Izquierda y Derecha en El Electorado Brasileño

8/10/2019 Izquierda y Derecha en El Electorado Brasileño

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\ío enm gn fimn `caeg i mimv g rseð n ek p rg sm\íoenm gn fimn`c

aegi m im vgrseðn ekprgsm



@cig`èðn bg @IM@PC

Írgm M`mbåke`m bg @IM@PC

@ccrbenmbcr4 Gkeiec RmbbgeMsestgntg @ccrbenmbcr4 Pmfrenm Ocnzíigz

Írgm bg Beauseðn@ccrbenmbcr4 Dcrog M. Armom

Gbeèðn Beoetmi4Iefrcnmutm Mrogntenm P. M., 6<<7

@cnsgihc Imtenc-Mkgre`mnc bg @eänèms Pcèmes

© @cnsgdc Imtencmkgre`mnc bg @egnèms Pcèmigs© Iefrcnmutm Mrogntenm P. M.

]ugbm hg`hc gi bgpðsetc qug gstmfig`g im igy ==.?60. Nc sg pgrketg im rgprcbu`èðn tctmi c pmrèmi bg gstg iefrc, ne sumikm`gnmkegntc gn un sestgkm enacrkíte`c, ne su trmnskeseðn gn ùmiquegr acrkm c pcr ùmiquegr kgbec gig`trðne`c,

kg`íne`c, actc`cpem u ctrcs kåtcbcs, sen gi pgrkesc prgvec bg ics tetuimrgs bgi `cpyreoht.

Im rgspcnsmfeiebmb pcr ims cpenecngs gxprgsmbms gn ics iefrcs, mrtëùics. gstubecs y ctrms `cimfcrmèccgs enùkfgxìusevmkgntg m ics mutcrgs aerkmntgs. y su pufie`mèðn nc ng`gsmremkgntg rgaigdm ics puntcs bg vestm bg im Pg`rgtGdgùtevm bg @IM@PC.

Gbeèðn Ekprgsm EPFN 57<-560=-??-<

@IM@PC@cnsgdc Imtencmkgre`mnc bg @egnèms Pcèmigs@cnsgihc Imtenc-mkgre`mnc bg @eänèms Pcèmes

@miimc 8?7, pesc 0´ @=<60MMF @eubmb Mutðnckm bg Fugncs Mergs, Mrogntenm



ET]WEGVBM UBGVG@HM GN GI

GIG@RCVMBCFVMPEIGÝC I M EBGNREAE@M@EÐN EBGCIÐOE@MGN IMP BEP\WRMP \VGPEBGN@EMIGP

BG=585 U=552



\íoenm gn fimn`caegi m im vgrseðn ekprgsm



ENBE@G

\ VGAM@EC M IMGBE@EÐNMVOGNRENM

ENRVCBW@@EÐN

@M\ËRWIC=

³] WÅ GP IMEBGNREAE@M@EÐNEBGCIÐOE@M3@M\ËRWIC6

I M@CNAVCNRM@EÐNET]WEGVBM-BGVG@HM GN IMBEP\WRMBG=585

@M\ËRWIC0

EBGCICOËM UG@CNCKËM GN IMBG@EPEÐN BG=552

@M\ËRWIC2 GPRMFEIEBMB U@CNRGNEBC BG IMEBGNREAE@M@EÐN

EBGCIÐOE@M

@CN@IWPECNGPAENMIGP FEFIECOVMAËM



\íoenm gn fimn`c




ET]WEGVBM UBGVG@HM GN GIGIG@RCVMBCFVMPEIGÝC

I M EBGNREAE@M@EÐN EBGCIÐOE@MGN IMP BEP\WRMP \VGPEBGN@EMIGP

BG=585 U=552

Mnbrå Penogr*

* Mnbrå Penogr gs pgrecbestm y pcietðicoc. \rcagscr bgi Bgpmrtmkgntc bg @egn`ems\ciëte`ms bg im Wnevgrsebmb bg Pmn \mfic. Pg hm bgsgkpgýmbc `ckc Pg`rgtmrec bg Vgbm``eðn bgim Acihm bg Pàc \muic, y gs m`tumikgntg vc`grc bg `mkpmým bgi \mrtebc bg ics Rrmfmdmbcrgs(\R).



\ VGAM@EC M IMGBE@EÐN

MVOGNRENM

stg iefrc, pufie`mbc creoenmikgntg gn gi mýc 6<<< gn Frmsei, rgôngbcs trmfmdcs m`mbåke`cs bg bestentm prc`gbgnèm, y gs gi rgsuitmbcbg unm bå`mbm bg imfcr scfrg gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi ‐tgkm

qug, hmstm bcnbg yc så, rgèån mhcrm `ckegnzm m ogngrmr un entgrås`rgègntg gntrg ics envgsteombcrgs imtencmkgre`mncs.

GGn ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, gi cfdgtc bg ke envgsteomèðn sg gstubem pcr

ic kgncs bgsbg =52<, ùmnbc \mui Imzmrsagib y sus `cimfcrmbcrgsgkprgnbegrcn gi mníieses bg im gig`èðn qug iigvð m Armnjien B. Vccsgvgitm im @msm Fimn`m pcr tgr`grm vgz `cnsgùtevm. Bgsbg gntcn`gs sg hmprcbuèbc gn ics GG. WW., pgrc tmkfeån gn Gurcpm, unm gncrkg `mntebmbbg gstubecs qug fus`mn gxpie`mr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc bgi gig`tcr.

Gn `ckpmrmèðn `cn im prcbu`èðn gstmbcunebgnsg, imimtencmkgre`mnm gs pgqugým. Gstg hg`hc nc gs bgi tcbc scrprgnbgntg, ymqug hmstm ics mýcs l8< im bgkc`rmèm ‐môn gntgnbebm gn su bgaeneèðnkenekmiestm‐ aug unm mspermèðn `cn argùgnèm arustrmbm gn nugstrmrgoeðn. Ics ocipgs bg Gstmbc qug sg su`gbegrcn bgsbg im bå`mbm bg=50<, tmntc gn Frmsei `ckc gn Mrogntenm, ekpebegrcn im `cnsciebmèðn bgunm pgbmocoëm bgi vctc pcr kgbec bg im ùmi gi beíicoc gntrg pmrtebcs ygig`tcrgs gstmfeiezmrm ègrtms tgnbgnèms pciëte`ms.

Wnm `cnsgùgnèm imtgrmi bg gstm hestcrem gs qug gi`ckpcrtmkegntc bg ics gig`tcrgs hm sebc segkprg bgs`reptc `ckcgrríte`c, bgscromnezmbc y bgsenacrkmbc pcr ics gspgèmiestms, sgmn gstcsègntestms scèmigs, pgrecbestms c pciëte`cs. \mrm bgèric gn pc`mspmimfrms, ics mnmiestms `cnsebgrmfmn mi tgkm pc`c beonc bg mtgnèðn. Pgbgdmfm msë bg pgrèfer qug im bgscromnezmèðn grm prcpem bgi prc`gscpciëte`c y nc un prcbu`tc bg im kgntmiebmb bgi gig`tcr.

@umnbc im cnbm bg bgkc`rmtezmèðn bg ics ‘8< prcbudc, pcrprekgrm vgz, unm imrom sgreg bg gig`ècngs iefrgs `cn suarmoec unevgrsmimkpiembc (gn Frmsei ics mnmiamfgtcs tuvegrcn bgrg`hc m vctmr rgèån gn=587), aug pcsefig cfsgrvmr qug gi gig`tcrmbc bg nugstrcs pmësgs nc grmne kís ne kgncs vciítei qug gi bg ims bgkc`rmèms `gntrmigs. Bg hg`hc,



unm pmrtg seoneae`mtevm bg ics hmiimzocs hg`hcs pcr ics gstubecscs bgctrms nmècngs sg mpie`mfm mi `ckpcrtmkegntc cfsgrvmbc gn icsnugstrcs.

Pe fegn gs ègrtc qug am`tcrgs bg `crtc pimzc `ckc im enaimèðnaugrcn mpuntmbcs `ckc ekpcrtmntgs bgtgrkenmntgs bgi vctc gn imgxpgregnèm bg pmësgs `ckc Frmsei y Mrogntenm, bgfg rg`crbmrsg qug img`cnckëm tmkfeån tegng unm ekpcrtmntg enaiugnèm gn ims gig`ècngs bgiprekgr kunbc. Fugncs gdgkpics bg gstc ôitekc scn ics treunacs bgVcnmib Vgmomn gn =58< y bg Feii @ientcn gn =556, pugs gn mkfcs `mscsims ve`tcrems augrcn augrtgkgntg enaiugnèmbms pcr ims beaeùitmbgskm`rcg`cnðke`ms qug gnargntmrcn ims mbkenestrmècngs mntgrecrgs, bgseonc pciëte`c cpugstc. \cr su pmrtg, ics iimkmbcs `cnbeècnmntgsgstru`turmigs, `ckc im ìmsg scèmi y gi ormbc bg gs`cimrebmb y bgurfmnezmèðn, tmkfeån hmn bgkcstrmbc su pgsc gn im gxpie`mèðn bgi`ckpcrtmkegntc pciëte`c tmntc gn Mkåre`m Imtenm `ckc gn GstmbcsWnebcs, Gurcpm y Dmpðn. Msë, pugbg maerkmrsg qug ics hmiimzocsscèciðoe`cs scfrg gstcs bgtgrkenmntgs seougn gn peg,enbgpgnbegntgkgntg bg im ogcormaëm.

Gi cfdgtc gspg`ëae`c bg gstg iefrc gstí `cnstetuebc pcr ics iimkmbcs"gigkgntcs bg ebgnteae`mèðn", gn gspgèmi im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m. Icscfsgrvmbcrgs bg im pciëte`m frmseigým sg rgsestgn m m`gptmr qug imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m sgm unm vmremfig ekpcrtmntg pmrm gxpie`mr g`ckpcrtmkegntc bgi gig`tcr. \cr gstm rmzðn, im tgses bgagnbebm gn imsiëngms qug seougn pugbg pmrg`gr hgtgrcbcxm, munqug gn gi acnbc nc icgs tmntc. Ims envgsteomècngs ncrtgmkgre`mnms y gurcpgms hmn kcstrmbcqug gi gig`tcrmbc gs enaiugnèmbc pcr am`tcrgs bg `crtc y imroc pimzc.Gntrg ics bg `crtc pimzc, `ckc ym hgkcs be`hc, im g`cnckëm gs unc bgics prenèpmigs: gntrg ics bg imroc pimzc, sg bgstm`mn ics `cnbeècnmntgsscècbgkcoríae`cs ìíse`cs. Im ebgnteae`mèðn bgi gig`tcr `cn pmrtebcs,orupcs scèmigs, `mnbebmtcs g ebgcicoëms gs pmrtg bg ics am`tcrgs bg imrocpimzc, munqug nc tgnom gi `mrí`tgr "aedc" qug sg mtrefuyg mi creogn scèmi.Pg trmtm, pugs, bg unm vmremfig entgrkgbem gntrg ims gstru`turmigs y ims bg`crtc pimzc.

Ics bmtcs mnmiezmbcs m prcpðsetc bg ims gig`ècngs prgsebgnèmigsfrmseigýms bg =585 y =552 enbe`mrcn `chgrgnèm gntrg im cpèðnebgciðoe`m (kgbebm pcr gi mutcpcseècnmkegntc gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg segtg puntcs) bgi gig`tcr y su vctc. Gntrg gi 8<% y gi 5<% bgics gig`tcrgs gntrgvestmbcs gn ims envgsteomècngs ùycs rgsuitmbcs uteie`åsupegrcn bgèr gn ùíi puntc bgi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c sg ufe`mfmn. Mi`ruzmr im cpèðn ebgciðoe`m bg `mbm unc `cn su vctc suroeð unmmscèmèðn gstmbëste`m pcsetevm gntrg ims bcs vmremfigs. Gsc quegrg bgèr

8



Ezquegrbm y Bgrg`hm gn gi gig`tcrmbc Frmseigerc

qug, `cncègnbc gi puntc bgi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c gn qug sg ufe`m gigig`tcr, sg pugbg prgbgèr unmtgnbgnèm (nc unm bgtgrkenmèðn) m vctmrpcr un pmrtebc ebgciðoe`mkgntg prðxekc. @rgc qug ics bmtcs prgsgntmbcs

gn gi iefrc enbe`mn qug im bestrefuèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs gn gi gspg`trc ncgs mrfetrmrem y tegng qug sgr `cnsebgrmbm mi kckgntc bg gxpie`mr gi`ckpcrtmkegntc bgi gig`tcr.

Kg pmrg`g ekpcrtmntg bgstm`mr qug unm gnùgstm nmècnmirgmiezmbm bgspuås bg im pufie`mèðn bgi iefrc enbe`ð qug im bestrefuèðn bgics gig`tcrgs gntrg ezquegrbm, `gntrc y bgrg`hm `cntenumfm segnbc kuysekeimr m im bg begz mýcs mntgs4 im ezquegrbm `cn gi =?% bg imsprgagrgnèms, gi `gntrc (enìuygnbc `gntrc-ezquegrbm y `gntrc-bgrg`hm)

`cn gi 0?% y im bgrg`hm `cn gi 61% (Acihm bg P. \muic , =1/<?/<6, p.M62). Gstg kg pmrg`g un enbe`mbcr rgigvmntg qug kugstrm qug nugstrckåtcbc bg mníieses nc gs mrfetrmrec, ym qug sg kmntegng gstmfig gn gitegkpc y gntrg bestentms kugstrms rgprgsgntmtevms.

Pe fegn gs vgrbmb qug unm kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs qug sgpcseècnmrcn gn im gs`mim nc smfg gxpie`mr quå scn ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm,së scn `mpm`gs bg rg`cnc`gr ùíigs scn ics pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcs bgezquegrbm c bgrg`hm. Ics gig`tcrgs tegngn ic qug pcbrëmkcs iimkmr unm

"entueèðn ebgciðoe`m", rg`cnc`gn `crrg`tm-kgntg queån gstí m ezquegrbm cm bgrg`hm bg queån, munqug nc pugbmn vgrfmiezmr sus rmzcngs.

Im keskm bgs`repèðn sg mpie`m mi gig`tcrmbc gstmbcunebgnsg cgurcpgc, munqug, pcr supugstc, `mbm pmës tegng sus pmrteùimrebmbgs, bgùym `ckprgnseðn bgpgnbg im `cnstru`èðn bg unm tepcicoëm bgigig`tcrmbc nmècnmi. Gn Gstmbcs Wnebcs, gi sestgkm fepmrtebmrec enaiuyðaugrtgkgntg gn im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem scfrg im bgèseðn bgi vctc. \crsu pmrtg, Mrogntenm tegng pmrtebcs mnteoucs y un sg`tcr bgi gig`tcrmbc qug

sg ebgnteae`m augrtgkgntg `cn unc bg giics, gi dusteèmiestm. Frmsei tegngpmrtebcs dðvgngs, gntrg ics qug sg bgstm`m gi \mrtebc bg ics Rrmfmdmbcrgs(\R), qug hm `cntrefuebc m hm`gr kís ebgciðoe`c gi prc`gsc pciëte`c. Gnctrms pmimfrms, gi gig`tcrmbc bg `mbm Gstmbc nmècnmi sg gstru`turm bgmùgrbc `cn su prcpem hestcrem: pcr gstc, nc `rgc gn unm tgcrëm bgi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi sgpmrmbm bg unm entgrprgtmèðn bg icsprc`gscs hestðre`cs qug gstru`turmn gi vctc.

\cr bestentcs kctevcs, gi hcrezcntg qug gs`coë pmrm gstg trmfmdc gs

gi bg im `cnstru`èðn bg im bgkc`rmèm. Bgsbg ke puntc bg vestm, imbgkc`rmèm gs gi ône`c `mkenc pmrm mi`mnzmr unm scègbmb qug, mbgkísbg iefrg, sgm dustm. @ckprgnbgr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi prgtgnbg sgrunm pgqugým `cntrefuèðn m im beaëèi `cnstru`èðn bg unm scègbmbbgkc`ríte`m y gquetmtevm.

5



Gi creogn bg gstg iefrc aug im tgses bg bc`tcrmbc qug prgsgntå mi

Bgpmrtmkgntc bg @eänèm \ciëte`m bg imWnevgrsebmbg bg Pàc \muic gn=558. Gi keskc rgprgsgntm im `cnsciebmèðn bg `mse unm bå`mbm bgtrmfmdc scfrg gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn gi Frmsei, ym qug kebesgrtmèðn bg kmgstrëm, bgagnbebm gn =550, vgrsð scfrg gi keskcmsuntc.

M ic imroc bgi trmyg`tc, `cntå `cn im myubm bg ormn nôkgrc bg`cigoms g envgsteombcrgs m ics qug nc quegrc bgdmr bg kgn-ècnmr, scfrgtcbc pcr gi mkeomfig mkfegntg bg bgfmtg qug kg prcpcrècnmrcn burmntggstcs mýcs.

Fciëvmr Imkcunegr, Frmsëiec Pmiiuk Dr., @mrics Mifgrtc Frmomnïm\grgerm, Gbumrbc Ncrcnhm, Giezmfgth Fmifm`hgvsjy, Agrnmnbc Iekcnoe,Aiívec \egru`è, Aiívec Peivgerm, Armnès`c Iesmnbrc Mrmoàc Mifgrnmz,Oeibc Kmr`mi Frmnbàc, Dm`qugs Fgsgn, Dcså Íivmrc Kcesås, Jurt vcnKgttgnhgek, Igònèc Kmrtens Vcbreougs, Igcngi Kgiic, Icurbgs Pcim,Iôèc Jcvmre`j, Kmr`gic @cutenhc bg Iekm, Kmrùs Aeougergbc, KmremB―Mivm Jenzc, Kmrem Hgrkënem Rmvmrgs bg Mikgebm, Kmrem Rgrgzm Pmb\muim Qmnenm @gnèo, Vgoenmibc \rmnbe, Påroec _g`hsigr y PekcnP`hwmrtzmkmn `cimfcrmrcn `cn sus ig`turms `rëte`ms y vmiecscs mpcrtgs.

Dcså Muoustc Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug, Dcså Íivmrc Kcesås, MntcnecKmnugi Rgexgerm Kgnbgs, Dubeth Kuszensjy, Kírèm @mvmiimre y CrdmnCisgn prcvgygrcn bmtcs enbespgnsmfigs pmrm im envgsteomèðn.

Gn gspgèmi, bgfc mormbg`gr m Dmnenm Cnuje, gx`gigntg muxeiemr bgenvgsteomèðn: y mi prcagscr Dcså Muoustc Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug, `cnquegn mprgnbë m sgr reourcsc gn ke mroukgntmèðn.

Gstg iefrc gstm segnbc pufie`mbc gn im Vgpôfie`m Mrogntenm ormèmsm im fugnm vciuntmb y mi gsaugrzc bgi Br. Mteiec Fcrcn y bg sus`cimfcrmbcrgs ‐Dmvegr Mkmbgc, Pgroec Kcrrgse y Ocnzmic Vcdms‐ bg imWnevgrsebmb bg Fugncs Mergs y bgi @cnsgdc Imtencmkgre`mnc bg @egnèmsPcèmigs (@IM@PC). M giics quegrc gxprgsmr ke ormtetub, pugs nc augrcnpc`cs ics cfstíùics qug bgfegrcn sgr supgrmbcs pmrm qug gstms ebgmspubegrmn èrùimr gn sugic mrogntenc. Im pmègnèm y gi gkpgýc bg icsenvciu`rmbcs gn gstg prcyg`tc pcsefeietmrcn qug un tgxtc qug aug gs`retccreoenmikgntg pmrm gi pôfie`c frmseigýc pugbm iigomr mhcrm m ics ig`tcrgsmrogntencs. \mrm kë, qug pmså ke duvgntub gn `cntm`tc `cn im ùiturm bgiVëc bg im \imtm, vgr ke trmfmdc pufie`mbc gn im Mrogntenm gs un ormnhcncr.

=<




Ruvg tmkfeån im sugrtg bg `cntmr `cn unm amkeiem segkprgpmrtebmrem bgi `cncèkegntc. \mui, Kgimneg, Puzmnm, Hgignm y Kmr`gicaugrcn pgrkmngntg augntg bg gstëkuic pmrm sgouer mbgimntg. Qgròne`m y

Kmrenm supegrcn gdgr`gr gi bcn bg im pmègnèm pmrm moumntmr vm`mècngsy aengs bg sgkmnm `cnsukebcs pcr gi tgkm "gig`ècngs".

Ke gspcsm, Peivem Gignm Migorg, aug, mbgkís bg `ckpmýgrm, `cigombg trmfmdc4 rgmiezð gi trmtmkegntc gstmbëste`c bg ics bmtcs g hezcekpcrtmntgs suogrgnèms kgtcbciðoe`ms. Pen giim, gstm cfrm nc hufegsgsebc pcsefig y pcr gsc im mpmreèðn bg gstg iefrc gn gi qug gs su pmës bgcreogn gs un agiez y kgrgèbc hckgnmdg.

\cr supugstc, m pgsmr bg im myubm rgèfebm, scy gi ône`crgspcnsmfig pcr ics grrcrgs `cntgnebcs.

Mnbrå Penogr

Envegrnc bgi 6<<6

==



ENRVCBW@@EÐN

stg iefrc prgtgnbg bgkcstrmr qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`mng`gsetm sgr en`crpcrmbm mi mníieses bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmign gi Frmsei, se ic qug qugrgkcs gs `ckprgnbgr bg kcbc `mfmi

`ðkc vctm gi frmseigýc. Nc sg trmtm bg mroukgntmr qug im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m sgm im ône`m c, segkprg, im prenèpmi hgrrmkegntm pmrm prgbgèrgi vctc, pgrc së qug gs unc bg ics `ckpcngntgs pmrm gxpie`mr im

cregntmèðn bgi suarmoec.

GHmègnbc usc bg mkpiem iefgrtmb pcåte`m, gi gstubec bgi

`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi pugbg sgr `ckpmrmbc `cn gi bgi ìekm. Gn imkgtgcrcicoëm, sg smfg, hmy un ègrtc nôkgrc bg vmremfigs qug pcbrëmkcsiimkmr bg imroc pimzc (unm vgz qug sg rgpetgn) qug enaiuygn gn gi ìekm4 gikcvekegntc `ëìe`c bg ormnbgs kmsms bg merg, im berg`èðn y im entgnsebmbbg ims `crregntgs kmrenms, im kmngrm gn qug ics rmycs bgi sci pgngtrmn gnim mtkðsagrm y im acrkm `ckc sg bespgrsm gi `micr qug gkmnm bg im tegrrm.

Gs `cncèbc tmkfeån gi hg`hc bg qug un `cnduntc bg gigkgntcs bg `crtcpimzc myubm m bgtgrkenmr `ðkc sgrí gi bëm bg kmýmnm. Wnm iiuvem augrtggn ègrtc iuomr, un vegntc engspgrmbc gn ctrc, gi mukgntc enusetmbc bg imtgkpgrmturm gn un tgr`grc.

Bg kcbc sgkgdmntg, gn gi `msc bg ims gig`ècngs, sg nctm qug ims`mrm`tgrëste`ms bg imroc pimzc, `ckc gi nevgi bg rgntm, gi nevgi bggs`cimrebmb, im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem y im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoeenaiuygn gn gi `ckpcrtmkegntc bgi gig`tcr. Gstms, m su vgz, sg `ckfenmn

`cn èrùnstmnèms bg `crtc pimzc4 im mognbm bg `mbm m`tc gig`ècnmrec,gi bgsgkpgýc g`cnðke`c bgi ocfegrnc qug gstí tgrkenmnbc su kmnbmtc,ims `mrm`tgrëste`ms enbevebumigs bg ics `mnbebmtcs gn gsm puonm y imgaeègnèm bg sus `mkpmýms.

Rmntc gn gi `msc bg im kgtgcrcicoëm ùmntc gn gi bg ics gstubecsgig`tcrmigs, im beaeùitmb gstí gn gi mitc nôkgrc bg am`tcrgs qug sgentgrrgimècnmn `cnstmntgkgntg y gn im ng`gsebmb bg bgtgrkenmr imbeagrgnèm bg pgsc rgimtevc qug `mbm unc tgnbrí gn gi rgsuitmbc aenmi. Gn

ègrtms `cyunturms, ims iimkmbms `cn-beècnmntgs gstru`turmigs pugbgnmi`mnzmr un pgsc kíxekc, gn tmntc qug ctrms `crrgn gi regsoc bg sgrfmrrebms pcr im augrzm bg un teaðn qug nun`m sg rgpgterí. Gs pcr gsc qug,môn ùmnbc ims bcs ègnèms sgpmn,orcssc kcbc, ic qug bgtgrkenm su



cfdgtc, tegngn beaeùitmbgs gn prgvgrgxm`tmkgntg gi tegkpc qugtgnbrgkcs kmýmnm c gi rgsuitmbc bg im prðxekm gig`èðn.

Rmi vgz ics gstubecs gig`tcrmigs prgèsgn, `cn tcbc, mnbmr tcbmvëm,kgtmaðre`mkgntg, un trg`hc bg `mkenc qug im kgtgcrcicoëm ym supgrð4 gibg smfgr ùíigs scn ims vmremfigs bg imroc pimzc gn im bgtgrkenmèðn bgivctc. Gstc nc quegrg bgèr qug, unm vgz rgsugitc gi prcfigkm bg smfgrùíigs scn ics gigkgntcs gstru`turmigs qug bgtgrkenmn gi cfdgtc, imùgsteðn bg im prgvesefeiebmb gstå sciuècnmbm. Pen gkfmroc sgrí un pmscekpcrtmntg gn gsg sgntebc.

Im `cntrcvgrsem `cn rgspg`tc mi pmpgi bg im ebgcicoëm gn gi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi, qug gs gi tgkm bg gstg iefrc, sg setôm gn gsg`cntgxtc. Bgsbg im bå`mbm bg =57<, ics gspgèmiestms vegngn bgfmtegnbcse im ebgcicoëm gs bg hg`hc un `ckpcngntg ekpcrtmntg gn im bgèseðn bgivctc. Gi prenèpmi mroukgntc gn `cntrmrec gs qug gi gig`tcr nc gstru`turmsu pgnsmkegntc gn tårkencs ebgciðoe`cs, gstc gs, nc sufcrbenm suscpècngs gspg`ëae`ms m cregntmècngs ogngrmigs bg tepc ebgciðoe`c. Imbgèseðn bgi vctc sgrëm bgtgrkenmbm pcr enaiugnèms kís vmoms y/c kísenkgbemtms qug im ebgcicoëm. Gn im bå`mbm bg =55<, gntrgtmntc, tgnbeð m`rg`gr augrm bg Frmsei im ebgm bg qug unm cregntmèðn ebgciðoe`m beausm,bgnckenmbm ebgnteae`mèðn c sgntekegntc ebgciðoe`c , bgfgrëm sgr`cnsebgrmbm `ckc unc bg ics gigkgntcs bg imroc pimzc gn imbgtgrkenmèðn bgi vctc. Bg mùgrbc `cn gsm pcseèðn, môn ùmnbc sgrg`cncz`m qug im kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs, bg hg`hc, nc gstru`turm supgnsmkegntc gn tårkencs ebgciðoe`cs, sg `cnsebgrm m im ebgcicoëm unenbe`mbcr ekpcrtmntg gn gi kckgntc bg im cpèðn gig`tcrmi.

Rmi hepðtgses nc aug tcbmvëm tgstgmbm gn gi Frmsei, pmës gn gi ùmiun mnteouc prgdueèc `cn rgspg`tc m im `mpmèbmb bgi gig`tcr pmrm`ckprgnbgr gi sgntebc bg ims `mtgocrëms ebgciðoe`ms sg sukð m ims bubmssusètmbms pcr gi bgfmtg entgrnmècnmi bg ims bå`mbms bg =57< y =51<.Ic qug gstg iefrc sg prcpcng hm`gr gs tgstgmr im hepðtgses bg qug imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m gs unc bg ics `ckpcngntgs bg im bgèseðn bgivctc gn gi Frmsei, bg kcbc tmi bg pcbgr enbe`mr se giim bgfg c nc sgren`crpcrmbm mi mníieses bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi bgi frmseigýc.

Rgstgmkcs im hepðtgses gn bcs `cyunturms bestentms4 ims gig`ècngsprgsebgnèmigs bg =585 y =552. Gn =585, hufc unm pcimrezmèðn gntrgezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn gi sgounbc turnc. Giic ègrtmkgntg myubð m tcrnmrkís smiegntg gi pmpgi bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, `cntrefuygnbc `cngsc pmrm qug nugstrm hepðtgses augsg `cnaerkmbm. Pen gkfmroc, se pcr unimbc tmi pcimrezmèðn amvcrgèð im `cnaerkmèðn bg im hepðtgses, pcr gi ctrcim `cic`ð fmdc scspg`hm, unm vgz qug pcbrëm hmfgr sebc gi rgsuitmbc bg

=2




unm `cyunturm gx`gpècnmi y nc bg un am`tcr bg imroc pimzc. Bg miië imekpcrtmnèm gstrmtåoe`m bg rgpgter gi tgst gn im seouegntg gig`èðn.

Im augrtg enaiugnèm scfrg gi vctc bgi \imn Vgmi, gn =552, tgnëmtcbcs ics gigkgntcs pmrm fcrrmr im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m se im keskmnc augsg unm prgbespcseèðn bg imroc pimzc. Nc cfstmntg vmkcs m`ckprcfmr qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, kgbebm pcr immutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, pgrkmngèð`ckc kmr`c gn =552 y m`mfð segnbc unm pcbgrcsm hgrrmkegntm gn imprgbe`èðn bgi vctc, `ckc gn =585. Gn mkfms gig`ècngs, gi gig`tcrsupc, gn ogngrmi, ic`miezmrsg gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm y gsgpcseècnmkegntc gstuvc augrtgkgntg mscèmbc m im gig`èðn bgi

`mnbebmtc. @ckpmrmbm `cn ctrms vmremfigs prgbe`tevms bgi vctc, imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m sg rgvgið `ckc unm bg ims kís augrtgs.

Ics gstubecs gig`tcrmigs rgmiezmbcs gn gi Frmsei mntgs bg =512 ymmpuntmfmn m im gstru`turmèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi `mkpc gig`tcrmi. Nc pcrmzmr, kgbeècngs gag`tumbms gn =510 enbe`mfmn qug gi 8?% bgigig`tcrmbc smfëm `cic`mrsg gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (Imvmrgbm,=55=). Bgspuås bgi ocipg keietmr, `cn im besciuèðn bg ics mnteoucspmrtebcs y im rgprgseðn gdgrèbm scfrg im ezquegrbm, ims `mtgocrëms

ebgciðoe`ms gntrmrcn gn fmdm, bgdmnbc bg gstmr prgsgntgs gn im`ckune`mèðn gntrg pmrtebcs y gig`tcrgs. Gn ègrtc sgntebc, im setumèðn bg=585 rgprgsgntð un rgtcrnc mi pgrëcbc prgvec m =512, gn im kgbebm gnqug ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm vcivegrcn m sgr argùgntgs gn gibgfmtg pôfie`c. Im beagrgnèm bgi ùmbrc bgiengmbc m pmrter bg =585 gnrgimèðn m mquåi veogntg gntrg =527 y =512 (ùmnbc Frmsei veveð suprekgrm gxpgregnèm vgrbmbgrmkgntg bgkc`ríte`m), aug im gkgrognèm bgun pmrtebc bg ezquegrbm ebgciðoe`mkgntg nëtebc y, mi keskc tegkpc,gig`tcrmikgntg `ckpgtetevc, gi \mrtebc bg ics Rrmfmdmbcrgs (\R)=. @ckcezquegrbm y bgrg`hm scn tårkencs rgimècnmigs, gstc gs, im bgrg`hm sgbgaeng gn cpcseèðn m im ezquegrbm y ve`gvgrsm (Fcffec, =557), imengxestgnèm bg unm ezquegrbm ebgciðoe`mkgntg bgaenebm y nmècnmikgntg`ckpgtetevm mntgs bg =512 tcrnmfm im bestenèðn ebgciðoe`m bg ims augrzmspciëte`ms kgncs entgieoefig pmrm gi gig`tcrmbc6.

Gn tcbms ims gig`ècngs prgsebgnèmigs gntrg =527 y =512, nenouncbg ics `mnbebmtcs kmycretmrecs `ckpgtetevcs grm bg ezquegrbm. Gn =521, im`ckpgtgnèm aug gntrg Gure`c Omspmr Butrm, bgi \PB (\mrtebc PcèmiBgkc`ríte`c), pmrtebc `gntrestm, mpcymbc pcr gi \RF (\mrtebc RrmfmdmbcrFrmseigýc), pmrtebc bg `gntrc-ezquegrbm, y Gbumrbc Ockgs, bg im WBN(Wneðn Bgkc`ríte`m Nmècnmi), pcr im bgrg`hm. \mrtg bg im ezquegrbm`cnùrreð `cn Egbc Aeuzm, bgi \@F (\mrtebc @ckunestm Frmseigýc), pgrcsen `hmn`gs. Gn =57<, sg prcbudc un nugvc `ru`g gntrg ims keskms

=7



augrzms4 Ogtôiec Qmroms (\PB-\RF) `cntrm Gbumrbc Ockgs (WBN). Gnmqugiim c`mseðn, pmrtg bg im ezquegrbm `cnùrreð `cn Dcàc Kmnomfgerm,bgi \PF (\mrtebc Pcèmiestm Frmseigýc), nugvmkgntg sen `hmn`gs. Gn=577, ctrm vgz ics vegdcs mbvgrsmrecs iigomrcn gn prekgr iuomr4 Dus`giencJufets`hgj (\PB, mpcymbc pcr gi \RF) y Dumrgz Rívcrm (WBN). Imezquegrbm sg bevebeð, `cn gi \@F mpcymnbc m Dus`gienc y gi \PF mRívcrm. Gn =51<, pcr aen, Dænec ]umbrcs (WBN) vgnèð m HgnrequgRgexgerm Ictt (\PB-\RF). Gn gstm c`mseðn, im ezquegrbm `ckc un tcbcmpcyð m Ictt, m pgsmr bg qug grm nctcremkgntg mnte`ckunestm (Im`grbm,=5??). Gn rgsukgn, munqug grm argùgntg gn gi bgfmtg pôfie`c, imbeveseðn gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm nc grm gi gdg `gntrmi bg im besputmpciëte`m mntgs bg =512, `ckc bg ègrtc kcbc venc m sgric iugoc, gn =585.

Nðtgsg qug, bg mùgrbc `cn Iepsgt (=51?), hestðre`mkgntg gs m imezquegrbm, y nc m im bgrg`hm, m im qug ig entgrgsm im bestenèðn ebgciðoe`m.Im bgrg`hm sg pcseècnm, c kgdcr "sg (c)pcseècnm" `ckc tmi gn rgm`èðnm im ezquegrbm. Gs gn gstg sgntebc qug, m nugstrc gntgnbgr, im prgsgnèm`ckpgtetevm bgi \R, tmntc gn =585 `ckc gn =552, gstru`turð im besputmpmrtebmrem gn tcrnc bgi `mkpc ebgciðoe`c gig`tcrmi. Cfsårvgsg qug, tmntcgn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 ùmntc gn =552, ics pmrtebcs, `mnbebmtcs y,`ckc bgkcstrmrgkcs, gi prcpec pôfie`c setumbc m im bgrg`hm (y pmrtg bgi`gntrc) sg kcveiezmrcn gncpcseèðn m im ezquegrbm.

Ctrm `cnbeèðn prgsupugstm pcr Pmrtcre pmrm qug gxestm imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m gs unm ègrtm `mpmèbmb bg mfstrm`èðn pcr pmrtgbgi gig`tcrmbc. Gn gstg sgntebc gs `crrg`tm im prgcùpmèðn, `crregntg gngi Frmsei, bg smfgr ùíi gs gi seoneae`mbc bg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm pmrm unpôfie`c bg fmdm gs`cimrebmb `ckc gi frmseigýc, scfrg tcbc tckmnbc gnùgntm qug hmy unm augrtg `crrgimèðn gntrg fmdm rgntm y pcseècnmkegntcm im bgrg`hm. Gn gstg sgntebc gs prgèsc enbmomr se, ùmnbc un gig`tcrpcfrg sg `cic`m m im bgrg`hm bgi gspg`trc, smfg ic qug gstí hmègnbc: csgm, gn quå kgbebm gntegnbg gi seoneae`mbc mfstrm`tc bg supcseècnmkegntc.

Ics bmtcs qug mnmiezmkcs kugstrmn qug gi prenèpmi `crtg gntrg gigig`tcrmbc bg ezquegrbm y gi bg bgrg`hm gn Frmsei nc gs gi keskc qug gnics pmësgs `mpetmiestms `gntrmigs. Gn gstcs ôitekcs, im prenèpmi ùgsteðngs im bg ics `mkfecs cregntmbcs m im eoumibmb. Kegntrms qug im ezquegrbmprcpcng `mkfecs pmrm mi`mnzmr un kmycr ormbc bg eoumibmb gntrg icsèubmbmncs, im bgrg`hm prcùrm argnmrics. Gn Frmsei nc gs im eoumibmb gnsë, senc gi kcbc bg `cnsgouer im eoumibmb, ic qug bevebg gi gig`tcrmbcgntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Gn ùmntc im ic`miezmèðn m im bgrg`hm gstímscèmbm m im ebgm bg rgaugrzc bg im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc pmrm prckcvgrkgbebms eoumietmrems, bg kcbc qug ims keskms cùrrmnsen pgrdueèc bgi

=1




crbgn (y tmi vgz hmstm `cn gxm`grfmèðn bgi crbgn), im ic`miezmèðn mezquegrbm gstí venùimbm m un ùgstecnmkegntc bg im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbcgn su aunèðn rgprgsevm gn rgimèðn m ics kcvekegntcs scèmigs qug

prgtgnbgn prcbuèr trmnsacrkmècngs cregntmbms m im eoumibmb. Gn ctrmspmimfrms, im ic`miezmèðn m ezquegrbm gstí mscèmbm m ekmoenmr ics`mkfecs pcr kgbec bg im kcveiezmèðn scèmi, môn ùmnbc gsc rgprgsgntgun pgieorc pmrm im gstmfeiebmb bgi crbgn, unm mitgrnmtevm qug im bgrg`hmrg`hmzm.

=?



\íoenm gn fimn`c




@M\ËRWIC=

³] WÅ GP IMEBGNREAE@M@EÐNEBGCIÐOE@M3

=.= Cfdgtevcs bgi @mpëtuic

Nc gs nugstrc cfdgtevc mquë rgtckmr gi imroc `mkenc ym rg`crrebcpcr vmrems tgnbgnèms ègntëae`ms gn gi entgntc bg `ckprgnbgr gi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi. Gn ics trmfmdcs bg Aeougergbc (=55=), @mstrc(=556 y =552), Bmitcn y _mttgnfgro (=550) y Aecrenm (=55?) pugbgngn`cntrmrsg rgvesecngs bg im gvciuèðn bg ims trgs ormnbgs gsùgims quggxpie`mn gi vctc, m smfgr, im scèciðoe`m, im pse`cscèciðoe`m y img`cnðke`m c bg im gig`èðn rmècnmi, msë `ckc bg im setumèðn m`tumi bggstg `mkpc bg gstubecs=. Nugstrc prcpðsetc gs kís kcbgstc y

gspg`ëae`c: mpgnms sgýmimrgkcs ics prenèpmigs puntcs bg rgagrgnèm gngi bgfmtg scfrg im rgimèðn gntrgebgcicoëm y vctc , bg kcbc qug sg`ckprgnbm gi `cntgxtc tgðre`c gn qug sg ensgrtmn ims hepðtgses qug gstgiefrc prgtgnbg bgkcstrmr.

Gn ctrms pmimfrms, ims iëngms qug seougn fus`mn ône`mkgntgsgýmiezmr gi tgrrgnc bg im envgsteomèðn scfrgim enaiugnèm bg im ebgcicoëmscfrg im bgèseðn gig`tcrmi . Im prekgrm pmrtg gstí bgbe`mbm m imfefiecormaëm entgrnmècnmi scfrg ebgcicoëm y vctc y, gn im seouegntg, sg

pmsm rgvestm m im ietgrmturm frmseigým.

=.6 Im Fefiecormaëm Entgrnmècnmi scfrg Ebgcicoëmy Qctc

Gn gstm sg`èðn, `ckgnzmrgkcs prgsgntmnbc im ebgm bg qug imebgcicoëm gs unm bg ims prenèpmigs cregntmbcrms bgi vctc, sgm pcr gi`mrí`tgr bg ìmsg bg mkfcs, sgm pcr gi gag`tc bg g`cnckëm bg im

enacrkmèðn. Gnsgouebm, bmrgkcs ùgntm bg im `rëte`m m gsm ncèðn hg`hmpcr im gsùgim pse`cscèciðoe`m, pmrm im ùmi im kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc gsrgarm`tmrem mi `mrí`tgr mfstrm`tc bg ics `cn`gptcs ebgciðoe`cs. Gi tgr`grpmsc sgrí suogrer gi entgrås bg im sëntgses prcpugstm pcr ics mutcrgs qug



en`crpcrmn mspg`tcs bg im acrkuimèðn pse`cscèciðoe`m, pgrc qug, mônmsë, mroukgntmn qug im ebgcicoëm gs un `ckpcngntg ekpcrtmntg gn imbgèseðn bgi vctc. Im `cnìuseðn gs qug, hcy pcr hcy, im ebgcicoëm,gntgnbebm gn su sgntebc "båfei" ‐gstc gs, bg fmdm gstru`turmèðn`conetevm‐ gs vestm, `mbm vgz kís, `ckc unc bg ics prenèpmigsbgtgrkenmntgs bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi.

Im ebgm creoenmi bg qug im ebgcicoëm gs unm bg ims prenèpmigscregntmbcrms bgi vctc aug sestgkmtezmbm pcr Iepsgt (=51?) gn\ciete`mi KmnZGi Hckfrg \ciëte`c[. \ufie`mbc pcr prekgrm vgz gn =575, gi iefrc uteiezmics gstubecs scèciðoe`cs rgmiezmbcs bgsbg im bå`mbm bg =56< scfrg gi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi pmrm `cnstruer unm tgcrëm scfrg gi vctc gn imsbgkc`rmèms c`èbgntmigs. Im `cnìuseðn bg Iepsgt gs qug gi gigkgntckís `cnstmntg bg im hestcrem gig`tcrmi, m ic imroc bg ims bå`mbms y bg icspmësgs cfsgrvmbcs, gstí gn im ieomzðn gntrg ìmsgs scèmigs y pmrtebcs.Gn ctrms pmimfrms, gi pcbgr mbquesetevc bgi enbevebuc ic enìenm hmèmbgtgrkenmbm cpèðn pciëte`m. Gstc nc quegrg bgèr, ìmrc gstí, qug tcbcsics trmfmdmbcrgs vctmrín segkprg pcr gi "pmrtebc bg ics trmfmdmbcrgs", nequg tcbcs ics gkprgsmrecs ic hmrín segkprg pcr gi "pmrtebc bg icsgkprgsmrecs". \cr gi `cntrmrec, bmbc gi gqueiefrec gntrg ics ormnbgspmrtebcs c`èbgntmigs, gs acrzcsc rg`cnc`gr, pcr gdgkpic, qug vmstms`mkmbms bg trmfmdmbcrgs keormn c`msecnmikgntg hmèm gi "pmrtebc bg icsgkprgsmrecs". Ic qug Iepsgt maerkm gs imtgnbgnèm ‐pgrèfebm gn imsenvgsteomècngs hg`hms m pmrter bg im ogcormaëm bgi vctc, bgsurvgys y bgpmngigs (gntrgvestms rgpgtebms `cn gi keskc gig`tcr burmntg ics kgsgsbg `mkpmým)‐ m qug im mscèmèðn gntrg ims prgagrgnèms pmrtebmrems y imìmsg bg ics gig`tcrgs sgm kmycr bg ic qug pcbrëm sgr mtrefuebc mi mzmr.

Pen gkfmroc, nc gs mpgnms im rgimèðn gntrg pmrtebcs y ìmsgs icqug m`gntôm Iepsgt. Im scècicoëm rgoestrð tmkfeån un vënùic burmbgrcgntrg ìmsg y pcseèðn cùpmbm gn gi mr`c ebgciðoe`c qug vm bg ezquegrbmm bgrg`hm.

Gi mníieses pciëte`c y scèciðoe`c bg im scègbmb kcbgrnm gn tårkencsbg ezquegrbm, `gntrc y bgrg`hm sg rgkcntm m ics bëms bg im prekgrm rgpôfie`marmn`gsm, tegkpc gn gi ùmi ics bgigombcs sg hmiimfmn sgntmbcs, bg mùgrbc `cnsu `cicr pciëte`c, gn un sgke`ërùic `cntenuc qug `ckgnzmfm `cn ics kísrmbe`migs g eoumietmrecs, m im ezquegrbm, y iigomfm hmstm ics kís kcbgrmbcs ymrestc`ríte`cs m im bgrg`hm. Im ebgnteae`mèðn bg im ezquegrbm `cn im bgagnsm bg imrgacrkm y im eoumibmb scèmigs: y im bg im bgrg`hm `cn im mrestc`rmèm y gi`cnsgrvmbureskc, sg moubezð m kgbebm qug im pciëte`m qugbmfm bgaenebm `ckc gi`hcqug gntrg imsgs6.

Pegnbc gi gigkgntc bg ìmsg gi kís ekpcrtmntg gn gi berg`èc-nmkegntc bgi vctc, y ym qug im beveseðn ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm m`ckpmým bgacrkm tmn prðxekm m im beveseðn bg ìmsg, gs nmturmi qug im pcseèðn

6<




cùpmbm gn gi `cntenuc ebgciðoe`c pcr ics pmrtebcs pciëte`cs y pcr icskeskcs suarmomntgs gstuvegsg gn im kgntg bg ics gig`tcrgs gn gikckgntc bg vctmr. Môn ùmnbc tðpe`cs `ckc bgkc`rmèm y tctmietmreskc

‐qug, gn im veseðn bg Iepsgt, `crtmn im bekgnseðn ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm‐ scnics kís bgstm`mbcs, "ims ùgstecngs g`cnðke`ms y bg gstrmteae`mèðnezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gstín prgsgntgs, prcfmfigkgntg, gn gi gspëretu bg icsgig`tcrgs `ckungs" 0.

Gkpgrc, se gi vënùic gntrg ìmsgs y pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m bgpgnbgbg im rgimèðn gntrg pmrtebcs g ebgcicoëm, pcbrëm ekmoenmrsg qug imenìenmèðn bg ègrtm ìmsg pcr bgtgrkenmbc pmrtebc y pcr bgtgrkenmbmebgcicoëm, gntgnbebm åstm `ckc unm pcseèðn gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-

bgrg`hm, augsg unm y im keskm `csm: mun ùmnbc nc sgm gxpiëètc gnrgimèðn m gstc ôitekc, gi iefrc bg Iepsgt bm m gntgnbgr qug åsg nc gs gi`msc. Ekpiëètmkgntg, sg trmtm bg un gsqugkm treíbe`c. Gs im ebgcicoëm imqug vm m pgrketer mi èubmbmncrg`cnc`gr ics pmrtebcs kís miií bg imspciëte`ms enkgbemtms qug bgaegnbgn y, bg gstg kcbc, `cnc`gr gi pmpgikís mkpiec qug dugomn gn gi prc`gsc pciëte`c. \cr gsc, im ebgcicoëm sgrëmunm vmremfig bg imroc pimzc. Bg gstg kcbc, ics pmrtebcs bg bgrg`hmpugbgn mtrmgr kmycrgs armndms bgi gig`tcrmbc trmfmdmbcr, ùmnbc icsprcfigkms `cyunturmigs pcr rgscivgr envciu`rmn ùgstecngs bg "pciëte`mgxtgrnm, kcrmiebmb, gaeègnèm mbkenestrmtevm"2, ic qug nc ekpebg gi rgtcrncbg gscs keskcs orupcs bgi gig`tcrmbc m ics pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm,ùmnbc ims cpècngs bg ìmsg vugivgn m cùpmr im mognbm, bmbc qug gigig`tcr "smfg" im pcseèðn bg `mbm pmrtebc.

Bg gsg kcbc, im ebgcicoëm tgnbrëm un pmpgi ekpcrtmntg gn imcregntmèðn bgi suarmoec, ym qug aunècnmrëm `ckc sgýmimbcrm bg impcseèðn bg ìmsg bg ics pmrtebcs. Im ebgcicoëm gs unignoumdg `ckôn mpmrtebcs y gig`tcrgs. Gn gsm ìmvg, gstmr m im ezquegrbm seoneae`m amvcrg`gr`mkfecs tgnbegntgs m im eoumibmb y gstmr m im bgrg`hm seoneae`mrg`hmzmrics gn nckfrg bgi crbgn.

Bcwns (=57?), pmrtegnbc bg aunbmkgntcs kgtcbciðoe`csgntgrmkgntg beagrgntgs m ics bg Iepsgt, iigom m `cnìusecngs sgkgdmntgs`cn rgspg`tc mi pmpgi bg im ebgcicoëm gn gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi.@cnsebgrmbc gi aunbmbcr bg im gsùgim g`cnðke`m bg mníieses pciëte`c(tgcrëm bg im gig`èðn rmècnmi), gi mutcr pmrtg bgi seouegntg prgsupugstc4gi gig`tcr argntg m im urnm sg `ckpcrtm `ckc gi `cnsukebcr gn gikgr`mbc: c sgm, m`tôm rmècnmikgntg, fus`mnbc beskenuer ics `cstcs ymukgntmr ics fgngaeècs. Ics pmrtebcs, pcr su pmrtg, nc rgprgsgntmnentgrgsgs, m nc sgr ics prcpecs, gs bgèr, omnmr ims gig`ècngs.

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Pen gkfmroc, se ics pmrtebcs nc rgprgsgntmn ìmsgs y gi vctc bg ics

èubmbmncs gs unm gig`èðn enbevebumi, ³pcr quå im ebgcicoëm ‐qug `ckcvekcs, sekfciezm pcseècngs rgimècnmbms `cn ims ìmsgs‐ sgrëmekpcrtmntg gn gi kckgntc bgi vctc3 \crqug, segnbc un ignoumdgsentåte`c , im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m bg ics pmrtebcs rgprgsgntm un mtmdc qugg`cnckezm `cstcs bg enacrkmèðn mi gig`tcr. Gi vmicr bg im ebgcicoëm gsqug giim keskm beagrgnèm ics pmrtebcs m pmrter bg igkms y prenèpecssekpigs y `ckprgnsefigs. @cn gstc, gi gig`tcr `cnseoug bestenouer icspmrtebcs sen ng`gsebmb bg `cnc`gr ims ennukgrmfigs pciëte`ms gspg`ëae`msqug `mbm unc bg giics prcpcng pmrm gi auturc c qug mbcptð gn gi pmsmbc.\mrm im gsùgim g`cnðke`m, gi gncrkg `cstc bg gntgrmrsg bg ics bgtmiigsbg ims pciëte`ms pôfie`ms gs `mse segkprgkmycr qug gi fgngaeèc bgsbg gipuntc bg vestm enbevebumi. Rckmr gn ùgntm ims beagrgnèms ebgciðoe`ms gs,mi `cntrmrec, unm acrkm fmrmtm bg bgèber pcr queån vctmr, pugstc qug imskeskms prcpcrècnmn kugstrms bg ims ennukgrmfigs beagrgnèms gntrg icspmrtebcs sen qug gi gig`tcr prgèsg fu`gmr gn entren`mbms besùsecngsprcormkíte`ms7. @cnvegng nctmr qug gsg kgbec bg bgèseðn sg vugivgtcbmvëm kís g`cnðke`c se ics pmrtebcs y gig`tcrgs kmntegngn gstmfigs gngi tegkpc sus cpècngs ebgciðoe`ms, pugstc qug, segnbc msë, ne sequegrm gsng`gsmrec (rg)vgreae`mr gn prcaunbebmb ims cpècngs ebgciðoe`ms (prcpems ybg ics pmrtebcs) gn `mbm gig`èðn1.

M pmrter bgi rg`cncèkegntc bg im ebgcicoëm `ckc ignoumdgprgbckenmntg gn im bgèseðn gig`tcrmi, Bcwns suoegrg qug gi prc`gscpciëte`c bgkc`ríte`c pugbg sgr `ckprgnbebc `ckc un sestgkm bg`ckpgtgnèm gspmèmi, pcr mnmicoëm mi kcbgic bg `ckpgtgnèm gspmèmiusmbc pcr im g`cnckëm. Bg mùgrbc `cn gstg kcbgic, bmbc qug icsgig`tcrgs gstín bestrefuebcs gspmèmikgntg m ic imroc bg un `cntenuc qugvm bgsbg im ezquegrbm hmèm im bgrg`hm, mi eoumi qug ics hmfetmntgs bg unmèubmb sg bestrefuygn gn gi gspmèc qug giim cùpm, ics pmrtebcs, `ckc imstegnbms, prcùrmn setumrsg gn gi puntc kís iu`rmtevc, gstc gs, gn gi iuomr

bg im èubmb/`cntenuc qug pugbm mtrmgr gi kmycr nôkgrc bg`cnsukebcrgs/gig`tcrgs.

