Luan Van Bao Hiem Than Tau

8/14/2019 Luan Van Bao Hiem Than Tau

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Kho lun tt nghip Trn Thu H - A2-CN9

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LI MU

gia th k XVII, khi cuc cch mng cng nghip ln th nhtang gt hi nhng thnh tu ban u, con s t Anh Quc diu

v dng oai khng ch bng cc i qun l dng m cn bng cc i

thng thuyn y p hng ho n cc ni c thn trn th gii. Vo thi

gian y, ph Lom-ba London, mi chiu n, cc nh bun, cc thuyn

trng v thu th thng t tp ti qun c ph mang tn Lloyd. H kho

nhau v nhng phi v mang li li nhun cao, nhng vng t va khai ph

v bi ngi k cho nhau nghe v nhng v tn tht, thit hi, v nhng ngixu s khng may phi lm mi cho h b. Ngi ch qun khng ch gii

ch bin c ph, nhy cm vi nhng ting rng rng ca ng tin m cn c

t duy rt c bit ca mt nh kinh t. T nhng thng tin thu c ng lp

ra bn tin Lloyd v hng hi, c gii thng gia v hng hi nng nhit

cho n. V cng t nhng thng tin thu c y, mt cng ty bo him

hng hi u tin trn th gii ra i thu ht hu ht cc thng gia v nh

hng hi Anh tham gia.Trn ba trm nm tri qua, k t ngy y, bo him thn tu v trch

nhim ch tu trthnh thng lkhp ni trn th gii trong c Vit

Nam. L mt nghip v quan trng ca bo him thng mi, vic tm hiu

v nghin cu v bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu trong bi cnh nn

kinh t m, khi t nc bc sang giai on CNH-HH l ht sc cn thit.

Vi v tr quan trng ca nghip v bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch

tu nh vy, em mun i su nghin cu v nghip v ny. V vy, em chn ti: Bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu ti Tng cng ty bo

him Vit Nam. Ngoi phn mu v kt lun, lun vn c chia thnh 3

phn chnh:

Chng I: L lun chung vbo him thn tu v trch nhim thn tu.

Chng II: Thc trng hotng bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch

tu ti Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam (Bo Vit).

T


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Chng III: Phng hng v mt s gii php nhm gp phn nng

cao hiu qu hotng bo him thn tu Bo Vit.

Em xin by t lng cm n chn thnh i vi Tin sV STun

nhit tnh hng dn ch bo cho em trong qu trnh lm kho lun ny. V

thi gian thc hin kho lun c hn, kin thc thc t khng c nhiu, ni

dung kho lun ch yu l da trn csl thuyt nn kh c th trnh khi

c nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c s ch bo, kin ng gp

ca cc thy c trong b mn vn ti v bo him.

Em xin chn thnh cm n.!

H Ni, thng 5 nm 2003

Sinh vin thc hin

Trn Thu H


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CHNG I: L LUN CHUNG V BO HIM THN TU V TRCHNHIM DN S CH TU

I. SCN THIT PHI BO HIM THN TU V TRCH NHIMCH TU:1. Gii thiu tng qut v tu bin:

Bt c quc gia no mun thc y v pht trin kinh tu phi c h

thng giao thng thng sut. H thng giao thng ca mi nc c nh

gi trn c ba lnh vc: ng thu, ng b v ng khng. C th khng

nh rng hu ht cc nc trn th gii u c h thng giao thng ng

thu v s pht trin hay khng li ph thuc vo iu kin hon cnh ca

mi nc. Mt trong nhng iu kin khng th thiu khi mun pht trin

giao thng ng thu l phi c mt i tu chuyn dng. Li ch ca giao

thng ng thu m trc ti p l t cc i tu mang li cho cc quc gia

ngun li ln trong kinh t quc phng v.v... C th thy rng tu bin l mt

phng tin vn ti quan trng trong h thng giao thng vn ti v l mt

nhn t kh c th thiu trong nn kinh t quc dn.

Tu bin l thut ng dng ch nhng phng tin ni trn mt nc

c kh nng chuyn chhng ho, vt phm, hnh khch hoc s dng vo

mc ch khc trn bin hoc trn nhng vng nc khc m tu c thi li

c. Ngoi ra, cn c cc khi nim khc nhau v tu thu; chng hn, trong

"qui tc phng nga va chm tu thuyn trn bin" (International regulation

for preventing collision at sea, 1972) th tu bin bao gm tt c cc phng

dng hoc c th dng lm phng tin vn chuyn trn mt nc, k c cc

loi tu thuyn khng c trng lng chim nc v thu phi c.

Nh vy tu bin bao gm cc tu ln, nh chuyn chhng ho, hnh

khch, tu chuyn dng ( ng lnh, chdu ), s lan, thuyn my, thuyn

bum, tu lai dt, tu cu h, tu ko, cn cu ni...Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn cho

tt c cc trang thit b ca mt con tu bao gm: neo, xung cu sinh, my

mc u c coi l cc b phn ca mt con tu. Tu bin c coi l tu

hot ng phi t c cc yu cu sau:

Mt l, dng chuyn ch hoc s dng vo nhng mc ch khc

nhau nh trn bin.


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Hai l, chy trn mt hi trnh quy nh c th l ng hng hi

trong nc hoc quc t.

Tu bin c nhng u, nhc im sau:

u im:

- Kh nng vn chuyn ca tu bin ln: Khi lng hng ho vn

chuyn ca mt tu bin c trung bnh cng c th ln hn rt nhiu so vi

cc phng tin vn chuyn trong cc lnh vc giao thng vn ti khc. Mt

khc tu bin cha ng c hu ht cc loi hng ho: hng cng knh,

siu trng, siu trng, hng lng,... u c th vn chuyn c.

- Giao thng ng bin vi cc tuyn ng hu nh l c sn do vn chuyn bng tu bin khng tn nhiu chi ph mng c chng ch

l chi ph xy dng cc cng trnh trn bin h trnh bn cng, cu

cng, n hi ng...

- Gi thnh vn chuyn r: l do khi lng vn chuyn ln ng thi h

thng giao thng ng thu nhiu khi khng b hn ch bi a hnh nn c

th rt ngn li v thun tin hn.

Nhc im:Bn cnh nhng u im trn tu bin cn c mt s nhc im i hi

phi c hn ch v khc phc. l:

- Tc tu bin chm: Vi hnh khi ln v kh nng vn chuyn nhiu

li hot ng rng khp trn cc vng bin sng nc tu bin thng c tc

thp, tc ti a ca tu bin khong 30 hi l (1 hi l = 1,852 km).

Chnh v tu bin c tc chm m ko theo hnh trnh ca con tu di

ngy. iu ny c nh hng ln v mt kinh t. Trong nn kinh t th trngi hi s nhanh nhy kp thi, c nhng thi cchp nhong nu khng nm

bt ngay s lmt chi, b trng mt th trng. V vy, i vi nhng mt

hng yu cu nhanh khng th vn chuyn bng ng bin c.

- Tu bin thng g p nhiu ri ro gy tn tht ln cho ch tu, ch

hng: Giao thng ng thu l lnh vc chu nh hng rt nhiu ca thin

nhin. Hnh trnh di ngy trn bin th snh hng cng ln. Vi trng


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ti v sc cha ln nh vy nn khi gp ri ro s l mt tn tht i vi ch

tu v cc ch hng.

- Do hot ng ca con tu gn nh l c lp, lnh nh trn bin nn

vic cu ng, hn ch tn tht gp nhiu kh khn.

Cc c trng cbn ca con tu l: tn tu, ctu, ln tu.

C 3 cch xc nh ln ca con tu theo trng ti l:

Cch 1 :Theo tn dung tch ng k ton phn (GRT- GROSS

REGISTERED TONNAGE)

Cch 2 : Theo tn dung dch tnh ( NRT- NET REGISTERED

TONNAGE, 1NRT=2,83 m3

Cch 3 : Theo tn su mm nc ( DWT- DEAT WEIGHT

TONNAGE)

Theo lut quc t, tu cm cnc no l mang quc tch nc c

coi nh lnh th ni mang ch quyn nc . Nhng nc tham chin hay

th ch ln nhau khng cho mang c ca nc i tng ra vo cng ca

mnh hoc thm ch cn bt gi khm xt tu i phng.

Theo lut kinh doanh, ch tu c th khai thc con tu di dng chothu tng khoang xp hng, cho thu c chuyn tu hoc cho thu c con tu

trong mt thi gian di thm ch cho thu ci ng squan, thu th, thuyn

vin.

2. Scn thit phi bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu

Trong lnh vc giao thng ni chung v giao thng ng thu ni ring

d c quan tm ngn nga nhng vn c nhng ri ro bt ngkhng lng

trc c c th xy ra. Nhng ri ro dn n nhng tn tht rt ln.

Theo thng k ca t chc hng hi th gii IMO nhng v tn tht ny

ln ti con s khng l: Nm 1976 c 277 vm tu vi tng s 2,7 triu

GRT. Ch trong thi gian t 1970- 1976 s tin thit hi do m tu tng

ln gp i. Nm 1982 c 402 v tu gp tai nn trong 250 tu bm.

Ngi ta c th tnh c rng hng nm c trung bnh 2 ngy c t nht 1

con tu trng ti t 500 GRT trln bm trn th gii v xc sut m tu

l 0,5%/ nm.


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Vit Nam nm 1989 c 120 v tn tht v thn tu trong phi k

n v tu Hng Lam 10 b chm Vinh do bo gy ra, thit hi con tu ln

ti 1 triu USD. Nm 1990 c 189 v tn tht v thn tu c Bo Vit bi

thng 1,6 t VND. Nm 1991 c 280 v tn tht v tu trong c tu

Thnh T b mc cn do bo y ln cn Nht thit hi ko v Vit Nam

sa cha ln ti 300.000 USD.

Nhng thit hi v ti sn, v con ngi do ri ro ng thu gy ra c

th l nh, c th l ln song nhng thit hi khng nhng nh hng n

kinh t, n tnh cm gia nh ca tng c nhn trong x hi m cn nh

hng n c cng ng. khc phc nhng nh hng ngi ta s

dng cc bin php khc nhau nh tit kim, i vay, tng tr, bo him...

Mi bin php c nhng hn ch nht nh nhng hiu qu hn c vn l p

dng bin php bo him. Hot ng bo him trc ht l nhm khc phc

hu qu ca ri ro, hn na, cc t chc bo him cn c trch nhim nghin

cu ri ro, thng k tai nn, tn tht, xc nh nguyn nhn v ra cc bin

php kim sot, ngn nga, gim thiu ri ro.

Nh vy, s ra i ca bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu l rt

cn thit i vi cc ch tu v nhng ngi lin quan. Cng vi cc nghip

v bo him khc, bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu gp phn bo v

ti sn, n nh cuc sng ca mi ngi, mang li s an ton cho x hi.

3. Sra i ca bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu:

Hnh thc skhai ca bo him thn tu ra i t th k XIV, XV khi

cc nh bun cho vay nng li, cp vn vay cho cc thuyn bun i bin, nu

cc thuyn bun bm th ngi cho vay mt c vn ln li. Ngc li nu

chuyn i trt lt thuyn cp bn an ton th ngi i vay phi tr c vn ln

li rt nng, ngi ta coi li sut ny l tin ca ph bo him.

n th k XVII th hnh thc bo him nh ngy nay xut hin ti qun

c ph ca ngi thuyn trng giu kinh nghm tn l Lloyd. Ti y, cc

hng bun, thuyn trng, s quan n trao i tin tc, bn v cp n

nhng ri ro him ho xy ra vi cc tu i bin. thu ht khch hng

Lloyd

'

s cho tng hp tin tc thu c pht hnh bn tin trn bo (bo ny ltin thn ca tLloyd weekly casualty report ngy nay). Theo thng k, t


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bo a ra mt s kinh nghim phng hn ch ri ro thng gy him ho

ln. Nm 1678, hi bo him thn tu ra i ti qun c ph ca Lloyd's.n

nm 1971, nhngh vin ca Anh t chc thnh cng ty LLOYD'S nh ngy

nay, iu khin bi mt hi ng hi cc nh bo him v mi gii hng hi,

phi hng hi. T thn hng LLOYD'S khng kinh doanh m ch t chc iu

khin, a ra nhng qui tc cho nhng thnh vin ca n v gip cc thnh

vin trong kinh doanh. Nhng mi n nm 1870 lut bo him thn tu mi

ban hnh, y l lut bo him thn tu u tin trn th gii ra i ti Lun

n, vit tt l I.T.C (Institute Time Clause). Lut c hon chnh, b

sung vo ngy 1.10.1970; 1.10.1983 v ln gn y nht l ngy 1.10.1995.

B lut ny c cc hng bo him p dng cho n ngy nay.

u th k 18, Chnh ph Hong gia Anh ban hnh lut tht cht thng

mi. iu ny dn n sc quyn ca mt s cng ty, c bit trong lnh

vc bo him thn tu. Hn na, tr gi thn tu tng ln khin tr gi bo

him tng v do ph bo him thn tu rt cao, cc ch tu lin kt li vi

nhau v t bo him cho nhau, hnh thnh cc hip hi ch tu gim ph

bo him.

Vo u th k 19, dng ngi di c t chu u n chu M rt ng.

