Nordic innovation policies for the future (Eng)/ Las políticas de innovación nórdicas para el...

7/31/2019 Nordic innovation policies for the future (Eng)/ Las polticas de innovacin nrdicas para el futuro (Ing)/ Etorkizuner

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IEEC SK GIKV

Ikqcnh niik|osnkipkbnhnex

lkq sje lusuqe


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Sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic jox" sjkufj nsx ninsnosn|e ni sje XME Lkum" hkm-

pbesec sje lnxs kuic kl xe|ei pkdehsx bnigec sk sje Ikcnh hkuisnex& niik|o-

snki oic eisepnxe pkbnhnex) Sjnx epks kllex o xjks cexhnpsnki kl sje pkdehsx

skfesje vnsj exubsx) Ku kadehsn|e ni sjnx uicesognif jox aeei sk moge o hki-

snausnki sk sje ce|ebkpmeis kl niik|osnki pkbnhnex ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex)

O iumae kl pkbnh~ nmpbnhosnkix oic ehkmmeicosnkix jo|e hkme sk bnfjs)

Iosuobb~" ns cepeicx ki sje eoce&x pkxnsnki ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex& niik|o-

snki x~xsemx ox sk vjesje obb hkihbuxnkix oic ehkmmeicosnkix vnbb ae kl

niseexs) Ie|esjebexx" ni m~ |nev" obb sjexe pkdehsx klle |obuoabe nixnfjsx sk

sjkxe ni mninxsnex oic kfointosnkix vjk jo|e ce|ebkpmeis kl ellehsn|e niik-

|osnki oic eisepnxe pkbnh~ meoxuex ox sjen ckmoni)

Lkm Sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic&x pexpehsn|e" sje lkbbkvnif hkihbuxnkix oe

kl posnhubo niseexs)

Sje Ikqcnh fk|eqimeisx xjkubc fn|e jnfjeq pqnkqns~ sk sje ce|ebkpmeis

kl o jkbnxsnh niik|osnki pkbnh~ sjos husx ohqkxx sje xsnbb-cnxhkiiehsec oic

cnxdknisec pkbnhnex lkq nicuxsqnob oic ehkikmnh pkbnh~" ecuhosnki oic qexeoqhj

pkbnh~ oic qefnkiob ce|ebkpmeis pkbnh~) Ns nx snme lkq ohsnki)

Ns nx expehnobb~ nmpkqsois sk ce|ebkp o pkbnh~ lkq eisqepqeieuqxjnp sjos hoi

hkmanie obb sje cnxpoqose meoxuqex oic niheisn|ex onmec os hqeosnif mkqe

eisqepqeieuqx oic o jnfjeq qose kl fqkvsj ni eznxsnif ~kuif eiseqpqnxex)

Kib~ ni sjnx vo~ vnbb ns ae pkxxnabe sk hjoife sje bkv be|eb kl eisqepqeieuqnob

ohsn|ns~ ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex)

Sje muxnh nicuxsq~ nx kie xpehnlnh ezompbe kl o fqkvsj xehskq" ni nsx kvi

qnfjs oic qebosn|e sk ksjeq xehskqx ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex) Jkve|eq" kib~ vjei

pkbnh~-mogeqx uiceqxsoic sje ieec lkq hkkqcniosec pkbnhnex lkq sjnx cn|eqxe -

e|ei lqofmeisec - xehskq vnbb ns ae pkxxnabe sk qeobnte sje lubb |obue-occec

pkseisnob kl sjnx poqsnhuboq aqoihj kl sje Ikqcnh eiseqsonimeis nicuxsq~)

Sje qnxg hopnsob moqges ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex nx niceec nmmosuqe) Ni poqsnh-

uboq" sjeqe xeemx sk ae o xhoqhns~ kl ni|exsmeis pkseisnob ni sje eoqb~ xsofex kl

pqkcuhs" pqkhexx kq moqges ce|ebkpmeis) Gikvnif sjos xuaxsoisnob lnioihnob

qexkuqhex oqe pqexeisb~ akuic up ni ni|exsmeisx klleqnif bkv qesuqix" ns xeemx

kib~ bkfnhob sk pqkpkxe sjos mehjoinxmx xjkubc ae ce|ebkpec sk qe|nsobnte sjnx

hopnsob)

Ns xeemx sk ae o hkmmki kpninki sjos jnfj-sehj xpni-kllx oqe o xnfinlnhois

hkisqnausnif lohskq sk |obue-occec fqkvsj oic niik|osnki) Jkve|eq" o qeheis

xsuc~ xuffexsx sjos jnfj-sehj xpni-kll nx ni moi~ qexpehsx o qosjeq moqfniob

pjeikmeiki) Pkbnh~-mogeqx xjkubc qe-e|obuose huqqeis meoxuqex ni sje bnfjs

Pqelohe

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kl xuhj lnicnifx" oic hkixnceq vjesjeq obseqiosn|e uxe kl qexkuqhex mnfjs

~nebc aesseq qexubsx)

Uin|eqxnsnex oic ksjeq jnfjeq ecuhosnkiob nixsnsusnkix oqe klsei xonc sk pqk-

|nce o |nsob xsnmubux sk sje auxniexx ei|nqkimeis) Iks iehexxoqnb~) Kib~ nl

sjexe nixsnsusnkix pkxxexx sehjinhob lohubsnex oic huqqnhubo hopoabe kl xosnxl~-

nif pqexeis oic+kq lusuqe cemoic lkq hkmpeseihnex ni sje qefnki sje~ hoi

pbo~ o xnfinlnhois poqs ni pqkmksnif qefnkiob fqkvsj)

Lniobb~" aus peqjopx mkxs nmpkqsois kl obb" sjeqe nx o ieec lkq hkmpeseihe

oic hopohns~ aunbcnif ni pkbnh~-mognif ousjkqnsnex oic kqfoinxosnkix) Sjexe

ieec sk ce|ebkp xsqosefnh pboix lkq pkbnh~ beoqinif" pboix sjos nihbuce bnle-bkif beoqinif" iev lkqmx kl hqkxx-kqfoinxosnkiob vkqgnif fqkupx oic sje hqe-

osnki kl xkhnob oqeiox) Kib~ sjei vnbb ns ae pkxxnabe sk cexnfi oic nmpbemeis

sje mkxs hkxs-ellehsn|e meoxuqex onmec os nmpqk|nif feieqob oic xpehnlnh

hkicnsnkix kl sje niik|osnki x~xsemx)

