2007.




=7:

Agilmrji Rgylisi Grmzi, y Csmme Ugacosil Lcsglbmuh. smauj> ul glkiqug eiljuetuma . Hãxcei> GaHmluma Hijgrli, 2007.

Acll, Hmttdgw, Udgcam Kmbrcemlt Acll, y Jgllcs

Acll. Dgmaclo Upcrctuma Mbusg & Rgacocius Mjjcetcil. Lgw Sirf> PmuacstPrgss, =33:.

Aamlgzm, Krmlecsei Nmvcgr. Groilihèm y

psceisieciaioèm mpacemjm> hmluma pmrm am

kirhmecõl jga gspgecmacstm. [maamjiacj>Gjctircma Agx Livm, 200?.

- , N. N. Bmregailm> Oaism,2007.

, Kmrhmeioliscm. Hmjrcj>Gasgvcgr, 2005.

Aucs Brmvi y Gacsm Hmrdugjm, Hmluma jg

kmrhmeiaioèm. Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr, 2007.




=77

y , ‑ Am tgirèm jg am meecõl

rmzilmjm> chpacemecilgs pmrm ga gstujci

jg ams metctujgs‘, W jg Jurmloi, ? jg sgtcghbrg jg 200?.

Aucs Ucavm, Eucjmjis glkgrhgris gl mtglecõl

prchmrcm> priormhm jg smauj jga mjuati yga mlecmli. Ugvcaam> Gjctircma Hmj, 200;.

Aucs Ucavm, Eucjmjis glkgrhgris gl mtglecõl

prchmrcm> priormhm jg smauj jga mjuati y

ga mlecmli. Ugvcaam> Gjctircma Hmj, 200;.

Auz Gaczilji y Mloga Ecj, Prclecpcis bísceis

jg smauj . Hãxcei> Achusm, Lircgom, 2002.

H. Pgrgz, ‑¹]uã gs am mjceecõl ma sgxi9‘, sictu,dttp>//www.sictu.gs/sictu/2004/=0/20/sgxi

/=22::35;;3Y7:773:.dtha (eilsuatmji>25 jg hmrzi, 2003).

Hmjrcj Aõpgz, R.C. ‑ Am Mjceecõl m Cltgrlgt ‘.Psceiaioèm Ilaclg. dttp>//www.psceiaiocm-












=7;

ilaclg.eih/eiambirmjirgs/lmedi/mcltgrlgt.dth (Eilsuatmji> =? hmrzi, 2003).

Hmre Jmvcj, mjgaomzmr . Riedgstgr, [t> Cllgr

Zrmjctcils, 2004.Hmrèm Emýma, Mjceecilgs> eõhi prgvglcrams gl

lcýis y nõvglgs. Bioití> Orupi Gjctircma Lirhm, 2005.

G, Jgnm jgrihpgr tus jcgtms. Hãxcei, J.K.> Ugagetir,200:.

Hmry Bgtd Bilmeec, Zus prgoultms y ams

rgspugstms sibrg mhir y sgxi. Hmjrcj>

Gjcecilgs Pmambrm, 2002.

Híxchi Rmvglm, Wlm jgaomjm aèlgm. Gspmým>Gjctircma Omagrlm, 200;), =07.




=7?

Hgrag M Kissuh y Hmrcayl N. Hmsil, Am

vgroñg lzm> eõhi glkrgltmram y rgsiavgram.Hãxcei, J.K.> Gjctircma Pmx Hãxcei,=343.

Hgrag M. Kissuh y Hmrcayl N. Hmsil,

.Hãxcei, J.K.> Gjctircma Pmx Hãxcei,=343.

d Fd, ‑ Jghmscmjm emkgèlm pijrèm

oglgrma maueclmecilgs> gstujci‘,

HGJACLGPAWU,dttp>//www.lah.lcd.oiv/hgjaclgpaus/spmlcsd/lgws/kuaastiryY?5?30.dtha (Eilsuatmji> 07 jg mbrca, 2003;).

Hcedmga Fglt, Jceecilmrci Ixkirj jg hgjceclm

y ecglecms jga jgpirtg. Bmregailm>Gjctircma Pmcjitrcbi, 2005.

Ihmr Oõhgz, Gjuemecõl pmrm am smauj . UmlNisã> GWLGJ, 2002.









=74

Pmbai Rissc, Jrioms y ais mjiagsegltgs. Hmjrcj>Gjctircma Zãbmr, sk.

, ‑ Mlirgxcm lgrvcism‘, ,dttp>//www.lah.lcd.oiv/hgjaclgpaus/spmlcsd/gley/mrtceag/0005;2.dth (Eilsuatmji>

=2 jg mbrca, 2003).Rmkmga Aclmrgs, Psceiaioèm jga jgpirtg

(Mrogltclm> Gjctircma Brunms, 200=), ===.

Rmfga J., Hgjceclm Cltgormtcvm. Gspmým>

Gasgvcgr.

