memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

download memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

of 95

Transcript of memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    1/95

    6>=7

    KbkerdmDlstdtugdelmc

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    2/95

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    3/95

    DL@DGB

    4=6=0=16>66627244

    =2==22=24=17

    Erjmldzmgdl DlstdtugdelmcGelsboe @drbgtdve LmgdelmcBstrugturm Erjldgmrjmles b @drbggdlMctm @drbggdlJbrbltbs _elmcbs^rbsbltmgdl DlstdtugdelmcJbstdl DlstdtugdelmcJbstdl m Ldvbc LmgdelmcBstm`e b Wdtumgdl Adlmlgdbrm^rdlgdpmcbs Gelvbldes 6>=7@drbgterde b Wb`bs m Ldvbc LmgdelmcJmcbrm Aetejrgm

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    4/95

    Bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc `bc WbrvdgdeLmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cmDl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl WBLGDGEpelb m `dspesdgdl `b cm gekuld`m` bc`egukblte `blekdlm`e Kbkerdm MlumcDlstdtugdelmc 6>=7 qub geltdblb cesprdlgdpmcbs mvmlgbs y cejres eftbld`es`urmltb bsb pbrde`e, gel bc prepsdte `b`daul`dr cm cmfer rbmcdzm`m m ldvbc lmgdelmc.

    Kbkerdm MlumcWBLGDGE 6>=7

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    5/95

    EVJMLD_MGDLDLWPDPRGDELMC

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    6/95

    WBVQDGDE LMGDELMC @B GM^MGDPMGDEL ^MVM

    CM DL@RWPVDM @B CM GELWPVRGGDL WBLGDGE

    Bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm

    Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl, d`bltdgm`e geke

    WBLGDGE, bs ulm Bltd`m` `b Prmtmkdblte

    Bspbgdmc, m`sgrdtm mc Kdldstbrde `b Qdvdbl`m,

    Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte, gel pbrselbrm

    our`dgm `b `brbghe pfcdge dltbrle.

    WBLGDGE aulgdelm gel mutelekm tgldgm,

    m`kdldstrmtdvm, bgelkdgm y gel pmtrdkeldeprepde. Bs cm dlstdtugdl blgmrjm`m `b cm

    aerkmgdl, gmpmgdtmgdl dltbjrmc, gmcdgmgdl

    y gbrtdgmgdl preabsdelmc `b ces trmfmom`erbs

    `b cm mgtdvd`m` `b cm gelstruggdl bl te`es sus

    ldvbcbs y b rbmcdzmr cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs y bstu`des

    lbgbsmrdes pmrm mtbl`br m sus lbs. Msdkdske,

    mpeym m ces Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs bl sus

    mggdelbs y prejrmkms b aerkmgdl, gmpmgdtmgdl

    y gmcdgmgdl pmrm bc bsmrrecce b cm gelstruggdl

    bl cms rbjdelbs, m trmvs `bc bstmfcbgdkdblte `b

    gelvbldes bspbgges.

    D. KMVGE CBJMC

    WBLGDGE bs ulm dlstdtugdl pfcdgm

    `bsgbltrmcdzm`m bc Wbgter Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl

    y Wmlbmkdblte. Jezm `b pbrselbrm our`dgm y

    aulgdelm gel mutelekm tgldgm, m`kdldstrmtdvm,

    bgelkdgm y pmtrdkelde prepde. Bl trkdles

    jblbrmcbs, `bsmrreccm sus mgtdvd`m`bs mc mkpmre

    `b cms sdjudbltbs lerkms cbjmcbs?

    m) @bgrbte Cby L 6=1:7 `bc 61.=>.:1 - Cby

    Erjldgm b WBLGDGE.

    f) @bgrbte Cbjdscmtdve L =0: bc =6.>1.8= -

    Cby b Erjmldzmgdl y Aulgdelbs bc WBLGDGE.

    g) @bgrbte Wuprbke L >>8/42/KPG `bc

    =1.>1.42, qub dspelb cm ausdl gel WBLGDGE, bc

    Dlstdtute Lmgdelmc b Dlvbstdjmgdl y Lerkmcdzmgdl

    `b cm Qdvdbl`m - DLDLQD.

    `) Cby bc Dlstdtute Lmgdelmc b Dlvbstdjmgdl

    y Lerkmcdzmgdl `b cm Qdvdbl`m (DLDLQD). @bgrbte

    Cbjdscmtdve L =02.

    b) Bstmtute `bc WBLGDGE, mprefm`e per

    bc @bgrbte Wuprbke L >76-6>>=-KPG `bc =:

    `b Oucde `b 6>>=, qub rbbkpcmzm mc Bstmtute

    mprefm`e per bc @bgrbte Wuprbke L>71- PGG,

    `bc 7>.=6.47.

    a) Vbsecugdl Wuprbkm L >::-6>>=-KPG

    `bc ==.>2.6>>=, qub mprubfm bc Gum`re pmrm

    Msdjlmgdl `b ^brselmc - GM^ bc WBLGDGE.

    j) Cby L 6::46, Cby `b Erjmldzmgdl y

    Aulgdelbs bc Kdldstbrde b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdly Wmlbmkdblte, per cm qub bc WBLGDGE qub`m

    m`sgrdte mc kfdte sbgterdmc b bstb Kdldstbrde.

    h) Cby L 6:000. Cby `b ^regb`dkdblte

    M`kdldstrmtdve Jblbrmc.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    7/95

    Bs bc kxdke rjmle y tdblb ulm gelaerkmgdltrdpmrtdtm, gel rbprbsbltmltbs bc Bstm`e, bkpcbm`erbsmpertmltbs y trmfmom`erbs `bc sbgter.

    Bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve bl bc pbrde`e 6>=7 bstuvedltbjrm`e per?

    Gelsboe@drbgtdveLmgdelmc

    @V. OEWB KMVPL QBJMWPEVVBW

    Vbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde bB`ugmgdl

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 241-6>==-B@

    DLJ. CRDW KDJRBC DKMMVMKVB_ MC_MKEVM

    ^rbsd`bltb BobgutdveVbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde b Qdvdbl`m,

    Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte.Vbsecugdl Wuprbkm

    L >=0 -6>==-QDQDBL@M

    MV]. WEAM VE@VJRB_CMVVML @B JVMLJB

    Vbprbsbltmltb `b cm Msmkfcbm Lmgdelmc`b Vbgterbs

    Egde L >2=4-6>=6-WB

    DLJ. M@ECAE JCQB_QDCCMGEVPM

    Vbprbsbltmltb b cms BkprbsmsGelstrugterms, `bsdjlm`e per cm GM^BGE

    Gmrtm G^G-=0=-==

    WV. MVKML@E ^MRCDLE TLPDKMC@ELM@E

    Vbprbsbltmltb b ces trmfmom`erbs b cmDl`ustrdm b cm Gelstruggdl Gdvdc bc ^br.

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 7:>-6>==-PV

    DLJ. @DLM GMVVDCCE MVE@D

    Vbprbsbltmltb `b cms BkprbsmsMpertmltbs, bsdjlm m per cm GM^BGE

    Gmrtm G^G-=0=-==

    WV. KMLRBC B_B]RDBCMVKMW MWGMPB

    Vbprbsbltmltb `b cm Gelab`brmgdel `bPrmfmom`erbs `bc ^br

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 7:>-6>==-PV

    @V. MRVBCDE KMLRBC WEPEFMVFM

    Vbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde b Prmfmoe y^rekegdl `bc Bkpcbe

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 6>4-6>=6-PV

    @b gelaerkd`m` gel bc Bstmtute `bc Wbrvdgde

    Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm

    Gelstruggdl, bc gumc aub mprefm`e kb`dmltb bc

    @bgrbte Wuprbke L >76-6>>=-KPG.

    Bstrugturm Erjldgmy Gekpbtblgdms `b

    WBLGDGErjmle b

    GeltrecDlstdtugdelmc

    Egdlm `b

    Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc

    ^rbsd`blgdmBobgutd vm

    Gelsboe@drbgtdve Lmgdelmc

    Egdlm `bM`kdldstrmgdly Adlmlzms

    Egdlm b ^cmldgmgdly rbsupubste

    Jbrblgdms _elmcbs

    Jbrblgdm `bDlvbstdjmgdly Lerkmcdzmgdl pmrm cmQdvdbl`m y cm B`dgmgdl

    BsgubcmWupbrder Pgldgm

    Jbrblgdm `bAerkmgdl^reabsdelmc pmrm cm

    Dl`ustrdm `bcm Gelstruggdl

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    8/95

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    9/95

    =. rjmles`b @drbggdl

    b`ugmgdl supbrder, gel obrmrqum b @drbgterJblbrmc e `b @drbgter.

    g. Rl rbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde b Prmfmoe,qudbl `bfbr sbr ul aulgdelmrde guymmgtdvd`m` bst vdlgucm`m gel cm aerkmgdlpreabsdelmc, gel obrmrqum b @drbgter Jblbrmce b @drbgter.`. Rl rbprbsbltmltb `b cm Rldvbrsd`m` ^brumlm, qudbl`bfbr sbr Dljbldbre Gdvdc e Mrqudtbgte,`bsdjlm`e bltrb sus kdbkfres `egbltbs

    per bc erjmldske `drbgtdve `b cm Rldvbrsd`m`^brumlm, y prepubstm per bstb kdskeerjmldske `drbgtdve.

    b. @es rbprbsbltmltbs b ces trmfmom`erbs bcm dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl, bsdjlm`e perbc Kdldstbrde b Prmfmoe.

    a. @es rbprbsbltmltbs `b cms bkprbsmsmpertmltbs, prepubste per cm Gkmrm^brumlm `b cm Gelstruggdl.

    ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.

    Bs bc kxdke rjmle `b WBLGDGE, cbgerrbspel`b bobrgbr te`ms cms amguctm`bsjblbrmcbs y bspbgdmcbs pmrm cm rbmcdzmgdl bces lbs b cm Dlstdtugdl y bc gukpcdkdblte bsus aulgdelbs. Bst dltbjrm`e `b cm sdjudbltbkmlbrm?

    Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc.

    Bs bc kxdke rjmle `b WBLGDGE, cbgerrbspel`b bobrgbr te`ms cms amguctm`bsjblbrmcbs y bspbgdmcbs pmrm cm rbmcdzmgdl bces lbs b cm Dlstdtugdl y bc gukpcdkdblte bsus aulgdelbs. Bst dltbjrm`e `b cm sdjudbltbkmlbrm?

    m. Rl rbprbsbltmltb `bc Kdldstbrde `bQdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte,qudbl ce prbsd`dr.

    f. Rl rbprbsbltmltb `bc Kdldstbrde `bB`ugmgdl, qudbl `bfbr sbr ul aulgdelmrdeguym mgtdvd`m` bst vdlgucm`m gel cm

    gmcdgmgdl preabsdelmc bxtrmer`dlmrdm y/e cm

    6. rjmle `bM`kdldstrmgdl

    Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc.

    Bs bc rjmle qub bobgutm ces mgubr`es`bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc y cms

    `dspesdgdelbs `bc ^rbsd`bltb Bobgutdve.Bs rbspelsmfcb `b cm `drbggdl,geer`dlmgdl y geltrec b cms mgtdvd`m`bsm`kdldstrmtdvms, `b dlvbstdjmgdl,lerkmcdzmgdl y mgm`kdgms `b cmDlstdtugdl sdjudbl`e ces cdlbmkdbltesdkpmrtd`es per bc Gelsboe @drbgtdveLmgdelmc y cm ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.

    7. rjmle`b Geltrec

    Egdlm `b Mu`dterm Dltbrlm.

    Bs rbspelsmfcb b babgtumr bc geltrec dltbrle,pestbrder y gelgurrbltb `b cms epbrmgdelbsgeltmfcbs, lmlgdbrms, mgm`kdgms,pmtrdkeldmcbs, epbrmtdvms y m`kdldstrmtdvms`b cm Dlstdtugdl9 ms geke `b bvmcumr cmbgdblgdm dlstdtugdelmc `b cms mgtdvd`m`bs `bmprbl`dzmob, gmpmgdtmgdl, gmtbjerdzmgdl,bspbgdmcdzmgdl, rbgelvbrsdl, aerkmgdldltbjrmc, gmcdgmgdl y gbrtdgmgdlpreabsdelmc, b mgubr`e m ces pregb`dkdbltesy lerkms `b geltrec bstmfcbgd`es per cmGeltrmcerm Jblbrmc `b cm Vbpfcdgm y etrms`dspesdgdelbs cbjmcbs vdjbltbs.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    10/95

    2. rjmles`b Mpeye

    0. rjmle `bMsbsermkdblte

    Egdlm `b ^cmldgmgdl y^rbsupubste.

    Bs rbspelsmfcb `b msbsermrm ces rjmles `b @drbggdl blcm aerkucmgdl, geer`dlmgdly bvmcumgdl `b cm pectdgmdlstdtugdelmc bl kmtbrdm `bpcmldgmgdl, rmgdelmcdzmgdl,mspbgtes tgldges pmrm bcgukpcdkdblte `b ces efobtdves `bcm bltd`m`.

    Egdlm `b Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc.

    Bs bc rjmle `b mpeye qub `bpbl`b `bcm ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm, rbspelsmfcb `bgel`ugdr cms mgtdvd`m`bs `bc sdstbkm `bm`kdldstrmgdl `egukbltmrdm y mrghdve,rbcmgdelbs pfcdgms b dkmjbl dlstdtugdelmc, msgeke ce gerrbspel`dbltb m geltrec, rbjdstrey guste`dm `b cms mgtms y `egukbltmgdl`bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc y `b cm^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.

    Egdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl yAdlmlzms.

    Bs bc rjmle `b mpeye qub `bpbl`b `bcm Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc y bs rbspelsmfcb `bgel`ugdr cms mgtdvd`m`bs b pbrselmc, cejstdgm,geltmfdcd`m` y lmlzms b dlaerktdgm.

    :. rjmles`b Bobgugdl

    1. rjmles`b Clbm

    Jbrblgdm `b Aerkmgdl ^reabsdelmc pmrmcm Dl`ustrdm b cm Gelstruggdl.

    Bs rbspelsmfcb `bc `bsmrrecce `b cms mgtdvd`m`bs`b `dsbe y `b pbrabggdelmkdblte `b cm tbglecejmb`ugmtdvm, erdbltm`m m cm dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl9ms geke cm lerkmtdvd`m` tgldge pb`mjjdgm, `baerkmgdl preabsdelmc pmrm bc sbrvdgde b`ugmtdvequb frdl`m bc WBLGDGE.

    Jbrblgdm b Dlvbstdjmgdl y Lerkmcdzmgdlpmrm cm Qdvdbl`m y cm B`dgmgdl.

    Bs rbspelsmfcb `b rbmcdzmr cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs ybstu`des gdbltges y tbglecjdges vdlgucm`es mcm prefcbktdgm `b cm vdvdbl`m y cm b`dgmgdl9 msgeke prepelbr mc Wbgter lerkms `b mpcdgmgdllmgdelmc qub rbjucbl bc `dsbe `b cms b`dgmgdelbsy bc `bsmrrecce tbglecjdge `b cm gelstruggdl. Jbrblgdms _elmcbs.

    Wel cms blgmrjm`ms `b cm m`kdldstrmgdl ybobgugdl `bc pregbse `b aerkmr, gmpmgdtmr,pbrabggdelmr y gbrtdgmr m ces trmfmom`erbs `b cmgelstruggdl bl te`es sus ldvbcbs. M`bks, bstlblgmrjm`ms `b bobrgbr aulgdelbs m`kdldstrmtdvmsbl bc kfdte zelmc b su gekpbtblgdm, b mgubr`em cms pectdgms y lerkms dltbrlms qub bstmfcbzgmcm Egdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl y Adlmlzms y cmcbjdscmgdl qub cb gekpbtb.

    Dlstdtute b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder.