Ch tu phi chuyn chmt khi lng ln ti sn, hng ho v c hnh

khch. Theo qui nh ca lut php, ch tu khng nhng phi chu trch

nhim i vi hng ho, ti sn m cn phi chu trch nhim i vi m au,

thng tt, cht chc... ca thuyn vin v c tnh mng ca hnh khch. V

vy, bo v quyn li ca mnh, cc ch tu phi cng nhau lp nn cc

Hi bo him ln nhau gi l Hi Bo him tng h hay Hi Bo v v

Bi thng (P & I Club). Mc ch ca cc hi ny l bo v li ch ca

cc ch tu v bi thng cho cc ch tu nhng thit hi pht sinh t cc

khiu ni ca bn th ba, ch khng nhm mc ch li nhun. Lc u c 2

loi Hi: Protection Club v Indemmity Club. Sau ny cc Hi st nhp li

thnh P & I Club. Nc Anh l ni sinh ra cc P & I Club u tin nh: The

Shipowners Mutual Protection Society, Britana Steamship Ins. Association ra

i nm 1855; London Steamship Owners Mutual Ins. Limited nm 1874...


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Hin nay ch c 5 nc c cc P & I Club l: Anh, Na Uy, Thuin,

M, Nht. Hi ln nht l United Kingdom, bo him n 1/4 tng trng ti

i tu bun th gii. Cc hi bo him P & I thnh lp nn cc Nhm bo

him quc gia v quc t chia s trch nhim. n nay nhm quc t gm

rt nhiu thnh vin v nhn bo him ti 90% tng trng ti i tu bun th

gii. Cc ch tu khi tham gia vo Hi phi ng ph bo him. Ph bo him

thng c ng 2 ln trong mt nm bo him (t thng 2 nm trc n

thng 2 nm sau), ln th nht gi l advance call v nu thiu phi ng

thm gi l supplimentary (additional) call. S tin ny dng bi thng

cc khiu ni trong nm v trang tri chi ph qun l v cc chi ph khc

ca Hi.

Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cc phng tin vn ti bin v s pht

trin ca khoa hc k thut hin i, s pht trin ca kinh t ko theo s

pht trin v k thut bo him ni chung v bo him thn tu v trch

nhim ch tu ni ring.

II. NI DUNG CA BO HIM THN TU V TRCH NHIMCH TU1. Ni dung bo him thn tu:

1.1.i tng bo him, stin, ph bo him:

1.1.1.i tngc bo him :

i tng c bo him trong hp ng bo him thn tu l ton b

con tu v trang thit b ca con tu .

Do c im hot ng ca tu bin nn i tng bo him cn c kkhai chi tit cc mc sau:

- Tn tu: Mi mt con tu khi a vo hot ng cng nh con ngi

khi c sinh ra u mang mt tn ring bit v bt buc phi ghi vo pha

sau ui tu. Lut hng hi khng cho php t trng tn chic tu bin; mun

thay i tn tu phi khai bo v phi c chnh quyn cho php. Trong thc

t, cng c khi gp tu trng tn, mun phn bit ngi ta phi xt n quc

tch ca tu.


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- Tn cng ng k tr sca ch tu hay ngi thu tu nh hn.

- Quc tch ca con tu

- Nm v ni ng tu: Ngi tham gia bo him phi ghi y nm vni ng con tu c bo him ngi bo him theo di tu v cht lng

tu khi ng.

- Cp ca con tu: Cn c vo cp do ng kim xp hng. Trong thi

gian hiu lc ca bo him c p tu phi khng thay i. Nu gp tn tht

c bo him nh hng n c p tu th ngi bo him ch chu trch

nhim cho n khi tu vn cng k tip hoc cng lnh nn v c thi gian

tu neo u an ton ti cng.- Trng ti v sc ko ca con tu:Ngi bo him cn bit c thng

tin ny theo di hot ng ca con tu, xt xem con tu vn chuyn c

ng mc trng ti v sc ko ng k, khai bo hay khng. Nu c ri ro

xy ra, t l bi thng tn tht s khc nhau nu trng ti v sc ko ca con

tu thc hot ng khng ng vi trng ti v sc ko ca bn thn n.

1.1.2. Stin bo him

S tin bo him l ton b hay mt phn gi tr bo him do ngi cbo him yu cu v c bo him. Gi tr bo him l ton b gi tr ca

con tu c bo him.

S tin bo

him=

Gi tr bo

him+

Cc ph

chuyn ch+

Ph iu

hnh

S tin bo him nu vt qu gi tr con tu v trang thit b th khi gp

tn tht ton b thc t hoc c tnh ngi bo him ch bi thng theo gi

tr thc t.

1.1.3. Ph bo him Ph bo him thn tu do cc ch tu tho thun vi ngi bo him v

bao gm nhng b phn sau y:

Ph cbn: bao gm ph bo him cho tn tht ton b v ph bo himcho tn tht b phn.

- Ph bo him cho tn tht ton b = T l ph x S tin bo him


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T l ph ph thuc vo tui, tm vc v trang thit b ca tu. Tucng c, tm vc cng ln, trang thit b km hin i...ph cng cao.

- Ph bo him cho tn tht b phn.

Ph ph: Ph ph phn bit theo cc yu t sau;

+ Trng ti hoc sc ko ca con tu.

+ Phm vi hot ng ca con tu.

+ Loi tu.

+ Tui tu.

+ Phm cp phn loi tu.

Ph ph bao gm chi ph qun l hnh chnh, chi ph tuyn truyn qung

co, chi ph phng hn ch tn tht, chi ph lm pht lm mt gi trngtin...

iu kin bo him lun l yu t quan trng i vi mc ph bo him.

Vic ng ph v hon ph bo him.

Ph bo him ca hp ng bo him c thi hn (thng l 1 nm) cchia ra lm nhiu k, quy nh trn hp ng bo him.

Hon ph bo him trong cc trng hp sau:

- Chm dt hp ng theo tho thun, do tu phi bn hoc chuynquyn khai thc s dng, tu ngng hot ng lu di.

- Tu ngng hot ng mt thi gian ngn trong thi hn ca hp ngkhng sa cha, neo u an ton ti cng trong nc.

- Tu ngng hot ng sa cha hoc neo u ti cng nc ngoi.T l hon ph c p dng trong 3 trng hp s khc nhau tu theo ngi

bo him ra v ngi c bo him chp thun.

Ngoi ra s ph hon tr s ph thuc vo s ngy tu ngng hot ngtrong thi hn bo him, t nht phi t c 30 ngy lin tc.

S ph hon tr =T l phhon tr

S ph c

nm

S ngy ngng hotng

365 ngy

1.2. Phm vi bo him:

Nhng ri ro c bo him thng l 4 ri ro chnh, 3 ri ro thngthng v ri ro ring v chin tranh. Ngoi ra, theo c th ca hot ng


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kinh doanh, khai thc tu bin ngi bo him cn ra cc ri ro c th

c bo him. l nhng ri ro nu khng khai bo kp thi mua bo

him th chng l ri ro loi tr.

1.2.1. Ri ro chnh:

Nhm ri ro chnh l nhng ri ro c bo him ngay t nhng ngy s

khai ca bo him hng hi. Nhng ri ro thng gy nn tn tht ln gm

c:

Mc cn: L hin tng y tu st lin vi y bin hoc nm trn mt

chng ngi vt khc lm cho tu khng chy c v thng phi nhn

ngoi lc tu mi ni ln hoc thot khi mc cn c. Mc cn phi thomn iu kin l hin tng bt bnh thng. B mc cn do thu triu hay do

i qua knh o sng rch theo quy nh ca bo him l ri ro lng trc

c. B mc cn do ging bo, ch ui buc phi ra khi hnh trnh l

khng lng trc c. B mc cn do tu thu c nguy cm c tnh lao

vo ch cn, tuy lng trc c nhng vn thuc ri ro c bo him.

Chm m: L hin tng tu chm hn xung nc. khng chy c v

hnh trnh b chm dt. Nu tu ch ngp mt phn hoc cn bp bnh trnmt nc th khng gi l m v trng hp ny thng xy ra ch khi sng

to gi ln tr phi ngi ta chng minh l do tnh cht ca hng ho nn tu

khng th chm su hn na. Cho nn i vi tu b trng thi bnh thng

th ch khi no ton b phn ni trn mt nc b chm trong nc v khng

chy c na mi gi l m. Khi mt chic tu bm, hnh trnh coi nh

khng hon thnh c.

i vi ri ro m tu, trch nhim bo him cng tng t nh ri rov mc cn, ngha l tn tht b phn vn c bi thng trong trng hp

tham gia bo him vi iu kin F.P.A v khng tnh t l phn trm vi iu

kin W.A

Chy: Ni chung, chy l do la gy nn. La bc chy trn tu l mt

vn rt nghim trng v so vi mt v chy trn b th kh dp tt hn.

La phi n mc lm cho hnh trnh ca tu b gin on ch ch lm hng

mt phn ccu ca tu th khng gi l chy. C nhiu nguyn gy ra chy:+ Do bin c thin nhin nh st nh.


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+ Do ssut ca con ngi gy ra nh ht thuc, nhm la...

+ Do ch tm gy ra nh c phng ho nhm mt mc ch no .

ng v trch nhim bo him m ni th bo him ch bi thngnhng ti sn bo him pht nhit bt ngdo nguyn nhn khch quan gy ra.

Thng thng chy l phi c sc nng, c nh sng. Tuy nhin cng c

trng hp la ch chy ngm khng pht ra nh sng hoc chy m khng

tm ra nguyn nhn. Cho nn chy to hay chy nhu thuc phm vi trch

nhim ca bo him. Theo mu hp ng thng thng th bo him chu

trch nhim v chy k c chy do st nh hoc do hi khi. Ngoi ra bo

him cn nhn bi thng nhng trng hp chy do ssut hoc v ca

thuyn trng hay thu th.

Bo him cng chu trch nhim nu tu chy trong hon cnh chnh

ng nht chy trnh khi b bt hoc tiu dit mt th bnh truyn

nhim. Nhng bo him khng bi thng nhng trng hp bc chy t

pht do bn thn hng ho gy ra. bc b trch nhim ca mnh trong

nhng trng hp bo him phi chng minh l hng ho xp ln tu

trong tnh trng khng thch hp. Tuy nhin nu hng bc chy t pht m

chy lan sang nhng hng ho khc th bo him li chu trch nhim v

nhng hng chy lan ny. Nhng tn tht do cha chy gy ra i vi nhng

hng ho c bi thng.

m va: m va tc l cc cng c vn chuyn va chm vi cc vt th

chuyn ng hay cnh khc. Tai nn m va ch hn ch trong trng hp

tu ny m va tu khc theo nh quy nh ca iu khon m va. m va

gia tu vi tu c mrng bao gm: tu thuyn, x lan, cn cu ni, tu

ko, tu lai dt, tu mi h thu, tu bm di bin, m neo v thuyn ca

con tu. Tai nn m va cn mrng m va vi cc vt th khc nh tng

bng tri, ngm, cu, cc cng trnh ca cng sng, cng trnh kin trc

trn sng bin, my bay, v tinh nhn to...

1.2.2. Nhm ri ro thng thngc bo him:

Thc ra y l nhm ri ro m rng thm sau thi k skhai ca bo

him hng hi v ngi ta quen gi l ri ro thng thng c bo him.Nhm ri ro ny bao gm cc ri ro sau:


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Hnh vi phi php ca thuyn trng v thu thon l nhng ngi

khng ng shu vi ch tu i vi con tu.

Hnh vi phi php bao hm hnh vi xo tr hay lng gt ca thuyn

trng hoc thu th gy ra i vi tu c hi cho ch tu hoc ngi thu

tu. Nhng hnh vi phi php ny khng bao gm nhng sai lm v cch xt

on, gii quyt vn hoc nhng sai lm do bt cn thng thng gy ra.

Nhng hnh ng bun lu ca thuyn trng, vic li tu i chch hng

quy nh v mc ch ring ca mnh u l hnh vi phi php. Lm m tu,

hoc tu b bt gi... phc v cho li ch ring ca thuyn trng hay

thu th cng l hnh vi phi php. Tuy nhin nu ch tu bit v vic lm sai

tri ca thuyn trng hay thu th th khng gi l phi php v h khng th

ng cho mt ngi i din ca h lm mt vic c hi n quyn li ca

chnh bn thn h. Trng hp thuyn trng c c phn trong tu th nhng

hnh ng lm hi n quyn li ca nhng ngi c c phn khc cng gi

l hnh vi phi php thng thng trong nhng trng hp ny quyn li ca

ngi c bo him b nh hng. Cho nn gia ngi bo him v

ngi c bo him c tho thun bi thng nhng tn tht v hnh ng

phi php hay li lm ca ch tu v i l ca h gy ra.

Mt tch: Khi mt chic tu khng n cng quy nh v sau mt thi

gian h p l khng nhn c tin tc g v tu th ngi ta coi l con tu

b mt tch. Th no l mt thi gian hp l th cn phi tu thuc vo loi

tu, loi hng, tnh cht hnh trnh v con ng di ngn khc nhau. Hn

na thi gian ny cn phi tu thuc vo lut l c th ca tng nc. Lut

hng hi 1906, mc 58 c quy nh: "Nu mt chic tu bo him b mt tch

v sau mt thi gian hp l khng nhn c tin tc v chic tu th coi l

mt tn tht ton b thc t" v vy trong mi trng hp khi tu b mt tch

th bo him chu trch nhim nh cc ri ro c bo him.