Gn im bå`mbm bg =57<, envgsteombcrgs bg im Wnevgrsebmb bgKe`heomn sg gkpgýmrcn gn rgautmr im tgses, bgagnbebm tmntc pcr imscècicoëm ùmntc pcr im gsùgim g`cnðke`m, bg qug im ebgcicoëm augsg ungigkgntc bgèsevc gn im bgtgrkenmèðn bgi vctc bg im kmycrëm bgigig`tcrmbc. Gi iefrc kís ekpcrtmntg bg im iëngm pse`cscèciðoe`m bgmníieses bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi, `rgmbm pcr ics prcagscrgs bg

Ke`heomn, gsRhg Mkgre`mn Qctgr , pufie`mbc gn =51<. Im cfrm fus`mkcstrmr, gntrg ctrms `csms, gi grrcr bg ics mníieses bg tepc pgrecbëste`c, bgmùgrbc `cn ics ùmigs im ve`tcrem bgi rgpufie`mnc Gesgnhcwgr gn =576hmfrëm rgprgsgntmbc un "vermdg `cnsgrvmbcr" bgi gig`tcrmbc mkgre`mncbgspuås bg vgentg mýcs bg prgbckenec iefgrmi.

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Cùrrg qug ims mprgèmècngs bg "tepc pgrecbëste`c" pmbg`ëmn bgikeskc bgag`tc qug pcbrëm mtrefuersg m ims maerkmècngs bg ims gsùgimsscèciðoe`m y g`cnðke`m4 enagrer im `musm m pmrter bgi vctc, pgrc sen

bgkcstrmrim. Gstc qugbm kís ìmrc se vcivgkcs un enstmntg mirmzcnmkegntc bg Iepsgt. Gi smfëm, pcr rgsuitmbcs morgombcs,survgys ypmngigs, qug hmfëm un vënùic gntrg pcseèðn bg ìmsg y vctc. Pmfëmtmkfeån qug gi besùrsc pciëte`c usumi setumfm m ics pmrtebcs gn unm iëngmqug vm bg ezquegrbm m bgrg`hm, bg mùgrbc `cn su pcseèðn argntg m ics`mkfecs eoumietmrestms. Bg miië, bgbu`ëm qug gi gig`tcr, mi vctmr,"prcfmfigkgntg" tgnëm prgsgntgs gn su gspëretu ims ùgstecngsg`cnðke`ms y bg gstrmteae`mèðn ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. U gs gsg"prcfmfigkgntg" ic qug en`ckcbmfm m ics envgsteombcrgs bg Ke`heomn, ymqug mi tgstgmr im hepðtgses gn im prí`te`m, im keskm nc sg `crrcfcrmfm.Gstc gs, im kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs nc bgkcstrmfm tgngr gn kgntg imsbeagrgnèms gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm.

Ics gxpcngntgs bg Ke`heomn, `ckc @mkpfgii gt miie (=58<),pmrtegrcn bg un prenèpec kgtcbciðoe`c qug ngomfm im pcsefeiebmb bgbgbuèr `ðkc iigomfm gi gig`tcr m im bgèseðn bg vctmr. Grm ng`gsmrecgstubemr, gkpëre`mkgntg y gn prcaunbebmb, gi prc`gsc enbevebumi bggstru`turmèðn bg ics pgnsmkegntcs qug iigvmfmn m unm u ctrm cpèðn.\mrm rgmiezmr gsg gstubec, @mkpfgii y sus `cigoms cromnezmrcnsurvgys `cn prgountms mfegrtms, gn ims ùmigs sg enquerëm mi gig`tcr quå igoustmfm c bgdmfm bg oustmr gn ics pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcs bgkð`rmtms yrgpufie`mncs. Wnm ùebmbcsm `cbeae`mèðn bg ims rgspugstms m gsmsprgountms, mpie`mbms m unm kugstrm nmècnmi bg gig`tcrgs gn =576 y=571 (mýc gn gi qug Gesgnhcwgr rgsuitð rggig`tc), ics iigvð m suogrer unmtepcicoëm bgi gig`tcrmbc pcr "ormbc bg `cn`gptumiezmèðn".

Im tepcicoëm prcpugstm `cic`mfm gn un gxtrgkc m ics gig`tcrgs"ebgciðoe`cs", qug sgrëmn mqugiics gn ùyms rgspugstms mpmrg`ëmnrgagrgnèms mi `cntenuc iefgrmi-`cnsgrvmbcr qug, gn ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs,sufstetuyg ics tårkencs ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Ics mnmiestms ìmseae`mrcn gngsg orupc (sufbevebebc gn "ebgciðoe`cs" prcpemkgntg be`hcs y"ùmsebgciðoe`cs") m tcbcs ics gntrgvestmbcs gn ùyms rgspugstms, gnmioôn kckgntc, mpmrg`ëm unm mprgèmèðn bgi tepc "nc kg oustmn icsbgkð`rmtms pcrqug scn kuy iefgrmigs" c "prgaegrc m ics rgpufie`mncspcrqug hm`gn ims `csms bgspmèc, scn kís `cnsgrvmbcrgs": c sgm, qugusmfmn gspcntíngmkgntg ics tårkencs "`cnsgrvmbcr" y "iefgrmi". Gn gictrc gxtrgkc, qugbmrcn `mtmicombcs ics gig`tcrgs qug rgspcnbegrcn m imsprgountms scfrg pcr quå oustmfmn c nc bg ics pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcshmègnbc kgnèðn, mpgnms, m ics prcpecs pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcs, mioc msë`ckc "kg oustm pcrqug kg oustm". Gntrg ics bcs gxtrgkcs, augrcngstmfigèbms bcs `mtgocrëms entgrkgbems4 im bg ics qug dusteae`mfmn sus

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oustcs pcr rgagrgnèm m entgrgsgs bg orupc (bgagnsm bg ics re`cs, bg icspcfrgs, bg ics trmfmdmbcrgs, gt`.) y im bg ics qug mtrefuëmn susprgagrgnèms m setumècngs cfdgtevms vevebms pcr gi pmës gn im åpc`m qugunc u ctrc pmrtebc/`mnbebmtc gstmfm gn gi pcbgr (prcspgrebmb/rg`gseðn,ougrrm/pmz).

Rmfuimbms ims rgspugstms m pmrter bg gsm `cbeae`mèðn, sg rgvgiðqug gi ==,7% bg im kugstrm gstmfm gn im `mtgocrëm bg gig`tcrgs"ebgciðoe`cs", 26% gn im bg "entgrgsgs bg orupc", 62% gn im bg "setumèðncfdgtevm" y 66,7% gn im bg "sen rgagrgnèm m ùgstecngs". Gi nôkgrc bggig`tcrgs gnùmbrmbcs gn `mbm unm bg ims `mtgocrëms nc bgdð m icsenvgsteombcrgs bg im gsùgim pse`c-scèciðoe`m nenounm bubm `cnrgspg`tc m im enaiugnèm bg im ebgcicoëm4 im gncrkg kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbcnc pgnsmfm gn tårkencs ebgciðoe`cs.

Kís tcbmvëm, im envgsteomèðn rgvgimfm un fmdësekc ormbc bggstru`turmèðn pciëte`m gn gi pgnsmkegntc bg ics gig`tcrgs mkgre`mncs, gngi sgntebc bg qug ims ebgms iðoe`mkgntg `cng`tmbms nc grmn pgrèfebms`ckc tmigs pcr unm pmrtg ekpcrtmntg bg ics gntrgvestmbcs. @cnsebgrmnbcm ics gig`tcrgs "ebgciðoe`cs" `ckc ics qug pcsgëmn un pgnsmkegntc kíscromnezmbc, pcrqug pgrèfëmn unm cregntmèðn ogngrmi gn ims beagrgnèmsbg pciëte`ms gspg`ëae`ms bg ics pmrtebcs, sg cfsgrvð qug im prcpcrèðn bggig`tcrgs "gstru`turmbcs" grm kuy pgqugým.

Ics envgsteombcrgs bg Ke`heomn suoeregrcn, m pmrter bg gsmsenvgsteomècngs, qug im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem bgfgrëm sgr `cnsebgrmbmgi bgtgrkenmntg gstru`turmi bgi vctc. M beagrgnèm bg ic qug prcpcnëmIepsgt, pmrm quegn gi gig`tcr gs`cogrëm gi pmrtebc gn aunèðn bg icsentgrgsgs scèmigs qug åstg rgprgsgntmfm, im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmremsuogrebm pcr im gsùgim pse`cscèciðoe`m tgnbrëm un sgntebc pse`ciðoe`c,mag`tevc, nc ng`gsmremkgntg ieombc m ics `cntgnebcs prcormkíte`cs cebgciðoe`cs?. Gsm ebgntebmb sgrëm trmnsketebm mi enbevebuc pcr im amkeiemburmntg sus mýcs bg acrkmèðn, y sgrëm m pmrter bg im keskm qug gimogntg sg rgimècnmrëm `cn ics gigkgntcs pciëte`cs. Bg gstg kcbc, imebgntebmb bgi enbevebuc `ckc bgkð`rmtm c rgpufie`mnc gs ic qug enaiuerëm,gntrg ctrcs mspg`tcs, gn su pgr`gpèðn bg im rgimèðn gntrg pmrtebcs yorupcs bg entgrås, y nc mi `cntrmrec. Gstc gs, bgtgrkenmbc gig`tcr nc gsbgkð`rmtm pcrqug ics bgkð`rmtms bgaegnbmn m ics trmfmdmbcrgs, senc qugpegnsm qug ics bgkð`rmtms bgaegnbgn m ics trmfmdmbcrgs pcrqug åi gsbgkð`rmtm8.

Bgspuås bg `rgmr, tckmnbc `ckc fmsg ims gvebgnèms rg`coebmsgn =571, unm tepcicoëm enbgpgnbegntg bg im ebgcicoëm `mpmz bg gxpie`mr gi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, im gsùgim

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pse`cscèciðoe`m `cic`ð gn sus kerms un cfdgtevc kís mkfeècsc `cnrgspg`tc m im rgimèðn gntrg `rggnèms ebgciðoe`ms y vctc. Gi tgxtc ìíse`cRhg Nmturg ca Fgiega Pystgks en Kmss \ufie`s ‐qug aug gimfcrmbc pcr

unc bg ics `cmutcrgs bg Rhg Mkgre`mn Qctgr , \heiep G. @cnvgrsg, ypufie`mbc gn =512‐ kugstrm im entgnsm `crrgimèðn gxestgntg gntrg giormbc bg gbu`mèðn bgi enbevebuc y pcsggr un sestgkm bg `rggnèms bgtepc ebgciðoe`c (un sestgkm gn gi ùmi ims "ebgms gigkgntc" pcsggn unmrgimèðn iðoe`m gntrg së y gstín sufcrbenmbms m prenèpecs mfstrm`tcs).Mpgnms im pmrtg kís scaeste`mbm (gbu`mbm) bg im pcfimèðn cpgrm `cnsestgkms bg `rggnèms bg gstg tepc. Im kmsm segkprg tegng sestgkms bgebgms bgsgstru`turmbms, eiðoe`ms y `cn`rgtms. \mrm @cnvgrsg, gsggsqugkm nc sgrëm `mrm`tgrëste`c bg ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, pgrc së unm igyogngrmi, mpie`mfig m ùmiquegr gig`tcrmbc5.

Gsc seoneae`mrëm qug gi kcbgic scèciðoe`c bg Iepsgt y gi bg`ckpgtgnèm gspmèmi suogrebc pcr Bcwns nc tgnbrëmn uteiebmb pmrmprgbgèr gi vctc. Pe ics gig`tcrgs nc smfgn ic qug gs bgrg`hm/ezquegrbm ciefgrmi/`cnsgrvmbcr, nc pugbgn gstmr setumbcs gn un `cntenuc `ckpmrtebc`cn im åietg pciëte`m y, gn `cnsgùgnèm, `mrg`g bg sgntebc qug icspmrtebcs cromne`gn sus gstrmtgoems gn aunèðn bg gsm bestrefuèðn. \gsg mgiic, Ptcjgs (=511), ctrc bg ics `cmutcrgs bg Rhg Mkgre`mn Qctgr, mbketg, tgðre`mkgntg, qug gi kcbgic gspmèmi pugbg sgr mpie`mbc mègrtms setumècngs, segkprg qug gkpëre`mkgntg sg `ckprugfg qug sgtrmtm bg un `msc gn gi ùmi cùrrg ic qug åi iimkm "gnacqug ebgciðoe`caugrtg", gstc gs, qug ics gig`tcrgs gag`tevmkgntg setôgn m ics pmrtebcs gnun `cntenuc rg`cncèfig m pmrter bgi pcseècnmkegntc bgimntg bgbgtgrkenmbm ùgsteðn=<.

Gs gvebgntg gi `cntgnebc errmècnmiestm bg im tgses bg ebgntebmbpmrtebmrem, tmi `ckc gs prgsgntmbm pcr im gsùgim pse`cscèciðoe`m. Bgmùgrbc `cn giim, gi prenèpmi bgtgrkenmntg bg im gig`èðn pmrm im kmycrëmbg ics vctmntgs gstmrëm bgsprcvestc bg `cntgnebc y, pcr ic tmntc, sgrëmam`tefig bg kmnepuimèðn gkcècnmi==. Gi `mrí`tgr kmnepuimfig bgigig`tcrmbc, bgs`retc pcr im gsùgim bgKe`heomn, creoenð unm rgm`èðn bgics envgsteombcrgs, quegngs `ckgnzmrcn m fus`mr rgspugstms kgncspgsekestms pmrm im bgkc`rmèm. Wnc bg ics kís ekpcrtmntgs`cntrmmroukgntcs aug gi bg Jgy. Wsmnbc ctrm fmsg bg bmtcs, im bg imsenvgsteomècngs bgi Enstetutc Omiiup, Jgy (=518) rguneð gvebgnèms bg quggi vctc pcr rgpufie`mncs y bgkð`rmtms gn ims gig`ècngs bg =576, =571 y=51< gstuvc rgimècnmbc `cn im `rggnèm bg qug unc u ctrc pmrtebc grm gikís `mpmz bg kmntgngr im prcspgrebmb g`cnðke`m y gvetmr im Rgr`grmOugrrm Kunbemi. \cr ic tmntc, gi vctc gstmrëm venùimbc m im cpeneðn scfrgùgstecngs sufstmntevms.

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Im rgspugstm bg Jgy tcbmvëm nc tgkmtezmfm gi prcfigkm bg im

ebgcicoëm, pgrc, gn im keskm iëngm, y `mse begz mýcs bgspuås, unbgkcrmbc trmfmdc rgmiezmbc pcr Neggt miie(=5?5) prcùrð kcstrmr qug imrmbe`miezmèðn pciëte`m bg ims bå`mbms bg =51< y =5?< hmfëmtrmnsacrkmbc sustmnèmikgntg ics "nevgigs bg `cn`gptumiezmèðn" bgipôfie`c mkgre`mnc. Gn gag`tc, ims gig`ècngs bg =512, =518 y =5?6 gnics Gstmbcs Wnebcs prgsgntmrcn bgfmtgs kmr`mbmkgntg kís ebgciðoe`csqug ics bg im bå`mbm bg =57<, gn pmrtg pcr im prgsgnèm bg `mnbebmtcsebgciðoe`mkgntg kís bgaenebcs, `ckc gi rgpufie`mnc Ocibwmtgr, gn =512,y gi bgkð`rmtm KÒcvgrn, gn =5?6. Kís miií bg im prgsgnèm bg`mnbebmtcs "kís ebgciðoe`cs", im gkgrognèm bg unm sgreg bg ùgstecngs"kís ebgciðoe`ms", `ckc im Ougrrm bg Qegtnmk, ics `cnaie`tcs rmèmigs y gikcvekegntc gstubemntei, pcimrezð mi gig`tcrmbc. GnRhg @hmnoeno

Mkgre`mn Qctgr , pufie`mbc pcr prekgrm vgz gn =5?1, Neggt miie kcstrmrcnqug im prcpcrèðn bg gig`tcrgs "ebgciðoe`cs" y "ùmse ebgciðoe`cs" hmfëmmi`mnzmbc `gr`m bg im ketmb bgi gig`tcrmbc gn =518. Gs vgrbmb qug Neg ysus `cigoms usmrcn un `retgrec kís mkpiec qug gi bg Ke`heomn pmrm kgberim `mntebmb bg gig`tcrgs ebgciðoe`cs prgsgntgs gn gi `cnduntc bgvctmntgs, enìuygnbc gn im `mtgocrëm bg "ebgciðoe`ms" rgspugstms qugheègrmn rgagrgnèms kís enberg`tms m ims `mtgocrëms ebgciðoe`ms qug imsm`gptmbms pcr ics envgsteombcrgs bg im iëngm pse`cscèciðoe`m. Gkpgrc,môn utei³@ðkc gxpie`mr gsg `mkfec gn gi `ckpcrtmkegntc bg ics

gig`tcrgs gn unm bå`mbm3 Im gxpie`mèðn bg Neggt miie aug `cncèbm `ckc"hepðtgses mkfegntmiestm"4 gn im kgbebm gn qug im gs`gnm pciëte`m sg tcrnmkís ebgciðoe`m, gi usc bg tårkencs ebgciðoe`cs pcr pmrtg bg ics gig`tcrgspmrm bgaener su pcseèðn argntg m ics pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcs tmkfeån sghm`g kís argùgntg. Pen gkfmroc, tmi gxpie`mèðn nc mi`mnzmfm mi`crmzðn bgi prcfigkm pimntgmbc pcr im gsùgim pse`cscèciðoe`m, gstc gs,qug im fmdm `mntebmb bg rgspugstms ebgciðoe`ms rgaigdmfm un `ckpcngntggstru`turmi bgi gig`tcrmbc gn ims bgkc`rmèms kcbgrnms, m smfgr, im aríoeigstru`turmèðn bgi pgnsmkegntc bgi pôfie`c kmsevc.

Im gsùgim bg Ke`heomn nc hmfëm prcbuèbc un fmimn`g `cyunturmiscfrg im bå`mbm bg =57< gn ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, senc unm tgcrëm scfrg giaunècnmkegntc bg im bgkc`rmèm gig`tcrmi. Bg mùgrbc `cn giim, gibgfmtg pciëte`c ‐qug trmnsùrrg bgntrc bg unm kencrëm bg entgrgsmbcs, gnim ùmi ims be`ctckëms ezquegrbm/bgrg`hm y iefgrmi/`cnsgrvmbcr scnusmbms bg kcbc `crregntg‐ nc pugbg sgr uteiezmbc pmrm im entgrprgtmèðnogngrmi bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi. Gntrg im acrkm bg `coneèðnkmngdmbm pcr im åietg pciëte`m (pciëte`cs, pgrecbestms, entgig`tumigs,

gstubemntgs, gt`.) y gi pôfie`c kmsevc, hmfrëm un mfeskc ùym prcaunbebmbsgrëm ègntëae`mkgntg pgieorcsc bgsprgèmr. Grm ng`gsmrec, pcr ic tmntc,gnargntmr im beaëèi tmrgm bg gxpie`mr `ðkc gig`tcrgs `conetevmkgntgbgsgstru`turmbcs pcbrëmn hmfgrsg `cnvgrtebc, gn begz mýcs, gnenbevebucs ùyms cpenecngs augsgn `cnsestgntgs.

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Gs`refegnbc gn im bå`mbm bg =51< (munqug pufie`mnbc gi iefrc gn=5?1), Pmrtcre `ckegnzm m gimfcrmr unm smiebm tgðre`m pmrm gi beigkm. Gngi ôitekc `mpëtuic bg\mrtegs mnb \mrty Pystgks , Pmrtcre gnargntm im

ùgsteðn bg mvgreoumr se gi kcbgic bg `ckpgtgnèm gspmèmi suogrebc pcrBcwns tcbmvëm gs víiebc, iugoc bg ims maerkmècngs bg Ke`heomn scfrg imebgcicoëm y bg ics `cntrmmroukgntcs imnzmbcs m gstm ôitekm burmntg imsbå`mbms bg =51< y =5?<. Fus`mnbc kcstrmr qug gi kcbgic bg`ckpgtgnèm gspmèmigs gxpie`mtevc bg im beníke`m pmrtebmremm pgsmr bgim bgsgstru`turmèðn `conetevm bgi gig`tcrmbc , Pmrtcre suoegrg qug gsng`gsmrec rgtckmr gi usc bgi `cn`gptc bg ebgcicoëm, munqugen`crpcrmnbc ics bgsùfrekegntcs bg im iëngm pse`cscèciðoe`m.

Mprcvg`hmnbc im bestenèðn entrcbuèbm pcr Ptcjgs (=511) gntrg un"ac`c ebgciðoe`c augrtg" y un "ac`c ebgciðoe`c båfei", Oecvmnne Pmrtcrescstegng qug, gntrg gi `cntenuc qug vm bgi vctc pcr ùgsteðn (ac`cebgciðoe`c augrtg) mi vctc pcr ebgnteae`mèðn (bgsgstru`turmbc), gsng`gsmrec enìuer gi "vctc pcr ekmogn" bgi pmrtebc, qug gquevmibrëm m unvctc ebgciðoe`c gn gi sgntebc båfei, gstc gs, beausc. Bg mùgrbc `cn gimutcr etmiemnc, gi "vctc pcr ekmogn" pgrketerëm rgscivgr ims setumècngsentgrkgbems, qug scn ims kís argùgntgs gn gi gig`tcrmbc, gn ims ùmigsgi vctc nc sg bgfg sðic m ims pcseècngs bg ics pmrtebcs gn rgimèðn mbgtgrkenmbms ùgstecngs, ne tmkpc`c sg bgrevm bg im purm ebgnteae`mèðnpse`ciðoe`m. Gi vctc bg im kmycrëm gs, gn im rgmiebmb, un kex `mkfemntg bgims bcs `csms, gn gi ùmi im ebgcicoëm dugom un pmpgi ekpcrtmntg.

Im ebgm bg "vctc pcr ekmogn" m`gptm im auseðn bg bcs gigkgntcs4 gienbevebuc mbhegrg m un pmrtebc pcr im pcseèðn bg ìmsg qug gi keskcmsukg, sðic qug sg trmtm bg unm pgr`gpèðn ognåre`m bg gsgpcseècnmkegntc, pugs tmkfeån hmy mioc bg mag`tevc gn gsm mbhgseðn.

Wnm ekmogn gs -m ke dueèc-un orupc bg pciëte`ms

vmoc `cnbgnsmbc gn,y gxprgsmbc pcr, unm pmimfrm c un igkm. "Fugnc pmrm ics trmfmdmbcrgs" c, kgdcrenìusc, "pmrtebc cfrgrc" gs unm ekmogn (nc unm ùgsteðn). Ims gtequgtms bgiefgrmi y `cnsgrvmbcr, prcorgsestm y rgm`ècnmrec, ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm, scngdgkpics tëpe`cs bg ims ekíogngs pcr cftgngr ims ùmigs ics pmrtebcs sg hm`gnkmnecfrms y `cntrmkmnecfrms=6.

Bgaenebc bg gsg kcbc, gi "vctc pcr ekmogn" gs un `ckpugstcvmremfig bg gxpg`tmtevm rmècnmi y bg ebgnteae`mèðn. Im acrkuimèðn bgPmrtcre nc prgsupcng qug im kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc tgnom un

pgnsmkegntc pciëte`c iðoe`mkgntg gstru`turmbc. Puoegrg, mi `cntrmrec, qugim mbhgseðn m un prenèpec ebgciðoe`c nc rgquegrg mitm scaeste`mèðn. Gsmsetumèðn entgrkgbem, qug rgsuitm gn im mbhgseðn m unm ekmogn pmrtebmrem(c m un `mnbebmtc, pcbrëmkcs morgomr) bg `mrí`tgr ebgciðoe`c, gxpie`m gihg`hc bg qug ics tårkencs ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm c iefgrmi y `cnsgrvmbcr

6?



pgrsestmn gn gi bgfmtg pciëte`c `crregntg y, fegn c kmi, gn im `mfgzm bg icsgig`tcrgs, `ckc bgkcstrmrcn ims envgsteomècngs bg ims bå`mbms bg =51<y =5?<.

Gn =5?5, unc bg ics `cmutcrgs bg Rhg Mkgre`mn Qctgr , _mrrgn G.Keiigr, pufie`m, duntc `cn Rgrgsm G. Igveten (Igveten & Keiigr, =5?5), unmrgveseðn bg sus mnteoums pcseècngs qug vm gn im keskm berg`èðnsuogrebm pcr Pmrtcre. Gi mrtëùicEbgcicoe`mi Entgrprgtmtecns ca \rgsebgntemiGig`tecns ekpie`ð unm trmnsacrkmèðn, m un tegkpc `cn`gptumi ykgtcbciðoe`m, scfrg im ùgsteðn bg im ebgcicoëm, suoeregnbc `cnìusecngscpugstms m ims bg vgentg mýcs mntgs. Rrmfmdmnbc `cn bmtcs bgsurvgys rgmiezmbms gn c`mseðn bg ims gig`ècngs prgsebgnèmigs ncrtgmkgre`mnmsbg =5?6 y =5?1, Igveten y Keiigr `ckegnzmn pcr prcpcngr unm nugvmacrkm bg kgbeèðn bg im prgsgnèm bg ics tårkencs ebgciðoe`cs gn girgpgrtcrec bgi gig`tcrmbc. Gn iuomr bg `cntmr gi nôkgrc bg rgspugstms mprgountms mfegrtms gn ims qug mpmrg`gn rgagrgnèms `ckc bgrg`hm,ezquegrbm, `ckunestm, scèmiestm, iefgrmi c `cnsgrvmbcr, sg scieètm migntrgvestmbc qug sg pcseècng gn unm gs`mim bg segtg puntcs gn im qug ungxtrgkc gs im pcseèðn iefgrmi y gi ctrc im pcseèðn `cnsgrvmbcrm.Gnsgouebm, sg ig pebg mi gntrgvestmbc qug sg pcseècng `cn rgspg`tc morupcs g enbevebucs bg im gs`gnm pciëte`m mkgre`mnm, enìuygnbc nctcrecsiefgrmigs y `cnsgrvmbcrgs. Aenmikgntg, sg mpie`m giaggieno thgrkckgtgr ,gn gi qug gi gntrgvestmbc gxprgsm, gn ormbcs, su sgntekegntc `cn rgimèðnm iefgrmigs y `cnsgrvmbcrgs.

Mi mnmiezmr ims rgspugstms m gsms ùgstecngs, ics mutcrgs`ckpusegrcn un ënbe`g bg "ebgnteae`mèðn" c "sgntekegntc" ebgciðoe`c. Icsqug gs`coegrcn pcseècngs bgaenebms gn im gs`mim (= m 0 ð 7 m ?) ykcstrmrcn maenebmb y mag`tc pcr miounc bg ics orupcs gn ims ctrms bcsùgstecngs augrcn `cnsebgrmbcs iefgrmigs c `cnsgrvmbcrgs augrtgs. Icsqug gieoegrcn gsms keskms pcseècngs gn im gs`mim pgrc nc kcstrmrcnieomzðn `cn iefgrmigs y `cnsgrvmbcrgs gn ims ctrms bcs ùgstecngs augrcn`cnsebgrmbcs iefgrmigs c `cnsgrvmbcrgs båfeigs. Ics qug cptmrcn pcr impcseèðn 2 gn im gs`mim augrcn `cnsebgrmbcs `gntrestms, sen pcseèðnebgciðoe`m. Gi ënbe`g msë `cnstruebc gs pmrmigic mi bg ebgnteae`mèðnpmrtebmrem prcpugstc pcr im gsùgim bg Ke`heomn gn ics mýcs ‘7< y mpuntmmi ormbc bg `ckprckesc bg un imbc y bgi ctrc (ics augrtgkgntg iefgrmigs caugrtgkgntg bgkð`rmtms vgrsus ics augrtgkgntg `cnsgrvmbcrgs caugrtgkgntg rgpufie`mncs: ics båfeikgntg iefgrmigs c bgkð`rmtmsvgrsus ics båfeikgntg `cnsgrvmbcrgs c rgpufie`mncs: aenmikgntg ics `gntrestms c

enbgpgnbegntgs).Bespcnegnbc bg unm bestrefuèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs gn im gs`mim bg

ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, Igveten y Keiigr vgreae`mrcn se hmfëm `crrgimèðn

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gntrg gi mutcpcseècnmkegntc y gi vctc gn ims gig`ècngs bg =5?6 y =5?1.Gi rgsuitmbc bgi mníieses ics iigvð m `cnìuer qug hufc unm augrtg y`cntenum mscèmèðn gntrg ics sgntekegntcs ebgciðoe`cs y gi vctc gn ics

bcs m`tcs gig`ècnmrecs. Igveten y Keiigr iimkmn im mtgnèðn scfrg giseouegntg hg`hc4 m pgsmr bg qug im pgr`gpèðn supgraeèmi bg icsm`cntgèkegntcs hmym enbe`mbc un ormbc kís mitc bg ebgcicoezmèðn gn imbesputm bg =5?6 (Nexcn `cntrm KÒcvgrn), ics bmtcs bg im envgsteomèðnkcstrmrcn unm scrprgnbgntg rgimèðn gntrg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m yvctc tmkfeån gn im puonm gntrg @mrtgr y Acrb (=5?1), ic qug `cntrmbe`g imhepðtgses mkfegntmiestm ètmbm mntgrecrkgntg.

Pen gkfmroc, mi prcùrmr im `crrgimèðn gntrg gi

mutcpcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c y gi pcseècnmkegntc argntg m ùgstecngsbg mognbm gn ims bcs gig`ècngs, ics rgsuitmbcs enbe`mrcn qug tmigsmscèmècngs grmn båfeigs. C sgm, `cnacrkg m ic gspgrmbc gn imsuogsteðn tgðre`m bg Pmrtcre, im gxestgnèm bg unm ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`mnc ekpie`m qug hmym pgnsmkegntc gstru`turmbc. Im `cnìuseðn bg Igveteny Keiigr enbe`mfm msë "un usc nc ebgciðoe`c bg ics rðtuics ebgciðoe`cs"=0.

Gi seoneae`mbc bg im augrtg rgimèðn gntrg im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m y givctc gstí, pcr ic tmntc, mfegrtc m ku`hms entgrprgtmècngs beagrgntgs: nc cfstmntggiic, qugbm ìmrc qug gi vctc pcr ùgsteðn y gi vctc ebgciðoe`c nc scn unm keskm

`csm y qug unm pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m nc gs ‐sekpigkgntg‐ im sukm bg vmrems pcseècngs gspg`ëae`ms `cn rgspg`tc m ims ùgstecngs bg im mognbm=2.

Gi trmfmdc bg Igveten y Keiigr mfreð msë unm nugvm sgnbm pmrm icsgstubecs bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi. Gn giim nc gs prgèsc sustgntmr imunebmb gntrg ebgcicoëm y vctc gstru`turmbc qug hmfëm sebc prcpugstm pcrKe`heomn y qug hmfëm qugbmbc tgðre`mkgntg en`ðiukg enìusc gn Neggtmiie (=5?5). Gi vctc ebgciðoe`c, `ckc sg kugstrm ìmrmkgntg gn imacrkuimèðn bg Bcwns, nc gs ng`gsmremkgntg un vctc mitmkgntg

enacrkmbc scfrg ims ùgstecngs gn dugoc: gn ogngrmi, pugbg sgrgxm`tmkgntg ic `cntrmrec, `ckc suoegrg im gsùgim g`cnðke`m mi scstgngrqug gs un kgbec pmrm gvetmr qug sgm enbespgnsmfig tckmr `cncèkegntcbg ims ùgstecngs. Mi tcrnmr vctc ebgciðoe`c y vctc gstru`turmbc gn unmscim `csm, y `cnstmtmr im bgsgstru`turmèðn bgi pôfie`c kmsevc, im gsùgimpse`cscèciðoe`m hmfëm bgs`mrtmbc m mkfcs. Pmrtcre, pcr un imbc, yIgveten y Keiigr, pcr gi ctrc, rg`cic`mrcn m im ebgcicoëm gn su pmpgi bgenbe`mbcrm bg cregntmècngs, pmrm ùyc gntgnbekegntc nc sg rgqugrerëmunm mitm scaeste`mèðn. Mi `cntrmrec, gxm`tmkgntg pcrqug gi pôfie`c gs

pc`c scaeste`mbc, im ebgcicoëm m`tôm `ckc sekpieae`mbcrm, mi eoumi qug imebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem, bgsgkpgýmnbc un ekpcrtmntg pmpgi. Nc gs pcrmzmr qug ims bcs ebgnteae`mècngs gstín augrtgkgntg `crrgimècnmbms=7.

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Bmtcs rg`coebcs gn Gurcpm enbe`mfmn tmkfeån qug im kmycrëm bgi

gig`tcrmbc rg`cnc`ëm ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Wnm envgsteomèðn rgmiezmbm gnnugvg pmësgs gurcpgcs, gn =5?0, kcstrð qug im prcpcrèðn bg gig`tcrgsqug sg mutcic`miezmfmn gn gi gspg`trc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm grm mitm4 50%gn Migkmnem y Hcimnbm, 5=% gn Benmkmr`m, 80% gn Etmiem, 86% gn OrmnFrgtmým, 8<% gn Erimnbm, ?8% gn Armnèm y Iuxgkfuroc y ?0% gnFåioe`m (Enoighmrt & Jienogkmnn, =5?1). @umnbc unm kgtcbcicoëmsgkgdmntg aug mpie`mbm gn ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, gi pcseècnmkegntc gn imgs`mim iefgrmi-`cnsgrvmbcr vmreð bg 7?%, gn =512, m ?7%, gn =58<(Jneoht & Igwes, =551)=1. U, bg im keskm acrkm gn qug Igveten y Keiigr ichmfëmn hg`hc pmrm ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, Enoighmrt (=582) kcstrð qug gnsegtg pmësgs gurcpgcs (Ormn Frgtmým, Hcimnbm, Migkmnem, Mustrem, EtmiemPuezm y Aenimnbem), envgsteombcs gn =5?2 y =5?1, aug gn`cntrmbm unmaugrtg mscèmèðn gntrg vctc y mutcic`miezmèðn gn gi gspg`trc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm.

Ims ètmbms envgsteomècngs `cnaerkmrcn gkpëre`mkgntg imhepðtgses bg Pmrtcre bg qug im enìenmèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcrm`cstukfrm sgr unm gx`gigntg hgrrmkegntm pmrm prgbgèr bgi vctc4

Pegkprg qug sg bgsmrrciim im pciëte`m, qug ics gig`tcrmbcs tegngn unm`mpmèbmb pmrm rgm`ècnmr m ims pcseècngs pciëte`ms bg ics pmrtebcs, y segkprg

qug gi sestgkm bg pmrtebc gstå gstru`turmbc pcr pmrtebcs bg kmsms, im supcseèðnkís aerkg gs qug givctc bg pcseèðn rgimècnmbc `cn ims ekíogngs bg ics pmrtebcs rgprgsgntm gi bgtgrkenmntg mesimbc prgvmigègntg bg im cpèðngig`tcrmi=?.

Im gvciuèðn bg ics gstubecs gig`tcrmigs pugbg pmrg`gr pc`c kísqug un gxtgnsc bgsvëc bg vgentg mýcs pmrm rgorgsmr m ims suogstecngscreoenmigs bg Iepsgt, quegn venùimfm augrtgkgntg gi vctc mipcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c y pmrtebmrec. Im beagrgnèm sg gnùgntrm gn im`ckprgnseðn bg qug mi hmfimr bg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m ncs gstmkcsrgaeregnbc m im mbhgseðn m unm ekmogn, unm mbhgseðn qug ekpie`m im ebgmbg qug gi gig`tcrmbc gs `conetevmkgntg pc`c gstru`turmbc, ic qug nc gsun tgkm kgncr.

Gs entgrgsmntg nctmr qug im `ckprgnseðn bgi aunècnmkegntc bg ims`mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm tmkfeån `mkfeð gn gi kgnècnmbc impsc.U gstm nugvm `ckprgnseðn pgrketg gxpie`mr pcr quå, m pgsmr bg pcbgrgxester unm tgnbgnèm sgùimr bg bgsvenùimèðn gntrg pgrtengnèm bgìmsg y suarmoec (Enoighmrt, =5??), ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm `cntenômn segnbcenbe`mbcrgs pmrm im prgbe`èðn bgi vctc. Pu`gbg qug, `ckc ezquegrbm ybgrg`hm scn `mdms rgimtevmkgntg vm`ëms, ics nugvcs `cntgnebcs"pcskmtgremiestms", tmigs `ckc `cnsgrvmèðn bgi kgbec mkfegntg,eoumibmb bg oångrc, gt`., qug pmsmrcn m sgr ekpcrtmntgs pmrm gi

0<




gig`tcrmbc gurcpgc y ncrtgmkgre`mnc m pmrter bg im bå`mbm bg =5?<,pubegrcn sgr en`crpcrmbcs m giims.

Im `cntrcvgrsem mfegrtm m pmrter bg im `mëbm bgi Kurc bg Fgriën, gn=585, `cn rgspg`tc m im m`tumiebmb bg ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hmgn unm nugvm rgmiebmb scèmi (Fcffec, =557: Oebbgns, =551), nc pmrg`gmag`tmr tcbmvëm ims prenèpmigs `cnìusecngs scfrg gi pmpgi bg ims keskmsgn im bgtgrkenmèðn bgi vctc. C sgm4 pmrm gi gig`tcrmbc, giims `cntenômnsegnbc víiebms (gn ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs gi bgfmtg scfrg im m`tumiebmb bgics tårkencs ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm tegng kgncs sgntebc môn, bmbc quggsms pmimfrms augrcn hestðre`mkgntg pc`c uteiezmbms).

@ckc scstegng gi prcpec Keiigr (Keiigr & Phmnjs, =551), gn gi iefrcbg rgagrgnèmRhg Ngw Mkgre`mn Qctgr , scfrg gi `ckpcrtmkegntcgig`tcrmi,

gi `cn`gptc bg unm ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m iefgrmi/`cnsgrvmbcrm `ckc`cntrmpmrtebm m im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem bgkð`rmtm/rgpufie`mnm gkgroeð `cnìmrebmb `rgègntg gn ics ôitekcs mýcs. Gsc gs pmrteùimrkgntg ègrtc iugoc bgqug gstubecs kgtcbciðoe`cs prcbudgrmn unm kgbeèðn mitgrnmtevm fmsmbm gn unmsgùgnèm bg bcs ùgstecngs. Gi acrkmtc rmkeae`mbc, pmrmigic mi usmbc pmrm kgberim ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem, pebg mi gntrgvestmbc su mutcbgseonmèðn gn gi`cntenuc iefgrmi-kcbgrmbc-`cnsgrvmbcr. Im tå`ne`m bg rmkeae`mèðn sgtrmnsacrkð gn gi pmbrðn bg ics gstubecs bgi NGP ZGstubecs bg ims Gig`ècngs Nmècnmigs ‐ N. bgi M.[. Pen gkfmroc, gsc nc quegrg bgèr qug nc gxestm kís`cntrcvgrsem scfrg gi seoneae`mbc bg gsm kgbeèðn bg im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m. Gnmiouncs `mscs, gstm ôitekm hm sebc entgrprgtmbm `ckc unm sukm bg ims prgagrgnèms bg ics èubmbmncs gn rgimèðn m pciëte`ms gspg`ëae`ms. Gn ctrmsbesùsecngs, hm sebc `cnsebgrmbm kís fegn `ckc unm ebgnteae`mèðn sekfðie`mùyc seoneae`mbc bgrevm bg `mnbebmturms pmrtebmrems. Aenmikgntg, sg im hm tgnebcgn ùgntm `ckc im fmsg kís `ckprgnsevm pmrm ics sestgkms bg `rggnèm pciëte`mgn gi pôfie`c kmsevc (Igveten & Keiigr, =5?5). Gn tcbc `msc, nenoôn mníiesesgig`tcrmi fmsmbc gn prgbespcseècngs bgi gig`tcr gn rgimèðn m pciëte`msgspg`ëae`ms gstmrí `ckpigtc se nc `cnsebgrm im cregntmèðn ogngrmi (c enìuscebgciðoe`m) bg ics gig`tcrgs `cn rgspg`tc m tårkencs `ckc "iefgrmi" y

"`cnsgrvmbcr" Zånamsesbgi mutcr[=8

@mfg unm ôitekm pmimfrm pmrm kgnècnmr im gvciuèðn pmrmqug suareð gi bgfmtg scfrg gi pmpgi bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoegn gi entgrecr bg im gsùgim g`cnðke`m bgi `ckpcrtmkegntcgig`tcrmi, ùym prcbu`èðn m`mbåke`m `rgèð gncrkgkgntg m pmrterbg im bå`mbm bg =5?<. @ckc vekcs, pmrm Bcwns, im ebgcicoëm sgrun kgbec gae`mz bg g`cnckezmr enacrkmèðn, munqug nc gi ône`c.Môn ùmnbc nc hmym bmbc mi fgngaeèc g`cnðke`c berg`tc gi ånamsequg unm pmrtg bg sus bes`ëpuics iigoð m mtrefuerig kís tmrbg, Bcwns

0=



mbketëm qug gi dueèc bg ims m`ècngs bgi ocfegrnc qug gstmfmtgrkenmnbc bgfgrëm gdgr`gr enaiugnèm scfrg gi vctc auturc.

Aecrenm (=58=), m su vgz, vm m mroukgntmr gn gi sgntebc bg qtckmr `cncèkegntc bgi rgsuitmbc bg ims m`ècngs bg ocfegrnc gs unkgbec pmrteùimrkgntg "fmrmtc" bg iigomr m im bgèseðn bg m quegigoer, unm vgz qug, pmrm hm`gric, ku`hms vg`gs nc gs prgèsc nmbmkís miií bg gstmr vevc. Rcbc èubmbmnc pugbg smfgr aíèikgntg, gnègrtms èrùnstmnèms, se ics prgècs gstín mukgntmnbc y se hmy kísc kgncs gkpigc. Gi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc pcbrëm sgr,`cnsgùgntgkgntg, kís "g`cnðke`c" qug gi vctc cregntmbc pcr imebgcicoëm gn bgtgrkenmbms `cnbeècngs.

Hmy, tcbmvëm, gn im veseðn bg mutcrgs ieombcs m im tgcrëm gig`èðn rmècnmi, vmrems setumècngs gn ims ùmigs ics rgsuitmbcsim m`èðn oufgrnmkgntmi pugbgn nc sgr gigkgntcs suaeègntgs pmrmim bgèseðn y, gn gscs `mscs, im ebgcicoëm `cntenôm aunècnmnb`ckc kgdcr mtmdc. Gsms setumècngs pugbgn sgr mqugiims gn im

ùmigs ics fgngaeècs (c gi kmigstmr) `musmbcs pcr gi ocfegrnc ncscn nëtebcs (prgècsrgimtevmkgntg gstmfigs, `rgèkegntc g`cnðke`ckcbgrmbc , nevgi bg gkpigccsèimntg) c mqugiims gn ims ùmigs gigig`tcr nc smfg fegn `ðkc aunècnm im g`cnckëm (Vcgkgr, =552).\ugbg tmkfeån cùrrer qug im iëngm bg `cntenuebmb gntrg giocfgrnmntg qug m`mfm su kmnbmtc y ics `mnbebmtcs m su`gbgric ngstå pgrag`tmkgntg gstmfigèbm.

Gn aen, hmy un `cnduntc bg vmremfigs qug pugbg beaeùitmr g pignc aunècnmkegntc bgi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc, môn ùmnbc sg mbketmqug gi keskc sgm un gigkgntc bgtgrkenmntg bg im cregntmèðn bgisuarmoec. @ckc mroukgntm Pmkugi I. \cpjen (=552), gi gig`tcrtckm tcbc mqugiic qug gstå m su mi`mn`g pmrm bekenuer ics `cstcs bgenacrkmèðn, y, m gstg rgspg`tc, im ebgcicoëm (tmkfeån pmrm icenvgsteombcrgs bg im gig`èðn rmècnmi) `cntenôm segnbc un rgùrs`mse segkprg m bespcseèðn (Hene`h & Kunogr, =552: Aecrenm,=55?).

06




=.0 Im Fefiecormaëm Frmseigým

Mi `cntrmrec bg ic qug cùrreð `cn im fefiecormaëm entgrnmècnmi, gn imùmi sg pgrèfg unm ìmrm rgvmicrezmèðn bg im ebgcicoëm gn imbgtgrkenmèðn bgi vctc m pmrter bg ics mýcs l?<, fugnm pmrtg bg imietgrmturm prcbuèbm scfrg gi Frmsei kmneagstð, hmstm hm`g pc`c tegkpc, imtgnbgnèm cpugstm. Bg kcbc ogngrmi, pugbg cfsgrvmrsg im prcaunbmenaiugnèm bgi kmr`c tgðre`c gstmfigèbc pcr im gsùgim bg Ke`heomn gn imbå`mbm bg =51<, gi ùmi gnamtezm im bgsgstru`turmèðn `conetevm bgigig`tcrmbc. Be`hm enaiugnèm pugbg hmfgr sebc rgacrzmbm pcr unmgspg`ëae`m bgs`cnaemnzm ic`mi gn ùmntc mi usc bg ims `mtgocrëmsebgciðoe`ms pcr pmrtg bgi gig`tcr frmseigýc. Bg mùgrbc `cn ègrtmketcicoëm, "gi pugfic, pmrteùimrkgntg sus sg`tcrgs kís pcfrgs, sgrëm unmvë`tekm `cnstmntg bg ics bgkmococs, prgsm aíèi bg ùmiquegr mrrefestmpciëte`c, enbgpgnbegntgkgntg bg su pmrtebc ybg su ebgcicoëm " (ånamses bgimutcr)=5.

Pôkmsg m gstm pcsturm ‐ y gn pmrtg gs prcbu`tc bg giim ‐ unmgs`msgz bg kgbeècngs gkpëre`ms `cn rgspgtc m im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m gn gi Frmsei, im ùmi beaeùitm unm kcbeae`mèðn bg ics puntcs bgvestm mrrmeombcs scfrg im miegnmèðn ebgciðoe`m bg ics gig`tcrgsfrmseigýcs.

]ug ncsctrcs sgpmkcs, im prekgrm kgbeèðn nmècnmi bgmutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcrmbc frmseigýc gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hmgs bg =510 (Imvmrgbm, =55=). Im sgounbm sðic aug rgmiezmbm, `mse trgentmmýcs bgpuås, gn c`mseðn bg im besputm bg =585 (Penogr, =550). Gntrgmkfms, hmy mpgnms un bmtc bespcnefig, rgagrgntg m =586, pgrc sðic gsvíiebc pmrm im rgoeðn Pubgstg bgi pmës (Kgttgnhgek, =557)6<.

Môn msë, usmnbc gvebgnèms enberg`tms prcpcrècnmbms pcr bmtcsmorgombcs, mutcrgs `ckc Rrenbmbg (=5?7), Pcmrgs (=582), Imkcunegr yKuszynsje (=581), \egru`è (=58? y =585), Iekm Dr. (=550), K. Iekm(=557) y Iekcnoe (=557) kcstrmrcn, pmrm beagrgntgs pgrëcbcs y rgoecngs,unm mitm gstmfeiebmb gn ims cpècngs ebgciðoe`ms bgi gig`tcrmbc.

@cnsuitmnbc ics rgsuitmbcs gig`tcrmigs pmrm im @íkmrm bgBeputmbcs, pcr pmrtebcs pciëte`cs, gntrg =57< y =586, Pcmrgs (=582)`cnìuyg qug ics pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm kmntuvegrcnprcpcrècngs bg mpcyc rgimtevmkgntg gstmfigs gn gi gig`tcrmbc nmècnmi,pgsg m ics `mkfecs gn gi sestgkm pmrtebmrec gn =517 y, nugvmkgntg, gn=5?5 . Rrenbmbg (=5?7) `cnaerkm gsm gstmfeiebmb pmrm gi gig`tcrmbc bgiGstmbc (`ckc sg iimkm gn Frmsei m ims prcvenèms) bg Vec Ormnbg bc Pui,

00



gn gi pgrëcbc bg =57< m =516. Imkcunegr y Kuszynsje (=581), m su vgz,kugstrmn im `cntenuebmb bg ims cpècngs ebgciðoe`ms bgi gig`tcrmbc bg imèubmb bg Pàc \muic gntrg =5?2 y =587, m pgsmr bg im trmnsacrkmèðn bgikmr`c pmrtebmrec gn =5?5 y =587. K. Iekm (=557), gn gi keskc sgntebc,bgkugstrm im gstmfeiebmb bg ims fmsgs scèmigs bg mpcyc m ics ficqugsebgciðoe`cs gn gi kuneèpec bg Pàc \muic gntrg =586 y =557. Aenmikgntg,Iekcnoe (=557) rgoestrm im gstmfeiebmb ebgciðoe`m bgi vctc gn gi gig`tcrmbcbgi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic gntrg =585 y =552.

Môn `cn gscs enbeècs bg im enaiugnèm bg im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m scfrg gi vctc, im fefiecormaëm frmseigým sg hm `mrm`tgrezmbc pcrtrmtmr pc`c gi msuntc. Wnm rgveseðn kís mkpiem bg im ietgrmturm scfrg`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi pugbg gn`cntrmrsg gn Fmifm`hgvsjy (=588) y@mstrc (=552). Gn ic qug seoug, entgntmrgkcs puntumr scimkgntg miounmscfsgrvmècngs scfrg im rgimèðn gntrg ebgcicoëm y vctc gn gi Frmsei.

Gn prekgr iuomr, `mfg rgsmitmr qug im fefiecormaëm rgagrgntg mipgrëcbc bgkc`ríte`c bg =527 m =512 pmrg`g gn`mkenmrsg mirg`cncèkegntc bg qug im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem y im mbhgseðn m ègrtcsiebgrmzocs gstmfm rgimècnmbm tmntc m im pcseèðn scèmi bgi gig`tcrùmntc m su ic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm , munqug gstmôitekm `mse nun`m hmym sebc kgbebm berg`tmkgntg (_gaacrt, =517: Pcmrgs,=517: @entrm, =518). Gi ocipg bg =512 entgrrukpeð gsm gvciuèðn. Icstrmfmdcs scfrg gi pgrëcbc mutcretmrec, gntcn`gs, `mkfemn bg berg`èðn gngi sgntebc bg Ke`heomn y ym nc sg rgaegrgn kís m im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Wnm tgr`grm cim bg gstubecs gig`tcrmigs `ckegnzm m rgentrcbuèr,munqug tëkebmkgntg, ims `mtgocrëms bg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn gi mníiesesm pmrter bg ics mýcs ‘8<, pgrc sen en`crpcrmr im rgveseðn cùrrebm gn imietgrmturm entgrnmècnmi. Aenmikgntg, gn im bå`mbm bg =55<, sg eneèm unmùmrtm `mkmbm bg gstubecs, ics ùmigs en`crpcrmn pignmkgntg ims`mtgocrëms ebgciðoe`ms gn im gvmiumèðn bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi.

@ckc ims gig`ècngs gn Frmsei sðic pmsmn m `cntmr `cn unmgag`tevm pmrteèpmèðn kmsevm m pmrter bg =527, scimkgntg m pmrter bg gsgkckgntc tegng sgntebc im envgsteomèðn scfrg vctc g ebgcicoëm. Gsng`gsmrec rg`crbmr, pcrqug gsc enaiuyg berg`tmkgntg scfrg nugstrccfdgtc, qug, bg =527 hmstm =552, Frmsei pmsð pcr trgs setumècngsenstetuècnmigs bestentms (bgkc`rmèm, gntrg =527 y =512: mutcretmreskckeietmr, gntrg =512 y =587: y rgbgkc-`rmtezmèðn, bg =587 hmstm gipgrëcbc `cntgkpimbc pcr gstg iefrc, qug aenmiezm `cn im gig`èðnprgsebgnèmi bg =552). Mbgkís, hufc ùmtrc sestgkms pmrtebmrecsbeagrgntgs. Bg =527 m =512, Frmsei veveð unm setumèðn bg rgimtevm iefgrtmbpmrtebmrem. Pen gkfmroc gi \mrtebc @ckunestm Frmseigýc, im prenèpmiaugrzm bg im ezquegrbm, vec su igomiebmb entgrrukpebm gn =52? y sðic vciveð

02




m tgngr gxestgnèm igomi `mse ùmtrc bå`mbms bgspuås, gn =587. Môn msë,im ezquegrbm ‐y gn pmrtg gi prcpec \@F‐ pubc scfrgvever gn imìmnbgstenebmb y pmrteèpmr bg im besputm gig`tcrmi fmdc ctrms seoims, scfrg

tcbc gntrg =527 y =512.Bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm bgi sestgkm pmrtebmrec, hufc ùmtrc

setumècngs beagrgntgs. \rekgrc, gi kuitepmrtebeskc bgi pgrëcbc bg =527 m=512, qug tgnbëm m un miengmkegntc gn tcrnc m trgs ormnbgsnuìgmkegntcs4 gi \RF gn im `gntrc-ezquegrbm, gi \PB gn gi `gntrc y imWBN m im bgrg`hm (Pcuzm, =5?1: Imvmrgbm, =55=). M `cntenumèðn, gifepmrtebeskc ekpugstc pcr ics keietmrgs, `cn ics pmrtebcs Mrgnm (MiemnzmVgncvmbcrm Nmècnmi) y KBF (Kcvekegntc Bgkc`ríte`c Frmseigýc), qug

augrcn `rgmbcs pcr bg`rgtc, gntrg =517 y =5?5. Iugoc, bg =5?5 m =587,burmntg im trmnseèðn bgi mutcretmreskc m im bgkc`rmèm, hufc unpiurepmrtebeskc rgstrenoebc, `cn rgoims pgrketegnbc gi aunècnmkegntc bgèn`c pmrtebcs (\R, \BR, \RF, \KBF y \BP). Aenmikgntg, bgsbg =587gn mbgimntg, hufc iefgrtmb pignm g entgnsm armokgntmèðn pmrtebmrem, `cntgnbgnèm m un nugvc prc`gsc bg miengmkegntc gn tcrnc bg sges ormnbgspmrtebcs4 \R y \BR m im ezquegrbm, \PBF y \KBF mi `gntrc, y \AI y \\F(gx-\BP, gx-\\V) m im bgrg`hm (Ne`cimu, =551).