Ns nx m~ jkpe sjos sje x~isjexnx ossempsec ni sjnx epks vnbb nixpne lusje

xsuc~ kl sje nicn|ncuob uiceb~nif epksx)

Gdesnb Xskq|ng

Moiofnif Cnehsk

Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic


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Nisqkcuhsnki

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Sje pkdehsx pexeisec ni sjnx epks jo|e o aoxnx ni !fkkc-pohsnhe! ni sje

niik|osnki pkbnhnex kl sje Ikcnh Hkuisnex) Ve jo|e hjkxei sk xes up sje

pkdehsx vnsjni ebe|ois sjemosnh xuadehsx ni sje hkisniunif ceaose ki pkbnh~

lkmubosnki) Ni sjexe pkdehsx sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic jox empbk~ec xkme

kl sje beocnif oiob~snhob oic exeohj kfoinxosnkix ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex)

Sje xe|ei pqkdehsx pqexeisec ni sjnx qepkqs oqe bnxsec uiceq sje

lkbbkvnif snsbex4

Fkkc pqohsnhex ni Ikqcnh Niik|osnki Pkbnhnex *FKKC-INP.

Skvoqcx oi eisqepqeieuqxjnp pkbnh~ - o Ikqcnh peqxpehsn|e

XMEx oic sje iev qkbe kl ohocemnh qexeoqhj ni lkuq Ikqcnh hkuisqnex Aejnic sje muxnh - pqklnsnif lqkm xkuic4 o x~xsemx oppqkohj

sk sje c~iomnhx kl sje Ikqcnh muxnh nicuxsq~

Jnfj-sehj xpni-kllx ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex

Ikqcnh XMEx oic qefnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx

Sje qkbe kl uin|eqxnsnex ni qefnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx

Sje pkdehsx vee hkmmeihec ni sje xpnif kl 1001 oic hkmpbesec a~

xumme+ousumi 1008)

Sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic hkixncex ns nmpksois sk heose o Ikcnh pboslkm

lk sje ezhjoife kl ezpeneihe oic sk ninsnose dknis Ikcnh pkdehsx ni kce sk

aunbc up gikvbecfe ebosnif sk niik|osnki oic XME+eisepnxe pkbnhnex) Sje

XME Lkum nx sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic&x hkicuns lk sjnx vkg) Sje vkg

nx cnehsec os nicn|ncuobx vnsj expkixnanbns~ lk ce|ebkpnif niik|osnki oic

XME+eisepnxe pkbnhnex) Sje sofes fkupx oe pnmonb~ fk|eimeis oic pn-

|ose posnex vnsjni iosnkiob Ikcnh niik|osnki x~xsemx vjk oe expkixnabe lk

ce|ebkpnif oic nmpbemeisnif pkbnh~) Qehnpneisx kl sje pkdehs exubsx nihbuce"

lk ezompbe" fk|eimeis ceposmeisx" nicuxsnob oic hkmmehnob kfointosnkix"

sje jnfje ecuhosnkiob xehsk" exeohj kfoinxosnkix esh)

Ns xjkubc ae empjoxntec sjos sje pkdehsx usnbnte eznxsnif gikvbecfe kl sjeskpnh xsucnec ox sjen pknis kl ceposue lk exsoabnxjnif oi niheoxec uicex-

soicnif kl sje nxxuex os joic) Aus mkxs kl obb ns xjkubc ae xsexxec sjos sje e-

xeohjex aejnic sje epksx jo|e aeei oxgec sk fn|e pnkns~ sk sje pexeisosnki

kl ehkmmeicosnkix lk ce|ebkpnif oic nmpk|nif lusue pkbnhnex) Lk sjnx

eoxki sje pkdehsx monib~ lkhux ki sje hkmpkxnsnki kl eznxsnif gikvbecfe+

hkmpeseihe4 sje~ ck iks sjeelke jo|e sje hjoohse kl exeohj pkdehsx)

Sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic pbohex feos nmpksoihe ki sje cnxsnausnki kl

exubsx sk sje ebe|ois uxex) Ni occnsnki sk sjnx x~isjexnx epks sje Ikcnh

Nicuxsnob Luic jox" vnsjni sje lomevkg kl XME Lkum" ninsnosec oic honec

kus o oife kl nilkmosnki ohsn|nsnex" nihbucnif xemniox" vkgxjkpx" ievxbessex"sje cnxsnausnki kl epksx" e-monb soixmnxxnkix" pkdehs vea xnsex" esh)


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Ni sje lkbbkvnif pofex ve jo|e hjkxei sk pexeis sje xe|ei pkdehsx |e~

anelb~) Ni xuhj o anel pexeisosnki ns nx eox~ sk ck niduxsnhe sk sje exeohjex"

ox sje iuoihex hkubc ae bkxs) Jkve|e" ve oe kl sje kpninki sjos sjnx x~isje-

xnx epks ohhuoseb~ elbehsx sje pkdehsx& moni hkihbuxnkix)

Ve ni|nse niseexsec eocex sk o hbkxe xsuc~ kl sje ckhumeisosnki)

Qeleeihe nx moce sk sje jkme pofe kl sje Ikcnh Nicuxsnob Luic4

vvv)ikqcnhniik|osnki)ies


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Fkkc pqohsnhex ni Ikqcnh Niik|osnki Pkbnhnex *FKKC-INP.Mkceqi niik|osnki sjekq~ pqexeisx o x~xsemnh oppqkohj sk niik|osnki - oi

oppqkohj klsei xeei a~ pkbnh~-mogeqx ox sje aohgakie kl sjenq eiceo|kuq

sk lkxseq niik|osnki oic fqkvsj)

Sje pqkdehs !Fkkc pqohsnhex ni Ikqcnh Niik|osnki Pkbnh~! mopx cnlleqeis

Ikqcnh niik|osnki pkbnh~ meoxuqex) Sje hkmpqejeixn|e oiob~xnx nx o qexkuqhe

lkq Ikqcnh pkbnh~-mogeqx bkkgnif lkq nilkqmosnki ki jkv qebosn|eb~ xnmnboq

hkuisqnex jo|e puqxuec qebosn|eb~ xnmnboq niik|osnki pkbnh~ hjobbeifex)