    Wb blgmrjm `b bobgutmr mgtdvd`m`bs `b aerkmgdlmgm`kdgm m ldvbc supbrder bl bc rbm b cm dl`ustrdm`b cm gelstruggdl bl sus dvbrsms bspbgdmcd`m`bs9`bpbl`b `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc m trmvs`b su ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    11/95

    ^cmlm Jbrblgdmc

    Jmfrdbcm `bc Gmrkbl Bspmrzm Vbquboe

    Obab `bc `bpmrtmkblte `b Dlvbstdjmgdl

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =21-6>=7->6.>>

    Jbrbltb `b Dlvbstdjmgdl y Lerkmcdzmgdl pmrm cmQdvdbl`m y cm B`dgmgdl (b)

    Kmrm @bc Gmrkbl @bcjm`e Vmzurd

    Jbrbltb `b Aerkmgdl ^reabsdelmc pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm

    Gelstruggdl

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >6=-6>=6->6.>>

    M`ecae Oerjb Hbrrbrm Ercml`dld

    Jbrbltb b M`kdldstrmgdl y Adlmlzms

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L 6>7-6>=7->6.>>

    Qdecbtm Kbry Qdgterdm Gum`res bccmllb

    Jbrbltb `b cm Egdlm `b ^cmldgmgdl y ^rbsupubste

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =>:-6>=6->6.>>

    Imrcm Obllyphbr Mymcm b cms Gmsms

    Wupbrvdserm b Jbrblgdms _elmcbs

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =02-6>=7->6.>>

    Cuds Judccbrke Keltbs Jmcce

    @drbgter `b cm Bsgubcm `b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder

    Pbglecjdgm fcdgm b Jbstdl rdvm`m

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >4:-6>=6->6.>>

    Qmllm Kmrdm Dsecdlm Juaamltd mrrm @b Vdvms

    Obam `bc Cmfermterde `b Blsmye `b Kmtbrdmcbs

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L >>7-6>>:-QDQDBL@M

    @erm Lbcd`m Mcdmjm Jmrmtb

    Msbserm Cbjmc

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =>4-6>=7->6.>>

    Omgdlte Kmurdgde Mrrb`el`e Qmc`bz

    Geltm`er Jblbrmc (B)

    @bpmrtmkblte `b Geltmfdcd`m`

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =60-6>=7->6.>>

    Vesm Armlgdsgm Hbrkd`m Gcmvdoe `b Kurdcce

    Obam `bc @bpmrtmkblte `b Erdbltmgdl y Geltrec `b Mpertbs

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve L>70-6>>=->6.>>

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    12/95

    Jbrbltbs_elmcbs

    Gusge

    Mfdsmy Gbsmr Kermltb ljbcbsVbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >4=-6>=7->6.>>

    Humlgmye

    Oes Bstbfml Qmcblzubcm Lmpmljm

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >87-6>=6->6.>>

    Dgm

    Ouml Murbcdmle Cpbz Mrdms

    Vbsecugdl b rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L ==0-6>=7->6.>>

    Jbrblgdm _elmc Cdkm-Gmccme

    Qdgter Mcarb`e Gmlghe Qmc`besVbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >81-6>>4->6.>>

    Mrbqudpm

    Ouml Oes ^urdzmgm Wbrrute

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >77-6>>=->6.>>

    Ghdgcmye

    Esgmr Mcfbrte Pdrm`e Jcvbz

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >2:-6>>8->6.>>

    Dqudtes

    Fbrldtm `bc Vege ^rbz Veoms

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >12-6>=6->6.>>

    ^durm

    Kdjubc ljbc Mcvmrm`e Eteym

    Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =1>-6>>:->6.>>

    ^ule

    Wmcekl Hdcmsmgm Kmkmld

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L =1=-6>>:-QDQDBL@M

    Pmglm

    Kmlubc Amfrdgde Fbjmze Juzkl

    Vbsecugdl b rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =0:-6>==->6.>>

    Pruodcce

    Kmrges Mcfbrte Mljuce Gdslbres

    Vbsecugdl b rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L ==4-6>=6->6.>>

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    13/95

    Cbybl`m

    1> Bsgubcm b B`ugmgdl

    WupbrderPbglecjdgm

    ^rdvm`m (BBWP)

    >8

    ublbgubr`es > 1>`bc mlumc`brjmldmgdl ulgdelbsb dlermgdl prepergdelm`mper cmWupbrvdsdl `bbrblgdmselmcbs

    bblm lmb

    brblgdm elmc durm

    BBWP ^durm

    brblgdm elmc dgcme

    BBWP dgcme

    brblgdm elmc Prudcce

    BBWP Prudcce

    brblgdm elmc dm mccme

    BBWP Wb`b blrmc

    brblgdm elmc umlgme

    1

    brblgdm elmc gm

    brblgdm elmc mguge ()

    8 brblgdm elmc usge

    BBWP usge

    brblgdm elmc rbudpm

    BBWP rbudpm

    >

    brblgdm elmc ^ule

    brblgdm elmc Pmglm

    brblgdmelmcudes

    brblgdm elmc ugmccpm ()

    kfdte `bMggdl `bcWblgdgeM LdvbcLmgdelmc

    WBLGDGE pmrm `bsmrreccmr ces `dvbrses

    prejrmkms y sbrvdgdes b`ugmtdves gubltm gel =7

    jbrblgdms zelmcbs, >1 bsgubcms `b b`ugmgdl

    supbrder tbglecjdgm pfcdgm `b jbstdl

    prdvm`m y >8 uld`m`bs epbrmtdvms `dstrdfud`ms

    bstrmtjdgmkbltb per te`e bc ^br.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    14/95

    ^VBWBLPMGDLDLWPDPRGDELMC

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    15/95

    Cm Kbkerdm Mlumc Dlstdtugdelmc bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm b cm Gelstruggdl WBLGDGE bs

    bc `egukblte qub pbrkdtb `mr gubltm `bc gekprekdse qub sus gecmferm`erbs hml pubste bl bc trmfmoe per mcgmlzmr cms

    kbtms y efobtdves pcmltbm`es pmrm bc me 6>=7.

    Cm Mctm @drbggdl `b WBLGDGE rbgelegb y mjrm`bgb bc bsaubrze y gekprekdse `b te`es ces kdbkfres `b cm dlstdtugdl

    pmrm geltrdfudr m ces cejres mcgmlzm`es urmltb bc me 6>=7.

    Wbjudrbkes trmfmoml`e pmrm sbrvdr mc pms, dlvdrtdbl`e bl bcc e lubstrms kboerbs gmpmgd`m`bs.

    Dltre`uggdl

    Qdsdl KdsdlDlstdtugdl c`br bl cm aerkmgdl,

    gmpmgdtmgdl b dlvbstdjmgdl y

    lerkmcdzmgdl pmrm cm dl`ustrdm `b

    cm gelstruggdl qub geltrdfuyb mc

    `bsmrrecce bc pms.

    Frdl`mkes gmpmgdtmgdl `b

    bxgbcblgdm, dlvbstdjmkes,

    bvmcumkes sdstbkms gelstrugtdves

    dllevm`erbs y prepelbkes lerkms

    pmrm bc `bsmrrecce `b cm dl`ustrdm `b

    cm gelstruggdl9 geltrdfuybl`e ms

    mc dlgrbkblte `b cm pre`ugtdvd`m`

    `b cms bkprbsms gelstrugterms y m

    cm kboerm `b cm gmcd`m` `b vd`m `b cm

    pefcmgdl.

    Frbvbrbsbm

    hdstrdgmGel cm prekucjmgdl `b cm Cby Erjldgm `bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc

    `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl, @bgrbte

    Cby L 6=1:7 prekucjm`e bc 61 `b egtufrb `b =4:1, sb grbm

    bc WBLGDGE, geke ul Erjmldske ^fcdge @bsgbltrmcdzm`e,

    m`sgrdte mc Kdldstbrde b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte,

    gel pbrselbrm our`dgm `b `brbghe pfcdge qub mgtm gel

    mutelekm tgldgm, m`kdldstrmtdvm, bgelkdgm y lmlgdbrm,

    `bfd`e m qub gubltm gel pmtrdkelde prepde.

    Pdblb per lmcd`m` aerkmr, gmpmgdtmr, pbrabggdelmr y gbrtdgmr

    m ces trmfmom`erbs `b gelstruggdl bl te`es sus ldvbcbs.

    Msdkdske, sb blgmrjm `b rbmcdzmr dlvbstdjmgdelbs y trmfmoe

    tbglecjdge vdlgucm`es m cm prefcbktdgm `b cm vdvdbl`m y `b cm

    b`dgmgdl9 m`bks b prepelbr lerkms tgldgms b mpcdgmgdl

    lmgdelmc

    ^ c

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    16/95

    Bl bc me =4:8, cm cmfer `b dlstruggdl sb bxpml`b m gdu`m`bs

    geke Dgm, Gusge, Huluge, Humlgmye y Pmglm. M`bks, sb

    rbmcdzm cm rkm b gelvbldes gel `dabrbltbs dlstdtugdelbs geke

    cm Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc b Dljbldbrm y cm ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m`

    Gmtcdgm bc br.

    ^estbrderkbltb, WBLGDGE sb pcmltbm prepubstms pmrm jblbrmr

    dljrbses, per ce qub sb mprefmrel preybgtes geke bc Cmfermterde

    `b Blsmye b Kmtbrdmcbs, bc Dlstdtute b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder hey

    `blekdlm`m Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm y mcjulms sb`bs

    zelmcbs qub sb gelvdrtdbrel bl dkpertmltbs jblbrm`erms `b

    ael`es. Hey sb gubltm gel =7 jbrblgdms zelmcbs, >1 bsgubcms

    `b b`ugmgdl supbrder tbglecjdgm y >8 uld`m`bs epbrmtdvms

    `dstrdfud`ms per te`e bc br.

    Wu Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm earbgb gmrrbrms b es y trbs

    mes `b `urmgdl, eterjml`e ttuces m lekfrb `b cm Lmgdl bl

    gdu`m`bs dkpertmltbs b cm gmpdtmc y mc dltbrder bc pms.

    @urmltb sus 7: mes `b vd`m dlstdtugdelmc, WBLGDGE gubltm

    gel ul rblekfrm`e prbstdjde y mpultm m sbr bc c`br `b cm

    gmpmgdtmgdl y b`ugmgdl tbglecjdgm `b cm dl`ustrdm `b cm

    gelstruggdl.

    ^rdlgdpmcbsAulgdelbs

    Mpeymr, prekevbr, m`kdldstrmr,

    `bsmrreccmr y, bl su gmse, gelgbrtmr

    gel ces Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs,

    prejrmkms `b mprbl`dzmob,

    gmpmgdtmgdl, pbrabggdelmkdblte y

    rbgelvbrsdl preabsdelmc, pmrm ces

    trmfmom`erbs `b cm dl`ustrdm `b cm

    gelstruggdl.

    Geltrdfudr, m trmvs `b mgtdvd`m`bs

    bspbggms, bc `bsmrrecce gucturmc,

    gvdge y kermc `b ces trmfmom`erbs

    `b cm dl`ustrdm `b cm gelstruggdl,

    tmlte pmrm cejrmr cm bcbvmgdl `b sus

    ldvbcbs b vd`m, gumlte pmrm gdkbltmr

    su aerkmgdl dltbjrmc.

    ^repelbr y `bsmrreccmr pcmlbs `b

    dltbrgmkfde `b gelegdkdbltes y `b

    trmlsabrblgdm tbglecjdgm kb`dmltb

    prejrmkms `b geepbrmgdl tgldgm

    lmgdelmc b dltbrlmgdelmc.

    Vbmcdzmr, bl geer`dlmgdl gel

    ces Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs,

    cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs y bstu`des

    lbgbsmrdes gel cm lmcd`m` `b

    `btbrkdlmr cms lbgbsd`m`bs `b

    gmpmgdtmgdl `bc pbrselmc `b cm

    dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl.

    ^rbstmr ces sbrvdgdes `b su

    gekpbtblgdm per blgmrje `b ces

    Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs, etres

    erjmldskes pfcdges y bltd`m`bs

    prdvm`ms qub epbrbl e `bsmrreccbl

    mgtdvd`m`bs bl bc rbm `b cm

    gelstruggdl.

    Gmcdgmr y gbrtdgmr ces ldvbcbs `b

    gmpmgdtmgdl mcgmlzm`es per ces

    trmfmom`erbs `b cm mgtdvd`m` `b cm

    gelstruggdl.

    Geer`dlmr y gelgbrtmr gel ces

    Kdldstbrdes pbrtdlbltbs, Jefdbrles

    Vbjdelmcbs y gel cms bltd`m`bs

    rbprbsbltmtdvms `b cms bkprbsms `b

    cm gelstruggdl y b ces trmfmom`erbs

    `b cm gelstruggdl, cm aerkucmgdl

    `b cm pectdgm `b gmpmgdtmgdl,

    gbrtdgmgdl, aerkmgdl preabsdelmc b

    dlvbstdjmgdl, prepdms b ces lbs b

    WBLGDGE.

    M

    F

    B

    G

    A

    @

    J

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    17/95

    Geer`dlmr sus prepdms

    dlvbstdjmgdelbs gel mqubccms qub

    rbmcdgbl cms uldvbrsd`m`bs, bkprbsms

    u etrms pbrselms lmturmcbs e

    our`dgms.

    dWusgrdfdr gelvbldes y/e geltrmtes

    gel pbrselms lmturmcbs e

    our`dgms, lmgdelmcbs, bxtrmlobrms e

    dltbrlmgdelmcbs pmrm bc gukpcdkdblte

    `b sus lbs.

    H D

    ^rdlgdpmcbsFblbgdmrdes

    @drdjd`e m ces trmfmom`erbs epbrmtdves `b cm gelstruggdl y m

    pbrselms qub bsbbl dlgerpermrsb m cm mgtdvd`m` b cm gelstruggdl.

    Wb `bsmrreccm m trmvs `b gurses bstrugturm`es `bltre `bc sdstbkm

    ke`ucmr y tmkfdl per gurses gertes. Bl bstb prejrmkm sb gmpmgdtml

    mcfmdcbs, gmrpdltbres blgearm`erbs, brrbres, bcbgtrdgdstms b

    dlstmcm`erbs smldtmrdes, ms geke etrms egupmgdelbs qub `bkml`b

    cm dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl.

    @drdjd`e m ovblbs gel b`ugmgdl sbgul`mrdm gekpcbtm, sb blgmrjm

    `b aerkmrces geke tgldges bl gmrrbrms vdlgucm`ms m cm dl`ustrdm b

    cm gelstruggdl, gel ulm urmgdl b 0 m 1 sbkbstrbs mgm`kdges,

    frdl`l`ecbs ul ldvbc `b b`ugmgdl supbrder le uldvbrsdtmrdm. Wb

    `bsmrreccm bl cms Bsgubcms Wupbrderbs Pbglecjdgms, grbm`ms

    per WBLGDGE pmrm tmc l, gel cms sdjudbltbs gmrrbrms tgldgms?

    B`dgmgdelbs, @dfuoe `b Gelstruggdl Gdvdc, @dsbe `b Dltbrderbs,

    M`kdldstrmgdl `b cm Gelstruggdl, Pepejrmam, Cmfermterde `b

    Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte y Gekputmgdl b Dlaerktdgm. Wb

    `bsmrreccml tmkfdl gurses ke`ucmrbs bl bstb ldvbc, geke bc `b

    Dlstmcmgdelbs b Jms bl B`dgmgdelbs.

    M. ^VEJVMKM @B GMCDADGMGDL EGR^MGDELMC

    F. ^VEJVMKM @B AEVKMGDL @B PGLDGEW

    WBLGDGE, geke dlstdtugdl sbgterdmc `b aerkmgdl preabsdelmc, tdblb `bld`e y

    bstrugturm`e ^rejrmkms y Wbrvdgdes B`ugmtdves bl fblbgde `b su pefcmgdl

    efobtdvm, ces gumcbs sb btmccml m geltdlumgdl?

    L c

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    18/95

    Pdblb per lmcd`m` pbrabggdelmr e bspbgdmcdzmr bl ces mspbgtes

    bspbgges `b su preabsdl u egupmgdl, kb`dmltb gurses qub

    geltdblbl ces mvmlgbs tgldges y tbglecjdges b mgtumcd`m`, gel bc

    l b qub bc trmfmom`er kmltbljm cms gekpbtblgdms cmfermcbs pmrm

    bc bsbkpbe b sus aulgdelbs.

    @drdjd`e m ces trmfmom`erbs b cm gelstruggdl y gekuld`m` bl jblbrmc.

    Wb bsmrreccm kb`dmltb gurses qub erdbltml vegmgdelmckbltb m ces

    pmrtdgdpmltbs y tmkfdl kb`dmltb sbkdlmrdes, gelabrblgdms tgldgms,

    aruks y etres, gel bc l `b `daul`dr bc gelegdkdblte `b lubves

    pregb`dkdbltes tgldges y b kmtbrdmcbs b ctdkm jblbrmgdl.

    G. ^VEJVMKM @B ^BVABGGDELMKDBLPET BW^BGDMCD_MGDL

    @. ^VEJVMKM @B BXPBLWDL B@RGMPDQM

    ^reabsdelmcbs

    Pgldges

    Epbrmtdves

    Gm`m ldvbc `b cm pdrkd`b egupmgdelmc bs mtbl`d`e per ces rbspbgtdves prejrmkms b`ugmtdves,

    kb`dmltb gurses e gmrrbrms gel rbqudsdtes `b mggbse y cm gbrtdgmgdl gerrbspel`dbltb. WBLGDGE

    gufrb ces trbs ldvbcbs b cm aubrzm cmfermc, m l b kboermr cm gmcd`m` y pre`ugtdvd`m` bl cm gelstruggdl

    y geltrdfudr mc bsmrrecce bc sbgter gelstruggdl.

    Ldvbcbs y^rejrmkmsB`ugmtdves

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    19/95

    JBWPDLDLWPDPRGDELMC

    E ` W

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    20/95

    Eagdlm `b WbgrbtmrdmJblbrmc (EWJ)

    Cm Egdlm `b Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc bs cm rbspelsmfcb `b

    gel`ugdr cms mgtdvd`m`bs `bc Wdstbkm `b M`kdldstrmgdl

    @egukbltmrdm y `b Mrghdve, Vbcmgdelbs ^fcdgms b

    Dkmjbl Dlstdtugdelmc, ms geke ce gerrbspel`dbltb mc

    geltrec, rbjdstre y guste`dm `b mgtms y `egukbltmgdl `bc

    Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc y b cm ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.