Imvmrgbm (=55=) sgýmim im gxestgnèm bg sges trmfmdcs scfrg im amsgbg =527 m =512 "qug tckmrcn `ckc fmsg survgys pciëte`c-gig`tcrmigsrgmiezmbcs gn gi pgrëcbc". Bg giics, trgs gstubemn im gstru`turmèðnebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcrmbc gn Pàc \muic, gn Vec bg Dmngerc y gn FgicHcrezcntg, rgspg`tevmkgntg. Nenounc, `cn tcbc, rgoestrm `ðkc gigig`tcrmbc sg mutcic`miezmfm gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Gi mrtëùicbg _gaacrt (=517) vgrsm scfrg im ebgcicoëm y ims fmsgs scèmigs bg bcsiëbgrgs pcpuiestms bg bgrg`hm gn Pàc \muic gn im prekgrm ketmb bg icsmýcs ‘1<, Dænec ]umbrcs y Mbgkmr bg Fmrrcs, pgrc nc prgountm mi gig`tcr`ðkc åi keskc sg pcseècnm gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Pcmrgs(=517), m su vgz, bgkugstrm qug gi im`grbeskc gn Vec bg Dmngerc,tmkfeån gn im prekgrm ketmb bg im bå`mbm bg =51<, gstí mscèmbc mm`tetubgs ebgciðoe`mkgntg bgaenebms, `ckc gi rg`hmzc m im entgrvgnèðngstmtmi y gi nmècnmieskc. Nc cfstmntg, gstg ôitekc trmfmdc nc prgountmberg`tmkgntg mi gig`tcr `ðkc sg pcseècnm gntrg bgrg`hm g ezquegrbm: gsgpcseècnmkegntc gs bgbuèbc bg im cpeneðn rgspg`tc m ims ùgstecngs bgmognbm bg gsm åpc`m.

@entrm (=518) seoug gi keskc `mkenc bg Pcmrgs pmrm kcstrmr, gngi gig`tcrmbc bg Fgic Hcrezcntg, gntrg =517 y =511, im gxestgnèm bg`chgrgnèm gntrg prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem y cpenecngs `cn rgspg`tc m ègrtcsëtgks qug bestenougn im ezquegrbm bg im bgrg`hm. Im `cnìuseðn bg @entrmgs4 "tmntc gn ic qug sg rgaegrg m ims pcseècngs ebgciðoe`ms y m im

07



mtrefuèðn bg entgrgsgs m ics `mnbebmtcs pmrtebmrecs, ùmntc gn ic qug sgrgaegrg m su ic`miezmèðn gn im gstru`turm bg ìmsg bg im èubmb, gigig`tcrmbc gs `mrm`tgrezmfig m ic imroc bg unm bekgnseðn ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm"6=. Pen gkfmroc, ctrm vgz gsm ic`miezmèðn gs bgbuèbm y ncenbmombm berg`tmkgntg.

Gi prcpec Imvmrgbm (=55=) gs gi ône`c qug prgsgntm bmtcs,rg`coebcs pcr Efcpg gn dunec/duiec bg =510 gn unm kugstrm nmècnmi bggig`tcrgs, gn im ùmi sg prgountm gn quå puntc bgi gspg`trc sg `cic`m gigntrgvestmbc. Im prgountm bgi Efcpg aug acrkuimbm bg im seouegntgkmngrm4

Bg gstms trgs hepðtgses, ùíi gs m su gntgnbgr im kís enbe`mbm pmrm sgrmbcptmbm pcr gi ocfegrnc bgi Frmsei4 m) sgouer im iëngm bg im iimkmbm "bgrg`hm",ùycs rgprgsgntmntgs sgrëmn @mrics Im`grbm y Mbgkmr bg Fmrrcs: f) sgouer imiëngm bgi "`gntrc", rgprgsgntmbm pcr Kmomihàgs \entc y Dus`gienc Jufets`hgj: `)sgouer im iëngm bg im iimkmbm "ezquegrbm", ùycs rgprgsgntmntgs sgrëmn IgcngiFrezcim y Keougi Mrrmgs.

Gi survgy bg =510, rgtckmbc pcr Imvmrgbm `mse trgentm mýcsbgspuås bg rgmiezmbc, tegng gi vmicr bg sgr gi ône`c bmtc `cn rgspg`tc mimutcpcseècnmkegntc bg ics gig`tcrgs frmseigýcs gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm hmstm =585. M pgsmr bg qug gi Efcpg hmym mscèmbc, gn imacrkuimèðn bg im prgountm, ics puntcs bg im gs`mim m aeourms pciëte`ms bgim åpc`m, nc pgrketegnbc smfgr se gi gig`tcrmbc cptmfm pcr `mbm unc bgics puntcs pcr mbhgseðn m im ebgcicoëm c mi pciëte`c, gi vmicr bg imenacrkmèðn, munqug mprcxekmtevc, bgfg sgr `cnsebgrmbc.

Kís miií bg ic mntgrecr, im prgountm nc sg rgaegrg berg`tmkgntg mipuntc gn qug gi gig`tcr sg `cic`m, senc m quå iëngm åi gnùgntrm kgdcrpmrm Frmsei. Nc cfstmntg, gs kís prgèsc enagrer gi puntc bg im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn qug gi gig`tcr sg `cic`m m pmrter bg im prgountm bgiEfcpg qug hm`gric pmrtegnbc bg ùgstecngs gspg`ëae`ms, `ckc pcbrëmnsgric mqugiims scfrg im pciëte`m m sgr mbcptmbm gn rgimèðn mi `mpetmigxtrmndgrc, pugstc qug smfgkcs qug im ebgntebmb ebgciðoe`m nc trmbu`gng`gsmremkgntg im pcseèðn argntg m ics tðpe`cs pmrteùimrgs bg im mognbm.

Ics rgsuitmbcs, cftgnebcs bg unm kugstrm bg gig`tcrgs bg begz`mpetmigs, enbe`mrcn qug gi 8?% bg ics gntrgvestmbcs pcr Efcpg cptmrcnpcr unm bg ims trgs iëngms (bgrg`hm, `gntrc g ezquegrbm), c sgm qugmpgnms gi =0% nc supc hm`gric. Bgi tctmi bg `cnsuitmbcs, 27% cptmrcnpcr gi `gntrc, 60% pcr im bgrg`hm y =5% pcr im ezquegrbm. @ckc vgrgkcskís mbgimntg, tmigs nôkgrcs scn pgrag`tmkgntg `ckpmtefigs `cn icsgn`cntrmbcs gn kugstrms nmècnmigs m pmrter bg =585.

01




Im sgounbm cim bg envgsteomècngs gig`tcrmigs cùrreð gn ics mýcs‘?<. Ekpcrtmntgssurvgys augrcn rgmiezmbcs gn bevgrsms èubmbgs bgi pmësgn =5?2, =5?1 y =5?8, gn c`mseðn bg ims gig`ècngs bg mqugiics mýcs.

Ics rgsuitmbcs bg gsms envgsteomècngs augrcn pufie`mbcs gn @mrbcsc yImkcunegr (=5?7), Vges (=5?8) y Imkcunegr (=58<). Nenounc bg giics,gkpgrc, prgsgntm gi mutc-pcseècnmkegntc bgi gig`tcr gn gi `cntenucbgrg`hm-ezquegrbm66. @gw (=5?8) kcntm unm ìmseae`mèðn bg ics gig`tcrgsbg @mxems bc Pui (gn Vec Ormnbg bc Pui) gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg èn`c puntcs: sen gkfmroc, nugvmkgntg enagrebm m pmrter bg imrgspugstm m èn`c ùgstecngs `cnsebgrmbms beagrgnèmbcrms, gn unprc`gbekegntc mníicoc mi bg _gaacrt, Pcmrgs y @entrm.

Imkcunegr y Vges, usmnbc ics bmtcs bg gsms envgsteomècngs,prcùrmrcn gstubemr im "gstru`turmèðn ebgciðoe`m" bgi gig`tcrmbcfrmseigýc. Gkpgrc, im "gstru`turmèðn ebgciðoe`m" aug gntgnbebmgxpiëètmkgntg gn ics tårkencs prcpugstcs pcr @cnvgrsg4

hmfimkcs bg "gstru`turmèðn ebgciðoe`m" pmrm gxprgsmr ic qug @cnvgrsgiimkm `cnstrment 4 "gi åxetc qug tgnbrëmkcs mi prgvgr, fmsínbcncs gn gi`cncèkegntc eneèmi bg qug un enbevebuc tegng bgtgrkenmbm cpeneðn, qug åikmntgnbrí tmkfeån ctrms cpenecngs c m`tetubgs". \cr ic tmntc, gscs tårkencs sgrgaegrgn m im entgrbgpgnbgnèm gxestgntg gntrg ims pgr`gpècngs, m`tetubgs ycpenecngs qug acrkmn un sestgkm ebgciðoe`c60.

C sgm, ics mutcrgs nc gstmfmn fus`mnbc kgber im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m bg ics gig`tcrgs, senc gi ormbc bg gstru`turmèðn bg supgnsmkegntc. Gn gsg `mkenc nctmn qug hmy unm ègrtm mscèmèðn gntrgcpenecngs pciëte`c-enstetuècnmigs y prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem. Pen gkfmroc,`cnacrkg m ic gspgrmbc, pgrèfgn qug gi ormbc bg `crrgimèðn gntrg imscpenecngs gs fmdc. \mrm Vges (=5?8, =580, =587, =588m, =588f, =556), giagnðkgnc bg mbhgseðn mi KBF tegng un `cntgnebc (gs vestc `ckc gi

"pmrtebc bg ics pcfrgs"), pgrc åstg gs beausc, prctcebgciðoe`c pcbrëmbgèrsg, segkprg qug gi `cn`gptc bg ebgcicoëm uteiezmbc `cntenumsgsegnbc gi bg Ke`heomn (ebgcicoëm `ckc gstru`turmèðn bgi pgnsmkegntc).

Im tgr`grm cim bg gstubecs gig`tcrmigs, gn pmrtg `cnbuèbm pcr icsenvgsteombcrgs qug rgmiezmrcn im sgounbm, sg bm fmdc gi ekpm`tc bg imrgacrkuimèðn bgi kmr`c pmrtebmrec. Im prgountm scfrg gimutcpcseècnmkegntc gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm mpmrg`g, pcrprekgrm vgz bgsbg=512, gn un survgy bg =586. Ics rgsuitmbcs

mnmiezmbcs pcr Kgttgnhgek (=557) kugstrmn qug mpgnms gi 65,?% bg icsgntrgvestmbcs gn gi Pubgstg (ône`m rgoeðn pmrm im ùmi gi bmtc gxestg)supegrcn `cic`mrsg gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm: gkpgrc, hufc unmmitm `chgrgnèm gntrg gi mutcpc-seècnmkegntc gn im gs`mim y im entgnèðnbg vctc. @cnsebgrmnbc ics rgsuitmbcs prckescrecs bg im mutc-ic`miezmèðn

0?



gn im prgveseðn bgi vctc, Kgttgnhgek sgýmim qug "nugvcs mníieses scfrg imbekgnseðn ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm sgrín ng`gsmrecs gn un Frmsei tctmikgntgbgkc`rmtezmbc"62. \mrm Kgttgnhgek, im pgqugým `mntebmb qug sgmutcpcseècnð gn =586 grm tëpe`m bg setumècngs bg trmnseèðn bgimutcretmreskc m im bgkc`rmèm, `ckc kcstrmrcn Fmrngsgt miie (=587) pmrmgi `msc gspmýci, gn gi ùmi gi gig`tcrmbc bgkcrmfm pmrm m`cstukfrmrsg m`cn`gptcs suprekebcs pcr ku`hc tegkpc.

Gi mníieses bg im ùgsteðn bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, gvmiumbm mpmrter bgsurvgys , nc tuvc, `cn tcbc, `cntenuebmb enkgbemtm. \egru`è(=581, =585, =55=, =550 y =552) eneèm unm sgreg bg envgsteomècngsùmietmtevms gn im èubmb bg Pàc \muic, gn ims ùmigs uteiezm ims`mtgocrëms bgrg`hm g ezquegrbm, pgrc nc rgmiezmsurvgys . Um ics mutcrgsqug usmn survgys `ckegnzmn m enìuer ims `mtgocrëms bgi gspg`trcezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn ics mníieses bg ims rgspugstms bgi gntrgvestmbc, pgrcnc prgountmn mi gig`tcr `ðkc sg pcseècnmåi . Im rmzðn pmrg`g gstmr gn imbgs`cnaemnzm `cn rgspg`tc m qug ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hmtgnomn sgntebc pmrm gi pôfie`c kmsevc. Qåmsg, m tëtuic bg gdgkpic, ic qugbe`gn mi rgspg`tc Imkcunegr y Kuszynsje (=581)4

Pen iigomr mi gxtrgkc bg `mrm`tgrezmr `ckc `cnsègntgkgntg ebgciðoe`mm im ormn kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc urfmnc, sg pugbg bgèr qug gxestg gn ims ormnbgs

èubmbgs unm tgnbgnèm prgbckenmntg m suarmomr pcr pmrtebcs rgacrkestms c bg"`gntrc-ezquegrbm" Z...[ ZPen gkfmroc,[ Im `mrm`tgrezmèðn bg ics ormnbgs ficqugsbgfg sgr tckmbm `cn `mutgim. Giim sg dusteae`m gn gi nevgi morgombc, `ckcrgtrcspg`tevc bg im vctmèðn bg ics pmrtebcs qug sg mutcbgaengn gn gscs tårkencs: pgrc gstc nc bgfg iigvmr m im supcseèðn bg qug gi unevgrsc sufdgtevc bg icsgig`tcrgs sgm tmn gstru`turmbc, y ku`hc kgncs qug sgm rgbuèfig m un sekpig`cntenuuk bgrg`hm-ezquegrbm67.

Peouegnbc im keskm iëngm, Kuszynsje (=585), gn un mrtëùic qugmnmiezð ims gig`ècngs bg =581, enìuyð unm `mtgocrëm bg rgspugstmsrgimtevms m im ebgcicoëm pmrm im gig`èðn bgi `mnbebmtc. @cn tcbc, imsrgspugstms "rgimtevms m im ebgcicoëm" sg rgagrëmn m ùgstecngs `ckcbgagnbgr im bgkc`rmèm, sgr bg cpcseèðn, gt`., y nc mi pcseècnmkegntcgn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm.

Miouncs mníieses scfrg im `cic`mèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm suroerín gn gi trmfmdc bg @mstrc (=552), qug pugbg sgr`cnsebgrmbc `rcnciðoe`mkgntg `ckc gi ôitekc bg im tgr`grm cim. Immutcrm, fegn gn im iëngm bg Ke`heomn, prgtgnbg bgkcstrmr im "`gntrmiebmbbg im scaeste`mèðn pciëte`m" mnmiezmnbc envgsteomècngs rgmiezmbms gn gGstmbc bg Kenms Ogrmes gntrg =585 y =556, y prgsgntmnbc miounmsenacrkmècngs, munqug gspmrèbms, rgspg`tc m im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m. Gn gi prcyg`tc \m`tc Pcèmi y Bgkc`rmèm (=55=-=556) augrcngntrgvestmbcs 6.=7< gig`tcrgs gn Fgic Hcrezcntg y gn enbustrems bg Kenms

08




Ogrmes y bg Pàc \muic. Ics rgsuitmbcs enbe`mrcn qug gi 1<% supc`cic`mrsg gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg =< puntcs. \grc,mnmiezmnbc gi `ru`g gntrg gi mutcpcseècnmkegntc y im `chgrgnèm bg

cpenecngs bg gscs enbevebucs argntg m ùgstecngs qug usumikgntg`mrm`tgrezmn m ezquegrbeskc y bgrg`heskc, im mutcrm `cnìuyg qug sðic im`mkmbm `cn mitm scaeste`mèðn pciëte`m gs ebgciðoe`mkgntg gstru`turmbm.Gstc gs, scimkgntg gntrg ics bg kmycr scaeste`mèðn pciëte`m sg gn`cntrð`chgrgnèm gntrg gi iuomr gn gi qug sg `cic`mrcn gn im gs`mim y imscpenecngs qug mbcptmrcn, `cnaerkmnbc ims cfsgrvmècngs mntgrecrgsscfrg gi pgsc bg im scaeste`mèðn.

@mstrc, nc cfstmntg, aug kís igdcs, entgntmnbc gstubemr, `cn fmsg

gn bmtcs bg un survgy rgmiezmbc gn Fgic Hcrezcntg `cn 1<< enbevebucsgntrg gi 5 y gi 68 bg ncvegkfrg bg =585 (pcr ic tmntc, mirgbgbcr bgiprekgr turnc bg im gig`èðn prgsebgnèmi bg mqugi mýc, qug tuvc iuomr gi=7 bg ncvegkfrg), gn quå kgbebm ims "ekíogngs ebgciðoe`ms" bg ics`mnbebmtcs, munqug beausms, gstmfmn `crrgimècnmbms `cn gi vctc.

Gstc gs, mbcptmnbc im suogrgnèm bg Pmrtcre bg usmr ebgcicoëm gnsu "ac`c båfei", @mstrc prcùrð vgr se im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m pcbrëmiigomr m sgr gxpie`mtevm bg im cregntmèðn bgi suarmoec. Gkpgrc, ùmnbc bm

gsg sgounbc pmsc, im mutcrm engxpie`mfigkgntg bgs`mrtm im ic`miezmèðngn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (bgi gig`tcr y bgi `mnbebmtc) `ckc ënbe`gbg "ekmogn ebgciðoe`m", prgaeregnbc `crrgimècnmr gi vctc `cn imsekíogngs qug ics gig`tcrgs tgnëmn bg ics `mnbebmtcs gn rgimèðn m quå`mkmbm scèmi giics bgagnbgrëmn (trmfmdmbcrgs y/c pcfrgs, ìmsg kgbem,re`cs/gkprgsmrecs/prcpegtmrecs, tcbcs, entgrgsgs prcpecs c bg ics pciëte`cs,nmbeg). @ckc grm prgvesefig, @mstrc `cnìuyð qug "mi cfsgrvmr imsekíogngs qug ics gig`tcrgs tgnëmn bg su `mnbebmtc, sg vgreae`ð qug, gntcbcs ics `mscs, giics maerkmrcn, segkprg gn prcpcrèðn kmycr qug gn imkugstrm, qug su `mnbebmtc bgagnbëm ics entgrgsgs bg ics trmfmdmbcrgs, bgics pcfrgs, c bg tcbcs" 61. @cn gstc, y m pgsmr bg qug gi trmfmdc bg @mstrcprgsgntm miouncs bmtcs rgoecnmigs scfrg im mutcic`miezmèðn bg icsgig`tcrgs gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, ics keskcs nc augrcn`crrgimècnmbcs `cn gi vctc.

Gi ùmrtc y ôitekc orupc bg gstubecs scfrg gi `ckpcrtm-kegntcgig`tcrmi pcst =527, `cn gi ùmi gstg iefrc sg rgimècnm, trmfmdm `cn icsbmtcs bg ims envgsteomècngs nmècnmigs `cn rgspg`tc m im ùiturm pciëte`m(pmtrcènmbms pcr gi `cnscrèc WP\/@gbg`/BmtmAcihm, gntrg =585 y=550), ims ùmigs enìuygn im prgountm scfrg im mutcic`miezmèðn bgigig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm y scfrg im entgnèðn bg vctc. Kístmrbg, augrcn en`crpcrmbcs ics bmtcs bgisurvgy Repcicoem bc Qctc\muiestm (rgmiezmbc gn gi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic), qug tmkfeån prcvgg im

05



mutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn gi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c y su entgnèðn bgvctc gn =552.

Ics prekgrcs trmfmdcs qug mnmiezmrcn gscs enacrkgs augrcn ics bgOueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=556, =557m, =557f), Penogr (=550), Fmifm`hgvsjy(=556 y =557) y Iekcnoe (=557). Gn giics gs pcsefig pgrèfer, gn rgsukgn,trgs `csms qug sgrín gxpugstms m ic imroc bg ics prðxekcs `mpëtuics4m. giënbe`g bg mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn gi Frmsei gs`ckpmtefig `cn gi bg ics pmësgs enbustremiezmbcs:f . ics gig`tcrgs smfgnic`miezmr m ics pmrtebcs gn gi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c:` . hufc augrtg`crrgimèðn gntrg mutcpcseècnmkegntc y vctc gn im gig`èðn bg =585. Gsgi bgsmrrciic bg gstm iëngm bg gstubec, gn pignm `cnscnmnèm `cn imstgnbgnèms entgrnmècnmigs bgiengmbms mntgrecrkgntg, gi prcpðsetc bg icsprðxekcs `mpëtuics.

=.2 @cnìusecngs

Wnm rgveseðn eneèmbm gn im ietgrmturm entgrnmècnmi m pmrter bg sgounbm ketmb bg ics mýcs sgtgntm suoereð qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`mgrm unc bg ics mspg`tcs bgtgrkenmntgs bgi vctc. Iugoc bg qug im gsùgimpse`cscèciðoe`m bgkcstrð, gn gi aenmi bg im bå`mbm bg =57<, qug gi

pôfie`c pgnsmfm bg kcbc "bgsgstru`turmbc", im ebgcicoëm, vmicrezmbmtmntc pcr im `crregntg scèciðoe`m ùmntc pcr im g`cnðke`m bg gxpie`mèðnbgi vctc, hmfëm gntrmbc gn ùmrgntgnm. Msë, sg hezc ng`gsmrec rggimfcrmrgi usc bgi `cn`gptc bg ebgcicoëm pmrm ics aengs bg im gxpie`mèðn bgi vctc,iigomnbc mi `cn`gptc bg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m (c "sgntekegntcebgciðoe`c") pmrm qug åstg sg tcrnmrm nugvmkgntg cpgrmècnmi.

M pmrter bg gstm rggimfcrmèðn, sg vugivg m`gptmfig im kgbeèðn bgim enaiugnèm ebgciðoe`m scfrg gi vctc y, mi keskc tegkpc, sg en`crpcrmrcn

ics nugvcs `cncèkegntcs mpcrtmbcs pcr im gsùgim pse`cscèciðoe`m gnim entgrprgtmèðn bgi vctc. Im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m pmsm m sgr vestm`ckc im mbhgseðn m unm pcseèðn gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm ciefgrmi-`cnsgrvmbcr qug, môn segnbc beausm, gstc gs, `conetevmkgntgbgsgstru`turmbm, sgýmiezm unm cregntmèðn pciëte`m ogngrmi bgi gig`tcr.

Gn gi Frmsei, gi `cn`gptc bg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m nc augen`crpcrmbc m ics trmfmdcs m`mbåke`cs. Augrcn pc`cs ics gstubecs qugprgountmrcn gn quå puntc bgi gspg`trc sg `cic`mfm gi gig`tcr y nenounc

bg giics rgimècnð im mutcic`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcr frmseigýc `cnsu vctc. Gi cfdgtevc bg ics prðxekcs `mpëtuics gs iignmr gsm imounm,bgkcstrmnbc qug, tmi `ckc aug `cnstmtmbc gn ctrcs pmësgs, imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m gstí augrtgkgntg mscèmbm mi vctc y qug, segnbc

2<




msë, nc bgfg sgr bgsprg`embm se bgsgmkcs tgngr unm veseðn bgi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi frmseigýc.

2=



Nctms=. \mrm Aeougergbc (=55=4 =0), hmy tcbmvëm unm ùmrtm `crregntg bg envgsteomèðn, "qug pcbrëm iimkcbgic bgkcoríae`c-bgs`reptevc bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc pciëte`c". Nc cfstmntg, im kmycrëm bg ics mutcrgstegnbg m gnoicfmr ims iëngms gxpie`mtevms bgi `ckpcr-tmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn ics trgs orupcs kgnècnmbcs kísmrrefm.

6. @a. Iepsgt (=51?4 ==6 y ==0) ZIm trmbu`èðn sg tckð bg im gbeèðn gn gspmýci (Iepsgt, =510)[.

0. @a. Iepsgt (=51?4 602).

2. @a. Iepsgt (=51?4 657).

7. "Ims ebgcicoëms myubmn mi gig`tcr m ac`miezmr im mtgnèðn gn ims beagrgnèms gntrg ics pmrtebcs: pcr icims keskms pugbgn sgr usmbms `ckc kugstrms bg tcbcs ics pun-tcs bg beagrgnèmèðn. @cn gstg mtmdc, gigig`tcr pugbg mhcrrmrsg gi `cstc bg gstmr enacr-kmbc scfrg un mkpiec gspg`trc bg ëtgks" (Bcwns, =57?4 58).

1. Gstí ìmrc qug, `ckc mpuntm Pmrtcre (=5864 012), gsg gsqugkm supcng un puntc bg enaigxeðn, "gstc gs, gi puntc gn gi ùmi gs pgrèfebm unm pciëte`m enbgsgmfig gn rgimèðn m unm ùgsteðn pcr pmrtg bgi pmrtebc hgntcn`gs prgagrebc, ic qug rckpg im ekmogn prggxestgntg, im aebgiebmb c im aeiemèðn bgi gig`tcr m ubgtgrkenmbc pmrtebc". Pe ims `csms nc cùrregsgn bg gstm kmngrm, ics rgsuitmbcs gig`tcrmigs nc sgrëmbeagrgntgs gn `mbm gig`èðn.

?. "\cr ic tmntc, pmrm gi pôfie`c, gn moubc `cntrmstg `cn im åietg, im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem mpmrg`g, gn okgbebm, msgntmbm gn un sestgkm bg `rggnèms prcpec, rgimtevmkgntg bgs`cng`tmbc bg ims pcseècngrgimècnmbms m ùgstecngs gspg`ëae`ms" (@cnvgrsg, =5124 665). Gstc m`cntg`g pcrqug im rgimèðn bgi enbev`cn gi pmrtebc gs bg nmturmigzm mag`tevm, nc rmècnmi4 "Gn im `mrm`tgrezmèðn bg im rgimèðn bgi enbevegi pmrtebc `ckc unm ebgnteae`mèðn pse`ciðoe`m, ncsctrcs envc`mkcs un `cn`gptc qug duoð un rci ekpcrtmntgy vmrembc gn ims tgcrëms pse`ciðoe`ms bg im rgimèðn gntrg enbevebucs y bg enbevebucs `cn ics orupcs. Muteiezmkcs gi `cn`gptc pmrm `mrm`tgrezmr im cregntmèðn mag`tevm bgi sudgtc pmrm `cn un ekpcrtmntg cforupmi bgntrc bg su mkfegntg" (@mkpfgii gt miie, =58<4 =6=).

8. @ckc nctmn Hmrrcp & Keiigr (=58?4 =0=), pmrm im gsùgim pse`cscèciðoe`m "gi gig`tcr mkgre`mnc m`gpics mroukgntcs bgi pmrtebc rgpufie`mnc pcrqug åi gs un rgpufie`mnc y nc (`ckc ic gntgnbgrëm im tgcrëm bg imgig`èðn rmècnmi) mi cntrmrec".

5. Kís miií bg ims rgagrgnèms m ctrcs pmësgs gn gi prcpec Rhg Nmturg ca Fgiega Pystgks en Kmss \ufie`s,@cnvgrsg prcùrð kcstrmr `ðkc ims keskms `cnìusecngs sg mpie`mfmn m Armnèm, pmës gn gi ùmi gigig`tcrmbc grm supugstmkgntg kís pcietezmbc qug gi mkgre`m-nc4 "Pgm `ckc augrg, ics bmtcs nc ncs bmnnenoôn kctevc augrtg pmrm `rggr qug gi èu-bmbmnc armn`ås gstí prgbespugstc m acrkmrsg cpenecngs pciëte`mqug `restmie`gn bg kmngrm kís `cnsestgntg c qug mfmrqugn un gspg`trc kís mkpiec bg ùgstecngs pciëte`msqug gi qug rgmiezmn gig`tcrgs mkgre`mncs bg tepc `ckpmrmfig" (@cnvgrsg & Bupgux, =5114 65=).

=<. "Gi `cnaie`tc pciëte`c pugbg gstmr gnac`mbc gn un `mkpc gstmfig y bgaenebc, prgsgn-tmnbc un `cntenucqug sgm pgrèfebc gn tårkencs `ckungs pcr iëbgrgs y sgouebcrgs. Qmkcs m iimkmr m gsg `msc ac`c ebgciðoe`caugrtg. Kegntrms tmntc, im `cntrcvgrsem pciëte`m pugbg gstmr bespgrsm gn un sennôkgrc bg ëtgks `mkfemntgqug rmrmkgntg prgsgntmn un `cntenuc bg pcseècngs y qug scn pgrèfebcs gn tårkencs beagrgntgs pcr iëbgrgs y

sgouebcrgs. Qmkcs m iimkmr m gsg `msc ac`c ebgciðoe`c båfei, fegn rg-prgsgntmbc pcr ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs`cntgkpcríngcs" (Ptcjgs, =5114 =?1).




==. Munqug pubegsgn sgr pgrscnmikgntg prcorgsestms, im tgses bg ics prcagscrgs bg Ke`heomn sg ieomfmcfdgtevmkgntg m ims ebgms bg im gsùgim gietestm bg im bgkc`rmèm, rgprgsgntmbm pcr mutcrgs `ckc _g(=550) y P`hukpgtgr (=51=), pmrm ics ùmigs gi vctc gs errmècnmikgntg kmnepuimbc.

=6. Pmrtcre (=5864 01<) ZIm trmbu`èðn sg tckc bg im gbeèðn gn gspmýci (Pmrtcre, =556)[. Nc `cnaunber gi usbg ics tårkencs augrtg y båfei qug hm`g Pmrtcre m pmrter bg Ptcjgs pmrm `mrm`tgrezmr im ebgcicoëm `cnuteiezmèðn bg ics keskcs qug hm`g Ncrfgrtc Fcffec, qug tegng un sgntebc gntgrmkgntg beagrgntg. Gstgôitekc iimkm vgrseðn augrtg bg im ebgcicoëm m im `cn`gptumiezmèðn qug bg giim heègrm Kmrx `ckc am`cnègnèm. Im vgrseðn båfei bgseonm "un `cnduntc bg ebgms y vmicrgs rgagrgntgs mi crbgn pôfie`c, qug tegngn`ckc aunèðn cregntmr ics `ckpcrtmkegntcs pciëte`cs `cig`tevcs" (Ptcppenc, =5574 787). Rcbm im besùseðniigvmbm m `mfc miië sg bm gn gi íkfetc bg im vgrseðn båfei bg im ebgcicoëm, bg mùgrbc `cn im bgaeneèðnFcffec. Im gsùgim bg Ke`heomn mroukgntm qug im kmycrem bg ics gig`tcrgs nc tegng un `cnduntc bg ebgms cr-omnezmbms qug cregntg su `ckpcrtmkegntc pciëte`c. C sgm, ic qug Fcffec iimkm vgrseðn båfei bg ebgcicoëm gsgi "ac`c ebgciðoe`c augrtg" bg Ke`heomn. Ic qug Pmrtcre iimkm vgrseðn båfei bg ebgcicoëm gs im gxestgnèm bunm ekmogn ognåre`m y beausm bg ics pmr-tebcs pcr im ùmi sg cregntmn ics gig`tcrgs, mioc qug gx`gbg besùseðn pimntgmbm pcr Fcffec.

=0. @a. Jneoht & Igwes (=5514 =?2).

=2. @a. Igveten & Keiigr (=5?54 ?15).

=7. @a. Igveten & Keiigr (=5?54 ?1?).

=1. M beagrgnèm bg ic qug cùrrg gn gi rgstc bgi kunbc, y gn pmrteùimr gn Gurcpm, gn qug ics tårkencsezquegrbm y bgrg`hm scn ôteigs dustmkgntg pcrqug scn rg`mromfigs. Gstc gs, gi gig`tcr bg bgrg`hm pugbgigoëtekmkgntg `rggr qug ics pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcs bg bgrg`hm bgaegnbgn ics entgrgsgs bg tcbcs y pcr gsc

keskc vctmr pcr giics. Mi `mkfehmr ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm pcr im ekmogn bg bgagnsm bg ègrt`mkmbms, sg pegrbg im kmigmfeiebmb bg ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm, pugstc qug ym sg gstí mtre-fuun `cntgnebc prgvec m im cpèðn. ics Gstmbc Wnebcs ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm augrcn hestðre`mkkgncs usmbms gn gi bgfmtg pciëte`c qug ims bg iefgrmi y `cnsgrvmbcr. \cr gsc, gi kcbgic bg `ckpgtgnèmgspmèmi, ùmnbc gs mpie`mbc m ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs, usm ics tårkencs iefg-rmi- `cnsgrvmbcr gn iuomr ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Im sufstetuèðn, `cn tcbc, nc gs pgr-ag`tm, pugs, `ckc enbe`m Pmrtcre (=586) ics tårkencsezquegrbm y bgrg`hm pcsggn im ùmiebmb bg sgr `mdms vmèms ùyc `cntgnebc pugbg sgr bgs`mrombc y rg`mr`cn gi pmsc bgi tegkpc. Gn `mkfec, ics tårkencs iefgrmi y `cnsgrvmbcr `cniigvmn unm mprgèm-èðn bgkåretc.Gsc tmi vgz gxpiequg, gn pmrtg, ics ënbe`gs kís fmdcs bg mutcic`miezmèðn gn gi `cntënuc ebgciðoe`c gnics Gstmbcs Wnebcs ùmnbc sg ic `ckpmrm mi bg ics pmësgs gurcpgcs. @cn rgspg`tc mi `mrítgr rgimtevmkgntrg`mromfig bg bgrg`hm g ezquegrbm våm-sg tmkfeån Fcffec (=557).

=?. Pmrtcre (=5864 012).

=8. @a. Keiigr & Phmnjs (=5514 685).

=5. @a. Pcmrgs (=5824 22).

6<. Bgspuås bg =585, aug rgmiezmbm unm nugvm kgbeèðn nmècnmi, gn =550, ùycs rgsui-tmbcs scn trmtmbcsgi ùmrtc `mpëtuic bg gstg iefrc.

6=. Im envgsteomèðn uteiezmbm pcr @entrm aug rgmiezmbm gntrg =517 y =511, gn gi kckgntc bg im trmnsgntrg gi sestgkm pmrtebmrec qug gstuvc gn veocr gntrg =527 y =512 y gi sestgkm qug pmsmrëm m rgoer hmstm Ims pgrountms, nc cfstmntg, augrcn hg`hms tc-kmnbc gn ùgntm ics pmrtebcs bgi pgrëcbc bgkc`ríte`c.

66. Kgttgnhgek (=5574 6<5) sgýmim qug gn ics survgys bg =5?2 y =5?8 im prgountm nc aug enìuebm.

20



60. Imkcunegr (=5?84 77). Nc gs nugstrc prcpðsetc mquë mnmiezmr gi `cnduntc bgi trmfmdc rgmiezmbc pImkcunegr, Vges y ctrcs envgsteombcrgs bg im åpc`m, `uym moubgzm mnm-iëte`m y reocr kgtcbciðoe``cntrefuygrcn engstekmfigkgntg pmrm im `ckprgnseðn bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn gi Frmsei. Pg trmtmmpgnms bg kcstrmr qug im ic`miezm`eðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm nc aug cfdgtc bg mtgn pcr pmrtg bg mqugi orupc bg gstubecscs.

62. @a. Kgttgnhgek (=5574 6=<).

67. @a. Imkcunegr & Kuszynsje (=5814 == y 6?).

61. @a. @mstrc (=5524 =57). Qmig rg`crbmr qug, `ckc vekcs mntgrecrkgntg, Pmrtcre nctð

22



@M\ËRWIC6

I M@CNAVCNRM@EÐNET]WEGVBM-BGVG@HM GN IM BEP\WRM BG=585

6.= Cfdgtevcs bgi @mpëtuic

i tgiðn bg acnbc bg im `mkpmým bg =585 aug gi augrtg rg`hmzc miocfegrnc qug gstmfm m`mfmnbc su kmnbmtc, qug grm,erðne`mkgntg, gi prekgrc bg `mrí`tgr èvei bgspuås bg vgentg mýcs

bg råoekgn keietmr.GGn sgtegkfrg bg =585, gi 18% bg ics gig`tcrgs `rgëm qug im ogsteðn

bg Dcså Pmrngy (prgsebgntg bg =587 m =55<) grm kmim c påsekm, bgmùgrbc `cn gi Enstetutc BmtmAcihm. Gi hg`hc bg qug gi prgsebgntg bg imVgpôfie`m hmym iigombc `cn un mpcyc tmn rgstrenoebc m im prekgrmgig`èðn berg`tm pmrm im dgamturm bgi Gdgùtevc agbgrmi, gn im gtmpm pcst-mutcretmrem, hezc qug gi sgounbc turnc bg im gig`èðn m`mfmsgbesputínbcsg gntrg bcs `mnbebmtcs bg cpcseèðn. Gvebgntgkgntg,`cntrefuyð tmkfeån pmrm gstg rgsuitmbc im rgoim, ekpimntmbm m pmrter bg im@cnstetuèðn bg =588, qug bgtgrkenmfm im rgmiezmèðn bg un sgounbcturnc se nenounc bg ics `mnbebmtcs cftuvegsg im kmycrëm mfsciutm bg icsvctcs víiebcs gn gi prekgrc. Bg gstm acrkm, gn iuomr bg im bumiebmbocfegrnc-cpcseèðn, qug pcbrëm gvgntumikgntg prgvmig`gr gn gi bgfmtgpôfie`c, sg msesteð, gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585, m ic qug aug pgrèfebc

pcr unm pmrtg seoneae`mtevm bg ics mnmiestms y acrkmbcrgs bg cpeneðn `ckcunm `cnarcntmèðn gntrg pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm y bg bgrg`hm qug sgcpcnëmn mi ocfegrnc `gntrestm qug gstmfm tc`mnbc m su aen=.



Mrrmstrmbcs pcr gi bgs`råbetc bgi ocfegrnc, ics pmrtebcs bg `gntrc

qugbmrcn augrm bg im besputm gn gi sgounbc turnc, hmègnbc qug impcimrezmèðn ebgciðoe`m sg ekpusegrm gn gi bgfmtg pôfie`c. Gn gstmsèrùnstmnèms, `ckc hmfëmn kcstrmbc ics gstubecs gig`tcrmigsgstmbcunebgnsgs bg im bå`mbm bgi ‘?< (vgr gspgèmikgntg Neggt miie, =5?5), tegnbg m cùrrer un mukgntc bg im enaiugnèm bgi pcseècnmkegntcebgciðoe`c gn im bgèseðn enbevebumi bgi vctc. Ic keskc pubekcs vgreae`mrgn gi Frmsei. @ckpmrmnbc kgbeècngs bg `crrgimèðn gntrg ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m g entgnèðn bg vctc gn sgptegkfrg bg =585, mntgs bg impcimrezmèðn bgi sgounbc turnc, y gn kmrzc bg =55<, ùmnbc åstm ymhmfëm cùrrebc, cfsgrvmkcs qug hufc un nëtebc en`rgkgntc gn immscèmèðn gntrg mkfcs6.

\cr gsc, im puonm bg =585 `cnstetuyð unm c`mseðn gspgèmikgntgprcpeèm pmrm gi gxmkgn bg im hepðtgses bg qug im mutc-ic`miezmèðn bgigig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gstuvegsg rgimècnmbm `cn gi vctcgn Frmsei. Gi mníieses bg ics bmtcs kugstrm qug gi gig`tcr frmseigýc ‐senbeagrer gn nmbm scfrg gstg pmrteùimr bg sus `cnoångrgs pgrtgngègntgs mims bgkc`rmèms enbustremiezmbms‐gs sgnsefig mi bgfmtg ebgciðoe`c , mi`cntrmrec bg ic qug rgzm gi sgntebc `ckôn prgsgntg gn imsentgrprgtmècngs gig`tcrmigs scfrg Frmsei.

Gn gstg `mpëtuic sgrí bgs`reptm im pcimrezmèðn ebgciðoe`m bg im`mkpmým pmrm, gnsgouebm, tgstgmr `ckpmrmtevmkgntg vmrems hepðtgsesgxpie`mtevms bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn mqugiim besputm, enìuygnbcim bg im mutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Icstgsts augrcn hg`hcs m im iuz bg ics bmtcs bg icssurvgys rgmiezmbcs gnsgptegkfrg bg =585 y kmrzc bg =55<, bgntrc bgi prcyg`tc @uiturm\ciëte`m 0.

6.6 Ezquegrbm, @gntrc y Bgrg`hm gn @mkpmýmGi bgsomstg bgi ocfegrnc Pmrngy `ckgnzð gn gi aenmi bg =581,

ùmnbc sg aedð gn gi pôfie`c im ncèðn bg qug gi \imn @ruzmbc hmfrëmaunècnmbc `ckc un "armubg gig`tcrmi". Im gxprgseðn, mi pmrg`gr mùýmbmpcr gi gx kenestrc Bgiaek Ngttc, sg rgaegrg mi hg`hc bg qug ics prgècsqugbmrcn mrteaeèmikgntg `cnogimbcs hmstm im gig`èðn bgi =7 bgncvegkfrg bg =581 gn ims ùmigs sg vctmrcn Igoesimtevcs y Gdgùtevcsgstmbumigs y gi Igoesimtevc agbgrmi, ctcromnbc un gstrugnbcsm ve`tcrem mi

\KBF ‐pmrtebc ocfgrnmntg‐ gn 66 bg ics 60 Gstmbcs bg im Agbgrmèðn.Gnsgouebm, gi Gdgùtevc mbcptð un pmqugtg bg kgbebms g`cnðke`ms qughmfëmn sebc rgtmrbmbms hmstm gsg kckgntc, y ics prgècs vcivegrcn msufer rípebmkgntg2.

21




Bcs mýcs bgspuås, gn vëspgrms bg im `mkpmým bg =585, imsetumèðn sg gn`cntrmfm `cnsebgrmfigkgntg mormvmbm. @cn unm enaimèðnmnumi bgi =.<0?% y un rgtrc`gsc bgi 6% gn im m`tevebmb g`cnðke`m, gn

=588, im besputm kuneèpmi m`mfð amvcrgègnbc gi `rgèkegntc bg imcpcseèðn bg ezquegrbm gn ormnbgs `gntrcs urfmncs4 gi \R vgnèð gn imsgig`ècngs gn im èubmb bg Pàc \muic (im kís ekpcrtmntg bgi pmës), gn\crtc Migorg (gstrmtåoe`m pcr sgr im `mpetmi bgi Gstmbc kís pcietezmbc bgim Agbgrmèðn) y gn Qetðrem, `mpetmi bgi Gstmbc bg Gspëretc Pmntc.Msekeskc, gi \R qugbð gn sgounbc iuomr gn im `mpetmi bg Vec bg Dmngerc,gn Fgic Hcrezcntg ‐`mpetmi bg Kenms Ogrmes‐ y gn Oceænem ‐`mpetmi bgOceís. Qestcs gn pgrspg`tevm, `cn tcbc, ics rgsuitmbcs bg =588 enbe`mn nctmntc un supugstc prgbckenec bg im ezquegrbm, senc kís fegn un gqueiefrecgntrg bgrg`hm, `gntrc g ezquegrbm, segnbc qug mntgrecrkgntg gi `gntrc grmim augrzm prenèpmi. Bg mùgrbc `cn un gstubec bg Imkcunegr (=585), icspmrtebcs bg bgrg`hm omnmrcn im gig`èðn gn un nôkgrc bg kuneèpecs qugmfreomfm un 06,5% bg im pcfimèðn frmseigým. Gi `gntrc ocfgrnðkuneèpecs bcnbg vevëm gi 61% bg ics hmfetmntgs bgi pmës. Aenmikgntg, imezquegrbm pmsð m mbkenestrmr èubmbgs gn ims qug sg nuìgmfm gi 62,=%bg ics frmseigýcs (`cn rgspg`tc m im `cyunturm bg =588, vgr Imkcunegr,=55=).

Im gig`èðn bg =588 enbe`ð, bg tcbms acrkms, qug im `mkpmým bg=585 nc sgrëm aíèi pmrm gi `gntrc, ùym pcpuimrebmb gstmfm segnbcgrcsecnmbm pcr im pmrteèpmèðn gn gi ocfegrnc7. Armndms `rgègntgs bgigig`tcrmbc pmrg`ëmn fus`mr gn ctrcs pmrtebcs unm smiebm pmrm im `resesg`cnðke`m qug mscimfm mi pmës bgsbg `ckegnzcs bg ics mýcs ‘8<. Gngstg `cntgxtc, ics `mnbebmtcs `gntrestms, qug sg prgpmrmfmn pmrm ims`mkpmýms bg =585, `ckgnzmrcn m migdmrsg bgi ocfegrnc. Aenmiezmnbc imMsmkfigm @cnstetuygntg, gn c`tufrg bg =588, gi \KBF (\mrtebc bgiKcvekegntc Bgkc`ríte`c Frmseigýc) ym hmfëm suarebc im besebgnèm bg unorupc bg pmrimkgntmrecs qug bgèbeð acrkmr un pmrtebc enbgpgnbegntg, gi\PBF (\mrtebc bg im Pcèmibgkc`rmèm Frmseigým), bgsieombc bgiocfegrnc. \cr gsg igkm, gi sgnmbcr pmuiestm Kírec @cvms `ckpgterëm pcrgi pugstc bg prgsebgntg bg im Vgpôfie`m gn gi seouegntg mýc.

Gn kmrzc bg =585 aug gi prcpec \KBF gi qug sg migdð bg Pmrngy.Im `cnvgnèðn rgmiezmbm gsg kgs bgìmrð mi pmrtebc gn pcseèðn bg"enbgpgnbgnèm" bgi ocfegrnc y imnzð im `mnbebmturm prgsebgnèmi bgibeputmbc Wiyssgs Ouekmràgs. Gi pcfrg bgsgkpgýc bg Ouekmràgs, `cn gi2% bg ics vctcs (@umbrc 6.6), kugstrm gn quå kgbebm im kmnecfrm augtmrbëm g engae`mz4 gi `mnbebmtc hmfëm sebc gi "hckfrg augrtg" bg `mse tcbmim prgsebgnèm Pmrngy y gstmfm, pcr gsc keskc, bgaenetevmkgntgebgnteae`mbc `cn giim.

2?



Gi bgsfmnbg bg ims hugstgs oufgrnmkgntmigs nc sg ieketmfm m ics

ormnbgs pmrtebcs. \ciëte`cs gn fus`m bg prcyg`èðn, `ckc gi gntcn`gsocfgrnmbcr bg Mimocms, Agrnmnbc @ciicr bg Kgiic, tmkfeån cptmrcn pcrim cpcseèðn mi ocfegrnc. \c`c `cncèbc pcr gi gig`tcrmbc hmstm =58?, gigkprgsmrec, pgrecbestm y pciëte`c @ciicr tgnëm imzcs amkeiemrgs ypgrscnmigs `cn im bgrg`hm frmseigým. Gi pmbrg hmfëm sebc sgnmbcr yocfgrnmbcr bg Mimocms pcr im WBN, mntgs bg =512, y gi prcpec @ciicrhmfëm sebc miembc bg \muic Kmiua, bg quegn aug gig`tcr gn gi @cigoecGig`tcrmi bg =587 `cntrm gi tínbgk Ngvgs/Pmrngy (Näukmnng, =585).

Pen gkfmroc, ùmnbc tuvc iuomr im gxpicseðn bg pcpuimrebmb bgi\KBF, @ciicr smieð bgi \BP (\mrtebc Bgkc`ríte`c Pcèmi) y m`mfð segnbcunc bg ics ocfgrnmbcrgs gig`tcs pcr gi pmrtebc bg Wiyssgs Ouekmràgs gnics `ckeècs bg =581. Gnsgouebm, mi qugbmr ìmrms ims bgigtårgms`cnsgùgnèms bgi "armubg gig`tcrmi" pmrm im pcpuimrebmb bgi ocfegrnc,@ciicr sg bgbe`ð m mtm`mr arcntmikgntg m Pmrngy y m sus kenestrcs, `cn icqug cftuvc rgpgrùseðn gn ics kgbecs bg `ckune`mèðn nmècnmigs1. Giauturc `mnbebmtc scstgnëm qug im `crrupèðn, im engaeègnèm y im amitm bgkcbgrnebmb oufgrnmkgntmi, `mrm`tgrëste`ms `cnbgnsmbms gn im aeourm bgimitc aunècnmrec pôfie`c, pcr åi iimkmbc "kmrmdí"?, sgrëmn im `musm bg im`reses qug gkpcfrg`ëm m im scègbmb, y pgrdube`mfm m ics kís pcfrgs.

Bg gsg kcbc, gntrg =58? y =588, @ciicr vgnëm segnbc prcyg`tmbcpcr ics kgbecs `ckc un dcvgn pciëte`c kcbgrnc, ekpgtucsc y bgèbebc,gnargntmbc `cn Pmrngy. @cn fmsg gn gsm ekmogn bg "`mzmbcr bgkmrmdís", ym gn kmrzc bg =585, bgspuås bg rckpgr `cn gi \KBF gi mýcmntgrecr, ùmnbc ics ormnbgs pmrtebcs tcbmvëm cromnezmfmn susrgspg`tevms `mnbebmturms, @ciicr sg bgìmrð `mnbebmtc m prgsebgntg bg imVgpôfie`m y cftuvc, pmrm scrprgsm ogngrmi, gi 5% bg ims entgnècngs bgvctc. @cn gsc, supgrð m ics `mnbebmtcs bg ormnbgs pmrtebcs bg `gntrc ybg bgrg`hm `ckc Kírec @cvms (\PBF), Wiyssgs Ouekmràgs (\KBF) y\muic Kmiua (\BP), qugbmnbc mtrís mpgnms bg ics `mnbebmtcs bgezquegrbm Igcngi Frezcim, bgi \mrtebc Bgkc`ríte`c Imfcrestm (\BR), y IuezEníèc "Iuim" bm Peivm (\R).

M pmrter bg gsg kckgntc, @ciicr `ckegnzm, munqug bg kmngrmekpgr`gptefig mi `ckegnzc, m cùpmr gi gspmèc gig`tcrmi qug vm bgi`gntrc m im bgrg`hm, ùycs pmrtebcs, `cn gx`gpèðn bgi \BP y bgi \mrtebcIefgrmi (\I), tgnëmn unm ekmogn gx`gsevmkgntg venùimbm mi ocfegrnc. Mkgbebm qug im `mkpmým gig`tcrmi sg bgsmrrciim, sg pugbg `cnstmtmr quggsg pcseècnmkegntc gn gi mr`c `gntrc-bgrg`hm pcr pmrtg bg @ciicr sg becgn bcs pmscs. Gn gi prekgrc, qug sg ègrrm `cn gi `ckegnzc bgi hcrmrecgig`tcrmi ormtuetc8, gn sgtegkfrg, su gxpmnseðn gs gxtrmcrbenmrem, pgrc nc

28




sðiebm. Rmntc ims fmsgs pciëte`ms ùmntc scèmigs bg su `mnbebmturmsuarerëmn un rgcrbgnmkegntc ekpcrtmntg gn im sgounbm gtmpm.

Gxmkengkcs gi prekgr sgokgntc bg im `mkpmým. Imnzmbm pcrùmtrc ke`rcpmrtebcs ‐gi \mrtebc bg im Vg`cnstru`èðn Nmècnmi (\VN), gi\mrtebc Pcèmi @restemnc (\P@), gi \mrtebc Pcèmi Imfcrestm (\PR) y gi\mrtebc Vgncvmbcr Imfcrestm (\VR)‐ `cn rgprgsgntmèðn `mse nuim gn gi@cnorgsc, im `mnbebmturm bg @ciicr sg fgngaeèð bg im igoesimèðn qugpgrketëm cùpmr unm hcrm bg tgigveseðn pmrm `mbm unc bg gscs pmrtebcs,gn gi prekgr sgkgstrg bg =585. Nðtgsg qug, bgspuås bg mpmrg`gr gn gigspmèc tgigvesevc bgi \VN, gi 0< bg kmrzc, @ciicr smitð hmstm gi prekgriuomr, `cn gi 6<% bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc. Iugoc bg bcs prcormkms

tgigvesevcs, gi 6? bg mfrei y =8 bg kmyc, im entgnèðn bg vctc m su amvcriigoð mi 06% gn kmyc y mi 20% gn dunec, nevgi gn gi ùmi sg kmntuvcgstmfig hmstm gi eneèc bgi hcrmrec gig`tcrmi ormtuetc gi =7 bg sgptegkfrg(@umbrc 6.= y Q. Iekm, =55<).