Skvoqcx oi eisqepqeieuqxjnp pkbnh~ - o Ikqcnh peqxpehsn|eEisqepqeieuqxjnp qepqexeisx kie kl sje mkxs nmpkqsois oqeox lkq fqkvsj oic

ce|ebkpmeis iks kib~ ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex aus niseqiosnkiobb~) Ievb~ exso-

abnxjec eiseqpqnxex oqe kie kl sje mkxs nmpkqsois xkuqhex kl occec |obue

oic empbk~meis) Sje exsoabnxjmeis kl iev eiseqpqnxex nx obxk klsei qebosec

sk sje eznxsnif !eisqepqeieuqnob hubsuqe! ni sje hkuisq~ ni uexsnki oic jkv

sjnx hubsuqe nx xsnmubosec)

Sje onm kl sje pqkdehs jox aeei sk aqnif sk bnfjs fkkc ezompbex kl eisqepqe-

ieuqxjnp pkbnh~" sk cnxhuxx sje bosexs qexeoqhj ni sje oqeo oic sk hboqnl~ sje

xnfinlnhoihe kl sje cnlleqeihex omkif sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex ni sjnx pkbnh~ oqeo)

XMEx oic sje iev qkbe kl ohocemnh qexeoqhjni lkuq Ikqcnh hkuisqnexXmobb oic mecnum-xntec eiseqpqnxex *XMEx." expehnobb~ iev sehjikbkf~-

aoxec lnqmx" pbo~ o cnxsnihsn|e oic nihqeoxnifb~ nmpkqsois qkbe ni niik|osnki

x~xsemx)

Sje moni kadehsn|ex kl sje xsuc~ oqe sk ezomnie sje pkbnhnex oic nixsnsusnkix

cexnfiec sk pqkmkse sje hkmmeqhnobntosnki kl ohocemnh qexeoqhj oic+kq

gikvbecfe ezhjoife aesveei XMEx oic uin|eqxnsnex) Sje xsuc~ obxk ezomn-

iex vjos oqe sje moni cqn|eqx kl oic+kq kaxsohbex sk sje hkmmeqhnobntosnki

kl ohocemnh qexeoqhj ni sje lkuq Ikqcnh hkuisqnex)

Aejnic sje muxnh - pqklnsnif lqkm xkuic4o x~xsemx oppqkohj sk sje c~iomnhx

kl sje Ikqcnh muxnh nicuxsq~Sje muxnh nicuxsq~ ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex qepqexeisx o pqklns xehskq vnsj

fqeos pkseisnob lkq nihqeoxec ezpkqs oic luqsjeq fqkvsj oic ce|ebkpmeis)

Hkmmeqhnob xsucnex cnqehsec os sje pqkcuhsnki kl muxnh oqe" ie|eqsjebexx"

qebosn|eb~ iev lnebcx ni ehkikmnhx oic sje xkhnob xhneihex)

Pqkdehsx


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Pqkmkse eiseqpqnxe hubsuqe ki o iosnkiob be|eb

Mkxs hkuisnex jo|e ce|ebkpec mehjoinxmx oic pkbnhnex lk eihkuofnif sje

ce|ebkpmeis kl oi eisepnxe hubsue omkif puabnh exeohj kfointosnkix

*PQKx. oic uin|exnsnex) Sje ieec nx sk ezseic sjnx sk sje xkhnes~ ox o vjkbe)

Oi ninsnob xsep mnfjs ae sje niskcuhsnki kl puabnh ecuhosnki pkfommex

lkxsenif o pkxnsn|e nmofe kl eisepeieuxjnp oic pk|ncnif nilkmosnki

oakus jkv sk xsos o hkmpoi~)

Puabnh xuppkqs sk oxxnxs ni sje ce|ebkpmeis kl o hkmpeseis |eisuqe

hopnsob moqges

Obb hkuis~ epksx xjkv o ebosn|eb~ uicece|ebkpec pn|ose |eisue hopnsob

moges oic o xhohns~ kl ni|exsmeis lk eob~ xsofe ce|ebkpmeis) Xkme puabnhnise|eisnki nx equnec sk jebp sk ce|ebkp sje pn|ose moges)

Mkqe osseisnki sk ksjeq xkuqhex kl gikvbecfe

Iosnkiob oic efnkiob kfointosnkix xjkubc vkg vnsj XME bkaa~nif kfoin-

tosnkix sk ce|ebkp oic nmpk|e ksje xkuhex kl gikvbecfe usnbntec a~ XMEx)

Soce lonx" xmobb-anf lnm iesvkgx" soce mofotniex" esh)" oe obb xnfinlnhois

xkuhex kl gikvbecfe sk XMEx)

PQKx xjkubc ce|ebkp cn|eqxnlnec gikvbecfe cebn|eq~ x~xsemx lkq XMEx

Xkhnob pkznmns~ nx o xnfinlnhois lohsk ni cesemninif XME-PQK niseohsnki7

sjnx xuffexsx sjos gikvbecfe soixle sk XMEx xjkubc ae cnlleeisnosec)

Ezseixnki xe|nhex mkcebbec ki sje ofnhubsuob uin|exns~ oppkohj mo~

ae kie pkseisnob xkbusnki lk XMEx vnsj ik jnxsk~ kl PQK niseohsnki)

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Iksex4

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!Aejnic sje Muxnh vox sje lnqxs boqfe-xhobe ni|exsnfosnki nisk sje

Ikqcnh muxnh nicuxsq~) Sje ni|exsnfosnki lkuic sjos muxnh jox

fqkvi nisk oi nmpkqsois oic c~iomnh nicuxsq~ sjos nx ikv ni o

peqnkc kl qopnc hjoife4 o peqnkc ni vjnhj xkuic pkbnhnex hoi jebp

ce|ebkp sje hkmpesnsn|eiexx kl sjnx ezhnsnif nicuxsq~)!

Ckmninh Pkveq"

Pqkdehs beoceq *ckmninh)pkveq@gubsfekf)uu)xe.