Ri ro cp bin: Trc y ri ro cp bin c coi l mt phn ca

ri ro chin tranh v c xp vo loi ri ro ring. Ngy nay ngi ta coi tn

tht do hnh ng cp bin l s mrng ca quy m mt cp.

1.2.3. Ri ro ring:


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- 14 -

L ri ro khng c bo him vi iu kin bo him thng thng tr

khi ngi bo him chp nhn tham gia thm ri ro ny. Ph bo him cho ri

ro ny thng rt cao. Tch ra thnh ri ro ring cn tng thm ngha

thng mi ngi bo him thu ht khch hng (v khng phi tt c cc

tuyn ng chuyn chu b ri ro ny e do).

Ri ro ring trong bo him thn tu l ri ro chin tranh. Chin tranh l

hu qu bin ng ca kinh t x hi. Ngi bo him chu trch nhim v

hu qu do hnh ng i ch c tnh cht chin tranh d c tuyn b hay

khng tuyn b gm: ni chin, cch mng, ni lon, khi ngha, xung t

dn s, bo ng phin lon pht sinh t nhng bin c hay hnh ng th

ch chng li cc th lc ang tham chin. Chin tranh c th dn n hu

qu l ti sn b chim gi, bt gi, tch thu hoc ti sn b trng mn, thu li,

bom n pho hoc bt k mt th v kh chin tranh no khc hu hoi.

Trch nhim ca bo him chin tranh c gii hn trn phm vi mt

nc. Gii quyt bi thng ri ro chin tranh l ri ro ny phi l nguyn

nhn trc tip v khng phi tnh mc min thng. V d: V chin tranh tu

chy ban m khng dm bt n gy m va vo tu khc v b tn tht th

chin tranh l nguyn nhn gin tip.

1.2.4. Nhm ri ro c thc bo him

Ngoi ra theo c th ca hot ng kinh doanh, khai thc tu bin

ngi bo him cn ra cc ri ro c thc bo him. l nhng ri ro

nu khng khai bo kp thi mua bo him th chng l ri ro loi tr. Bao

gm cc ri ro sau y:

- Vi phm v phm vi hot ng hoc hnh trnh ca con tu bo himnu khng v cc trng hp sau y:

+ c php trong hp ng bo him th hin bng iu khon ring.

+ Xy ra trong trng h p thu thon khng th khng chc

(iu kin bt kh khng nh bo gi thi tit xu, ch ui).

+ L iu kin cn thit hp l thc hin cc m bo hoc ng m

bo cho con tu kh nng i bin.

+ cu ngi hoc con tu khc ang thc s b nn.


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- 15 -

+ Do hnh vi phi php ca thuyn trng v thu thon.

- Vi phm v kinh doanh v khai thc tu: Chqu ti, xp hng trn

boong khng theo tp qun thng mi, vi phm th tc hi quan xut nhp

cnh, kim dch.

- Vi phm v lai dt: Tu chy bnh thng trn sng h bin khng

cn lai dt. Nhng nu tu chy trn on ng hay ra vo cng bin phi

c lai dt bt buc theo lut l, tp qun hoc lai dt trong cu nn l nhng

lai dt hp php c bo him.

- Vi phm v hng ho chuyn ch: l nhng hng ho cm chuyn

ch(v kh, cht c hi, cht d chy, hng lu, hng ph bao vy...)1.2.5. Ri ro loi tr:

Trong bo him thn tu cn c nhng tri ro m ngi bo him khng

nhn bo him, gi l nhng ri ro loi tr. Bao gm:

- Hnh vi ssut, li lm, c ca ngi c bo him. y l vn

c tnh nguyn tc v ngi bo him v ngi c bo him cng c chung

mt quyn li l gi tr tu c bo him.

- Chm tr hnh trnh: L s ko di thi gian hnh trnh so vi hnhtrnh bnh thng khng phi v l do cu nn, b tai nn dn n tn tht cho

con tu.

- Tu khng kh nng i bin: L tu khng my mc trang thit

b, i ng s quan thu th thuyn vin, nhin liu thc phm d tr cho

hnh trnh quy nh.

- Tu i chch hng: L tu i sai trnh t hoc i ra ngoi trnh t

c quy nh khng v nguyn nhn cu nn, lnh nn hay trnh gp ri ro.

1.3. Hp ng bo him thn tu:

Hp ng bo him thn tu l hp ng c k kt gia ngi bo

him v ngi c bo him m theo , ngi bo him thu bo him ph

do ngi c bo him tr v ngi c bo him c ngi bo him

bi thng tn tht ca i tng bo him do cc him ho hng hi gy ra

theo mc v iu kin tho thun vi ngi bo him.


16/77


- 16 -

1.3.1. Hnh thc:

Hp ng phi c trnh by trn mt bn vit l n bo him,

dng t thng dng. Cc n bo him u c in sn, mi nc c cch

trnh by ring v hnh thc, sng sa, p lm tng thm gi tr ca mt

vn bn php l. nhng v c cu, ni dung th cn bn ging nhau. V

phng din ti chnh n bo him l mt th chng t gc lm c s

gii quyt tin bi thng, thanh ton tn tht. V mt php l, l mt vn

bn gc hp php lm csgii quyt tranh chp, t tng...

1.3.2. Ni dung:

Ni dung n bo him bao gi cng cht ch, y . n bo himthn tu c ni dung cbn sau:

- Tn ngi c bo him hoc ngi c quyn li c bo him

- i tng bo him

- Cc him ho, ri ro c bo him

- S lng chuyn i hoc thi hn thc hin hp ng bo him, tu

theo hp ng l hp ng bo him chuyn hc hp ng bo him thi

hn.- S tin bo him

- Ni, ngy thng v gicp n bo him

- Ch k v xc nhn ca ngi bo him

* C 2 loi hp ng bo him thn tu:

- Hp ng bo him chuyn : L hp ng bo him thn tu ta

im ny n a im khc trong mt cuc hnh trnh.- Hp ng bo him thi hn: L hp ng bo him cho mt con tu

trong mt thi gian nht nh c th l 3 thng, 6 thng, 1 nm...

1.3.3. Trch nhim cc bn trong bo him thn tu:

Trch nhim ca ngi c bo him:

- Ngi c bo him c th l ngi ch tu hoc ngi kinh doanh

khai thc con tu di dng thu tu nh hn. Mc d khng cam kt trong


17/77


- 17 -

hp ng nhng theo t p qun quc t ngi c bo him phi c trch

nhim m bo cho con tu c bo him t cc ng m bo sau:

+ Tu kh nng i bin trong thi hn hiu lc ca hp ng bo

him, bao gm cc yu t:

Tu phi c y trang thit bang trong trng thi hot ng tt

phc v cho vic kinh doanh khai thc v c kh nng i ph vi nhng ri

ro tai nn thng thng trn bin t khi bt u khi hnh. Ngi c bo

him phi c trch nhim khai thc s dng tu hp l, bo qun sa cha

bo dng ng kim, thng xuyn, nh k, kim tra x l nhng h hng

kp thi. Nhng h hi pht sinh m trc bng phng tin kim tra hp

l cn mn vn khng pht hin c lm cho tu khng kh nng i bin

vn thuc trch nhim ca ngi c bo him.

Vic xp hng ln tu phi m bo trng ti, lm cho tu cn i. sp

xp hng vo nhng ni thch hp khng b tn tht v li cht xp thng

mi gy nn. Tai nn tn tht gy ra do vi phm quy nh ny l li ca ngi

c bo him.

Tu phi m bo y nhin liu, lng thc thc phm v trang thitb thch hp trn tng chng ng trong sut hnh trnh quy nh.

Tu phi bin chy ngi lm vic, c i ng squan thu th,

thuyn vin thc s gip ch cho tu.

Ngi c bo him phi c y d kh nng ti chnh ngay c khi gp

thin tai tai nn pht sinh thm chi ph (Vic thu thon nh cng hay c

hnh ng qu khch ph hoi tu v hng ha do khng tr lng hoc tr

lng khng thuc li ny)+ Quc tch tu khng i trong sut thi gian bo him. Vic la chn

quc tch tu nhiu khi ph thuc vo mc ch khai thc s dng v phm vi

hot ng ca con tu. Tu vin dng cn ra vo cc cng trn th gii

khng phn bit ch chnh tr x hi thng ng k quc tch ti mt

nc trung lp. Quc tch tu khng i c ngha l ri ro v th ch, i

ch hoc hnh ng c tnh cht chin tranh cng khng thay i.

+ Hnh trnh ca con tu phi h p php. Trong thi gian hiu lc cahp ng bo him c th pht sinh nhng lnh bao vy, cm vn, phong to,


18/77


- 18 -

bt gi kim ch hng ho hoc con tu ang chuyn chhng ho . Nu

ch tu khng t b hnh trnh vi phm mt trong nhng lnh trn th c

coi l hnh trnh bt hp php.

- Ngoi nhng trch nhim trn theo hp ng bo him ngi c bo

him cn c nhng ngha v sau y:

+ Phi khai bo y cc cc iu kin cn thit khi lp hp ng bo

him. Nu khi lp hp ng bo him m li cha c iu kin khai bo

tt th sau khi hp ng xc l p phi khai bo cho ngi bo him bit

ngay nu nm c tnh hnh mi nht l nhng yu t lm tng gim mc

ri ro.

+ Khi k xong hp ng bo him phi thc hin mi bin php nhm

phng nga hoc hn ch tn tht pht trin. Ngi bo him c quyn t

chi bi thng phn thit hi do ngi c bo him khng thc hin

ngha v gy ra.

+ Khi xy ra tai nn thuc phm vi trch nhim ca hp ng bo him

lm cho ti sn c bo him b h hi mt mt phi kp thi bo ngay cho

ngi bo him hoc gim nh vin c chnh ti ni xy ra tai nn yu cu gim nh tn tht v cp bin bn gim nh tn tht. Bin bn gim

nh khng do gim nh vin bo him hoc ngi i l gim nh c ch

nh lp, s khng c gi tr lm csyu cu gii quyt bi thng bo

him. Mi hnh ng do ngi c bo him hoc ngi bo him thc

hin cu vt, phng nga tn tht pht trin, hon ton khng phi l biu

hin ca s t b hoc chp nhn t b ti sn c bo him.

Trch nhim ca ngi bo him:- Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bo him vi s tin bo him ti a

bng gi tr con tu ti thi im tham gia bo him. Ngoi ra m bo

kinh doanh cho ch tu hoc ngi khai thc tu, ngi bo him c th nhn

thm:

+ Bo him cc ph chuyn chc th thu c.

+ Ph tn iu hnh, li li thng d ca con tu trong phm vi khng

ch (khng qu 25% s tin bo him thn tu).


19/77


- 19 -

Hai khon nhn bo him thm khng vt qu 80% gi tr ca bn thn

con tu.

Trch nhim ca ngi bo him v khng gian v thi gian c ghi r

trong hp ng bo him:

+ V thi gian bt u t 24 gingy k kt hp ng v kt thc vo 24

gingy kt thc hp ng. Nu tu cn ngoi khi th c gia hn cho

n khi tu v cng cui cng.

+ V khng gian vi hp ng ch r "ti v t cng quy nh" th hiu

lc bt u khi tu vo cng mc d lc k kt hp ng tu cha v ti

cng ny. Khi tu vn cng phi l on tu trong trng thi an ton v thcht v khong thi gian t khi k kt hp ng n khi tu v cng phi l

thi gian hp l, nu vi phm ngi bo him c quyn t b hp ng vi

hp ng ch r "t mt cng quy nh" th trch nhim ca bo him pht

sinh ch khi tu khi hnh i t cng n mt ni khc theo quy nh ca

hnh trnh. Nu thay i hnh trnh khng c ch p thun ca ngi bo

him th h c quyn trt b trch nhim ca mnh.

1.4. Bi thng trong bo him thn tu:1.4.1. Quy tc bi thng theo ri ro u tin:

Theo quy tc ny s tin bi thng tn tht ca tng t nh sau: tn

tht bao nhiu bi thng by nhiu nhng khng vt qu s tin bo him

hoc gi tr bo him. Tn tht b phn ca cc t k tip nhau din ra trong

thi hn bo him, cng li c th ln hn s tin bo him. Trong tai nn

m va ngi bo him ngoi bi thng tn tht m va cho thn tu theo

quy tc ny cn bi thng trch nhim m va.1.4.2. Quy tc p dng mc min thng.

Hp ng bo him thn tu thng c quy nh mc min gim bi

thng ca ngi bo him trong gi tr ti sn b tn tht. Mc min thng

c ghi r rng trong cc n bo him. C 2 loi mc min thng:

- Mc min thng th hin bng mt t l phn trm ca gi tr tin bi

thng. Tu theo trng h p, ngi bo him dng mc min thng c

khu tr hoc min thng khng khu tr.


20/77


- 20 -

- Mc min thng n nh r rng bng s tin c th.

Mc min thng c th nh sau:

- Min thng p dng cho cc tn tht khi xt bi thng tr tn tht bphn do 4 ri ro chnh gy ra (Theo I.T.C mc min thng l 15% s tin

bo him cho tn tht thc t, khng cng cc tn tht ring, chung, chi ph t

tng, chi ph cu nn, chi ph phng hn ch mt v tai nn t mc

min thng).