Gi rípebc su`gsc bg @ciicr gn gstm amsg ig prcpeèð gi mpcycenacrkmi bgi \AI (\mrtebc bgi Argntg Iefgrmi), prenèpmi pmrtebc bg imbgrg`hm, ùyms mbkenestrmècngs kuneèpmigs ocfgrnmfmn gi =2% bg impcfimèðn, mpgnms bgtrís bgi `gntrestm \KBF, qug ocfgrnmfm

kuneèpmikgntg mi 60% bg im pcfimèðn (Imkcunegr, =585). M pgsmr bgpgrtgng`gr mi ocfegrnc Pmrngy, gi \AI pmsð m scstgngr m @ciicrscimpmbmkgntg. Môn ùmnbc gi pmrtebc hmfëm imnzmbc `mnbebmtc prcpec,gi gx kenestrc Murgiemnc @hmvgs, ims fmsgs rípebmkgntg "`restemnezmrcn"5 su pcstuimèðn y sg miengmrcn bgtrís bg @ciicr =<. Gi mpcyc sufrgpteèc bgi\AI kugstrm qug @ciicr pmsð m cùpmr unm pmrtg ekpcrtmntg bgi gspmècpmrtebmrec bg im bgrg`hm. Gn im prí`te`m, gi \AI bgsesteð bg usmr gi prekgrturnc pmrm tgstgmr su prcpem augrzm, prgaeregnbc, gn ègrtc sgntebc,mnteèpmr gi sgounbc turnc y mpcymr bgsbg gi prenèpec mi `mnbebmtc`cnsgrvmbcr `cn kís `hmn`gs bg ve`tcrem.

Nc cfstmntg, `cn gi eneèc bgi hcrmrec gig`tcrmi ormtuetc, `mnbebmtcsbg `gntrc, `ckc Kírec @cvms (\PBF) y Oueihgrkg Maea (\I), y bgbgrg`hm, `ckc \muic Kmiua, prgsgntmn, gn c`tufrg, un en`rgkgntc gn imentgnèðn bg vctc, `ckc pugbg cfsgrvmrsg gn gi @umbrc 6.=.Pekuitíngmkgntg, @ciicr pegrbg `gr`m bg =< puntcs pcr`gntumigs.Munqug nc bespcngkcs bg bmtcs qug pgrketmn tgstgmr im hepðtgses, gspcsefig supcngr qug unm pmrtg seoneae`mtevm bg ics vctcs pgrbebcs pcr@ciicr gn gstm amsg sg bgfm mi `rgèkegntc bg ics `cntgnbegntgskgnècnmbcs. Hmy pcr ics kgncs un enbe`mbcr enberg`tc bg gstmkeormèðn bg ims prgagrgnèms4 im fmdm bg im fmsg bg @ciicr, bgi 2<% gn imprekgrm amsg mi 0<% gn im sgounbm, `crrgspcnbg m unm `mëbm kís qugprcpcrècnmi bg sus entgnècngs bg vctc gntrg ics gig`tcrgs kís

25



gs`cimrezmbcs (Penogr, =55<f): @cvms y Kmiua, m su vgz, augrcn`mnbebmtcs ùym augrzm gstmfm dustmkgntg gntrg ics gig`tcrgs kísgs`cimrezmbcs==. Rcbc iigvm m `rggr qug, gntrg im prekgrm y im sgounbmamsg bg im `mkpmým, pmrtg bg im ìmsg kgbem bgsgrtð bg @ciicr gn amvcrbg ctrcs `mnbebmtcs bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm.

Im sgounbm amsg bg im `mkpmým rgprgsgntm, pcr ic tmntc, unmtgnbgnèm m im armokgntmèðn gn gi `mkpc bgi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm, `cnunm beskenuèðn bgi prgbckenec bg @ciicr, qug iigom mi =7 bg ncvegkfrggn bgìevg. Gi rgsuitmbc bg ims urnms kugstrm m @ciicr `cn 68% y m icsbgkís `mnbebmtcs bgi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm rgunebcs (@cvms, Ouekmràgs,Maea, @mkmroc, @hmvgz, Kmiua y @membc) `cn `mse im keskm `mntebmb bsuarmoecs (@umbrc 6.6)=6.

M pgsmr bg im tgnbgnèm bgìenmntg bg @ciicr, su amvcreteskc gn gi`mkpc bgi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm aug pcsefeietmbc pcr bcs msgs bg treunac.Bg un imbc, gn gi pimnc pmrtebmrec, pcr gi mpcyc bgi \AI, ekpcrtmntgsustgntc gn gi entgrecr prcaunbc, y bgi ctrc pcr im aebgiebmb bg ics gig`tcrgsbg fmdm rgntm y gs`cimrebmb=0. Wnm bg ims ormnbgs ùgstecngs scfrg imbesputm bg =585 sgrí im bg pcr quå gsg gig`tcrmbc bg fmdm rgntm mbhereðbg kcbc tmn aerkg m @ciicr. Hmfegnbc `ckgnzmbc pcr mtrmgr m im ìmsgkgbem, pmrtg seoneae`mtevm bg åstm ic mfmnbcnð nc fegn qugbð ìmrc gi`mrí`tgr mvgnturgrc bg im `mnbebmturm. Gntrg mfrei y ncvegkfrg, gi mpcycm @ciicr gntrg gig`tcrgs qug hmfëmn iigombc m im unevgrsebmb `mg bgi 0?%mi 5% (Penogr, =55<f). Gn `ckpgnsmèðn, gn gi keskc pgrëcbc, sufg bgi=2% mi 00% su entgnèðn bg vctc gntrg ics qug nc hmfëmn pmsmbc bg imgsùgim prekmrem.

Pe, bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm bg im fmsg gig`tcrmi, nc qugbmn bubmsgn ùmntc mi `mrí`tgr bg bgrg`hm bg im `mnbebmturm bg @ciicr gn gi prekgrturnc (Mngxc =, Rmfim 6.5M), su tepeae`mèðn `ckc pgrtgngègntg m imbgrg`hm gn gi pimnc bgi bgfmtg pôfie`c nc gs tmn sgnèiim. @mfg rg`crbmrqug ics pmrtebcs qug ic mpcymn mfegrtmkgntg scn gig`tcrmikgntgengxprgsevcs y gi scpcrtg bgi \AI, munqug gag`tevc, gs vgimbc, tcrnmnbcmsë mkfeoum su pgrtengnèm m im bgrg`hm bgsbg gi ínouic pmrtebmrec.Munqug creunbc bg im bgrg`hm, `cn im ùmi mnbuvc fugnm pmrtg bg su`mkenc pciëte`c (aug prgag`tc bg Km`geð y beputmbc agbgrmi pcr gi \BP),@ciicr, nc cfstmntg, hmfëm keormbc gn =581 pmrm gi `gntrc4 pmsð pmrm gi\KBF, mntgs bgi bgrrukfg bgi `ruzmbc =2 y, bgspuås bg smier bgi pmrtebcgn =588, iigoð m imnzmr im `mnbebmturm bg Kírec @cvms m im prgsebgnèmbg im Vgpôfie`m

=7.

Pmiiuk Dr.gt miie (=55<) scstegngn qug, bgsbg gi puntc bg vestmprcormkíte`c, @ciicr grm un "rgacrkestm kcbgrmbc". Pu besùrsc prcpcnëm

7<




unm rgacrkm bgi Gstmbc, gntgnbegnbc qug gi mukgntc bg im gaeègnèm pcrim beskenuèðn bg im `crrupèðn y bg im en`ckpgtgnèm ‐ims ùmigs åisegkprg fus`ð mscèmr pgrscnmikgntg m Pmrngy‐ rgbunbmrëm gn im

sciuèðn bg im `reses g`cnðke`m. Munqug tmi `cnstru`èðn sgm tëpe`m bg imbgrg`hm ngciefgrmi, gn im kgbebm gn qug ebgnteae`m mi Gstmbc `ckc im`musm bg ics kmigs scèmigs, gi `mrí`tgr prcpemkgntg `cnsgrvmbcr bg su`mnbebmturm, gn gi sgntebc bg prgsgrvmr gi crbgn y rgacrzmr im mutcrebmbbgi Gstmbc (pmrmbðde`mkgntg, im mutcrebmb bgi prcpec Gstmbc qug åimtm`mfm), sðic qugbmrígxpiëètc gn gi sgounbc turnc, ùmnbc im `mkpmýmsg vugivm ebgciðoe`mkgntg pcimrezmbm.

@mfg sufrmymr gi hg`hc bg qug gn pmësgs bg augrtg bgseoumibmb

scèmi, `ckc gs gi `msc bg Frmsei, hmy segkprg un gspmèc mfegrtc pmrm gisuroekegntc bg unmbgrg`hm pcpuiestm, im ùmi nc pcsgg ims keskms`mrm`tgrëste`ms qug im bgrg`hm `cnsgrvmbcrm ìíse`m=1. Im bgrg`hmpcpuiestm prgbe`m `mkfecs y, gn gstg sgntebc, nc gs `cnsgrvmbcrm: gstcgs, nc tegng un besùrsc `cntrmrec m ims trmnsacrkmècngs scèmigs. Pgbestenoug bg im ezquegrbm pcr gikcbc bg hm`gr ics `mkfecs . Kegntrms qugim bgrg`hm pcpuiestm quegrg rgacrzmr im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc, gn imgxpg`tmtevm bg qug ics `mkfecs sg bgnbg mrrefm hmèm mfmdc, sen regsocbg engstmfeiebmb scèmi, im ezquegrbm prg`cnezm un `mkfec pmrteèpmtevc,bgmfmdc hmèm mrrefm, môn m regsoc bg ogngrmr enstmfeiebmb (vgr `mpëtuic 2).@ciicr, `cn iimkmbcs m ics "bgs`mkesmbcs", cùpð gi gspmèc bg gsmbgrg`hm pcpuiestm.

Im `cnauseðn gn gi besùrsc entgnècnmikgntg vmoc bg @ciicr gn giprekgr turnc ‐`ckc m`cstukfrm sgr gi bg im bgrg`hm, unm vgz qug gstíentgrgsmbm gstru`turmikgntg gn qug ics `cnaie`tcs bg ìmsg nc acrkgnpmrtg bg im mognbm (Iepsgt, =51?)‐ beaeùitð im tmrgm bg pmrtg bg icsmnmiestms. @ckc vgrgkcs kís mbgimntg, m pgsmr bg qug @ciicr ensesteð gnunm rgtðre`m mnte-Pmrngy, mntepciëte`cs, mntepmrtebcs y mnte-Gstmbc, åstmsnc augrcn ims rmzcngs qug ic iigvmrcn m sgr gig`tc. Gn ctrms pmimfrms, gigig`tcrmbc gs sgnsefig m ègrtcs gigkgntcs bgi besùrsc bg ics`mnbebmtcs, pgrc nc m ctrcs, y gi ône`c kcbc bg smfgric gs prgountmnbcmi gig`tcr.

Qgmkcs, mhcrm, ic qug su`gbëm gn gi ctrc imbc bgi gspg`trc. \mrmim ezquegrbm, gi prekgr turnc aunècnð `ckc un gspgèg bg gig`èðn"prekmrem", gn im qug Frezcim y Iuim kebegrcn sus augrzms. Gi prekgrc sgkmntuvc `mse tcbm im `mkpmým `gr`mnc mi =7% bg ims entgnècngs bgvctc, scstgnebc pcr augrtgs mpcycs gn ics Gstmbcs bg Vec bg Dmngerc yVec Ormnbg bc Pui. Pen `cnsgouer mkpiemr su írgm bg enaiugnèm, pgrc senvgrim beskenuebm, Frezcim sg kcstrð `ckc un augrtg `mnbebmtc rgoecnmi,munqug båfei gn gi nevgi nmècnmi.

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Iuim, pcr su pmrtg, tmkfeån gntrð m im `mkpmým `cn `gr`m bgi =7%

bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc. \msð pcr un pgrëcbc bg fmdm, gntrg dunec yc`tufrg, vcivegnbc m ics nôkgrcs eneèmigs mpgnms mi aenmi bgi prekgrturnc. Wnm bg ims rmzcngs bg gsm `mëbm pugbg hmfgr sebc im cim bghugioms qug gxpgrekgntð gi pmës gntrg kmrzc y kmyc. Im augrtg hcsteiebmbm ims hugioms pcr pmrtg bgi gig`tcrmbc (vgr `mpëtuic 2) pcbrëm gxpie`mr girgaiudc bg im `mnbebmturm pgtestm gn mqugiics kgsgs (Penogr, =55<m:=550). @cn tcbc, m pmrter bg c`tufrg, im ekpimntmèðn nmècnmi bgi \R`ckegnzm m hm`gr beagrgnèm gn rgimèðn m Frezcim. \mrtegnbc bg fmsgsgstru`turmbms gn gi Pur y Pubgstg, ims rgoecngs kís enbustremiezmbms bgipmës, Iuim `cnseoug enaiugnèm gn im rgoeðn Ncrbgstg, bcnbg Frezcim nccftegng mbhgsecngs seoneae`mtevms. Gi åxetc bg im `mkpmým pgtestm gn giNcrbgstg gs gi gdgkpic kís ekpcrtmntg bgi `mrí`tgr nmècnmi mbquerebcpcr gi \R, qug tgrkenmrëm pcr `cntrmfmimn`gmr im augrzm bg Igcngi Frezcimgn Vec bg Dmngerc y Vec Ormnbg bc Pui. Im besputm gn gi entgrecr bg im

ezquegrbm aug bgèbebm pcr un kmrogn kuy pgqugýc bg vctcs. Iuimmvgntmdð m Frezcim gn ims urnms pcr unm beagrgnèm bg mpgnms <,1 % bgitctmi bg vctcs. Gi tgr`gr `mnbebmtc bg im ezquegrbm, Vcfgrtc Argerg (\@F),qugbð `cn mpgnms gi =,=% bg ics vctcs.

Ics rgsuitmbcs bgi prekgr turnc bg =585 gvebgnèmrcn un gqueiefrec

gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm, prgmnunèmnbc, se ics nôkgrcs grmn igëbcs m imiuz bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcrmbc, im mdustmbm besputm qugtgnbrëm iuomr gn gi sgounbc turnc. Munqug @ciicr, enbevebumikgntg, hmymqugbmbc fegn pcr gnèkm bgi rgstc bg ics `mnbebmtcs, im bgrg`hm `ckcun tcbc tuvc pc`c kís qug gi 08% bg ics vctcs, sukmbcs ics suarmoecspcr @ciicr, Kmiua, Murgiemnc y @membc.

Im ezquegrbm, pcr su pmrtg, nc qugbð kuy igdcs4 06,?% (sukmbcsics vctcs pcr Iuim, Frezcim y Argerg). Gsc seoneae`mfm qug gi `gntrc, `cn

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6<% bg ics vctcs (sukmbcs @cvms, Ouekmràgs, Maea y @mkmroc), sgrëm giaegi bg im fmimnzm.

Iuim `ckegnzm im pmrtg aenmi bg im `mkpmým `cntmnbc `cn gi 08%bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc, hmègnbc supcngr qug un ègrtc `cntenogntgbgi `gntrc ym hmfëm mbhgrebc m su `mnbebmturm. @ciicr pmrteð `cn gi 7<%bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc, kcstrmnbc qug unm

@umbrc 6.=

Gvciuèðn bg im entgnèðn bg vctc(gstekuimbm) gn gi prekgr turnc (gn %)

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Augntg4 Efcpg.

pmr`gim môn kmycr bgi `gntrc gstmfm bmnbc scpcrtg m supcstuimèðn. M gsms miturms, unm sgkmnm bgspuås bg im prekgrm vugitm,sðic un ?% sg bgìmrmfm enbgèsc. Burmntg mioôn tegkpc, im beagrgnèm bg=6 puntcs pcr`gntumigs gntrg ics `mnbebmtcs `musð im ekprgseðn bg quggi gx ocfgrnmbcr ym hmfëm vgnèbc. \mrm qug

@umbrc 6.6

Vgsui tmbcs bgi prekgr turnc bg im gig`èðn bg =585

Augntg4 Imkcunegr (=55<4 =5<), ètmnbc mi RPG (Rrefunmi PupgrecrGig`tcrmi).

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Iuim mkgnmzmsg m @ciicr, nc fmstmrëm `cn `cnvgrter enbgèscs gngig`tcrgs suycs: sgrëm ng`gsmrec quetmrig gig`tcrgs m @ciicr, ic qug ncpmrg`ëm aíèi.

Iuim gs`coeð gi `mkenc bg entgntmr un mùgrbc pmrtebmrec pmrmrgvgrter im setumèðn, kegntrms qug @ciicr prcùrð nc mprcxekmrsg m icspmrtebcs. M pgsmr bg hmfgr rg`hmzmbc gi mpcyc bgi \KBF, pcr kegbc msgr ebgnteae`mbc `cn gi ocfegrnc Pmrngy, gi \R ensesteð gn cftgngr gi mvmibgi \BR y bgi \PBF, ics ùmigs m`mfmrcn pcr rg`ckgnbmr gi vctc pcr gi`mnbebmtc bg ezquegrbm. Gi mpcyc bg Frezcim `cnsciebmfm im nmturmi unebmbbg im ezquegrbm gn gi sgounbc turnc y im mbhgseðn bgi \PBF rgprgsgntmfmgi mpcrtg bg unm pmr`gim bg ics bgèsevcs vctcs bg `gntrc.

Im beagrgnèm bg gstrmtgoem gntrg @ciicr y Iuim qugbð ìmrm gn giprekgr bgfmtg tgigvesevc gntrg ics bcs `mnbebmtcs, cùrrebc gi 0 bgbeègkfrg. Burmntg gi keskc, @ciicr prcùrð `mrm`tgrezmr m Iuim `ckc un

"pciëte`c trmbeècnmi", unm vgz qug gstmfm hmègnbc `cn`gsecngs pmrmcftgngr gi mpcyc bg ctrcs pmrtebcs. \mrm im cpeneðn pôfie`m, Iuim omnm gibgfmtg y, unm sgkmnm bgspuås, ims gnùgstms `ckegnzmn m enbe`mr qugim setumèðn `mkfeð. Gntrg gi =< y gi =6 bg beègkfrg, Iuim hmfëm sufebcnmbm kgncs qug 1 puntcs pcr`gntumigs, mi pmsc qug @ciicr hmfëm `mëbc 0(@umbrc 6.0). Im beagrgnèm sg rgbudc msë m sðic 2 puntcs.

Mpmrgntgkgntg, Iuim gstmfm `cnquestmnbc enbgèscs y, mi keskc tegkpc,mtrmygnbc gig`tcrgs mntgs enìenmbcs m vctmr pcr @ciicr.

Gn gstg puntc, @ciicr bgèbg bmr un ocipg bg tekðn gn su`mkpmým. Duntc `cn mtmqugs pgrscnmigs m Iuim, im prcpmomnbm bg @ciicrmbcptm un besùrsc mfegrtmkgntg mnte`ckunestm, gn gi ùmi im ezquegrbm gsmùsmbm bg entgntmr `cnaes`mr ics mhcrrcs pgrscnmigs y beveber ims `msms`cn kís bg bcs c trgs ùmrtcs, gn `msc bg iigomr mi pcbgr. \mrm`ckpigtmr gi ìekm bg "en`gnbec bgi Vge`hstmo" bgi aenmi bg im `mkpmým,

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gxm`tmkgntg un bëm mntgs bg qug gi pmës augsg m ims urnms, gs rgvgimbcgi `mutevgrec bgi gkprgsmrec Mfëiec Benez, unc bg ics kís ekpcrtmntgs bgipmës, supugstmkgntg sgùgstrmbc pcr "sekpmtezmntgs" bg Iuim.

Im ôitekm sgkmnm bg im `mkpmým gs gi kckgntc gn qug impcimrezmèðn ebgciðoe`m mpmrg`g `cn kmycr netebgz, munqug ym gstuvegsgimtgntg bgsbg gi eneèc bgi sgounbc turnc. Bg mùgrbc `cn \entc (=55<),qug mnmiezð gi besùrsc bg ics `mnbebmtcs gn im sgounbm vugitm, kegntrmsqug Iuim prcùrmfm kcstrmrsg `ckc im rupturm, gn gi sgntebc bg qug ics

trmfmdmbcrgs aenmikgntg mi`mnzmrëmn gi pcbgr, @ciicr fus`ð kcbgrmr gi`mrí`tgr besruptevc bg su `mnbebmturm. Gi gx ocfgrnmbcr bg Mimocmsentgntð prgsgntmrsg `ckc un bgagnscr bgi crbgn , gn cpcseèðn misupugstc `mcs qug im ve`tcrem bg Iuim prckgtëm: y gs gn im bgagnsm bgicrbgn qug mpmrg`g gi `mrí`tgr `cnsgrvmbcr bg im `mnbebmturm bg @ciicr.

Gn im ôitekm sgkmnm, gi `cntrmstg sg m`gntôm pcrqug @ciicr m`tôm`cn gi cfdgtevc bg "m`tevmr" im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcrmbc`cnsgrvmbcr. Aenmikgntg, ³pcr quå ctrc kctevc @ciicr mbcptmrëm unbesùrsc ebgciðoe`c `cnsgrvmbcr mi aenmi bgi sgounbc turnc se nc pmrm"mvesmr" mi gig`tcrmbc enbgèsc bgi `mrí`tgr ebgciðoe`c bg ims`mnbebmturms3 Im bgèseðn bg hm`gric gn gi kckgntc gn qug grm urogntggn`cntrmr unm gstrmtgoem vgn`gbcrm enbe`m qug, gn im veseðn bgi`mnbebmtc, gi gigkgntc ebgciðoe`c pcbrëm tgngr un pgsc gig`tcrmiekpcrtmntg=?. Ics rgsuitmbcs `cnaerkmrcn im entueèðn bg @ciicr. M bcsbëms bg im gig`èðn, @ciicr vciveð m sufer, kegntrms qug Iuim sg gstmn`ð.Aug suaeègntg pmrm qug gi `mnbebmtc bg im bgrg`hm vgnègsg pcr unkmrogn bg 1 puntcs pcr`gntumigs, gi bëm =? bg beègkfrg bg =585=8.

Gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 m`mfð segnbc im prekgrm ormn`cnarcntmèðn nmècnmi pcimrezmbm gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn gi Frmsei,gn im ùmi im `cmieèðn bg bgrg`hm aug vgn`gbcrm pcr un pgqugýc kmrogn

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bg vctcs. @ckc ym vekcs kís mrrefm, gn im entrcbu`èðn, mntgs bg =512 imezquegrbm nun`m tuvc un `mnbebmtc prcpec besputmnbc gag`tevmkgntg im

prgsebgnèm bg im Vgpôfie`m. Gi gqueiefrec bgi rgsuitmbc aenmi kcstrð qug,miembms mi `gntrc, tmntc im bgrg`hm ùmntc im ezquegrbm pcbrëmn iigomr m\mimèc bgi \imnmitc. \cr gsc, mi ègrrg bg im gig`èðn bg =585, hmfëm unmgncrkg gxpg`tmtevm `cn rgspg`tc mi gnargntmkegntc qug tgnbrëm

@umbrc 6.0Gvciuèðn bg im entgnèðn bg vctc (gstekuimbm) gn gi sgounbc

Augntg4 Efcpg.

@umbrc 6.2Vgsui tmbcs bgi sgounbc turnc bg im gig`èðn bg =585

7?



Augntg4 Imkcunegr (=55<4 =5<), ètmnbc mi RPG (Rrefunmi PupgrecrGig`tcrmi).

iuomr gn=552 (Penogr, =55<m). M mqugiims miturms nc grm pcsefigprgvgr qug gi ocfegrnc `mgrëm gn ims kmncs bg pmrtebcs `gntrestms mntgsbg qug @ciicr tgrkenmsg su kmnbmtc y qug, pcr kgbec bg un pimn bggstmfeiezmèðn y unm miemnzm `cn im bgrg`hm, un pmrtebc bg `gntrcrgùpgrmrëm gi iebgrmzoc bgi dugoc pciëte`c pgrbebc pcr gi `gntrc bgsbg giarm`msc bgi \imn @ruzmbc.

6.0 Ims Hepðtgses scfrg gi @ckpcrtmkegntcGig`tcrmi bg =585

Gxestg unm rmzcnmfig fefiecormaëm scfrg im gig`èðn bg =585=5. Nccfstmntg, scn rgimtevmkgntg pc`cs ics trmfmdcs qug pimntgmrcn hepðtgsessestgkíte`ms pmrm gxpie`mr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi y kgncs tcbmvëmics qug prcùrmrcn `ckprcfmrims gkpëre`mkgntg. Gn `cnsgùgnèm, icspírrmacs qug seougn trmbu`gn un gsaugrzc bg sestgkmtezmèðn bgsuogstecngs entgrprgtmtevms qug, m vg`gs, sg prgsgntmrcn bespgrsms y/c`cn gs`msm aunbmkgntmèðn.

Hepðtgses =4 Qctc bg \rctgstm

Im ncèðn bg qug hmy unm tgnbgnèm mi vctc bg cpcseèðn(gntgnbebc `ckc vctc bg prctgstm , c vctc `cntrm ) gs unm bg imsentgrprgtmècngs `crregntgs scfrg gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn gi Frmsei(Pmntcs, =5??). Im ebgm bg qug gstg sgntekegntc bgcpcseèðn augbgtgrkenmntg gn gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi vciveð mi `gntrc bg imgs`gnm gn =585. Bg mùgrbc `cn gstm veseðn, gi gig`tcr gstmrëm kctevmbcpcr unm enìenmèðn m vctmr`cntrm im setumèðn veogntggn ogngrmi kísqug m amvcr bg unm mitgrnmtevm gspg`ëae`m, `ckc qugbm ìmrc gn giseouegntg pmsmdg bg Benez (=585m)4

Ic qug kugvg mi gig`tcr gs im tgntmtevm bg mitgrmr im setumèðn yqugfrmr im engrèm. Gi kckgntc gig`tcrmi pmsm m sgr pgrèfebc `ckc unmcpcrtunebmb pmrm entgrvgner gn ics m`cntgèkegntcs y kubmr su ùrsc. Gngstg `cntgxtc sg cfsgrvm unm mitm bespcnefeiebmb bgi gig`tcr, qug nc vctmprcpemkgntg m amvcr bg un pmrtebc,senc `cntrm un gstmbc bg `csms . Miacrtmig`gr m ics pmrtebcs setumbcs m ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm, gi vctc bgprctgstm pugbg tgngr `cnsgùgnèms pcimrezmntgs, munqug nc gxprgsgunm ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m `cn im seoim gvgntumikgntg gigoebm Zånamsesnugstrc[6<.

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Nc cfstmntg, Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=556) kcstrð qug "gi vctcpcrcpcseèð n aug, gn =585, fmstmntg kgncs nukgrcsc gn gi gig`tcrmbcnmècnmi bg ic qug sg ekmoenmfm y, mbgkís, bestrefuebc bg kcbc bgseoumi

gntrg ims rgoecngs". \rgountmnbc m ics gig`tcrgs se hmfëmn gs`coebc mi`mnbebmtc gn gi sgounbc turnc pcrqug åi "prckgteð rgmiezmr ims kgdcrmsqug gi Frmsei prgèsm", "pcrqug åi `ckfmtg ics kmigs bgi Frmsei/pcrqugustgb qugrrëm bgrrctmr m ctrc `mnbebmtc" c "pcrqug åi rgprgsgntm pgrscnms`ckc ustgb", gi survgy @uiturm \ciëte`m/5< aug `mpmz bg bgtg`tmr se ic qugkcvëm mi vctmntg grm im gxpg`tmtevm bg rgsuitmbcs, im cpcseèðn c imebgnteae`mèðn.

Ics rgsuitmbcs mpuntmrcn qug mpgnms gi =8% bgi gig`tcrmbc

frmseigýc gs`coeð pcr cpcseèðn m queån vctmr gn gi sgounbc turnc.Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug iimkm im mtgnèðn, `cn tcbc, hmèm gi hg`hc bg qug"bmtcs bgsmorgombcs pcr Gstmbc y kuneèpec kugstrmn qug, gn im `mpetmibg Pàc \muic, gi vctc ngomtevc sufg hmstm gi 6?,?%". Hmfrëm rmzcngs,gntcn`gs, pmrm supcngr qug, gn ormnbgs `gntrcs urfmncs, munqug nc gntcbc gi pmës, tmi sgntekegntc augsg kís bgtgrkenmntg bgi vctc, `ckc sghmfëm trmnspmrgntmbc gn ims gig`ècngs bg =588.

Bg mùgrbc `cn ics qug ekmoenmfmn gi prgbckenec bgi vctc bg

prctgstm gn =585, gi keskc sgrëm im prenèpmi gxpie`mèðn bgi åxetc bg@ciicr. Gs`refegnbc gn sgptegkfrg bg =585, maerkmfm Benez (=585f)4

Im mkpiem vgntmdm hmstm gi kckgntc mi`mnzmbm pcr im `mnbebmturm bgAgrnmnbc @ciicr bg Kgiic Z...[ gs scfrg tcbc un rgaigdc bg ims tgnbgnèms qug hmn`mrm`tgrezmbc im beníke`m pmrtebmrec-gig`tcrmi bgi pmës gn ics ôitekcs mýcs.Argntg m im amitm bg netebgz bg ims prcpugstms mitgrnmtevms,gi vctc `cntrm tegnbg m`cn`gntrmrsg gn mqugi pmrtebc qug `ckfenm gi vm`ëc prcormkíte`c `cn im augrzm

bg im ekmogn bg rg`hmzc m im setumèðn bckenmntg Zånamsesnugstrc[6=.

Ctrm vgz, ics bmtcs rg`coebcs pcr Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug nc`cnaerkmn im hepðtgses bg qug gi vctc bg prctgstm hmym amvcrgèbc m@ciicr. Gi mutcr kugstrm qug gi vctcpcr cpcseèðn, gn gi sgounbc turnc,gstuvc mscèmbcngomtevmkgntg mi vctc m @ciicr gn gi prekgrc, hmfegnbcsebc kís ekpcrtmntg pmrm gxpie`mr im cpèðn pcr @cvms, Kmiua y Frezcim.Gstc gs, ics gig`tcrgs qug vctmrcn pcr cpcseèðn gn gi sgounbc turnctgnbegrcn m gstmr migdmbcs bg @ciicr gn gi prekgrc.

Ics bmtcs mnmiezmbcs pcr Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug enbe`mn qug, gnrgmiebmb, augrcn ics gig`tcrgs qug vctmrcn pcr gxpg`tmtevm bg rgmiezmèðngn gi sgounbc turnc ics qug gstuvegrcn mscèmbcs mi vctc pcr @ciicr gn giprekgrc. Bg gstm `cnstmtmèðn pugbg enagrersg qug, `cntrmremkgntg mhmfgr mtrmëbc gi vctc bg prctgstm, @ciicr bgspgrtð im gxpg`tmtevm bg qug

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su ocfegrnc pcbrëm mi`mnzmr ics rgsuitmbcs qug gi gig`tcr gspgrmfm,trmtínbcsg, pcr ic tmntc, kís bg un vctc bg tepc prcspg`tevc qugrgtrcspg`tevc.

Hepðtgses 64 Cpcseèðn mi Ocfegrnc

Ctrm vgrtegntg bg mníieses gnamtezð im hepðtgses bg qug gi vctc gn=585 hmfrëm sebc cregntmbc nc pcr unm cpcseèðn ognåre`m m im setumèðnbckenmntg c mistmtus quc gn ogngrmi, senc gspg`ëae-`mkgntg mi ocfegrncPmrngy. Qmrecs mutcrgs kgnècnmn gi rg`hmzc mi ocfegrnc Pmrngy `ckcgxpie`mèðn pmrm gi vctc pcr @ciicr, bmbc qug, `ckc ym aug be`hcmntgrecrkgntg, gi `mnbebmtc sg `mrm`tgrezð pcr gi usc bg gxtrgkmvecignèm vgrfmi `cntrm gi prgsebgntg bg im Vgpôfie`m66.

\mrm vgreae`mr im pgrtengnèm bg gstm hepðtgses, uteiezmkcs ics bmtcsbg im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< . @ruzmkcs im gvmiumèðn bgi ocfegrncPmrngy `cn gi vctc gn gi prekgr y sgounbc turnc y, msë, tgstgmkcs imaugrzm bg im vmremfig "rg`hmzc m Pmrngy" `ckc prgbe`tcrm bgi vctc pcr@ciicr. Pen gkfmroc, scrprgnbgntgkgntg, ics rgsuitmbcs enbe`mrcn qughmfëm unm mscèmèðn pcsetevm gntrg `cnsebgrmr fugnc gi ocfegrnc Pmrngyy vctmr m @ciicr 60. Aug bgs`mrtmbm bg gstg kcbc im vmremfig "cpcseèðn miocfegrnc" `ckc prgbe`tcrm bgi vctc pcr @ciicr gn =585. Pg rgoestrð qugnc hmfëm nenounm mscèmèðn seoneae`mtevm (kgbebm pcr gi rgsebucmdustmbc) gntrg `cnsebgrmr mi ocfegrnc Pmrngy kmic c påsekc ‒pcr ictmntc, augrtg rg`hmzc m im ogsteðn‒ y gi vctc pcr @ciicr c ùmiquegr ctrc`mnbebmtc62. Im kmycrëm tgnbëm m rg`hmzmr m Pmrngy, enbgpgnbegntgkgntgbgi `mnbebmtc gs`coebc.

Rmfim 6.=Qctc gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585

pcr gvmiumèðn bgi ocfegrnc Pmrngy

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Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.Im scrprgnbgntg mscèmèðn gntrg mprcfmèðn m Pmrngy y vctc pcr@ciicr kgrg`g un `ckgntmrec. Mpgnms gi ?,1% bg ics gntrgvestmbcs`cnsebgrmfmn gx`gigntg c fugnc gi ocfegrnc Pmrngy, rmzðn pcr imùmi, ùmiquegrm qug hmym sebc im cregntmèðn bg su vctc, nc gs giim

im qug gxpie`m im ve`tcrem bg @ciicr. Kís môn, im augrtg `cn`gntrmèðnbg gscs gntrgvestmbcs gn im prgagrgnèm pcr @ciicr (78% gn gi prekgrturnc y ?7% gn gi sgounbc) enbe`m qug, mi kgncs pmrm gscsgig`tcrgs, nc hufc `cngxeðn gntrg gi `cntunbgntg besùrsc mnte-Pmrngy bg @ciicr y gi vctc pcr gi `mnbebmtc. Wteiezmnbc m im rgntm`ckc vmremfig bg `cntrci (bmtcs nc gxpugstcs mquë), sg vgreae`m qugim mscèmèðn gntrg mprcfmèðn m Pmrngy y gi vctc pcr @ciicr tuvciuomr gntrg ics gig`tcrgs bg fmdm rgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi (bg 6 m 7smimrecs kënekcs) 67 .

Hepðtgses 04 Vg`hmzc m ics \ciëte`cs

Rmkfeån enaiugnèmbcs pcr gi besùrsc bg @ciicr, bevgrscs mutcrgsentgrprgtmrcn gi rgsuitmbc gig`tcrmi nc `ckc gi gag`tc bg un rg`hmzcgspg`ëae`c m Pmrngy, senc `ckc unm rgm`èðn bg ics vctmntgs m icspciëte`cs gn ogngrmi. \mrm Pmiiuk Dr.gt miie (=55<), gi hg`hc bg qug @ciicrhmym kcntmbc ic qug ics mutcrgs iimkmn unm "gkprgsm pciëte`c-gig`tcrmi",gn iuomr bg un pmrtebc prcpemkgntg be`hc, ig pgrketeð `cic`mrsg augrm bgim ìmsg pciëte`m y mtm`mrim `ckc un tcbc. Gscs mtmqugs, m su vgz, bgmùgrbc `cn Imkcunegr (=585), ig pcsefeietmrcn "sekfciezmr, nc ekpcrtm se

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bgkmoðoe`mkgntg c nc, im hcsteiebmb pcpuimr `cntrm ics pciëte`cs gnogngrmi"61.

Pg `rgëm qug gi rg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs grm un kðvei enkgbemtc,tmnoefig, kuy beagrgntg m ims mfstrm`tms ùgstecngs ebgciðoe`ms. Gn imspmimfrms bg Fcs`he (=585f), "bg miië tmkfeån qug ùgstecngs bg acnbckcrmi ‐`ckc gndueèmr im entgorebmb bg ics pciëte`cs‐ hmymn gdgrèbc tmntmsgbu`èðn scfrg gi gig`tcrmbc". Bg hg`hc, `ckc vgrgkcs, hmfëm unrg`hmzc ogngrmiezmbc m ics pciëte`cs: sen gkfmroc, gi keskc sg rgpmrtëmbg kcbc sekeimr gntrg tcbcs ics `mnbebmtcs.

Môn msë, gsm hepðtgses sg kcstrð kís mscèmbm mi vctc qug imsmntgrecrgs (munqug, nugvmkgntg, gn gi sgntebc envgrsc mi gspgrmbc).\mrm kgber im gae`mèm prgbe`tevm bgi rg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs scfrg gi vctc,usmkcs im seouegntg prgountm, enìuebm gn gi ùgstecnmrec bg im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< 4 "Bg un kcbc ogngrmi, ics pciëte`cs frmseigýcs pegnsmnkís4 =. gn sus prcpecs entgrgsgs: 6. gn ics entgrgsgs bg tcbc gi pmës". Gi`cnduntc bg ims rgspugstms kcstrð qug Imkcunegr gstmfm gn ic `crrg`tcùmnbc kgnècnmfm im "hcsteiebmb pcpuimr `cntrm ics pciëte`cs bg kcbcogngrmi", unm vgz qug `mse gi 5<% bg ics gntrgvestmbcs cptð pcr imprekgrm mitgrnmtevm.

Nc cfstmntg, nugvmkgntg, hufc un engspgrmbc vënùic gntrg icsqug `cnsebgrmrcn qug ics pciëte`cs "pegnsmn gn gi entgrås bg tcbm impcfimèðn" y gi vctc pcr @ciicr. Gn rgmiebmb, gi `mnbebmtc mscèmbc `cn girg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs aug @cvms (bmtcs nc gxpugstcs mquë). Bg gstgkcbc, gn im kgbebm qug aunècnmsg `ckc prgbe`tcr bgi vctc, gi rg`hmzc mics pciëte`cs hmfrëm myubmbc m @cvms g ebc gn `cntrm bg @ciicr. Gsc ncm`cntgèð pcrqug gi rg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs aug un prgbe`tcr pc`cekpcrtmntg gn gi prekgr turnc, gstc gs, tuvc pc`m rgimèðn `cn gi vctc.

Gn gi sgounbc turnc, im augrzm bg im mscèmèðn gntrg gi vctc y girg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs mukgntm ieogrmkgntg (m pmrter bg gstg puntcpmsmkcs m kgber, gn miouncs `mscs, im augrzm bg ims mscèmècngs gntrgims vmremfigs kgbemntg im Q bg @rmkår ‐enbe`mbm pcr gi sëkfcic Q mi aenmibg ims tmfims. Gi `cgaeègntg vmrëm bg < m =, y ùmntc kís prðxekc m =,kmycr gs im mscèmèðn gntrg ims vmremfigs (mi rgspg`tc, vgr Igven, =58?).@cn tcbc, gi sgntebc bg im mscèmèðn gs gi keskc qug gn gi `mscmntgrecr4 gi vctc pcr @ciicr gstí mscèmbc mim m`gptmèðn bg ics pciëte`cs,kegntrms qug gi vctc pcr Iuim sg mscèm m su rg`hmzc (Rmfim 6.6).

Pe sg uteiezm im rgntm `ckc vmremfig bg `cntrci (bmtcs nc gxpugstcsmquë), sg vgreae`m qug im mscèmèðn gntrg veseðn pcsetevm bg ics pciëte`cs yvctc pcr @ciicr, gn gi sgounbc turnc, cùrrg gntrg ics gig`tcrgs bg kgncr

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pcbgr mbquesetevc (hmstm bcs smimrecs kënekcs bg rgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi).Gs pcsefig qug gi agnðkgnc gstå ieombc, ctrm vgz, m ics "hífetcs bgbgagrgnèm" bg ics gig`tcrgs bg fmdësekm rgntm y gs`cimrebmb (vgr nctm

67). Gn tcbc `msc, pmrm gscs gig`tcrgs, gi besùrsc bg @ciicr `cntrm icspciëte`cs nc aug gi bgtgrkenmntg bgi vctc.

Rmfim 6.6Qctc gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 pcr gvmiumèðnbg ics pciëte`cs frmseigýcs

X6;=8,= Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,<5??Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Hepðtgses 24 Beskenuèðn bgi Gstmbc

@ckc rgoestrmfm Fcs`he (=585f), gn sgptegkfrg bg =585, imùgsteðn "Gstmbcvgrsus kgr`mbc" aeourð gn ics kgbecs bg `ckune`mèðny gn gi bgfmtg entgig`tumi `ckc unm bg ims kís `gntrmigs gn im gig`èðnbg mqugi mýc. @egrtcs mutcrgs entgrprgtmrcn gi rg`hmzc ogngrmiezmbc bgics gig`tcrgs m ics pciëte`cs, qug `ckc vekcs aug `cnaerkmbc pcr imgnùgstm @uiturm \ciëte`m/5< , `ckc unm acrkm bg cpcseèðn mi Gstmbc 6?.Gn `cnsgùgnèm, gi vctc pcr im bgrg`hm aug entgrprgtmbc `ckc un bgsgcbg `cntrcimr gi pcbgr pôfie`c y beskenuer gi Gstmbc, vestc `ckc augntgpgrkmngntg bg `crrupèðn.

Rgstgmkcs tmkfeån gsm ôitekm hepðtgses `cn ics bmtcs bg imgnùgstm @uiturm \ciëte`m/85 , rmzðn pcr im ùmi sðic tgngkcs ics bmtcspmrm gi prekgr turnc. Ncs bgèbekcs pcr gstg `mkenc pcrqug im gnùgstmbg sgptegkfrg enìuyð unm ùgsteðn rgimtevm mi pmpgi bgi Gstmbc, gn imùmi sg prgountmfm mi gig`tcr se åi `rgëm qug ic kgdcr sgrëm "qug giocfegrnc bgdg qug ims gkprgsms pmrteùimrgs beredmn tcbc gn im g`cnckëm,

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enìuygnbc sgrveècs físe`cs, `ckc gbu`mèðn, smiub y vevegnbm", "qug giocfegrnc beredm mpgnms gscs sgrveècs físe`cs, bgdmnbc gi rgstc pmrmgkprgsms pmrteùimrgs" c "qug gi ocfegrnc beredm tcbc gn im g`cnckëm, icssgrveècs físe`cs, gi ckgrèc gxtgrecr, ims enbustrems pgsmbms, gt`."

@cic`mkcs ims rgspugstms gn unm gs`mim qug efm bg kís m kgncsGstmbc y `ruzmkcs gscs bmtcs `cn im entgnèðn bg vctc gn gi prekgrturnc. \mrm amèietmr im `ckprgnseðn bg ims tmfims, crbgnmkcs ics`mnbebmtcs gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg trgs pcseècngs(ezquegrbm, `gntrc y bgrg`hm). Fus`mkcs gi `retgrec kís cfdgtevcbespcnefig pmrm prc`gbgr m gsm crbgnmèðn y bgèbekcs qug åsg sgrëm gipmrtebc bgi `mnbebmtc.

\mrm ìmseae`mr ics pmrtebcs gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm,uteiezmkcs im "\gsquesm scfrg ms Gigeï÷gs \rgsebgnèmes", rgmiezmbm pcr giEnstetutc Wnevgrsetírec bg \gsquesms bc Vec bg Dmngerc (Eupgrd), gn Netgrðe,Vec bg Dmngerc, gn =585. Gn im keskm sg scieètð qug gi gig`tcr `cic`mrm mics pmrtebcs kís `cncèbcs gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (Iekm Dr.,=5504 =07-=01 y @mstrc, =5524 ==6). Gi rgsuitmbc aug4 Ezquegrbm ‐\R,\BR, \PF, \@F y \@ bc F: @gntrc ‐\PBF, \KBF, \B@, \RF, \I y\VP: Bgrg`hm ‐\AI, \VN y \BP.

M pmrter bg miië ìmseae`mkcs ics begz prekgrcs `cic`mbcs gn imgig`èðn bg =585 gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg mùgrbc `cn imìmseae`mèðn bgi pmrtebc mi qug pgrtgn`ëmn. Gi rgsuitmbc aug4 Ezquegrbm ‐ Iuim (\R), Igcngi Frezcim (\BR) y Vcfgrtc Argerg (\@F): @gntrc ‐Kírec@cvms (\PBF), Wiyssgs Ouekmràgs (\KBF), Oueihgrkg Maea (\I) yMaacnsc @mkmroc (\RF): Bgrg`hm ‐Agrnmnbc @ciicr (\VN), \muic Kmiua(\BP) y Murgiemnc @hmvgs (\AI).

\mrm `cnaerkmr im vmiebgz bg im envgsteomèðn bg Netgrðe,`ckpmrmkcs sus rgsuitmbcs `cn im ìmseae`mèðn bg ics pmrtebcs gn gi gdgbgrg`hm-ezquegrbm bg mùgrbc `cn su m`tumèðn gn im Msmkfigm@cnstetuygntg `cnacrkg m su prcxekebmb m ims pcseècngs bg im Aegsp(Agbgrmïàc bms Enbôstrems bc Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic), ìmseae`mèðnrgmiezmbm pcr im prcpem Aegsp y qug aug uteiezmbm pcr Imkcunegr (=5854 82)pmrm crbgnmr ics pmrtebcs gn gi gdg bgrg`hm-ezquegrbm. Bg mùgrbc `cnImkcunegr, ics pmrtebcs m sgr `cnsebgrmbcs gn im ezquegrbm grmn4 \BR,\R, \PF, \@F y \@ bc F. Gn im `gntrcezquegrbm, gi \PBF. Gn im`gntrcbgrg`hm, gi \KBF (bgspuås bg im rupturm `cn gi \PBF). Gn imbgrg`hm augrcn `cic`mbcs gi \AI, gi \BP, gi \RF, gi \B@ y gi \I.

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Pg prgsgntmrcn mpgnms bcs bevgrognèms gntrg ics bmtcs rg`coebcspcr gi Eupgrd y im cfsgrvmèðn bg im m`tumèðn bg ics pmrtebcs gn im

Msmkfigm @cnstetuygntg qug tuvc gn ùgntm Imkcunegr. Pg trmtm bg imic`miezmèðn bgi \RF y bgi \I. Gn tmntc qug gscs pmrtebcs augrcnìmseae`mbcs m im bgrg`hm seouegnbc gi `retgrec bg im Aegsp, ics gig`tcrgsgs`coegrcn `cic`mrics gn gi `gntrc bgi gspg`trc.

\mrm mrrefmr m unm bgèseðn m`gr`m bg bðnbg grm kgdcr setumr gscsbcs pmrtebcs, rgùrrekcs m im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< gn im qug sg igscieètð mi gig`tcr qug crbgnmsg gn unm gs`mim bg = m ? gn quå iuomr`cic`mrëm su pmrtebc bg prgagrgnèm (Kmrqugs, =55<). Gn gstm gnùgstmqugbm ìmrc qug ics mbhgrgntgs mi \I ic `cnsebgrmn un pmrtebc bg `gntrc.Gi \RF tegng unc bg ics pgraeigs ebgciðoe`cs kís bespgrscs bg ics cn`gpmrtebcs gvmiumbcs. @cn tcbc, im kmycrëm bg ics qug sg ebgnteae`mrcn `cnåi ic `cic`ð gn gi `gntrc (gi 06,8% ic vec `ckc bg `gntrc, kegntrms qug gi

67,?% ic ufe`ð m im bgrg`hm y gi =6,1% m im ezquegrbm). Rgnegnbc gnùgntm gstms enacrkmècngs, prgagrekcs rgspgtmr im ìmseae`mèðn creoenmibg Netgrðe, kmntgnegnbc mi \I y mi \RF gn gi `gntrc y, gn `cnsgùgnèm,augrcn `cic`mbcs gn gi `gntrc sus rgspg`tevcs `mnbebmtcs, Oueihgrkg Maeay Maacnsc @mkmroc.

\mrm scrprgsm bg quegn ekmoenð qug gi vctc m im bgrg`hm gstuvegsgmscèmbc mi bgsgc bg unm beskenuèðn bgi Gstmbc, im envgsteomèðnkcstrð ic `cntrmrec. Kegntrms qug gi vctc pcr gi `gntrc gstuvc`chgrgntgkgntg rgimècnmbc `cn im ebgm bg un Gstmbc qug ùebm bg immsestgnèm físe`m,gi vctc pcr im bgrg`hm gstmfm mscèmbc `cn im

gxpg`tmtevm bg un Gstmbc entgrvgntcr . Gn gi `mpëtuic 2 kcstrmrgkcs qug

gstm mscèmèðn gs tëpe`m bgi pôfie`c frmseigýc bg bgrg`hm. Gi vctc pcr imezquegrbm sg kcstrð eoumikgntg bestrefuebc gntrg ims trgs pcseècngsargntg mi pmpgi bgi Gstmbc.

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Rmfim 6.0Qctc gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585 pcr pcseèðn argntg m imentgrvgnèðn gstmtmi

X6;28,6 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=65?

* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.

Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/85.

M pgsmr bg ims mscèmècngs bgs`reptms mntgrecrkgntg, im Q bg@rmkår (<,=65?) kcstrð qug im pcseèðn rgspg`tc mi tmkmýc bgi Gstmbcnc gstuvc augrtgkgntg mscèmbm mi vctc gn gi prekgr turnc. @ckc hmfëmentuebc `crrg`tmkgntg Fcs`he (=585f), "im bgaeneèðn bgi prc`gsc gig`tcrmipugbg pmsmr bg imroc gsm ùgsteðn". Bg hg`hc, im pmsð.

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Hepðtgses 74 Iebgrmzoc Augrtg

@ckc vekcs, gi `cnduntc bg hepðtgses qug iebeð `cn im ebgm bg un

vctc cregntmbc pcr cpcseèðn (mistmtus quc , m Pmrngy, m ics pciëte`cs y miGstmbc) nc aug rgvgimbcr bg im bgèseðn bg vctc. Mntgs bg pmsmr mimníieses bg im hepðtgses ebgciðoe`m, mfrekcs un pmråntgses pmrm rgmiezmr untgst beagrgntg. Qmrecs mutcrgs mpuntmrcn im gxestgnèm bg un trmzc ùiturmign gi gig`tcrmbc qug ic prgbespcnbrëm m prgagrer unm iebgrmzoc augrtg(@ciicr) gn bgtrekgntc bg unm cpèðn pmrteèpmtevm rgprgsgntmbm pcr Iuim.

@mrvmihc (=585), pcr gdgkpic, suoegrg qug, gn gi tgnsc mkfegntg`musmbc pcr im `reses g`cnðke`m gn gi qug trmnsùrreð im `mkpmým, gigig`tcr sg kcveð kís gn aunèðn bg mpgimècngs m im ekmogn (c, kgdcr, miekmoenmrec) qug tgnegnbc gn vestm gi seoneae`mbc rmècnmi bg ims`mnbebmturms.

\mrtegnbc bg gsm prgkesm, gi mutcr suoegrg qug trgs `mnbebmtcs`cnsgouëmn iigomr m im ekmoenmèðn pcpuimr. Frezcim rgprgsgntmrëm mi"smivmbcr gn iu`hm `cntrm gi rgenc bg ims tenegfims", Iuim gn`mrnmrëm im"rgvciuèðn rgbgntcrm bg im ìmsg cfrgrm" y @ciicr sgrëm gi "hårcg scietmrecgnargntmbc `cn gi tgkpic bg im pgrbeèðn". C sgm, kegntrms qug Iuim gsvestc `ckc gi pcrtmbcr bg unmgspgrmnzm `cig`tevm , @ciicr aunècnm `ckcun iëbgr enbevebumi.

