Presentación de PowerPoint - CardioTeca.com · ETIOLOGÍA •A – Normal Valve •B –...

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ESTENOSIS AÓRTICA Dra. Dafne Viliani

Transcript of Presentación de PowerPoint - CardioTeca.com · ETIOLOGÍA •A – Normal Valve •B –...

Page 1: Presentación de PowerPoint - CardioTeca.com · ETIOLOGÍA •A – Normal Valve •B – Congenital AS •C – Rheumatic AS •D – Bicuspid AS •E – Senile AS From Brandenburg

ESTENOSIS AÓRTICA

Dra. Dafne Viliani

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• Prevalencia y etiología.

• Historia clínica y exploración física.

• Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico y problemas asociados.

• Pronostico

• Tratamiento.

• Manejo de la Eao severa asintomática.

• TAVI.

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PREVALENCIA

• Valvulopatía mas prevalente en nuestro medio.

• 25% de los mayores de 65 años en EEUU tienen esclerosis aórtica.

• 4% de los mayores de 75 años en EEUU tienen EAo.

• 2% de la población tiene válvula bicúspide congénita.

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ETIOLOGÍA

• A – Normal Valve

• B – Congenital AS

• C – Rheumatic AS

• D – Bicuspid AS

• E – Senile AS

From Brandenburg RO, et al: Valvular heart disease—When

should the patient be referred? Pract Cardiol 5:50, 1979

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Other

Rheumatic

Bicuspid

Calcific

Other

Rheumatic

Bicuspid

Calcific

Age ≥ 70 Age < 70

ETIOLOGÍA

Passik et al, Temporal changes in the causes of aortic stenosis: a surgical pathologic study of 646 cases, Mayo Clin Proc 1987

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Rajamannan et al. Calcific aortic valve disease: not simply a degenerative valvular process.. Circulation 2011.

VALVULOPATÍA AÓRTICA CALCIFICADA

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Rajamannan et al. Calcific aortic valve disease: not simply a degenerative valvular process.. Circulation 2011.

VALVULOPATÍA AÓRTICA CALCIFICADA

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HISTORIA CLÍNICA Y EF

Historia clínica fundamental. Triada clásica: disnea, angina, sincope, ICC. (dificultad por síntomas enmascarados, escasa actividad física etc.)

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ECOCARDIOGRAMA

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ITV V1/ITV V2

DP= 4V2

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CLASIFICACIÓN

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VENTRÍCULO IZQUIERDO • Aumento stress parietal por sobrecarga de presión--

HVI—disfunción diastólica—disminución reserva coronaria—isquemia--dilatación y DVI.

• Importancia de la contribución de la contracción auricular.

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Delgado et al. Strain analysis in patients with severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing surgical valve replacement. EHJ. 2009.

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PROBLEMAS..

• EAo con bajo flujo.

• EAo pseudosevera.

• EAo con bajo flujo paradójica.

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EAo bajo flujo EAo pseudosevera

ECO Area <1 cm2 (o <0,6 cm2/m2 o ITV1/ITV2<25%) con Gradiente medio <30 mmHg.

Area <1 cm2 (o <0,6 cm2/m2 o ITV1/ITV2<25%) con Gradiente medio<30 mmHG.

CAUSA EAo severa en presencia de DSVI, IM severa o cavidad VI demasiado pequeña.

DSVI con EAo no severa.

Eao con BAJO FLUJO

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Picano et al. The emerging role of exercise test and stress echography in valvular heart diseas. JACC .2009.

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EAo CON BAJO FLUJO PARADOJICA

• EAo con área valvular < 1 cm2, V max<4 m/s o gradiente medio< 40 mmHg, FEVI N, VSI<35 ml/m2.

• Mas frecuente en mujeres ancianas con HTA y superficie corporal pequeña.

• Se asocia con HVI concéntrica, VTD reducidos y disfunción diastólica.

• Generalmente strain reducido a pesar de que FEVI sea N.