-Min thng tn tht gy ra do ri ro ph, n t, bt cn (I.T.C quy

nh l 10% gi tr tn tht thc t sau khi tr min thng chung). Ri ro

phc hiu l tai nn trong lc xp d, do di chuyn hng ho, nhin liu,do n ngay trn tu hoc ni no khc.

+ n tc hiu l nhng hin tng thit b nguyn t hay phn lc

ca tu b h hng, n ni hi, gy trc c, hng ngm my mc hoc v tu.

+ Ssut li lm bao gm s bt cn ca thu thon, hoa tiu, ngi

sa cha trc nhng khng phi l ngi c bo him hoc ngi c

c phn vn mua hoc thu tu .

Vic ra mc min thng ny l rng buc trch nhim ngi cbo him chm sc bo qun s dng con tu h p l mn cn hn

phng hn ch tn tht.

- Min thng khi tu vi phm quy nh thng bo tn tht khi ch tu

hoc ngi khai thc c cung cp tin tc v ri ro tn tht m khng bo

ngay cho ngi bo him th mc min thng l 15% s tin tn tht thc t

c bo him.

2. Ni dung bo him trch nhim ch tu:

2.1.i tng bo him, stin, ph bo him:

2.1.1.i tngc bo him:

i tng bo him l trch nhim dn s ca ch tu i vi ngi th ba.

2.1.2. Stin bo him:

2.1.3. Ph bo him:


21/77


- 21 -

Ph bo him c tnh trn c sbiu ph p dng cho tng loi tu,

thuyn hoc nhm tu, thuyn theo cc iu kin bo him c th, ph bo

him c th tng hoc gim tu thuc vo tnh hnh tn tht hng nm ca cc

i tu, thuyn tham gia bo him.

Vic ng ph v hon ph bo him

- i vi nhng tu, thuyn bo him vi thi hn t 6 thng n 1 nm,

ph bo him c np lm 1 hoc 2 k theo tha thun.

- i vi nhng tu, thuyn bo him vi thi hn di 6 thng hoc theo

chuyn th ph bo him c np ton b mt ln trong vng 10 ngy sau khi

cp giy chng nhn bo him.- Hon ph bo him trong trng hp hai bn tho thun hu b hp ng

bng vn bn. Ph bo him s khng c hon li trong trng h p tu,

thuyn ngng hot ng sa cha hoc ti cng hay a im khng an

ton.

2.2. Phm vi bo him:

Cng ty bo him nhn trch nhim bi thng:

2.2.1. Chi ph thc tpht sinh:

L nhng chi ph thc t pht sinh t tai nn ca tu m ch tu phi chu

trch nhim dn s theo lut php cng nh theo quyt nh ca Ta n:

- Chi ph ty ra nhim du, tin pht ca chnh quyn a phng v cc

khiu ni v hu qu do nhim du gy ra.

- Chi ph thp sng, nh du, ph hu, di chuyn xc tu, thuyn c bo

him bm (nu c).- Chi ph cn thit v hp l trong vic ngn nga v hn ch cc tn tht,

trgip cu nn.

- Chi ph c lin quan n vic t tng, tranh chp khiu ni v trch nhim

dn s.


22/77


- 22 -

2.2.2. Chi ph ch tu, thuyn , thuyn phi chu trch nhim bi thng theo

lut php i vi:

- Thit hi v thn th hoc cc tn tht vt cht i vi thuyn vin trntu, thuyn c bo him.

- Lng v cc khon ph cp lng hoc trcp ca thu thon trong

trng hp tu, thuyn c bo him b tn tht ton b.

2.2.3. Phn trch nhim m ch tu, thuyn phi gnh chu theo lut php do

tu, thuyn c bo him gy ra lm:

- Thit hi cu cng, , p, k, cng, b mng, ging y, cng trnh trnbhoc di nc, cnh hoc di ng.

- B thng hoc b thit hi tnh mng, ti sn ca ngi th ba khc

(khng phi l thuyn vin trn tu, thuyn c bo him).

- Mt mt h hng hng ho ti sn chuyn ch trn tu, thuyn thuyn

c bo him. Loi tr h hng, mt mt do nhng hnh vi n cp hoc

thiu ht t nhin.

2.2.4. Trch nhim m va

Bao gm nhng chi ph pht sinh t tai nn m va gia tu, thuyn

c bo him vi tu, thuyn khc, m ch tu, thuyn c bo him c

trch nhim theo lut php phi bi thng cho ngi khc nhng khng vt

qu gii hn trch nhim c ghi trong Giy chng nhn bo him, v:

- Thit hi h hng i vi tu, thuyn khc hay ti sn trn tu, thuyn

y.

- B chm tr hay mt thi gian s dng tu, thuyn khc hay ti sn trn

tu, thuyn y.

- Tn tht chung, cu nan hay cu h theo hp ng ca tu, thuyn khc

hay ti sn trn tu thuyn y.

- Trc vt, di chuyn hoc ph hu xc tu, thuyn y.


23/77


- 23 -

- Thuyn vin trn tu, thuyn y b cht hoc b thng.

- Ty ra nhim do tu, thuyn y gy ra.

2.3. Hp ng bo him trch nhim ch tu:2.3.1. Hnh thc:

Khi tham gia bo him, ngi c bo him phi gi giy yu cu bo him

t nht 1 ngy trc ngy ch tu, thuyn mun hp ng bo him c hiu

lc. i vi nhng tu thuyn tham gia bo him ln u ngoi giy yu cu

bo him phi cung cp thm cc ti liu sau:

- Giy chng nhn quc tch hoc ng k tu thuyn

- Giy chng nhn kh nng i bin v giy chng nhn cp tu, thuyn

ca cquan ng kim.

- Bin bn kim tra tu, thuyn khi giao nhn tu, thuyn hoc bin bn

kim tra tng phn ca ng kim, sng kim.

- Bo co tnh hnh tn tht ca tu, thuyn xy ra trc khi yu cu bo

him v n bo him c (nu c).

2.3.2. Ni dung:

Ni dung n bo him bao gi cng cht ch, y . n bo him

thn tu c ni dung cbn sau:

- Tn ngi c bo him hoc ngi c quyn li c bo him

- i tng bo him

- Ni dung bo him

- S lng chuyn i hoc thi hn thc hin hp ng bo him, tu

theo hp ng l hp ng bo him chuyn hc hp ng bo him thi

hn.

- S tin bo him

- Ni, ngy thng v gicp n bo him

- Ch k v xc nhn ca ngi bo him

2.3.3. Trch nhim cc bn trong bo him thn tu: Trch nhim ca ngi c bo him:


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- 24 -

- Ngi c bo him phi c ngha v bo qun tt tu, thuyn c

bo him, thc hin vic kim tra v sa cha ng hn nh.

- Ngi c bo him phi c ngha v thng bo tn tht khi xy ra tainn

- Phi k p thi p dng mi bin php cn thit nhm cu gip, bo v

ngi, phng tin, ti sn ngn nga, hn ch tn tht, gip gim nh

vin lm tt nhim v gim nh v gii quyt nhanh chng hu qu tai nn.

- Trong trng hp tu, thuyn c bo him gy ra tn tht cho ngi

th ba m c lin quan n trch nhim bi thng ca ngi bo him v

cung cp y cc ti liu, chng t, thng tin cn thit v cc tnh tit lin

quan n vic khiu ni ca hng thi phi lm theo s ch dn ca ngi

bo him hoc i din do ngi bo him chnh.

Trch nhim ca ngi bo him:

- Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bo him vi s tin bo him ti a

ti thi im tham gia bo him.

- Trch nhim ca ngi bo him v khng gian v thi gian c ghi r

trong hp ng bo him.

- Ngi bo him c quyn t chi mt phn hoc ton b s tin ng l

c bi thng nu ngi c bo him khng thc hin y nhng

iu quy nh trn.

- Ngi bo him s khng chp nhn bi thng ton b hoc mt phn

s tin m ngi c bo him t gii quyt vi ngi th ba khi cha c

tho thun bng vn bn ca ngi bo him.

2.4. Bi thng trong bo him trch nhim ch tu:

- Khi nhn c thng bo v tn tht v giy yu cu gim nh ca

ngi c bo him hoc ngi i din cho ngi c bo him, ngi

bo him hoc ngi c bo him u quyn s tin hnh gim nh ti ch

vi s c mt ca thuyn trng, nhng nhn chng c lin quan v i dinch tu xc nh nguyn nhn, mc h hng v tn tht.


25/77


- 25 -

- Ph gim nh do ngi yu cu gim nh tr trc tip cho ngi gim

nh v c bi hon khi gii quyt bi thng nu tn tht thuc trch

nhim bo him.

- Trong trng hp h s khiu ni khng c bin bn gim nh ca

ngi bo him hoc ca ngi c bo him u quyn, ngi bo him c

quyn t chi gii quyt bi thng ton b hoc mt phn s tin khiu ni,

tr khi c tho thun khc bng vn bn.

- Khi thanh ton bi thng, ngi bo him s khu tr mt s tin quy

nh i vi mi mt v tn tht c chp nhn b thng. Mc khu

tr ca tng tu c ghi trn giy chng nhn bo him ca tu theo nm

bo him.

- i vi khiu ni thuc trch nhim bo him, ngi bo him phi tr

li vic bi thng trong vng 30 ngy k t khi nhn c y h s

khiu ni c cn c php l ca ngi c bo him. Trong trng hp

ngi bo him c vn bn t chi bnh thng th trong vng 60 ngy k t

ngy gi giy t chi, nu ngi c bo him khng c kin g th coi

nh chp nhn s t chi bi thng ca ngi bo him

- Nu ngi c bo him ch mi chp nhn mt phn ca ton b s

tin khiu ni th gi c bo him s bi thng trc phn , v s tin

cn li s tip tc xem xt gii quyt khi ngi c bo him c vn bn,

chng t chng minh thm hoc tho thun vi ngi bo him v s tin bi

thng.


26/77


27/77


- 27 -

Hin nay, Vit Nam c 8 doanh nghip chuyn kinh doanh bo him

phi nhn th: Bo Vit, Bo Long, Bo Minh, PJICO, PVIC, VIA, UIC, PTI.

Trong 3 nm 1998, 1999, 2000, th trng bo him phi nhn th c khnhiu chuyn bin. Th phn ca Bo Vit t 58,45% nm 1998 gim xung

cn 53,28% nm 1999 v 48,11% nm 2000. Th phn ca PVIC gim t

7,73% nm 1998 xung 5,81% nm 1999 v 5,19% nm 2000. Ngc li, th

phn ca Bo Minh tng t 24,22% ln 24,89% v 26,94%. Th phn ca

PJICO cng tng, t 5,62% ln 7,5% v 8,09%.

Cc cng ty cn li cng c th phn tng, trong 2 nm 1999 v 2000, cc

con s ln lt nh sau: Cng ty Bo Long t 1,4% ln 1,75%; VIA t 1,36%

ln 1,99%; UIC t 1,36% ln 2,52%; PTI gi nguyn 4,18% trong 2 nm

1999 v 2000. Tnh theo doanh thu th cc cng ty Nh nc vn chim t l

p o, 90% tng thu ph. Khi cc cng ty Nh nc chim 71% tng s vn

ca th trng bo him.

Hip hi bo him ra i to nn quan h hp tc gia cc doanh nghip

bo him, gip cc doanh nghip thng nht, a ra cc bin php gii quyt

cc vn chung nh hot ng kinh doanh bo him phi nhn th, ti bo

him, thng tin th trng, hp tc trong bo him hng hi, kin ngh Nh n-

c t ra cc hnh lang php l tt hn y mnh bo him xut nhp

khu.

Quy m ca th trng bo him cng tng rt nhanh chng. Nm 1990

doanh thu ph bo him ca th trng ch 175 tng, n 1994 l 740 t

ng th nm 1999 l 2.071 t, nm 2000 khong 3.050 tng, nm 2002

l khong 7.685 tng. Bo him phi nhn thang trn pht trin kh

vi tc tng trng trung bnh vi nm gn y khong trn 15%.

Ngnh bo him phi nhn thVit Nam thi gian qua nng mc ph

bo him gi li trong nc khong trn 60% tng ph bo him phi nhn th,

gim ph nhng ti bo him ra nc ngoi. Trong nm 2000, ngnh bo


28/77


- 28 -

him c phi nhn th v nhn th u t trli vo nn kinh t gn 3.000

tng. Tuy nhin, ng u v doanh s trong cc nghip v bo him l

bo him t m t; con ngi; phng chy. Bo him hng ho xut nhpkhu chng th 4; sau l bo him xy dng; bo him khc. Doanh s

bo him thn tu, hng khng, du kh... vn cn mc thp.

Thng s quan trng l mc tn tht. Mc ny ang tng theo chiu tng

ca bo him. y l iu khng mong mun vi cc doanh nghi p kinh

doanh bo him phi nhn th. Nm 1999 c coi l nm c tn tht cao nh-

ng nm 2000 li c mc tn tht cao hn. Nhng v thit hi ln gm: v tn

tht 4,5 triu USD trong s c hng h thng khp ni ti phao neo n s 3

tu Ba V; 1,2 triu USD trong v tu Trng An m vo tu c; 1 triu USD

trong v tu HaiRong va vo tu Joint Miriam; tn tht hng trn tu Evelyn

gn 1 triu USD; chy kho giy ca cng ty Ph Ti gy thit hi 12,5 t

ng...