Peouegnbc gstg tepc bg rmzcnmkegntc, Qgihc (=55<) carg`g unmgxpie`mèðn pmrm gi hg`hc bg qug gi "ketc @ciicr" sg hmym bgstm`mbc bgics bgkís. Gi mutcr mtrefuyg gi tepc bg `mreskm pcr gi ùmi @ciicr sg`mrm`tgrezmrëm m im m`tumiezmèðn "bg `rggnèms y vmicrgs mscèmbcs mkeignmreskc y mi kgsemneskc". Gstg ketc sgfmstemnestm68 hmfrëm

rggn`mrnmbc mntgs gn Bcn \gbrc E, Qmroms, Im`grbm, ]umbrcs y Frezcim,segkprg vestcs `ckc kgsëms `mpm`gs bg sm`mr mi pugfic mbgimntg gn icskckgntcs bg `reses. M gsg gigkgntc kgseíne`c y keignmrestm, Qgihc ig

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sukm ctrc qug hmfrëm amvcrgèbc m @ciicr scfrg Iuim gn gi sgounbc turnc4im veseðn dgrmrquezmntg gnrmezmbm gn im ùiturm frmseigým. Bg mùgrbc `cngiim, gxestg unm supgrecrebmb "nmturmi" bg im `mstm bckenmntg scfrg "icsbg mfmdc": bg miië im beaeùitmb pmrm mbketer qug un cfrgrc (Iuim) augsgkgdcr prgsebgntg qug un hedc bg im åietg (@ciicr).

Gn im tgntmtevm bg `ckprcfmr gstg tepc bg hepðtgses, Peivgerm (=551)rgmiezð unm envgsteomèðn ùmietmtevm gn Pàc \muic y Vec Ormnbg bc Pui`cn c`hgntm enbevebucs (vgentg bg giics rggntrgvestmbcs gn prcaunbebmb)

gntrg =55= y =557. Gn gag`tc, im ebgm bg qug @ciicr rgprgsgntmfm mmiouegn qug tgnëm gi pcbgr suaeègntg pmrm rgvgrter unm setumèðn kmimpmrm gi pugfic mpmrgèð, sgoôn gi mutcr, bg kcbc rgùrrgntg gn imkugstrm pcr åi gstubembm4

Argntg m ics rg`cncèbcs iëketgs bg im m`èðn pciëte`m, Zics

gntrgvestmbcs[ `cnsebgrmn ng`gsmrem im gig`èðn bg unocfgrnmntg augrtg,`mpmz bg supgrmr tcbms ims beaeùitmbgs, bg `cntrmremr ics entgrgsgs bg ics

pcbgrcscs, bg `cic`mr mi pmës gn gi `mkenc `crrg`tc, enbgpgnbegntgkgntg

bg im vciuntmb bg ctrcs pciëte`cs Zånamses nugstrc[65.

Pen gkfmroc, ics bmtcs bg im envgsteomèðn ùmntetmtevm bg ics qugbespusekcs sg prgstmn m unm entgrprgtmèðn beagrgntg, unm vgz qug giormbc bg mscèmèðn bg ics ëtgks `cnsebgrmbcs y gi vctc aug fmdc.

Gi tgst bg gstg tepc bg hepðtgses gn envgsteomècngs ùmntetmtevms ncgs sgnèiic. Pen gkfmroc, usmnbc unm bg ims prgountms bg im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< pubekcs bgtg`tmr miouncs gigkgntcs rgimècnmbcs`cn gi msuntc. Gn im gnùgstm, m ics gntrgvestmbcs sg igs prgountð se, gn

su cpeneðn, "sgrëm kgdcr pmrm rgscivgr ics prcfigkms bgi Frmsei imm`tumèðn bg un iëbgr qug `cic`msg ims `csms gn su iuomr c impmrteèpmèðn bg im pcfimèðn gn ims bgèsecngs ekpcrtmntgs bg ocfegrnc c

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ims bcs `csms". @ruzmkcs ims rgspugstms m gsm prgountm `cn im cpèðngig`tcrmi bgi enbevebuc pmrm kgber gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg ims

cpècngs pcr iëbgr vgrsus pmrteèpmèðn y gi vctc. Gi rgsuitmbc, gn giprekgr turnc, aug unm mscèmèðn båfei0<. Um gn gi sgounbc (Rmfim 6.2), givctc pcr @ciicr gstuvc mscèmbc m im prgagrgnèm pcr un iëbgr qug`cic`msg ims `csms gn su iuomr y hufc unm mscèmèðn pcsetevm gntrg imcpèðn pmrteèpmtevm y gi vctc pcr Iuim. Pen gkfmroc, giormbc bgmscèmèðn `cntenuð segnbc båfei.

Rmfim 6.2Qctc gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 pcr prgagrgnèmpcr im pmrteèpmèðn pcpuimr

X6;67,? Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,==12* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

15



@ckc sg vgrí gn gi `mpëtuic 2, im cpèðn pcr gi iebgrmzoc gn iuomr

bg im pmrteèpmèðn pcpuimr gs tmkfeån unc bg ics `cntgnebcs mscèmbcsmi pcseècnmkegntc gn im bgrg`hm, msë `ckc im tgnbgnèm pmrteèpmècnestmgstí mscèmbm m im mutcic`miezmèðn gn im ezquegrbm. Nc cfstmntg, icsbmtcs kugstrmn qug gsg hg`hc nc aug gi qug `cnbudc m ics èubmbmncs msu gig`èðn gspg`ëae`m gn =585.

Hepðtgses 14 Miengmkegntc Ebgciðoe`c

Puogrebm pcr vmrecs mutcrgs (Jenzc, =556: Iekm Dr., =550 y @mstrc,=552), im hepðtgses bg un miengmkegntc ebgciðoe`c bgi gig`tcrmbc nc augtgstgmbm berg`tmkgntg, prgountínbcig mi gig`tcr su mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, m nc sgr gn nugstrc trmfmdc mntgrecr (Penogr,=550). Iekm Dr., pcr gdgkpic, trmfmdm `cn gvebgnèms enberg`tms mirgspg`tc. Gi mutcr kugstrm qug, se ìmseae`mkcs ics pmrtebcs gn mpgnmsbcs `mtgocrëms (ezquegrbm; \R, \BR, \@F, \PBF y bgrg`hm; \KBF,\VN, \BP, \AI y \RF) y sukmkcs ims rgspg`tevms vctmècngs cftgnebmsgn gi prekgr turnc, gi rgsuitmbc sgrí `mse gxm`tmkgntg gi tctmi bg vctcspcr @ciicr y Iuim gn gi sgounbc turnc. Gi mutcr `cnìuyg0=4

Kg pmrg`g fmstmntg pimusefig im m`gptmèðn bg im hepðtgses bgimiengmkegntc ebgciðoe`c, ym qug im supcseèðn bg im trmnsagrgnèm bg vctcs bg ics pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm m Iuim, gn gi sgounbc turnc, y bg ics bg bgrg`hm m @ciicr pgrketeð cftgngr, gn gi `msc bg Iuim, prí`te`mkgntg gi rgsuitmbc cftgnebc gn gi prekgr turnc y unm beagrgnèm bg kgncs bgi 7% gn gi `msc bgi `mnbebmtcve`tcrecsc.

Jenzc (=556), pcr su pmrtg, prgsgntm rgsuitmbcs bg un survgy scfrggi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn \rgsebgntg \rubgntg (unm èubmbkgbemnm bgi entgrecr bgi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic, bcnbg im mutcrm trmfmdð gn=585). M pmrter bgi mníieses bg ics bmtcs, `cnstmtm qug "gi `ckpcrtmkegntcgig`tcrmi gn \rgsebgntg \rubgntg nc sg rgimècnm tmntc `cnbgtgrkenmntgs scècg`cnðke`ms, senc prenèpmikgntg `cn am`tcrgs bgcrbgn pciëte`c ebgciðoe`c"06.

Rckmnbc un `cnduntc bg cpenecngs bg ics gntrgvestmbcs, qugbmìmrc qug gxestg gn gsm èubmb un pcic `cnsgrvmbcr y un pcic prcorgsestmy qug gi prekgrc vctð m @ciicr y gi sgounbc bevebeð su vctc gntrg Iuim y@cvms gn gi prekgr turnc, uneånbcsg gn tcrnc m Iuim gn gi sgounbc. Nccfstmntg, gn nenoôn kckgntc sg prgsgntm im kgbeèðn bgmutcic`miezmèðn bg gscs gig`tcrgs gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm ne imrgimèðn bg gsm bestrefuèðn `cn gi vctc.

Im ône`m envgsteomèðn, mbgkís bg im nugstrm, qug iebem `cn giprcfigkm bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m m pmrter bg bmtcs scfrg `ðkc gi

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gig`tcr sg mutcic`miezm gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, gs im bg @mstrc(=552)00. Im mutcrm tgstgm ‐m pmrter bg bmtcs bgi enstetutc Qcx \cpuierg`coebcs m gs`mim nmècnmi gn kmyc bg =585 y bg unm envgsteomèðn

`cnbuèbm gn ncvegkfrg bgi keskc mýc pcr im Wnevgrsebmbg Agbgrmi bgKenms Ogrmes, gn Fgic Hcrezcntg‐ vmrems hepðtgses scfrg icsbgtgrkenmntgs bgi vctc gn =585. @cn gi usc bg unm tå`ne`m gstmbëste`m`mpmz bg tgstgmr sekuitíngmkgntg bevgrsms vmremfigs rgimècnmbms `cn imbgtgrkenmèðn bgi vctc, im mutcrm bgs`mrtm eneèmikgntg qug hmym hmfebcrgimècngs augrtgs gntrg gi vctc y m`tetubgs argntg m ùgstecngsgspg`ëae`ms. Gi keskc mníieses enbe`m, `cn tcbc, qug rgntm y gs`cimrebmb,pcr unm pmrtg, y im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem, pcr im ctrm, augrcn fugncsprgbe`-tcrgs bgi vctc gn =585.

Gnsgouebm, @mstrc entgntm vgreae`mr gi ormbc bg `crrgimèðn gntrgebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m y vctc. Pen gkfmroc, pcr rmzcngs nc gxpie`mbms,gn iuomr bg kgber im ebgnteae`mèðn bgi gig`tcr bg mùgrbc `cn sumutcic`miezmèðn gn gi gspg`trc, im mutcrm prcùrm bgbuèrim m pmrter bgikcbc gn qug gi gig`tcr ic`miezm mi `mnbebmtc bg su prgagrgnèm gn un gdg`cntenuc bg pcseècngs scèc-g`cnðke`ms.

Gi rgsuitmbc gs gi bgsùfrekegntc bg qug gxestg augrtg mscèmèðn

gntrg gi vctc y im ekmogn qug ics gig`tcrgs tgnëmn bg `ðkc ics `mnbebmtcssg pcseècnmfmn gn gi gdg scècg`cnðke`c (bgagnsm bg ics kís pcfrgs`cntrm ics kís re`cs c ve`gvgrsm). Gkpgrc, gs gvebgntg qug im `miebmb bgim pgr`gpèðn bg im vgrbmbgrm pcseèðn bg ics `mnbebmtcs vmrëm `cn imscaeste`mèðn pciëte`m bgi gig`tcr. Msë, ics gig`tcrgs `cn kmycrscaeste`mèðn pgrèfgn, gn unm prcpcrèðn seoneae`mtevmkgntg kísgigvmbm, qug @ciicr bgaegnbg m ics re`cs y Iuim m ics pcfrgs. Gstc ekpie`mqug gi gig`tcrmbc kgncs scaeste`mbcprcyg`tð scfrg @ciicr im pcseèðn bgbgagnscr bg ics pcfrgs. Im `cnìuseðn gs, bg gstg kcbc, qug imscaeste`mèðn gs un gigkgntc `gntrmi pmrm im bgaeneèðn bgi vctc, ym qugenèbg berg`tmkgntg gn im `mpmèbmb bg bes`grnekegntc scfrg imvgrbmbgrm pcseèðn bg ics `mnbebmtcs.

Rmfim 6.7Qctc gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585 pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm 02

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X6;666,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,671<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Gn rgsukgn, nenoôn ctrc trmfmdc m nc sgr gi nugstrc (Penogr, =550)entgntð `crrgimècnmr im mutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mimebgciðoe`m `cn su vctc. @umnbc tgstgmkcs im mutcic`mie-zmèðn bgi gig`tcrgn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm `cn gi vctc, sg rgvgið unmmscèmèðnsustmnèmikgntg supgrecr gntrg ims bcs vmremfigs gn gi sgounbc turnc.Ics bmtcs enbe`mrcn tmkfeån qug gstm mscèmèðn cùrreð ym gn gi prekgrturnc, munqug `cn un ormbc bg `cnstrgýekegntc kgncr, `cnacrkg sgpugbg vgreae`mr gn ims Rmfims 6.7 y 6.1.

Im Rmfim 6.7 kugstrm qug gi `cic`mrsg m im ezquegrbm gstuvcmscèmbc `cn gi vctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bg ezquegrbm, y gi rg`hmzc m icsbg `gntrc y bgrg`hm: ic keskc cùrreð `cn ics qug sg pcseècnmrcn m imbgrg`hm, ics ùmigs tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bg bgrg`hm yrg`hmzmr ics bg ezquegrbm y `gntrc. Um ufe`mrsg gn gi `gntrc seoneae`ðvctmr pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bg `gntrc y rg`hmzmr m ics bg bgrg`hm (pgrc nc mics bg ezquegrbm). Pe cfsgrvmkcs enbevebumikgntg im bestrefuèðn bg vctcsbg `mbm unc bg ics èn`c `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs (vgr Mngxc =, Rmfim6.5M), sg `cnaerkm im `chgrgnèm bg im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m `cn gi vctc.@cic`mrsg m im bgrg`hm gstuvc mscèmbc `cn vctmr m @ciicr, y rg`hmzmr mIuim, Frezcim y @cvms, munqug nc m Kmiua. \cseècnmrsg gn gi `gntrc, m suvgz, gstuvc mscèmbc m vctmr pcr @cvms y Frezcim, y rg`hmzmr m @ciicr y mIuim. Ics gig`tcrgs qug sg ufe`mrcn m im ezquegrbm suarmomrcn pcr Iuim yFrezcim, rg`hmzmnbc m @cvms, @ciicr y Kmiua.

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Ics bmtcs mntgrecrgs, mbgkís bg `cnaerkmr im augrtg mscèmèðngntrg im bestrefuèðn gn im gs`mim y gi vctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs crbgnmbcsgn gi gdg ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, prcvggn ekpcrtmntgs enacrkmècngs

mbeècnmigs pmrm `ckprgnbgr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi bg =585. Gnprekgr iuomr, sg pgrèfg qug im bgrg`hm mnteèpð gi sgounbc turnc nc sðic`cn gi mpcyc bgi \AI m @ciicr, senc tmkfeån `cn`gntrmnbc ics vctcs gngstg ôitekc gn iuomr bg bestrefuerics gntrg @ciicr y Kmiua. Gsm gs im rmzðnpcr im qug ics vctcs bg Kmiua sg `cn`gntrmrcn kís gn gi `gntrc qug gn imbgrg`hm.

\cr ctrm pmrtg, gn vestm bgi pcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c bg icsgig`tcrgs, sg bgfëm gspgrmr unm ve`tcrem hciombm bg @ciicr gn gi sgounbc

turnc. Gn gag`tc, kegntrms qug im bgrg`hm rgprgsgntmfm gi 06% bg icsgig`tcrgs, im ezquegrbm tgnëm `gr`m bg im ketmb bg gsg pcr`gntmdg. Pengkfmroc im Rmfim 6.1 kugstrm im entgnsm beveseðn bg ics gig`tcrgs bg`gntrc, beveseðn qug prcbudc gi gqueiefrec gntrg ics bcs `mnbebmtcs mi qugsg msesteð mi aenmi bgi sgounbc turnc. Gstc gs `chgrgntg `cn gi hg`hc bgqug unm fugnm pmrtg bg ics gig`tcrgs bgi \PBF, qug tuvc im kmycr`mntebmb bg vctcs gn gi `gntrc bgi gspg`trc, cptð pcr Iuim (vgr Mngxc =,Rmfim 6.==M), bg mùgrbc `cn im cregntmèðn bgi prcpec pmrtebc. Imbeveseðn bgi `gntrc tmkfeån seoueð un miengmkegntc ebgciðoe`c4 icsgig`tcrgs bg `gntrc-ezquegrbm cptmrcn pcr Iuim, kegntrms qug ics bg`gntrc-bgrg`hm ic heègrcn pcr @ciicr. Gi pcseècnmkegntc prcpemkgntg`gntrestm sg rgvgið enbgpgnbegntg bgi vctc. Im beveseðn bgi `gntrc "purc",qug vctð tmntc pcr @ciicr ùmntc pcr Iuim, gxpie`m tmkfeån gi `rgèkegntcbg gstg ôitekc y im beaeùitmb bg @ciicr pmrm omnmr gn gi sgounbc turnc, mpgsmr bg im nëtebm suprgkm`ëm bg im bgrg`hm scfrg im ezquegrbm (Mngxc =,Rmfim 6.8M).

Rmfim 6.1

Qctc gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

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X6;=81,< Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,0010* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Gn sukm, ics bmtcs `cnaerkmn im hepðtgses bg qug hufc unmiengmkegntc ebgciðoe`c gn im gig`èðn bg =585 y kugstrmn qug gi

pcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim tuvc unm mscèmèðnkcbgrmbm `cn gi vctc gn gi sgounbc turnc, `cnstetuygnbc gi kgdcrprgbe`tcr bgi vctc pmrm un mkpiec `cntenogntg bg gig`tcrgs pcr scfrg imsvmrems hepðtgses tgstgmbms hmstm mquë.

6.2 @cnìusecngs

@ckpmrgkcs gi pcbgr prgbe`tevc bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m `cngi bg miouncs bgtgrkenmntgs gstru`turmigs bgi vctc, `ckc im rgntm, ginevgi bg gs`cimrebmb y im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem qug, tmntc bg mùgrbc `cnics gstubecs ìíse`cs bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi ùmntc `cn icsrgsuitmbcs gn`cntrmbcs pcr @mstrc m pmrter bg ics bmtcs bg Qcx \cpuie,gstín mitmkgntg `crrgimècnmbcs `cn gi vctc. Gn gi @umbrc 6.7 scnprgsgntmbcs ics `cgaeègntgs Q bg @ríkgr bg `crrgimèðn pmrm un`cnduntc bg vmremfigs rgimècnmbms mi vctc gn gi prekgr y sgounbc turncsbg =585.

Gi @umbrc 6.7 kugstrm qug, bg mùgrbc `cn ics bmtcs bg imgnùgstm @uiturm \ciëte`m/5< , im rgntm aug un båfei prgbe`tcr bgi vctc gn=585, tmntc gn gi prekgrc ùmntc gn gi sgounbc turnc4 giim sðic qugbð pcrgnèkm bgi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg gi rg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs y imcregntmèðn bgi vctc qug, `ckc vekcs, nc `cnstetuyg unm fugnm

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gxpie`mèðn bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi. Môn msë, `cnvegng rgoestrmr qughufc unm ieogrm rgimèðn gntrgmukgntc bg rgntm y gi vctc m im ezquegrbm,ic qug gs unm envgrseðn bg im pgrspg`tevm scèciðoe`m trmbeècnmi (vgr

Penogr, =55<f y =550). Nc cfstmntg, gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gn`cntrmbcenbe`m qug im ìmsg nc iigoð m `cnstetuersg gn un ìmrc bgtgrkenmntg bgivctc.

Pe cfsgrvmkcs gi gag`tc bg im gs`cimrebmb scfrg gi vctc, tmi vgzsgm pcsefig gntgnbgr kgdcr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc bg im vmremfig rgntm. @ckcsg smfg, rgntm y gs`cimrebmb scn bcs vmremfigs augrtgkgntgentgrrgimècnmbms. Nc cfstmntg, im gs`cimrebmb tuvc unm augrzm prgbe`tevmseoneae`mtevmkgntg kmycr qug im rgntm gn =585. Im m`tumèðn bg im

vmremfig gs`cimrebmb aug gn im keskm berg`èðn qug im bg im rgntm4 mkmycr gs`cimrebmb, kmycr tgnbgnèm mi vctc pcr im ezquegrbm, sðic qugkís entgnsmkgntg qug im rgntm. Gstc enbe`m qug, tmi vgz, nc hmym sebctmntc im rgntm senc im gs`cimrebmb im qug enaiuyð scfrg gi vctc. C sgm4pcsefigkgntg ics gig`tcrgs pcfrgs tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr im bgrg`hm ncpcrqug grmn pcfrgs, senc pcrqug tgnëmn kgncr nevgi bg gs`cimrebmb. Imgs`cimrebmb aug, gn sukm, un kgdcr prgbe`tcr bgi vctc qug im rgntm.

@umbrc 6.7

@cgaeègntgs Q bg @rmkår pmrm im mscèmèðn gntrg èn`cvmremfigs y gi vctc gn gi prekgr y gi sgounbc turnc bg =585*

* Ics bmtcs `ckpigtcs gstín gn ims tmfims 6.6, 6.7 y 6.1 y, gn gi Mngxc =, Rmfims 6.6M, 6.0M, 6.7M, 6.1M, 6.=6M y 6.=0M.

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Gi kgdcr bg ics prgbe`tcrgs, `cn tcbc, aug im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem.

Ics gig`tcrgs qug sg ebgnteae`mfmn `cn ics pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm tgnbegrcnaugrtgkgntg m vctmr pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bg ezquegrbm, y ic keskc cùrreð`cn ics gig`tcrgs `cn prgagrgnèms pcr gi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm, qug sgenìenmrcn pcr `mnbebmtcs bg `gntrc y bgrg`hm. Gn `cnsgùgnèm,smfegnbc im ebgntebmb pmrtebmrem bgi enbevebuc, hmfëm unm mitm prcfmfeiebbg prgvgr pcr ùíi armndm bgi gspg`trc erëm m vctmr. Gstc kugstrm qug imgig`èðn bgi pmrtebc cfgbg`g tmkfeån m un `retgrec ebgciðoe`c.

@ckpmrmbm `cn im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, sg pgrèfg qug imebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem aug ku`hc kís gag`tevm `ckc prgbe`-tcrm bgivctc tmntc gn gi prekgrc ùmntc gn gi sgounbc turnc. Mpgnms gi 22% bgics gig`tcrgs bgìmrmrð tgngr prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem, kegntrms qug gi 8<%sg `cic`ð gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Gstc seoneae`m qug im ebgntebmbpmrtebmrem aug un gx`gigntg prgbe`tcr bgi vctc, munqug pmrm unm kencrëmbg gig`tcrgs, pugstc qug `cnstetuëm tmkfeån un ënbe`g bg pcietezmèðn. Gnctrms pmimfrms, im kencrëm bg gig`tcrgs qug bgìmrð tgngr prgagrgnèm pcrmioôn pmrtebc aug kís `chgrgntg, dustmkgntg pcrqug sg trmtmfm bg imarm`èðn kís pcietezmbm bgi gig`tcrmbc. Im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m aug unprgbe`tcr kís mkpiec, munqug nc tmn sgourc, bmbc qug en`crpcrð m unmpmrtg sustmnèmi bg ics gig`tcrgs07. Pen gkfmroc, môn ùmnbc imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m nc bgkugstrg im keskm gae`mèm prgbe`tevm qug imebgntebmb pmrtebmrem, sus ënbe`gs bg `crrgimèðn scn `cnsestgntgs yseoneae`mtevmkgntg supgrecrgs m ics bg ims bgkís vmremfigs tgstgmbms. Im`cnìuseðn gs qug, bg ims vmrems gxpie`mècngs bgi `ckpcrtmkegntcgig`tcrmi gn =585, im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m sg rgvgið `ckc im kís ôteipmrm im `ckprgnseðn bgi vctc bg im kmycr pmrtg bgi gig`tcrmbc.

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Nctms=. Munqug nc hmy kgbeècngs cfdgtevms scfrg `ðkc im cpeneðn pôfie`m cfsgrvð im besputm gntrgIuim y @ciicr, im keskm aug rgtrmtmbm `ckc ebgciðoe`mkgntg pcimrezmbm pcr ics kgbecs bg`ckune`mèðn y pcr mnmiestms m`mbåke`cs. Mpgnms m kcbc bg gdgkpic, våmsg ic qug maerkmrcn mirgspg`tc un pgrecbestm y un pcietðicoc. Gi `ciuknestm Ve`mrbc Ncfimt, bgi Dcrnmi bc Frmsei, gs`refeðic seouegntg (un bëm bgspuås bg `cncèbcs ics `mnbebmtcs qug hmfëmn pmsmbc mi sgounbc turnc)4"Im besputm `cn Iuim gn im rg`tm aenmi bg im su`gseðn prgsebgnèmi vm m `cnagrer m im `mkpmým unormbc bg ebgcicoezmèðn qug pcbrí sgr en`ðkcbc pmrm @ciicr" (Ncfimt, =55<4 652, ånamsesnugstrc). Gi pcietðicoc Cimvc Frmsei bg Iekm Dr., bgi Enstetutc Wnevgrsetírec bg \gsquesms bc Vec bgDmngerc (Eupgrd), rgaereånbcsg m ics ënbe`gs bg vctc m im ezquegrbm y m im bgrg`hm gn gi sgounbcturnc bg =585, gs`refeð4 "Rmigs vmicrgs scfrgstekmn gi pcseècnmkegntc bg ezquegrbm y bg bgrg`hm,pugs nc `cnsebgrmn ims pcseècngs bg `gntrc, gn gi `msc bg im besputm prg-sebgnèmi, qug aug kíspcimrezmbm, gn vertub bg im nmturmigzm bgi `mroc, im gxestgnèm bg bcs turncs y im prcpemrmbe`miezmèðn bg im mkpmým gig`tcrmi" (Iekm Dr., =5504 =05, ånamses nugstrc).

6. Ics ënbe`gs bg mscèmèðn gntrg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m g entgnèðn bg vctc gn gi prekgr turnc sufegrcnseoneae`mtevmkgntg bg sgptegkfrg bg =585 m kmrzc bg =55< (ims tmfims rgagrgntgs m gscs bmtcs nc augrcenìuebms gn gi iefrc).

0. Wsmkcs ics bmtcs bg trgs gnùgstms pcr kugstrm gstrmteae`mbm, `cn scrtgc migmtcrec, rgm-iezmbms gníkfetc bgi prcyg`tc @uiturm \ciëte`m y @cnsciebmèðn bg im Bgkc`rmèm gn gi Frmsei, pmtrcènmbc pcr gi`cnscrèc gstmfigèbc gntrg gi Enstetutc BmtmAcihm, gi @gntrc bg Gstubcs bg @uiturm @cntgkpcrængm (@gby im Wnevgrsebmbg bg Pàc \muic (WP\). Gi survgy bg sgptegkfrg bg =585 (m pmrter bg mquë bgnckenmb@uiturm \ciëte`m/ 85) `cntð `cn unm kugstrm nmècnmi bg 6.<80 `mscs. Gi survgy bg kmrzc bg =55< (m pmrtebg mquë bgnckenmbc @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<) `cntð `cn unm kugstrm nmècnmi bg 6.28< `mscs. Gi survgy bgkmrzc bg =550 (m pmrter bg mquë bgnckenmbc @uiturm \ciëte-`m/ 50) `cntð `cn unm kugstrm nmècnmi bg 6.2

gig`tcrgs. Bg mùgrbc `cn gi prcagscr Dcså Íivmrc Kcesås (=556), `ccrbenmbcr bg im envgsteomèðn, "gi`cnduntc bgi gig`tc-rmbc bgi pmës aug tckmbc `ckc unevgrsc, trmfmdmnbc `cn ims rgoecngs Pur, Pubgstg y Ncrbgstg y Ncrtg/@gntrc-Cgstg. M ics gag`tcs bgi scrtgc, ics kuneèpecs augrcn morupm-bcs bg mùgrbc `cngi pgsc gig`tcrmi bg su rgoeðn, im ic`miezmèðn ogcoríae`m y gi nevgi scècg`cnðke`c y augrcn gstrmteae`mbc pcr gi tmkmýc bg im pcfimèðn: m trmvås bg un prc`gsc bg scrtgcs su`gsevcs sg iigoð mi fmrrec, m im `miig y enbevebuc". Ics bmtcs rg-imtevcs m sgptegkfrg bg =585 y kmrzc bg =550 augrcn cftgnebcs gn gi fmn`c bgbmtcs bgi @gntrc bg Gstubcs bg Cpeneàc \ôfie`m (@gscp) bg im Wnevgrsebmbg Gstmbumi bg @mkpen(Wne`mkp). Ics bmtcs rgimtevcs m kmrzc bg =55< ncs augrcn ognteikgntg `gbebcs pcr ics prcagscrgs DcsåÍivmrc Kcesås y Dcså Muoustc Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug, bgi Bgpmrtmkgntc bg @eänèm \ciëte`m bg imWnevgrsebmbg bg Pàc \muic.

2. Gi ekpm`tc bg gsg bgs`cnogimkegntc mfruptc bg prgècs pugbg sgr gvmiumbc pcr im se-ouegntg bgs`repèðn4"Im arustrmèðn qug seoueð Zmi arm`msc bgi \imn @ruzmbc[ aug prc-pcrècnmi Zm im guacrem `mueneèmikgntg[4 bgspuås bg hmfgr sebc gi kgdcr m`gptmbc gn vmrems bå`mbms, gn ùgsteðn bg kgsgs gi ocfegrnPmrngy sg tcrnð gi kms `rete`mbc, hmstm bcnbg ims kcbgrnms tå`ne`ms bg envgsteomèðn pgrketgn gvmium(Kuszynsje & Kgnbgs, =55<4 ?8).

7. Gi ocfegrnc Pmrngy, gigoebc pcr vëm enberg`tm gn gi @cigoec Gig`tcrmi, aug scstgnebc pcr un mr`c pmrtebmqug efm bgsbg im `gntrc-ezquegrbm (gi \KBF, mntgs bg im gsèseðn bgi \PBF gn =588, rgunëm am`ècngs bg`gntrc-ezquegrbm y bg `gntrc-bgrg`hm) hmstm im bg-rg`hm (\AI). Pen gkfmroc, burmntg fugnm pmrtg bgi tegkpcgi \KBF prgbckenð.

1. Armsgs `ckc "Pmrngy gs un imbrðn bg im Hestcrem" c iimkmr mi gntcn`gs dgag bgi Pgrveïc Nmècnmi Enacrkmï÷gs (PNE), Evmn bg Pcuzm Kgnbgs, "ogngrmietc", acrkmn pmrtg bgi m`grvc bg mtmqugs vgrfmigs q@ciicr frenbmfm mi ocfegrnc. Qgr, mi rgspg`tc, Näukmnng (=5854 72 y ss).

?. "Kmrmdí" aug im gxprgseðn pcpuimr usmbm pcr @ciicr bg Kgiic pmrm bgseonmr mi aunèc-nmrec pôfie`c rgèfëm mitcs smimrecs.



8. Gi Hcrmrec Ormtuetc bg \rcpmomnbm Gig`tcrmi gs unm enstetuèðn qug omrmntezm gspmèc nc pmoc gtgigveseðn pmrm qug ics pmrtebcs hmomn `mkpmým gig`tcrmi.

5. "@restemnezmr" gs unm gxprgseðn tëpe`m bgi ignoumdg pciëte`c frmseigýc qug bgseonm gi mfmnbcnc b`mnbebmtc pcr su pmrtebc y gi mpcyc enacrkmi m ctrc.

=<. Näukmnng (=5854 75) rgimtm, pcr gdgkpic, qug, gn kmyc bg =585, prgag`tcs `cnsgr-vmbcrgs

bgi entgrecr bgi Gstmbc bg Fmhem ym `ckune`mfmn mi iëbgr bgi \AI, Mntònec @mrics Kmomihàgs, im bgèseðmpcymr m @ciicr.

==. Qgr gn gi Mngxc =, Rmfim 6.=M, im rgimèðn gntrg nevgi bg gs`cimrebmb y vctc gn gi pre-kgr turnc bg =58

=6. Ics bmtcs bg im envgsteomèðn `ckprugfmn im `cn`gntrmèðn bgi gig`tcrmbc bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm gn ics

`mnbebmtcs @cvms, Ouekmràgs, Maea, @mkmroc, @ciicr, Kmiua y @hmvgs4 11% bg ics gig`tcrgs qug `cic`mfmn gn gi `gntrc vctmrcn pcr giics, msë `ckc gi 8<% bg ics qug sg ufe`mfmn m im bgrg`hm (Mngxc =,Rmfim 6.?M).

=0. Qgr, mi rgspg`tc, Penogr (=55<f) y, gn gi Mngxc =, Rmfims 6.=M y 6.2M.

=2. Gi \imn @ruzmbc `cnogið ics prgècs gn agfrgrc bg =581. M `ckegnzcs bg =58?, bgs-puås bg imsgig`ècngs bgi kgs bg ncvegkfrg bgi mýc mntgrecr, ics prgècs augrcn iefg-rmbcs y im enaimèðn vciveð.

=7. Mquë `mfg un `ckgntmrec scfrg gi `mrí`tgr ebgciðoe`c bgi \PBF. M pgsmr bg sgr un pmrtebc quggxpiëètmkgntg sg setumfm gn im `gntrc ezquegrbm, gi \PBF csèim, bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm prcormkíte`c y bgsu gig`tcrmbc, gntrg im `gntrc ezquegrbm y gi `gntrc prcpemkgntg be`hc. Im `mkpmým bg @cvms, gn =585,rgaugrzm im ebgm bg qug, prcormkíte`mkgntg, gi pcseècnmkegntc bgi pmrtebc gstí gn gi `gntrc. Gi besùrsc bg@cvms, gi 68 bg dunec bg =585, pebegnbc un "shc`j bg `mpetmieskc" gn gi pmës, pcr gdgkpic, ic `cic`ð kms gngi `gntrc qug gn im `gntrc-ezquegrbm (Näukmnng =585, p. =0<). Gn tcbc `msc, gn gstg trmfmdc, nc hmrgkcs, mnc sgr bg acrkm gx`gpècnmi, besten-ècngs gntrg `gntrc-ezquegrbm, `gntrc y `gntrc-bgrg`hm gn ic qug rgspg`tmm pmrtebcs y `mnbebmtcs, trmtínbcics enbestentmkgntg `ckc bg `gntrc.

=1. Qgr, rgspg`tc bg im bgrg`hm pcpuimr y/c pcpuiestm gn gi Frmsei bg im rgbgkc`rmtezmèðn, Oemnnctte (=55Penogr (=55<f), Imkcunegr (=55=), Pmgs (=552) y \egru`è (=552).

=?. Gsm rmbe`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m gstí fegn bcùkgntmbm gn N. Aeougergbc (=552), quegn pmrteèpð bg pmgn im `mkpmým bg @ciicr4 "Im sgounbm kgbebm bgèsevm Zim prekgrm hmfëm sebc im bg uteiezmr im bgìmim gx ncvem bg Iuim[ aug im rmbe`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m ‐ im cpèðn pcr bgaener ìmrmkgntg mi `mnbebmtc `ckc `ckunestm. Rmi rmbe`miezmèðn sg maerkð sðic gn gi sgounbc turnc y gn ics kckgntcs aenmigs bg im `mk- pmým, pgrc aug rgmikgntg ekpcrtmntg. Bgèr qug quegn tgnëm un bgpmrtmkgntc c unm `msm bg bcs ùmrtcs er pgrbgr unc y qug gi \R erëm m `cnaes`mr ics mhcrrcs augrcn mroukgntcs bg gag`tc mrrmsmbcr, pcrqug tc`mfmvmicrgs kuy mrrmeombcs bg nugstrm scègbmb" (N. Aeougergbc, =5524 16, ånamses nugstrc). U kís mbgimntg4cptmr pcr im rmbe`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m, Z@ciicr[ uteiezð gi `cncèkegntc bg qug im kmycrëm bgi gig`-tcrm frmseigýc grm `cntrmrec m ims ebgms gstmtezmntgs, scèmiestms c `ckunestms" (N. Aeougergbc, =5524 80, ånugstrc).

?8



=8. Gs ìmrc qug, mbgkís bgi besùrsc ebgciðoe`c bg @ciicr, ctrms vmremfigs bgfgn hmfgr enaiuebc gn gigig`tcr. Iuim, pcr gdgkpic, sg prgsgntð mfmtebc gn gi ôitekc bgfmtg gntrg ics `mnbebmtcs, gi =2 bg beègkfrg, pgrketegnbc qug su mbvgrsmrec mpmrgègsg `cn unm kgdcr ekmogn. Gi gag`tc bgi bgfmtg aug mkpieae`mbc punm gbeèðn bgi m`cntgèkegn-tc prgpmrmbm pcr im Vgbg Oicfc bg Rgigvesàc, im ùmi, mi sgr pugstm gn gi m pcr gi Dcrnmi Nmècnmi bgi bëm =7 bg beègkfrg, iigoð mi ormn pôfie`c ùmnbc hmfëm tgrkenm-bc gi hcrm

gig`tcrmi ormtuetc y, pcr ic tmntc, gi \R ym nc pcbëm rgspcnbgr. Gn im Oic-fc, im supgrecrebmb bg @ciicr scfrgIuim burmntg gi bgfmtg aug rgmizmbm. Miouncs mutc-rgs `ckc Q. Iekm (=55<) y K. Pcmrgs (=552) bgaegnbgnim hepðtgses bg qug im Vgbg Oicfc, prenèpmi kgbec tgigvesevc bgi pmës, bec un trmtmkegntc preveigoemb@ciicr bgsbg =58? hmstm im gbeèðn bgi ôitekc bgfmtg gntrg @ciicr y Iuim, gn vëspgrms bgi sg-ounbc turnc bg=585. Rmi gxpcseèðn pcsetevm sgrëm rgspcnsmfig pcr im `cnstru`èðn bg unm ekmogn fgngaeècsm pmrm @cIm besùseðn bgi msuntc gs`mpm mi prcpðsetc bg gstg iefrc, pgrc `cnvegng sgýmimr qug ics bmtcs rg`coebcs pcMijken bcs Vges (=55=) enbe`mn qug im kmycr gxpcseèðn m im tgigveseðn gstuvc mscèmbm mi vctc prcorgsey nc mi vctc `cnsgrvmbcr.

=5. Ics seouegntgs scn trmfmdcs m`mbåke`cs qug prcpcngn entgrprgtmècngs scfrg gi `ck-pcrtmkegntcgig`tcrmi gn =5854 Mijken bcs Vges (=55=): Fcs`he (=585m, =585f y =585`): @mrvmihc (=585): @mstrc(=552): Benez (=585m, =585f, =585` y =585b): Aeougergbc (=55<): Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=556): Jenzc(=556): Iekm Dr. (=585, =55<m y =550): Q. Iekm (=55<): Kmrqugs (=55<): \entc (=55<): Peivgerm (=551):Penogr (=55<f y =550): Qgihc (=55<). Mbgkís bg giics, ics seouegntgs tgxtcs trmtmrcn bg im gig`èðn4 Fcs`he(=585b): N. Aeougergbc (=55< y =552): V. Aeougergbc (=55?): Oemnnctte (=55<): Ouekmràgs (=585):Imkcunegr (=585 y =55=): Iekm Dr. (=55<f): Ke`gie (=55=): A. bg Cievgerm (=55<): Pmiiuk Dr. gt miie (=55<)Pmntcs (=585m, =585f y =585`): Pcmrgs (=585): K. Pcmrgs (=552): Ptrmufhmmr gt mi (=55<) y Qemnnm (=585=585f y =585`).

6<. @a. Benez (=585m4 0).

6=. @a. Benez (=585f4 6= y 66).

66. "Agrnmnbc @ciicr gdgrèð, bg hg`hc, unm cpcseèðn `cntunbgntg mi ocfegrnc Pmrngy, fgngaeèínbcsg bg im`rgègntg ekpcpuimrebmb bgi keskc" (Imkcunegr, =5854 =20).

60. Qgr Rmfim 6.=.

62. \mrm pgrèfer im mscèmèðn gntrg ims vmremfigs kgbekcs, gn `mbm `åiuim bg ims tmfims, gi vmgstmnbmrezmbc bg im beagrgnèm gntrg im argùgnèm bg im tmfim y im argùgnèm bg-febm mi mzmr. Icssupgrecrgs m 6 c enagrecrgs m -6 scn seoneae`mtevcs g enbe`mn im gxestgnèm bg mscèmèðn gntrg vmicrgs bcs vmremfigs. Gn ims tmfims sðic sgrín en-ìuebcs ics rgsebucs qug sg kugstrgn seoneae`mtevcs.

67. Gs pcsefig qug im gxpie`mèðn bg gsg agnðkgnc rgsebm gn ics "hífetcs bg bgagrgnèm" nctmbcs pcr Vges(=5?8f) gntrg ics gig`tcrgs "kmroenmiezmbcs" bgi prc`gsc pciëte`c. Bg mùgrbc `cn gscs hífetcs, ics gig`tcrgsbg fmdësekm rgntm y gs`cimrebmb tegnbgn m mprc-fmr sestgkíte`mkgntg mi ocfegrnc y m ims enstetuècnùmigsquegrm qug sgmn.

61. Imkcunegr (=5854 =20). Ic keskc aug be`hc `cn rgspg`tc mi rg`hmzc m ics pmrtebcs. \mrm gxpie`mr gi fugn bgsgkpgýc bg @ciicr, V. Aeougergbc (=55?4 6) ic `ckpmrð m Wiyssgs Ouekmràgs y Murgiemnc @hmvgs4"Bg ctrc imbc, un pciëte`c dcvgn, qug gntgnbeð prekgrc ‐ y `ckc nmbeg‐ ics mnhgics y ims gxpg`tmtevms bg ics frmseigýcs. Pmieð mbgimn-tg y sg prgsgntð `ckc im ngomèðn iestm y m`mfmbm bgi stmtus quc. Bg`ëm qug cbics ‘pciëte`cs trmbeècnmigs―, gstmfm gn `cntrm bg ics pmrtebcs pciëte`cs (m pgsmr bg hmfgr `rgmbc un sekuimbg unc bg giics pmrm gigoersg) y mùsð m im Aegsp, sëkfcic kíxekc bgi `mpetmieskc gn gi Frmsei, bg ‘ùgvm bg

rgtrðormbcs―" (ånamses nugstrc). Nc gn`cn-trmkcs, `cn tcbc, nenoôn tepc bg mscèmèðn gntrg rg`hmzc m ics pmrtebcs y cregntmèðn bgi vctc gn ics bmtcs bg im gnùgstm @uiturm \ciëte`m.



6?. Im rgimèðn gntrg gi besùrsc kcrmiezmntg bg @ciicr y im `reses bgi Gstmbc aug gstmfig-èbm bg im seouegkmngrm pcr Oemnnctte (=55<)4 "Z...[ im bgnunèm `cntrm im `crrup-èðn omnm nugvcs rmsocs. Gi "tefurðn", qgn gi ignoumdg pcpuimr frmseigýc bgseonm m unm pgrscnm re`m y/c pcbgrcsm, grm gi sëkfcic bg unm `crrup`scèmi, gi kmrmdí `c-rruptc sgýmim im `crrupèðn bgi prcprec Gstmbc, veèmbc gn su gstru`turm ncrkmtevmengae`mz gn su rgb bg sgrveècs. Bg gstg kcbc, im `reses nc gs pgrèfebm tmntc `ckc sc-èmi, senc, scfrg tcbc,

`ckc unm `reses bgi Gstmbc, bg im prcpem igomiebmb".

68. B. Pgfmsteín aug un prënèpg pcrtuouås qug kureð gn im iu`hm `cntrm ics írmfgs gn Mare`m, burmntg imGbmb Kgbem. Gi sgfmstemneskc gs gi ketc bg qug gi pgrscnmdg rgnm`grí pmrm smivmr mi pugfic.

65. @a. Peivgerm (=5514 =08).

0<. Im rgspg`tevm tmfim nc aug enìuebm gn gi iefrc.

0=. @a. Iekm Dr. (=5504 10).

06. @a. Jenzc (=5564 1= y 12).

00. Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=556) tmkfeån sg cùpm bg gstm ùgsteðn, pgrc gn unm gtmpm kís mfstrm`tm(prgiekenmr) bgi mníieses. \rgcùpmbc `cn ims beagrgntgs gstrmtgoems bg vctc mbcptmbms pcr gi gig`tcrmbc, mutcr suoegrg qug gxestgn mqugiics qug vctmn prg-bckenmntgkgntg pcr ebgnteae`mèðn (enìuebm im ebgciðoeics qug vctmn prgbcke-nmntgkgntg pcr gxpg`tmtevms bg rgsuitmbc y ics qug vctmn prgbckenmntgkgntg pcrcpcseèðn. Mnmiezmnbc ics bmtcs bg im gnùgstm @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<, gi mutcr `cnìuyg qug, gn =585, ikmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs (`gr`m bg im ketmb) hmfrëm bgèbebc pcr queån vctmr, prgbckenmntgkgntg, pcrebgnteae`mèðn: sen gkfmroc nc mnmiezm gi tepc bg ebgn-teae`mèðn gn dugoc.

02. Im prgountm scfrg mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm aug acrkuimbm bg im seouegntg a"@ckc ustgb smfg, ku`hm ogntg ùmnbc pegnsm gn pciëte`m uteiezm ics tårkencs ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Gn gùmbrc qug mpmrg`g gn gstm tmrdgtm, ³gn ùíi pc-seèðn pciëte`m sg `cic`mrëm ustgb, segnbc qug im pcseèðn ugs gi kíxekc m im ezquegr-bm y im pcseèðn segtg gs gi kíxekc m im bgrg`hm3" Rmrdgtm4 Ezquegrbm = 6 0 2 7Bgrg`hm \mrm amèietmr im `ckprgnseðn bg ics bmtcs, ims segtg `mtgocrëms bg pcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c augrgmorupmbms gn trgs, bg im seouegntg acrkm4 \cseècngs = y 6 ; ezquegrbm \cseècngs 0, 2 y 7 ; `gntrc\cseècngs 1 y ? ; bgrg`hm Ics `mnbebmtcs tmkfeån augrcn crbgnmbcs gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bgmùgr-bc `cn su pgrtgngnèm pmrtebmrem, `cnacrkg aug gxpie`mbc mntgs.

07. Ics qug nc supegrcn pcseècnmrsg gn gstm gs`mim augrcn ics gig`tcrgs bg kgncr gs`c-imrebmb y, prgvesefigkgntg, ics qug tgnbegrcn m vctmr gn fimn`c c mnuimr gi vctc.



@M\ËRWIC0

EBGCICOËM UG@CNCKËM GN IMBG@EPEÐN BG=552


m ekpcrtmnèm bgi \imn Vgmi pmrm im bgèseðn bgi vctc gn =552 gsenbesùtefig. @ckc un m`èbgntg ogcoríae`c qug sôfetmkgntg

trmnsacrkm tcbc gi pmesmdg, gi prcormkm bg gstmfeiezmèðn g`cnðke`mprcbudc un `mkfec gn im cregntmèðn bg seoneae`mtevms pmr`gims bgigig`tcrmbc4 bgi vctc pcr ensmtesam`èðn `cn gi ocfegrnc bg `gntrc ybgrg`hm, gn =585, m un vctc pcr gxpg`tmtevm bg rgsuitmbc (OueihcnMifuqugrqug, =557m y =557f). Pe gi ùrsc bg m`èðn bg ics gig`tcrgsaugsg un rëc qug pubeårmkcs m`ckpmýmr bgsbg ic mitc, sg berëm qug, mpmrter bg im `mkpmým pcr giekpgm`hkgnt bg Agrnmnbc @ciicr bg Kgiic yburmntg gi ocfegrnc bg Etmkmr Armn`c, gi moum bg ims prgagrgnèmspcpuimrgs, m duzomr pcr ims gnùgstms bg entgnèðn bg vctc (@umbrc 0.=),tgnbëm m kcvgr `mbm vgz kís ics kciencs bg ics pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm.Pen gkfmroc, `cn im mfruptm `mëbm bg im enaimèðn gn duiec bg =552, imentgnèðn bgi suarmoec `mkfeð bg rukfc, m`mfmnbc pcr bgsgkfc`mrkmycretmretmkgntg gn gi `mnbebmtc ve`tcrecsc bgi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm.

I

Gn gstg `mpëtuic prgtgnbgkcs bgkcstrmr, `cn tcbc, qug, pcrbgfmdc bg ims `crregntgs supgraeèmigs bgtgrkenmbms pcr im `cyunturm, giig`hc bgi rëc kmntuvc im cregntmèðn ogngrmi cfsgrvmbm gn =585. Gigig`tcrmbc `cntenuð kmycretmremkgntg `gntrestm y ics qug sg `cic`mfmn mim bgrg`hm supgrmfmn pcr `mse bcs vg`gs m ics qug sg ufe`mfmn gn imezquegrbm. Rmi `ckc m`cntgèð gn im besputm gn im qug aug gig`tc @ciicr, immutcic`miezmèðn gn gi gspg`trc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm aug un entgrgsmntgprgbe`tcr bgi vctc, mun gn unm gig`èðn gn im qug im besùseðn g`cnðke`msustetuyð mi bgfmtg ebgciðoe`c `ckc tgkm `gntrmi. Qmkcs m kcstrmr



tmkfeån qug im enaiugnèm bg ims kgbebms mnteenaimècnmrems gn im bgèseðnbgi vctc sg `ckprgnbg kgdcr se sg pgrèfg qug giim enèbeðscfrg imbeveseðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcrmbc, `ckfenínbcsg `cn giim gn iuomr bgmnuimrim, `ckc miouncs mníieses iigomrcn m suogrer . Gn rgmiebmb, sgvgreae`m qug gi pimn bg gstmfeiezmèðn nc prcbudc un gag`tc ône`c scfrg givctc, senc qug tuvc ekpm`tcs beagrgntgs gn ics bevgrscs gstrmtcsebgciðoe`cs bgi gig`tcrmbc. Myubð augrtgkgntg m mtrmgr gi `cnduntc bgivctc bg im bgrg`hm pmrm Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc, pgrc gdgrèð unmm`èðn kcbgrmbm scfrg gi gig`tcrmbc bg `gntrc, y kgncr tcbmvëm scfrg gibg ezquegrbm.

Gstg `mpëtuic `ckegnzm `cn unm bgs`repèðn bg im `cyunturmprggig`tcrmi y bg im `mkpmým, pmrm iugoc rgsuker ims prenèpmigs hepðtgsesgxpie`mtevms bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi y tgstgmr su `cnsestgnèm `cnics bmtcs bgisurvgy bg im WP\ (Wnevgrsebmbg bg Pàc \muic), m pmrter bgmquë iimkmbcRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm , rgmiezmbc gn gi Gstmbc bg Pàc\muic gn c`tufrg/ncvegkfrg bg =552 =. Aenmikgntg, entgntmkcs`ckprgnbgr `ðkc sg bec im m`èðn `cnduntm bg im ebgcicoëm y bg img`cnckëm gn im bgèseðn bgi vctc.

0.6 Wnm @mkpmým G`cnðke`m

Burmntg fugnm pmrtg bg im prghestcrem gig`tcrmi bg =552, gi bgfmtgpôfie`c trmnsùrreð gn tcrnc bg im ebgm bg qug hmfrëm unm rgpgteèðn bg im`cnarcntmèðn gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm qug sg bec gn gi sgounbc turncbg =585. Pen gkfmroc, pmrm qug im keskm pcimrezmèðn vcivegsg m cùrrer,sgrëm ng`gsmrec qug ics pmrtebcs bg `gntrc `cntenumsgn bgfeietmbcs (`ckcvekcs gn gi `mpëtuic prg`gbgntg, gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585, gi `cnduntcbg `mnbebmtcs bg `gntrc qugbð mpgnms `cn `gr`m bgi 6<% bg ics vctcsgn gi prekgr turnc, kegntrms qug ics bgi `mkpc bg im bgrg`hm tuvegrcn

`gr`m bg 08% y ics bgi `mkpc bg im ezquegrbm, 06%).Ic qug `cnaunbeð m fugnm pmrtg bg ics mnmiestms bg im gig`èðn bg

=552 hmstm gi `ckegnzc bg duiec bg mqugi mýc, pcr ic tmntc hmstm gs`mscstrgs kgsgs mntgs bgi bëm bg er m ims urnms, aug im `cndunèðn bg bcsam`tcrgs bestentcs. Bg un imbc, im augrtg sufm bg unc bg ics `mnbebmtcs bgezquegrbm (Iuim) gn ims gnùgstms y gi bgfeietmkegntc rgimtevc, gn imskeskms gnùgstms, bg ics `mnbebmtcs bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm. Bg ctrcimbc, kegntrms qug gi vctc bg im ezquegrbm sg `cn`gntrmfm gn Iuim, gn gi

`gntrc y im bgrg`hm tcbmvëm sg kmntgnëm armokgntmbc. Iuim tgnëm gi 87%bg ics vctcs bg ics `mnbebmtcs bg im ezquegrbm (Iuim y Frezcim) m`ckegnzcs bg duiec bg =552, pgrc Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc sðicrgunëm gi 12% bg ics vctcs bgi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm (Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg@mrbcsc, Crgstgs ]uårèm, Gnåms @mrngerc y Gspgrebeàc Mken).