Aejnic sje muxnh -

Pqklnsnif lqkm xkuic4o x~xsemx oppqkohj sk sje

c~iomnhx kl sje Ikqcnh

muxnh nicuxsq~


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ckmexsnh cemoic) Xobex sozex oppbnec sk aksj ehkcec oic bn|e muxnh xjkubc

ae akufjs nisk bnie vnsj sje xuaxsoisnobb~ bkve osex kl xobex soz oppbnec sk

ksje hubsuob pkcuhsx)

Aesseq hkkqcniosec hubsuqob oic auxniexx pkbnhnex

Puabnh-xehsk hubsuob pkbnhnex oe iks ocequoseb~ nisefosec vnsj auxniexx

ce|ebkpmeis pkbnhnex) Hubsuob oic auxniexx pkbnhnex skvocx sje muxnh

nicuxs~ xjkubc ae mke hkkcniosec)

Aunbcnif ki xsqeifsjx ni sje nicuxsq~

Sje Ikcnh muxnh nicuxs~ ieecx mke kppksuinsnex sk fosje skfesje os

meesnifx k ksje e|eisx lk iesvkgnif" nilkmosnki ezhjoife" ezpkxue skaexs pohsnhe" hkxx-iosnkiob mogesnif" esh) Dknis |eisuex oic bkhob hbuxse

ninsnosn|ex hkmpnxnif cnlleeis xesx kl ohskx oic hkmpeseihnex xjkubc obxk ae

eihkuofec)

Ieec lkq lkqmobntec ecuhosnkix oic sqoninif

Ox sje muxnh nicuxs~ aehkmex mke pklexxnkiob oic niseiosnkiob" sjee nx o

ieec lk jnfje ecuhosnki pkfommex lkhuxnif ki sje xehsk" oic lk hkuxex

oic xemniox ceobnif vnsj ezpks mogesx" nicuxs~ seicx" iev sehjikbkfnex

oic socnsnkiob auxniexx xgnbbx xuhj ox moiofemeis" mogesnif oic ocmninxso-

snki) Meisknif pkfommex oic nilkmob iesvkgx vkubc ae uxelub ni |nev

kl sje niheoxnif ni|kb|emeis oic hoee ce|ebkpmeis kl vkmei ni sje nicux-

s~) Os sje xome snme" hkmpoinex" kfointosnkix oic ecuhosnkiob ousjknsnex

xjkubc mkinsk iosnkiob oic niseiosnkiob aexs pohsnhe ni muxnh ecuhosnki

oic hkmpeseihe soninif)

Iosnkiob umaqebbo kqfointosnkix

Sje exsoabnxjmeis kl iosnkiob umaebbo kfointosnkix bnignif sje |onkux

akcnex epexeisnif sje muxnh nicuxs~ xjkubc ae xuppksec) Sjee nx o ieec

lk xuhj kfointosnkix sk xpeog lk sje muxnh nicuxs~ vnsj o xnifbe |knhe ki

nxxuex kl hkmmki niseexs oic sk bkaa~ ki sje nicuxs~&x aejobl" niseiosnkiobb~

ox vebb ox ckmexsnhobb~)

Ezpkqs xuppkqs xsquhsuqex

Muxnh nicuxs~ lnmx ieec aesse ohhexx sk cesonbec nilkmosnki ki pkseisnob

ezpks mogesx4 auxniexx hbnmosex" hubsuex" kfointosnkix" pklnbex" esh) Eznxsnif

puabnh xehsk ezpks pkmksnki akcnex hkubc jebp vnsj sjnx) Jkve|e" sje

oc|oisofex kl xessnif up xpehnobntec muxnh ezpks ousjknsnex oic pkmksnki

kllnhex xjkubc obxk ae ni|exsnfosec *vjee ns jox iks aeei ckie obeoc~.)

Heisob pknisx k kie-xskp-xjkpx lk xeec hopnsob sk luic pkmksnkiob skux"

xjkvhoxex" oic ocnk pbo~ pkmksnki ni lkenfi mogesx vkubc ae |obuoabe)

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!O iev mesjkc" aoxec ki qefnxseq coso sk nceisnl~ xpni-kll

eiseqpqnxex ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex" nicnhosex sjos xk-hobbec

jnfj-sehj xpni-kllx moge kib~ o bnmnsec hkisqnausnki sk sje

qexsquhsuqnif kl sqoce oic nicuxsq~ - aus sje xpni-kll eiseqpqnxex

jo|e o fqeoseq hjoihe kl xuq|n|ob sjoi ksjeq s~pex kl ievb~

exsoabnxjec eiseqpqnxex)!

X|eni Kbo| Ix"

Pqkdehs beoceq *x|eni)iox@xsep)ik.

Jnfj-sehj xpni-kllx

ni sje Ikqcnh hkuisqnex


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hkuisnex" jkve|e" nx sje lohs sjos ni kce sk cexnfi ellehsn|e meoxuex sje

pkbnh~-moge equnex |e~ cesonbec gikvbecfe7 gikvbecfe sjos nx cnllnhubs

sk ohhexx" sjeelke mognif pnknsntnif omkif hoicncosex cnllnhubs)

Sjee nx obxk o mke feieob hkxs hkixnceosnki ni pkbnh~-mognif" ox exkuhex

obvo~x jo|e obseiosn|e oppbnhosnkix) Sjux xuppks lk kie hoicncose k ohsn|ns~

nx obvo~x os sje ezpeixe kl oiksje) Oxxexxnif sje moi~ oc|oisofex oic cnxoc-

|oisofex nx uxuobb~ cnllnhubs) Ox efocx *jnfj-sehj. xpni-kllx" sje hueis xsuc~

xjkvx sjee oe iks eikufj mofnix ensje sk ehkmmeic k oc|nxe ofonixs

uxnif pkbnh~ sk nilbueihe sje kushkme) Ki sje ksje joic" sje oiob~xnx jox

exsoabnxjec o akoc oic iuoihec |nev kl jnfj-sehj xpni-kllx vjnhj hoi ae uxe-

lub lk lusue pkbnh~-mognif) Obxk" sje oiob~xnx hoi xe|e ox o eleeihe pknislk mke lkhuxec oiob~xnx kl sje xuadehs ni lusue)

Iksex4

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!Ni kqceq lkq Ikqcnh XMEx sk ae niseqiosnkiobb~

hkmpesnsn|e sje~ ieec pqkohsn|e oic x~xsem-kqneisec

niik|osnki xuppkqs xsquhsuqex) Qefnkiob niik|osnki

x~xsemx pbo~ o ge~ qkbe ni sjnx qefoqc)!

Adqi Oxjenm"

Pqkdehs beoceq *Adkqi)Oxjenm@gef)bu)xe.

Ikqcnh XMEx oic qefnkiobniik|osnki x~xsemx


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Sje lkbbkvnif qexeoqhjeqx jo|e

poqsnhnposec ni sje pqkdehs4

Adqi S) Oxjenm

*pqkdehs beoceq oic ecnskq."

Boqx Hkeiei

Moqsni X|eixxki-Jeiinif

*ecnskqx."