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CATETERISMO

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ERGOMETRÍA Y ECO STRESS

• ERGOMETRÍA: para valorar síntomas o respuesta inadecuada de TA en Eao ASINTOMÁTICA (IIb en AHA).

• ECO DOBUTA: valorar reserva contráctil y Eao Low flow.

• Lancellotti et al: aumento gradiente medio>18 mmHg durante eco de esfuerzo en pacientes con Eao severa asintomática fue predictor independiente de aparición de síntomas a los 15 meses.

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TRATAMIENTO MÉDICO

• Ningún tratamiento médico mejora el pronóstico.

• Control de los FRCV para prevenir enfermedad coronaria.

• En HTA utilizar IECAs.

• Mucho cuidado a la hora de utilizar fármacos que disminuyen la postcarga.

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TRATAMIENTO QUIRÚRGICO

MORTALIDAD EAo

MORTALIDAD PERIOPERATORIA Y MORTALIDAD CORRELACIONADA CON PRÓTESIS

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SUPERVIVENCIA EN PACIENTES ASINTOMÁTICOS • 99%, 98%, and 93% a 1, 2, y 5 años

respectivamente (similar a población de la misma edad).

• Riesgo muerte súbita: 1%/ año.

• En Eao moderada progresión de 0,3 m/seg/año, 7 mmHg/año, 0,1 cm2. La progresión es mayor en válvulas aórticas bicúspides.

Dal Bianco et al. Management of Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis. JACC 2008.

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Dal Bianco et al. Management of Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis. JACC 2008.

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RIESGO QUIRÚRGICO

En general se estima riesgo quirúrgico: 2-5% en <70 años

y 8-18% en >70 años o con riesgo quirúrgico elevado.

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MORTALIDAD INTRAOPERATORIA MORTALIDAD A LARGO PLAZO

Clase funcional, FEVI, ausencia reserva contráctil.

Edad

Cirugía urgente. Comorbilidad

HTP Clase funcional, FEVI, ausencia reserva contráctil.

Enfermedad coronaria, FA. Complicaciones prótesis.

Qx previa.

Sexo femenino.

Comorbididad (EPOC, vasculopatía perifércia, IRC).

Limitaciones de SCORES (EUROSCORE y STS-PROM): -VP reducido en pacientes de alto riesgo. -No tienen en cuenta el contexto. -No dan pronóstico a largo plazo.

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MANEJO DE PACIENTES CON BAJO FLUJO Mal pronóstico: supervivencia a 4 años 20% y riesgo quirúrgico aumentado (8-18%).

ECO DBT

RESERVA CONTRACTIL (aumento FEVI>10% y volumen sistólico >20%

SI: RECAMBIO VALVULAR NO: VALORACIÓN INDIVIDUAL

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Comparación de qx vs tto médico en 80 pacientes con low flow, sin reserva contractil. Mortalidad perioperatoria: 22%

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MANEJO PACIENTES CON BAJO FLUJO PARADOJICO

• En low flow con FEVI normal se necesitan ulteriores estudios.

• Orientan a severidad: ITVv1/ITVv2<25%, area valvular indexada<0,6 cm2, calcificación importante.

• Se puede considerar recambio valvular en pacientes sintomáticos con calcificación importante.

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Jander et al. Outcome of Patients With Low-Gradient "Severe" Aortic Stenosis and Preserved left ventricular eyection fraction. Circulation. 2011

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INDICACIONES DE TAVI

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MUCHAS GRACIAS

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EHJ 2009

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• NF LG: mejor prognosis.

• NL HG: BMP mas elevado.

• LF HG: disminución strain longitudinal y aumento BNP.

• LF LG: aún peor (todos con FEVI conservada).

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• En low flow con FEVI normal se necesitan ulteriores estudios. Se puede considerar Qx en pacientes sintomáticos, con ITVv1/ITVv2<25%, area valvular indexada<0,6 cm2, calcificación importante.

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