    Bs ul rjmle `b mpeye qub `bpbl`b `b cm ^rbsd`blgdm

    Bobgutdvm.

    Bl bc kmrge `b sus gekpbtblgdms, vdblb bvmcuml`e b

    dkpcbkbltml`e `b aerkm pbrkmlbltb, kboerms bl cm

    jbstdl m`kdldstrmtdvm bl geer`dlmgdl y mrtdgucmgdl

    gelstmltb gel ces bks rjmles y rbms b cm dlstdtugdl.

    Ces efobtdves dlstdtugdelmcbs qub dlvecugrml m cm Egdlm b

    Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc bstl rbabrd`es m cm ke`brldzmgdl b

    cm jbstdl dlstdtugdelmc y mc aertmcbgdkdblte

    `bc pesdgdelmkdblte `bc WBLGDGE m

    ldvbc lmgdelmc.

    Bl gukpcdkdblte mc cml Mlumc 6>=7,

    cm Egdlm `b Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc hm

    `bsmrreccm`e cms sdjudbltbs mggdelbs?

    D. MGGDELBW GEL BC GELWBOE

    @DVBGPDQE

    Cms sbsdelbs `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve

    Lmgdelmc sb `bsmrreccmrel `b kmlbrm

    rbjucmr, m`kdldstrl`esb `b aerkm

    `dcdjbltb y geer`dlm`m, gukpcdbl`e gelcms sdjudbltbs cmferbs?

    =.= Kmltbldkdblte `b ul sdstbkm

    er`blm`e bl cm prejrmkmgdl,

    geer`dlmgdl y rbmcdzmgdl `b cms

    sbsdelbs bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc.

    =.6 Kmltbldkdblte `b ul mrghdve

    bkpmstm`e `b cms gmrpbtms `b cms

    Wbsdelbs bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc.

    Gel abghm =8 `b sbtdbkfrb `bc 6>=7 sb

    rbmcdz cm Wbsdl Er`dlmrdm Le. =>86 `bc

    Gelsboe @drbgtdve @bsgbltrmcdzm`e bl cm

    gdu`m` `b ^durm.

    DD. MGGDELBW BOBGRPM@MW EV BC

    VBM @B PVKDPB @EGRKBLPMVDE

    6.= Dkpcbkbltmgdl `bc WDPVM@EG

    6.=.= Wusgrdpgdl `bc Gelvblde

    Bspbgge L 1>:-6>=6 Dltbrgmkfde `b

    Rse `b Weatwmrb bltrb bc Kdldstbrde `b

    Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte

    y bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl

    pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl,

    kb`dmltb bc gumc sb prepergdelm bcseatwmrb y bstrugturm `b Fmsb `b @mtes

    `bc Wdstbkm `b Prkdtb @egukbltmrde

    WDPVM@EG.

    6.=.6 ^ubstm bl kmrghm `bc Wdstbkm

    `b Prkdtb @egukbltmrde (WDPVM@EG),

    bl geer`dlmgdl gel bc @bpmrtmkblte

    `b Dlaerktdgm bl gukpcdkdblte m ces

    Mgubr`es `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc

    L =>67.>6 `b 61 `b blbre `b 6>== y

    =>6:.>0 `b 67 `b kmrze `b 6>==.

    6.=.7 Gmpmgdtmgdelbs mc pbrselmc `b

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    21/95

    cm Wb`b Gbltrmc sefrb bc use y

    kmlboe `bc Wdstbkm `b Prkdtb

    @egukbltmrde - WDPVM@EG.

    6.6 Bcmfermgdl `b cm

    `drbgtdvm WJ-EWJ->>=-6>=7

    (`bspus b 8 mes) y bxpb`dgdl

    `b cm Vbsecugdl `b Wbgrbtmrm

    Jblbrmc L >>=-6>=7->1.>>

    ^regb`dkdblte `bc Prkdtb

    @egukbltmrde `bc Wbrvdgde

    Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm

    cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl

    mprefm`m bc 61 b dgdbkfrb bc6>=7.

    6.7 Keldterbe y mpeye

    pbrkmlbltb m cm Kbsm `b

    ^mrtbs bl ce rbabrd`e mc trkdtb

    `egukbltmrde.

    DDD. MGGDELBW@BWMVVECCM@MW

    BL BC MVGHDQE GBLPVMC

    7.= Mggdelbs rbabrd`ms m

    kboerms `bc mkfdbltb asdge `bc

    Mrghdve Gbltrmc?

    7.=.= Dkpcbkbltmgdl b sdbtb

    (>:) gubrpes `b mrghdvm`erbs

    kvdcbs.

    7.=.6 Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b

    kefdcdmrde m`bgum`e pmrm ces

    trmfmom`erbs bc Mrghdve Gbltrmc

    (`es gekputm`erms y `es sdccms

    jdrmterdms).

    7.=.7 ^dltm`e b dcukdlmgdl `bc

    Mrghdve Gbltrmc.

    7.=.0 Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b sbds(>1) bstmltbrms `b mrghdves

    kvdcbs pmrm cm gelsbrvmgdl y

    guste`dm `b cm `egukbltmgdl

    `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm,

    Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc, Egdlm `b

    M`kdldstrmgdl y Adlmlzms y

    Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc.

    7.6 Mggdelbs m`kdldstrmtdvms?

    7.6.= Wb mpref kb`dmltb

    Vbsecugdl >08-6>=7->6.>> bc

    ^cml `b Prmfmoe `b Mrghdve `b

    cm Wb`b Gbltrmc y Jbrblgdms

    _elmcbs 6>=7.

    7.6.6 Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cms

    sbrdbs egukbltmcbs b cm Wb`b

    Gbltrmc y `b cms Jbrblgdms

    _elmcbs.

    DQ. MGGDELBW @BC VBM

    @B VBCMGDELBW ^FCDGMW

    B DKMJBL DLWPDPRGDELMC

    Bc rbm `b Vbcmgdelbs

    ^fcdgms vdblb `daul`dbl`e cms

    mgtdvd`m`bs dlstdtugdelmcbs, msgeke cm kboerm pbrkmlbltb `b

    cm dkmjbl dlstdtugdelmc m ldvbc

    lmgdelmc. Bltrb sus prdlgdpmcbs

    mggdelbs tblbkes?

    0.= @dsbe `b ces kmtbrdmcbs

    dlaerkmtdves y b kbrghml`dsdlj

    dlstdtugdelmc.

    0.6 Bcmfermgdl `b cm

    Kbkerdm Dlstdtugdelmc.

    0.7 Bcmfermgdl `b cm rbvdstm

    y pbrd`dge kurmc dlstdtugdelmc.

    0.0 Bcmfermgdl `b mjbl`m

    `b bvbltes m ldvbc lmgdelmc.

    0.2 Bcmfermgdl b letms `b

    prblsm y mgtdvd`m`bs egdmcbs

    0.1 Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cms

    rb`bs segdmcbs (Amgbfeei,

    twdttbr).

    0.: ^rekegdl, mpeye y

    geer`dlmgdl `bc pretegece

    y prblsm `b cms Abrdms Te

    Gelstruye Wbjure y ADPGEL.

    0.8 Bcmfermgdl `bc

    freghurb dlstdtugdelmc.

    Q. EPVMW MGPDQD@M@BW?

    2.= ^rbvdstm bl lerkmtdvm

    bspbggm?

    2.=.= Gukpcdkdblte `b cm

    Cby `b L 6:8>1 Cby `b

    Prmlspmrblgdm y Mggbse m cm

    Dlaerkmgdl ^fcdgm, y su

    Vbjcmkblte mprefm`e gel

    @bgrbte Wuprbke L >:6-

    6>>7-^GK, y su ke`dgmterdm

    kb`dmltb @bgrbte Wuprbke

    L >:>-6>=7 bl cm pmrtb

    gerrbspel`dbltb mc mggbse m

    cm dlaerkmgdl.

    2.=.6 G u k p c d k d b l t e

    epertule gel ce dspubste bl cm

    Cby L 644:1 Cby qub grbm

    cm gekdsdl `b mcte ldvbc `b

    mltdgerrupgdl, dlaerkml`e

    `b aerkm trdkbstrmc sefrb

    pregbses m`kdldstrmtdves

    smlgdelm`erbs bxdstbltbs bl

    cm dlstdtugdl.

    2.=.7 Gukpcdkdblte `b cmlerkmtdvm geltbld`m bl cm

    Cby L 642:= G`dje

    `b ^retbggdl y @bablsm

    `bc Gelsukd`er , bl ce

    qub rbspbgtm mc cdfre `b

    rbgcmkmgdelbs bl WBLGDGE

    Wb`b Gbltrmc, bl vdrtu` m

    ce `dspubste bl bc @bgrbte

    Wuprbke L >==-6>==-^GK

    Vbjcmkblte `bc Cdfre `b

    Vbgcmkmgdelbs.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    22/95

    2.6. Etres blgmrjes?

    Bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc bl Wbsdl =>8>

    `bc 6= `b mjeste `b 6>=7, secdgdt m Wbgrbtmrdm

    Jblbrmc bvmcumr cm dkpcbkbltmgdl `b ul rbm

    `b Kmribtdlj Dlstdtugdelmc, cm gumc dldgd cms

    mggdelbs gel ulm mu`dterm gekuldgmgdelmc,

    cm kdskm qub mrreo gelgcusdelbs geke cm

    hbtbrejblbd`m` `b uses, aerkms y gecerbs `bc

    bkfcbkm `bc WBLGDGE.

    Bstb pregbse `brdv bl bc lmgdkdblte `b ul

    lubve kmtbrdmc dlstdtugdelmc, qub sb gelvdrtd

    bl bc freghurb egdmc bc WBLGDGE qub jumr`mul bstdce `dabrbltb, cm gerrbgtm utdcdzmgdl `bc

    cejetdpe y bc scejml, bc kmlboe `b ces gecerbs

    gerpermtdves y sefrbte`e qub tdblb bc rbspmc`e

    tgldge `bc pfcdge efobtdve m qudl vm `drdjd`e.

    M`bks sb segdmcdz bltrb ces aulgdelmrdes `b

    cm dlstdtugdl.

    GRK^CDKDBLPE @B KBPMW @BC VBM @B VBCMGDELBW^FCDGMW @RVMLPB BC ME 6>=7

    >= Bvbltes m ldvbc cegmc BQBLPEW 71.>>

    60.>>

    =6.>>

    0.>>

    26.>>

    610.>>

    7.>>

    6.>>

    =.>>

    =.>>

    0.>>

    66.>>

    0.>>

    7.>>

    0.>>

    62.>>

    2.>>

    7>.>>

    71.>>

    60.>>

    =6.>>

    0.>>

    26.>>

    610.>>

    =>7.>>

    88.>>

    =0=.>>

    0>1.>>

    14.>>

    764.>>

    681.==

    711.1:

    ==:2.>>

    =>=2>.>>

    1=76.14

    =60.16

    KBPMRLD@M@@B

    KB@D@M^VEJVMKM@E

    MLRMC^VEJVMKM@E

    KBWBOBGRPM@E

    KBW

    ^VEJVMKM@EMGRKRCM@E

    KBW

    BOBGRPM@EMGRKRCM@E

    KBW

    MQMLGB(%)

    GEKDPBW

    ^RFCDGMGDL

    ^RFCDGMGDL

    ^RFCDGMGDL

    ^RFCDGMGDL

    >6 V b ul d el b s b tr m fm o e

    >7 Bcmfermgdl bcfukbs bl rb`bs segdmcbs(Amgbfeei y twdttbr)

    >0 Bcmfermgdl bkmtbrdmc pufcdgdtmrde (fmllbrs,fml`brecms,rbvdstms dlstdtugdelmcbs,vecmltbs)

    >2 Bcmfermgdl bletms bprblsm (rm`de, tv,pbrd`dges,rbvdstms,pjdlmswbf yfcejs)

    >1 Blve`bkmtbrdmcdlaerkmtdve dltbrle( pufcdgmgdelbsvm bkmdc,pbre`dge kurmc,tmrobtms `bgukpcbmes,

    rbsukbl `bletdgdms,tmrobtms `bgel`ecblgdms)

    ` G t c Qbb`urms m ces pregbses `b sbcbggdl y m bobgugdelbs

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    23/95

    Bc EGD gelstdtuyb cm uld`m` bspbgdmcdzm`m rbspelsmfcb b

    ccbvmr m gmfe bc geltrec jufbrlmkbltmc bl bc WBLGDGE

    gel cm lmcd`m` `b prekevbr cm gerrbgtm y trmlspmrbltb

    jbstdl b ces rbgurses y fdblbs b cm bltd`m`, gmutbcml`e

    cm cbjmcd`m` y bgdblgdm `b sus mgtes y epbrmgdelbs, ms

    geke bc cejre `b sus rbsuctm`es.

    Bl vdrtu` m cm Cby L 6::82- Cby Erjldgm `bc Wdstbkm

    Lmgdelmc `b Geltrec, bc EGD tdblb `bpbl`blgdm aulgdelmc

    gel cm Geltrmcerm Jblbrmc `b cm Vbpfcdgm, y gukpcb su

    aulgdl m trmvs `b mggdelbs y mgtdvd`m`bs `b geltrec.

    Bl gukpcdkdblte `bc =>>% `bc su pcml mlumc `b geltrec

    6>=7, rbmcdz cms sdjudbltbs mggdelbs `b geltrec?

    Bxmkbl bspbgdmc m cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Cdkm-Gmccme.

    Bxmkbl bspbgdmc m cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Humlgmye.

    Bxmkbl bspbgdmc m cm Jbrblgdm _elmc ^durm.

    Msdkdske, bobgut mgtdvd`m`bs `b geltrec, `bltre `b cms

    gumcbs gmfb `bstmgmr cms sdjudbltbs?

    Qbrdgmgdl bc gukpcdkdblte b cm Cby b @bgcmrmgdelbs

    Ourm`ms `b Dljrbses y `b Fdblbs y Vbltms.

    Vbvdsdl `b cm bstrugturm `b geltrec dltbrle m ces

    pregbses `b? susgrdpgdl y bobgugdl `b gelvbldes

    dltbrdlstdtugdelmcbs bl cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Pruodcce,

    gbrtdgmgdl b cms gegdlms kboerm`ms y m`kdldstrmgdl

    `bc mckmgl `b cm sb`b gbltrmc.

    rjmle `b GeltrecDlstdtugdelmc (EGD)

    Qbb`urms m ces pregbses `b sbcbggdl y m bobgugdelbs

    geltrmgtumcbs.

    Qbrdgmgdl `bc gukpcdkdblte `b cm lerkmtdvm cbjmc sefrb

    trmlspmrblgdm y mggbse m cm dlaerkmgdl pfcdgm.

    Mrqubes m ces ael`es oes b gmom ghdgm b cm bltd`m`.

    Qbrdgmgdl bc gukpcdkdblte b cm lerkmtdvm `b rbl`dgdl

    `b gubltms `bc tdtucmr `b cm bltd`m`.

    Bvmcumgdl m cm bobgugdl prbsupubstmc.

    Qbrdgmgdl b cm dausdl `b cms tbglecejms gelstrugtdvms

    y `b cms lerkms tgldgms `b b`dgmgdl.

    Dlaerkb `b kb`d`ms `b mustbrd`m`.

    Qbrdgmgdl `bc gukpcdkdblte `bc PR M y `b cm Cby `bc

    Wdcblgde M`kdldstrmtdve.

    J d ` A d C f c 70 ` c G t

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    24/95

    Jbrblgdm `b Aerkmgdl^reabsdelmc

    Vbjdstre Lmgdelmc b @egbltbs

    =. Wb bcmfer bc Vbjdstre Lmgdelmc `b @egbltbs.

    Bcmfermgdl y/e Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm Lerkmtdvd`m`

    B`ugmtdvm

    =. Wb bcmfer bc Vbjcmkblte Dlstdtugdelmc `b cm

    Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm mvmlgb mc =>>%.

    6. Wb mvmlz bc 4>% bc Vbjcmkblte `b Pdtucmgdl

    pmrm cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pgldgm.

    7. Wb mvmlz bc 4>% `b cm Jum `bc Bstu`dmltb pmrm

    cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pgldgm.

    Pmccbr Aerkmgdl bc pbrselmc tgldge pb`mjjdge

    Wb rbmcdzmrel >6 Pmccbrbs bl Cdkm y qub aubrel ces

    sdjudbltbs?

    =. Aerkmgdl preabsdelmc fmsm`m bl Gekpbtblgdm

    Cmfermc, pmrm 70 pbrselms b ces Gbltres

    `b Aerkmgdl `bc WBLGDGE (`bc =4 mc

    67 `b levdbkfrb `b 6>=6).

