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Ak klbrh shbra ki lmtarprati`lm, pubkl`ijh am 9

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Z, mi`a ja ki `hmvl``lm, inpklinamta jlcumjlji am ki `ukturi eurjl`inhjarmi i pirtlr ja ki Lkustri`lm, ja qua axlsti um slomlcl`ijh prhplh, h var-jijarh, ja kis mhrnis, pra-`hmstltuljh raspa`th i, y jak thjh lmjapamjlamta ja,khs prh`ashs am khs `uikas y `hm khs `uikas khs hparijhras eurjl`hs anpkaimkis mhrnis nlsnis1.

Am ak `amtrh jak pamsinlamth ja Z ast, am `inblh, ki jlstlm`lm amtraamum`lijh y slomlcl`ijh3. Ki hphrtumljij ja tik jlstlm`lm raphsi shbra umislnpka `hmstiti`lm anprl`i, tim hbvli qua su varjij pira`a lm`hmtastibka.Ki `hmstiti`lm as ki sloulamta5 `iji amum`lijh klmostl`h, `hmtamljh am khsjh`unamths mhrnitlvhs qua `hnmnamta sa `hnpramjam bieh ak mhnbraja cuamtas jak jara`dh, as ja da`dh amtamjljh y usijh am nhjhs jlvarshs y`hmckl`tlvhs phr jlvarshs hparijhras eurjl`hs am jlvarshs nhnamths y `lr-`umstim`lis.

Am htris pikibris, khs amum`lijhs mhrnitlvhs, ja khs uikas ast `hmstltuljh akjls`ursh ja kis cuamtas, thkarim mh shkh umi lmtarprati`lm, slmh umi pkurikl-jij ja lmtarprati`lhmas iktarmitlvis?. Whr timth, kis jlsphsl`lhmas kaolskitlvislm`hrphrim mh yi um shkh, umvh`h, slomlcl`ijh, slmh timths slomlcl`ijhs jlsyum-tinamta `uimtis shm kis jlcaramtas lmtarprati`lhmas ijnlslbkas. Am suni, asma`asirlh jlstlmoulr khs amum`lijhs ja sus slomlcl`ijhs phr ki slnpka rizm jaqua mh sa ji `hrrasphmjam`li blumvh`i amtra khs umhs y khs htrhs4.

Ja asta nhjh, i ki ml`i a lmjlstlmti mh`lm ja mhrni, `iri`tarstl`i ja kijh`trlmi trijl`lhmik, Z ki sustltuya `hm jhs mh`lhmas ns pra`lsis

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2. Ki mh`lm ja mhrni akibhriji phr Z as lmstrunamtik i umi tahrija ki lmtarprati`lm h, `hnh k jl`a, i umi tahri ja ki nimlpuki`lm ja khspra`apths eurjl`hs99.

Ki tahri ja ki lmtarprati`lm, mtasa blam, as um jls`ursh jas`rlptlvhqua ras-phmja i ki praoumti5 @nh, ja da`dh, am um inblamta lmstltu`lhmik jijh, khs

hparijhras eurjl`hs anpkaim khs jh`unamths mhrnitlvhs (...)8. Whr timth,akki mh di ja `hmcumjlrsa `hm ki ljahkhoi ja ki lmtarprati`lm, h sai, `hm khsjls`urshspras`rlptlvhsqua rasphmjam i ki praoumti5 Yu t`ml`i ja anpkahja khs jh`unamths mhrnitlvhs as naehranpkair, lmju`lr i htrhs i anpkair,civhra`ar najlimta prhpioimji y akholir8.

@hm cra`uam`li, thjivi dhy, eurlstis y clkshchs jak jara`dh mh slanpra ambuami ca `hmclourim i ki lmtarprati`lm `hnh jas`ubrlnlamth jak sloml-cl`ijh ja umi mhrni92, phr timth, `hnh i`tlvljij `homltlvi, qua tlama phrhbeath mhrnis y prhju`a hmh`lnlamth ja mhrnis90. As hbvlh qua, jasja astapumth ja vlsti, khs amum`lijhs ja khs lmtrpratas ipira`am `hnh amum`lijhsjak kamouiea jas`rlptlvh5 amum`lijhs, i khs qua phr timth `hrrasphmjam khsprajl`ijhs ja varjijarh y ja ciksh. Cra`uamtanamta, as`rlba Z, saamtlamja phr lmtarprati`lm um prh`ash lmtaka`tuik phr ak `uik, jiji umi kayh umi mhrni (...), sa kkaoi i `hnpramjar ak slomlcl`ijh6 tik `hnpramslmsa vikjri ja raokis h `mhmas, ak `hrra`th anpkah ja khs `uikas oirimtlziriumi lmtarprati`lm varjijari, axi`ti, `hrra`ti, mh arriji6 umi vaz`hnpramjljh ak slomlcl`ijh, umi vaz ipradamjlji ki mhrni axi`tinamta,sari phslbka (i) hmchrnir ak prhplh hnphrtinlamth ik nimjith ja ki mhrni6(b) vikhrir h euzoir um `hnphrtinlamth `hm racaram`li i ki mhrni6 y, phr

pirta ja um roimh, (`) ipkl`ir ki mhrni9:

. Z, phr ak hmtrirlh, mlaoi qua puaji jls`rlnlmirsa amtra umi lmtarpra-ti`lm varjijari y umi lmtarprati`lm ciksi, asth as, amtra umi lmtarprati`lm

rachrnukijhs `hnh prhbkanis ja t`ml`i ja raji``lm ja khs taxths mhrnitlvhs. Jijiumi `larti chrnuki`lm mhrnitlvi, mhs praoumtiranhs i qu phslbkas nimlpuki`lhmaslmtarpratitlvis akki ast sueati phr pirta ja khs hparijhras eurjl`hs. Plntrl`inamta,jiji umi mhrni qua sa amtlamja anltlr, mhs praoumtiranhs `uk sai ki chrnuki`lm

qua sa prasti i namhras nimlpuki`lhmas am saja ja lmtarprati`lm.99 O. Z,Jlrltth, amum`litl, usl, `lt., p. 934.92 O. Z,Klmtarpratizlhma jakki kaooa, `lt., p. 39.90 O. Z,Jlrltth, amum`litl, usl, `lt., p. 04< ss.9: O. Z,Jlrltth, amum`litl, usl, `lt., p. 04

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qua prakujli i ki ipkl`i`lm ja ki mhrni y umi cikiz lmtarprati`lm qua prakujli,am `inblh, i umi jasipkl`i`lm (...) ja ki mhrni91.

k jlstlmoua jhs samtljhs jak trnlmh lmtarprati`lm93. Am um prlnar samtljh,lmtarprati`lm sa raclara i umi i`tlvljij5 ki itrlbu`lm ja slomlcl`ijh i umamum`lijh9?. Am um saoumjh samtljh, lmtarprati`lm sa raclara ik prhju`th ja

asti i`tlvljij5 h sai, ak slomlcl`ijh itrlbuljh i um amum`lijh. Am ak nblth jaki axparlam`li eurjl`i, ki i`tlvljij lmtarpratitlvi vlarta shbra khs amum`lijhsmhrnitlvhs ja kis cuamtas (kis jlsphsl`lhmas) y prhju`a mhrnis94.

Pl amtamjanhs phr mhrni h pra`apth ak slomlcl`ijh ja um amum`lijh mhrni-tlvh, mh jlranhs qua kis mhrnis tamoim um slomlcl`ijh, phr ki buami rizm jaqua umi mhrni mh as htri hsi qua um slomlcl`ijh (ijs`rlpth phr um lmtrpratai um amum`lijh mhrnitlvh)9

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um slomlcl`ijh am pracaram`li ja htrhs as cruth ja vhkl`lm (i`th ja vhkumtij,ja`i F29), mh ja `hmh`lnlamth. Whr timth, kis lmtarprati`lhmas ja khsamum`lijhs pra`aptlvhs (...) mh shm (mh puajam sar) ml varjijaris ml ciksis6ja umi lmtarprati`lm sa phjr ja`lr qua sai aca`tlvinamta aca`tuiji, h ph-slbka, h ra`hnamjibka, parh mum`i qua sai varjijari, ml qua sai ciksi22.

Asta nhjh ja pamsir tlama ak aca`th avljamta ja jasi`rajltir ki trijl`lhmikraprasamti`lm ja ki jhontl`i eurjl`i `hnh `hmh`lnlamth ja amtljijasmhrnitlvis pra-`hmstltuljis, h sai, `hnh `lam`li am samtljh pkamh. PaomZ, ki jhontl`i eurjl`i as mh `lam`li, slmh phktl`i jak jara`dh5 nspra`lsinamta, piri ja`lrkh `hm Ikc R, phktl`i ja satamtli caramji20.

Ijans, asta nhjh ja pamsir tlama ak aca`th ja jasi`rajltir iquakkh quaDarbart D di kkinijh um mhbka suah, h sai, ki `raam`li, qulzs ki ca,ja qua (...) khs eua`as mh `raim jara`dh muavh piri rashkvar kis `hmtrhvarslisi akkhs shnatljis, slmh qua ipkl`im i akkis ak jara`dh axlstamta2:.