Buic Uin|eqxns~" Xvecei

Moqg Bkqeitei"

Hkpeijofei Auxniexx Xhjkkb"Ceimoqg

Gius Kixofeq"

K|e Boifeboic"

Aeqns Ooxei"

Ikqvefnoi Nixsnsuse lkq Uqaoi

oic Qefnkiob Qexeoqhj" Ikqvo~

xo Bnicjkbm Cojbxsqoic"

Bniux Cojboiceq

Mouqeei MhGeb|e~"

Hjobmeqx Uin|eqxns~ kl

Sehjikbkf~" Xvecei

X|eqqe D) Jeqxsoc"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Kxbk" Ikqvo~

Fuxso| Jkbmaeqf"

Co|nc Ckbkqeuz"

Hjoqbex Ecunxs

Benl Jkmmei"

Buic Uin|eqxns~7 Xvecei

Oqie Nxogxei

Jencn Vnnf Oxbexei"

XSEP-Fqkup" Ikqvo~

Mnhjoeb X) Cojb"

Hjqnxsnoi ) Q) Peceqxei

Aeis Cobum"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Oobakqf" Ceimoqg

Hkisniuex ki iezs pofe

AohgfqkuicQefnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx ni|kb|e hkbboakosn|e niik|osnki ohsn|nsnex

aesveei hkmpoinex oic gikvbecfe heosnif oic cnlluxnif kfointosnkix xuhj

ox uin|exnsnex" hkbbefex" soninif akcnex" Q,C nixsnsusex" sehjikbkf~ soixle

ofeihnex" auxniexx oxxkhnosnkix oic luicnif nixsnsusnkix) Sjexe kfointosnkix

pkxxexx nmpksois hkmpeseihnex" soni empbk~eex oic pk|nce iehexxo~ lnioihe

ni xuppks kl efnkiob niik|osnki)

XMEx jo|e aeei niheoxnifb~ sofesec a~ nicuxsnob oic niik|osnki pkbnh~-

mognif ousjknsnex) Jkve|e" cexnfinif xuhj pkbnhnex equnex nixnfjs nisk sje

cnxsnihsn|e kbe oic hjoohsenxsnhx kl XMEx ni sje vnce pkcuhsnki x~xsemx"

oic nisk sje xnfinlnhois aonex XMEx lohe ni eijoihnif sjen niik|osn|epkseisnob)

Xhkpe" fkobx oic poqsnhnpoisxSje onm kl sje exeohj pkdehs nx sk ho~ kus o Ikcnh hkmpoosn|e exeohj

ki XMEx" efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx oic niik|osnki pkbnh~) Sje lubb pkdehs

epks hkisonix o xsose-kl-sje-os k|e|nev kl efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx oic

ebosec pkbnhnex" hkmpoosn|e oiob~xex kl xebehsec efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx

*k hbuxsex. ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex" oic o x~isjexnx kl sje hoxex nihbucnif

pkbnh~ nmpbnhosnkix)

Sje xsuc~ oxgx vjesje sjee oe xnmnbonsnex aesveei hbuxsex kl XMEx ni

cnlleeis efnkix oic xehskx" oic hkmpoex sje ezseis sk vjnhj efnkiob

lohskx uicebne sje xuhhexx+lonbue kl hbuxsex ni hkmponxki sk nicuxs~+xehsk-

xpehnlnh lohskx) Sjnx hkmpoosn|e hoxe-xsuc~ oppkohj pk|ncex sje aohg-

fkuic lk ni|exsnfosnif sje hkicnsnkix lk nmpbemeisnif xsosefnex ni sje

cnlleeis Ikcnh hkuisnex oic efnkix" oic lk pexeisnif pkbnh~ ehkmmeico-

snkix lk pkmksnif pkbnhnex xuppksnif hbuxsenif pkhexxex oic sje ce|ebkp-

meis kl niik|osnki x~xsemx os efnkiob be|eb)

Pkbnh~ nmpbnhosnkix

Aqkoc-aoxec niik|osnki ox sje aoxnx lkq XME hkmpesnsn|eiexx

O ge~ sk sje hkmpesnsn|eiexx kl Ikcnh XMEx ni o fbkaobntec ehkikm~ nx sjen

oanbns~ sk niik|ose" n)e) sk nmpbemeis iev oic aesse vo~x kl kfointnif sje

pkcuhsnki oic mogesnif kl iev oic aesse pkcuhsx) Fn|ei sje hkmpoosn|eb~

jnfj hkxs be|eb ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex" niik|osnki pk|ncex o mke pkmnxnif

xsosef~ sjoi hkmpesnsnki aoxec ki hussnif hkxsx) Mkek|e" niik|osn|eiexx nx

iks exsnhsec sk jnfj-sehj nicuxsnex xuhj ox NHS aus hoi obxk ae lkuic ni

bkv-sehj XMEx)

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Niik|osnki sjqkufj niseqohsnki vnsj ksjeq lnqmx oic gikvbecfe

kqfointosnkix

Cue sk sjen xmobb xnte" XMEx hoi aeielns lkm niik|osnki ni posiexjnpx)

Sjnx khhux mkxs lequeisb~ sjkufj pkhexxex kl beoinif vnsj xuppbnex oic

huxskmex ni o hbuxse) Aus eznxsnif gikvbecfe oic hkmpeseihe fopx ni XMEx

hoi obxk ae ancfec" oic aonex sk niik|osnki k|ehkme" sjkufj niseohsnki

vnsj uin|exnsnex oic exeohj nixsnsusnkix) Xkmesnmex XMEx lnic ns cnllnhubs

sk lnic xunsoabe posiex lk niik|osnki) Pkbnh~ meoxuex hoi jebp a~ anifnif

XMEx ni hkisohs vnsj ebe|ois gikvbecfe nixsnsusnkix" lk ezompbe sjkufj

niik|osnki xuppks heisex)

Qefnkiob oic fbkaob niik|osnki bnigofexKlsei sje efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsem jkbcx sje gikvbecfe sk jebp XMEx ni

xkb|nif pkabemx oxxkhnosec vnsj pkcuhs ce|ebkpmeis k pkhexx nmpk|e-

meis) Sjnx nx expehnobb~ sje hoxe ni mke heisob efnkix) ^es aehouxe XMEx

oic gikvbecfe kfointosnkix oe iks uxec sk hkbboakosnki" xuhj beoinif

pkhexxex mo~ iks soge pbohe) Sjnx uilksuiose xnsuosnki hoi ae o|kncec a~

pkbnh~ meoxuex sjos xsnmubose posiexjnpx) Xkmesnmex" sje XMEx oe ni ieec

kl xpehnobntec xuppks sjos nx iks pexeis ni sje |nhnins~ k efnki) Ni xuhj hoxex

ns nx huhnob sjos XMEx moiofe sk lnic xuhj xuppks os iosnkiob k e|ei fbkaob

be|eb)