    6. Aerkmgdl ^reabsdelmc fmsm`m

    bl Gekpbtblgdms pmrm cm B`ugmgdl

    Wupbrder, pmrm >4 pbrselms `b cms

    Bsgubcms (`bc 68 mc 7> `b levdbkfrb `b

    6>=6).

    Pmccbr b Aerkmgdl b Dlstrugterbs

    =. Wb `bsmrrecc bc Pmccbr `b

    Aerkmgdl Fsdgm `b Dlstrugterbs `bc

    WBLGDGE, pmrm 21 dlstrugterbs `b cms

    Jbrblgdms _elmcbs `bc WBLGDGE (`bc

    68 `b kmye mc >8 `b oulde `b 6>=6).

    Pmccbr `b Gmpmgdtmgdl mc ^brselmc

    @egbltb

    =. Wb `bsmrreccmrel >: Pmccbrbs

    `b gmpmgdtmgdl m ldvbc lmgdelmc

    `blekdlm`es Aerkmgdl dldgdmc `bc

    `egbltb WBLGDGE pmrm `egbltbs `b

    cms Bsgubcms Wupbrderbs Pbglecjdgms

    y sb `bsmrreccmrel? >6 bl Cdkm, >= bl

    Mrbqudpm, >= bl ^durm, >= bl Ghdgcmye,

    >= b Pruodcce y >= bl Gusge. Wb gmpmgdt

    m ul tetmc `b 6:8 pmrtdgdpmltbs.

    Wupbrvdsdl B`ugmtdvm

    =. Wb rbmcdzmrel >4 supbrvdsdelbs

    b`ugmtdvms m cms Jbrblgdms _elmcbs `bc

    WBLGDGE.

    Vbvdsdl y/e mgtumcdzmgdl b cm lerkm

    b`ugmtdvm

    =. Wb bcmfer cm @drbgtdvm B`ugmtdvm

    pmrm bc bobrgdgde 6>=7 6>=0 y sb rbkdtd

    m cms J_ pmrm su gukpcdkdblte.

    Dlaerkbs `b Bvmcumgdl `b Jbstdl

    B`ugmtdvm

    =. Wb bcmfer cm bvmcumgdl `b cm

    Jbstdl B`ugmtdvm mc =br trdkbstrb 6>=6.

    6. Wb bcmfer cm bvmcumgdl `b cm

    Jbstdl

    B`ugmtdvm mc 6`e trdkbstrb 6>=6.

    7. Wb bcmfer cm bvmcumgdl `b cm

    Jbstdl B`ugmtdvm mc 7br trdkbstrb 6>=6.

    KBPE@ECEJDM @B CM GEK^BPBLGDM @EGBLPB T BQMCRMGDL PGLDGM ^B@MJEJDGM

    WR^BVQDWDL B@RGMPDQM

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    25/95

    0. K`uce D, DD y DDD `b

    Dlstmcmgdelbs `b Jms bl

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    2. Dlstmcmgdl `b Wdstbkm

    Aetevectmdge.

    1. ^rbvblgdl `b Vdbsjes

    bl Bobgugdl `b Efrms `b

    B`dgmgdl.

    Bcmfermgdl `b Qd`be

    B`ugmtdve

    =. Wb bcmfer bc vd`be

    B`ugmtdve `bc gurse ke`ucmr

    `b Dlstmcmgdelbs Bcgtrdgms bl

    B`dgmgdelbs qub gelstm b =8

    tmrbms y 28 epbrmgdelbs.

    Mgtumcdzmr cm Vbcmgdl `b

    Mgtdvd`m`bs y Wbrvdgdes

    B`ugmtdves bc WBLGDGE

    =. Wb gelgcuy gel cm

    mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm Vbcmgdl

    `b Mgtdvd`m`bs y Wbrvdgdes

    B`ugmtdves `bc WBLGDGE

    6>=7.

    Gbltre `b Gbrtdgmgdl `b

    Gekpbtblgdms Cmfermcbs

    Wb gelstdtuy geke Gbltre b

    Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdm

    Cmfermc y sb muterdz cm

    dlsgrdpgdl `b ces sdjudbltbs

    pbrcbs egupmgdelmcbs

    `b cms sdjudbltbs gumtre

    bspbgdmcd`m`bs?=. Kmbstre `b Efrm `b

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    6. Mcfmdc `b

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    7. Dlstmcm`er Wmldtmrde `b

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    0. Dlstmcm`er Bcbgtrdgdstm

    `b B`dgmgdelbs.

    Vbjdstre `b Gbrtdgm`es,

    Ptuces y @dpcekm`es

    =. Wb bcmfer bc Vbjdstre

    `b Gbrtdgm`es, Ptuces

    y @dpcekm`es 6>=6 gel

    dlaerkmgdl rbkdtd`m per cms

    Jbrblgdms _elmcbs.

    Gurses Lubves

    =. Cbgturm `b pcmles `b

    bcbkbltes bstrugturmcbs `b

    gelgrbte mrkm`e.

    6. Cbgturm `b pcmles

    `b amoms trmlspertm`erms `b

    bstrugturms kbtcdgms.

    7. Wec`m`er `b Bstrugturms

    Kbtcdgms.

    0. ^rbvblgdl `b Vdbsjes

    bl Bobgugdl `b Efrms `b

    B`dgmgdl.

    2. Keltmob `b Wdstbkms `b

    Ml`mkdes.

    Mgtumcdzmgdl b Gurses

    =. Gelstruggdl `b kure

    sdkpcb.

    6. Gelstruggdl `b Kure

    Gmrmvdstm, mrge `b kb`de

    pulte y kure gel fcequbtms `b

    gelgrbte -

    7. Gelstruggdl `b pdses y

    vbrb`ms.

    0. Pmrrmobe `b kure y

    tbghe.

    2. Dlstmcmgdl `b

    Vbvbstdkdblte gbrkdge.

    1. Gecegmgdl `b Cm`rdcce

    ^mstbcbre, m`equdlbs `b

    gelgrbte y cesbtms.

    :. Dlstmcmgdl `b gmoms y

    bcbgtre`ugtes.

    8. Mcmkfrm`e b gdrgudtes.

    4. Dlstmcmgdl `b

    Pekmgerrdbltbs y cukdlmrdms.

    =>. Dlstmcmgdl `b

    @dspesdtdves `b Gelgrbte

    mutektdge y sdstbkms `b

    sbjurd`m`

    ==. Dlstmcmgdl `b

    Gmcbltm`erbs bcgtrdges

    `b mjum, bcbgtrefekfms b

    hd`rekmsmobs.

    =6. Dlstmcmgdl `b

    Dltbrgekuldgm`erbs.

    =7. Dlstmcmgdelbs `b Jms bl

    B`dgmgdelbs

    =0. Blcugd`e gel ybse.

    =2. =8> uld`m`bs `d`gtdgms

    gerrbspel`dbltbs m ces gdgces

    D, DD, DDD y DQ `b cms gmrrbrms

    `b? Pepejrmam, @dfuoe bl

    Gelstruggdl Gdvdc, Cmfermterde

    `b Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte,

    Jbekltdgm, @dsbe `b

    Dltbrderbs, Gekputmgdl b

    Dlaerktdgm y B`dgmgdelbs.

    Bcmfermgdl b Kmlumcbs

    Wb gelgcuy gel cm bcmfermgdl

    `b ces sdjudbltbs kmlumcbs?

    =. Wdstbkm gelstrugtdve bl

    Wbge-@rywmcc.

    6. @dsbe Jrge per

    gekputm`erm.

    7. @dsbe ZBF.

    ^VEJVMKMGDLGRVVDGRCMVT KMPBVDMC

    @D@GPDGE

    GBVPDADGMGDL ^EVGEK^BPBLGDMW

    CMFEVMCBW

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    26/95

    Wbjudkdblte, Keldterbe y

    Wupbrvdsdl `b Gbrtdgmgdl

    Egupmgdelmc

    =. Wb supbrvds cm

    Gbrtdgmgdl Egupmgdelmc `b

    >0 Jbrblgdms _elmcbs cms

    gumcbs sel? ^ule, Pruodcce,

    Ghdgcmye y Cdkm-Gmccme.

    Qmcd`mgdl `b ^brcbs

    Egupmgdelmcbs

    Wb vmcd`mrel >1 pbrcbs

    egupmgdelmcbs pmrm cm

    Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdm

    Cmfermc sdbl`e ces sdjudbltbs?

    =. Adbrrbre `b

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    6. Blgearm`er gel Km`brm

    `b B`dgmgdelbs.

    7. Dlstmcm`er Wmldtmrde `b

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    0. Dlstmcm`er Bcbgtrdgdstm

    `b B`dgmgdelbs.

    2. Kmbstre `b Efrm `b

    B`dgmgdelbs.

    1. Mcfmdc b B`dgmgdelbs.

    MLMCD_MV B DK^CBKBLPMV

    VBWRCPM@EW @BC

    BWPR@DE @B KBVGM@E

    ^VEW^BGPDQE @B EABVPM T

    @BKML@M @B AEVKMGDL,

    GM^MGDPMGDL T

    GBVPDADGMGDL M LDQBC

    LMGDELMC.

    Wb gubltm gel bc rbsuctm`e mc

    =>>% `bc Bstu`de `b Kbrgm`e

    ^respbgtdve `b Eabrtm y

    @bkml`m `b aerkmgdl,

    gmpmgdtmgdl y gbrtdgmgdl m

    ldvbc lmgdelmc.

    DK^CBKBLPMV T HMGBV

    WBJRDKDBLPE DWE

    4>>=?6>>8.

    Wb blgubltrm bl pregbse cm

    MWDKDWKE, BWDK^EVPMLPB@BWPMGMV CM

    VBMCD_MGDL @BCMW WDJRDBLPBW

    MGPDQD@M@BW?

    Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b WJG DWE

    4>>=?6>>8 pmrm bc pregbse `b

    Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdms

    Cmfermcbs, pmrm ce gumc, bc

    Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc

    hm mprefm`e, bl bc kbs `b

    `dgdbkfrb `bc 6>=7, cm ^ectdgm

    y Efobtdves `b Gmcd`m`.

    GBVPDADGMV BC WDWPBKM

    @B JBWPDL @B GMCD@M@.

    @b mgubr`e m ces mvmlgbs bl cm

    Dkpcbkbltmgdl `bc WJG DWE

    4>>=?6>>8 pmrm bc pregbse `b

    Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdms

    Cmfermcbs sb prbv qub sb

    pe`r eftblbr cm Gbrtdgmgdl

    pmrm bc bobrgdgde 6>=0.

    DK^CBKBLPMV VBMW

    @B BQMCRMGDL BL CEW

    GBLPVEW @B AEVKMGDL.

    WBLGDGE ym gubltm gel >1

    rbm `b Bvmcumgdl (^ule,

    Pmglm, Pruodcce, ^durm, Cdkm-

    Gmcce b Dgm) Muterdzm`m per

    bc Kdldstbrde `b Prmfmoe y

    ^rekegdl `bc Bkpcbe, ml

    sdjub bl pregbse cms _elmcbs

    `b Ghdgcmye b Dqudtes.

    MGVB@DPMV MC WBLGDGE,

    GEKE GBLPVE @B

    GBVPDADGMGDL @B

    G E K ^ B P B L G D M W

    CMFEVMCBW.

    WBLGDGE ym gubltm gel

    Mgrb`dtmgdl geke Gbltre `b

    Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdms

    Cmfermcbs, bkdtd`e per bc

    Kdldstbrde `b Prmfmoe y

    ^rekegdl bc Bkpcbe.

    J d `

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    27/95

    Bc @bpmrtmkblte `b Dlvbstdjmgdl

    `b cm Jbrblgdm `b Dlvbstdjmgdl y

    Lerkmcdzmgdl tdblb m su gmrje cm

    geer`dlmgdl y jbstdl `b ces bstu`des

    `b dlvbstdjmgdl erdbltm`es m cm vdvdbl`m

    y cm b`dgmgdl9 m dgdelmckbltb, bs cm

    blgmrjm`m b cm bvmcumgdl y gbrtdgmgdl

    `b gegdlms kboerm`ms, mgtdvd`m` qub

    msukb WBLGDGE bs`b cm prekucjmgdl

    `bc @bgrbte >=2-6>>4-QDQDBL@M.

    Bl gelger`mlgdm gel bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge

    6>=7, y `b mgubr`e m ces cdlbmkdbltes

    `bc sbgter, sb prderdzmrel cms sdjudbltbs

    mgtdvd`m`bs?

    Jbrblgdm `bDlvbstdjmgdl yLerkmcdzmgdl

    =. Dkpmgte `b cm

    vuclbrmfdcd`m` sskdgm `b

    vdvdbl`ms pepucmrbs bl cm

    gestm gbltrmc bc br

    Oustdgmgdl

    Pbldbl`e bl gubltm cms

    gel`dgdelbs `b mctm sdskdgd`m`

    `bc tbrrdterde lmgdelmc y cm

    precdabrmgdl `b vdvdbl`ms

    pepucmrbs dlaerkmcbs, sb

    hmgb lbgbsmrde `btbrkdlmr, m

    trmvs `b ul bstu`de tgldge

    bgelkdge, bc dkpmgte `b cms

    gel`dgdelbs `b vuclbrmfdcd`m`

    `b cm vdvdbl`m dlaerkmc arbltb

    m cm vdvdbl`m aerkmc, mltb cm

    egurrblgdm `b ul sdske `b jrml

    kmjldtu`.

    Ces rbsuctm`es `bc bstu`de

    pbrkdtdrl aerkucmr

    rbgekbl`mgdelbs mc Kdldstbrde

    `b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y

    Wmlbmkdblte pmrm erdbltmr

    ces prxdkes prejrmkms `b

    vdvdbl`m segdmc.

    Bl cm jbstdl 6>=7, sb gelsd`br

    gelvbldbltb `bsmrreccmr

    cms prdkbrms `es amsbs `bc

    preybgte?

    Efobtdves bc Wufpreybgte =

    Geltmr gel preybgtes `b

    mrqudtbgturm mrqubtpdgm

    `b vdvdbl`m pepucmr

    rbprbsbltmtdves `b cm gestm

    gbltrmc `bc pms, qub pesdfdcdtbl

    babgtumr cms preybggdelbs `b

    ldvbcbs `b pr`d`ms mltb cm

    egurrblgdm `b ul sdske.

    Efobtdves bc Wufpreybgte 6

    Jblbrmr ul kldke `b 6>

    mgbcbrejrmkms sdlttdges, m

    pmrtdr `b rbjdstres `b sdskes

    dkpertmltbs egurrd`es bl bc

    kul`e, eftbld`es bl `dabrbltbs

    tdpes `b subces, pmrm gelaerkmr

    ulm fmsb `b `mtes `b rbjdstres

    sskdges, qub sustbltb dvbrses

    bstu`des y preybgtes.

    6.- @bsmrrecce b prepubstm b

    sdstbkm b tmpdmc rbaerzm`e

    Efobtdve?

    @bsmrreccmr ulm

    mctbrlmtdvm `b tmpdmc rbaerzm`e,

    prderdzml`e bc use b kmtbrdmcbs

    cegmcbs, pmrm kboermr cm

    gmpmgd`m` b rbspubstm sskdgm

    y cm `urmfdcd`m` `b cm bstrugturm

    `b tdbrrm arbltb mc babgte `b cm

    hukb`m`.

    Kbtms

    - Bstu`de `b cm tdpecejm

    `b amccms `bc sdstbkm `b tmpdmc

    trm`dgdelmc y prepubstm `b

    secugdelbs bstrugturmcbs pmrm

    kboermr bc gekpertmkdblte `bc

    sdstbkm trm`dgdelmc `b tmpdmc.

    - @bldgdl y bobgugdl

    `b blsmyes bstrugturmcbs qub

    pbrkdtml vmcd`mr cm prepubstm

    `b kboermkdblte bc sdstbkm b

    tmpdmc.

    - Bcmfermgdl `b

    bxpb`dbltb tgldge `bc sdstbkm

    gelstrugtdve b Pmpdmc Kboerm`e,

    m l b jbstdelmr su mprefmgdl

    geke sdstbkm gelstrugtdve le

    gelvblgdelmc.

    Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms

    Vbgepdcmgdl b dlaerkmgdl

    sefrb tdpecejms `b amccms bl

    b`dgmgdelbs `b tmpdmc, bl

    Cmkms y cegmcd`m`bs mcb`mms,

    dlaerkmgdl rbabrd`m m

    pregb`dkdbltes y hbrrmkdbltms

    mpcdgm`es trm`dgdelmckbltb

    bl cm gelstruggdl gel

    tmpdmc b dlaerkmgdl sefrb

    gmrmgtbrstdgms `b cm vdvdbl`m

    pepucmr `b tmpdmc.

    ^repubstm `b tbglecejm

    `b tmpdmc rbaerzm`e qub dlgcuyb

    rbaubrzes bxtbrles `b km`brm

    reccdzm `b bugmcdpte e msbrrm`m

    `b etrm bspbgdb, y gelbxdelbs

    bltrb kures y sdstbkms `b

    bltrbpdse e tbghe, cm prepubstm

    @B^MVPMKBLPE @BDLQBWPDJMGDL

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    28/95

    dlgcuyb m`bks bc use `b

    gdkdbltes, sefrbgdkdbltes y

    mcbres `b pretbggdl.

