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Sndrome ReproductivoRespiratorio Porcino

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El sndrome respiratorio y reproductivoporcino (PRRS), es una enfermedadinfecciosa de origen vrico, que emergepor vez en 1989, estando en la actualidadconsiderada como uno de los problemasms importantes del sector porcino

mundial.

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SINONIMIAS:

Plaga porcina del 89

Porcine Epidemic Abortion and

Respiratory Sindrome (PEARS)

Aborto Azul

Enfermedad Misteriosa del Cerdo

Enfermedad de las orejas azules

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Virus de PRRS

FamiliaArteroviridae

GneroArtevirus

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EU, Pases de Europa comoAlemania, Holanda, ReinoUnido, Blgica, Espaa,

Dinamarca, Norte Amricaincluido Mxico, Asia

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El principal mecanismo de transmisin de PRRS es el contactodirecto con un cerdo infectado.

La entrada de nuevos reproductores o el traslado de animales

son las causas ms importantes de nuevos focos.

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Patogenia del virus dePRRS

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Patogenia del virus dePRRS

El virus entra por mucosas, se multiplica en macrfagoslocales, tambin puede multiplicarse en Neumocitos tipo II,despus llega a sangre, en donde produce un cuadro deviremia por alrededor de 6 u 8 semanas mientras se monta la

respuesta inmune.

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Por sangre el virus se distribuye a diversos rganosproduciendo:Neumona intersticialVasculitisMiocarditisEncefalitisRinitis

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En cerdas gestantes atraviesa barrera placentariaprovocando abortos en el ltimo tercio de la gestacin,momificaciones, el nacimiento de lechones dbiles

muertos.En los machos afecta cantidad y calidad de semen.

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3 formas de presentacin de la

enfermedad PRRS:

1.- Forma epidmica o reproductiva2.- Forma endmica, respiratoria

crnica3.- Forma subclnica

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Forma epidmica, reproductiva agudaEn granjas libres de PRRS se puede infectar el 100% de lascerdas y sufrir una viremia de alrededor de 3 semanas de

duracin.

Si la hembra est en el ltimo tercio de gestacin el virus alatravesar la barrera placentaria y produce nacimiento de fetosmomificados, lechones muertos dbiles junto con animalesnormales y aborto.

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Forma endmica, respiratoria crnica

Aparece cuando la granja se he recuperado de la forma aguda,

los lechones sufren un periodo de viremia de alrededor de 6 a 8semanas, excretan durante largo tiempo el virus, infectando alos lechones o cerdos que ingresan a las diferentes reas deproduccin.

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Es frecuente observar signos respiratorios, edema en prpados,y aumento en todos los ganglios linfticos, neumonaanteroventral.

En histopatologa se observa neumona intersticial con infiltradode mononucleares y engrosamiento de los espaciosinteralveolares, sin necrosis bronquiolar ( a diferencia deInfluenza Porcina que s tiene necrosis alveolar).

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Los cerdos sufren infecciones bacterianas secundarias queagravan el cuadro neumnico, complicando diagnsticoclnico y morfolgico.

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Forma subclnica

Son granjas que presentan serologa positiva a PRRS, sin

haberse detectado ninguna de las formas anteriores. Puederelacionarse con la infeccin de cepas de muy bajapatogenicidad de tal forma que el cuadro pasa completamentedesapercibido.

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PI muy variable, desde 5 -37 das

Curso 6-8 semanas

Morbilidad ?

Mortalidad ?

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Con frecuencia durante los episodios de PRRS se

presentan infecciones secundarias asociadas,como las producidas por Haemophilus parasuis,Streptococcus suis, Salmonella cholerasuis,Pasteurella multicida yActinobacillus

pleuropneumoniae y el Virus de laEncefalomiocarditis, Aujeszky, CoronavirusRespiratorio, Paramixovirus, etc.

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Introduccin de Cerdos sin control previo

Falta de Cuarentenas

Proximidad a granjas infectadas Tamao (+ de 500 cerdas)

Programa de Bioseguridad inadecuados

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Algunas especies aviares, los patos en particular, son susceptibles a lainfeccin por el virus de PRRS eliminando virus durante semanas enheces, y pone de manifiesto la necesidad de evaluar la susceptibilidadde otras especies aviares que frecuentan las explotaciones, comoposibles vas de transmisin del virus.

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Serologa

ELISA (ms usada)

Inmunofluorescencia

InmunoperoxidasaSuero Neutralizacin

PCR (Reaccin en Cadena de la Polimerasa)

Aislamiento Viral

Macrfagos Alveolares Porcinos

Lnea Celular Generando efecto citopatico

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Suero

Lavados bronquioalveolares

Pulmn

Semen

Tejidos Fetales

Orina y heces

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Ingelvac PRRS MLV(vacuna vivaatenuada)

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Cyblue

PYRSVAC-183 (En engorda, pero no enreproductores)

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Respetar los periodos de cuarentena, restringiendo el accesode visitantes en la granja, imponiendo un cambio obligatorio

de ropa a la entrada de las instalaciones y evitando laentrada de vehculos dentro del permetro de las misma.

La limpieza de los locales y el uso de desinfectantes es unamedida necesaria.

Se deben separar los cerdos que presenten signos respiratorios a

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Se deben separar los cerdos que presenten signos respiratorios, alugares donde no haya corrientes de aire, evitar que se mezclen conotros animales y se debe evitar la superpoblacin para evitar el estrs.

Asegurar que los lechones ingieran el calostro en el momento del

nacimiento y a las 4 horas, adems de darles electrolitos, glucosa ycalostro natural y artificial.

Como medida para reducir el estrs en los lechones recin

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Como medida para reducir el estrs en los lechones recinnacidos se ha propuesto evitar el corte de los colmillos,especialmente en los lechones nacidos dbiles, y retrasar lainyeccin de hierro hasta los 3 das de edad y el corte de cola

hasta los 5 das En los verracos, para mitigar los problemas de infertilidad, se

debe recurrir a la inseminacin artificial o al menos utilizardistintos verracos en cada monta para reducir el riesgo derepeticiones

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No existe un tratamiento especifico para laenfermedad y lo nico que se puede hacer esaplicar medidas profilcticas.

Se recomienda aadir tetraciclina al piensode gestacin durante 4 semanas,furazolidona al pienso de lactacin e inyectara los lechones con antibiticos de larga

duracin a los 3, 6 y 9 das de edad; adems,dar tetraciclinas, sulfonamidas o tilosinadurante 3 4 semanas a los cerdos encrecimiento.

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