Pkbnh~ aoxec ki hbuxseq bnle h~hbex

Xuhhexxlub XME niik|osnki |e~ klsei sogex pbohe ni o efnkiob hbuxse hkisezs)

Jkve|e" hbuxsex seic sk vnsiexx cnlleeis xsofex ni sjen bnle h~hbe" vjnhj

ollehsx sje ieec lk niik|osnki xuppks) Vjnbe ~kuif" ema~kinh hbuxsex

monib~ ieec |eisue hopnsob oic o pkkb kl jnfjb~ xgnbbec boaku" mosue xuixes

hbuxsex klsei ieec sk epbohe kuscosec hkbboakosnki xsuhsuex oic sehjikbkfnex

ni kce sk ae edu|eiosec) Pkbnh~-mogex ieec sk ehkfinte sjexe cnlleeihex

vjei cexnfinif meoxuex sk xuppks hbuxsex)

Uin|eqxnsnex ox nmpkqsois xgnbbec boakuq pqk|nceqx

XMEx oe jnfjb~ cepeicois ki sje xgnbb be|eb kl sjen vkglkhe lk sjen niik-|osn|e hopohns~" expehnobb~ ni o hkbboakosnki hkisezs) Sje efnkiob pk|nxnki kl

o xgnbbec boaku pkkb nx pkaoab~ sje mkxs huhnob niik|osnki xuppks sjos uin-

|exnsnex hoi pk|nce sk XMEx)

Xpni-kllx ox gikvbecfe-niseixn|e" niik|osn|e XMEx

Oi ellnhneis |ejnhbe lk hopnsobntnif ki gikvbecfe o|onboabe ni sje efnkiob niik-

|osnki x~xsem nx feieosnki kl ohocemnh xpni-kllx" vjeea~ gikvbecfe-niseixn|e"

niik|osn|e XMEx oe exsoabnxjec" posnhubob~ ni jnfj-sehj nicuxsnex) Jkve|e"

exeohjex klsei bohg sje moiofenob xgnbbx ieecec sk ui o auxniexx) Sjeelke"

lnioihnob puabnh xuppks xsuhsuex moce o|onboabe sjkufj e)f) nihuaosk hei-

sex ieec sk ae hkmpbemeisec a~ moiofemeis soninif oic xuppks)


poqsnhnposec ni sje pqkdehs4

Fucadqf Eqbeicxcssnq"

qi C) Dixxki"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Nheboic" Nheboic

fe Moqnuxxei"

Gonxo Bjseeimgn-Xmnsj"

Ikqcqefnk)

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Xkhnob hopnsob ox o hkqieqxskie lkq hkbboakqosn|e niik|osnki

Ox meisnkiec" XMEx oe jnfjb~ cepeiceis ki beoinif pkhexxex vnsjni o

iesvkg kl lnmx oic gikvbecfe kfointosnkix) Uicepniinif xuhj beoinif

pkhexxex oe xjoec ikmx oic |obuex ox vebb ox sje pexeihe kl suxs *n)e)

xkhnob hopnsob. aesveei sje ohskx) Xuhj xkhnob hopnsob pk|ex sk ae exxeisnob ni

ezpboninif sje jnfj niik|osn|e pelkmoihe kl efnkiob hbuxsex) Lusjemke"

ns mo~ ezpboni vj~ exeohj hkbboakosnki aesveei XMEx oic uin|exnsnex

~nebcx xkmesnmex ebosn|eb~ seisosn|e exubsx) E|ei sjkufj pkbnh~-mogex xjkubc

iks ezpehs sjos xkhnob hopnsob nx eoxnb~ aunbs" ns mo~ occexx lomevkg hkicn-

snkix aeielnhnob sk nsx heosnki) Sjux ellksx xjkubc ae moce sk xsnmubose ies-

vkg kfointosnkix sjos pk|nce o lkum lk XMEx oic ksje kfointosnkix ni

sje efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsem) Vnsjni xuhj iesvkg kfointosnkix" XMEx hoilkfe oic xuxsoni nmpksois ebosnkixjnpx lk sjen niik|osn|e pelkmoihe)

Iksex4

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sogei poqs ni sje pqkdehs4

Peseq Oqak"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Sqkmx" Ikqvo~

Mkqsei X) Cojb"

Aeis Cojbum"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Oobakqf" Ceimoqg

Nifn Quioq Ec|oqcxxki"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Oguqe~qn" Nheboic

Jenggn Exgebniei"

Uin|eqxns~ kl Dkeixuu" Lniboic

Geis Inebxei"

qjux Xhjkkb kl Auxniexx"

Ceimoqg

Doi-E|eqs Inbxxki

*pqkdehs beoceq."

Abegnife Nixsnsuse kl Sehjikbkf~"

Xvecei

ge Ujbni"

\exslkbc Ui|eqxns~ Hkbbefe"

Ikqvo~

Jgoi ^bnieip"

Bube Uin|eqxns~ kl Sechjikbkf~"

Xvecei

AohgfqkuicSje possei kl efnkiob ce|ebkpmeis hjoifec hkuxe cunif sje ?>60x)

Qefnkix sjos joc pe|nkuxb~ luihsnkiec ox eifniex kl ehkikmnh ce|ebkpmeis

xsofiosec oic lebb ki joc snmex) Hnhumxsoihex pe|nkuxb~ hkixnceec nmpk-

sois fkvsj lohskx - ohhexx sk o joaku" o bofe nicuxsnob xehsk oic o bkif

nicuxsnob jnxsk~ - ikv suiec kus sk ae joicnhopx)

Iev efnkix vnsj iev equnemeisx - o xnteoabe bkhob moges" o vebb ecuhosec

vkglkhe" o |ones~ kl exeohj ohsn|nsnex - ikv skkg ki sje kbe ox eifniex lk

fkvsj) Ox o exubs kl sjnx soixlkmosnki" uin|exnsnex oic hkbbefex aehome o

|nsob exkuhe ni efnkiob ce|ebkpmeis) Sje jnfje ecuhosnki x~xsem vox ez-

poicec ni obb sje Ikcnh hkuisnex" oic iev hkbbefex oe xsnbb aenif exsoabnxjecni oisnhnposnki kl pkxnsn|e efnkiob ce|ebkpmeis)