    Wb rbmcdzmrel bl bc

    Cmfermterde `b Bstrugturms

    `b cm ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m`

    Gmtcdgm `bc ^br? mlcdsds `b

    subces pmrm cm `btbrkdlmgdl

    `bc geltbld`e `b hukb`m`

    lmturmc, geltbld`e ptdke

    `b hukb`m`, jrmlucekbtrm,

    ckdtb cqud`e, ckdtb pcstdge b

    l`dgb `b pcmstdgd`m`9 blsmyes

    `b gekprbsdl `dmjelmc bl

    kurbtbs, gekprbsdl mxdmc bl

    pdcms, blsmye `dlkdge `b

    k`uce m bsgmcm lmturmc.

    Ces rbsuctm`es b ces blsmyes

    `b cmfermterde hml `bkestrm`e

    cm vmcd`bz `b cm prepubstm

    `b sdstbkm gelstrugtdve `b

    tmpdmc rbaerzm`e qub pub`b

    sbr mpcdgm`e bl b`dgmgdelbs

    `b ul pdse bl zelms `b mctm

    sdskdgd`m`.

    7.- Bcmfermgdl `b preybgtes

    `b vdvdbl`m fdegcdktdgm pmrm

    `dvbrsms rbjdelbs

    Efobtdve

    @bsmrreccmr prepubstms

    dltbjrmcbs `b vdvdbl`m pmrm

    `dvbrsms rbjdelbs, gel cms

    kboerbs gel`dgdelbs `b

    sbjurd`m`, hmfdtmfdcd`m`

    y gelaert, sdl kmyerbs

    dlgrbkbltes `b geste,

    mpcdgml`e ldgmkbltb grdtbrdes

    `b erdbltmgdl y kmtbrdmcbs

    m`bgum`es qub pbrkdtml bc

    kxdke mprevbghmkdblte `b

    cms gel`dgdelbs pmrtdgucmrbs `b

    cms zelms mcteml`dlms `bc pms.

    Kbtms

    Wbcbggdl `b cms zelms `b

    dltbrvblgdl `bc bstu`de.

    Cbvmltmkdblte `b

    dlaerkmgdl `b gmkpe.

    Mlcdsds `b cm dlaerkmgdl.

    ^cmltbmkdblte `b grdtbrdes

    pmrm `dsbe m`bgum`e bl

    0.- @btbrkdlmgdl bc pbcdjre

    sskdge bl bc tbrrdterde

    lmgdelmc.

    Oustdgmgdl?

    Ces grdtbrdes `b `dsbe

    sdskerrbsdstbltb dlgcuybl

    pmrkbtres rbabrd`es mc ldvbc

    `bc rdbsje sskdge bl cms

    `dvbrsms rbjdelbs `bc pms.

    Cm mgtumc Lerkm `b @dsbe

    Wdskerrbsdstbltb gelsd`brm

    trbs zelms sskdgms,

    `dabrblgdm`ms per cm kmjldtu`

    `b ces sdskes qub sb bspbrm

    pub`ml egurrdr bl bccms. Bstm

    `dabrblgdmgdl sskdgm `mtm

    `bs`b cms prdkbrms vbrsdelbs b

    `dghm lerkm, sdbl`e lbgbsmrde

    rbmcdzmr bstu`des m cm cuz `b

    ces lubves pregb`dkdbltes y

    kbte`ecejms qub pbrkdtml su

    mgtumcdzmgdl.

    Efobtdve?

    Bcmfermr ul ke`bce b bspbgtre

    `b sbu`emgbcerkmtdve, pmrm

    mkertdjumkdblte 6,7,0 y 2%

    , pmrm pbrde`es bstrugturmcbs

    `b >,>= m 7 sbjul`es, qub

    pbrkdtm pcmltbmr ulm prepubstm

    `b mgtumcdzmgdl `bc kmpm `b

    zeldgmgdl sskdgm `bc pms

    dlgcud`e bl cm Lerkm LPB B.>7>

    @dsbe Wdskerrbsdstbltb.

    Mvmlgb

    Bc bstu`de sb vdblb rbmcdzml`e m

    trmvs `b cm pmrtdgdpmgdl `b cm

    bkprbsm _br Jbesystbk. Bl bc

    me 6>=7 sb pcmltb bc kmrge

    kbte`ecjdge `bc bstu`de.

    2.- Bvmcumgdl y gbrtdgmgdl

    `b gegdlms kboerm`ms

    Oustdgmgdl?

    Mltb cm lbgbsd`m` `b jmrmltdzmr

    cm babgtdvd`m` `b cms gegdlms

    kboerm`ms qub sb dlstmcbl

    bl rbbkpcmze `b gegdlms

    trm`dgdelmcbs, bl cms `dabrbltbs

    cms zelms `bc bstu`de.

    @dsbe `b mctbrlmtdvms `b vdvdbl`m.

    Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms

    Wb bcmfermrel ces preybgtes

    mrqudtbgtldges `b vdvdbl`m fdegcdktdgm pmrm

    cms cegmcd`m`bs `b Cmkms y Ghmzutm Wml

    Kmrtl. Cms mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms gel tmc

    l, dlgcuybrel vdsdtms prbvdms `b dlspbggdl,

    gel cm lmcd`m` `b babgtumr bc gerrbspel`dbltb

    cbvmltmkdblte `b dlaerkmgdl. Wb bcmfer,

    msdkdske, bc `dmjlstdge `b cm sdtumgdl mgtumc

    `b cm vdvdbl`m bl cms zelms `b dltbrvblgdl,

    y sb prepusdbrel grdtbrdes `b Mrqudtbgturm

    Fdegcdktdgm bspbgges.

    Wb `bldbrel cms bspbgdgmgdelbs

    tgldgms pmrm bc dsbe bl cm zelm, gelsd`brml`e

    bl ce pesdfcb cms trm`dgdelbs cegmcbs, sdl bkfmrje

    dltre`ugdbl`e prepubstms pmrm kboermr cm

    gmcd`m` y bc gelaert `b cm vdvdbl`m.

    Bl geer`dlmgdl gel bc ^reybgte

    M`mptmgdl mc gmkfde gcdktdge y rb`uggdl

    `b rdbsje `b `bsmstrbs bl gublgms prderdzm`ms

    `b Dgm y Humlgmvbcdgm, sb hm bcmferm`e bc

    `dmjlstdge `b cm sdtumgdl `b vdvdbl`m bl

    cm cegmcd`m` `b Wml Ouml `b Tmlmgeccpm

    Humlgmvbcdgm.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    29/95

    rbjdelbs `bc pms, sb `bsdjlm

    m WBLGDGE geke erjmldske

    blgmrjm`e `b cm bvmcumgdl y

    gbrtdgmgdl `b ces ke`bces `b

    gegdlm kboerm`m prbvde m su

    mpcdgmgdl

    Efobtdves?

    Bvmcumr y gbrtdgmr gegdlms

    kboerm`ms, bl gukpcdkdblte

    `b ce `dspubste bl bc `bgrbte

    Wuprbke >=2-6>>4-QDQDBL@M.

    Kbtms?

    Bvmcumgdl `b gegdlms

    kboerm`ms bl cmfermterde,

    m secdgdtu` `b tbrgbres.

    Gbrtdgmgdl `b ces

    ke`bces.

    ^rubfms `b gegdlms

    kboerm`ms bl gmkpe.

    Qbrdgmgdl `bc

    aulgdelmkdblte `b gegdlms

    kboerm`ms dlstmcm`ms.

    Bstu`des erdbltm`es mc

    `bsmrrecce `b ke`bces

    bspbgges `b gegdlm

    kboerm`m y m cm rbmcdzmgdl

    `b prubfms gekpmrmtdvms

    `b vbrdgmgdl.

    Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms

    Bvmcumgdl y gbrtdgmgdl `b

    cm Gegdlm Kboerm`m pmrm cm

    Wdbrrm `bc ^br, prbsbltm`m

    per cm ELJ Hmrbl Mc`b, Gegdlm

    Kboerm`m ^VE Bgecjdgm 6 `b

    cm Gelstrugterm Abrll`bz

    Hbrkmles WVC, cm Gegdlm

    Kboerm`m Gutbrve `b cm

    Kuldgdpmcd`m` `b Gutbrve y cm

    gegdlm Kboerm`m Imysel ^br

    `b cm bkprbsm Imysel ^br

    WMG.

    Bl geer`dlmgdl gel bc

    ^reybgte Bl@bQ JD_, sb

    hm rbmcdzm`e cm bvmcumgdl

    bl gmkpe `b gegdlms trbs

    pdb`rms dlstmcm`ms bl 7>

    vdvdbl`ms bl cms cegmcd`m`bs

    `b Getepmxd y Ghdkfermze

    (Bgum`er), gel cm lmcd`m` `b

    `btbrkdlmr cm clbm fmsb qub

    pbrkdtm cm dkpcbkbltmgdl `b

    gegdlms kboerm`ms bl `dghms

    cegmcd`m`bs (sbrvdgde secdgdtm`e

    per cm ELJ M@VM br).

    Cubje `b cm pmrtdgdpmgdl, bl bc

    me 6>=6, `bc Cmfermterde `b

    Gegdlms Kboerm`ms WBLGDGE

    bl cm gelvegmterdm b cm Mcdmlzm

    Jcefmc per bc Mdrb Cdkpde,

    sb susgrdfd bc Geltrmte `b

    `elmgdl `b cm Aul`mgdl `b

    Cms Lmgdelbs Rld`ms bl kmye

    `bc 6>=7, pmrm dkpcbkbltmgdl

    `b bqudpes `b cmfermterde `b

    gegdlms kboerm`ms. Bl vdrtu` m

    `dghe geltrmte sb hml rbmcdzm`e

    `dvbrses tmccbrbs gel mpeye

    `bc preybgte Bl@bQ JD_ y

    pmrtdgdpmgdl `b preabsdelmcbs

    `bc cmfermterde `b Gegdlms

    Fecdvdm, m l `b `btbrkdlmr bc

    tdpe `b bqudpmkdblte qub sb

    rbqudbrb pmrm dkpcbkbltmr

    `es cmfermterdes `b Gegdlms

    Kboerm`ms ? bl Cdkm y

    Mymgughe.

    Wb hm gelgrbtm`e cms

    bspbgdgmgdelbs tgldgms `b

    ces bqudpes lbgbsmrdes pmrm

    ces tmccbrbs dl`dgm`es.

    1.- Mlcdsds y `dsbe `b

    bstrugturms `b bvmgumgdl

    vbrtdgmc rbsdstbltbs m sdskes

    y tsulmkds.

    Oustdgmgdl?

    Wb hmgb lbgbsmrde `bsmrreccmr

    bspbgdgmgdelbs pmrm

    rbaujdes bl gmses `b tsulmkd,

    gelsd`brml`e bc mcte rdbsje `b

    egurrblgdm `b bstb ablkble

    bl `dvbrsms zelms gestbrms `bc

    pms.

    Efobtdve

    @bsmrrecce `b prepubstms

    `b `dsbe `b b`dgmgdelbs

    bspbgdmcbs gel pesdfdcd`m`bs

    `b rbsdstdr sdske y tsulmkd.

    Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms

    Wb hm bcmferm`e bc bstm`e

    `bc mrtb `bc `dsbe `b

    b`dgmgdelbs gelsd`brml`e bc

    babgte `b sdske y tsulmkd y

    sb hml prepubste ces grdtbrdes

    m gelsd`brmr pmrm bc gmse

    `b b`dgmgdelbs bl cm gestm

    pbrumlm.

    :.- @bsmrrecce `b prepubstm

    kbte`ecjdgm pmrm

    bvmcumgdl aulgdelmc `b

    pmvdkbltes urfmles

    Oustdgmgdl?

    Pbldbl`e bl gubltm bc

    geltdlue `btbrdere `b ces

    pmvdkbltes urfmles `bc pms

    sb pcmltbm cm lbgbsd`m` `b

    `bsmrreccmr ulm hbrrmkdbltm

    qub pbrkdtm cm bvmcumgdl

    `b cms gel`dgdelbs `b ces

    pmvdkbltes bxdstbltbs,

    pmrm cm tekm `b `bgdsdelbs

    rbspbgte m cms mggdelbs `b

    rbpmrmgdl y kmltbldkdblte.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    30/95

    Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm B >4> Bstrugturms Kbtcdgms@B^MVPMKBLPE @B R d d` ` Vd ` ^ c WB@M^MC WRLMWW Kd d t d t d BQJ 7@ f `

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    31/95

    Bl bc me 6>=7 sb vdle trmfmoml`e bl

    cm mgtumcdzmgdl `b cms lerkms qub sb

    dl`dgml m geltdlumgdl, m trmvs `b

    ces Gekdts Pgldges Bspbgdmcdzm`es

    gerrbspel`dbltbs?

    Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm B.>7>

    @dsbe Wdskerrbsdstbltb

    Gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbsbltd`m`bs? Gecbjde `b Dljbldbres `bc

    ^br, ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm

    `bc ^br, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc `b

    Dljbldbrm (GDWKD@ y ADG), Rldvbrsd`m`

    Lmgdelmc Ab`brdge Qdccmrrbmc, GBVBWDW,

    DJ^, Rldvbrsd`m` Vdgmr`e ^mckm y bc

    WBLGDGE.

    Cm prepubstm `b Lerkm `b @dsbe

    Wdskerrbsdstbltb sb guckdl bl

    `dgdbkfrb 6>=7, dldgdl`esb ces trkdtbs

    pmrm geltdlumr gel cm btmpm `b `dsgusdl

    pfcdgm.

    Gekdt Pgldge b cm Lerkm B.>4> Bstrugturms Kbtcdgms

    Bc Gekdt Pgldge bst gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs? GM^BGE, Gecbjde

    `b Dljbldbres `bc ^br, Mgbres Mrbqudpm, ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm `bc ^br,

    WD@BV^BVR, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc `b Dljbldbrm y Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc Ab`brdge

    Qdccmrrbmc.

    Wb gelgcuy gel ces gmptuces? = Gelsd`brmgdelbs jblbrmcbs, 6 Vbqudsdtes b dsbe,

    7 ^rtdges y etrms bstrugturms, 0 @dsbe `b bcbkbltes `b trmggdl, 2 @dsbe `b

    bcbkbltes b gekprbsdl, 1 @dsbe b bcbkbltes b bxdl, : @d sbe b bcbkbltes

    `b gertb, 8 Bcbkbltes suobtes m aubrzms gekfdlm`ms y tersdl, 4 @dsbe b bcbkbltes

    gekpubstes, => @dsbe `b gelbxdelbs, == @dsbe `b gelbxdelbs `b bcbkbltes

    tufucmrbs, =6 @dsbe pmrm gel`dgdelbs `b sbrvdgde y =0 Amfrdgmgdl, pretbggdl

    mltdgerresdvm, keltmob y geltrec `b gmcd`m`, `b ul tetmc =0 gmptuces.

    Gekdt Pgldge b cm Lerkm DW.>6> Pmlqubs sptdgesBc Gekdt Pgldge bst gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs? Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc

    `b Dljbldbrm, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc Mjrmrdm Cm Kecdlm, Erjmldske ^mlmkbrdgmle

    `b cm Wmcu`, Gecbjde b Dljbldbres bc br, KDLWM-@DJBWM, WRLMWW, y KDL@BW-

    AELGE@BW.

    Bl blbre 6>=7 sb rbkdtd cm prepubstm `b mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm kblgdelm`m Lerkm mc

    Kdldstbrde `b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte pmrm su mprefmgdl.

    Gekdt Pgldge b cm Lerkm B.>8> M`efb

    Bc Gekdt Pgldge `b M efb bst gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs?

    Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc `b Dljbldbrm (ADG AMRM), ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm

    `bc ^br, Gecbjde `b Dljbldbres, Gecbjde `b Mrqudtbgtes `bc ^br Vbjdl Cdkm, y

    @B^MVPMKBLPE @BLEVKMCD_MGDL

    Rldvbrsd`m` Vdgmr`e ^mckm.

    Bc Gekdt Pgldge gelgcuy

    ces gmptuces? = Mspbgtes

    jblbrmcbs, 7 Gekpelbltbs `b

    cm mcfmdcbrm, 0 ^regb`dkdblte

    `b gelstruggdl, 2 Blsmyes y

    rbsdstblgdm `b cm mcfmdcbrm, 1

    Bstrugturmgdl y : Vbqudsdtes

    bstrugturmcbs kldkes. Bc

    `egukblte `b mvmlgb aub

    rbkdtd`e m cm @drbggdl Lmgdelmc

    `b Gelstruggdl pmrm su

    bvmcumgdl b dlgerpermgdl, bl

    ce qub gerrbspel`m, m cm Lerkm

    `b Pdbrrm bl bcmfermgdl fmoe

    cm geer`dlmgdl `b cm @drbggdl

    Lmgdelmc `b Gelstruggdl.

    Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm

    EW.>4> cmltms b trmtmkdblte

    `b mjums rbsd`umcbs

    Bc Gekdt Pgldge bst

    gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs

    bltd`m`bs? Rldvbrsd`m`

    Lmgdelmc `b Dljbldbrm (ADM),

    Gecbjde `b Dljbldbres,

    WB@M^MC, WRLMWW, Kdldstbrde

    `b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y

    Wmlbmkdblte Egdlm `bc

    Kb`de Mkfdbltb, y cm E^W.

    M cm abghm bc Gekdt Pgldge

    hm gelgcud`e ces gmptuces?

    = Efobte, 6 Mcgmlgb y 0

    @dspesdgdelbs jblbrmcbs.

    Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm

    GB.>=> mvdkbltes Rrfmles

    Bc Gekdt Pgldge sb dlstmc bc

    me 6>=7, y bst gelaerkm`e

    per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs?

    ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm

    `bc ^br, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc

    `b Dljbldbrm (ADG), Msegdmgdl

    `b ^re`ugterbs `b Gbkblte

    (MWEGBK), Gkmrm ^brumlm

    `b cm Gelstruggdl (GM^BGE),

    Dlstdtute pmrm bc @bsmrrecce

    `b ces ^mvdkbltes bl bc ^br

    (D@^^).

    Bvbltes `b `dausdl `b

    lerkms tgldgms

    Bxpesdgdl sefrb cm

    Lerkm Pgldgm `b B`dgmgdl

    EW.>1> @rblmob ^cuvdmc Rrfmle

    `bc Vbjcmkblte Lmgdelmc

    `b B`dgmgdelbs bl cm _elmc

    Mrbqudpm (kmye 6>=7), bl cm

    Jbrblgdm _elmc Pruodcce (mjeste

    6>=7) y bl cm Rld`m` epbrmtdvm

    `b Gmomkmrgm (mjeste 6>=7), m

    gmrje `bc Dlj. Mcarb`e Kmlsbl

    Qmc`brrmkm.

    Bxpesdgdl sefrb cm

    Lerkm Pgldgm `b B`dgmgdl

    B.>4> Bstrugturms Kbtcdgms

    `bc Vbjcmkblte Lmgdelmc `b

    B`dgmgdelbs bl cm Jbrblgdm

    _elmc Dgm m gmrje bc Dlj. @mldbc

    Kulmrbs Jmrgdm. (levdbkfrb

    6>=7)

    Wb bvmcumrel y mprefmrel

    ces sdjudbltbs sdstbkms

    gelstrugtdves le

    gelvblgdelmcbs?

    BQJ-7@, mprefm`e gel

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L >6:-

    6>=7- QDQDBL@M, `b abghm `bc

    >=.>6.=7.

    MCDPBG, mprefm`e gel

    Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L

    >61-6>=7- QDQDBL@M, b abghm

    >=.>6.=7.

    DWECAEVJ, mprefm`e

    gel Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L

    =1:-6>=7-QDQDBL@M, `b abghm

    >=.>:.=7.

    Eagdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl ysupbrm`e mkpcdmkbltb ces keltes reybgtm`es pmrm bc prbsbltb me.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    32/95

    Eagdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl yAdlmlzms

    VBGMR@MGDEL EV CM GELPVDFRGDEL MC WBLGDGE,

    M^EVPBW @B CMW BK^VBWMW GELWPVRGPEVMW

    ^BVDE@E 6>=7

    Bc WBLGDGE, gubltm gel ulm aubltb prdlgdpmc `b

    dljrbses bgelkdges per ces M^EVPBW qub rbmcdzml

    cms ^brselms Lmturmcbs y Our`dgms9 geke pre`ugte

    `b cm mpcdgmgdl `b cm tmsm `b cm geltrdfugdl

    `bc >.6%, m ces dljrbses per bc `bsmrrecce `b cms

    mgtdvd`m`bs `b cm Gelstruggdl, dlgursms bl cm

    Gcmsdgmgdl Dltbrlmgdelmc Dl`ustrdmc Rldaerkb-GDDR

    GELWPVRGGDEL, Wbggdl A Vbvdsdl DQ.

    @urmltb bc Bobrgdgde 6>=7, hml pbrgdfd`e per mpertbs mc

    WBLGDGE cm sukm tetmc b W/. :6018,28=.2=, hmfdbl`e

    @B^MVPMKBLPE @B EVDBLPMGDL T GELPVEC @B M^EVPBW

    Bcmfermgdl? @pte. Geltrec b Mpertbs-WBLGDGE

    KBWBW 6>=7 VBGMR@MGDL PEPMC W/.

    BLBVE 8n824,647.>4

    ABFVBVE 0007,:10.>7

    KMV_E 0:17,0=2.48

    MFVDC 04:0,=:8.84

    KMTE 2876,==8.78

    ORLDE 2047,10:.72

    ORCDE 22==,=81.>>

    MJEWPE 12>=,21=.::

    WBPDBKFVB 242=,4:2.=7

    EGPRFVB :>=7,620.4>

    LEQDBKFVB 1:11,1=0.44

    *@DGDBKFVB 172:,2:=.>>

    PEPMC W/. :6018,28=.2=

    LEPM? * Bl bc kbs `b @dgdbkfrb sb hml

    gelsd`brm`e ces Keltes `b Vbgmu`mgdl

    ^reybgtm`m, `bfd`e m qub `dghe kbs sb blgubltrm

    bl pregbse b gmptmgdelbs.

    W c c ` c t c WBLGDGE cd ` ` t^VDLGD^MCBW BK^VBWMW

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    33/95

    Wbjl bc vecukbl b ces mpertbs mc WBLGDGE, rbmcdzm`es urmltb

    bc Me 6>=7, sb hml gcmsdgm`es m cms sdjudbltbs bkprbsms

    geke ces kmyerbs mpertmltbs.

    ^VDLGD^MCBW BK^VBWMWM^EVPMLPBW MC WBLGDGE

    Bcmfermgdl? @pte. Geltrec b Mpertbs-WBLGDGE

    J T K W.M.

    EQBVWBMW FBGHPBC DLGEV . WRG. @BC ^BVR

    KEPM-BLJDC BVR W.M.

    E@BFVBGHP ^BVR DLJ. T GELWPVRGGDEL WMG.

    GEWM^D W.M.

    PBGHDLP W.M.G.

    EFVMWGEL HRMVPB CMDL W.M. WRG. @BC BVR

    GELWPVRGGDEL T M@KDLDWPVMGDEL W.M.

    OOG GELPVMPDWPMW JBLBVMCBW

    GELWPVRGPEVM EMW CP@M. WRG RVWMC @BC ^BVR

    MFBLJEM BVR WM.

    WML KMVPDL GELPVMPDWPMW JBLBVMCBW WM.

    ^rbcdkdlmr per cm amctm b dlaerkmgdl b ces dljrbses b dgdbkfrb, ces kdskes

    qub guckdlm su rbgmu`mgdl bc 7=/=6/6>=7

    Eagdlm `b ^cmldagmgdlQdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte pmrm su mprefmgdl

    kb`dmltb Vbsecugdl Wuprbkm. Wefrb bc pmrtdgucmr sb vdblb

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    34/95

    Eagdlm `b ^cmldagmgdly ^rbsupubste

    p p

    geer`dlm`e gel bc Kdldstbrde `b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y

    Wmlbmkdblte.

    ^er etre cm`e, bl bc kmrge `b cm bstrmtbjdm `b `bsmrrecce `b

    WBLGDGE, m lbs bc me 6>=6, sb de d ldgde m cm aerkucmgdl

    `bc Kmlumc `b ^regb`dkdbltes (KM^VE), bc gumc gelstdtuyb

    ul dlstrukblte dl`dspblsmfcb bl bc qub sb `bsgrdfbl bl

    aerkm gcmrm, sdstbktdgm, er`blm`m y sbgublgdmc bc geloulte

    `b epbrmgdelbs dkpertmltbs `b su getd`dmle qubhmgbr

    dlstdtugdelmc, ce gumc rb`ul`mr bl kboermr `b kmlbrm

    geltdlum y pbrkmlbltb cm gmcd`m` b ces sbrvdgdes qub prbstm

    WBLGDGE.

    Gel abghm =6 `b mjeste `bc 6>=7, sb mpref bc KM^VE gel

    =8> pregb`dkdbltes, abghm bl cm qub sb dldgd cm btmpm `b

    rb`dsbe y kb`dmltb Vbsecugdl `b Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc Le.0 `b abghm =: `b blbre `bc 6>=0, sb aerkmcdz bc rb`dsbe

    `b =6 pregb`dkdbltes b ces =8> pregb`dkdbltes mprefm`es,

    bcmferl`esb =0 lubves pre pregb`dkdbltes.

    @DVBGPDQMW

    Gel cm lmcd`m` `b `drdjdr, judmr y/u erdbltmr cms mggdelbs

    m`kdldstrmtdvms, urmltb bc me 6>=6, cm Egdlm b cmldgmgdl

    y ^rbsupubste, aerkuc cm @drbgtdvm pmrm cm Aerkucmgdl,

    Mprefmgdl, Wbjudkdblte, Bvmcumgdl y Vbprejrmkmgdl

    `bc ^cml Epbrmtdve Dlstdtugdelmc Mlumc y cm @drbgtdvm pmrm cm

    @egukbltmgdl `b ^regbses y ^regb`dkdbltes, mprefm`ms

    kb`dmltb Vbsecugdl `b Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc L >07-6>=6.

    M`dgdelmckbltb m bcce, sb bcmfer cm @drbgtdvm `b Aerkucmgdl,

    ^VDLGD^MCBW MGPDQD@M@BW @BWMVVECCM@MW EV

    CM EADGDLM @B CMLDADGMGDL T VBWR^RBWPE

    Cm Egdlm `b ^cmldgmgdl y ^rbsupubste (E^^), bs cm

    rbspelsmfcb `b msbsermr m ces rjmles `b @drbggdl bl

    cm aerkucmgdl, geer`dlmgdl y bvmcumgdl `b cm ^ectdgm

    Dlstdtugdelmc bl kmtbrdm `b pcmldgmgdl, rmgdelmcdzmgdl,

    mspbgtes tgldges, pmrm bc gukpcdkdblte `b ces efobtdves

    `b cm bltd`m`.

    @urmltb bc pbre`e bvmcum`e, sb hm `m`e gukpcdkdblte

    m cms aulgdelbs msdjlm`ms, ms geke rbmcdzm`e `dvbrsms

    mgtdvd`m`bs, cms gumcbs sb rbsukbl m geltdlumgdl.

    DLWPVRKBLPEW @B JBWPDEL

    Kb`dmltb Mgubr`e `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc Le

    =>16->= `b abghm 6> `b levdbkfrb `bc 6>=6 sb mpref

    bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge Dlstdtugdelmc 6>=6 6>=1, ke`dgm`e

    kb`dmltb Mgubr`e Le =>:1->= `bc =4 `b oulde `bc

    6>=7, bc gumc sb blgubltrm mcdlbm`e m ces Efobtdves `bc

    Mgubr`e Lmgdelmc, bc ^cml Fdgbltblmrde hmgdm Bc 6>6=,

    bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge Wbgterdmc Kuctdmlumc ^BWBK `el`b

    sb bstmfcbgbl bltrb etres, ces prdlgdpmcbs dl`dgm`erbs `b

    rbsuctm`e, bc kdske qub sb blgubltrm mcdlbm`e mc ^cml

    Bstrmtjdge Wbgterdmc Kuctdmlumc 6>>8 6>=2 (^BWBK), bc

    Wbgter Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte, ms geke,gel bc cml Fdgbltblmrde Bc br hmgdm bc 6>6=, prbsbltm`e

    per bc Gbltre Lmgdelmc `b ^cmlbmkdblte Bstrmtjdge

    (GB^CML).

    Cubje `b mprefm`e bc ^BD 6>=6-6>=1, sb aerkucmrel ces

    ^cmlbs Epbrmtdves `b ces mes 6>=7, 6>=0, ces gumcbs

    aubrel mprefm`es kb`dmltb ces Mgubr`es `bc Gelsboe

    @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc Les =>10->= `b abghm 6: `b `dgdbkfrb

    `bc 6>=6 y Mgubr`e Le =>::->6 `b abghm >7 `b oucde 6>=7,

    rbspbgtdvmkbltb.

    @urmltb bc ctdke trdkbstrb bc 6>=6, sb dldgd cm mgtumcdzmgdl

    `bc Pbxte ldge ^regb`dkdblte M`kdldstrmtdve PR^M `b

    WBLGDGE, bc kdske qub aub blvdm`e mc Kdldstbrde `b

    Wusgrdpgdl, Bobgugdl, Bvmcumgdl, Geltrec, ufcdgmgdl y Cdqud`mgdl b Gelvbldes b Geepbrmgdl Dltbrdlstdtugdelmc, ^mrm bc Bobrgdgde Adsgmc 6>=7, `b ul prbsupubste dldgdmc msgbl`bltb m

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    35/95

    cm kdskm qub sb blgubltrm bl bvmcumgdl pmrm su mprefmgdl.

    ^VBWR^RBWPE T BOBGRGDL ^VBWR^RBWPMC 6>==-6>=7

    Bobgugdl bc Bjrbse

    @urmltb bc pbrde`e dlaerkm`e, sb mprbgdm qub bc ^rbsupubste ms geke su bobgugdl, sb hml d`e dlgrbkbltml`e

    mlumckbltb, geke rbsuctm`e b ulm grbgdbltb bkml`m bl tbkms b gmpmgdtmgdl, pbrabggdelmkdblte y gbrtdgmgdl b

    ces trmfmom`erbs `b cm gelstruggdl bl te`es sus ldvbcbs, ms geke bc dkpucse eterjm`e m cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs y trmfmoes

    tbglecjdges vdlgucm`es m cm prefcbktdgm `b cm vdvdbl`m y `b cm b`dgmgdl9 gecmferml`e bgdbltbkbltb oulte gel cms

    uld`m`bs ym bxdstbltbs bl ces prejrmkms segdmcbs pmrm vdvdbl`m rurmc, ardmob, Pmkfes, bltrb etres.

    Bl bc sdjudbltb Gum`re, sb mprbgdm bc ^rbsupubste Dldgdmc `b Mpbrturm (^DM), ms geke bc ^rbsupubste Dlstdtugdelmc

    Ke`dgm`e (^DK), y su bobgugdl, bvd`blgdl`esb ul kmyer prbsupubste y bobgugdl bl bc me 6>=7.

    6>== 14, 6=8, =>> :6, :8:, >81 08, 847, :41 1:

    6>=6 ::, 772, 6>> 8>, 620, 146 1:, :8:, 068 80

    6>=7 8>, =4=, 447 4=, 0=2, 8=: 80, =:8, 4:1 46

    MEW ^DM ^DK Bobgutm`eMvmlgb%

    W/. 8> =4= 447, sb dlgrbkblt bl ul =0%, bs `bgdr gbrrmkes bc me

    gel ul rbsupubste Dlstdtugdelmc Ke`dgm`e (^DK) msgbl`bltb m W/. 4=

    0=2 8=:, hmfdl`esb bobgutm`e ul 46.=% mc gdbrrb bc bobrgdgde, ce gumc

    pbrkdtd gukpcdr gel cms kbtms y efobtdves bstrmtjdges mprefm`es pmrm

    bc gdtm`e bobrgdgde. Bc `btmccb `bc ^rbsupubste `b WBLGDGE ms geke

    su bobgugdl, sb mprbgdm bl bc Gum`re sdjudbltb?

    GRM@VE Le >6

    ^rbsupubste Dldgdmc b Mpbrturm y ^rbsupubste

    Ke`dgm`e 6>=7

    (Bl Lubves Wecbs)

    JMWPEW GEVVDBLPBW 10,420,20: ::,707,=71 :6,>27,418 47.6

    2-6=? ^BVWELMC T EFCDJMGDELBW WEGDMCBW =7,61>,0>0 =7,278,>86 ==,626,10> 87.=

    2-66? ^BLWDELBW T EPVMW ^VBWPMGDELBW WEGDMCBW :2,=:4 :2,=:4 21,416 :2.8

    2-67? FDBLBW TWBVQDGDEW 2>,7>7,62= 17,66:,702 1>,766,0== 42.0

    2-62? EPVEW JMWPEW =,7=2,:=7 2>6,27> 06=,422 80.>

    JMWPEW @B GM^DPMC =2,67:,001 =0,>:6,18= =6,=62,>>4 81.6

    M. DLQBVWDELBW 6 ,2 46 ,: :0 6 ,6 11 ,0 80 : 18 ,: :1 7 7. 4

    - BWPR@DEW @B VB-DLQBVWDEL > 2>>,>>> =0,144 >.>

    - GELWPVRGGDEL@B CM DLAVMBWPVRGPRVM @BC GBLPVE @B

    GM^MGDPMGDELWBLGDGE _ELMC ^RLE6,640,2>8 148,41: > >.>

    - KBOEVMKDBLPE T MK^CDMGDEL@BC GBLPVE @B

    GM^MGDPMGDEL@B CM _ELMC WBLGDGE ^DRVM648,611 888,477 :71,>:: 87.>

    - GM^MGDPMGDELPBGLDGE-EGR^MGDELMC T GELWPVRGGDEL

    @B DLAVMBWPVRGPRVM AEVKMPDQM BL CM GEKRLD@M@LMPDQM

    @B KMKMTM]RB, @DWPVDPE @B BC GBLB^M, ^VEQDLGDM @B

    GEL@EVGML]RD, VBJDEL MKM_ELMW >

    =:8,280 =8,>>> 1.:

    F. FDBLBW @B GM^DPMC =6,100,1:6 ==,8>1,=4: ==,721,677 41.6

    M@]RDWDGDELDLKRBFCB J_GRWGE > 0 ,4 66 ,2 27 0 ,4 66 ,2 26 .> > > .>

    M@]RDWDGDEL@B B]RD^EW T EPVEW = 6,10 0,1: 6 1 ,8 87 ,1 00 1 ,0 77 ,1 8= 8 0.2

    PEPMC 8>,=4=,447 4=,0=2,8=: 80,=:8,4:: 46.=

    Mvmlgb

    %Jblrdgm ^DM ^DK Bobgutm`e

    Vbgmu`m`es y Aubltb @elmgdelbs y Prmlsabrblgdms msgdbl`b m

    Bobgugdl bc Dljrbse

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    36/95

    GRM@VE Le >0

    Bobgugdl rbsupubstmc bc Dljrbse 6>== - 6>=7

    (Bl Lubves Wecbs)

    W/.=== =8= 824.>> Lubves Wecbs.