Cc tn tht ny c bi thng nhanh chng, khng nh uy tn ca

cc cng ty bo him phi nhn th Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, ng trc t l

nguy cgy thit hi cao, cc cng ty bo him phi nhn th Vit Nam phi

tm cch nng cao cht lng nh gi ri ro, phng thit hi v thu ht

thm nhiu khch hng hn c th chia s ri ro khi n xy ra.

Hin nay, tuy quy m th trng bo him Vit Nam tuy c tng nhanh,

nhng vn cn nh b so vi tim nng, so vi cc nc trn th gii, nng

lc qun l, kinh nghim chuyn mn cn nhiu hn ch, cht lng dch v,

phc v cha cao.


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- 29 -

Biu 1: Tng ph bo him ton th trng (tng)

Biu 2: Tng ph bo him phi nhn th ton th trng (tng)

964 11011534

2070

3050.1

4500

7685

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1331.21608

1825.12030

3070

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002


30/77


- 30 -

Biu 3: Th phn bo him phi nhn th nm 2002

II. THC T TRIN KHAI NGHIP V THN TU V TRCHNHIM CH TU TI TNG CNG TY BO HIM VIT NAM(BO VIT)1. Mt vi nt gii thiu v Bo Vit

Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca Bo Vit tri qua nhiu giai on

khc nhau gn vi c trng ring bit ca tng thi k, chu nh hng trc

tip ca nhng thay i trong chnh sch pht trin t nc cng nh s thay

i phc tp ca nn kinh t v chnh tr trong nc, trong khu vc v trn thgii.

Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam tin thn ban u l cng ty bo him

Vit Nam (Bo Vit) c thnh l p theo quyt nh s 179/CP ngy

17/12/1964 ca Th tng Chnh ph v quyt nh s 02/TCQ-TCCP ngy

04/01/1965 ca B trng B ti chnh.

Cng ty bt u hot ng ngy 15/01/1965, sau ngy 17/12/1989, B

trng B ti chnh k quyt nh s 27/TCQ-TCCP i tn thnh Tngcng ty bo him Vit Nam. Theo u quyn ca Th tng chnh ph, B

trng B ti chnh ban hnh quyt nh s 145/TCQ-TCCP ngy

01/01/1996 thnh lp li Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam; quyt nh s

461/TCQ-TCCP ngy 11/05/1996 ph chun iu l t chc v hot ng

ca Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam.

Tng cng ty Bo him Vit Nam c Th tng Chnh ph ra quyt

nh s 745/TTg ngy 08/10/1996 cng nhn l doanh nghip xp hng cbit. Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam c tn giao dch quc t l: Vietnam

Bo Vit40.39%


31/77


32/77


- 32 -

Vit nam, Bo Vit vn lin tc tng trng cao v lun khng nh l doanh

nghip nh nc hng u ca Vit nam v bo him.

S ra i kh mun ca bo him Vit nam xut pht t nhng nguyn

nhn x hi m ch yu vn l nguyn nhn chin tranh. Chin tranh ko di

Vit nam lm cho vic giao lu bun bn vi cc quc gia khc gp

nhiu kh khn. p ng nhu cu bun bn vi nc ngoi c th l xut

nh p khu hng ho i hi phi c h thng giao thng ng bin thng

sut, c i tu p ng c nhu cu vn chuyn; ngay t khi ra i, Bo

Vit coi nghip v bo him thn tu l mt trong ba nghip vc trin

khai ch yu cng vi nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu v ti

bo him.

Nghip v bo him thn tu l mt nghip v truyn thng ca Bo Vit

ngay t khi mi ra i. Thc t trong thi gian va qua, nghip v ny gp

phi s cnh tranh kh quyt lit t cc cng ty bo him khc. Thm vo

l nhng bin ng v kinh t khng hong ti chnh trong khu vc v trn

th gii lm cho hot ng ca cc i tu gim st ng knh hng

trc tip n nghip v ny ti Bo Vit, ng thi lm tng thm tnh quyt

lit trong cnh tranh. Song vi nhng li th sn c nh mng li rng ln,

kinh nghim lu nm, qu bo him ln, quan h rng ri vi cc cng ty trn

th gii...v vai tr tch cc ca cc bin php qun l nng ng, Tng cng

ty v ang vt qua nhng kh khn, xy dng c lng tin vi khch

hng nn doanh thu ca nghip v ny ang tng bc tng ln ng k.

2. Thc t trin khai nghip v ti Bo Vit

Ni dung ca cc nghip v bo him ni chung v nghip v bo him

thn tu, trch nhim ch tu ni ring u bao gm cc khu: khai thc, gim

nh v bi thng tn tht. Cc khu cng tc ny c quan h tc ng ln

nhau v u c ngha quan trng i vi hiu qu ca nghip v bo him

thn tu. Vic phn chia thnh nhng phn vic c th nh vy c tc dng

nh gi c chnh xc hiu qu ca tng khu, nhm hon thin nghip v

ny ca cng ty.

2.1. Cng tc khai thc bo him


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- 33 -

C th ni khai thc bo him l khu u tin khi tin hnh trin khai

cc nghip v bo him. Khu khai thc bo him c ngha rt ln thm ch

quyt nh s thnh bi ca mi cng ty bo him cng nh mi nghip v

bo him bi v hot ng kinh doanh bo him phi m bo nguyn tc ly

sng b s t nn thc hin khu khai thc ny cng c ngha l thc hin

tt nguyn tc ny. Khai thc bo him ca Bo Vit khng ch dng li

vic k kt hp ng vi khch hng c nhu cu bo him cng ty m Bo

Vit t tm n vi khch hng, thuyt phc h tham gia mua bo him ca

cng ty mnh. Bo Vit tin hnh cng tc ny da trn vic a ra nhng

iu kin bo him, ph bo him ph hp khch hng la chn v c

hng nhng quyn li m hc nhn t pha Bo Vit khi con tu ca h btn tht.

Bng 1: Bo co kt qu hot ng kinh doanh

Doanh thu 2000(tng)

2001(tng)

2002(tng)

Ph bo him gc 1.832,70 2.518,32 2.985,50

Ph nhn ti bo him 11,40 25,92 36,75

Ph nhng ti bo him -192,14 -206 -235,50

Tng ph gi li 1.651,96 2.338,24 2.786,75

Doanh thu u t 115,67 214,40 279,38

Doanh thu khc 47,54 51,75 68,40

Tng doanh thu thun 1.815,17 2.604,39 3.134,53

Chi ph

Bi thng bo him gc v tr tin bo him 504,12 632,53 739,05

Bi thng nhn ti bo him 7,62 11,63 16,90

Thu bi thng nhng ti bo him -102,89 -96,46 -105,67

Bi thng phn trch nhim gi li 408,85 547 ,70 650,28

Tng (gim) d phng nghip v bo him 805,83 1.384,27 1.706,64

Chi ph hot ng 487,27 552,94 645,92

Tng chi ph 1.701,95 2.484,91 3.002,84


34/77


- 34 -

Tng li nhun trc thu 113,22 119, 48 131,69

Thu thu nhp doanh nghip 31,70 33,45 36,87

Li nhun sau thu 81,52 86,03 94,82

Biu 4: Tng np Ngn sch nh nc

2.1.1. Quy tc p dng ca Bo Vit.

Cc iu kin bo him thn tu.Hin nay, Bo Vit ang p dng cc iu kin bo him ca London kt

hp vi vic iu chnh cho ph hp vi tnh hnh c th ca th trng bo

him Vit nam .

Ngi c bo him ti Bo Vit c th tham gia bo him thn tu

theo mt trong hai iu kin bo him (A) hoc (B) d y:

iu kin A: Bo him mi ri ro i vi thn tu thuyn.

Vi iu kin ny, Bo Vit nhn trch nhim bi thng:- Tn tht ton b hoc tn tht b phn xy ra i vi thn tu thuyn

c bo him do nhng nguyn nhn trc tip vm va, m, mc cn, mt

tch...

- Nhng chi ph cn thit v hp l trong vic:

+ Hn ch tn tht, tr gip hay cu h hoc chi ph t tng c

Bo Vit ng trc.

+ Kim tra, gim nh h hi, tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him

97.2290.14

96.9103.93

116.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002


35/77


- 35 -

+ ng gp tn tht chung do phi hi sinh vt b ti sn, hng ho

chuyn ch cu thuyn.

+ Kim tra y tu sau khi mc cn k c trong trng hp khng pht

hin c tn tht. Hin nay, Bo Vit cn bo him tn tht thn tu trong

trng hp nhm ngn nga hoc hn ch nguy c ri ro nhim. V c

mt s trng hp chnh quyn phi ra lnh ph hu c con tu hn ch ri

ro nhim, nh vy ri ro ny cng l ri ro khng lng trc c v cn

c bo him.

iu kin B: Bo him tn tht ton bi vi thn tu thuyn.

Vi iu kin ny, Bo Vit nhn trch nhim bi thng tn tht tonb (thc t hoc c tnh) xy ra i vi thn tu thuyn c bo him do

nhng nguyn nhn trc tip nu trong iu kin A.

Ngoi hai iu kin bo him trn, Bo Vit cn m rng phm vi bo

him. C th l:

Bo Vit cng nhn trch nhim bi thng tn tht i vi tu thuyn

c bo him xy ra trong nhng trng hp sau:

+ Lai dt v trgip tu thuyn khc khi gp nn hoc lai dt theo tpqun. Nhng h hng mt mt v tn tht vt cht xy ra trong nhng trng

hp ny ch thuc trch nhim bo him phn chi ph sa cha h hng, b

p nhng mt mt v tn tht vt cht m ngi c bo him khng thu

hi c y do pha c cu gip thc s khng kh nng hon tr.

+ Tu thuyn c bo him m va vi tu thuyn cng ch hoc cng

quyn qun l hoc c nhng tu thuyn nh vy c h.

Vi iu kin ngi c bo him phi tho thun trc v np thmph bo him theo yu cu ca Bo Vit. Bo Vit nhn bo him trong c

trng hp:

+ C s thay i v phm vi hot ng, lai dt, v ngy khi hnh (trong

trng hp bo him chuyn).

+ Xp d hng ho hoc nguyn nhin vt liu ngoi bin sang tu

khc hoc t tu khc sang tu thuyn c bo him.


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- 36 -

Ngoi nhng ri ro c bo him v c thc bo him trn, cn

c nhng ri ro m Bo Vit khng chu trch nhim bi thng. Chng hn:

- Bo Vit khng chu trch nhim bi thng nu tn tht xy ra do

nhng nguyn nhn sau:

+ Tu khng kh nng hot ng, khng c giy php hot ng, hoc

hot ng ngoi phm vi quy nh.

+ Hnh ng c ca ngi c bo him hoc ngi tha hnh nh:

ngi i l, i din hoc thuyn trng, s quan v thuyn vin.

+ Vi phm lnh cm do nh chc trch ban hnh, vi phm lut l giao

thng hoc hot ng kinh doanh tri php.+ Do c k hay hao mn t nhin ca v, my mc hoc trang thit b

ca tu thuyn.

+ Chm tr hnh trnh hot ng kinh doanh ca tu thuyn c bo

him, k c chm tr ko di do ri ro c bo him gy ra.

+ Tu thuyn b mc cn bi nh hng ca thu triu hoc con nc ln

xung trong trng hp tu ang neo u.

+ Thuyn trng, my trng khng c bng theo quy nh hoc tai nnxy ra do nhng ngi ny say ri ru, bia, ma tu hoc cc cht kch thch

tng t khc, trong trng h p tu neo u khng chc chn hoc thuyn

vin trc b tu i vng.

- Bo Vit khng chu trch nhim i vi cc chi ph c lin quan sau

y mc d nhng chi ph do nhng ri ro c bo him gy ra:

+ Chi ph lin quan n s chm tr ca tu thuyn hoc tu thuyn, hng

ho b gim gi tr hoc thit hi sn xut kinh doanh ca tu thuyn c bo

him.

+ Mi chi ph lin quan v:

Co h, sn ln hoc y tu thuyn khng bao gm chi ph phun ct v

sn phn tn thay thh thuc trch nhim bo him.

Lng v cc khon ph cp lng hoc trcp ca thu thon tr

trng hp tn tht chung.


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- 37 -

a tu i sa cha tr trng h p vic a tu n ni sa cha l

theo yu cu ca Bo Vit.

- Bo Vit khng chu trch nhim bi thng mi h hng mt mt v

tn tht hoc nhng chi ph pht sinh do:

+ Ri ro chin tranh hoc tng t.

+ B cp, bt gi tu thuyn ti bt c ni no.

+ Tu thuyn c trng dng hoc s dng vo mc ch qun s.

+ Hnh ng ph hoi hoc khng b c tnh cht chnh tr.

+ Bt c v n ca cc loi v kh hoc cht n no.

Cp n bo him.

Cp n bo him l vic k kt hp ng gia ngi c nhu cu bo

him cho tu ca mnh trong chuyn hnh trnh vi ng bo him l Bo

Vit.

Trc y khi k kt hp ng ngi bo him phi bt c y

nhng thng tin vi tng bo him theo quy nh ca Bo Vit.

- i tng tham gia bo him thn tu l tt c nhng ch tu thuyn

hot ng trn sng h, vng ni thu v lnh hi Vit nam.