Rmhõl Bmaagstgr y Nisã Bmamougr, Zixceiaioèm

eaèlcem. [maglecm> Wlcvgrsctmt jg [maglecm,200:.

Rmhõl Bmaagstgr y Nisã Bmamougr, Zixceiaioèmeaèlcem. [maglecm> Wlcvgrsctmt jg [maglecm,200:.




=73

Rcedmrj G Bgdrhml, Ribgrt H. Facgohml, y DmaB. Nglsil. Lgasil trmtmji jg pgjcmtrèm.Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr, 200:.

Rcedmrj Ogrrco, Psceiaioèm y vcjm. Hãxcei>Pgmrsil Gjuemecõl, 2007.

Ribgrt Eriifs, Lugstrm sgxumacjmj . WUM>Eglomog Agmrlclo Amtcl Mh, 2000.

Ribgrt Lirtd y Rcedmrj Irmlog, Ga maeidiacshigl am nuvgltuj. Hãxcei> Gjctircma Írbia,

=337.

Ribcl Lirwiij, Ams hungrgs qug mhml

jghmscmji. Hãxcei> B, 2007.

Ribcl Lirwiij, Ams hungrgs qug mhml

jghmscmji. Hgxcei> Gjcecilgs B, 2007.

Riogr Uhctd, Hmrcbga Hcouga, Lurcm Pirtm jg amRcvm y Krmlf Lgttgr, Ibstgtrcecm,

oclgeiaioèm y smauj g am hungr (Gspmým>Hmssil, 2007.




=;0

Ril Aueg, . Eiairmji Uprclos, Eiai> LgxOgl, 200:.

Umljy Krctz, Kuljmhgltis jga hmsmng

tgrmpãutcei. Hmjrcj> Gasgvcgr, 2007.

Ugml HeJiwgaa, -f> jgecscilgs gl ul hulji

jiljg tiji eugltm. Lmsdvcaag, Zgll> B&DPubacsdclo Oriup, 200?.

Ugxi mjcetis mlõlchis, ‑¹]uã gs ulm mjceecõl

ma sgxi9‘, UGTMMdttp>//www.sgxmm.iro/gspmlia/mjjcet.dth (eilsuatmji> 25 jg hmrzi, 2003).

, Aucs. Eucjmjis glkgrhgris gl

mtglecõl prchmrcm> priormhm jg smauj jga

mjuati y ga mlecmli. Ugvcaam> GjctircmaHmj, 200;.

Ucavmlm Rcooci, Eaèlcems pscqucítrcems jg

Lirtgmhãrcem. [ia. 24/2007/5. Bmrsgailm>Hmssil, 200;.







=;=

Utgvgl Dyhml, Hmluma jg uroglecms

pscqucítrcems. Bmregailm> Hmssil-Acttag,=33;.

Uusml Pcef, ã> prchgr

ormji> yi qucgri, yi pugji. Hãxcei, J.K.>

Achusm, 2002.[. G Embmaai,

- . G> Ucoai TTC Gjctirgs,=334.

Tmbcgr Mrmlm y . d y .Hmjrcj> Jyfclsil, 200;.

Siulo, Fchbgray U. Emuodt cl tdg Lgt> Diw ti Rgeiolczg tdg Ucols ik Cltgrlgt Mjjcetcil-

-mlj m _cllclo Utrmtgoy kir Rgeivgry.

Lgw Sirf> N. _cagy, =334.




=;2




=;5

Svíl Bmambmrem Eírjglms

Gs pmstir y mjghís gs hmocstgr gl Umauj Pþbacemeil hglecõl gl Umauj Eiagetcvm y Prihiecõl jg

am Umauj. Metumahgltg eursm ulm hmgstrèm glZgiaioèm.

Ga pmstir Bmambmrem gstí emsmji eil [cetircmHmrtèlgz y tcglgl jis prgecisms dcnms, Ngdcgay y

Uipdèm.Uu hclcstgrci gstm jcrgeecilmji dmecm ais nõvglgs, gl gsg hmrei sg jgsghpgým eihijiegltg jg am Kmeuatmj jg Zgiaioèm jg amWlcvgrscjmj Pgrumlm Wlcõl, jiljg jcskrutm jgachpmrtcr eamsgs m sus mauhlis.

Gs mutir jg>

=. Livcmzoi jg ãxcti (acbri)

2. Mhmr dmstm qug jugam (acbri)




=;:

5. Livcmzoi jg Ãxcti (J[J):. Rgamecilgs Mkgetcvms (J[J, gl

eipmrtcecpmecõl)7. Brgvg dcstircm jga ercstcmlcshi ([EJ);. Ngsþs gl ga acbri jg Jmlcga ([EJ)

Mjghís jg vmrcis mrtèeuais pubacemjis glhgjcis chprgsis jglihclmecilmags.

Pugjgl vcsctmrai gl>

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