Am clm, asta nhjh ja pamsir prajlsphma i imiklzir kis jh`trlmis ja khs eurlstis`hm i`tltuj priontl`i5 mh lmtarrhomjhsa shbra sus (lmsubslstamtas) vikhrasja varjij, slmh praoumtmjhsa ukas saim sus hmjl`lhminlamths ljahkol`hsy sus hbeatlvhs phktl`hs. Pl as varjij as`rlba Z qua kis tahriseurjl`is shm lmstrunamths pr`tl`hs, amthm`as as rizhmibka praoumtirsa

29 D. F, Zda Kiw hc tda Qmltaj Mitlhms. I @rltl`ik Imikysls hc Lts Cumjinamtik Wrhb-kans, Khmjhm, 9

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imta thjh piri di`ar qu umi tahri slrvi h piri qu puaji sarvlr6 mh slamjhrizhmibka ak mh pkimtairsa tik praoumti, i namhs qua sa qularim sustriar kisjh`trlmis ja khs eurlstis i ki `rtl`i phktl`i21.

Jasja ak pumth ja vlsti ja Z, kis jh`trlmis ja khs eurlstis jabam sarimiklzijis mh `hnh tahris `lamtcl`is (h sai, jls`urshs ja khs qua sa puaji

`hmtrhkir ki varjij h ciksajij), slmh `hnh hpari`lhmas ja phktl`i jak jara-`dh, sus`aptlbkas, `hnh tikas, mh yi ja ipra`li`lm `lamtcl`i, slmh ns blamja vikhri`lhmas ljahkol`h-phktl`is.

Am kis tasls ja Z sa puaja kaar, lnpk`lti, ki suoaram`li ja thrmir hbeathja `lam`li eurjl`i mh i kis mhrnis (am `uikqular samtljh ja asti pikibri),slmh i kis jh`trlmis y kis i`tlvljijas nimlpukijhris ja khs eurlstis. Z,am suni, ji `rjlth i ki ljai ja qua `hmh`ar ak jara`dh sai mh yi `hmh`arkhs jh`unamths kaolskitlvhs, slmh `hmh`ar su ush phr pirta ja khs hparijhraseurjl`hs23.

0. Z ra`uarji `hm slnpiti iquk niolstrik amsiyh ja 9

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ja ki i`tlvljij eurlsjl``lhmik, slmh qua slnpkanamta rackaeim jlvaroam`lisphktl`h-ljahkol`is am thrmh i ki is kkiniji sapiri`lm ja khs phjaras, ikis raki`lhmas amtra ak kaolskijhr janh`rtl`h y ak phjar eujl`lik, at`. y umjlvarsh ush jak kamouiea am cum`lm parsuislvi24.

Jl`dh asth, Z ioraoi5 `hnh as hbvlh, asta clmh imklsls ja @ pua-

ja vikar tinblm piri ak prhbkani ns oamarik, ja sl ki mhrni pra`aji `hnhjith, h sloi hnh prhju`th, i ki lmtarprati`lm ja khs hparijhras eurjl`hs2

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`lm ja khs jh`unamths mhrnitlvhs. Wuas blam, ki ljai ja Z as qua akaspi`lh jak jara`dh eurlsprujam`lik, ium sl mh aklnlmibka, jabi ik namhs astir`lr`ums`rlpth5 phr um kijh, `hnbitlamjh ki phkltlzi`lm ja khs eua`as6 phr akhtrh, avltimjh chrnuki`lhmas kaolskitlvis viois, inblouis, lmjatarnlmijis02.

Ijans, Z `hmsljari qua ki `rai`lm eurlsprujam`lik ja jara`dh, pra-

`lsinamta phrqua lmavltibka, jabi sar5 (i) axpk`lti, (b) `hms`lamta. As buamh qua ki rai`lm eujl`lik (y jh`trlmik) ja jara`dh sai axpk`lti, phrqua

shkh bieh asti `hmjl`lm as phslbka aear`ar shbra akki um `hmtrhk `rtl`h5 mhtimth phr pirta ja ki hplmlm pbkl`i, `uimth ns blam phr hbri ja ki `ukturieurjl`i lmtarmi00.

As buamh qua ki `rai`lm eujl`lik (y jh`trlmik) ja jara`dh sai `hms`lamta,jasja qua as pracarlbka qua khs hparijhras kkavam i `ibh aka``lhmas phktl`isam vlstis i rasuktijhs pr`tl`hs pravlsths y jasaijhs, imtas qua ja`ljim`la-oinamta phr aeanpkh, phr raspathi umi `hmstru``lm jhontl`i akaoimta

slm raprasamtirsa `hm `kirljij khs phslbkas rasuktijhs ja kis ja`lslhmas

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02 @cr. phr ae. O. Z, Ittaoolinamtl jhttrlmikl a nutinamtl strutturikl jakkhroimlzzizlhmaolurljl`i (9