- Gi tr bo him thn tu c tnh cn c vo gi tr thc t ca v,

my mc v cc trang thit b hng hi ca tu k t ngy tham gia bo him

do ngi c bo him khai bo v c Bo Vit ch p nhn. C sxc

nh gi tr thc t ca tu l gi c mua bn tu trn th trng trong nc

hoc quc t ca loi tu thuyn .

Vi cn c trn, trong trng h p ngi c bo him tham gia bohim vi s tin bo him thp hn gi tr thc t ca con tu, Bo Vit s

nhn bo him theo mt trong hai hnh thc sau:

+ Bo him mi ri ro hng hi theo hnh thc bo him di gi tr.

+ Ch bo him theo iu kin bo him tn tht ton b.

Gi tr bo him ghi trn giy chng nhn bo him l gii hn trch

nhim cao nht m Bo Vit nhn bi thng i vi mi v tn tht.


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- 38 -

Khi tham gia bo him ngi c bo him phi gi cho Bo Vit giy

tyu cu bo him (theo mu in sn ca Bo Vit) 05 ngy trc ngy ch

tu mun hp ng bo him bt u c hiu lc. i vi nhng tu tham gia

bo him ln u tin ti Bo Vit th km theo giy yu cu bo him phi c

cc ti liu sau:

- Giy chng nhn quc tch.

- Giy chng nhn kh nng i bin v giy chng nhn cp tu ca ng

kim.

- Bin bn kim tra khi giao nhn tu hoc bin bn kim tra tng phn

ca ng kim.- Bo co tnh hnh tn tht ca tu xy ra trc khi yu cu bo him v

n bo him c (nu c).

Vic cp n bo him da vo hai hnh thc l bo him theo thi hn

v bo him theo chuyn. Trong mi hnh thc hp ng, Bo Vit u c

quy nh r rng v trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia bo him cng nh cc

loi ph m ngi c bo him phi thanh ton cho Bo Vit.

Ngoi ra, ngi c bo him cng phi c trch nhim bo cho BoVit bit nhng tnh hung quan trng khc gip cho Bo Vit phn on

c ri ro mt cch chnh xc ca i tng bo him.

Vic xy dng chnh sch khch hng hp l cng vi s gip ca h

thng ngn hng v s pht trin thng tin lin lc gip cho vic k kt hp

ng thun tin hn vi khch hng c nhu cu bo him. Khch hng khng

cn trc tip n cquan bo him k kt hp ng, h c th s dng

phng tin lin lc nhin thoi, fax... gi cc thng tin lin quan n contu ca mnh cho Bo Vit. Khi nhn c y thng tin, cn b khai thc

ca Bo Vit sn tn cs cp n bo him. Th tc np ph bo him

sc tin hnh thng qua h thng ngn hng. Hnh thc ny gip cho thi

gian thc hin hp ng c nhanh chng hn. Do s lng n bo

him c Bo Vit cp cho cc con tu u c s gia tng hng nm.

Ph bo him v cng tc xy dng ph bo him ti Bo Vit.

Ph bo him:


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- 39 -

Ph bo him thn tu do Bo Vit thu trn c sbiu ph do B ti chnh

quy nh p dng cho tng loi tu, nhm tu theo cc iu kin bo him, c

th ph bo him c th tng hoc gim tu thuc vo tnh hnh tn tht hng

nm ca cc i tu tham gia bo him.

Mc d vy Bo Vit vn phi tnh ph ring cho mnh da trn nhng

nhn tnh hng. Mi nhn t cu thnh ph bo him (trong phn ph ph)

u c mt t l ring do mi cng ty bo him quy nh. Do ph bo him

l cng c cnh tranh hu hiu hn bt c cng c no trong vic ginh ly

khch hng ca cc cng ty bo him. Cng nh cc cng ty bo him khc,

biu ph bo him ca Bo Vit mang tnh b mt, cng vi cc chnh sch u

i khch hng biu ph bo him khng th cng b rng ri trn th trng

v n rt c th b cc i th cnh tranh li dng.

Trn thc t, do s chi phi kh mnh m ca Bo Vit trn th trng

bo him Vit nam nn hu ht cc cng ty bo him khc c mt trn th

trng Vit nam u xy dng biu ph v chnh sch khch hng da trn

ph v iu kin ca Bo Vit. C th dn ra nhng chng thc rng cc cng

ty bo him khc nh Bo Minh, Bo Long, PJICO... h thp biu ph bo

him thn tu ca mnh nhm mc ch cnh tranh ngay sau khi Bo Vit a

ra mc ph cho mt s loi tu. Do vy cng tc xy dng ph l mt cng tc

ht sc quan trng v nhy cm c v thi ccng nh hiu qu trong kinh

doanh nghip v bo him ny.

Cng tc xy dng biu ph ti Bo Vit:

Ph bo him khng phi l mt i lng n nh m n lm thay i v

ph thuc vo tnh hnh thc t ca nghip v (doanh thu, bi thng, chi

ph...). Ni cch khc, ph bo him l i lng kh nhy cm i vi

nhng bin ng ca tnh hnh thc t. N phi m bo ln cng ty c

th trang tri nhng v bi thng tn tht v duy tr hot ng ca mnh

nhng cng cn nh c th thu ht c khch hng, chim lnh c

th trng trong iu kin cnh tranh gay gt.

Nguyn tc xy dng biu ph v t l ca Bo Vit trong nghip v bo

him thn tu ph thuc vo mt lot cc yu t: iu kin bo him, loi tu(tu ch hng, tu ch khch...), cu to v (bng st, bng xi mng, li


40/77


- 40 -

thp...), tui tu, phm vi hot ng... Nh vy, vn cung cp thng tin y

v chnh xc ca ngi c nhu cu bo him thn tu rt c ngha i vi

vic xy dng biu ph bo him ca Tng cng ty.

Cn cu tin v quan trng quy nh t l ph bo him l loi tu

v iu kin bo him. Cc loi tu khc nhau c mc xy ra tn tht cng

khc nhau dn n s khc bit v t l ph bo him gia cc loi tu. i

tng tham gia bo him iu kin c phm vi rng hn, tt nhin ph bo

him s cao hn nu tham gia phm vi hp hn.

Bt k mt t l ph ban u no cng c tnh ton t kt qu kinh

doanh nghip v vi mi loi tu tng ng. N da trn t l bi thng

thng k c t 3 n 5 nm ca nghip v trong tng iu kin bo him.

T l ph ban u c gi l t l gc. Ngoi ra, bt c mt yu t no

nh hng n hnh trnh trn bin c kh nng xy ra ri ro Bo Vit u

tnh thm t l ph ph. Chng hn nh:

- Ph ph tu gi, i vi tu hot ng trn bin, hoc bin pha sng tui

tu t 4 tui trln phi ng thm ph ph theo t l khc nhau, Bo Vit p

dng t l ph ph t 0,25% n 2,00% (vi tu t 4-24 tui), trn 24 tui

tho thun ring gia Bo Vit v ch tu.

- Ph ph chuyn ti: mi ln chuyn ti kh nng mt mt h hi tng

ln, do Bo Vit cng tnh thm ph ph cho nhng tu nh vy.

- Hng (lung) vn chuyn: Bo Vit thu thm phn ph bo him i

vi nhng tu chy trong khu vc bnh hng nhiu ca gi ma, bo, l

lt.

i vi nhng ri ro ngoi l m v l do ny hay l do khc b loi trkhi phm vi trch nhim ca ngi bo him tu theo s tho thun gia

khch hng v Bo Vit, nhng ri ro cng c thc bo him da trn

csngi c bo him phi ng thm ph bo him.

Tm li, biu ph bo him l mt cng c kinh t linh hot nn Bo Vit

khng h cng nhc trong cng tc s dng biu ph cng nh trong hot

ng trin khai nghip v. Tu tng trng hp c th, trong nhng iu kin

cho php, Bo Vit cng c th h t l ph ca mnh p ng nhu cu cakhch hng.


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- 41 -

Xt trn phng din s liu, ph bo him thu c trong hot ng ca

nghip v bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu l mt phn ng k

trong doanh thu ph bo him gc ca Bo Vit.

2.1.2. Kt qutc trong khu khai thc.

Kt qu khai thc nghip v bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu

ca Bo Vit c th hin qua bng s liu sau:

Bng 2: Kt qu khai thc nghip v bo him thn tu v trch

nhim ch tu ca Bo Vit trong ba nm 2000-2001-2002

Nghip v tu bin Nghip v tu sng Nghip v tu cCh tiu

NmKH TH

T l

TH/KHKH TH

T l

TH/KHKH TH

T l

TH/KH

n vT

VND

T

VND%

T

VND

T

VND%

T

VND

T

VND%

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

2000

20012002

21,5

22,023,5

24,08

23,8626,05

115,35

108,45110,85

8,00

9,1010,50

9,40

10,9411,10

117,50

120,22105,71

10,0

12,516,5

9.60

13,7017,9

96,00

109,60108,50

* Ngun: Bo co tng kt ca Bo Vit nm 2000-2002

Nhn vo bng s liu trn, c th thy rng doanh thu ph bo him ca

Bo Vit nm 2002 v cbn c s gia tng n nh (nht l nghip v bo

him thn tu bin). Nhng con s ny cho thy tnh ng n trong cng tc

khai thc cc nghip v bo him ca Bo Vit.

Nghip v tu bin:

y l nghip v c doanh thu ln nht trong loi hnh bo him thn

tu. Doanh thu ca bo him thn tu bin chim t trng ln trong doanh thu

ca ton nghip v, chim khong t 50-60%. Nm 2001, doanh thu t 23,86

t VND t 108,45% k hoch, gim gn 7% so vi nm 2000. Nhng n

nm 2002, Bo Vit c c sn nh ca mnh v doanh thu 26,05 t

VND hon thnh 110,85% mc k hoch. Nghip v ny c tin b l do Bo


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- 44 -

C ba phng php gim nh chnh l cm quan, iu tra chn mu v

o lng tnh ton t thit b kim tra cht lng.Khi tin hnh gim nh,

gim nh vin ca Bo Vit thc hin cc bc sau:

+ Kim tra con tu: Xem xt bao qut bn ngoi ca ton b v tu, y

tu.

+ Kim tra hng ho trn tu: Sp xp hng ho c ng quy nh khng,

chn lt hng trong hm c m bo khng...

+ Xc nh mc v phn loi tn tht cng vi cc chi ph hn ch tn

tht lin quan.

+ Xc nh nguyn nhn gy tn tht: nguyn nhn gin tip, trc tip,tng hp ri ro c bo him.

+ Lp bin bn gim nh, ghi kt qu gim nh v cc nhn chng cng

gim st.

Vi cc bc tin hnh gim nh nh trn, mc ch ca cng tc gim

nh l:

+ Kim tra loi tn tht, tnh trng nguyn nhn ca tn tht.

+ Kim tra mc thit hi v tnh ton s tin hay t l phn trm tntht.

+ nh gi xem chi ph sa cha c ng mc v hp l khng.

Qua cng tc gim nh tn tht v mt nghip v ca Bo Vit cng c

th thy cng tc ny ph thuc vo nng lc chuyn mn v phm cht ca

gim nh vin rt nhiu. Bt c mt hnh ng tiu cc hay thiu chuyn su

no ca gim nh vin cng c thnh hng trc tip n hiu qu kinh

doanh ca nghip v, nh hng n lng tin ca khch hng i vi Bo

Vit.

Hin nay, phn ln cc n v thnh vin ca Bo Vit thc hin nghip

v bo him thn tu v trch nhim ch tu. Nhng i ng gim nh vin

ca Bo Vit so vi nhu cu ca nghip v cn rt thiu. Bo Vit cha c

mt trung tm no o to gim nh vin chnh thc m i ng gim nh

vin ch thc hin cng vic da vo kinh nghim v t hc hi. Gim nh

vin tn tht thn tu ca Bo Vit khng nhng ch m nhim cng tc


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- 45 -

gim nh tu m cn thc hin gim nh trong nhiu lnh vc bo him khc

do kinh nghim ca h sc tng ln theo tng v vic. Tuy th, i

ng cn b gim nh vin chuyn su vn lun l vn bc xc ca Bo

Vit.

Thm vo , i ng gim nh vin ni chung v gim nh vin

chuyn su ni ring thng tp trung mt s cng v thnh ph ln. Do

vy, khi c nhng v tn tht xy ra, c bit l nhng v phc tp i hi

cao khu gim nh ti nhng cng hay thnh ph nh th thng khng c

ngay gim nh vin v phi ku gi trgip. iu ny ko theo mt vn

l ko di thi gian gim nh v gii quyt bi thng, do d lm mt

lng khch hng. y chnh l im m Bo Vit cn quan tm tho g.

Vi cng tc gim nh i hi thc hin nhanh chng v chnh xc,

cng tc bi thng tn tht ca Bo Vit cng cn c thc hin mt cch

kp thi. Hai khu ny, c kt hp cht ch, thun thc trong cc nghip v

bo him ca Bo Vit.

2.3. Cng tc gii quyt bi thng tn tht:

Trn thc t, y l khu m ngi c bo him khi c ti sn b tntht quan tm hng u v cng l khu phc tp nht trong mi nghip v.