Xhkpe" fkobx oic poqsnhnpoisxUin|exnsnex oic hkbbefex jo|e hkme sk pbo~ o muhj mke nmpksois kbe

ox xkuhex kl nicuxsnob eievob) Sje~ oe o xnfinlnhois lkhe ni sje efnkiob

niik|osnki x~xsem" vjnhj obxk hkmpnxex sje efnkiob auxniexx hkmmuins~"

bkhob oic efnkiob ousjknsnex oic iosnkiob oic niseiosnkiob ofeihnex)

Ni eobns~" jkve|e" cnlleeis uin|exnsnex oic hkbbefex oe iks equobb~ xuhhexxlub

ni sjen kbe ox cn|ex kl sje efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsem) Ni xkme hoxex" uin-

|exnsnex oic hkbbefex hkisnause sk hkmpejeixn|e hjoife7 ni ksjex" sje

efnkiob nmpohs nx nixnfinlnhois) Sjux sje efnkiob nmpohs kl sjexe hkbbefex oic

uin|exnsnex |onex) Ns nx sjexe |onosnkix sjos oe sje xuadehs kl sjnx xsuc~) Vjos

mogex sje cnlleeihe; Ni posnhubo" ns nx sje onm kl sje pkdehs sk xsuc~ vjos nx

equnec lk o uin|exns~ k hkbbefe sk pbo~ o c~iomnh kbe ni sje efnkiob niik-

|osnki x~xsem;

Pkbnh~ nmpbnhosnkix

Uin|eqxnsnex mo~ ae ellnhneis eifniex lkq qefnkiob nicuxsqnob ce|ebkpmeis

Uin|exnsnex mo~ ae ellnhneis eifniex lk efnkiob nicuxsnob ce|ebkpmeis

Nl uin|exnsnex oe sk ae uxec ox o meoxue lk xsnmubosnif nicuxsnob ce|ebkp-

meis ni o efnki ns nx nmpksois sk ni|exs ni uin|exnsnex vnsj sehjinhob lohub-

snex) Xuhj uin|exnsnex hoi pbo~ oi nmpksois kbe ni soixlkmnif sje pexeis

nicuxsnob xsuhsue oic eilkhnif efnkiob fkvsj)

Ecuhosnki nx sje moni cqn|nif lkqhe

Ni semx kl uin|exnsnex& hkisnausnkix sk niik|osnki oic auxniexx ce|ebkp-

meis" ecuhosnki oic iks exeohj nx sje mkxs nmpksois k|eobb lohnbnsosk)

Sje uin|exnsnex cebn|e ~kuif" omansnkux oic quobnlnec pekpbe sk hkpkosnkixni ezpoicnif mogesx) Ni kce sk lublnb sjnx soxg ellnhneisb~ sje uin|exns~ muxs

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klle quobnlnec ecuhosnki ni sehjinhob lnebcx hjoohsentec a~ loxs fkvsj oic

jnfj bkif-sem fkvsj pkseisnob) Sjux sje uin|exns~&x pkslkbnk kl ecuhosnkiob

pkfommex celniex sje kbe ns hoi pbo~ ni xuppksnif efnkiob ce|ebkpmeis)

Ni sjnx efoc" ecuhosnkiob pkfommex ni lnebcx ezpeneihnif o loxs fkvnif

cemoic lk dkax oe kl posnhubo nmpksoihe)

Nmmosuqe Sehjikbkfnex

Ecuhosnki ni iev oic fkvnif sehjinhob oeox jox sje feosexs efnkiob nmpohs)

A~ lublnbbnif sje uin|exnsnex& pnmo~ c~iomnh kbe" iomeb~ sk xente iev

kppksuinsnex ni nmmosue sehjinhob fkvsj oeox" uin|exnsnex hoi pbo~ o

cehnxn|e pos ni heosnif iev nicuxsnex) Ns nx sjeelke uivnxe pkbnh~ sk cexnfi

sje xpehnobntosnki kl o uin|exns~ pueb~ ki aoxnx kl sje xpehnobntosnki kl eznxsnifnicuxs~ ni sje efnki)

Xpni-kllx ox boseis xkuqhex kl fqkvsj

Ni efnkix bnge Xnbnhki \obbe~ oic Akxski" xpni-kllx lkm uin|exnsnex epexeis

oi nmpksois xkuhe kl iev fbkaob hkpkosnkix) Ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex sje

iumaex kl xpni-kllx lkm uin|exnsnex oe xmobbe" oic lev nl oi~ jo|e ce|eb-

kpec nisk bofe fbkaob hkpkosnkix) Sje nixsnsusnkiob xsuhsue ni sje Ikcnh

hkuisnex xeemx obmkxs sk kaxsuhs eisepeieunob ohsn|ns~ oic xk ecuhe sje

pkseisnob kl uin|exnsnex ox o xkuhe lk feieosnif iev gikvbecfe-aoxec lnmx)

Hqkxx-akqceq nixsnsusnkix mo~ pbo~ oi nmpkqsois qkbe)

Mkxs uin|exnsnex jo|e aunbs xhneihe pogx oic nihuaoskx" oic heosec |eisue

hopnsob kfointosnkix" ni kce sk xsnmubose xpni-kllx) Sjexe lohnbnsnex mo~ ae

ellnhneis skkbx" mognif ns eoxne sk luic oic xuppks xsos-upx) Ni sjos vo~

sjexe lohnbnsnex niheoxe sje xu|n|ob ose kl sje xpni-kllx) Jkve|e" sje nmpohs

cepeicx ki sje omkuis kl xpni-kllx) Pkbnh~-mogex ieec sk eobnte sjos xuppks

lk uiaki eisepnxex mnfjs ~nebc aesse exubsx sjoi iuxnif nilois aus

ie|esjebexx eznsnif eisepnxex)

Sje pqexeihe kl uin|eqxns~ ox o auxniexx bkhosnki lohskq

Uin|exnsnex ezes o xskif nmpohs ki efnkiob nicuxsnob ce|ebkpmeis ox oiossohsnki lohsk) Ezpoicnif hkpkosnkix bkkgnif lk iev bkhosnkix seic sk

pele pbohex hbkxe sk uin|exnsnex vnsj ebe|ois ecuhosnkiob pkfommex) Sje

xseifsj kl sje ossohsnki lohsk cepeicx aksj ki sje iumae kl hkmpesnif

uin|exnsnex vnsj ebe|ois ecuhosnkiob pkfommex oic sje iumae kl eznxsnif

bofe hkpkosnkix ni loxs-fkvnif nicuxsnex)