    Geke sb pub`b mprbgdmr, bc rbsuctm`e b ces dljrbses gerrdbltbs

    bl bc pbre`e bvmcum`e, `bkubstrml cm gmpmgd`m` pmrm mareltmr

    ces jmstes gel dljrbses gmptm`es bl bc kdske pbre`e y jblbrmr

    ul kmrjbl pmrm cm mtblgdl b jmstes `b gmpdtmc y b Dlvbrsdl.

    M geltdlumgdl sb kubstrm bc grbgdkdblte `b ces dljrbses `b

    WBLGDGE per te`e gelgbpte.

    MEW GELGB^PE ^DM ^DK Vbgmu`m`e6>== Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 06,:88,>>> 06,:88,>>> 2>,72:,>4>

    Qbltm b Fdblbs y Wbrvdugdes 61,07>,=>> 61,07>,=>> 68,826,:12Etres Dljrbses > > =>1,181Wmc es b Fmcmlgb > 7,218,481 01,678,2=:

    6>=6 Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 2=,>16,2>> 2=,>16,2>> 10,16=,686Qb ltm b F db lb s y Wb rv dugd es > > 6,:40,11:Etres Dljrbses > 6,4=4,046 :4,87>,:>7Wmc`es b Fmcmlgb 61,6:6,:>> 61,6:6,:>> 76,>04,112

    6>=7 Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 27,>:=,44: 27,>:=,44: 12,4:8,:88Qbltm b Fdblbs y Wbrvdugdes 6:,>=8,0>7 70,774,842 76,228,748E tres Dljrb ses = >= ,2 47 = >= ,2 47 6 :7 ,2 7:Wmc`es b Fmcmlgb > 7,4>6,776 ===,=8=,824

    6>=0 Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 16,661,>>>Qbltm b Fdblbs y Wbrvdugdes 70,=16,816Etres Dljrbses =>6,1>>Wmc`es b Fmcmlgb

    o j

    Gel rbspbgte m cm bobgugdl `bc Dljrbse, bl bc 6>=7 sb eftuve ulm rbgmu`mgdl tetmc per te`m Aubltb

    `b Adlmlgdmkdblte msgbl`bltb m W/. =1: 080 =6>, dlgcud`e ces Wmc`es `b Fmcmlgb (W/. :2 4:4 441), qub

    rbprbsbltml bc 6>8.14% rbspbgte mc ^DK, tmc geke sb efsbrvm bl bc Gum`re sdjudbltb?

    Ces dljrbses per geltrdfugdelbs prbsbltml ulm bobgugdl `bc =60% `bc ^rbsupubste Dldgdmc

    Ke`dgm`e (^DK), y bc 7=.0% `b cm bobgugdl tetmc `b dljrbses. Bl gumlte m ces dljrbses per cm

    vbltm `b fdblbs y sbrvdgdes y `brbghes m`kdldstrmtdves, prbsbltm ul gukpcdkdblte `bc 42% `bc

    ^DK.

    Bc smc`e `b fmcmlgb `bc me mltbrder per cm Aubltb `b Adlmlgdmkdblte Vbgurses @drbgtmkbltb

    GRM@VE Le >7

    Bobgugdl bc Dljrbse per Msdjlmgdelbs Jblrdgms 6>=7

    (Bl Lubves Wecbs)

    Jblrdgm ^DM ^DK Vbgmu`m`e=? DK^RBWPEW T

    GELPVDFRGDELBW EFCDJMPEVDMW 27,>:=,44: 27,>:=,44: 12,4:8,:887? QBLPM @B FDBLBW T WBVQDGDEW

    T @BVBGHEW M@KDLDWPVMPDQEW 6:,> =8,0 >7 70,774,842 76,228,7482? EPVEW DLJVBWEW =>=,247 =>=,247 6:7,27:

    4? WMC@EW @B FMCMLGB > 7,4>6,776 ===,=8=,824PEPMC 8>,=4=,447 4=,0=2,8=: 6>4,446,286

    Gel rbcmgdl m cm bobgugdl `b Dlvbrsdelbs, `urmltb bc pbrde`e `b jbstdl

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    37/95

    bvmcum`e, sb cejr bobgutmr cm sukm `b W/. : 2=6 =7:, pmrm cm m`qudsdgdl

    `b ul dlkubfcb pmrm bc gbltre b`ugmtdve `b cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Pruodcce, cm

    bobgugdl bc preybgte Kboermkdblte y Mkpcdmgdl bc Gbltre b Gmpmgdtmgdl

    `b cm _elmc WBLGDGE ^durm, qub`ml`e pbl`dbltb cm m`qudsdgdl `b fdblbs

    m bobgutmr bl bc prbsbltb me (pdzmrrms dltbrmgtdvms), mgtdvd`m`bs prbvdms m cm

    aerkucmgdl `bc bxpb`dbltb Pgldge `bc ^reybgte Gmpmgdtmgdl egupmgdelmc

    y Gelstruggdl `b Dlarmbstrugturm aerkmtdvm bl cm Gekuld`m` Lmtdvm `b

    Kmkmymqub- Bc Gblbpm Gel`ergmlqud- Mkmzelms y cm efrm Gelstruggdl

    `b cm Dlarmbstrugturm bc Gbltre b Gmpmgdtmgdl WBLGDGE ule, mgtumckbltb

    pmrmcdzm`m. M geltdlumgdl bc `btmccb `b ce dl`dgm`e?

    GRM@VE Le >2

    Bobgugdl bc Jmste Dlvbrsdelbs (Bl Lubves Wecbs)

    ^DK BOBGRGDEL Bo/ DK

    =

    Mgel`dgdelmkdblte y M`qudsdgdl `b Dlkubfcb

    pmrm bc Gbltre `b Bspbgdmcdzmgdl bl Dlaerktdgm

    Mpcdgm`m m cm Gelstruggdl `b cm _elmc WBLGDGE

    - Pruodcce

    7,6>=,140.>> 7,6>=,140.>> =>>.>>

    6Gelstruggdl b cm Dlarmbstrugturm bc Gbltre b

    Gmpmgdtmgdl WBLGDGE ule0 ,7 24 ,1 46 .> > 6 ,: 02 ,> >> .> > 1 6. 41

    7 Kboermkdblte y Mkpcdmgdl `bc Gbltre `b

    Gmpmgdtmgdl b cm _elmc WBLGDGE durm= ,1 0> ,8 04 .2 > = ,2 0: ,0 07 .> > 4 0. 7=

    0

    Gmpmgdtmgdl Pbgldge Egupmgdelmc y

    Gelstruggdl b Dlarmbstrugturm aerkmtdvm bl cm

    gekuld`m lmtdvm `b Kmkmymqub -Bc Gblbpm-

    Gel`ergmlqud-Mkmzelms

    =:8,280.>> =8,>>>.>> =>.>8

    PEPMC W/. 4,78>,8=4.2> :,2=6,=7:.>> 8>.>8

    ^VETBGPEW @B DLQBVWDL

    @bpmrtmkblte cm sestbld`m dllevmgdl _elmcbs gel bspbgdmc mtblgdlD. ^rdlgdpmcbs Cejres

    Mcgmlzm`es bl bc Me 6>=7

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    38/95

    Bc `bpmrtmkblte `b Dlaerktdgm tdblb

    per kdsdl sbr ul rjmle `b sbrvdgde `bc

    WBLGDGE blgmrjm`e `b m`kdldstrmr

    cms gekuldgmgdelbs y bc trmtmkdbltegekputmrdzm`e `b cm dlaerkmgdl, gel

    bc bkpcbe `b tbglecejm mvmlzm`m pmrm

    use prepde `b cm dlstdtugdl, erjmldskes

    y pfcdge bl jblbrmc m trmvs `b ul

    bgdbltb y bgmz sdstbkm sepertm`e per

    bc gerrbspel`dbltb hmr`wmrb, seatwmrb y

    rb`bs `b gekuldgmgdelbs qub pbrkdtml

    cejrmr ces efobtdves gerpermtdves, `b

    kmlbrm sbjurm, bgdbltb, geltdlum y

    epertulm, gekpmtdfcb gel ul ptdke

    geste. Wu vdsdl bs sbr c`brbs bl cm

    utdcdzmgdl `b tbglecejm `b pultm,

    @bpmrtmkblte`b Dlaerktdgm

    tbglecjdgm, rbgelegd`es per

    cm bxgbcblgdm `b sus sbrvdgdes

    y gekprekbtd`es gel bc

    `bsmrrecce dltbjrmc `bc pms.

    Ces efobtdves bc @bpmrtmkblte

    `b Dlaerktdgm sb mcdlbml gel

    ces efobtdves sbgterdmcbs b

    dlstdtugdelmcbs `bc WBLGDGE

    sdjudbltbs?

    Ke`brldzmgdl `b ces

    pregbses y pregb`dkdbltes

    m`kdldstrmtdves.

    Qdlgucmgdl b WBLGDGE

    m ldvbc lmgdelmc

    Wdstbkmtdzmgdl bl

    m`qudsdgdl, kmltbldkdblte y

    rblevmgdl `b bqudpmkdblte b

    dlarmbstrugturm.

    Bl mtblgdl m bstes efobtdves,

    `urmltb bc me 6>=7 sb hm `m`e

    prbpel`brmlgdm m cm rblevmgdl

    `b cm dlarmbstrugturm `b rb`bs

    y gekuldgmgdelbs `b cm Wb`b

    Gbltrmc y m cm rblevmgdl `bc

    bqudpmkdblte b gekputm`erms

    `b cm Wb`b Gbltrmc y Jbrblgdms

    bl ces cmfermterdes `b gkpute,

    rbms `b mtblgdl mc gcdbltb

    y pbrselmc m`kdldstrmtdve9

    m`bks, bl gukpcdkdblte `b

    cm lerkmtdvd`m` `b use cbjmc

    `bc seatwmrb sb hm rbmcdzm`e

    cm rblevmgdl `b cms cdgblgdms

    `b seatwmrb utdcdzm`es per bc

    WBLGDGE pmrm lbs b`ugmtdves

    y m`kdldstrmtdves.

    Mcgmlzm`es bl bc Me 6>=7

    MVBM ^VETBGPE/MGPDQD@M@

    Dlarmbstrugturm Wb bobgut bc preybgte b rblevmgdl b cm Dlarmbstrugturm Pbglecjdgm

    `bc WBLGDGE bc gumc dlgcuy ces sdjudbltbs sufpreybgtes? Dlstmcmgdl

    `b ul Wdstbkm `b Gmfcbm`e Bstrugturm`e, Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b ul lubve

    @mtmgbltbr, Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm Gbltrmc Pbcbaldgm, sukdldstre b

    dlstmcmgdl `b Bqudpes `b Gekuldgmgdl pmrm rb`bs CML y Zdrbcbss

    CML, Wukdldstre b Dlstmcmgdl `b bqudpe `b Jbstdl Rldadgm`m `b

    Wbjurd`m` y Mkblmzms y cm dlstmcmgdl y keltmob `b ul Wdstbkm `bQd`be Keldterbe y b Geltrec b Mggbse.

    Wb bobgut bc ^reybgte `b Pbrgbrdzmgdl `b bqudpes `b dkprbsdl bl cm

    Wb`b Gbltrmc, kb`dmltb bc gumc sb tdblb m dspesdgdl ces sbrvdgdes b

    dkprbsdl, aetegepdm`e y bsgmlbe b egukbltes qub sel lbgbsmrdes

    pmrm cms mgtdvd`m`bs m`kdldstrmtdvms y b`ugmtdvms.

    Wb bobgut bc preybgte `b Dltbrgelbxdl Mckfrdgm b Dlmckfrdgm `b ces

    ^mfbccelbs F, G, B, A, pmrm cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pgldgm- WBLGDGE bl

    Wml Ferom, gel bc efobtdve b prepergdelmr mg gbse m ces sbrvdgdes bc

    dltbrlbt m te`e bc mcuklm`e y pbrselmc egbltb b cm dlstdtugdl.

    ^mrm bcce sb rbmcdz bc sukdldstre, dlstmcmgdl y gbrtdadgmgdl `b cmdlarmbstrugturm b tbcbgekuldgmgdelbs? gmfcbm`e bstrugturm`e, mltblms

    Zdrbcbss y bqudpmkdblte CML bc gmkpus b WBLGDGE.

    Wb dkpcbkblt bc lubve sbrvdgde b gerrbe bcbgtrldge per dltbrkb`de`b Kdgreseat Eaadgb 712, pmrm ces mcukles, egbltbs y pbrselmc

    m`kdldstrmtdve.

    Wdstbkms/Mpcdgm

    gdelbs

    Wb bcmfer bc preybgte pmrm m`qudsdgdl b dkpcbkbltmgdl b ul

    sdstbkm BV^ qub mpeyb m cm jbstdl m`kdldstrmtdvm y b`ugmtdvm bc

    WBLGDGE.

    Wb dkpcbkblt bc Wdstbkm b Gelvbldes bcmferm`e per bc

    @bpmrtmkblte `b Dlaerktdgm, gel bc adl `b rbmcdzmr ul geltrec y

    sbjudkdblte ks babgtdve rbspbgte mc gukpcdkdblte b cms kbtms `bc

    gelvblde.

    Wb dkpcbkblt bc Wdstbkm b Dlvbltmrde b Bqudpes b Gkputebcmferm`e per bc @bpmrtmkblte `b Dlaerktdgm, gel bc adl `b rbmcdzmr bc

    geltrec y bvmcumgdl b ces bqudpes b gkpute qub dspelbl cms

    Jbrblgdms _elmcbs y cms `bpbl`blgdms `b cm Wb`b Gbltrmc.

    Wb rb`dsbmrel bc ^ertmc y cm Dltrmlbt `bc WBLGDGE

    Jbstdl Wb bcmfer bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge `b Pbglecejms b Dlaerkmgdl y

    Gekuldgmgdelbs bc WBLGDGE (^BPDG), guye prdlgdpmc efobtdve bs

    sbrvdr `b jum pmrm cm dkpcbkbltmgdl er`blm`m b ces preybgtes `b

    Pbglecejms `b Dlaerkmgdl qub rbqudbrbl cms `bpbl`blgdms `bc

    WBLGDGE.

    Wb dkpcbkblt cm kbte`ecejm b Jbstdl b reybgtes b P bglecejms

    `b Dlaerkmgdl blekdlm`e KB^PDW, fmsm`e bl cm jum KFEI bc^reobgt Kmlmjbkblt Dlstdtutb (^KD).

    Wb bcmfer cm @drbgtdvm? Lerkms pmrm bc Rse `bc Wbrvdgde `b Pbcbaelm

    Adom.

    DD. Cdgblgdmkdblte `b seatwmrb

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    39/95

    Wb rbmcdz cm rblevmgdl y/e m`qudsdgdl b cms cdgblgdms b seatwmrb

    qub utdcdzm bc WBLGDGE, bltrb bccms tblbkes?