Kt qu ca vic gii quyt bi thng l quan trng song vn thi gian li

c t ln hng u. Thi gian gii quyt bi thng l nhn t thu ht

khch hng song cng c khi li l nhn tnh mt khch hng ca mi

cng ty bo him. i vi Bo Vit, cng ty c nhng c gng khng

ngng trong vic rt ngn thi gian gii quyt khiu ni bi thng. Hin nay,

vi h s khiu ni bi thng y , h p l, Bo Vit s tin hnh gii

quyt bi thng ch trong vng 7 ngy v chm nht l 10 ngy i vi

nhng v tn tht ln, phc tp. Trong khi , ti cc cng ty bo him khc

nh Bo Minh, Bo Long thi gian gii quyt bi thng thng ko di 2

tun hoc c khi lu hn. Yu t thi gian giy ang l kha cnh m cc

cng ty bo him ang c gng tn dng ti a trong cnh tranh. Vi chnh

yu t ny, Bo Vit ang dn to cho mnh mt li th hn cc cng ty bo

him khc.


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- 46 -

Cng tc gii quyt bi thng c Bo Vit tin hnh vi nhng cng

tc: nh gi xem khiu ni c c bi thng theo n bo him hay

khng, tnh ton v thanh ton bi thng, thi hn thanh ton bi thng,

mc khu tr... Ni dung nh sau:

nh gi khiu ni:

+ Xem xt ngi c bo him, ngi khiu ni c quyn li bo him

hay khng.

+ H hng mt mt c phi xy ra trong thi hiu ca n bo him hay

khng.

+ H hng mt mt c phi do nhng ri ro loi tr gy ra hay khngnh vic lm sai lm mt cch c ca ch tu, li bt cn ca thuyn

trng, thu th, thuyn vin, chm tr tn tht do khuyt tt vn c.

+ H hng mt mt c phi do nhng him ho, ri ro c bo him

gy ra hay khng.

Mc ch nh gi khiu ni ca Bo Vit l mun loi tr ht mi kh

nng phi bo him cho nhng tn tht m l ra khng thuc trch nhim ca

Bo Vit. y l bc cn trng trc khi Bo Vit tin hnh bi thng tntht.

Tnh v thanh ton bi thng.

Mc bi thng:

- Nu gi tr tu thuyn tham gia bo him vt qu gi tr thc t, Bo

Vit s bi thng tn tht ton b theo gi tr thc t ca tu thuyn.

- Nu gi tr tu thuyn tham gia bo him thp hn gi tr thc t th

Bo Vit s bi thng nhng tn tht ca thn tu thuyn theo t l gia gi

tr bo him vi gi tr thc t ca tu thuyn.

- i vi tn tht ton b thn tu thuyn.

Tn tht ton b thn tu thuyn c c p trong quy tc bo him

thn tu bao gm c tn tht ton b thc t v c tnh.

+ Tu thuyn b hu hoi hon ton khng th phc hi c cng nh

tu thuyn b mt tch nu nh qu thi gian ba thng khng nhn c tintc g v tu thuyn u coi l tn tht ton b thc t.


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- 47 -

+ Tu thuyn b h hng m xt thy khng th trnh khi tn tht tan

b hoc chi ph sa cha phc hi vt qu gi tr bo him th c xc

nhl tn tht ton bc tnh. Trng hp ny ngi c bo him phi

lm giy bo t b tu thuyn cho Bo Vit. Nu vic t b khng c chp

nhn, Bo Vit s gii quyt bi thng s tn tht b phn thuc trch nhim

bo him.

Khi bi thng tn tht ton b thn tu thuyn, Bo Vit c quyn

shu, thu hi v x l tu thuyn .

- i vi tn tht b phn thn tu thuyn :

+ Trong mi trng hp, tr khi c tho thun khc bng vn bn, BoVit ch thanh ton bi thng cho tng gi tr ring bit ca b phn sa

cha hoc thay th. Sau khi bi thng b phn thay th,Bo Vit c quyn

shu, thu hi b phn .

+ Trong mi trng hp, nu tu thuyn b tn tht b phn cha c

sa cha m tip li xy ra tn tht ton b trong thi gian hp ng bo

him cn hiu lc th Bo Vit ch gii quyt bi thng tn tht ton b.

Khu tr tin bi thng tn tht :- Khi thanh ton tin bi thng, Bo Vit s khu tr s tin quy nh

i vi mi v tn tht c chp nhn bi thng. Mc khu tr ca tng

tu c ghi trn giy chng nhn bo him ca tu theo nm bo him.

iu ny khng p dng khi bi thng tn tht ton b i vi thn tu

thuyn.

- Trng hp xy ra tn tht m nguyn nhn gy ra c quy mt phn

hoc ton b do ssut ca thuyn trng, squan, thu th th ngi cbo him phi chu thm mt khon tng ng 10% thit hi do ssut

gy ra ngoi khon khu tr tuyt i nu trn.

Thi hn thanh ton bi thng:

- i vi khiu ni thuc trch nhim bo him, Bo Vit phi tr li

vic bi thng trong vng 60 ngy k t ngy nhn c y h skhiu

ni c cn c php l ca ngi c bo him.


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- 48 -

Trng hp Bo Vit c vn bn t chi bi thng th trong vng 60

ngy k t ngy gi giy bo t chi, nu ngi c bo him khng c

kin g th coi nh chp nhn s t chi bi thng ca Bo Vit.

- Nu ngi c bo him ch mi chp nhn mt phn ca ton b s

tin khiu ni th Bo Vit s bi thng trc phn v s tin cn li s

tip tc gii quyt khi ngi c bo him c vn bn, chng t chng minh

thm hoc tho thun vi Bo Vit v s tin bi thng.

2.3.1. Quy tc p dngtnh ton tn tht chung:

Trong tnh ton tn tht chung Bo Vit p dng quy tc York- Antwerp

1974 bi thng. i vi quy tc York- Antwerp, trong vic phn b tntht chung, nhng iu l th t ch v s phi c p dng thay th bt k

lut l v cch lm no khng ph hp vi n. Ngoi nhng quy nh theo

iu l th t s, tn tht chung phi c tnh phn b theo iu l th t

ch.

iu l th t ch:

A: C hnh ng v tn tht chung khi v ch khi no c mt s hi sinh

hay chi ph bt thng no do c vic lm c dng v hp l v an tonchung nhm mc ch bo v ti sn trong cuc hnh trnh chung trn bin

khi b nguy him.

B: Nhng hi sinh v chi ph thuc v tn tht chung phi do cc bn c

quyn li khc nhau chu trn csnhng iu l quy nh di y.

C: Ch nhng mt mt, h hi hoc chi ph no l hu qu trc tip ca

hnh ng tn tht chung mi c coi l tn tht chung.

Nhng mt mt, h hi m tu hoc hng phi chu do chm tr, d ltrong hay sau hnh trnh, nh do tht thu trong kinh doanh tu, v bt k loi

tn tht gin tip no khc nh mt th trng u khng c tha nhn l

tn tht chung.

D: Quyn hn phn b tn tht chung khng b nh hng c trong

trng hp bin c dn ti hi sinh hay chi ph c th l do li ca mt trong

s nhng bn lin quan n cuc hnh trnh. Nhng quy nh ny khng


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- 49 -

phng hi ti cng vic tin hnh i hi bn gy ra li bi thng thit

hi hoc bin h cho h.

E: Bn khiu ni tn tht chung c trch nhim chng minh c l tn

tht hoc chi ph phi ng gp u c tha nhn vo tn tht chung mt

cch thong.

F: Bt k khon chi ph no tng ln chi ra thay cho khon chi khc

thuc phm vi tn tht chung cng c coi l tn tht chung v khi tnh

khng xt ti khon tit kim c cho cc quyn li khc, nu c, nhng ch

c tnh trong phm vi s tin chi ph tn tht chung trnh c.

G: Tn tht chung phi c tnh phn b c v tn tht v ng gptrn csnhng gi tr xc nh ti thi im ni kt thc v vo lc kt thc

hnh trnh.

iu quy nh ny khng nh hng n vic quyt nh a im lp

bng tnh ton tn tht chung.

iu l th t s:

(1). V vic vt hng xung bin.

Hng ho b vt xung bin khng c bi thng theo nguyn tc tntht chung, tr khi hng c chuyn chph hp vi tp qun thng

mi c tha nhn.

(2). V tn tht do vt hng xung bin v hi sinh v an ton chung.

Tn tht v tu v hng, hoc mt trong hai th, do hi sinh hoc hu qu

ca s hi sinh v an ton chung, v do nc trn xung ming hm tu ng

hoc ch hng khc c to ra nhm mc ch thc hin vic vt hng

xung bin v an ton chung u c bi thng nh tn tht chung.

(3). V vic dp tt la trn tu.

Tn tht v tu v hng hoc mt trong hai th, do nc hay th g khc,

k c tn tht do a tu ln cn hay c thng con tu ang chy, trong khi

tin hnh dp tt la trn tu, u c bi thng nh tn tht chung; ngoi

ra, khng bi thng cho tn tht do khi hay sc nng pht sinh v bt k

nguyn nhn g.

(4). V vic cht b vt nt.


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- 50 -

Mt mt hoc h hi xy ra do cht b vt nt hoc nhng b phn tu

trc b cun i hoc mt tht s do tai nn u khng c bi thng

nh tn tht chung.

(5). V vic t nguyn vo cn.

Khi tu c cho chy vo bmt cch dng v an ton chung, d tu

c b dt vo cn hay khng th nhng mt mt h hi thuc hu qu u

c bi thng nh tn tht chung.

(6). V vic tr tin cng cu h.

Chi ph do cc bn lin quan ti hnh trnh chi ra trong vic cu h, theo

quy nh trong hp ng hoc theo cch khc, u c tnh vo tn thtchung trong phm vi nhng hot ng cu h c tin hnh nhm mc

ch bo v cho ti sn trong hnh trnh chung trn bin khi b nguy him.

(7). V h hi my mc v ni hi.

Trong khi ang c gng lm ni tu, nu gy ra tn tht cho my mc v

ni hi bt k ca con tu b mc cn v ang trong tnh trng nguy him th

tn tht phi c bi thng trong tn tht chung, khi chng minh

c l xy ra do thc t dng lm ni tu v an ton chung trong tnhtrng ri ro c th dn ti tn tht nh vy; nhng nu l tu ang ni th

nhng mt mt hay h hi do s dng my chn vt v ni hi trong bt k

tnh hung no cng u c bi thng nh tn tht chung.

(8). V chi ph lm nh tu khi mc cn v tn tht xy ra.

Khi mc cn, hng ho v nhin liu ca tu hoc mt trong nhng th

c dxung nh mt hnh ng v tn tht chung th nhng chi ph

tng thm cho vic lm nh tu, tin thu thuyn hay x lan v xp hng trli tu khi cn ti, k c nhng mt mt, h hi xy ra trong khi tin hnh

cng vic ny, u c tha nhn l tn tht chung.

(9). V nguyn vt liu ca tu dng t thay nhin liu.

Nhng nguyn liu, vt liu ca tu hoc mt trong nhng th, cn

thit phi t thay nhin liu v an ton chung trong lc gp nguy him phi

c tha nhn l tn tht chung, khi v ch khi no xt thy trc nhin

liu c cung cp di do nhng chc tnh vo tn tht chung s


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- 51 -

lng nhin liu c tnh l ra phi tiu th v tnh theo gi hin hnh ti cng

khi hnh sau cng vo ngy thng tu ri cng .

(10). V nhng chi ph ti cng lnh nn, v.v...

(a). Khi tu phi vo mt cng hay mt ni lnh nn, hoc phi quay tr

li cng hay ni xp hng do hu qu ca tai nn, hi sinh trong nhng tnh

hung bt thng no khc cn thit phi lm nh vy v an ton chung th

nhng chi ph vo cng hay ni phi c tha nhn l tn tht chung; v

nu t tu li chy vi s hng ban u hoc mt phn hng ho th chi

ph vo vic ri cng hoc ni , xut pht t trng hp tu phi vo hoc

quay trli cng ni trn cng phi c tha nhn l tn tht chung.

Khi tu ang u ti bt k mt cng hoc ni lnh nn no v cn thit

phi ri sang mt cng hoc ni khc do cng vic sa cha khng th tin

hnh c ti cng v ni tu vo ban u ddc th nhng quy nh trong

iu ny phi c p dng cho cng hoc ni tu vo ln th hai coi nh

cng hoc ni tu lnh nn v chi tiu cho vic ri cng nh vy cng vi tin

sa cha v lai dt phi c tha nhn l tn tht chung. Nhng quy nh

mc 11 c p dng cho trng hp ko di hnh trnh do vic chuyn tu i

ni khc gy ra.

(b). Chi ph iu ng trn tu hoc cho dhng ho, nhin vt liu ca

tu xung, d ti cng hay ni xut hng, gh tu hay lnh nn, phi c

tha nhn l tn tht chung, khi cng vic iu ng hoc dhng xung l

cn thit cho an ton chung hoc gip tu c th sa cha nhng h hi do hi

sinh hoc tai nn gy ra nn vic sa cha l cn thit cho vic tip tc hnh

trnh c an ton, tr trng hp tn tht ca tu li l h hi pht hin c

cng hoc ni xp hng hay gh tu m khng lin quan n bt k tai nn

hay tnh hung bt thng no khc xy ra trong hnh trnh.