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Pukmbcs, gscs hg`hcs iigvmrcn m ekmoenmr im rgpgteèðn bg unmkmtrez pcimrezmntg `ckc im bg =585. Vgtrcspg`tevmkgntg, sg pgrèfg qugim gig`èðn bg =552 aug bg hg`hc pcimrezmbm, munqug nc gntrg ezquegrbm y

bgrg`hm, senc gntrg ezquegrbm bg un imbc y `gntrc y bgrg`hm unebcs bgictrc, ic qug `cnaeourm unm setumèðn fegn bestentm bg im cùrrebm gn =585.Gn pmrtg, gsc aug rgsuitmbc bgi ms`gnsc bg Iuim gn ims gnùgstms. Imhepðtgses bg qug gi `mnbebmtc bg ezquegrbm vgnègsg ym gn gi prekgr turncprcvc`ð tgkcr gn ics sg`tcrgs `cnsgrvmbcrgs, qug bgèbegrcn, pcr msëbgèr, "mnteèpmr" im sgounbm vugitm gn im acrkm bg unm uneae`mèðn gntcrnc m Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc ym gn gi prekgr turnc (OueihcnMifuqugrqug, =557m).

@cn im gntrmbm gn veocr bgi Vgmi, mbgkís bg im `cn`gntrmèðnpmrtebmrem y gig`tcrmi `cnsgrvmbcrm gn tcrnc m @mrbcsc, cùrreð unmkeormèðn gn berg`èðn m su `mnbebmturm creoenmbm pcr gi åxetc bgi pimnmnteenaimècnmrec. Im sukm bg ics bcs kcvekegntcs fgngaeèð m @mrbcsc, mtmi puntc qug aug åi y nc Iuim quegn m`mfð omnmnbc gn gi prekgr turnc.Msë, nc aug gi Vgmi ic qug hezc gigoer m Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc gn giprekgr turnc, senc im `cnaiugnèm bgi mpcyc mi Vgmi y im rgm`èðn ‐qug ymhmfëm `ckgnzmbc mntgs bg qug ics prgècs pmrmsgn bg sufer‐ bg icssg`tcrgs bgi gig`tcrmbc ebgciðoe`mkgntg mbvgrscs m im ezquegrbm.

Gi pgsc bg im rgm`èðn `cnsgrvmbcrm ‐enbgpgnbegntg bgi Vgmi‐ ncbgfg sgr sufgstekmbc. Im gvciuèðn bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gntrg=585 y =552 kugstrm qug im bgrg`hm nun`m bgdð bg tgngr un vmstcmpcyc. Rckmnbc im @íkmrm bg Beputmbcs `ckc tgrkðkgtrc, vgrgkcsqug im gig`èðn igoesimtevm bg =55< prcbudc un bgfeietmkegntc bgi `gntrc yun acrtmigèkegntc bg im ezquegrbm. \grc hufc tmkfeån unm engquëvc`mve`tcrem bg im bgrg`hm, qug gieoeð 67? beputmbcs, `cntrm =<= bg imezquegrbm y =27 bgi `gntrc6. Nc aug ctrc gi kctevc qug c`msecnð qug sgrgmiezmsgn bevgrsms tgntmtevms bg mùgrbc gntrg pmrtebcs bg `gntrc y bgezquegrbm gn gi pgrëcbc bg =55= m =5500. Ne sequegrm im gspg`tmùimr gengs-pgrmbmbgfmìg bgi ocfegrnc bg @ciicr, `cnsukmbm ku`hc mntgs bgipimzc rgoimkgntmrec bgi kmnbmtc, c`msecnð unm beskenuèðn gxprgsevm bgim augrzm gig`tcrmi bg im bgrg`hm, m duzomr pcr ims ekpcrtmntgs ve`tcrems gnims `mpetmigs bg Pàc \muic y Vec bg Dmngerc gn ims gig`ècngskuneèpmigs bg =556, qug cùrregrcn bcs kgsgs bgspuås bgiekpgm`hkgnt bg @ciicr.

Pg gstmfigèð ègrtm `cnauseðn entgrprgtmtevm, sen gkfmroc, pcrquggi ekpgm`hkgnt bg @ciicr kctevð un mukgntc bg im sekpmtëm bg im cpeneðnpôfie`m pcr gi iebgrmzoc enbevebumi bg Iuim, qug hmfëm migrtmbc, burmntg im`mkpmým bg =585, scfrg ims `cnsgùgnèms bg gigoer un mvgnturgrc pmrmgi `mroc bg \rgsebgntg bg im Vgpôfie`m. Bg hg`hc, bgspuås bg un

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`ckegnzc turfuigntc, gn gi qug entgntð `cntrcimr unm hepgrenaimèðn bgi8<% kgnsumi pcr kgbec bg unm `cnaes`mèðn enåbetm bg ics m`tevcsaenmnègrcs, @ciicr imnzð mi pmës m unm prcaunbm rg`gseðn (gi \FE sgrgtrmdc un 2,2% gn =55<)2. Im `reses g`cnðke`m, mscèmbm m unm bgèseðngstrmtåoe`mkgntg sueèbm bg nc ngocèmr `cn gi @cnorgsc, iigvð m @ciicrm un `rgègntg mesimkegntc pciëte`c, ic qug tgrkenð pcr cfieomric m bgdmr gi`mroc bcs mýcs mntgs bg ic prgvestc. Gn `cnsgùgnèm, Iuim, gn `miebmbbgi iëbgr mnte-@ciicr bg =585 y bg pegzm ekpcrtmntg bgi kcvekegntcpcpuimr prcekpgm`hkgnt , omnð un murm enacrkmi bg iëbgr bg im cpcseèðn.

Mprcfmbc gi ekpgm`hkgnt pcr gi @cnorgsc Nmècnmi, gnsgptegkfrg bg =556, @ciicr aug sustetuebc pcr gi ve`gprgsebgntg EtmkmrArmn`c, quegn acrkð un kenestgrec `cn `mrm`tgrëste`ms `gntrestms. Miprenèpec, im entgnèðn bgi nugvc prgsebgntg grm im bg gspgrmr hmstm qug imgig`èðn bg =552 prcbudgsg un ocfegrnc qug, igoetekmbc pcr ims urnms,augsg `mpmz bg gnargntmr im enaimèðn7. \c`c bgspuås, im ve`tcrem bg Kmiuagn im \rgag`turm bg Pàc \muic `rgmrëm im sgnsmèðn bg qug gi prenèpmipciëte`c bg im bgrg`hm pmuiestm sgrëm gi ormn cpcsetcr bg Iuim gn imgig`èðn bg =552, prgaeourmnbc unm pcimrezmèðn sgkgdmntg m im bg =585.

Nc cfstmntg, gn mocstc bg =550, gi gquepc qug hmfëm msukebc giKenestgrec bg Hmègnbm, gn kmyc bg mqugi mýc, `ckgnzð m gimfcrmr unnugvc pimn mnteenaimècnmrec (Bekgnstgen & Pcuzm, =552). @cntrmremkgntgm ics ùmtrc pimngs mntgrecrgs, gi besgýmbc pcr ics msgscrgs bg AgrnmnbcHgnrequg @mrbcsc nc bgfgrëm `musmr gag`tcs enkgbemtcs. Bg mùgrbc`cn im bgs`repèðn bg un kegkfrc bgi gquepc qug trmfmdð gn im`cn`gpèðn g ekpig-kgntmèðn bgi prcormkm, gsm `mutgim aug bgiefgrmbm4gi Vgmi prcùrð beagrgnèmrsg bg ics arm`msmbcs prcyg`tcs bggstmfeiezmèðn mntgrecrgs y, gspgèmikgntg, bgi \imn @ciicr, pcr nc `musmr`mkfecs gspg`tmùimrgs bg `crtc pimzc1. Ics gag`tcs bgi \imn Vgmi sðic`ckgnzmrcn m sgr sgntebcs pcr gi pôfie`c gn duiec bg =552.

Kegntrms tmntc, gi \R, qug hmfëm bgèbebc kmntgngrsg augrm bg im`cmieèðn bg ocfegrnc prcpugstm pcr Etmkmr Armn`c, vgëm m ims gnùgstmsbg entgnèðn bg vctc sgýmimr qug pmr`gims `rgègntgs bgi gig`tcrmbc sgenìenmfmn pcr Iuim. Gntrg dunec bg =550 y kmyc bg =552, mi keskctegkpc gn qug im pcpuimrebmb bgi ocfegrnc bg Etmkmr Armn`c `mëm, im bgIuim sufëm?. Gn kmrzc bg =552, kegntrms qug gn gi `gntrc, rgprgsgntmbcgn ims gnùgstms pcr ics kenestrcs Mntònec Frettc (\KBF), bg \rgveseðnPcèmi, y Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc (\PBF), bg Hmègnbm, sukmfmn gi66% bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc, ics `mnbebmtcs bg ezquegrbm (Iuim yFrezcim) iigomfmn mi 05%. Im bgrg`hm, m su vgz (\muic Kmiua y Mntònec@mrics Kmomihàgs), tgnëm scimkgntg gi =8% bg ims prgagrgnèmsgig`tcrmigs8.

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Nc `cntmkcs `cn augntgs gkpëre`ms pmrm smfgr ùíi grm imbestrefuèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcrmbc bg `mbm `mnbebmtc gn mqugikckgntc, ym qug ims gnùgstms nmècnmigs bg entgnèðn bg vctc m ims

qug tuvekcs m``gsc nc enìuëmn im prgountm scfrg im mutcic`miezmèðn bgigig`tcr gn gi `cntenuc bgrg`hm-ezquegrbm (ic qug, mbgkís, gs unmkugstrm bg im sufvmiumèðn qug sg hm`g bg gsm vmremfig gn Frmsei). Gspimusefig supcngr qug m mqugiims miturms unm pmr`gim bgi gig`tcrmbc`gntrestm sg hmfëm enìenmbc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bg ezquegrbm. Wn enbe`mbcrbg giic gs qug gi `rgèkegntc pcstgrecr bg @mrbcsc tgnbrí iuomr, m pmrterbg duiec, pmrmigimkgntg m unm `mëbm gn ims prgagrgnèms pcr im ezquegrbm,ic qug suoegrg unm vugitm m ics crëogngs bg ics gig`tcrgs `gntrestmsbgsomrrmbcs. Bg gstg kcbc, pugbg bgèrsg qug im `mkpmým bg =552 sgbevebg gn bcs gtmpms fegn bestentms. Im qug vm hmstm duiec bg =552 y imqug sg gxtegnbg bg duiec m c`tufrg. Gn im prekgrm, @mrbcsc tegnbg muneae`mr gn tcrnc m së pmrtg bgi vctc bg im bgrg`hm y bgi vctc bgi `gntrc.

Bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm scèmi, gi mpcyc m @mrbcsc gn gstm gtmpmvgnëm scfrg tcbc bg ics gstrmtcs bg kmycr rgntm. Pu `mnbebmturm sðic vmm `rg`gr gntrg ics kís pcfrgs gn im kgbebm qug im enaimèðn `meom, gstcgs, bgspuås bg duiec (Kgnbgs & Qgnture, =552: V. Aeougergbc, =552).

@ckc sg vg gn gi @umbrc 0.=, gn im prekgrm amsg bg im `mkpmým,Iuim iigom m mi`mnzmr nmbm kgncs qug gi 26% bg ims entgnècngs bgvctc5. Gkpgrc, cfsgrvmbcrgs gxpgrekgntmbcs, `ckc _gaacrt (=552),mbvertegrcn scfrg gi hg`hc qug gi `mnbebmtc pgtestm sðic mi`mnzmfm gsmprcpcrèðn bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc gn im gnùgstm gstekuimbm,kegntrms qug gn im gspcntíngm qugbmfm gn mirgbgbcr bgi 6<%, enbe`mnbcqug im sciebgz bg mqugiims prgagrgnèms grm rgimtevm. @cn tcbc, _gaacrt(=552) `cnsebgrmfm "sgourc" qug Iuim erëm mi sgounbc turnc. \mrg`ëm gnmqugi kckgntc ekpgnsmfig qug nc hufegsg un sgounbc turnc =<.

Pcfrg ims `mrm`tgrëste`ms bgi mpcyc m Iuim gn im prekgrm amsg bg im`mkpmým, `cnvegng rg`crbmr ics rgsuitmbcs bg im gnùgstm BmtmAcihm, gnim ùmi sg prgountmfm scfrg im rmzðn bgi vctc. Gn un rgigvmkegntcrgmiezmbc gi 60 y gi 62 bg kmyc, gn gi ùmi Iuim mpmrgèð `cn gi 2<% bgims entgnècngs bg vctc, gi =6% bg ics qug bg`ëmn prgagrericmroukgntmfmn hm`gric pmrm "prcfmr mioc nugvc". Wn =?% bg`ëmgs`cogric pcr hmfgr sebc åi unm "pgrscnm pcfrg, cfrgrm" y mpgnms un=1% pcr "rgprgsgntmr m ics trmfmdmbcrgs" (Acihm bg P. \muic , 7 bg dunecbg =552). Munqug nc tgnomkcs kmngrm bg `ckprcfmr im hepðtgses, gsrmzcnmfig ekmoenmr qug ics qug ic gstmfmn mpcymnbc pmrm "prcfmr miocnugvc" hmymn bgèbebc `mkfemr bg cpèðn bgspuås bg im pugstm gnkmr`hm bgi \imn Vgmi. Gs msë `ckc gi hg`hc bg qug Iuim "hmym sebc

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pcfrg y cfrgrc" pubc qugbmr gn sgounbc pimnc argntg m unm pciëte`mg`cnðke`m `mpmz bg bckenmr ics prgècs.

Gn tcbc `msc, gi `rgèkegntc bg Iuim gn im prekgrm pmrtg bg im`mkpmým m`mfð segnbc amvcrmfig m @mrbcsc, bmbc qug prgèpetð imbgèseðn bg ics gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm m vctmr pcr gi kís augrtg cpcngntgmi `mnbebmtc bgi \R. @ckc maerkm Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=557m), "imbgaeneèðn prgvem bg unm kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc bg ezquegrbm gn tcrnc m im`mnbebmturm bg Iuim hezc bgèber m ics gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm m gigoerprg`czkgntg su rgprgsgntmntg gn un sgounbc turnc mnteèpmbc" (@a.Fmrfczm, =557). Bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm rgoecnmi, im miemnzm `cn gi \AI,`cn`grtmbm gn kmrzc bg =552, ig trmdc m @mrbcsc gi keskc tepc bg mpcycqug @ciicr rgèfeð gn =5854 gi bgi entgrecr prcaunbc. Mbgkís bg icmntgrecr, gi mpcyc bg unc bg ics bcs pmrtebcs bg im bgrg`hm (gi ctrc grm gigntcn`gs \\V, gx-\BP, bgspuås bgnckenmbc \\F) pmrm im `mnbebmturmbg @mrbcsc beaeùitð gi suroekegntc bg unm `mnbebmturm `ckpgtetevm bgbgrg`hm, `ckc pcbrëm hmfgr sebc im bgi prcpec \muic Kmiua (\\V). Argntgm gstg ùmbrc, Kmiua bgsesteð bg su `mnbebmturm y gi \\V imnzð un`mnbebmtc bg kgncr gxprgseðn gig`tcrmi (Gspgrebeàc Mken).

Bgsbg gi ínouic ebgciðoe`c, gi \KBF tmkfeån bgfgrëm hmfgrgstmbc gn im `cmieèðn kcntmbm pcr @mrbcsc, ym qug sg trmtð bg unmmiemnzm gntrg gi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm, mr`c qug enìuyg mi \KBF. Gkpgrc,bgntrc bgi \KBF prgvmigèð im iðoe`m bg im `ckpgtgnèm pmrtebmrem y nc imebgciðoe`m, y pcr gsc gi pmrtebc bgèbeð imnzmr unm `mnbebmturm prcpem(Crgstgs ]uårèm). Bg mùgrbc `cn gi gx prgsebgntg Dcså Pmrngy, "imsfmsgs Zbgi \KBF[ vctmrcn m @mrbcsc" (Acihm bg P. \muic , 2 bg c`tufrgbg =552).

Im sgounbm amsg bg im `mkpmým sg eneèm `cn im gntrmbm gn veocrbgi Vgmi gi prekgrc bg duiec bg =552. M kgbembcs bg duiec, ics prgècs`ckegnzmn m pmrmr bg sufer. Gi mukgntc bg prgècs pmsð bg 7<,?7% gn

dunec, m 1,57% gn duiec y =,57% gn mocstc, bg mùgrbc `cn im Aepg-WP\(Vgvestm Qgdm, =6 bg c`tufrg bg =552). \mrmigimkgntg, ics ënbe`gs bgmpcyc m im `mnbebmturm bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc sufegrcn y ics bgIuim `mygrcn, m tmi puntc qug, bcs kgsgs bgspuås bg `ckgnzmr mèrùimr im nugvm kcngbm, im setumèðn gig`tcrmi sg hmfëm envgrtebc4@mrbcsc `cntmfm `cn gi 2=% bg ims entgnècngs bg vctc y Iuim `cn gi62%.

Gi rgsuitmbc aenmi bg im gig`èðn bg =552 seoneae`ð im rgùpgrmèðngig`tcrmi bgi `gntrc, qug sg vgnëm bgfeietmnbc bgsbg im besputm bg =588.Gi `mnbebmtc bgi ficqug bg `gntrc-bgrg`hm qugbð `cn gi 22% bg icsvctcs, kegntrms qug gi `mnbebmtc bg im ezquegrbm qugbð `cn gi 66%.

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Agrnmnbgs (=557), mnmiezmnbc ics bmtcs morgombcs bg im gig`èðn bg=552 pmrm im @íkmrm bg Beputmbcs, kugstrm qug miië tmkfeån cùrreð unmrgùpgrmèðn bgi `gntrc. Gstg ôitekc gieoeð 6<7 beputmbcs, im bgrg`hm =50

y im ezquegrbm ==7.Bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm pmrtebmrec, gscs nôkgrcs kugstrmn gn quå

kgbebm im miemnzm gntrg gi `gntrc y im bgrg`hm bgdð m im ezquegrbm gn`cnbeèðn kencretmrem. @cn tcbc, gi ìekm kgncs rmbe`miezmbc, munqug imgig`èðn hmym sebc pcimrezmbm, y im pgrspg`tevm bg unm aíèi ve`tcrem bg@mrbcsc, gxpie`mn gn pmrtg im sufm gn gi nôkgrc bg mfstgnècngs, qugsg gigvð bg un ==,5% gn =585 m un =?,?% gn =552.

Msekeskc, hufc unm sufm seoneae`mtevm bg ics vctcs nuics yfimn`cs, qug pmsmrcn bgi 1,2% gn =585 mi =8,8% gn =552, iimkmnbc immtgnèðn gi `rgèkegntc bg im miegnmèðn gig`tcrmi. @cnvegng rgoestrmr, gnim keskm iëngm, gi bgsgkpgýc bgi `mnbebmtc Gnåms @mrngerc, ùym`mkpmým aug hg`hm gnamtezmnbc gi rgpubec m ics pciëte`cs, qug pmsð bgun <,7% bg ics vctcs gn =585 m un 7,5% gn =552, cftgnegnbc unmpcseèðn supgrecr m im bg ]uårèm, Frezcim y Mken.

0.0 Hepðtgses scfrg ims Vmzcngs bgi Qctc

@mse tcbm im fefiecormaëm entgrprgtmtevm rgimècnmbm `cn gi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi bg =552 bgstm`m im ekpcrtmnèm bgi \imn Vgmiscfrg im bgèseðn bgi vctc==. Wnm pmrtg bg gstcs trmfmdcs mroukgntm quggi prcormkm bg gstmfeiezmèðn tuvc im prcpegbmb bg mnuimr ics ctrcsmiengmkegntcs bgi gig`tcrmbc (Iekm Dr., =557: Kgngougiic, =551). Bg unkcbc ogngrmi, gstg puntc bg vestm gnùgntrm rgspmibc tgðre`c gn mutcrgs`ckc Aecrenm (=58=), qug, gn im ietgrmturm entgrnmècnmi, gnamtezmn imekpcrtmnèm bgi bgsgkpgýc g`cnðke`c gn im bgèseðn bgi vctc. M vg`gs,pgrc nc segkprg (våmsg ic qug maerkm gi prcpec Aecrenm, =55?), tmigsmutcrgs `cntrmpcngn im bgèseðn `cn fmsg gn `retgrecs bg bgsgkpgýcg`cnðke`c m mqugiim cregntmbm pcr im ebgcicoëm.

Wnm ebgm sgkgdmntg aug gxprgsmbm bg im seouegntg kmngrm pcrDmoumrefg (=552) pmrm gi `msc frmseigýc4 "Gi gig`tcrmbc, smivc unmpgqugým pmrtg bg mitc nevgi gbu`mtevc, nc `cntgkpim ims `mnbebmturms gntårkencs bg `cntrmstmntgs kcbgics scèc-g`cnðke`c-pciëte`cs y së gntårkencs bg bestentms gxpg`tmtevms gn ùmntc m ics prgsuntcsrgsuitmbcs"=6.

Im gig`èðn bg =552 gstmrëm, bgsbg gsg puntc bg vestm,`cnaerkmnbc gn Frmsei mqugiic qug ym sg hmfëm cfsgrvmbc gn ctrcs

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pmësgs4 gi bgsgkpgýc g`cnðke`c bgi ocfegrnc gs bgèsevc pmrm imbgaeneèðn bgi vctc. Pe ics rgsuitmbcs g`cnðke`cs augsgn amvcrmfigs, giocfegrnc tgnbgrí m omnmr im gig`èðn: se augrgn ngomtevcs, tgnbgrí mpgrbgrim. Ims mitms tmsms bg mprcfmèðn mi Vgmi (`gr`mnms mi ?7% gn imsvëspgrms bg im gig`èðn) hmfrëmn, msë, bgtgrkenmbc im ve`tcrem bg @mrbcsc,gi `mnbebmtc bgi ocfegrnc.

Be`g Kgngougiic4 "Im pgr`gpèðn pcsetevm bgi \imn Vgmi tgnbeð mpcimrezmr ims tgnbgnèms gig`tcrmigs gntrg ics `mnbebmtcs bgi ocfegrnc ybg im cpcseèðn, `cnaerkmnbc im rgimèðn gn`cntrmbm gn ctrcs pmësgs gntrgnevgigs bg mpcyc mi ocfegrnc y `cnbeècngs g`cnðke`ms"=0 (Igwes-Fg`j,=588). Bgdmnbc ekpiëètm unm pcseèðn sgkgdmntg, Kgnbgs y Qgnture(=552) maerkmn4

Z...[ bgsbg gi puntc bg vestm bgi gig`tcrmbc, im mitgrmèðn rmbe`mi bgiùmbrc su`gscrec aug rgoebm aunbmkgntmikgntg pcr un ône`c kcvekegntc4 imekpigkgntmèðn bg im sgounbm gtmpm bgi \imn Vgmi, `cn gi `mkfec bg im kcngbmy im `mëbm mfruptm bg im enaimèðn. Rcbcs ics bgkís m`cntgèkegntcs pmsmrcnbgsmpgrèfebcs pcr gi gig`tcrmbc c, ùmnbc ku`hc, mpgnms mkpieae`mrcn gi gag`tcbgi Vgmi gn gi prc`gsc gig`tcrmi=2.

Ims gvebgnèms prgsgntmbms pcr Kgnbgs y Qgnture pmrm bgkcstrmrics gag`tcs bgi prcormkm augrcn, bg un imbc, im `cenèbgnèm gn gi tegkpcbg ims ùrvms bgi mukgntc bgi mpcyc mi \imn Vgmi y bg ims entgnècngs bgvctc pcr Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc y, bgi ctrc, icssurvgys scfrg imrmzðn bgi vctc rgmiezmbcs pcr BmtmAcihm gn trgs c`msecngs (60 y 62 bgkmyc, 67 y 61 bg duiec y 6< mi 66 bg sgptegkfrg bg =552). Giicskcstrmrcn im ekpcrtmnèm bgi Vgmi gn im bgèseðn bgi vctc bg im pmr`gimbgi gig`tcrmbc qug gs`coeð m @mrbcsc. Gn gi prekgrsurvgy , gi 27% bg icsqug bgìmrmfmn tgngr im entgnèðn bg vctmr pcr @mrbcsc bmfm `ckckctevc im ebgnteae`mèðn bgi gx-kenestrc `cn gi pimn mnteenaimèc-nmrec. Gn imsgounbm gnùgstm, ims kgnècngs bg gstg tepc sufgn mi 1<%: y gn imtgr`grm qugbmn gn mirgbgbcr bgi 77%. "Pg trmtm bg im prenèpmi rmzðngxpiëètm pmrm gi vctc pcr gitu`mnc Z`ckc sg iimkm m ics kegkfrcs y/c mics pmrtebmrecs bgi \PBF[, vestc qug gn ics trgs rgigvmkegntcs nenounmctrm rgspugstm iigoð sequegrm mi =<% bg ims kgnècngs", `cnìuygn icsmutcrgs=7.

Nmbeg negom im enaiugnèm bg im g`cnckëm gn im gig`èðn bg =552.Nc cfstmntg, gs prgèsc `mrm`tgrezmr kgdcrðkc gsm enaiugnèm sggdgrèð. Im ietgrmturm rgspg`tc m im ekpcrtmnèm bg im g`cnckëm scfrg givctc m`cstukfrm bestenouer bcs tepcs bg kctevmècngs, `cnacrkg sgprcyg`tg scfrg gi pmsmbc c hmèm gi auturc. Wn tepc bg ekpuisc gs mquåiqug rgsuitm bgi hg`hc bg qug gi èubmbmnc ym tuvc un fgngaeèc c unpgrdueèc kmtgremi (pc`jgt―s gaag`t ). Gn gstg `msc, gi gig`tcr rgmiezmrëm un

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dueèc rgtrcspg`tevc, vctmnbc gn `cntrm c m amvcr bgi ocfegrnc,rg`ckpgnsínbcic pcr ics fgngaeècs c puneånbcic pcr ims pårbebmscùrrebms. Ctrc tepc bg kctevmèðn gs gi qug rgsuitm bg im gxpg`tmtevm gn

rgimèðn m ics rgsuitmbcs auturcs qug un gquepc bg ocfegrnc pugbm trmgr.Gi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc, pcr fmsmrsg gn gi fgngaeèc kmtgremi ym

cftgnebc, g`cnckezm `cstcs bg enacrkmèðn, ym qug gi gig`tcr sgnterëm gngi prcpec fciseiic se omnð c pgrbeð `cn mqugi ocfegrnc. Gi vctcprcspg`tevc, gn `mkfec, gn im kgbebm gn qug ekpie`m `cncèkegntc bg imsprcpugstms mitgrnmtevms y bg ics `cntgxtcs m ics ùmigs giims sg mpie`mn,rgquegrg kmycr omstc gn enacrkmèðn. Gn `cnsgùgnèm, gi gig`tcr qugprm`te`m gi vctc prcspg`tevc tgnbrëm qug sgr kís m`tevc g entgrgsmbc qug

mquåi qug gdgr`g gi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc.Im gxpgregnèm frmseigým bgi \imn @ruzmbc, gn =581, y im mrogntenm

`cn gi \imn Mustrmi, gn =587, ym hmfëmn kcstrmbc qug gi `cntrci bg imsupgrenaimèðn c bg im hepgrenaimèðn ogngrm unm augrtg cnbm bgpcpuimrebmb, `cn ekpcrtmntgs gag`tcs gig`tcrmigs `crrgimècnmbcs.Gkpgrc, gsm cnbm bg mpcyc pugbg sgr entgrprgtmbm `ckc unm acrkm bgrg`ckpgnsmr mi ocfegrnc pcr gi mukgntc bg im `mpmèbmb bg `cnsukcqug sg creoenm `cn gi aen bg im enaimèðn (vctc rgtrcspg`tevc) c `ckc

rgsuitmbc bg im `cnaemnzm gn im `mpmèbmb auturm pmrm `cntenumrcftgnegnbc fugncs rgsuitmbcs (vctc prcspg`tevc). Im prekgrm hepðtgsesaug acrkuimbm bg im seouegntg kmngrm pmrm gi `msc frmseigýc bg =552 pcrJenzc, `cmutcrm bg ics mníieses bg ics rgsuitmbcs bg envgsteomèðn `cnorupcs ùmietmtevcs pmrm im `mkpmým bg @mrbcsc4

Z...[ gstm vgz, aug gvebgntg qug ics gig`tcrgs, gn su kmycrëm, augrcnkctevmbcs nc pcr prcormkms c prckgsms prgsgntmbcs gn im `mkpmým gig`tcrmi,senc pcr gigag`tc tmnoefig prcbuèbc pcr gi \imn gn sus fciseiics . "³]uå hmhg`hc ustgb pcr kë3" gn iuomr bg "³]uå prcpcng hm`gr ustgb pcr kë3" aug im

prgountm qug acrkð pmrtg bgi `íiùic bgi gig`tcr gn gi kckgntc bg vctmr Zånamses

nugstrc[=1.

Bcs gicùècngs, gxtrmëbms pcr Jenzc bg ics orupcs bg besùseðngstubembcs gn Pàc \muic, gn sgptegkfrg bg =552, scn gxprgsevms bg gsmkctevmèðn y sgrín ètmbms mquë m tëtuic eiustrmtevc bg im pcsturm"rgtrcspg`tevm" bg gig`tcrgs, y nc `ckc `ckprcfmntgs bg im hepðtgsesrgtrcspg`tevm, ym qug nc `cnstetuygn un nôkgrc bg `mscs suaeègntg (neaugrcn gs`coebms pmrm tmi aen pcr kgbec bg unm kugstrm prcfmfeiëste`m). Giprekgr armokgntc gs gi seouegntg beíicoc4

‐ Pu augrtg Zgi bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc[ gs gsg \imn Vgmi. Mntgs nc pcbëmkcs`ckprmr un gig`trcbckåste`c. Mhcrm pcbgkcs. Munqug sgm gn èn`c c begz ùctms,pgrc sg pugbg.

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‐ \grc nc smfgkcs se gsc vm m `cntenumr.

‐ Munqug augrm msë, ¡ym pubg `ckprmr ke gig`trcbckåste`c! Zp. =<5.[

Gi sgounbc trg`hc gs gi seouegntg besùrsc4

Gs `ckc se auåsgkcs neýcs y Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg Z@mrbcsc[, ncs begsg un `hupgtën.Iuim ncs gstí mvesmnbc qug bgspuås Z@mrbcsc[ ncs ic vm m sm`mr. \grc nc kg ekpcrtm,¡ym gstmkcs besarutmnbc bg åi! Zp. ==<.[

Nc gs beaëèi pgrèfer qug im rgbu`èðn frus`m bg im enaimèðnmukgntm enkgbemtmkgntg im `mpmèbmb bg `cnsukc mi prcpeèmr unmukgntc bg im rgntm rgmi, gquevmigntg m im enaimèðn kgnsumi pmrmmqugiics qug nc tegngn fgngaeècs aenmnègrcs pmrm `ckpgnsmr imspårbebms `cn im bgsvmicrezmèðn. Mbgkís bg gstc, pgrketg un usc kísgxtgnsevc bg ims `ckprms m `råbetc (unm vgz qug ims ùctms sg tcrnmnprgvesefigs), pcsefeietm unm pimneae`mèðn bg `cstcs m auturc, prcpeèmnbcmsë unm rmècnmiezmèðn bg ics omstcs, y prcvgg tegkpc pmrm `ckpmrmr y`ckprmr prcbu`tcs kís fmrmtcs, mukgntmnbc gi pcbgr bg ngocèmèðnbgi `cnsukebcr (mntgs åstg grm cfieombc m `ckprmr ic prekgrc quggn`cntrmfm, m ùmiquegr prgèc, sðic pmrm nc qugbmrsg `cn gi bengrcbgsvmicrezínbcsg gn sus kmncs). Rcbc giic mukgntð bg enkgbemtc im`mpmèbmb bg `cnsukc.

@ckc ics enbevebucs bg rgntm kís mitm tgnëmn kgbecs fmn`mrecs bgprctg`èðn `cntrm im gigvmèðn bg prgècs bg ics qug ics pcfrgs ncbespcnëmn, gstcs ôitekcs scn rgimtevmkgntg kís fgngaeèmbcs pcr imgstmfeiezmèðn. Gsc gxpie`mrëm gi hg`hc bg qug ims envgsteomècngsùmntetmtevms rgoestrgn unm sufm bgi nôkgrc bg ics gig`tcrgs bg fmdmrgntm qug mbhegrg m Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc mpgnms m `ckegnzcsbgi kgs bg sgptegkfrg, bgspuås bgi mukgntc gag`tevc bgi `cnsukcrgmiezmbc `cn gi smimrec pmombc m pmrter bg mocstc =?.

\mrtegnbc bg im prgkesm bg qug ics kís pcfrgs augrcn kísfgngaeèmbcs, entgntmkcs tgstgmr im hepðtgses bgi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc `cnics bmtcs bg im gnùgstmRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm . Ics tgsts rgmiezmbcsenbe`mrcn sen gkfmroc qug im rgntm, `ckc ym hmfëm sebc `cnstmtmbc pcrctrcs mutcrgs (Kgngougiic, =551), nc aug un fugn prgvescr bg vctc gn=552. Gi tgst bg seoneae`mnèm pmrm gi `ru`g gntrg rgntm y vctc enbe`ð qugnc hmfëm rgimèðn gntrg ims bcs vmremfigs.

Fus`mkcs enbmomr, gnsgouebm, se hmfëm miounm rgimèðn gntrg imrgntm y im rgspugstm m im seouegntg ùgsteðn4 "³@ðkc duzom ustgb icsfgngaeècs c pgrdueècs qug gi \imn Vgmi ig trmdc3". Im supcseèðn qughm`ëmkcs grm qug ics enbevebucs bg kís fmdm rgntm sg `cnsebgrmrëmn kís

5<




fgngaeèmbcs qug ics bg rgntm kís mitm, gn vertub bg ims kmycrgsomnmnèms rgimtevms qug tuvegrcn. Gsg tgst tmkfeån rgvgið qug grmprgsènbefig gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg im rgntm bgi enbevebuc y ics

fgngaeècs qug åi duzomfm qug gi Vgmi ig hmfëm trmëbc.@umbrc 0.=Gvciuèðn bg im entgnèðn bgi vctc (gstekuimbm) pmrm imgig`èðn bg =552 (gn %)

5=



Augntg4 Mikgebm(=5514 05, `etmnbc BmtmAcihm.

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\cr ôitekc, vgreae`mkcs se im ieomzðn gntrg `cnsebgrmrsgpgrscnmikgntg fgngaeèmbc y gi vctc grm kmycr qug im gxestgntg gntrg im

smtesam`èðn `cn gi \imn gn ogngrmi, nc ng`gsmremkgntg gn aunèðn bgfgngaeècs pgrscnmigs, y gi vctc. Nugvmkgntg, ics bmtcs nc `ckprcfmrcnqug hufegsg unm rgimèðn pmrteùimr gntrg `cnsebgrmrsg pgrscnmikgntgfgngaeèmbc y gi vctc. Im mscèmèðn gntrg fgngaeèc pgrscnmi y vctc augkgncr qug im mscèmèðn gntrg smtesam`èðn ogngrmi `cn gi \imn, ncng`gsmremkgntg pcr fgngaeècs pgrscnmigs, y gi vctc. Im `cnìuseðn m imqug iigomkcs gs qug gi vctc gn =552 nc aug prgbckenmntgkgntgrgtrcspg`tevc, gstc gs, su kctevmèðn prenèpmi nc augrcn ims omnmnèmskmtgremigs ym cftgnebms senc im gxpg`tmtevm bg fgngaeècs auturcs.

Rmkfeån Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=557m, =557f) prgsgntðgvebgnèms qug rgautmn im hepðtgses bgi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc. M pmrter bg imgnùgstm Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm , gi mutcr bgsùfreð unm ìmrm

mscèmèðn gntrg ics gig`tcrgs qug vctmrcn pcrgxpg`tmtevm bg rgsuitmbc yim cpèðn pcr Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc. Gi mutcr kugstrm qug gigig`tcrmbc sg gn`cntrmfm pcimrezmbc gntrg bcs cpècngs4 gi 26,2% `rgëmaunbmkgntmi m`mfmr `cn im enaimèðn, kegntrms qug gi ctrc 21,2% gntgnbëmqug m`mfmr `cn im kesgrem bgfgrëm sgr precretmrec. Gsc enbe`m qug mikgncs im ketmb bgi gig`tcrmbc (im qug `cnsebgrmfm precretmrec m`mfmr `cn

im kesgrem) tgnëm unm gxpg`tmtevmauturm bgpcsetmbm scfrg ics `mnbebmtcs.Qmig nctmr qug im precrebmb bg m`mfmr `cn im kesgrem grm kís augrtg gntrgics gig`tcrgs bg fmdm rgntm, mqugiics qug prgsuke-figkgntg tgnbrëmn kískctevcs pmrm prm`te`mr gi vctc rgtrcspg`tevc (tmntc pcrqug hmfëmn sebc icskís fgngaeèmbcs pcr gi Vgmi, `ckc pcrqug pmrm giics gi `cstc bgenacrkmèðn gs kís mitc).

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Ctrc enbeèc ekpcrtmntg rgvgimbc pcr im gnùgstmRepcicoem bc Qctc

\muiestm gs qug kgncs bg im ketmb bg ics gig`tcrgs mtrefuëm ekpcrtmnèmmi Vgmi gn im bgaeneèðn bgi vctc. @cnìuyg Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug4

Gn gsm veseðn, gi vctc gn =552 hmfrëm `crrgspcnbebc m unbgspimzmkegntc bg ims gxpg`tmtevms, bg Iuim m @mrbcsc, `c

rgspg`tc m queån pcbrëm rgmiezmr kís gag`tevmkgntg ics`mkfecs bgsgmbcs. Ics gig`tcrgs qug cptmrcn pcr @mrbcsc m pmrter bgi Vgmi ic hmfëmn hg`hc gn aunèðn bg im `cnve`èðnbg qug åi tgnëm kís `cnbeècngs qug Iuim pmrm rgmiezmr imtmrgms bestrefutevms. Gs entgrgsmntg sgýmimr qug, bgsbg g

puntc bg vestm, ims mnsems qug gstmrëmn entgrnmiezmbms vctc pcr @mrbcsc nc sg ieketmrëmn mpgnms m im gstmfeiebsenc qug prcùrmrëmn tmkfeån im rgbestrefuèðn bg im rgntmGn rgsukgn, bg mùgrbc `cn Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug, gi vctcbg =552 aug ìmrmkgntg prcspg`tevc.

Bg gsg `cnduntc bg m`tetubgs Zprecrebmb pmrm m`mfmr `cn im kesgrem,enaiugnèm rgimtevm bgi \imn Vgmi gn im bgèseðn bgi vctc[ pcbrëm hmfgr rgsuitmbcun gkpmtg gig`tcrmi gn ics bcs turncs. Pe nc cùrreð aug pcrqug gi `råbetcmtrefuebc mi bgsgkpgýc bgi \imn Vgmi aug trmnsagrebc pmrm im ctrmgxpg`tmtevm eoumikgntg vetmi, gstc gs, im bg im cftgnèðn rípebm bg rgacrkms `cn `cntgnebc bg dusteèm scèmi Zånamses nugstrc[=8

Gn rgmiebmb, pmrm im kmycrëm bg ics mutcrgs qumnmiezmrcn im gig`èðn bg =552, ics fgngaeècs enkgbemtcs ncaugrcn ics bgtgrkenmntgs bgi vctc pcr @mrbcsc. Bg mùgrbcm im prcpem Jenzc (=551), im "ekmogn `cnaemfig" bg @mrbcstmkfeån hmfrëm sebc un gigkgntc ekpcrtmntg gn im cpèðngig`tcrmi. Im mutcrm entgntm kcstrmr, m pmrter bg imbesùsecngs `cn gntrgvestmbcs bg ims ìmsgs kís fmdms, gnmfrei y dunec, qug gi \imn ym vgnëm `musmnbc unm gxpg`tmte pcsetevmmntgs bg qug im nugvm kcngbm gntrmsg gnèrùimèðn y qug im ekmogn bg @mrbcsc, `ckc "iëbgr`cnaemfig", ym vgnëm `cnacrkínbcsg mntgs bg qug fmdmsg gi

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nevgi bg enaimèðn. Bg mùgrbc `cn Jenzc, "gn ic qug mtmýg mim ekmogn bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc, sg vgreae`ð qugiim bgspgrtmfm ekprgsecngs prgbckenmntgkgntg pcsetevms,mscèmbms m `cn`gptcs `ckcsgrgnebmb, pcnbgrmèðn ysgregbmb "=5.

@WMBVC 0.6

Vgsui tmbcs bg im gig`èðn prgsebgnèmi bg =552

Augntg4 C Gstmbc bg P. \muic, =8/=</52, ètmnbc mi RPG.

Gntrg ics qug gstmfmn gn im `mkpmým bg Iuim, tmkfeåntuvc iuomr im pgr`gpèðn bg qug ics gag`tcs kmtgremigs bgi Vgmiaugrcn ekpcrtmntgs, nc tmntc pcr gi fgngaeèc enkgbemtc, sencpcrqug `rgmrcn unm mspermèðn auturm. Mikgebm (=551),

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`ccrbenmbcr bg ics mníieses bg bmtcs bgi \R, rgmiezm gi seouegntgrgimtc m pmrter bg ics orupcs bg besùseðn m ics qug msesteð4

Gn duiec `ckgnzð m ekpcngrsg im ebgm bg qug, gn mqugi kckgntc,icekpcrtmntg grm im gstmfeiebmb bg im kcngbm. \cbgkcs vgr qug, m pgsmr bg sgrsgnsefig m im ebgm bg qug ics prgècs sufegrcn bg un kcbc ogngrmi y pmrteùimrkgntg gn ics supgrkgr`mbcs, gn ics sgrveècs y gn ics miqueigrgs, ic qugrgsmitm gs gi hg`hc bg qug mhcrm "im ogntg smfg ùíntc vmig gi bengrc qug tegng" yqug "gs kís aíèi `miùimr ics omstcs". Gi smibc kmtgremi `cn`rgtc pmrg`g sgrmpgnms im kmycr amèiebmb bg `ckprmr m `råbetc, pgrc nc gs sðic gsc4 gn imsgnùgstms ùmietmtevms, gn orupcs, qugbmfm ìmrc qug ‐gspgèmikgntg pmrmmqugiics sgokgntcs bg kgncr rgntm‐ gi hg`hc bg pcbgr `miùimr kgdcr ics omstcsy qug gi bengrc nc sg bgsvmicrezmsg bg un bëm pmrm gi ctrc, pcsefeietmfm qug pubegrm fus`mrsg gi prgèc kís fmdc. \cr ic tmntc, ims ormnbgs beaeùitmbgskmtgremigs gxestgntgs y gi prgbckenec bgi prmokmteskc m`mfmn vmicrezmnbc tcbmsims vgntmdms qug pugbgn sgr cftgnebms, pcr enseoneae`mntgs qug sgmn Zånamses nugstrc[6<.

Mikgebm (=551), V. Aeougergbc (=552), \entc (=551), A. bgCievgerm (=557) y Kgngougiic (=551) tmkfeån mroukgntmn m amvcrbg un sgntebc prcspg`tevc bgi Vgmi. Mikgebm maerkm qug "Zicspmrtebmrecs bg @mrbcsc[ `cnstruygrcn im `rgbefeiebmb bg su`mnbebmtc sen cfstíùics, prckgtegnbc nc scimkgntg imgstmfeiebmb bg im kcngbm,senc, `ckc tgiðn bg acnbc ebgciðoe`c,unm kmycr gstmfeiebmb gn im vebm bg ims pgrscnms y bgi pmës "6=. V.Aeougergbc maerkm4 "Wnc bg ims ormnbgs bgsgcs bgi gig`tcrmbcgrm tgngr `ckc `mnbebmtc miouegn qug prcyg`tmsggstmfeiebmbhmèm gi auturc, mioc qug nc sg ebgnteae`m `cn gi pgraei bg Iuim"(ånamses nugstrc)66. U pmrm \entc (=551), "gi besùrsc bg @mrbcscaug ve`tcrecsc pcrqug `cnstruyð un crbgn gn cpcseèðn mibesùrsc bg prcaunbezm-èðn bgi `mcs prgsgntmbc pcr gi \R"60 .Vmzcnmnbc gn im keskm berg`èðn, A. bg Cievgerm (=557) suoegrgunm entgrprgtmèðn bg gsm mspermèðn pcr im gstmfeiebmb scèmi.\mrm gi mutcr, im keskm gxprgsm gi bgsgc bg un "`mkfec scèmirgorgsevc (...) un bgsgc ogngrmiezmbc y beausc bg gstmfeiebmb,sgourebmb, crbgn y, pmr `cntrg , gi kegbc mi `mkfec scèmiprcorgsestm"62. \mrm Kgngougiic (=551), enìusc gipc`jgt―s gaag`t bgfg gntgnbgrsg `ckc unm gxpg`tmtevm4

Munqug ics gag`tcs bgi \imn gn gi gstëkuic mi `rgèkegntcg`cnðke`c nmècnmi nc grmn tmn gvebgntgs gn ics kgsgsmntgrecrgs m im gig`èðn, gi ekpm`tc bgi gag`tc gn gi "fciseiic bgigig`tcr" bgfg sgr prcfmfigkgntg gntgnbebc `ckc unmgxpg`tmtevm bg qug im setumèðn g`cnðke`m enbevebumi bg `mbmunc kgdcrmsg gn gi auturc67.

51




Gstcs mutcrgs nc gstín bg mùgrbc gn im bgaeneèðn scfrgic qug ics gig`tcrgs gspgrmfmn gxm`tmkgntg bgi prcormkm bggstmfeiezmèðn, pgrc scn unínekgs mi maerkmr qug im gxpg`tmtevm

`musmbm pcr gi \imn aug bgtgrkenmntg gn gi vctc. Ics bmtcs bg imRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm `cnaerkmrcn gstm hepðtgses. @umnbc`ruzmkcs gi ormbc bg smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi `cn gi vctc pcr ics`mnbebmtcs crbgnmbcs gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm,vgreae`mkcs unm mscèmèðn kcbgrmbm gntrg ims bcs vmremfigs61.\cr ctrc imbc, gs prgèsc sgýmimr qug gi `ru`g bg im smtesam`èðn`cn gi \imn Vgmi `cn gi vctc crbgnmbc gn gi gdg bgrg`hm-ezquegrbm prcvc`m unm bestcrseðn gn im kgbebm bgi ormbc bgmscèmèðn. Gsc su`gbg pcrqug, munqug @mrbcsc tgnom qug sgr`cic`mbc gn im pcseèðn bg `gntrc, pcr gi pmrtebc mi qugpgrtgng`g, su `mnbebmturm nc aug ône`mkgntg bgi \PBF. Immiemnzm `cn gi \AI trmnsacrkð su pcstuimèðn gn unm `mnbebmturmtmkfeån bg im bgrg`hm. \grc ìmseae`mric m im bgrg`hm amisgmrëm giùmbrc, bmbc qug åi tgnëm gi mpcyc bgi `gntrc. ³@ðkc rgscivgr giprcfigkm3

Im kgdcr smiebm aug vcivgr m rgmiezmr gi `ru`g, usmnbcscimkgntg ims `mnbebmturms bg Iuim y bg @mrbcsc. Gn gag`tc,ùmnbc vgreae`mkcs im bestrefuèðn bg ics vctcs gn ogngrmi,pgrèfekcs qug im sukm bg suarmoecs bmbcs m Iuim y @mrbcsc`crrgspcnbg m kís bgi 8<% bg ics vctcs víiebcs. Pg vgreae`m msëunm ormn bgsprcpcrèðn gntrg ics vctcs pcr ics bcs prekgrcs`cic`mbcs y ics bgkís `mnbebmtcs. Pu`gbg qug gn im prí`te`m, imgig`èðn bg =552, `ckc ym bedekcs, sg fepcimrezð ym gn gi prekgrturnc, gntrg un `mnbebmtc qug rguneð ics vctcs bg ezquegrbm y ctrcqug sukð ics bgi `gntrc y ics bg im bgrg`hm. \cr ic tmntc, imsciuèðn aug uteiezmr mpgnms gi vctc bg ics bcs prekgrcs`cic`mbcs, rgspgtmnbc bg gsm kmngrm im rgmi pcimrezmèðncùrrebm.

Vgmiezmbc gi nugvc `ru`g, gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn bgisuarmoec `cn im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi mi`mnzð gi <,2 gn unmgs`mim bg < m =, ic qug enbe`m unm ekpcrtmntg mscèmèðn. @ckcsg pugbg vgr gn im Rmfim 0.=, ics gig`tcrgs ensmtesag`hcs c gnpcseèðn entgrkgbem gn rgimèðn mi \imn tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr IuezEníèc Bm Peivm (Iuim), kegntrms qug ics gig`tcrgs smtesag`hcs `cngi Vgmi tgnbegrcn hm`gric pcr Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc.

Gn sukm, mi mesimr m ics bcs `mnbebmtcs `cn kmycrgs`hmn`gs, qugbm ìmrc qug gi Vgmi aug un fugn prgbe`tcr bgi vctcpmrm ormn pmrtg bgi gig`tcrmbc.

5?



Rmfim 0.=

Qctc pmrm \rgsebgntg bg im Vgpôfie`m (prekgr turnc) pcr

smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi

X6;020,1 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,0500Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

Im ùgsteðn nc gs besùter se hufc enaiugnèm bgi Vgmi scfrggi vctc. Gi prcfigkm gs smfgr se gsm enaiugnèm fcrrð ics miengm-kegntcs prgvecs bgi gig`tcrmbc, `ckc suoegrgn Iekm Dr. (=557) y

Kgngougiic (=551). Pe gi vctc gs prcspg`tevc, ics miengmkegntcspciëte`c-ebgciðoe`cs pugbgn enaiuer gn mqugiic qug sg quegrg bgiauturc. \grc vgmkcs ic qug be`g Kgngougiic mi rgspg`tc4

@umnbc ics frmseigýcs cfsgrvmfmn im setumèðn g`cnðke`m gn =552,giics ic hm`ëmn m pmrter bg un kmr`c bg rgagrgnèm `ckôn, m pgsmr bg ics ormnbgsbgsnevgigs bg rgntm mi entgrecr bg im scègbmb frmseigým. Bgkmnbms pciëte`ms yscèmigs `ckungs augrcn bgaenebmsenbgpgnbegntgkgntg bg im cregntmèðn

ebgciðoe`m y pmrtebmrem pcrqug ics frmseigýcs `ckpmrtëmn unm pgr`gpèðn `ckônbg im `reses g`cnðke`m, bg im pcfrgzm y bg im `mëbm bg im `mpmèbmb bg `cnsukcqug hmfëm cùrrebc Zånamses nugstrc[6?.

58




\mrgèbm gs im pcseèðn bg Iekm Dr. (=557)4

Gi `mignbmrec bg rgacrkm g`cnðke`m y gi `mignbmrec gig`tcrmi, pgrag`tmkgntg sentcnezmbcs, c`msecnmrcn gi rgmiengmkegntc bgi gig`tcrmbc, ym `cngi mnunèc bg im gntrmbm gn veocr bg im nugvm kcngbm, ùycs rgsuitmbcs pcsetevcsrgvertegrcn gntgrmkgntg, gn un prekgr kckgntc, im entgnèðn bg vctc, ysustgntmrcn, pcstgrecrkgntg, gi `rgèkegntc bg im prgagrgnèm pcr im `mnbebmturmbgi gx kenestrc bg Hmègnbm, ebgðicoc y `cnbu`tcr bgi \imn Vgmi. Gn gstgsgntebc, im `cyunturm pciëte`c-g`cnðke`m ngutrmiezð tcbm y ùmiquegr acrkm bg

miengmkegntc gig`tcrmi Zånamses nugstrc[68.

Gn mpcyc m im maerkmèðn bg qug gi `ckfmtg m im enaimèðnfcrrð im kmycrëm bg ics miengmkegntcs prgvecs bgi gig`tcrmbc,Kgngougiic frenbm bmtcs bgi Enstetutc BmtmAcihm (Kgnbgs &Qgnture, =552), bg mùgrbc `cn ics ùmigs nc hufc unm beagrgnèmekpcrtmntg gntrg gi vctc bmbc m @mrbcsc y Iuim gn ics bevgrscsgstrmtcs bg rgntm, gbmb y oångrc. Wnm gx`gpèðn, qug ncenvmiebmrëm gi rmzcnmkegntc, sgoôn Kgngougiic, gs qug sggn`cntrmrcn beagrgnèms seoneae`mtevms bg vctc gn ics bestentcsgstrmtcs bg gs`cimrebmb y gn ics beagrgntgs ormbcs bgurfmnezmèðn4 ics kgncs gs`cimrezmbcs y ics hmfetmntgs bg imsèubmbgs kgncrgs tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr @mrbcsc kís

entgnsmkgntg qug ics kís gs`cimrezmbcs y ics hmfetmntgs bg imskgtrðpcies. \mrm Kgngougiic, gsms beagrgnèms sg gxpie`mn pcr gikgncr ormbc bg m``gsc m im enacrkmèðn y, gn `cnsgùgnèm, pcrim kmycr enaiugnèm bg im tgigveseðn, qug hmfrëm rgtrmtmbc mi Vgmisegkprg pcsetevmkgntg. Gi pmpgi bg im tgigveseðn gn im`cnstru`èðn bg unm supugstm unmnekebmb gn tcrnc mi Vgmi y su`mnbebmtc gs tmkfeån sgýmimbc pcr Fmqugrc (=552) m pmrter bgunm envgsteomèðn rgmiezmbm gn gi Gstmbc bg Vec Ormnbg bc Pui.Nðtgsg qug, se im hgogkcnëm gn tcrnc bgi Vgmi tuvc qug sgr

`cnstruebm, gs pcrqug nc gstuvc tmn gxgntm bg kgbemècngs`ckc ic hm`g supcngr im ebgm bg qug ics miengmkegntcs sgfcrrmrcn.