Uin|eqxnsnex hkmmeqhnob qkbe

Sje uin|exnsnex jo|e xe|eob cnlleeis kbex ni xkhnes~) Nl fk|eimeisx vois

sk ekneis sje uin|exnsnex skvoc o mke hkmmehnob kbe sje~ xjkubc nmpbe-

meis niheisn|ex ni sje puabnh luicnif x~xsem sjos mksn|ose o jnfje cefee kl

uin|exns~-nicuxs~ niseohsnki)

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Qefnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx qelbehs kifknif xkhnob pqkhexxex

Pkbnh~-mognif ni sje Ikcnh hkuisnex uxuobb~ aefnix vnsj sje lkmubosnki kl

fkobx lkbbkvec a~ sje hjknhe kl meoxuex ieecec sk ohjne|e sje fkobx) Klsei

sje xpehnlnhosnki kl sje fkobx sk ae ohjne|ec nx cesonbec) Ns nx klsei sje hoxe sjos

sje omansnki nx iks xkbeb~ sk heose o efnkiob niik|osnki x~xsem sjos pkcuhex

niik|osnkix" aus sjos sje niik|osnkix xjkubc hkisnause sk hesoni s~pex kl

ksje ce|ebkpmeisx ox vebb - xuxsonioabe ce|ebkpmeis" lk ezompbe" klsei

ni|kb|nif hesoni pkpubosnki hosefknex" e)f) vkmei k nmmnfoisx) Ox o exubs"

sje pkfommex fes skk xpehnlnh oic nilbeznabe) Qefnkiob niik|osnki x~xsemx

oe iks mkxs ellehsn|eb~ aunbs ni sjnx vo~) O xuhhexxlub niik|osnki pkbnh~ muxs

ae mke feieob" fn|nif nixsnsusnkix ni|kb|ec eoxkioab~ feiekux hkicnsnkix"

oic sjeea~ obxk mognif kkm lk bkhob ninsnosn|ex) Xuhhexxlub efnkiob niik|o-snki x~xsemx oe iks ikmobb~ aunbs ohhkcnif sk o pboi" aus ce|ebkp ox o exubs

kl ninsnosn|ex sogei a~ o mubsnsuce kl puabnh oic pn|ose efnkiob ohskx)

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8:

MEMAEQXXsolloi Jgoixxki"

xsolloi)jogoixxki@|niik|o)xe

Xvecnxj Ofeih~ lkq Niik|osnki X~xsemx" Xvecei

'3< :< :? >3


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Ikqcnh hkbboakqosnki

Ikqcnh hkbboakqosnki nx oi~ hk-kpeqosn|e |eisuqe ni|kb|nif Ceimoqg"Lniboic" Nheboic" Ikqvo~ oic Xvecei" skfesjeq vnsj sje xebl-fk|eqinifqefnkix Fqeeiboic" sje Loeqke Nxboicx oic boic)

Sje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb

Sje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb vox lkuicec ni ?>51 sk pqkmkse hk-kpeqosnki ae-sveei sje poqbnomeisx oic fk|eqimeisx kl Ceimoqg" Nheboic" Ikqvo~oic Xvecei) Lniboic dkniec ni ?>55) Os sje xexxnkix jebc a~ sje Hkuihnb"qepqexeisosn|ex lqkm sje Loqke Nxboicx oic Fqeeiboic lkqm poqs kl sjeCoinxj cebefosnki" vjnbe boic nx qepqexeisec a~ sje Lniinxj cebefosnki)Sje Hkuihnb hkixnxsx kl :6 ebehsec memaeqx - obb kl vjkm oqe memaeqxkl iosnkiob poqbnomeis)

Sje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb sogex ninsnosn|ex" ohsx ni o hkixubsosn|e hopohns~ oicmkinskqx hk-kpeqosnki meoxuqex) Sje Hkuihnb kpeqosex |no nsx nixsnsusnkix4sje Pbeioq~ Oxxemab~" sje Pqexncnum oic xsoicnif hkmmnsseex)

Sje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb kl MninxseqxSje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb kl Mninxseqx vox lkuicec ni ?>6?) Ns xuamnsx pqkpkxobxki hk-kpeqosnki aesveei sje fk|eqimeisx kl sje ln|e Ikqcnh hkuisqnex sksje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb" nmpbemeisx sje Hkuihnb&x qehkmmeicosnkix oicqepkqsx ki qexubsx" vjnbe cnqehsnif sje vkqg hoqqnec kus ni sje soqfesecoqeox) Sje Pqnme Mninxseqx kl sje ln|e Ikqcnh hkuisqnex oxxume k|eqobbqexpkixnanbns~ lkq sje hk-kpeqosnki meoxuqex" vjnhj oqe hk-kqcniosec a~sje mninxseqx lkq hk-kpeqosnki oic sje Ikqcnh Hk-kpeqosnki hkmmnssee)Sje hkmpkxnsnki kl sje Hkuihnb kl Mninxseqx |oqnex" cepeicnif ki sjeiosuqe kl sje nxxue sk ae sqeosec)

Ikqcnh Nicuxsqnob LuicSje Ikqcnh Nicuxsqnob Luic - Heisqe lkq niik|osnki oic hkmmeqhnob ce|e-bkpmeis nx oi nixsnsusnki uiceq sje Ikqcnh Hkuihnb kl Mninxseqx) Sje Luicninsnosex oic lnioihex hqkxx-akqceq qexeoqhj oic ce|ebkpmeis pqkdehsxonmec os ce|ebkpnif sje Ikqcnh niik|osnki x~xsemx)

Xuhj pqkdehsx oqe ezpehsec sk eijoihe sje hkmpesnsn|eiexx kl Ikqcnhnicuxsq~ oic qenilkqhe Ikqcnh auxniexx hubsuqe vjnbe eihkuqofnifxuxsonioabe ce|ebkpmeis ni Ikqcnh xkhnes~) Sje Ikqcnh Nicuxsqnob Luicvkqgx hbkxeb~ vnsj sje iosnkiob qexeoqhj lnioihnif akcnex) Nsx xehqesoqnosnx bkhosec ni Kxbk)

Ikqcnh Nicuxsqnob Luic

Jkbaeqfx fose ?IK-0?

Nordic innovation policies for the future (Eng)/ Las políticas de innovación nórdicas para el...

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Transcript of Nordic innovation policies for the future (Eng)/ Las políticas de innovación nórdicas para el...