Nematodos
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TEMA 7
CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES
CLASIFICACION
SINTOMATOLOGIA Y DIAGNOSTICO
DESARROLLO DE LA ENFERMEDAD
CRITERIOS DE MANEJO
Ing. Agr. María Emilia CassanelloEEFAS Salto
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CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES
Gusanos redondos Simetría bilateral Tamaño (0.5 - 3 mm x 0.01 - 0.5 mm) Color Cuerpo (dimorfismo sexual)
Ciclo biológico
Reproducción
Ecología
Distribución geográfica
Parásitos obligados
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TIPOS DE APARATO BUCAL
Estomatoestilete Odontoestilete
DientecillosTubo
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HABITATS
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ESQUEMA DE UN NEMATODO HEMBRA
estilete
esófagobulbo medio
anillo nervioso
Glándulasesofágicas
intestino
ovario
huevos
vagina
ano
cola
cutícula
útero
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AGRIOS,G.N. 1988.
TAMAÑO RELATIVO DE ALGUNOS PATÓGENOS EN LA CÉLULA VEGETAL
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CICLO BIOLOGICO DE Meloidogyne sp.
Fuente: TAYLOR, A.L. 1971
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CICLO BIOLÓGICO DEL NEMATODO DE LOS CITRICOS, Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
Fuente: TAYLOR, A.L. 1971
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CLASIFICACION
Características taxonómicaspresencia de estiletepresencia de estilete
nódulos basalesnódulos basalesesófagoesófago
metacorpusmetacorpus
:
:
:
:
:
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ESTILETE
NO SI
ESOFAGO
2 PARTES 3 PARTES
DORYLAIMIDA TYLENCHIDA
ESTILETE METACORPUS
Curvocorto
Rectomedio
Rectolargo
Grande Chico
Trichodorus sp. NODULOS BASALES
CLASIFICACION POR CARACTERISTICAS MORFOLOGICAS
Aphelenchus sp.MeloidogyneHeteroderaPratylenchusDitylenchusAnguina
SI NOXiphinema sp. Longidorus sp.
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SINTOMATOLOGIA Y DIAGNOSTICO
Parte aérea
• centros de infección• reducción de rendimientos
• crecimiento reducido• clorosis
• marchitamiento• necrosis
Raíces• lesiones................necrosis• desarrollo anormal: excesiva ramificación raíces “artríticas” nudos o agallas
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Fuente: AGRIOS, G.N. 1988
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SINTOMAS RADICULARES
Fuente: SHURTLEFF, M.C. Y AVERRE, C.W. 1997.The plant disease clinic and filed diangosis of abiotic diseases.
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Heterodera sp.
Hembra adulta
Quiste
Quiste roto del cual se
han liberado huevos
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Meloidogyne sp.
Hembra y células gigantes
Raíz con agallas
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Globodera sp.
Raíces con quistes inmaduros
Quistes
Cultivo de papa
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Aphelenchoides sp.
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AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACION
De planta
De suelo
observación de síntoma o signo
dilaceración de agallas o quistes
macerado de hojas, brotes, raíces
embudo de Baermann
tamizado
centrifugado
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Fuente : AGRIOS, G.N. 1988.
METODOS DE AISLAMIENTO
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Papel tipo tissu
malla
Recipiente con agua
EXTRACCION A PARTIR DE SUELO
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DESARROLLO DE LA ENFERMEDAD
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1. Agrios, G.N. 1985. Fitopatología. 2° ed. Ed. Limusa, México. 756pp.
2. Dropkin, V.H. 1980. Introduction to plant nematology.John Wiley & Sons, EEUU. 216pp.
3. Fraga, C.P. 1984. Introducción a la nematología agrícola. 2° ed.Editorial Hemisferio Sur. Buenos Aires.119pp.
4. Lordello, G.E. 1984. Nematoides das plantas cultivadas. 8ed. Sao Paulo, Nobel. 314pp.
5. Taylor, A.L.;Sasser, J.N. 1978. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Department Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, and U.S. Agency for International Development, Raleigh.111pp.