Ics bmtcs bg im gnùgstm Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm `cnaerkmn im nc-gxestgnèm bg unm rgimèðn ekpcrtmntg gntrg rgntmy vctc. Rmkfeån gn ic qug sg rgaegrg m im gs`cimrebmb, nc auggn`cntrmbc un ormbc bg `crrgimèðn `cn gi vctc qug sustgntg imhepðtgses bg qug giim hmym sebc unm fugnm prgbe`tcrm bg im

berg`èðn bgi suarmoec gn =552. Pen gkfmroc, tmntc im ebgntebmbpmrtebmrem `ckc im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m sg kcstrmrcn `ckcaugrtgs prgvescrms bgi vctc.C sgm, nc gs vgrbmb qug gi gag`tc bgiVgmi mnuið ics miengmkegntcs pmrtebmrecs g ebgciðoe`cs prgvecs .

55



Rmfim 0.6

Qctc pcr ics bcs `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn im gig`èðn bg=552 pcr prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem crbgnmbm gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

X6;868,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,?=7=Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm.

@ckc sg pugbg cfsgrvmr gn im Rmfim 0.6, gi `cgaeègntg bgmscèmèðn gntrg im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem y gi vctc pcr Iuim cAgrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc iigom m <,?=, enbe`mnbc un mitcormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg im gig`èðn bgi pmrtebc y gi `mnbebmtc.@cnacrkg m ic gspgrmbc, ics gig`tcrgs qug sg sgntëmnebgnteae`mbcs `cn ics pmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm (\R, \BR, \@ bc F y\@F-\\P) tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr Iuim, kegntrms qug ics gig`tcrgsqug sg sgntëmn ebgnteae`mbcs `cn ics pmrtebcs bg `gntrc (\KBF,\RF, \I y \PBF) y bg bgrg`hm (\AI, \\V-\BP, \VN) tgnbegrcnm vctmr pcr @mrbcsc.

Qmig nctmr qug gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg prgagrgnèmpmrtebmrem y vctc aug tcbmvëm kís mitc qug gn gi sgounbc turnc bgim gig`èðn bg =585. Kís miií bg qug im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem

sgm unm gx`gigntg prgbe`tcrm bgi vctc, `ckc maerkm fugnm pmrtgbg im ietgrmturm entgrnmècnmi scfrg gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi,sg pgrèfg, gn gi `msc frmseigýc, qug giim seoug un pmbrðnebgciðoe`c. Rðkgsg gi `msc bgi \KBF4 gn ims bcs gig`ècngs,

=<<




sus sekpmtezmntgs tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr `mnbebmturms qug ncgrmn bg su pmrtebc, munqug gstmfmn gn pcseècngsebgciðoe`mkgntg mbym`gntgs (@ciicr y @mrbcsc). Gn ctrms

pmimfrms, gi gig`tcr gs`coeð mi `mnbebmtc bg mùgrbc `cnimprcxekebmb bg åstg gn rgimèðn m im ebgcicoëm bgi pmrtebc bgigig`tcr y nc ng`gsmremkgntg pcrqug gi `mnbebmtcpgrtgngègsg mipmrtebc.

@cnaerkmnbc im hepðtgses bg unm "ebgntebmb pmrtebmremebgciðoe`mkgntg `chgrgntg", Fmifm`hgvsjy (=557) kcstrð qughmfëm, bg un kcbc ogngrmi, unm rgimèðn seoneae`mtevm gntrg immutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm y im

gig`èðn bgi pmrtebc. Ics sekpmtezmntgs bgi \R, pcr `msc, sgsetumfmn m im ezquegrbm, ics bgi \PBF gn gi `gntrc y ics bgi \AI mim bgrg`hm. Miounms ctrms mscèmècngs gn`cntrmbms pcrFmifm`hgvsjy gn imRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm , `cn tcbc, ncaugrcn tmn `chgrgntgs. Aug hmiimbm unm mscèmèðn gntrg gi\KBF y gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm: nc aug rgoestrmbm mscèmèðnmiounm gntrg ics sekpmtezmntgs bgi \BP-\\V y ùmiquegr pcseèðnebgciðoe`m: y sg rgvgið unm mscèmèðn bgi \BR `cn gntrgvestmbcspcseècnmbcs m im bgrg`hm.

Gscs bmtcs beaegrgn ‐eoumikgntg‐ bg ics prgsgntmbcs pcrDcså Muoustc Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug y Giezmfgth Fmifm`hgvsjy mpmrter bg im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< (Kmrqugs, =55<). Gnmqugiim c`mseðn, ics envgsteombcrgs scieètmrcn m ics gig`tcrgs qugic`miezmsgn m sus pmrtebcs bg prgagrgnèm gn unm gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Gi rgsuitmbc aug qug gi \KBF aug ic`miezmbcprðxekc mi `gntrc, munqug enìenmbc hmèm im bgrg`hm: gi \BP augic`miezmbc m im bgrg`hm y gi \BR m im ezquegrbm. @ckc ymsmfgkcs qug gi gig`tcr prgsgntm unm tgnbgnèm m ic`miezmr mipmrtebc bg su prgagrgnèm gn im keskm armndm ebgciðoe`m gn qug åikeskc sg ic`miezm (y Fmifm`hgvsjy kugstrm qug gsc `cntenuðcùrregnbc gn =552), sg supcng qug gi gig`tcrmbc bgi \KBF`cntenumrëm ic`miezmbc gn gi `gntrc, gi bgi \BP-\\V gn imbgrg`hm y gi bgi \BR gn im ezquegrbm.

Ctrms envgsteomècngs sgrëmn ng`gsmrems pmrm giuèbmr imbubm `cn rgspg`tc m im ic`miezmèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs bg gscs trgspmrtebcs gn imRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm , ic qug nc gs gi cfdgtcbg gstg trmfmdc. Pen gkfmroc gs pcsefig mrregsomr miounmshepðtgses mi rgspg`tc. Gn gi `msc bgi \KBF, nc sg bgfgbgs`mrtmr im pcsefeiebmb bg qug im gnùgstm hmym bgtg`tmbc unagnðkgnc rgoecnmi, bg mùgrbc `cn gi ùmi ics sekpmtezmntgs

=<=



pmuiestms bgi \KBF gstmrëmn m im bgrg`hm bg im kgbem nmècnmi.@cnvegng rg`crbmr qug gi \KBF (duntc `cn gi \RF) grm gi pmrtebcqug prgsgntmfm gi pgraei ebgciðoe`c kís bespgrsc gn imenvgsteomèðn nmècnmi bg =55< y ùym hgtgrcogngebmb rgoecnmigs `cncèbm. Qmig nctmr tmkfeån qug, ùmnbc gn imRepcicoem bcQctc \muiestm sg pebeð m ics gig`tcrgs qug ufe`msgn m ics pmrtebcsgn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, im kmycrëm bg giics ic`miezð mi\KBF gn gi `gntrc, enbe`mnbc `cn giic qug im ekmogn bgi pmrtebcmntg gi pôfie`c gn ogngrmi, y nc scimkgntg gntrg sus pmrtebmrecs,gs `chgrgntg `cn im ìmseae`mèðn mbcptmbm pcr ncsctrcs.

Wnm scrprgsm kmycr, `cn tcbc, aug c`msecnmbm pcr imufe`mèðn qug ics gig`tcrgs bgi \BR heègrcn bg su pmrtebc. Miaenmi, im tgnbgnèm bgi \KBF hmèm im bgrg`hm gstí bgiengmbmbgsbg =585: ic qug sg besùtg gs gi ormbc bg bgrg`hezmèðn bgsu fmsg gig`tcrmi. \cr su pmrtg, gi \BR sg gn`cntrmfm ic`miezmbcm im ezquegrbm, gn unm pcseèðn envgrsm m im bg sus sekpmtezmntgsgn Pàc \muic. Mquë im gxpie`mèðn bgfg sgr mi keskc tegkpc ic`miy `cyunturmi. Im envgsteomèðn aug rgmiezmbm mntgs bg im sgounbmvugitm bg im gig`èðn pmrm ocfgrnmbcr bgi Gstmbc, gn im ùmi sggnargntmrcn Kmrec @cvms, bgi \PBF, y Armnès`c Vcsse, bgi \BR.Vcsse, mi `cntrmrec qug Frezcim gn gi pimnc nmècnmi, gstmfm m imbgrg`hm bg @cvms. Gs pcsefig, gn aunèðn bg gsc, qug icssekpmtezmntgs bgi \BR pmuiestm, gn =552, gstuvegsgnseoneae`mtevmkgntg m im bgrg`hm bgi \BR nmècnmi. @cnaerkm gsmekprgseðn gi hg`hc bg qug im kmycrëm bgi pôfie`c, y nc bg icssekpmtezmntgs, hmym ufe`mbc mi \BR gn gi `gntrc, munqug mpgnmsgi 6<% bg im kugstrm hmym `cnsgouebc `cic`mr m gsg pmrtebc gnim gs`mim.

Gn gi `msc bgi \\V, Fmifm`hgvsjy suoegrg qug "imsgstrmtgoems mbcptmbms pcr ics iëbgrgs pciëte`cs hestðre`mkgntgmscèmbcs m im trmyg`tcrem bg gsg pmrtebc, pcr nc gnamtezmr sus`ckprckescs prcpemkgntg pmrtebmrecs, bgfeietmrcn im ekmogn qugsu gig`tcrmbc tegng bgi pmrtebc"65. Im cfsgrvmèðn gsëntgormkgntg `crrg`tm y `cnaerkmbm pcr im beaeùitmb qug gipôfie`c gn ogngrmi tuvc pmrm ic`miezmr tmntc mi \\V (sðic un =6%`cnseoueð hm`gric) `ckc mi \BP (scimkgntg un =5% icorðsetumric gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm).

Mbgkís bg nc bgstm`mr mi pmrtebc gn ims `mkpmýms, icsbereogntgs bg im morupmèðn ig `mkfemrcn gi nckfrg y im seoimgntrg =585 y =552 (y vcivegrcn m hm`gric unm vgz kís bgspuåsbg =552). Bg \mrtebc Bgkc`ríte`c Pcèmi (\BP), `cnacrkg m

=<6




`ckc sg bgnckenmfm bgsbg su aunbmèðn, gn =5?5, pmsð miimkmrsg \mrtebc \rcorgssestm Vgacrkestm (\\V), ic qug tcrnðtcbmvëm kís beaëèi im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem (pcr gsc, gn im

envgsteomèðn, im tmrdgtm `cn gi nckfrg bg ics pmrtebcs prgsgntmfmims bcs seoims, \\V y \BP, ùycs mbgptcs augrcn sukmbcspcstgrecrkgntg).

Pgm `ckc augrg, se fegn nc hmy mscèmèðn seoneae`mtevmbgtg`tmbm pcr gi tgst bg rgsebuc mdustmbc gn im ufe`mèðn bg icsgig`tcrgs bgi \BP-\\V gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, y munquggrm bg gspgrmrsg unm ìmrm tgnbgnèm m im bgrg`hm, icssekpmtezmntgs bgi \BP-\\V sg moiutenmn gn gi gspmèc bg

`gntrc-bgrg`hm.\mrgègrm qug hufegsg cùrrebc unm envgrseðn gntrg ims

pcseècngs bgi gig`tcrmbc bgi \KBF y gi bgi \BP-\\V. Gi \KBFgstí kís m im bgrg`hm bg ic qug sg gspgrmfm y gi \BP-\\V kísmi `gntrc. Gstc gs `crrcfcrmbc pcr gi hg`hc bg qug im kmycrëm bgics gig`tcrgs qug `cnseouegrcn ufe`mr mi \BP y mi \\V, ùmnbcsg igs scieètð, `cic`ð m ics bcs pmrtebcs gn gi `gntrc. Gn tcbc`msc, nenounm bg gsms vmremècngs (gx`gptc im bgi \BR, qug, `cn

tcbc, rgprgsgntm kgncs bgi 6% bg ics qug prgsgntmrcnprgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem) mitgrm im `crrgimèðn gntrg ebgntebmbpmrtebmrem y vctc4 gstmnbc gn gi `gntrc c gn im bgrg`hm, nugstrmhepðtgses ‐`cnaerkmbm‐ gs qug ics sekpmtezmntgs bgi \KBF y bgi\BP-\\V tgnbgrëmn m vctmr pcr @mrbcsc, `ckc bg hg`hc icheègrcn. Gn rgsukgn, gi gig`tcr qug tegng unm ebgnteae`mèðnpmrtebmrem gs`coeð gi `mnbebmtc qug gstmfm kís prðxekc m imebgcicoëm bg su pmrtebc, munqug nc augsg gi `mnbebmtc bg supmrtebc, `cnacrkg pugbg vgrsg gn im Rmfim 0.=M bgi Mngxc 6. Gspcr gstc qug gi ormbc bg prgveseðn bgi vctc m pmrter bg imebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem sg rgvgim tmn mitc.

@umnbc sg vgreae`m im rgimèðn gntrg im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcr y gi vctc, gi rgsuitmbc gs unm mscèmèðnseoneae`mtevm, munqug nc tmn augrtg `ckc mqugiim cftgnebm `cn imebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem (Rmfim 0.0). Wnm prekgrm cfsgrvmèðnpgrtengntg, tmi `ckc ym ic heèkcs `cn rgspg`tc m =585, `cn tcbc,gs qug, kegntrms qug gi 8?% bg ics gig`tcrgs pmuiestms supegrcnpcseècnmrsg gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, ics qug tgnëmnprgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem augrcn scimkgntg gi 1<%0<. Gsc seoneae`mqug hmfëm unm arm`èðn bg gig`tcrgs qug, munqug nc tuvegsgprgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem, tgnëm unsgntekegntc ebgciðoe`c.

=<0



Im Rmfim 0.0 kugstrm qug gi vctc pcr @mrbcsc, `mnbebmtc

bg unm `cmieèðn bgi `gntrc `cn im bgrg`hm, gstí mscèmbcgxm`tmkgntg mi gig`tcrmbc bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm, ic `cntrmrecbg ic qug cùrrg `cn gi vctc pcr Iuim, qug gstí mscèmbc migig`tcrmbc bg ezquegrbm. Rmigs bmtcs `cnaerkmn qug im pcrèðn bgigig`tcrmbc qug sg `cic`ð gn im gs`mim tgnbeð m vctmr`chgrgntgkgntg `cn su mutcpcseècnmkegntc y nc bg un kcbcenbeagrgnèmbc. Gn tmntc qug `gr`m bg trgs bg `mbm begzenbevebucs pcseècnmbcs m im ezquegrbm suarmomrcn pcr @mrbcsc,gsm prcpcrèðn sufg pmrm c`hc bg `mbm begz gig`tcrgs qug sg`cic`mrcn gn gi `gntrc, y m nugvg bg `mbm begz bg ics qug sg`cic`mrcn m im bgrg`hm. Be`hc bg ctrc kcbc4 smfeånbcsg gi iuomrgn qug gi enbevebuc sg `cic`ð gn gi `cntenuc ebgciðoe`c, sg tgnëmunm fugnm `hmn`g bg `cnc`gr pcr queån vctmrëm åi.

Rmfim 0.0

Qctc pcr ics bcs `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn im gig`èðn bg=552 pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm 0=

X6;610,? Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,0177Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

Gi `cgaeègntg bg mscèmèðn Q bg @rmkår, qug kebg giormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg ims vmremfigs "ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m"y "vctc", aug prgvesefigkgntg kgncr qug mqugi gn`cntrmbc pmrmim rgimèðn gntrg ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem y vctc. Gn ùmntc giormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mimebgciðoe`m y suarmoec gs bg <,0?, gi bg ebgntebmb pmrtebmrem y vctc

=<2




gs bg <,?=. Im rmzðn pmrm im beagrgnèm gntrg ics bcs enbe`mbcrgsgs im keskm mpuntmbm pmrm gi `msc bg =585. Ics gig`tcrgs qugbgìmrmrcn im ebgntebmb pmrtebmrem scn un suf`cnduntc bg ics qug

sg enìuygn gn im gs`mim ebgciðoe`m (gi 57% bg ics qug pcsggnebgntebmb pmrtebmrem sg enìuygrcn m së keskcs gn gi `cntenucezquegrbm-bgrg`hm). \rgsukefigkgntg sg trmtm bgi suf`cnduntckís pcie-tezmbc, ym qug tgngr prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem gs un ënbe`gìíse`c bg pcietezmèðn, bg mhë su kmycr `chgrgnèm. Gn im kgbebmqug sg en`crpcrm m im prgveseðn bgi vctc `cntenogntgs kgncs pcie-tezmbcs, gi ormbc bg `chgrgnèm bg`mg. Gn tcbc `msc, gsekpcrtmntg gnamtezmr qug, nc cfstmntg gi ormbc bg mkpietub bg imgs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, en`crpcrmnbc unm ormn pmrtg bgigig`tcrmbc, im mutcic`miezmèðn gn giim aug un prgbe`tcr bgi vctcgn =552.

0.2 ³Ebgcicoëm c G`cnckëm3

Hmstm mquë auekcs `mpm`gs bg bgs`mrtmr miounms hepðtgsesy `cnaerkmr ctrms `cn rgspg`tc mi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn=552. Qgreae`mkcs qug im rgntm y im gs`cimrebmb augrcn kmicsprgvescrgs bgi vctc y qug nc sg `ckprugfm im hepðtgses bg un

vctc rgtrcspg`tevc ne qug im enaiugnèm bgi Vgmi hmym mnuimbcìevmdgs pmrtebmrecs g ebgciðoe`cs. Gstmfigèkcs qug hufc trgsgigkgntcs prgvescrgs bgi vctc gn mqugiim besputm4 im smtesam`èðn`cn gi Vgmi, im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m y im ebgntebmb pmrtebmrem.

@cnacrkg kugstrmn ics vmicrgs rgsukebcs gn gi @umbrc0.0, trgs vmremfigs (m`tetub argntg mi Vgmi, ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`my prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem) augrcn prgbe`tevms bgi vctc gn =552.@ckc vekcs, ics qug bgìmrmn im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem scn un

suf`cn-duntc bg ics qug sg `cic`mrcn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. @mfrëm mhcrm smfgr se im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmitmkfeån gs unm vmremfig bgpgnbegntg bg im mutcic`miezmèðnebgciðoe`m. Gstc gs, se ics gig`tcrgs rgm`ècnmn bg kmngrmbeagrgntg mi Vgmi gn aunèðn bg sus ebgnteae`mècngs ebgciðoe`ms.

\mrm `cnc`gr gn quå kgbebm im rg`gpèðn bgi Vgmibgpgnbeð bgi pcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c bgi gig`tcr, `ruzmkcsims rgspugstms scfrg mutcic`miezmèðn gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-

bgrg`hm `cn gi ormbc bg smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi. Nugstrmhepðtgses grm qug gstmr m im ezquegrbm bgtgrkenmrëm un rg`hmzc miVgmi, gstmr m im bgrg`hm enaiugnèmrëm gn gi sgntebc bg sum`gptmèðn y gstmr gn gi `gntrc prcpeèmrëm unm pcsturmentgrkgbem06. Ics rgsuitmbcs sg gnùgntrmn gn im Rmfim 0.2.

=<7



Pe cfsgrvmkcs im Rmfim 0.2, vgrgkcs qug, gag`tevmkgntg,

im pcseèðn gn gi gspg`trc enaiuyð scfrg gi sgntekegntc gn rgimèðnmi Vgmi. Kegntms qug gi =8% bg ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm sgbgìmrmrcn ensmtesag`hcs `cn gi \imn, gsm prcpcrèðn `mg pmrm gi2,5% gntrg ics gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm. Ctrc kcbc bg vgr gi keskcgag`tc gs cfsgrvmr qug, kegntrms qug gn gi `cnduntc bgigig`tcrmbc `gr`m bgi =2% nc gstmfmn agie`gs `cn gi \imn, gsmprcpcrèðn `rg`g gn im kgbebm gn qug sg vm hmèm im ezquegrbm y`mg `cnacrkg ncs bgspimzmkcs hmèm im bgrg`hm. Rmkfeån gipcseècnmkegntc bgi `gntrc argntg mi Vgmi gs, `cnacrkg sggspgrmfm m pmrter bg im hepðtgses bg im bgtgrkenmèðn ebgciðoe`mbg im rgm`èðn mi Vgmi, entgrkgbec gntrg gi bg im ezquegrbm y gi bgim bgrg`hm. C sgm, ics gig`tcrgs `gntrestms gstín mscèmbcs mpcseècngs entgrkgbems (im pcseèðn 0 ‐ne smtesag`hcs neensmtesag`hcs‐ y im pcseèðn 2 ‐smtesag`hcs, pgrc nc ku`hc).

@umbrc 0.0

@cgaeègntgs bg mscèmèðn Q bg @rmkår gntrg bevgrscsprgbe` tcrgs y gi vctc gn =552

Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm.

=<1




Pen gkfmroc, gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gntrg ims vmremfigsprgsgntgs gn im Rmfim 0.2 gs fmdc. Im rmzðn bg gsc gs aíèi bg

pgrèfer4 im kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs (`gr`m bgi 1<%),enbgpgnbegntgkgntg bg su pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m, gstmfmnsmtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi.

Rmfim 0.2

Pmtesam`èðn `cn gi rgmi pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm00

X6 ; =71,< Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=?60* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

Nðtgsg qug gi 26% bg ics gig`tcrgs qug sg pcseècnmrcn mim ezquegrbm sg bgìmrmrcn smtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi, msë `ckc gi

=<?



1<% bg ics bgi `gntrc y gi 18% bg ics bg im bgrg`hm. Gn sëntgses,un nôkgrc mitc bg gig`tcrgs, gn ùmiquegr pcseèðn, tgnbeð m`cic`mrsg m amvcr bgi Vgmi. @mfg bgstm`mr, pcr gdgkpic, qug imbeagrgnèm gntrg im prcpcrèðn bg gig`tcrgs bg `gntrc amvcrmfigsmi Vgmi y ics bg bgrg`hm qug tegngn im keskm m`tetub gsrgimtevmkgntg pgqugým. Gstc seoneae`m qug, munqug gipcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c hmym tgnebc enaiugnèm scfrg imrg`gpèðn bgi Vgmi, gi \imn tuvc un ekpm`tc enbgpgnbegntg bg imebgcicoëm scfrg arm`ècngs seoneae`mtevms bgi gig`tcrmbc. Gnsëntgses, hufc unm pgqugým mscèmèðn gntrg mutcic`miezmèðnebgciðoe`m y smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi, pgrc hufc tmkfeånenbgpgnbgnèm gntrg ims bcs vmremfigs. @cnsgùgntgkgntg, gsprgèsc `cnsebgrmr im hepðtgses bg qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`my im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi hmymn tgnebc unm enaiugnèmrgimtevmkgntg enbgpgnbegntg scfrg gi vctc.

Im hepðtgses bg im bcfig enaiugnèm, ebgcicoëm y g`cnckëm,scfrg gi vctc, gn =552, sg `cnaerkm ùmnbc mnmiezmkcs imrgspugstm m im seouegntg prgountm4 "³Pu cpeneðn gn ùmntc mi\imn Vgmi aug ekpcrtmntg pmrm gigoer un `mnbebmtc m\rgsebgntg3". Mi `ruzmr ims rgspugstms m gsm ùgsteðn `cn gipcseècnmkgntc ebgciðoe`c bgi gig`tcr, sg gntegnbg kgdcr bðnbgy `ðkc cùrreð gsm rgimtevm enbgpgnbgnèm (Rmfim 0.7).

Rmfim 0.7Ekpcrtmnèm bgi Vgmi pmrm bgaener gi vctc pcr mutcic`miezmèðngn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

X6;=6?,5 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=7??

=<8




* Pðic ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

Ic prekgrc qug sg gvebgnèm gn im Rmfim 0.7 gs imbeagrgnèm gntrg gstmr smtesag`hc `cn gi Vgmi y mtrefuerigekpcrtmnèm gn im

bgèseðn bgi vctc4 gn tcbcs ics gstrmtcs ebgciðoe`cs, ginôkgrc bg enbevebucs qug mtrefuygrcn ekpcrtmnèm mi Vgmi pmrmbgaener gi vctc aug kgncr qug gi nôkgrc qug ics qug gstmfmnsmtesag`hcs `cn åi. Gstc gs4 munqug im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmihmym tgnebc rgimtevm enbgpgnbgnèm bg im ebgcicoëm bgi enbevebuc,

nc cùrreð ic keskc `cn gi vctc. \mrm ics gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm,im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi aug ekpcrtmntg pmrm bgaener gi vctc, nccùrregnbc ic keskc `cn ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm y bg `gntrc.

Bg ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm, gi 26% gstmfm smtesag`hc`cn gi Vgmi, pgrc mpgnms 61% bg giics mtrefuyð ekpcrtmnèm mi\imn pmrm bgaener gi vctc. Pcimkgntg pmrm gi 21% bg ics gig`tcrgsbg `gntrc gi Vgmi aug ekpcrtmntg pmrm im bgèseðn gig`tcrmi,munqug gi 1<% ic mpcymsg.

Môn pmrm im bgrg`hm, gi pgsc bgi Vgmi gn im gig`èðn bgi`mnbebmtc nc aug gquevmigntg m im smtesam`èðn `cn åi, munqug augkmycr qug gn gi `gntrc y im ezquegrbm. Kegntrms qug gi 18% bgics bgrg`hestms gstmfmn agie`gs `cn gi Vgmi, sðic gi 72% bedc qugic `cnsebgrmfm ekpcrtmntg pmrm bgaener gi vctc.

@ckc smfgkcs qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m aug unfugn prgbe`tcr bgi vctc, pcbgkcs acrkuimr im hepðtgses bg qug icssgokgntcs qug nc bgèbegrcn gi vctc m `musm bgi Vgmi ic hmfëmnhg`hc pcr im ufe`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi `mnbebmtc. Gn gstg `msc, imRmfim 0.7 kugstrm qug, pmrm im kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc bgezquegrbm, im ebgcicoëm bgtgrkenð gi vctc. Gn gi `gntrc, gi pgsc bgim ebgcicoëm y gi bg im g`cnckëm sg gqueiefrmrcn y, pmrm imkmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm, gi \imn aug kís ekpcrtmntgqug im ebgcicoëm pmrm bgaener im berg`èðn bgi suarmoec.

Im enaiugnèm bgi \imn sg bec, msë, beagrgnèmbmkgntg gn icsbestentcs gstrmtcs ebgciðoe`cs4 pc`c ekpcrtmntg pmrm im ezquegrbm ykuy ekpcrtmntg pmrm im bgrg`hm, gn gi `gntrc tuvc unm m`èðnkcbgrmbm.

=<5



0.7 Wn kcbgic `cn bcs vmremfigs

Im enaiugnèm enbgpgnbegntg bg im ebgcicoëm y bg im

g`cnckëm scfrg gi vctc qugbm ìmrm se `cntrcimkcs im enaiugnèmbg im ebgcicoëm scfrg gi vctc pcr im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi, bgikeskc kcbc qug se `cntrcimkcs im enaiugnèm bgi Vgmi scfrg givctc pcr im mutcic`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m. Msë, ùmnbc bgdmkcsgstmfeiezmbm im pcseèðn mntg gi Vgmi (Rmfim 0.1), `ckprcfmkcs imm`tumèðn enbgpgnbegntg bg im ebgcicoëm scfrg gi vctc.

Rmfim 0.1

Qctc pcr ics bcs `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn =552 pcrmutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, `cntrcimbcpcr smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi

* Pðic ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

==<




Im Rmfim 0.1 kugstrm qug, gntrg ics qug gstmfmnensmtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi, ics `gntrestms y ics bgrg`hestmstgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr @mrbcsc,m pgsmr bg nc gstmr bg mùgrbc

`cn gi \imn, `ckprcfmnbc im m`èðn enbgpgnbegntgkgntg bg imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m. Ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm, `cnacrkg mic gspgrmbc, tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr Iuim. Cfsgrvgkcs mhcrm m icsgig`tcrgs qug tgnëmn unm pcseèðn ngutrm argntg mi Vgmi. Ics qugsg `cic`mrcn m im bgrg`hm gn gi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c tgnbegrcn mvctmr pcr @mrbcsc, msë `ckc ics qug sg `cic`mrcn m im ezquegrbmtgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr Iuim, bgkcstrmnbc im ekpcrtmnèm bg imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m. Gn tmntc, ics gig`tcrgs "ngutrcs" bg`gntrc sg bevebegrcn, nc gstmnbc mscèmbcs mi vctc pcr @mrbcscne pcr Iuim. Gstc bgkugstrm qug, munqug hmym hmfebc unmenaiugnèm enbgpgnbegntg bg im ebgcicoëm, unm vgz qug gi vctc bgics gig`tcrgs "ngutrcs" bg `gntrc aug beagrgntg bgi suarmoec bg icsgig`tcrgs "ngutrcs" bg bgrg`hm y bg ezquegrbm, tmkfeån im m`tetubgspg`ëae`m mntg gi \imn tuvc unm enaiugnèm scfrg gi vctc, ym qugics gig`tcrgs `gntrestms "ngutrcs" nc vctmrcn pcr @mrbcsc msë`ckc ics gig`tcrgs `gntrestms "smtesag`hcs". ]uegrc bgèr, imrgimtevm ensmtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi tuvc un gag`tc enbgpgnbegntgscfrg su vctc.

\cr ôitekc, gntrg gi orupc bg ics smtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi,ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr Iuim, kcstrmnbcqug gn gstg `msc im ebgcicoëm aug kís augrtg qug im pcseèðn mntggi \imn, y ics gig`tcrgs bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm vctmrcn pcr@mrbcsc, setumèðn gn im qug nc pcbgkcs smfgr se ic qugbgtgrkenð gi vctc aug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, im smtesam`èðn`cn gi Vgmi c mkfms. Gn sëntgses, bg ims sges setumècngs gn qughmfëm prgsecngs `ruzmbms (gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm y bg `gntrcensmtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi: gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm, bg `gntrc y bgbgrg`hm ngutrcs gn rgimèðn mi Vgmi: y gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbmsmtesag`hcs gn rgimèðn mi Vgmi), gn èn`c bg giims (tcbms, `cngx`gpèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs "ngutrcs" bg `gntrc) im cpèðnebgciðoe`m kcstrð sgr unm fugnm prgbe`tcrm bgi vctc.

Pen gkfmroc, se, gn gi sgntebc envgrsc, bgdmkcsgstmfeiezmbm im prgagrgnèm ebgciðoe`m y vgreae`mkcs `ðkc impcseèðn mntg gi Vgmi kcbeae`m gi vctc, `cnstmtmkcs qug cùrreðtmkfeån, bgntrc bg `mbm orupc ebgciðoe`c, unm m`tumèðnenbgpgnbegntg bgi \imn Vgmi (Rmfim 0.?). Gn tcbcs ics sg`tcrgs,im kmycr smtesam`èðn `cn gi pimn g`cnðke`c tgnbeð m iigvmr vctcsm @mrbcsc.

===



Rmfim 0.?

Qctc pcr ics bcs `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn =552 pcr ormbc

bg smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi, `cntrcimbc pcr mutcic`miezmèðngn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

X6;=2<,8 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,0?80

X6;17,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,0<=<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imRmfim.Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm.

==6




Mnmie`gkcs gi `msc bg ics gig`tcrgs bg `gntrc, gn gi qug gi`ru`g bg ims prgsecngs prcbudc gqueiefrec gn im setumèðn mntgrecr.Gn gstg `msc, tcbmvëm, im pcseèðn ngutrm argntg mi Vgmi pcr pmrtg

bg gig`tcrgs bg `gntrc tgnbeð m mrrmstrmr vctcs pmrm Iuim, ickeskc qug m`cntgèð gntrg ics gig`tcrgs bg bgrg`hm.

Gstc rgaugrzm im ncèðn bg qug gi Vgmi tuvc gag`tcsenbgpgnbegntgs scfrg gi vctc. Gig`tcrgs bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hmqug nc gstmfmn tmn smtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi tgnbegrcn m vctmr bgkcbc beagrgntg mi rgstc. Bgi keskc kcbc, ics gig`tcrgs bgezquegrbm qugnc gstmfmn ensmtesag`hcs `cn gi Vgmi nc tgnbegrcnm vctmr pcr Iuim, `ckc ics bgkís ezquegrbestms. \cr gi `cntrmrec,

ics qug gstmfmn kuy smtesag`hcs tgnbegrcn m vctmr pcr @mrbcsc,ic qug gxpie`m gi hg`hc bg qug ics `mnbebmtcs bg ezquegrbm, gn`cnduntc, hmymn cftgnebc `gr`m bg un pcr`gntmdg bg =< puntcskgncs bg ic qug cftuvegrcn gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585. Gs qugunm pmrtg bg im ezquegrbm vctð pcr @mrbcsc. Gstc kugstrm qug imenaiugnèm bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m nc m`tôm pcr eoumi gn gi`cnduntc bgi gig`tcrmbc. Mi `ckpmrmr ics `cgaeègntgs bgmscèmèðn bg ims bcs tmfims, vgreae`mkcs qug gi pcseècnmkgntcebgciðoe`c y im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi scn mkfcs prgbe`tcrgsbgi vctc, mun ùmnbc unc sgm `cntrcimbc pcr gi ctrc. Qmig sgýmimrqug im augrzm prgbe`tevm `mg gn gi orupc bg ics smtesag`hcs `cn giVgmi y gn gi orupc bg ics gig`tcrgs setumbcs m im bgrg`hm.

@ckc im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m y im smtesam`èðn `cn giVgmi m`tumrcn `cnduntmkgntg scfrg gi vctc, ùmntc kmycr imsmtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi y kís m im bgrg`hm gi gig`tcr, kmycr gsim tgnbgnèm m vctmr pcr Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc (nmbmkgncs qug gi 56% bg ics gig`tcrgs gn gsm `cnbeèðn vctmrcn pcråi). Gn gi sgntebc `cntrmrec, ùmntc kgncr im smtesam`èðn `cn giVgmi y kís m im ezquegrbm gi gig`tcr, kgncr im tgnbgnèm m vctmrpcr Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc (mpgnms =<% bg ics quggstmfmn gn gsm `cnbeèðn ic heègrcn). Gn ics gstmbecs gntrg gscsgxtrgkcs, im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m y im pcseèðn mntg gi Vgmisg kgzìmn gn ormbcs vmrembcs.

0.1 @cnìusecngs

Gn gstg `mpëtuic bgkcstrmkcs qug, mbgkís bgi ormbc bgsmtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi, im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem y imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m augrcn ekpcrtmntgs prgvescrms bgi vctcgn =552. @cnstmtmnbc qug im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem aunècnm

==0



`ckc un suf`cnduntc bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, fus`mkcsvgreae`mr se åstm pcbrëm sgr `cnsebgrmbm, tmi `ckc gn =585, gikgdcr prgbe`tcr bespcnefig pmrm im bgèseðn bgi vctc bg im kmycrpmrtg bgi gig`tcrmbc.

@umbrc 0.2

Qctc pcr ics bcs `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn =552 pcrmutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm y ormbc bgsmtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi (gn %)

Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

\cr ic tmntc, gi prekgr pmsc aug gxmkenmr gn quå kgbebm immbhgseðn mi Vgmi grm bgpgnbegntg bg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m.Gi rgsuitmbc bg ics tgsts kcstrð qug im mbhgseðn mi Vgmi ncbgpgnbeð tctmikgntg bg im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m, munqug hmym sebcenaiugnèmbm pcr giim. M pmrter bg gstc, bgbudekcs qug imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m y im pcseèðn mntg gi Vgmi enaiugnèmrcn`cnduntmkgntg, `cn rgimtevm enbgpgnbgnèm, im bgèseðn bgi vctc,bgfegnbc sgr mkfms `cnsebgrmbms `ckc prgbe`tcrms bgi vctc. Gi@umbrc 0.2 rgsukg ic qug hmiimkcs scfrg `ðkc sg bec gsm bcfigenaiugnèm scfrg im bgèseðn bgi gig`tcr.

Gn gi @umbrc 0.2 sg cfsgrvm qug gi kmycr ënbe`g bg mpcycm @mrbcsc prcvegng bg gig`tcrgs qug scn bg bgrg`hm y mprugfmngi Vgmi (56%). Gn un sgntebc envgrsc, ùmntc kís m im ezquegrbm ykgncr im mprcfmèðn mi Vgmi, kmycr gi rg`hmzc m @mrbcsc (sðicgi =<% vctð pcr åi) y kmycr im mbhgseðn m Iuim. Gntrg gscs bcs`mscs gxtrgkcs, sg cfsgrvm un bgormbå qug sg creoenm gn girgaugrzc kutuc bg ims bcs vmremfigs gn im bgtgrkenmèðn bgi vctc,gx`gptc pmrm gi orupc bg bgrg`hm qug nc mprugfm gi Vgmi.

==2




\mrm gsg orupc, im ensmtesam`èðn argntg mi Vgmi bgtgrkenðkís vctcs qug ics gspgrmbcs pmrm Iuim y kgncs vctcs qug icsgspgrmbcs pmrm @mrbcsc, enbe`mnbc, m im bgrg`hm, unm enaiugnèm

m`gntumbm bgi \imn scfrg gi vctc, ic qug `cnaerkm ic ym gxpugstc4gi \imn enèbeð bg acrkm bestentm scfrg gi gig`tcrmbc, bgpgnbegnbcbg su pcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c. Gi Vgmi aug tmntc c kísenaiuygntg scfrg gi vctc ùmntc kís m im bgrg`hm gstmfm gigig`tcr.

Im bcfig enaiugnèm ebgcicoëm/g`cnckëm gs `mpmz bg tcrnmr`ckprgnsefig ic qug scimkgntg unm bg giims nc gxpie`mrëm. Pe giaen bg im enaimèðn augsg pcr së scic gi bgtgrkenmntg bgi vctc,

³`ðkc gxpie`mr qug gi 71% bg ics gig`tcrgs hmymn bgdmbc bgvctmr pcr @mrbcsc (unm vgz qug im enaimèðn m`mfð pmrm tcbcs)3Gn sgounbc iuomr, ³pcr quå, m pgsmr bg qug gi \imn hmymcftgnebc un ??% bg mprcfmèðn, @mrbcsc tuvc sðic gi 22% bgics vctcs3 \cr ôitekc, ³quå dusteae`m qug mpgnms im ketmb bg icsqug gieoegrcn m @mrbcsc ic hmym hg`hc gn aunèðn bgi \imn3

Ims rgspugstms sg venùimn m qug, duntc `cn im mprgèmèðnbgi Vgmi, im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m enaiugnèð mi gig`tcrmbc. Gn

prekgr iuomr, im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgtgrkenð, gn pmrtg, imprcpem rgm`èðn mi Vgmi, ic qug gxpie`m qug gi mpcyc mi keskc nchmym sebc unínekg.

Pen gkfmroc, ic qug beagrgnèð gi vctc bg ics qugmpcymfmn gi \imn aug im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m bg `mbm unc4@mrbcsc nc tuvc gi vctc bg ics qug, môn gstmnbc smtesag`hcs `cngi Vgmi, ic rg`hmzmfmn ebgciðoe`mkgntg. \mrm aenmiezmr, imenaiugnèm bg im ebgcicoëm pgrketeð tmkfeån acrkuimr unm hepðtgses

scfrg pcr quå nc tcbcs ics vctcs pcr @mrbcsc prcvgnëmn bgiVgmi. Bg mùgrbc `cn gsm hepðtgses, im ketmb bg sus gig`tcrgs ymic hmfëm gs`coebc, mntgs bgi \imn, pcr kctevcs ebgciðoe`cs.

Nc hmy bubm qug im csèimèðn bg unm pmr`gim seoneae`mtevmbgi gig`tcrmbc (`gr`m bg im ketmb bg ics gig`tcrgs bg @mrbcsc) gnaunèðn bgi prcormkm bg gstmfeiezmèðnbgèbeð im gig`èðn. Bgsbggstg puntc bg vestm, nc hmy `ðkc sufgstekmr im ekpcrtmnèm bgiVgmi pmrm gi rgsuitmbc bg im besputm bg =552. \mrm bgèric `cn

tcbms ims igtrms,gi Vgmi hezc qug @mrbcsc omng . Ic qug gstg`mpëtuic rgvgim gs qug gsg am`tcr nc mnuið ics miengmkegntcsebgciðoe`cs y kugstrm ðkc gi Vgmi hezc gigoer m @mrbcsc.

==7



Im prcpem rgm`èðn argntg mi Vgmi aug bgtgrkenmbm gn pmrtg

pcr im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcr y, môn kís, tuvc unekpm`tc beagrgnèmbc scfrg gi vctc, bgpgnbegnbc bgi pcseèc-nmkgntc bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Gn sëntgses,pugbg bgèrsg qug gi Vgmi ùkpieð un ekpcrtmntg pmpgi bgrgmiengmbcr bg ics gig`tcrgs bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm gn berg`èðnmi `mnbebmtc qug ics rgprgsgntmfm y nc bgmnuimbcr bg icsmiengmkegntcs prgvecs.

Pe fus`mkcs im iðoe`m gstru`turmi bgi aunècnmkegntc bgigig`tcrmbc frmseigýc, gi ånamses gxìusevc gn gi Vgmi `ckcgxpie`mèðn bgi vctc gn =552, mesimbc bgi tgiðn bg acnbc bg icsmiengmkegntcs ebgciðoe`cs prgvecs, tcrnm en`ckprgnsefig sugag`tc scfrg gi vctc y csùrg`g im pgrkmngnèm bg icsbgtgrkenmntgs gstru`turmigs bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn giFrmsei qug m`tômn fmdc ims csèimècngs `cnyunturmigs.

==1



Nctms=. Im envgsteomèðn `cn kugstrm prcfmfeiëste`m Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm aug pimngmbm pcr un oruentgrbesèpienmrec bg prcagscrgs bg im Wnevgrsebmbg bg Pàc \muic (WP\), `ccrbenmbm pcr ics prcagscrgs DcMuoustc Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (Bgpmrtmkgntc bg @eänèm \ciëte`m) y @mrics Mifgrtc Frmomnïm \grgerm(Enstetutc bg Kmtgkíte`m g Gstmtëste`m) y gdgùtmbm pcr im gkprgsm Rcigbc & Msscèmbcs. \mrteèpmrcn orupc bg envgsteomèðn ics prcagscrgs Giezmfgth Fmifm`hgvsjy (B@\/WP\), Agrnmnbc Iekcnoe (B@\/WP\),Påroec _g`hsigr (EKG/WP\) y Mnbrå Penogr (B@\/WP\). Gn im envgsteom-èðn sg `cntð `cn im myubm bg imGstmbëste`m Iurbgs Ucshejc Rmne Encug (EKG/WP\) y im fg`mrem Bgneibg Peivm bg Cievgerm, bgi Nôìgc\gsquesms gk Vgim`cgs Entgrnmècnmes bm WP\ (Nupre/WP\). Gi survgy, aenmnèmbc pcr im Aunbm`mc Mkpmrc m im \gsquesm bc Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic (Ampgsp), prc`gsc nôkgrc 52/=56?-8, aug rgmie-zmbc `cn0.<66 gig`tcrgs gn gi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic, gntrg ics bëms 68 bg c`tufrg y 7 bg ncvegkfrg bg =552. Gigsqugkm uteiezmbc pmrm im kugstrm sg vmieð bg unm bcfig gstrm-teae`mèðn. Ics Kune`ëpecs bgi Gstmbc bg \muic augrcn gstrmteae`mbcs bg mùgrbc `cn vmremfigs augrtgkgntg mscèmbms mi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi y en`crpcrð gn gsg kmr`c gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gn gig`ècngs mntgrecrgs. Gi Kuneèpec bg Pàc \muic, pcr sus`mrm`tgrëste`ms senouimrgs gn gi Gstmbc, aug tckmbc `ckc un gstrmtc y unm sufgstrmte-ae`mèðn aug rgmiezmbåi pmrm im kugstrm bg zcnms gig`tcrmigs bg acrkm rgetgrmbm.

6. Qgr Imkcunegr (=55=4 51) y Pcmrgs (=55=). Kegntrms qug im ezquegrbm pmsð bgi =2% mi 6<% bg im @íkmgn =55=, im bgrg`hm sufeð bg un 2?% mi 7=%, y gi `gntrc `myð bg un 05% mi 65%. Aug usmbm, pmrm gsc`íiùics, im keskm ìmseae`mèðn bg ics pmrtebcs besùtebm gn gi `mpëtuic 6.

0. Im hepðtgses bg unm mprcxekmèðn gntrg gi \R y gi \PBF aug besùtebm vmrems vg`gs gntrg =585 y =550Iuim y Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc sg hmfrëmn rgunebc mi kgncs gn bcs c`msecngs pmrm `cnvgrsmr scfrg un pcsefig miemnzm gntrg ics bcs pmrtebcs, bg mùgrbc `cn rgimtcs pgrecbëste`cs4 gn kmrzc bg =55= (Vgvestm Qgn. 2=, mýc 6?, p. 18) y gn gi prekgrc sgkgstrg bg =556 (Bekgnstgen & Pcuzm, =5524 7=). Kís miií bg gsms prgsuntms `cnvgrsmècngs prevmbms, hufc unm tgntmtevm pôfie`m bg uneae`mèðn, gn dunec bg =550, cromne

pcr gi gkprgsmrec Cbgb Ormdgw, bgi imbc bgi \R, y pcr gi g`cnckestm Frgssgr \grgerm, bgi imbc bgi \PBF(Pumssunm & Ncvmgs, =5524 ==).

2. Qgr, rgspg`tc bg im pciëte`m g`cnðke`m bgi ocfegrnc bg @ciicr, A. bg Cievgerm (=556) y O. Cievgerm (=551).

7. "Gi eneèc bgi ocfegrnc bg Etmkmr Armn`c aug kmr`mbc pcr enbgaeneècngs y pcr un ke-nestgrec `cnsebgrmbbåfei, rgacrzmnbc im ekprgseðn bg qug sgrëm ng`gsmrec gspgrmr unm nugvm mbkenestrmèðn pmrm gnargnt prenèpmigs prcfigkms bg unm g`cnckëm qug vevëm mi fcrbg bg im hepgrenaimèðn. Burmntg =556/=550, argùgntgkgntg rg`crbmbc gi hg`hc bg qug nc hmfëm prg`gbgntg hestðre`c bg unm gstmfeiezmèðn gxetcsm gn gtrmkc aenmi bg un ocfegrnc" (O. Cievgerm, =5514 =7).

1. Gi ënbe`g bg pcpuimrebmb bgi ocfegrnc bg Etmkmr Armn`c sðic `ckgnzmrëm m `rg`gr gn kmyc bg =552, umýc bgspuås bg im iigombm bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc m im be-rg`èðn bg im g`cnckëm (V. Aeouger=552: O. Cievgerm, =551). @ckc rgùgrbm O. Cievgerm (=5514 0=), tmi gag`tc hmfrëm sebc bgiefgrmbc. "beagrgnèm gntrg ims bcs ve-secngs Zbg `ckfmtg m im enaimèðn[ sg hm`g pmtgntg gn gi `cntrmstg gntrg im amgxprg-seðn bgi gx-prgsebgntg @ciicr ùmnbc maerkð qug ‘bespcnëm bg unm ône`m fmim pmrm m`m fmr `cn imenaimèðn― y im ensestgnèm bgi gx-prgsebgntg bgi Fmn`c @gntrmi y pcstgrecr-kgntg Kenestrc bg HmègnKmimn, bg qug im gstmfeiezmèðn `cnstetuëm un prc`gsc――.

?. Qgr, scfrg gi `rgèkegntc bg Iuim gn gstm amsg, \mtmrrm (=557) y Mikgebm (=551).

8. Im bestmnèm gntrg Iuim y Frezcim, gn gi `mkpc bg im ezquegrbm, ym gn kmrzc, gs im qug sg kmntgnbrëm hgi aenmi (Iuim m`mfð qugbmnbc =5 puntcs pcr`gntumigs pcr gnèkm bg Frezcim gn ims urnms), y prcfmfigkgntgrgaigdmfm gi eneèc bg un `mkfec bgspuås `cn-aerkmbc4 im mfscrèðn, scfrg tcbc gn gi Gstmbc bg Vec Ormnbgbc Pui, bg ics vctcs bgi \BR pcr gi \R. Im en`crpcrmèðn bg ics vctcs bgi \BR bgfg sgr pmrtg bg imgxpie`mèðn bgi hg`hc bg qug Iuim hmym sufebc bgi =7% bg ics cftgnebcs gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585, mi 66%gn =552. Gspg`ëae`mkgntg scfrg gi `msc bg Vec Ormnbg bc Pui, vgr Fmqugrc (=5524 77).



5. Vgaigdm fegn gi ìekm bg mqugi kckgntc im bgìmrmèðn bg Agrnmnbgs (=5574 =<?)4 "Hmfëm, gntcn`gs, gnkgbecs m`mbåke`cs y pciëte`cs bg Enoimtgrrm ‐ y `rgc qug nc sðic miií ‐, ku`hm gxpg`tmtevm gn rgimèðn mirgsuitmbc bg ims gig`ècngs prgsebgnèmigs gn Frmsei. Pg gspgùimfm scfrg ims `cnsgùgnèms bg im ve`tcrem un `mnbebmtc bg unm `cmieèðn bg ezquegrbm gn gi kmycr pmës bg Mkåre`m Imtenm. Gi gspg`trc bg Miign pcfimfm (pmrm fegn c pmrm kmi) im ekmoenmèðn bg quegngs gnsmymfmn prcyg`ècngs bg gs`gnmrecs. Qc

Frmsei, gn duiec, `cnvgnèbc bg qug sgrëm tgsteoc bg un `mkfec hes-tðre`c".

=<. _gaacrt (=5524 7). Nðtgsg qug, se hufegsg enacrkmècngs scfrg im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgc-iðoe`m bgigig`tcrmbc gn gsg pgrëcbc, gi ùmbrc nc kcstrmrëm `cntcrncs tmn amvcrmfigs m Iuim. Gn un sgkenmrecrgmiezmbc gn dunec bg =550, gn im @íkmrm bg ics Qgrgmbcrgs bg Pàc \muic, suogrëmkcs, m pmrter bg bmtcs=55<, qug, gn im hepðtgses bg unm bespu-tm Iuim/Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc, gi `mnbebmtc bgi `gntrc tgnbku`hm augrzm (Penogr, s.b.), `ckc bg hg`hc m`mfð cùrregnbc. Gn im keskm berg`èðn, sgoôn im rg-vestm Qgdm(n. 2=, mýc 6?, p. 0=), gi berg`tcr bgi Efcpg, @mrics Muoustc Kcntgngorc, ig hmfrëm be`hc m AgrnmnbcHgnrequg @mrbcsc qug Iuim gstmfm enaimbc y nc omnmrëm im gig`èðn (agfrgrc bg =552). \cr ctrc imbc, FmrfcAeihc (=5574 =2?) rgoestrm qug, mun gn gi íkfetc bg ims augrzms bgspuås ve`tcrecsms, "im kmycrëmscfrgstekmfm ims `hmn`gs gig`tcrmigs bg Iuim, `cn unm mkpiem vgntmdm gn tcbms ims gnùgstms bg cpeneðn..

==. Ics seouegntgs trmfmdcs prcùrmrcn entgrprgtmr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn =5524 Mikgebm (=551):Fmifm`hgvsjy (=557): Fmqugrc (=552): V. Aeougergbc (=552): Ocuvgem gt miie (=55?): Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug(=557m y =557f): Jenzc (=551): Iekm Dr. (=557): Iekcnoe (=557): Kgnbgs & Qgnture (=552): Kgngougiic(=551): Cievgerm & Hcizhm`jgr (s. b.): \egru`è & \rmnbe (=557): \entc (=551): Peivgerm (=551). Ctrcs tgxtcsqug sg rgaegrgn m =552 scn ics seouegntgs4 Fmrfczm (=557): Agrnmnbgs (=557): Aeougergbc (=552): Dmoum(=552): Dcrog (=557): Jres`hjg (=551): Ne`cimu (=552): A. bg Cievgerm (=557): \mtmrrm (=557): Vges (=557):Vcbreougs (=557m y =557f): _gaacrt (=552).

=6. @a. Dmoumrefg (=5524 60).

=0. @a. Kgngougiic (=5514 100 y 102).

=2. @a. Kgnbgs & Qgnture (=5524 05).

=7. Kgnbgs y Qgnture (=5524 20) mroukgntmn, `cn fmsg gn gsms enacrkmècngs, qug kís bg im ketmb bg ics02 keiicngs bg vctcs cftgnebcs pcr @mrbcsc hmfrëm vgnebc bg enbe-vebucs ùym prenèpmi rmzðn pmrmgs`cogric aug gi \imn Vgmi. Gsc pgrketg ekmoenmr qug åi hmfrëm pgrbebc im gig`èðn sen gi prcormkm bgstmfeiezmèðn, ym qug Iuim tuvc kís bg =? keiicngs bg suarmoecs.