Chi ph iu ng trn tu hoc d hng ho, nhin vt liu ca tu

xung c tha nhn l tn tht chung trong trng hp ch l s dng cho

mc ch cht xp li hm tu do c s xo trn v tr trong hnh trnh, tr

vic cht xp li hm tu nh vy l cn thit cho an ton chung.

(c) Mt chi ph iu ng hay dnhin vt liu ca tu c tha nhnl tn tht chung th nhng chi ph lu kho bao gm c chi ph bo him nu


52/77


- 52 -

chi ra hp l, chi ph cht xp trli tu s hng ho, nhin vt liu cng

c tha nhn l tn tht chung.

Nhng khi tu b loi khng dng c na hoc khng tip tc hnh

trnh ban u th nhng chi ph v lu kho chc tha nhn vo tn tht

chung tnh cho ti ngy thng c tuyn b loi b hoc t b hnh trnh ca

tu, hoc cho ti ngy thng hon thnh vic dhng ho nu vic loi b

hoc t b xy ra trc ngy thng .

(11) V tin lng v cung ng thu th v nhng chi ph khc phi chu

vo cng lnh nn.

(a) Tin lng v cung ng cho thuyn trng, squan v thu th chi ramt cch hp l v s nhn liu tiu th trong thi gian hnh trnh phi ko

di do vic tu vo cng hoc ni lnh nn hoc quay trli cng hay ni xp

hng u phac tha nhn l tn tht chung khi nhng chi ph vo cng

hay ni c tnh vo tn tht chung theo quy nh ca mc 10a.

(b) Khi tu phi vo hoc phi chi ti mt cng hay mt ni bt k,

do hu qu ca tai nn, hy sinh hay tnh hung bt thng khc, cn thit cho

an ton chung hoc tu c th sa cha nhng h hi do hy sinh hoc tainn gy ra nu l nhng sa cha cn thit cho vic tip tc hnh trnh an

ton th tin lng v cung ng ca thuyn trng, squan v thu th chi ra

hp l trong sut thi gian chi thm ti cng hoc ni cho ti khi tu

sn sng tin hnh hnh trnh phi c tha nhn trong tn tht chung.

Nhng khi tn tht chung ca tu l do pht hin c ti cng hay ni

xp hng hoc gh tu l khng lin quan g ti tai nn hoc tnh hung bt

thng no khc xy ra trong hnh trnh, th mi khon tin lng v cungng ca thuyn trng,s quan, thu th v nhin vt liu s dng trong thi

gian tu phi chi thm sa cha nhng h hi pht hin c trong

trng hp u khng c tha nhn l tn tht chung, d l nhng sa

cha cha cn cho vic tip tc hnh trnh an ton.

Khi tu b loi khng dng c na hoc khng tip tc hnh trnh ban

u th nhng khon tin lng v cung ng ca thuyn trng , s quan,

thu th v nhin vt liu s dng c tha nhn l tn tht chung chc tnh n ngy thng c tuyn b loi b tu hoc t b hnh trnh hoc


53/77


- 53 -

tnh ti ngy thng hon thnh vic dhng nu vic loi b ny xy ra vo

trc ngy thng .

Nhng nhin vt liu s dng trong sut thi gian tu phi chi

phi c tha nhn l tn tht chung, tr s nhin vt liu no tiu th

trong khi tin hnh nhng cha c sa cha ngoi tn tht chung.

Tng t nh trn, nhng chi phi v cng ph trong thi gian tu phi

chi thm cng phi c tha nhn l tn tht chung tr s nhng chi ph

n thun chi ra cho nhng cng vic sa cha ngoi tn tht chung.

(c) Nhng khon tin lng c cp n cn phi bao gm c

nhng khon tin tr cho thuyn trng, s quan, thu th d l nhng khontin tr theo quy nh ca lut l ra cho ch tu hay tr theo nhng iu

kin khc hoc iu l v thu ngi lm vic.

(d) Khi phi tr tin lm ngoi gicho thuyn trng, s quan hay thu

th trong vic bo qun hay sa cha tu m nhng khon tin ny khng

c tnh vo tn tht chung, th tin lm ngoi gichc tha nhn l tn

tht chung trong phm vi s tin l ra c tha nhn l tn tht chung nhng

tit kim c do chi tin ngoi ginh vy.(12) Tn tht v hng ho trong khi tin hnh dhng,v,v...

H hi, mt mt hng ho, nhin vt liu xy ra trong khi di chuyn, d

khi tu, lu kho, xp hng trli v cht xp hng u c bi thng nh

tn tht chung khi v ch khi no tin chi cho nhng vic lm c tha

nhn l tn tht chung.

(13) V khu tr tin sa cha.

Nhng phn sa cha c tnh vo tn tht chung khng phi chu khutr theo nguyn tc mi thay c trong trng hp cc vt liu hoc cc b

phn cc thay mi, tri vi tu s dng trn 15 nm, trong trng

hp ny phi chu khu tr 1/3. Nguyn tc tnh khu tr l phi tnh theo tui

tu t ngy 31/12 ca nm hon thnh vic ng tucho ti ngy thng c

hnh ng v tn tht chung.Ring i vi nhng loi ca n cch nhit, cu

sinh hay tng t, dng c, thit b thng tin lin lc v hng hi, my v ni

hi th phi tnh khu tr theo tu tui ca nhng b phn ring bit khi pdng khu tr.


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- 56 -

S tin c tnh vo tn tht chung cho nhng mt mt, h hi v tu,my mc v ccu thit b ca tu xy ra do mt hnh ng v tn tht chungs nh sau:

(a) Khi c sa cha hoc thay th: S tin chi hp l thc t chovic sa cha hoc thay th s h hi hoc mt mt, vi iu kin khu trtheo quy nh mc 13.

(b) Khi khng sa cha hoc thay th : S gim gi h p l do mt,hng, nhng khng c tnh cao hn s tin sa cha c tnh. Ngoi ra,nu tu b tn tht ton b thc t hoc nu tin sa cha h hng tnh ra livt qu gi tr tu khi sa cha th s tin c tha nhn vo tn tht

chung phi l s chnh lch gia gi tr nguyn vn c tnh ca tu sau khi khu tr vo tin c tnh v sa cha b phn h hng khng thucphm vi tn tht chung vi gi tr tu cn gi nguyn trng thi h hng, cthc xc nh bng s tin bn thc t thu c, nu c bn.

(19) V vic khng k khai hoc k khai sai.

Nhng hng ho xp trn tu m ch hng hay i l tu khng hay bitg hoc khi xp xung tu li c khai sai th tn tht ca nhng hng ho khng c tha nhn vo tn tht chung, nhng nu khi cu c th vn

gi nguyn trch nhim ng gp.

Nhng hng ho khi xp xung tu khai sai theo gi tr thp hn gitr chnh thc ca hng, khi b tn tht sc nhn phn tin ng gp theogi tr k khai, nhng hng ho phi ng gp trn csgi tr thc tca n.

(20) V vic ng qu.

Mt khon hoa hng l 2% ca nhng s tin chi tiu tn tht chung,

trong khng bao gm tin lng v cung ng thuyn trng, s quan vthu th v nhin vt liu cha thay th trong hnh trnh, phi c tha nhntrong tn tht chung. Nhng nu trong s nhng bn c quyn li lin quanti ng gp khng c ai gp qu th nhng chi tiu cn cho vic tm ngunqu bng cch cm tu hoc cch lm khc, hoc tn tht m ch hng phichu do bn hng ly tin dng vo mc ch u c tha nhn vo tntht chung.

Chi ph cho vic bo him s tin ng trc thanh ton chi tiu tntht chung cng c tha nhn trong tn tht chung.


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(21) V li tc tnh cho nhng tn tht c bi thng trong tn thtchung.

Nhng chi ph, hy sinh v nhng khon c tnh vo tn tht chung u

c hng li tc theo t l 7% mi nm v tnh cho ti ngy thng thnhlp bn tnh phn b tn tht chung, tin thanh ton tm thi ca cc bn cquyyn li ng gp hoc tin k qu tn tht chung u c hng t l litc cho php .

(22) V vic s dng qu tin mt.

Tin k qu thu c ca pha hng ho v phn trch nhim ca hi

vi tn tht chung, tin cu h hay chi ph c bit khc u phi np ngay

khng c chm tr, vo mt ti khon c bit i bn u ng tn, mt

i din c chnh thay mt ngi k qu tin vo mt ngn hng c

i bn chng nhn. S tin k qu ny cng vi li tc gi tin, nu c phi

c coi l tin m bodng vo vic thanh ton cho nhng bn c quyn

nhn tin thanh ton tn tht chung, chi ph cu h hoc nhng chi ph c

bit thuc phn hng ho phi chu v k qu. Vic thanh ton tng phn

hoc hon li tin k qu thc hin trong trng hp c giy chng nhn

ca ngi tnh phn b tn tht. Vic k qu thanh ton hoc hon li tin ni

trn phi coi l khng phng hi ti trch nhim ti hu ca cc bn.

2.3.2. Kt qu thc hin bi thng tn tht

Trong my nm gn y, thin tai c tnh thm ho lin tc din ra

gy nhiu thit hi cho ng dn nht l cc tnh min Trung. Thit hi v

ngi v ca ca ngi dn khng nhng lm gim kh nng mua bo him

ca khch hng ca Bo Vit m cn lm tng chi ph chi tr bi thng ca

cng ty. Tuy vy i vi mi nghip v bo him ni chung v nghip v bo

him thn tu ni ring Bo Vit vn lun tm cc bin php hn ch mc

chi bi thng sao cho t l nm trong mc cho php.

Cc v tn tht ln c Bo Vit bi thng t ti con s k lc: Bi

thng tn tht ton b v chy tu Ph Xun vi s tin 3,3 triu USD; v


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m tu Lc Nam 1 triu USD; tn tht tu Duyn Pht 01, bi thng

400.000 USD;...

Mc chi ca nghip v bo him thn tu ca Bo Vit trong 3 nm gny c th hin qua bng s liu sau: (Bng 2)

Bng 3: Mc chi bi thng ca nghip v bo him thn tu

ti Bo Vit (2000-2001-2002)

Bng 3.1.

NVBH thn tu

bin

NVBH thn tu

sng

NVBH thn tu c

Ch tiu2000 2001 2002 2000 2001 2002 2000 2001 2002

Chi bi thng

(tng)

14,7

5

16,4

8

17,6

5

8,15 7,49 8,36 7,69 9,50 10,3

4

Doanh thu ph

(tng)

24,0

8

23,8

6

26,0

5

9,40 10,9

4

11,1

0

9,60 13,7

0

17,9

0

Chi bi thng

/ Doanh thu ph(%)

61,2

5

69,0

7

67,7

5

86,7

0

68,4

6

75,3

2

80,1

0

69,3

4

57,7

6

Bng 3.2.

Ch tiu n v 2000 2001 2002

chi bi thng Tng 30,59 33,74 36,35 doanh thu ph Tng 43,08 48,50 55,05

chi bi thng

doanh thu ph% 65,89 66,33 66,03

* Ngun: Bo co tng kt ca Bo Vit nm 2000, 2001, 2002

Qua bng s liu trn, c th nhn thy rng:

- Bo him thn tu bin c doanh thu ph cao nht nhng t l chi bithng (so vi doanh thu) cng cao hn c.


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Kt qu kinh doanh ca nghip v bo him thn tu ti Bo Vit trong 3

nm gn y c th hin qua bng 3: (V vic thu thp s liu c hn nn

li c trnh by trong bng 3 l li gp (cha thu) )

Bng 4: Kt qu ca nghip v bo him thn tu

v trch nhim ch tu ti Bo Vit (2000-2001-2002)

n vtnh: tng

STT Ch tiu 2000 2001 2002

1

2

3

Tng thu

Tng chi- Chi bi thng

- Chi qun l

- Chi hoa hng

- Chi phFHCTT

Chnh lch thu-chi

43,800

36,56430,590

2,371

0,086

3,517

6,516

48,500

39,99733,740

2,465

0,102

3,690

8,503

55,050

43,31336,350

2,720

0,115

4,128

11,737

Ngun: Bo co tng kt ca Bo Vit nm 2000-2002

Hiu qu kinh doanh ca cc nghip v bo him thn tu c th hin

thng qua cc ch tiu sau:

-

2000: HD =43,0836,564

= 1,178

2001: HD

=48,50

39,997= 1,212

=

chi

thuDH


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2002: HD = 55,0543,313

= 1,271

2000: HLN = 6,51636,564

= 0,178

2001: HLN =8,503

39,997= 0,212

2002: HLN =11,737

43,313= 0,271

- T trng chi bi thng /Tng chi:

2000 :

Chi bi thng

chi 100 =

30,59

36,564 100 = 83,66%

2001:

Chi bi thng

chi 100 =

33,74

39,997 100 = 84,35%

2002:

LN: Li nhun

=

chi

LN

LNH


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Chi bi thng

chi 100 =

36,35

43,313 100 = 83,92%

Nhn xt:

- Doanh thu ph tng ln vi t l ln hn t l tng ca mc chi bi

thng nh hng rt ln n li nhun thu c. Li nhun ca nghip

v tng dn qua cc nm 2000 n nm 2002 li trn 11 t.

- T l chi bi thng chim t trng ch yu, t l chi bi thng/doanh

thu ph ca

Luan Van Bao Hiem Than Tau

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