    PD^E @B WEAPZMVB /LEKFVB @B WEAPZMVB

    Cbljumobs y hbrrmkdbltms b prejrmkmgdl

    - ^ewbr Fudc`br

    - PEM@ aer Ermgcb

    -Vmtdelmc Vesb

    Kmlbom`er/utdcdtmrdes `b fmsb `b `mtes

    - Ermgcb

    Hbrrmkdbltms b pre`ugtdvd`m`

    - Kdgreseat Blrecckblt aer B`ugmtdel Wecutdels EQW

    Wbjurd`m` b cm dlaerkmgdl

    - Mltdvdrus

    - Aertdjmtb

    Etres

    - Weatwmrb pmrm bltrbjm b mpcdgmgdelbs repmcks

    - Weatwmrb b geltrec Pbcbaldge GWdstbc

    - Weatwmrb b Hbcp`bsi WysMd`

    Bsgubcm `b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder preabsdelmc.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    40/95

    Bsgubcm `b B`ugmgdl WupbrderPbglecjdgm ^fcdgm `bJbstdl ^rdvm`m

    Bc me 6>=7 pmrm cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm WBLGDGE su jbstdl pbrkdtd

    msbjurmr bc gukpcdkdblte `b efobtdves y kbtms `bcdlbm`es bl cms sdjudbltbs clbms

    `b mggdl? grbgdkdblte sestbld`e `b cm BWPW, rbcmlzmkdblte pmrm ulm lubvm dkmjbl,

    kboermkdblte `b cm gmcd`m` b`ugmtdvm y bcbvmr cm tmsm `b gecegmgdl `b bjrbsm`es.

    Bltrb ces cejres ks dkpertmltbs pe`bkes sbmcmr? cm geltdlumgdl bl bc kboermkdblte

    `b cm dlarmbstrugturm, bqudpmkdblte y kefdcdmrde9 bc mukblte bl bc lkbre `b

    pestucmltbs y mcukles kmtrdgucm`es9 cm lubvm prepubstm jrgm pmrm cm BWPW

    dlgcuybl`e mkfdbltmgdl `b egdlms y mucms9 prepdgdmr bc geltbxte m`bgum`e pmrm ulm

    bxgbcbltb rbcmgdl bltrb preabserbs, mcukles y pbrselmc `b cm BWPW b dlgrbkblte `b

    ulm dkpertmltb gmltd`m` y gmcd`m` `b ttuces bl cm Fdfcdetbgm Bspbgdmcdzm`m.

    Etre dkpertmltb cejre aub cm bobgugdl `bc preybgte `blekdlm`e Vb` Mckfrdgm

    b Dlmckfrdgm `b cm BWP WBLGDGE qub pbrkdtdr tblbr mggbse m dltbrlbt m te`e bc

    mcuklm`e y pbrselmc `egbltb bl mucms y te`e bc gmkpus.

    Msdkdske, cm BWP rbmcdz ul rbgelegdkdblte pstuke mc bx aulgdelmrde, kmbstre y

    gecmferm`er `b lubstrm dlstdtugdl, Dlj. Oucde ^mghbge _djm, per bc qub lubstrm

    Fdfcdetbgm Bspbgdmcdzm`m ccbvm su lekfrb, bl krdte m su `bstmgm`m trmybgterdm

    p

    Pe`e bste blgmkdlm`e m mcgmlzmr lubstrm vdsdl? Wbr

    rbgelegd`m geke cm dlstdtugdl c`br bl cm aerkmgdl

    preabsdelmc tbglecjdgm bl Cmtdlemkrdgm.

    EADGDLM @B WBGVBPMVM MGM@KDGM

    DLWGVD^GDL MC VEGBWE @B M@KDWDL 6>=7

    Cm BWP WBLGDGE bsmrreccm es pregbses b m`kdsdl mc

    me pmrm gufrdr vmgmltbs bl cms sbds gmrrbrms qub earbgb.

    Bl cm prdkbrm m`kdsdl rbgdfdkes cm dlsgrdpgdl `b =,70=

    pbrselms pmrm gufrdr 2:1 vmgmltbs. (Qbr gum`re =)

    GRM@VE L =

    Lkbre `b pestucmltbs 6>=7 D,sbjl gmrrbrm y turle

    Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges

    Gmrrbrm Kmmlm Leghb L Petmc

    @dsbe b Dltbrderbs 617 =>1 714

    B`dgmgdelbs =:2 6:= 001

    @dfuoe bl Gelstruggdl Gdvdc :8 74 ==:

    Pepejrmm 671 671

    Jbekgm 72 67 28

    Cmf. b Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte ==2 ==2

    Petmc :8: 220 =70=

    PMCCBVBW BXPVMGRVVDGRCMVBWBl cm sbjul`m gelvegmterdm sb dlsgrdfdbrel ==4> pbrselms pmrm gufrdr 26> vmgmltbs (Qbr gum`re 6).

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    41/95

    ^VEGBWE @B KMPVGRCM

    Bc lkbre b mcukles kmtrdgucm`es bl bc Wbkbstrb Mgm`kdge 6>=7 - = aub `b =840, kdbltrms qub bl

    bc Wbkbstrb Mgm`kdge 6>=7 6 bc lkbre b kmtrdgucm`es aub b =,422.

    GRM@VE L 6Lkbre b

    pestucmltbs6>=7 DD,

    sbjl gmrrbrmy turle

    GRM@VE L 7Lkbre b

    kmtrdgucm`essbjl

    sbkbstrbmgm`kdge y

    gmrrbrm

    Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges

    Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges

    Gmrrbrm Kmmlm Pmr`b Leghb L Petmc

    @dsbe b Dltbrderbs 6=2 70 :1 762

    B`dgmgdelbs =06 08 6>6 746

    @dfuoe bl Gelstruggdl Gdvdc 24 72 40

    Pepejrmm =:2 0> 6=2

    Jbekgm 27 27

    Cmf. `b Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte === ===

    Petmc 24= =66 0:: ==4>

    Gmrrbrm L Kmtrdgucm`es

    6>=7-D

    L Kmtrdgucm`es

    6>=7-DD

    @dsbe b Dltbrderbs 222 1>4

    B`dgmgdelbs 2:7 217

    @dfuoe bl Gelstruggdl Gdvdc 67: 60=

    Pepejrmm =84 6=2

    Jbekgm =47 =82

    Cmf. b Wubces,Gelgrbte y Msamcte =0: =06

    Petmc =840 =422

    M l b gukpcdr gel bc gekprekdse `b frdl`mr ulm aerkmgdl dltbjrmc

    m lubstres mcukles, cm BWP WBLGDGE prejrmkm bc `bsmrrecce `b

    Pmccbrbs Bxtrmgurrdgucmrbs m qudblbs `bsbbl pmrtdgdpmr bl `dvbrsms

    `dsgdpcdlms. Bc me 6>=7 sb dkpcbkbltmrel `dvbrses gurses,

    rbgdfdbl`e 8: dlsgrdtes bl bc Wbkbstrb 6>=7 = y =72 bl bc Wbkbstrb

    Mgm`kdge 6>=7 6, `bsmjrbjm`es `b mgubr`e mc sdjudbltb gum re.

    GRM@VE L 0Lkbre `b dlsgrdtes bl Pmccbrbs

    Bxtrmgurrdgucmrbs sbjl sbkbstrbmgm`kdge

    Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges

    Gmrrbrm L Kmtrdgucm`es

    6>=7-D

    L Kmtrdgucm`es

    6>=7-DD

    Gmol Grdecce >7 -

    Judtmrrm gurse fsdge =: ==

    Judtmrrm gurse mvmlzm`e - =0

    Pmb Iwel @e 62 -

    Qecby Kdxte =8 -

    Autsmc 60 -

    ^dlturm bl vd`rde - =0

    Pmccbr b rbgdgcmob - =6

    Qbcms bgermvms - >6

    fmi - >4

    @mlzm aecicrdgm - Wbcvm - =:

    @mlzm aecicrdgm - gestm - 76

    Pgldgms `b bxprbsdl ermc - 60

    Petmc 8: =72

    G E L W R C P E V D E `b bstu`des, `dpcekms bstu`dmltbs, `egbltbs, bltbspestucmltbs y mcukles kmtrdgucm`es rbspbgte mc 6>=6.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    42/95

    ^WDGE^B@MJJDGE

    @urmltb bc me 6>=7 cm BWP

    WBLGDGE Cdkm hm frdl`m`e

    m sus bstu`dmltbs, `egbltbs

    y trmfmom`erbs, bc sbrvdgde `b

    gelsucterde psdgepb`mjjdge

    jrmtudte. Bstb sbrvdgde hm

    rbmcdzm`e 76: mtblgdelbs

    qudblbs mgu`dbrel per dltbrs

    bl bc sbrvdgde e per hmfbr sd`e

    rbabrd`e per ul preabser.

    @urmltb bc me 6>=7 sb

    `bsmrreccmrel `es tmccbrbs

    pmrtdgdpmtdves? Pmccbr `b

    Dltbcdjblgdm Bkegdelmc y Pmccbr

    `b Kmlboe `b Geldgtes.

    @D^CEKMW, GELWPMLGDMW

    T GBVPDADGM@EW

    @urmltb bc me 6>=7 cm Egdlm

    `b Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres

    Mgm`kdges rbgdfd y mtbl`d

    6,8:2 secdgdtu`bs `dvbrsms?

    gelstmlgdms, gbrtdgm`es

    `b bjrbsm`e, gmrtms `b

    prbsbltmgdl, tdtucmgdelbs,

    mgtumcdzmgdelbs `b kmtrgucm,

    bltrb etrms.

    PDPRCMGDL

    Bc me 6>=7 cm Egdlm

    `b Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres

    Mgm`kdges rbgdfd =>2

    secdgdtu`bs pmrm tdtucmgdl

    `b Cdkm cms qub `brdvmkes

    m Geer`dlmgdl Mgm`kdgm

    y bcmfermkes m`bks =0>

    Vbsecugdelbs y @dpcekms

    `b Ptuces m ldvbc lmgdelmc

    gerrbspel`dbltb m? 27 `b Cdkm,

    >: b Mrbqudpm, 6> b Ghdgcmye,

    => b Gusge, 06 b Pruodcce y >8

    `b ^durm.

    VBM @B RLD@M@

    MGM@KDGM

    Vbmcdzm sus mgtdvd`m`bs geke

    lbxe `dlkdge bltrb ces

    m`kdldstrmtdves y cm Dlstdtugdl,

    pmrm bc pcmlbmkdblte,

    erjmldzmgdl, drbggdl y geltrec

    `b cms mgtdvd`m`bs mgm`kdgms,

    prejrmkm`ms per cm Bsgubcm

    Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm.

    Cms aulgdelbs `b cm

    Geer`dlmgdl Mgm`kdgm

    `b cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder

    Pbglecjdgm WBLGDGE urmltb

    bc WBKBWPVB MGM@BKDGE

    6>=7-D y DD, bstuvdbrel

    vdlgucm`ms m bcbvmr bc ldvbc

    b`ugmtdve bl cms sbds gmrrbrms

    preabsdelmcbs qub sb earbgbl,

    gel bc l `b cejrmr bc cd`brmzje

    bl bc kbrgm`e b`ugmtdve

    y prepdgdmr bc `bsmrrecce

    preabsdelmc `b lubstres

    bjrbsm`es, m trmvs `b ulm

    blsbmlzm per gekpbtblgdms.

    Bl bc prbsbltb me, cm Bsgubcm

    hm supbrm`e bl gumlte

    mc lkbre `b vmgmltbs,

    DLPBVGMKFDE @B BWPR@DMLPBW BL ]RBFBG GMLM@M

    Bl bc kmrge `bc gelvblde susgrdte gel Geepbrmgdl Dltbrlmgdelmc

    pmrm dltbrgmkfde `b bstu`dmltbs bltrb WBLGDGE y bc Geccbjb

    @Blsbdjlbkblt Jlbrmc BP ^reabsdellbc Cdkedceu-Furbmu `b

    Gmlm`, `el`b mlumckbltb sb vdblb rbgdfdbl`e bc dltbrgmkfde

    JVMADGE L =GRM@VE GEK^MVMPDQE 6>=6 vs. 6>=7

    Qmgmltbs, ^estucmltbs y McuklesKmtrdgucm`es

    Bcmferm`e per? Cdg. Jcerdm Mrreye / Geer`dlmgdl Mgm`kdgm

    `b bstu`dmltbs gel >7 fbgms dltbjrmcbs per me, `b cm

    d cd` ` ` J td

    Gmfb dl`dgmr qub bl bc gdgce 6>=7-D tuvdkes per prdkbrm vbz

    c d t ` c GBJB^ CDKEDCER ` ] f

    Epdldl `b cm mtblgdl m`kdldstrmtdvm

    Epdldl `bc muxdcdmr m`kdldstrmtdve

    KBOEVM @B CM DLAVMBWPVRGPRVM T B]RD^MKDBLPE @B CM

    B.W.P.

  • 7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf

    43/95

    bspbgdmcd`m` `b Jbektdgm.

    ^mrm bc prbsbltb me sb hm gelvegm`e y sbcbggdelm`e per

    ces pbre`es 6>=6 y 6>=7 m ul tetmc `b sbds bstu`dmltbs

    gel letms sefrbsmcdbltbs, qub bstl gursml`e bc DD y DQ

    gdgce, `bfdbl`e tblbr bc bstu`dmltb bc ldvbc `b sugdblgdm

    bl bc d`dekm Armlgs. Cms fbgms eterjm`ms sel dltbjrmcbs

    y gufrbl hespb`mob, mcdkbltmgdl, sbjure geltrm rdbsjes,

    pmsmobs mrbes, kmtrgucm y etres gestes mgm`kdges ms

    geke ulm kmlutblgdl kblsumc per bc tdbkpe qub `urm bc

    gdgce mgm`kdge, dlgcusdvb bc geste `bc trkdtb `bc vdsm`e qub

    hmgbl ces mcukles (vm rbdltbjre).

    ulm mcuklm prevbldbltb `bc GBJB^ CDKEDCER `b ]ubfbg

    Gmlm`, cm Wrtm. Gmrecdlb Euccbt, qudbl rbmcdz ulm pmsmltm

    bl WBLGDGE, geke pmrtb `bc gelvblde bspbgge `b

    geepbrmgdl dltbrlmgdelmc pmrm dltbrgmkfde `b bstu`dmltbs,

    hmfdbl`e `bsmrreccm`e bc DQ gdgce bl lubstrms dlstmcmgdelbs.

    Cm pmsmltm per ketdves m`kdldstrmtdves `bc Cdkeccdub sb

    babgtumr bl cm sbsdl `b dlvdbrle `bc me 6>=0, qub dldgdm bc

    6> `b blbre y guckdlm bc 6= `b kmye `bc 6>=0.

    GM^MGDPMGDEL @EGBLPBW

    Bc gurse tmccbr Lubves Blaequbs B`ugmtdves y Pmccbr `b

    Dltbjrmgdl sb rbmcdz ces `ms 62 y 61 `b abfrbre gel cmpmrtdgdpmgdl `b =67 `egbltbs, ces kdskes qub rbprbsbltml

    bc 4>% `bc tetmc, gdarm fmstmltb smtdsamgterdm, ym qub amverbgb

    bl kboermr cm gmcd`m` `b blsbmlzm qub sb dkpmrtb y per

    etre cm`e, qub lubstres `egbltbs sb blgubltrbl ks

    gekprekbtd`es gel cm Bsgubcm.

    Bl bc 6>=7 D y DD sb rbmcdz ulm blgubstm `b epdldl m ces

    bstu`dmltbs, cms gumcbs rbbomfml dkpertmltb dlaerkmgdl

    geke?

    Epdldl `bc mcukle gel rbspbgte mc egbltb

    -Epdldl `b cm dlarmbstrugturm

    GRM@VE L =GRM@VE @B MCRKLEW FBLBADGDMVDEW

    Bcmferm`e per? Cdg. Jc


Presentacion Tirn V9

Presentacion Tirn V9

07-Gestion V9-A127 caso.indd

07-Gestion V9-A127 caso.indd

Shú Magazine - V9

Shú Magazine - V9

Ofertas dges-2013-v9

Ofertas dges-2013-v9

Transformadores v9 7-1

Transformadores v9 7-1

catalogo andersen v9

catalogo andersen v9

Texto guia sap2000 v9

Texto guia sap2000 v9

Expediente Tecnico v9 · 2015-12-31 · Expediente Técnico – Proyecto “BioSinergia” 4 I. MEMORIA DESCRIPTIVA 1.1. Antecedentes El proyecto piloto forma parte del Proyecto BioSinergia:

Expediente Tecnico v9 · 2015-12-31 · Expediente Técnico – Proyecto “BioSinergia” 4 I. MEMORIA DESCRIPTIVA 1.1. Antecedentes El proyecto piloto forma parte del Proyecto BioSinergia:

Banco Ar 2012 v9 Final

Banco Ar 2012 v9 Final

Fisica na escola V9 N2

Fisica na escola V9 N2

ManualInst v9

ManualInst v9

DPEDAGO Troie V9 - lafermedebelebat.fr

DPEDAGO Troie V9 - lafermedebelebat.fr

SALES KIT LMM V9

SALES KIT LMM V9

BETA ESET Smart Security V9

BETA ESET Smart Security V9

Programa UxV V9 - WordPress.com

Programa UxV V9 - WordPress.com

Maqueta Papelitos V9

Maqueta Papelitos V9

curso programa DIACAE v9

curso programa DIACAE v9

TESIS UTC Iván Granda v9

TESIS UTC Iván Granda v9

Ics Telecom V9

Ics Telecom V9

Cuaderno de trabajo v9 sesión4

Cuaderno de trabajo v9 sesión4