=1. Jenzc (=5514 ==< y ===).

=?. Gi mukgntc bgi pcbgr bg `ckprm c`msecnmbc pcr gi Vgmi vm m rgaigdmrsg gn ics enbe`mbcrgskm`rcg`cnðke`cs bg `cnsukc rgèån m pmrter bg mocstc. Giics kugstrmn qug gi `cnsukc, tmntc bg fegngs

==8



burmfigs `ckc bg nc burmfigs, bec un smitc gncrkg m pmrter bg mqugi kgs, gxtgnbeånbcsg gsm sufm hmstmsgptegkfrg y c`tufrg (vgr enbe`mbcrgs Egsp =552, =557, Nrcs. 02 y 014 07 y 00, rgspg`tevmkgntg). Qgrtmkfeån, `cn rgspg`tc mi mukgntc bgi pcbgr bg `ckprm, V. Aeougergbc (=5524 8<) y Mikgebm (=5514 66<).

=8. @a. Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug (=557m4 =8).

=5. Jenzc (=5514 =<0). Rmkfeån Peivgerm (=5514 =2=), im ekmogn bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc hmftgnebc un pgsc ekpcrtmntg gn im bgèseðn bgi vctc. M pmrter bg im envgs-teomèðn ùmietmtevm rgmiezmbm \muic y gn Vec Ormnbg bc Pui `cn 8< enbevebucs (6< bg giics rggntrgvestmbcs gn prcaunbebmb) gntrg =55= y=557, Peivgerm `cnìuyg `cn rgspg`tc m im gig`èðn bg =5524 "Ims `mrm`tgrëste`ms bg im ekmogn bgi `mnbebZAgr-nmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc[ y ics iimkmbcs sekfðie`cs uteiezmbcs tmkfeån sg kcstrmrcn gaeègntgs pmrsgnsefeiezmr m ics gig`tcrgs y kcveiezmr sgntekgntcs y gkcècngs. Msë pugs, ics sgntekegntcs kcveiezmbcsaugrcn kuy bestentcs Zbg ics rgimècnmbcs m @ciicr[4 gi hckfrg bgi \imn Vgmi, qug pcsgëm `mrm`tgrëste`ms bekmogn kuy vmicrezmbms, `ckc ims rg`cncèbms hcngstebmb g entgieognèm, trmnsketeð ics sgntekegntcs bsgoure-bmb, trmnqueiebmb, aerkgzm y tmkfeån prgsgntð ùmiebmbgs pgrscnmigs mormbmfigs".

6<. @a. Mikgebm (=5514 57 y 51).

6=. @a. Mikgebm (=5514 =22) (ånamses nugstrc)

66. @a. V. Aeougergbc (=5524 8=).

60. @a. \entc (=5514 =78).

62. A. Cievgerm (=5574 10). Kís mbgimntg, gi mutcr `cnìuyg4 "Mprgnbegnbc im ig`èðn bgi `ruzmbc bgsbg g

puntc bg vestm bg ims pcsefeiebmbgs gig`tcrmigs bg quegn trmbudgsg gn kgbebms `cn`rgtms gi bgsgc b`cnsgrvmbureskc scèmi, gi gntcn`gs Kenestrc bg Hmègn-bm, Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc, sg imnzð m besputm. Gi \imn Vgmi, gi `mkfec scèmi rgorgsevc tmn mnsembc, ùyc ône`c rgsuitmbc `cn`rgtc `cnsesteð gn`cntgngr im enaimèðn, aug gi ‘ormn gig`tcr― bgi kenestrc".

67. Kgngougiic (=5514 100). M pgsmr bg qug Kgngougiic mroukgntð qug gi \imn nc hm-fëm trmëbc tcbmvëm`rgèkegntc g`cnðke`c, nc gs ic qug enbe`m O. Cievgerm (=5514 1?). \mrm åi, im g`cnckëm ym vgnëm gngxpmnseðn bgsbg =556 y, `cn im giekenmèðn bgi ek-pugstc enaimècnmrec, "hufc unm m`gigrmèðn bg`rgèkegntc gn ics trgs trekgstrgs suf-seouegntgs m im gkeseðn bg im nugvm kcngbm". C sgm, ùmnbc cùrreð imgig`èðn, im m`gigrmèðn bgi `rgèkgntc ym hmfëm `ckgnzmbc hm`ëm trgs kgsgs.

61. Wteiezmkcs gi keskc `retgrec bgi `mpëtuic mntgrecr pmrm crbgnmr m ics `mnbebmtcs, m smfgr, su pmrtebc pgrtengnèm. Gn `cnsgùgnèm, gi crbgn bg ics sges `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs aug gi seouegntg4

Iuim y Frezcim ; Ezquegrbm

@mrbcsc y ]uårèm ; @gntrc

Mken y Gnåms @mrngerc ; Bgrg`hm



6?. Kgngougiic (=5514 102). @mfg cfsgrvmr `cn rgspg`tc mi "kmr`c `ckôn bg rgagrgnèm" qug, `ckc ym augvestc, ics gig`tcrgs bg fmdm rgntm tuvegrcn fgngaeècs sustmntevcs, ic qug nc cùrrëm `cn ics qug bespcnëmn bg`ckpgnsmècngs aenmnègrms `cntrm ims pårbe bms enaimècnmrems.

68. @a. Iekm Dr. (=5574 =<6).

65. @a. Fmifm`hgvsjy (=5574 85).

0<. Ics qug nc sg `cic`mfmn gn im gs`mim ebgciðoe`m scn ics kgncs enstruebcs y ics kg-ncs pmrteèpmtevcs bgigig`tcrmbc, bg mhë im augrtg mscèmèðn gntrg gi nc pcseècnmkegn-tc gn gi gspg`trc y im mfstgnèðn y ics vctcnuics y fimn`cs.

0=. Ims prgountms augrcn acrkuimbms bg im seouegntg kmngrm4 "Gstm tmrdgtm rgprcbu`g im fcigtm caeèmi gn im ôitekm gig`èðn. ³Wstgb pcbrëm bgèrkg pcr `ômi bg gstcs `mnbebmtcs vctð pmrm \rgsebgntg3 Rmrdgtm4

(27) Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc ‐ \PBF

(=7) Crgstgs ]uårèm ‐ \KBF

(01) @mrics Ockgs ‐ \VN

(=0) Iuim ‐ \R

(==) Gspgrebeàc Mken ‐ \\V

(6<) Mikermntg Acrtunm ‐ \P@

(71) Gnåms @mrngerc ‐ \VCNM

(=6) Frezcim ‐ \BR"

"Qcivegnbc m im ùgsteðn bg ezquegrbm y bg bgrg`hm gn im pciëte`m gn gi ùmbrc qug mpmrg`g gn gstm tm³bðnbg sg `cic`mrëm ustgb se gi nôkgrc = augsg gi kíxekc m im ezquegrbm y gi nôkgrc ? augsg gi kíxekc m imbgrg`hm3

@mrtðn4 Ezquegrbm = 6 0 2 7 1 ? Bgrg`hm"

Im prekgrm prgountm qug kgnècnm im beveseðn ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gstmfm acrkuimbm bgi seouegntg kc"@ckc ustgb smfg, ku`hm ogntg, ùmnbc pegnsm gn pciëte`m, uteiezm ims pmimfrms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Gùmbrc qug mpmrg`g gn gstm tmrdgtm ³bðnbg `cic-`mrëm ustgb m `mbm pmrtebc, se gi nôkgrc = augrm gi kíxekim ezquegrbm y gi nôkgrc ? gi kíxekc m im bgrg`hm3" \mrm `cnstruer im gs`mim, uneae`mkcs ims pcseècngs = y fmdc gi rðtuic bg ezquegrbm: 0, 2 y 7 `ckc bg `gntrc, y 1 y ? fmdc im bgnckenmèðn bg bgrg`hm.

06. Gsm prgveseðn, se gs `cnaerkmbm, oumrbmrëm `chgrgnèm `cn gi hg`hc bg qug, hestðre`m-kgntg, gi `ckfmtg

im enaimèðn gs unm precrebmb bg im bgrg`hm, gn `cntrmpcseèðn m pciëte`ms preveigoembms pcr im ezquegrgi mukgntc bgi gkpigc y bg ics omstcs scèmigs bgi Gstmbc (@mstmýgbm, =552: Aecrenm, =55?)



00. Im prgountm scfrg im smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi aug acrkuimbm bg im seouegntg kmngrm4 "Pg hmfimku`hc bg im nugvm kcngbm y bgi \imn Vgmi. Ncs oustmrëm smfgr su cpeneðn scfrg gi \imn Vgmi.Mpuntg gn im gs`mim gn quå pcseèðn sg `cic`mrëm ustgb `cn rgimèðn mi \imn Vgmi, `cnsebgrmnbcqug ùmntc kmycr gs gi nôkgrc, kmycr gs su smtesam`èðn. = Kuy ensmtesag`hc 6 0 2 7 Kuysmtesag`hc"



@M\ËRWIC2

GPRMFEIEBMB U@CNRGNEBC BG IMEBGNREAE@M@EÐNEBGCIÐOE@M


Gn ics `mpëtuics prg`gbgntgs bgkcstrmkcs qug gi vctc gstuvcmscèmbc m im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcr, tmntc gn im gig`èðnprgsebgnèmi bg =585 `ckc gn im bg =552. Gi cfdgtevc bg gstg ôitekc`mpëtuic gs prgsgntmr gvebgnèms qug `crrcfcrgn im hepðtgses bg qug immutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gs unmprgbespcseèðn bg imroc pimzc y tmkfeån enbe`m `mkencs gxpicrmtcrecspmrm gntgnbgr `cn quå sestgkm bg `rggnèms gstí mscèmbm imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m gn gi Frmsei. Gi `mpëtuic gstí bevebebc gn bcspmrtgs. Gn im prekgrm, prgsgntmkcs enbeècs bg qug im cpèðn ebgciðoe`mnc hm sebc vciítei gn Frmsei. \mrm giic, gxmkenmkcs `ðkc vmremrcn imsprcpcrècngs bgi gig`tcrmbc qug sg ic`miezmrcn gn ics bevgrscs puntcs bgim gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm m ic imroc bgi pgrëcbc =585-=552. M`cntenumèðn, gvmiumkcs im gstmfeiebmb ebgciðoe`m bgi vctc, kgbebm pcr im`chgrgnèm bg ims trmnsagrgnèms bg suarmoecs gntrg `mnbebmtcs beagrgntgsgn im gig`èðn prgsebgnèmi bg =585 (prekgrm y sgounbm vugitm), gn imgig`èðn pmrm ocfgrnmbcr bg Pàc \muic, gn =55<, y gn im gig`èðnprgsebgnèmi bg =552.

Gn im sgounbm pmrtg bgi `mpëtuic, vmkcs m besùter im gxestgnèm bgctrms mscèmècngs (kís miií bgi vctc) gntrg im mutcic`miezmèðn gn gigspg`trc y ims m`tetubgs pciëte`ms. Mi `ckegnzc, rgtckmkcs gi tgkm, qug



ym hgkcs sgýmimbc gn ics `mpëtuics mntgrecrgs, bg im rgimèðn gntrg giiuomr gn qug gi gig`tcr gstí setumbc y gi iuomr gn qug ic`miezm su pmrtebcprgagrebc. Aenmikgntg, kcstrmrgkcs bg quå kmngrm ics `cntgnebcshmfetumikgntg mtrefuebcs m im bgrg`hm y m im ezquegrbm gn gi bgfmtgpôfie`c gstín mscèmbcs m im mutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr frmseigýc gn imgs`mim ebgciðoe`m.

2.6 Im gstmfeiebmb bg ims Cpècngs Ebgciðoe`ms

2.6.= Gi rg`cncèkegntc bg im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

Rrgs bg ims envgsteomècngs kugstrmigs `cn ims ùmigs trmfmdmkcsgn ics `mpëtuics mntgrecrgs (@uiturm \ciëte`m, bg =585 y =55<, yRepcicoembc Qctc \muiestm , bg =552) pebegrcn m ics gig`tcrgs qug sg ic`miezmsgn gnunc bg segtg puntcs bg unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, gn im qug =rgprgsgntmfm im pcseèðn kís m im ezquegrbm y ? im ufe`mèðn kís m imbgrg`hm. Ics rgsuitmbcs gstín sentgtezmbcs gn gi @umbrc 2.=. Imgnùgstm @uiturm \ciëte`m/50 nc aug `cic`mbm gn gi @umbrc 2.= pcrquguteiezð unm gs`mim bg begz puntcs gn iuomr bg segtg. \cr giic, gsprgsgntmbm mpmrtg gn gi @umbrc 2.6.

Ics @umbrcs 2.= y 2.6 kugstrmn qug, gntrg =585 y =55<, ginôkgrc bg gig`tcrgs frmseigýcs qug sg enìuygrcn gn im gs`mim mukgntðgn 7 puntcs pcr`gntumigs, pmsmnbc bg `mse gi ?7% m mirgbgbcr bgi 8<%bgi gig`tcrmbc, sufegnbc nugvmkgntg gn =550 mi 50%. Im gnùgstmRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm bgtg`tð qug gi 8?% bg ics gig`tcrgs bgiGstmbc bg Pàc \muic gstmfm bespugstc m gigoer unm bg ims segtgpcseècngs gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, gn =552. Pg trmtm bg unm mitmtmsm bg rg`cncèkegntc bg ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm.Cfsårvgsg qug rg`cncèkegntc nc quegrg bgèr uteiezmèðn bg gsms`mtgocrëms bg unm kmngrm `conetevmkgntg gstru`turmbm, ne tmkpc`c qug,se prgountírmkcs ic qug iigvð mi gig`tcr m vctmr pcr unc u ctrc `mnbebmtc,åstg kgnècnmrëm gspcntíngmkgntg ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm c bgrg`hm`ckc dusteae`mèðn bgi vctc. Vg`cncèkgntc quegrg bgèr, tmn scic, qugùmnbc gs prgsgntmbm mi gig`tcr unm gs`mim acrkmbm m pmrter bg gsms`mtgocrëms, åstg smfg bg quå sg trmtm, mi kgncs bg acrkm entuetevm.

=62




@umbrc 2.=Bestrefuèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg segtg puntcs gn =585 y =55< (Frmsei) y

=552 (Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic) gn %

* Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/85 y @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.** Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm.*** Enìuyg ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, ics

qug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs yics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im prgountm.

@umbrc 2.6Bestrefuèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hmbg begz puntcs gn =550 (Frmsei) gn %


=67



* Enìuyg ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, ics

qug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs yics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im prgountm.

Im prcpcrèðn gn`cntrmbm m pmrter bg =585 gs kuy supgrecr mi 0<%qug sg `cic`ð gn im gs`mim gn gisurvgy rgmiezmbc, gn =586, gn giPubgstg bgi pmës (vgr @mpëtuic =). Pg `cnaerkð, bg gsm kmngrm, imprgveseðn bg Kgttgnhgek (=557) bg qug gi `msc frmseigýc sgouerëm gikcbgic gspmýci, gn gi ùmi gi `crrgr bg im rgbgkc`rmtezmèðn prcbudc ungncrkg mukgntc gn gi ormbc bg rg`cncèkegntc bgi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm=.

Bg gstg kcbc, im prcpcrèðn bg gig`tcrgs frmseigýcs `mpmz bgrg`cnc`gr ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm, gn =585 y =552, iigoð minevgi bg ics pmësgs bgsmrrciimbcs. @cnvegng rg`crbmr qug, gntrg =512 y=552, im `mntebmb kíxekm bg gig`tcrgs ncrtgmkgre`mncs qug rg`cnc`ëmnims `mtgocrëms iefgrmi y `cnsgrvmbcr grm bgi ?7% (gn =58<) (Jneoht &Igwes, =551). Gn tmntc, gn Gurcpm, `mse tcbcs ics gntrgvestmbcs sg`cic`mfmn "sen bubmr" gn gi `cntenuc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (gn ics`ckegnzcs bg ics mýcs ‘8<), sgoôn Enoighmrt (=582).

Gi `rgèkegntc bg 7 puntcs pcr`gntumigs gn im `mntebmb bggig`tcrgs qug sg entgorð m im gs`mim, gntrg sgptegkfrg bg =585 y kmrzcbg =55<, pugbg hmfgr `crrgspcnbebc m im pcimrezmèðn ebgciðoe`m bgibgfmtg pôfie`c gn im sgounbm vugitm bg im gig`èðn prgsebgnèmi bg =585(vgr @mpëtuic 6). Gkpgrc, im tgnbgnèm gstru`turmi pmrg`g sgr im bg unmen`crpcrmèðn prcorgsevm bg gig`tcrgs mi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c, unm vgzqug gn ics trgs mýcs seouegntgs gsg nôkgrc mukgntð gn =0 puntcspcr`gntumigs, vcivegnbc m ics pmbrcngs mntgrecrgs mi ocipg bg =512,ùmnbc gi 8?% bgi gig`tcrmbc sg `cic`mfm gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, sgoôn kgbeècngs bgi Efcpg (Imvmrgbm, =55=). Gs vgrbmb qug imkgbeèðn bg =510 kgnècnmfm iebgrmzocs pciëte`cs gn `cngxeðn `cn imspcseècngs gn im gs`mim (vgr @mpëtuic =) y qug hmfëm gn ùrsc unmrmbe`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m.

Ics qug nc sg enìuygn gn im gs`mim (prcpcrèðn qug grm bgmpgnms gi ?% gn =550) tegnbgn m sgr, gn ics ùmtrcsurvgys qug`cnsuitmkcs, ics bg kís fmdm rgntm y ics qug nc augrcn m im gsùgim c ncpmsmrcn gi nevgi físe`c (vgr Mngxc 0, Rmfims 2.=M m 2.8M). Gsc seoneae`mqug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m, gntgnbebm `ckc mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim ebgciðoe`m, mi gstmr augrtgkgntg mscèmbm m im cpèðn gig`tcrmi, gsunc bg ics gigkgntcs gstru`turmigs qug pgrketg prgbgèr gi vctc bg imenkgnsm kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc. Ics gig`tcrgs augrm bg im gs`mim, qugtegnbgn tmkfeån m mfstgngrsg c m vctmr gn fimn`c c gn acrkm nuim, scn

=61




dustmkgntg mqugiics m ics ùmigs im ietgrmturm mtrefuyg im tgnbgnèm m imkmroenmiezmèðn bgi prc`gsc pciëte`c c m `cnaerkmr unm kmroenm-iebmb m imùmi augrcn cfdgtevmkgntg `cnbgnmbcs, bmnbc msë un rgsuitmbc sekeimr

(Vges, =5?8).

2.6.6 Im rgouimrebmb bg im mutcic`miezmèðn

Gs ng`gsmrec mìmrmr, prgiekenmrkgntg, qug gstm sg`èðn nc sgbgstenm mckprcfmr im gstmfeiebmb bg ims ebgnteae`mècngs ebgciðoe`ms gngi pgrëcbc =585-=552. Im ône`m kmngrm bg hm`gric sgrëm m`ckpmýmr, m icimroc bg gscs mýcs, unm keskm kugstrm rgprgsgntmtevm bg gig`tcrgs yvgreae`mr se `mbm unc bg giics sg ic`miezmfm segkprg gn ics keskcspuntcs, c, gn su bgag`tc, `ðkc cùrrëmn ims trmnseècngs.

Pen gkfmroc, nc bespcngkcs bg gstg tepc bg gstubec (qug icsncrtgmkgre`mncs iimkmnpmngi). Ics bmtcs qug tgngkcs m kmnc`cnstetuygn mpgnms gvebgnèms `mpm`gs bg`crrcfcrmr unm hepðtgses4 imbg qug im mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gs un gigkgntcbctmbc bg gstmfeiebmb gn kgbec bgi `mkfemntg gsqugkm pmrtebmrecfrmseigýc.

Gntrg =585 y =55<, im prcpcrèðn bg gig`tcrgs qug sg pcseècnmrcngn `mbm unc bg ics segtg puntcs bg im gs`mim sg kmntuvc prí`te`mkgntgenmitgrmbm (@umbrc 2.=). Nðtgsg, gn gi keskc sgntebc, qug gipcseècnmkegntc kgbec bgi gig`tcrmbc gn =585 qugbð gn 2,22 y gn =55<aug bg 2,76. Gsc enbe`m un gig`tcrmbc `cnvgrogntg hmèm gi `gntrc, `cnunm enìenmèðn hmèm im bgrg`hm. Ics `mkfecs kís smiegntgs gntrg =585y =55<, munqug bg mpgnms un 6%, augrcn unm beskenuèðn bgi `gntrc(pcseèðn 2) y un mukgntc bg im `gntrc-bgrg`hm (pcseèðn 7) y bg imgxtrgkm bgrg`hm (pcseèðn ?). Nc hmy `ðkc `ckprcfmric, pgrc gsg igvgbgspimzmkegntc hmèm im bgrg`hm gn bgtrekgntc bgi `gntrc gs `ckpmtefig`cn im hepðtgses bg qug im pcimrezmèðn gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm cùrrebmgn gi sgounbc turnc bg im gig`èðn bg =585 hmym tgnebc un ekpm`tcburmbgrc gn ims pcseècngs ebgciðoe`ms bgi gig`tcrmbc.

Im `ckpmrmèðn bg ics rgsuitmbcs bg =585 y =55< `cn ics bg =550nc gs pcsefig, ym qug augrcn uteiezmbms bcs gs`mims beagrgntgs. Môn msë,sg pugbg cfsgrvmr qug ims tgnbgnèms ogngrmigs seougn segnbc imskeskms. Im kgbem bg pcseècnmkegntc bgi gig`tcrmbc gn gstg `mscgstuvc gn 7,80, ic qug gn unm gs`mim bg begz puntcs rgprgsgntm unm`cnvgrognèm mníicom pmrm gi `gntrc y, mi keskc tegkpc, miounmenìenmèðn hmèm im bgrg`hm. ]uegrc bgèr qug gi gig`tcrmbc, gn =550,

=6?



`cntenumfm `cnvgroegnbc gn berg`èðn mi `gntrc y segnbc kmycr m imbgrg`hm qug m im ezquegrbm.

Im `ckpmrmèðn `cn =552 bgfg tgngr gn ùgntm gi hg`hc bg qug imbestrefuèðn ebgciðoe`m gn gi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic pugbg sgr, gn miounmkgbebm, beagrgntg m im bestrefuèðn nmècnmi. Môn msë, sg vgreae`m unmekpcrtmntg sgkgdmnzm `cn ims tgnbgnèms ogngrmigs. Gi puntc kgbec gnqug sg `cic`ð gi gig`tcrmbc pmuiestm gn =552 aug bg 2,71, `mse ebånte`c mifrmseigýc gn =585 y =55<.

Im kís nctmfig beagrgnèm bg im gnùgstm pmuiestm gn rgimèðn `cnim frmseigým bg =55< gs qug gi `gntrc (pcseèðn 2) sg kcstrmfmrgimtevmkgntg kís augrtg gn Pàc \muic, `cn gi 66% bg ims prgagrgnèms,`cntrm gi =?% gn tcbc Frmsei. Bgsmacrtunmbmkgntg, nc bespcngkcs bgbmtcs nmècnmigs pmrm smfgr se gsc sg `crrgspcnbëm m un `rgèkegntcogngrmi bgi `gntrc gn aunèðn bg im gig`èðn bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg@mrbcsc, ic ùmi grm pimusefig. Nc cfstmntg, ims prcpcrècngs gntrg icsqug sg ufe`mrcn m im ezquegrbm y m im bgrg`hm bgi `gntrc augrcn pmrgèbmsgn im kugstrm nmècnmi bg =55< y gn im gstmbumi bg =552. Gn mkfms, imbgrg`hm grm `gr`m bg bcs vg`gs supgrecr m im ezquegrbm6.

Rrgs `cnìusecngs bgfgn sgr gxtrmëbms bg im `ckpmrmèðn gntrg icsbeagrgntgs survgys bespcnefigs. Im prekgrm gs qug gn tcbcs giics gigig`tcrmbc `cnvgrog gn gi `gntrc `cn unm enìenmèðn m im bgrg`hm. Imsgounbm gs qug, orcssc kcbc , im tgnbgnèm hmèm im bgrg`hm supgrm gnbcs vg`gs im enìenmèðn m im ezquegrbm. \cr ôitekc, im prcpcrèðn bggig`tcrgs setumbcs gn ics vmrecs puntcs bgi gspg`trc aug kmr`mbmkgntggstmfig gn gi pgrëcbc.

2.6.0 Im `cntenuebmb ebgciðoe`m bgi vctc

Im gstmfeiebmb ebgciðoe`m bgi vctc aug cfsgrvmbm pcr Iekcnoe(=557) mi gstubemr ims gig`ècngs gn gi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic, gntrg =585 y=552. Wsmnbc ics bmtcs bg imRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm , gn im qug sg igprgountð mi gig`tcr pcr queån hmfëm vctmbc rgtrcspg`tevmkgntg bgsbg=585, gi mutcr gstmfigèð ims iëngms bg `cntenuebmb bgi vctc gntrg imprekgrm y im sgounbm vugitm bg =585, gi prekgr y gi sgounbc turnc bg imgig`èðn bg =55< pmrm ocfgrnmbcr bg Pàc \muic y im gig`èðnprgsebgnèmi bg =552.

Iekcnoe nc sðic `ckpmrð ims trmnsagrgnèms bg vctc gntrg gi prekgry gi sgounbc turnc bg `mbm gig`èðn, senc qug tmkfeån vgreae`ð im kmtrezbg keormèðn bg ics vctcsgntrg ims gig`ècngs . Im hepðtgses tgstgmbm pcr

=68




Iekcnoe grm qug ics vctcs keormfmn bg un kcbc ebgciðoe`mkgntg`cnorugntg. C sgm, ics gig`tcrgs tgnbëmn, bg un turnc mi ctrc y bg unmgig`èðn m im ctrm, m gigoer `mnbebmtcs ebgciðoe`mkgntg `ckpmtefigs. Im

hepðtgses `cntrmremfm arcntmikgntg im ebgm bg un gig`tcrmbc zeozmougmntg,vciítei y grríte`c tmntms vg`gs mscèmbm m im engstmfeiebmb bgi ùmbrcpmrtebmrec, `ckc sg pugbg vgr, m kcbc bg gdgkpic, gn im seouegntgmaerkmèðn bg Benez (=585m)4

Gag`tevmkgntg, gi mníieses bg ims trgs gig`ècngs vgreae`mbms fmdc im Nugvm Vgpôfie`m gs fmstmntg gsìmrg`gbcr `cn rgspg`tc mi tgncr bg im prgsgntgengstmfeiebmb bgi gsqugkm pmrtebmrec. Gstm engstmfeiebmb rgaigdm, físe`mkgntg,imsfrus`ms csèimècngs bgi gig`tcrmbc y im vcimteiebmb bgi vctc qug hmn`mrm`tgrezmbc gi prc`gsc gig`tcrmi rgègntg Zånamses nugstrc[0.

\cr gi `cntrmrec, im hepðtgses bg Iekcnoe efm gn gi sgntebc ymmaerkmbc pcr ncsctrcs gn un trmfmdc bg =5504 im kmtrez frmseigým sgmsgkgdm, tmkfeån gn gsg mspg`tc, m im gspmýcim, bgs`reptm pcr Fmrngsgtmiie (=581) gn un mrtëùic qug iigvm gi suogstevc tëtuic bg "\mrtebcsQciíteigs y gig`tcrgs gstmfigs gn Gspmým". Gi mroukgntc bg Fmrngsgt miie gs qug, "m pgsmr bg im vcimteiebmb bg ics pmrtebcs, ics gig`tcrgs gspmýcigssg kmntegngn ebgciðoe`mkgntg gstmfigs". Ncsctrcs `rgëmkcs qug ickeskc su`gbëm gn Frmsei. @cnvegng sgýmimr qug, `ckc m`cntgèð gn

Gspmým, im vcimteiebmb pmrtebmrem gn gi Frmsei sg bec kís m im bgrg`hm qugm im ezquegrbm. Gi kgdcr gdgkpic bg gsm setumèðn gs gi `msc bg @ciicr,qug aug gigoebc mi kmrogn bg ics pmrtebcs bg `gntrc y bg bgrg`hm, pgrcqug eoumikgntg rgèfeð ics vctcs bg im bgrg`hm y bg pmrtg bgi `gntrc bgigig`tcrmbc, `cnacrkg bgkcstrmkcs gn gi @mpëtuic 6. \cr ctrm pmrtg, gn imezquegrbm, bcs ormnbgs pmrtebcs (gi \R y gi \BR) sg kmntuvegrcn `ckc`mnmigs pgrkmngntgs bg im ormn kmycrëm bgi vctc ezquegrbestm burmntg gipgrëcbc gstubembc.

Im hepðtgses tgstgmbm pcr Iekcnoe sg rgvgið gntgrmkgntg`ckprcfmbm pcr ics bmtcs. Gn gi pmsmdg bgi prekgrc mi sgounbc turnc bg=585, hufc bcs `mscs bg entgrås pmrm im `cnaerkmèðn bg im hepðtgses.@cnsebgrmnbc qug im rgpgteèðn bgi vctc pcr @ciicr c Iuim pcbrëm bgfgrsgm im sekpig igmitmb mi `mnbebmtc, `cnvgnëm gxmkenmr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc bgics gig`tcrgs bg @cvms y Kmiua. Gstcs ôitekcs gig`tcrgs tgnbrëmn pgscbgtgrkenmntg gn im bgèseðn bgi sgounbc turnc, pugstc qug, `ckc sus`mnbebmtcs ym nc gstmfmn kís gn im `cntegnbm, nc tgnëmn im pcsefeiebmbbg rgpgter gi vctc. \ugs fegn, Iekcnoe kcstrð qug gi 8=,?% bg ics

gig`tcrgs bg Kmiua vctmrcn pcr @ciicr, kegntrms qug ics gig`tcrgs bg@cvms sg bevebegrcn gntrg gi `mnbebmtc bg ezquegrbm Iuim (2<,1%) y @ciicr(07,0%). Gn sëntgses, ics gig`tcrgs tuvegrcn un `ckpcrtmkegntcpgrag`tmkgntg prgvesefig m pmrter bg im cregntmèðn ebgciðoe`m bg ics`mnbebmtcs pcr ics qug hmfëmn vctmbc gn gi prekgr turnc. ]uegngs

=65



mpcymrcn mi `mnbebmtc bg im bgrg`hm gn im prekgrm vugitm, sg vci`mrcn gnkmsm pcr gi `mnbebmtc bg bgrg`hm gn im sgounbm, kegntrms qug icsgig`tcrgs bgi `mnbebmtc bg `gntrc sg bevebegrcn gntrg im ezquegrbm y imbgrg`hm2. Beaëèikgntg pcbrëm gn`cntrmrsg kmycr gstmfeiebmb ebgciðoe`mbgi vctc.

Mi gstubemr ims gig`ècngs pmrm ocfgrnmbcr bgi Gstmbc bg =55<, gimutcr gn`cntrð im keskm `chgrgnèm. Gn mqugiim c`mseðn, pmsmrcn misgounbc turnc un `mnbebmtc bg `gntrc, Iuez Mntònec Aigury Aeihc, y ctrcbg bgrg`hm, \muic Kmiua.

Im hepðtgses bg im gstmfeiebmb ebgciðoe`m bgi vctc pcbrëm sgrtgstgmbm, gntcn`gs, pcr im m`tetub gn im sgounbm vugitm bg ics qug hmfëmnsebc gig`tcrgs bg ics `mnbebmtcs \iënec bg Mrrubm Pmkpmec (\R) y Kírec@cvms (\PBF) gn im prekgrm. Pg vgreae`ð qug gi 25% bg ics gig`tcrgs bg\iënec bg Mrrubm Pmkpmec (ezquegrbm) vctð pcr Aigury, `cntrm mpgnms un?%, qug cptð pcr Kmiua. @mfg rgoestrmr qug gi 22% bg ics gig`tcrgs bgMrrubm Pmkpmec cptð pcr miounm acrkm bg miegnmèðn gig`tcrmi (mnuimèðnbgi vctc c mfstgnèðn) gn gi sgounbc turnc, `crrgspcnbegnbc m imcregntmèðn bgi prcpec \R. Nc cfstmntg, gi 25% bg ics gig`tcrgs prgaereðvctmr pcr gi `mnbebmtc ebgciðoe`mkgntg kís prðxekc gn gi sgounbc turnc,`cntrmremnbc im cregntmèðn bgi prcpec pmrtebc. Gsc quegrg bgèr qug, pmrmunm ekpcrtmntg armndm bg ics gig`tcrgs bgi \R, im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`msg scfrgpusc m im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem gn im bgèseðn bgi vctc. Icsgig`tcrgs bg @cvms, m su vgz, sg bevebegrcn bgi seouegntg kcbc4 7<% cptðpcr Aigury Aeihc y 0<% vctð pcr Kmiua. Pegnbc @cvms un `mnbebmtc bg`gntrc, gs `chgrgntg qug unm pmrtg bg su gig`tcrmbc keormsg hmèm imbgrg`hm, munqug im kmycrëm sg hmym kmntgnebc gn gi prcpec `gntrc.

M `cntenumèðn, Iekcnoe envgsteoð im rgimèðn gntrg gi vctc gn imgig`èðn prgsebgnèmi bg =585 y gn im gig`èðn pmrm ocfgrnmbcr bg Pàc\muic bg =55<. Gsm `ckpmrmèðn gs pmrteùimrkgntg entgrgsmntg pcrqugprgsupcng qug gi gig`tcr oumrbm `chgrgnèm ebgciðoe`m ùmnbc bgèbg givctc tmkfeån pmrm gsagrms beagrgntgs (agbgrmi y gstmbumi) bgi Gdgùtevc.

\mrm gvetmr gi regsoc bg `cnaunber igmitmb ebgciðoe`m y igmitmb mi`mnbebmtc, ics `mscs m sgr gnamtezmbcs scn ics bg ics gig`tcrgs bg Iuim y@ciicr gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585, ym qug @cvms y Kmiua pgrkmng`ëmn`ckc `mnbebmtcs gn ims bcs gig`ècngs. Gi mutcr `cnstmtð qug 0?% bgics gig`tcrgs bg Agrnmnbc @ciicr bg Kgiic vctð pcr Aigury Aeihc, 06%vctð pcr Kmiua y =1% vctð pcr @cvms. Mpgnms gi <,6% vctð pcr MrrubmPmkpmec (\R). ]ugbmfm ìmrc, msë, qug ics gig`tcrgs qug hmfëmn cptmbcpcr @ciicr trmnsetmfmn bg im bgrg`hm hmèm gi `gntrc, pgrc rg`hmzmfmnaugrtgkgntg m im ezquegrbm.

=0<




Ics gig`tcrgs bg Iuim, m su vgz, sg bespgrsmrcn gn im gig`èðn bg=55<. Kgncs bg ics qug sg pcbrëm gspgrmr, mpgnms gi =8% bg giics cptðpcr Mrrubm Pmkpmec, segnbc qug gi 68% prgaereð m Aigury, gi 6<% m @cvms

y gi =7% m Kmiua. Ics qug rgscivegrcn mfstgngrsg augrcn gi =5%. Nðtgsg,`cn tcbc, qug môn gn gstg `msc, gn qug prcfmfigkgntg gi gig`tcrmbcprgsebgnèmi bg Iuim nc grm `cnstetuebc mpgnms pcr gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbmgn Pàc \muic y qug gi `mnbebmtc bg im ezquegrbm m ocfgrnmbcr gn =55<nc mtrmdc m su prcpem fmsg gig`tcrmi (scfrg gi `cn`gptc bg fmsg gig`tcrmi,vgr Fmifm`hgvsjy, =588), im bespgrseðn rgsuitmntg ctcroð unm `mntebmbrgimtevmkgntg pgqugým bg vctcs m im bgrg`hm, rgprgsgntmbm mquë pcr gi=7% bg gig`tcrgs bg Iuim, bg =585, qug gs`coegrcn m Kmiua gn =55<. Imkmycrëm keorð hmèm gi `gntrc (gi =8% sg qugbð gn im ezquegrbm, gi 28%aug hmèm gi `gntrc y mpgnms gi =7% sg bereoeð m im bgrg`hm), qug gs impcseèðn mbym`gntg, y nc hmèm gi ctrc imbc bgi gspg`trc.

Gi `msc gn qug qugbm kís ìmrm im `chgrgnèm ebgciðoe`m bgi vctcgs mquåi qug `cng`tm ims besputms prgsebgnèmigs bg =585 y =552. Imùgsteðn mquë aug smfgr pcr queån hmfëmn vctmbc ics gig`tcrgs bg @ciicr,@cvms y Kmiua, gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585, y bg @ciicr gn gi sgounbcturnc bg =585. Um qug Iuim sg hmfëm `mnbebmtgmbc gn ics bcs kckgntcs,im rgpgteèðn bgi vctc pcbrëm sgr `cnsebgrmbm unm aebgiebmb mi `mnbebmtc ync m im ebgcicoëm. Bgfebc m im ekpcrtmnèm bg gsg tgst pmrm im hepðtgses bggstm tgses, bgèbekcs en`rgkgntmr gi mníieses bg Iekcnoe, `cn miouncsenbe`mbcrgs gstmbëste`cs prcpecs. Ic qug gxpcngkcs m `cntenumèðn`crrgspcnbg m ics gigkgntcs rgvgimbcs pcr Iekcnoe g en`rg-kgntmbcspcr nugstrcs ënbe`gs.

Nmbm kgncs qug gi ?2% bg ics gig`tcrgs bg @ciicr, gi 17% bg icsbg Kmiua y gi 17% bg ics bg @cvms gs`coegrcn m Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg@mrbcsc gn =552. Bg gsg kcbc, gi vctc pcr @mrbcsc qugbð augrtgkgntgmscèmbc mi vctc pcr @ciicr gn im prekgrm vugitm gn =585. Mpgnms gi 7%bg ics gig`tcrgs bg @ciicr y gi ?% bg ics bg Kmiua vctmrcn pcr Iuim gn=552. @ckc ic hmfëmkcs be`hc gn gi `mpëtuic mntgrecr, im `mnbebmturm bg@mrbcsc prcvc`ð tmkfeån unm gsèseðn gn im ezquegrbm. Gsc gxpie`m quggi 68% bg ics pmuiestms qug hmfëmn gs`coebc m Iuim gn =585 hmymncptmbc pcr @mrbcsc gn =552. Môn msë, vmig nctmr qug gi 78% rgpeteð givctc pcr Iuim gn ims bcs gig`ècngs. Gn sëntgses, im mscèmèðn gntrg givctc gn gi prekgr turnc bg =585 y gn =552 aug mitm, ic qug enbe`m unmrgimèðn sustmnèmi gntrg ims bcs besputms.

Gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gs, sen gkfmroc, tcbmvëm kmycr pmrm givënùic gntrg gi vctc gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 y gi bg =552. Gstc gs,`cncèånbcsg gi vctc gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585, hmfrëm unm gncrkg`hmn`g bg prgvgr gi vctc bg =552. \mrm prcpcrècnmr unm ebgm bg ics

=0=




`chgrgntgkgntg `cn im ìmseae`mèðn usmbm pcr im ègnèm pciëte`m. Bg gstgkcbc, gn im ezquegrbm mpmrg`ëmn gi \R, gi \BR, gi \@F y gi \@ bc F. Gngi `gntrc qugbmfmn gi \PBF, gi \KBF, gi \I y gi \RF, y gn im bgrg`hm

sg gn`cntrmfmn gi \BP, gi \AI y gi \VN.Gi survgy @uiturm \ciëte`m/50 rgpeteð im prgountm m ics gig`tcrgs,

uteiezmnbc unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg begz puntcs. M pgsmr bg imbeaeùitmb pmrm `ckpmrmr gs`mims beagrgntgs, sg pgrèfg qug imic`miezmèðn bg ics pmrtebcs gn =550 seoug im `chgrgnèm gn`cntrmbm gn=55< (vgr Mngxc 0, Rmfim 2.5M), scfrg tcbc gn ic qug rgspg`tm m icspmrtebcs bg ezquegrbm y bg bgrg`hm. Gi \R y gi \BR mpmrg`gn setumbcs gnim ezquegrbm, munqug im netebgz bgi pcseècnmkegntc bgi \R sgm

nctmfigkgntg supgrecr m im bgi \BR, kegntrms qug gi \AI y gi \BPmpmrg`gn ic`miezmbcs gn im bgrg`hm. Gn gi `msc bgi `gntrc, imenvgsteomèðn bg =550 enbe`m unm rgimtevm `cnauseðn. Gi \PBF gs gi ône`cpmrtebc ùym ekmogn gs ìmrmkgntg `cnvgrogntg hmèm gi `gntrc, kegntrmsqug gi \KBF tegnbg m sgr setumbc m im bgrg`hm y gi \RF y gi \I mpmrg`gnkuy bespgrscs m ic imroc bg im gs`mim, ic qug ym cùrrëm gn =55< gnrgimèðn mi \RF.

Im enìenmèðn m ic`miezmr mi \KBF m im bgrg`hm gs enbe`mbm

tmkfeån pcr ics bmtcs bg Fmifm`hgvsjy (=557), sgoôn vekcs gn gi`mpëtuic mntgrecr. Wsmnbc imRepcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm , Fmifm`hgvsjykcstrð qug pmrtg seoneae`mtevm bg ics gig`tcrgs pmuiestms qug prgagrëmn gi\KBF sg setumfmn gn gi `gntrc y m im bgrg`hm. Kegntrms tmntc, im kmycrëmbgi pôfie`c pmuiestm gn ogngrmi, ùmnbc sg ig scieètmfm setumr m icspmrtebcs gn im gs`mim, `cic`mfm mi \KBF gn gi `gntrc, kegntrms qugsetumfm mi \R m im ezquegrbm y mi \PBF, mi \RF y mi \I gn gi `gntrc.

Im tgnbgnèm m `cic`mr mi \AI y mi \\V tmkfeån kís mi `gntrc,

nctmbm gn =552, pugbg `crrgspcnbgr, pcr unm pmrtg, m unm ègrtm`cnauseðn creoenmbm gn gi gntcn`gs rgègntg `mkfec bg nckfrg bgi \BPm \\V (ic qug hezc qug gi nôkgrc bg gig`tcrgs qug smfëm ic`miezmr gipmrtebc `mygsg ku`hc). \cr ctrm pmrtg, gi hg`hc bg qug gi \AI gstuvegsgmiembc m un `mnbebmtc bg `gntrc gn mqugiim `cyunturm (@mrbcsc)? tmkfeånmpuntmfm gn gi keskc sgntebc. M pgsmr bg qug rgstmn giuèbmr miouncs`mscs, pugbg bgèrsg qug, bg kcbc ogngrmi, gi gig`tcr ìmseae`m`crrg`tmkgntg ics pmrtebcs gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm.

Fmifm`hgvsjy mnmiezm tmkfeån im rgimèðn gntrg gi mutcpc-seècnmkegntc bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim y im pcseèðn gn qug gi keskc setômsu pmrtebc prgagrebc. Bg gsm envgsteomèðn, im mutcrm `cnìuyg qug hmyunm augrtg `crrgimèðn gntrg gi pcseècnmkegntc bgi gig`tcr y gi puntc gnim gs`mim gn qug åstg `cic`m m su pmrtebc. Gstc gs, im tgnbgnèm gs m

=00



setumrics gn im keskm armndm ebgciðoe`m gn qug åi keskc sg `cic`m. Gscenbe`m qug gi gig`tcr rg`cnc`g im bekgnseðn gspmèmi ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm`ckc víiebm pmrm `mrm`tgrezmr su prcpem pcseèðn y im bg su pmrtebc gn im`ckpgtgnèm pmrtebmrem. Gn rgsukgn, tcbcs ics bmtcs rg`coebcs bgsbg=55< gvebgnèmn quggi gig`tcr smfg usmr gi `retgrec ebgciðoe`c pmrmbestenouer m ics pmrtebcs pciëte`cs .

2.0.6 ³]uå scn ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm3

M pgsmr bg hmfgr bgkcstrmbc qug im enìuseðn gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm sg gnùgntrm igdcs bg gstmr vm`ëm bg seoneae`mbcpciëte`c, unm vgz qug sg mscèm mi vctc gs gstmfig y pgrketg ic`miezmr m ics

pmrtebcs. Ics bmtcs bg ims gnùgstms@uiturm \ciëte`m/85 y @uiturm\ciëte`m/5< kugstrmn qug kís bgi 1<% bg ics gig`tcrgs nc smfëm bgèr icqug seoneae`mfm ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Gn gsg 1<% gstmkcs enìuygnbctmntc m ics qug bgìmrmfmn nc smfgr rgspcnbgr `ckc m ics qug gketëmnrgspugstms `ckc4 ezquegrbm "gs ic gquevc`mbc, gs ic ngomtevc" y bgrg`hm"gs ic `crrg`tc, gs ic kgdcr". Qmig bgstm`mr qug gsg ôitekc tepc bgrgspugstm, munqug gquevc`mbc, tegng unm imrom trmbeèðn bgsbg qug icstårkencs ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gntrmrcn gn usc, gn im åpc`m bg imVgvciuèðn Armn`gsm (Pmrtcre, =586: Fcffec, =557)8. Môn msë,

`crrgspcnbg gn gi Frmsei m mpgnms gi =<% bgi tctmi bg rgspugstms scfrgic qug seoneae`m ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm. Fugnm pmrtg bg ics gig`tcrgs (`gr`mbgi 2<%) bgìmrmrm gxpiëètmkgntg nc smfgr ic qug quegrg bgèr ezquegrbmy bgrg`hm.

Gn `cntrmpmrtebm, m`gptmkcs `ckc rgspugstms "`crrg`tms" ims qugbgaenegrcn ezquegrbm `ckc gstmr `cntrm gi ocfegrnc, y bgrg`hm m amvcr.Gsg tepc bg rgspugstm, qug rgprgsgntð `gr`m bg un 6<% bg ims kugstrms,`crrgspcnbg tmntc m im hestcrem frmseigým `ckc m ics pmbrcngs

entgrnmècnmigs, gn ics qug im ezquegrbm gs vestm `ckc unm augrzm bg"cpcseèðn".

Môn msë, gi 1<% bg ics gig`tcrgs frmseigýcs qug nc smfëm ic qugseoneae`mfm ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm `cntrmstð augrtgkgntg `cn gi usc`chgrgntg bg im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm qug, `ckc kcstrmkcs, imenkgnsm kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc frmseigýc hezc gntrg =585 y =552.³@ðkc pugbg gi gig`tcr usmr su pcseècnmkegntc gn un gspg`trcezquegrbm-bgrg`hm pmrm cregntmr im bgèseðn bgi vctc se nc smfg ic qugscn

ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm3M nugstrc gntgnbgr, sg trmtm, `ckc sgýmim im fefiecormaëm

entgrnmècnmi (Keiigr & Phmnjs, =551: Jneoht & Igwes, =551), bg un

=02




`cncèkegntc entuetevc, bg unsgntekegnt c bg ic qug seoneae`mn imspcseècngs ebgciðoe`ms. Gstg sgntekegntc pgrketg mi gig`tcr `cic`mrsg gnim gs`mim gn unm pcseèðn qug gstí bg mùgrbc `cn sus enìenmècngs,

munqug nc ims sgpm vgrfmiezmr. Gs im keskm entueèðn im qug ic `cnbu`g msetumr m ics `mnbebmtcs (y m ics pmrtebcs) gn gsm gs`mim y m vctmr`chgrgntgkgntg. Pen gkfmroc, kís miií bg pgrketer unm cregntmèðn gnrgimèðn m ics `mnbebmtcs y pmrtebcs, gsm entueèðn ebgciðoe`m gstímscèmbm m un `cnduntc bg cpenecngs qug rgprgsgntmn, bgsbg nugstrmðpte`m, gi kcbc pcr gi ùmi gi gig`tcr cfsgrvm im scègbmb. Gi prcfigkm gsbgsùfrer im `cskcveseðn qug gstí mscèmbm m gsm ebgnteae`mèðn entuetevm.

Nc hmy trmfmdcs m`mbåke`cs frmseigýcs qug hmymn entgntmbc

rgimècnmr im pcseèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm `cn suscpenecngs, `cn gx`gpèðn bg miounms kgnècngs gn Kgttgnhgek (=557).Pcfrg gi pgrëcbc mntgrecr m im bgsgstru`-turmèðn bgi sestgkm pmrtebmrecqug tuvc veognèm hmstm =517, gstubecs `ckc ics bg O. Pcmrgs (=517) y@entrm (=518) fus`mrcn rgimècnmr ims cpenecngs bg ics gig`tcrgs, crm mimpcyc bg un `mnbebmtc, crm m im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem. O. Pcmrgskugstrm `ðkc im mbhgseðn m un iëbgr bgrg`hestm (@mrics Im`grbm) gn Vecbg Dmngerc sg mscèmfm m ebgms bg bgrg`hm, tmigs `ckc im bg qug "giocfegrnc nc bgfgrëm entgrvgner gn im vebm g`cnðke`m y bgfgrëm bgdmr mipmrteùimr ùebmr bg giim", c "gi `mpetmi gxtrmndgrc sðic trmg fgngaeècs mipmës". @entrm, pcr su pmrtg, `ckprugfm qug cpenecngs cpugstms, bgi tepc"ims gkprgsms mkgre`mnms gxpictmn mi pugfic frmseigýc", gstmfmnmscèmbms, gn Fgic Hcrezcntg, m im prgagrgnèm pcr gi \RF, pmrtebcìmseae`mbc m im ezquegrbm gn gi gspg`trc pmrtebmrec bg mqugiim åpc`m.Rmigs envgsteomècngs enbe`mn qug im gig`èðn bg `mnbebmtcs y pmrtebcs ncsg hm`ëm sen gi m`ckpmýmkegntc bg im mbhgseðn m cpenecngsebgciðoe`mkgntg `chgrgntgs `cn gsms gig`ècngs. \grc nc hmy kgnèðnm im ic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn gi gspg`trc ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm.

Ics bmtcs bg =510 bgi Efcpg rgsmitmbcs pcr Imvmrgbm (=55=)tmkpc`c augrcn `ruzmbcs bg unm kmngrm qug pgrketegsg vgreae`mr imrgimèðn gntrg gi puntc bg enìuseðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm y imscpenecngs scfrg msuntcs tmigs `ckc im rgacrkm mormrem y im igomiezmèðnbgi \mrtebc @ckunestm, tmkfeån envgsteombcs pcr gi enstetutc. Gscs `ru`gspcbrëmn bmr unm ebgm bg ims cpenecngs mscèmbms mi pcseècnmkegntcebgciðoe`c bgi gig`tcrmbc gn gi pimnc nmècnmi mntgs bg =512.

]ug ncsctrcs sgpmkcs, im prgountm scfrg im ic`miezmèðnebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcr sðic rgtcrnm m ics gstubecs gig`tcrmigs bgspuås bgim rgacrkm pmrtebmrem bg =5?55. M pmrter bgisurvgy rgmiezmbc gn =586,Kgttgnhgek (=557) bgsùfreð unm mscèmèðn gntrg im mutcic`miezmèðn gn

=07



im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm y gi pcseècnmkegntc rgspg`tc m impgracrkmn`g bgi Gdgùtevc y m ims pciëte`ms scèmigs bg im åpc`m=<.

Gn gi pgrëcbc qug vm bg im mpgrturm pciëte`c-pmrtebmrem, gn =587, mim gig`èðn kuneèpmi bg =556, unm sgreg bg gstubecs `cnbuèbcs pcr\egru`è (=581: =58?: =585: =55<: =55=: =550: =552, s.b.) mnmiezð ics`cntgnebcs mscèmbcs mi gig`tcrmbc bg bgrg`hm gn im èubmb bg Pàc\muic, gi kmycr `cigoec gig`tcrmi kuneèpmi bgi pmës. Rrmfmdmnbc `cnbmtcs morgombcs y gntrgvestms ùmietmtevms, nc hmy gn gscs gstubecsenbe`mècngs scfrg im rgimmèðn gntrg mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ycpenecngs. \egru`è, m sgkgdmnzm bg ic qug hmfëm hg`hc O. Pcmrgs gn=517, munqug mhcrm m trmvås bg unm envgsteomèðn ùmietmtevm, fus`m`cnc`gr ics `cntgnebcs mscèmbcs m im mbhgseðn m iëbgrgs bg bgrg`hm.

Envgsteomnbc im ogcormaëm bgi vctc m pmrter bg unm beveseðn bg imzcnm urfmnm gn írgms scèmikgntg hckcoångms, \egru`è (=581)bgsùfrg qug gi gig`tcrmbc bg bgrg`hm qug hmfëm gs`coebc m Dænec]umbrcs, gn =587, gstmfm `cn`gntrmbc gn ims írgms entgrkgbems bg imèubmb. Grmn rgoecngs bg ìmsg kgbem fmdm ‐ics keskcs fmrrecs gn icsùmigs gi iëbgr pcpuiestm ym grm augrtg mntgs bg =512, sgoôn K. R. Pcuzm(=581). Gi mýc seouegntg aug gi turnc bg \muic Kmiua bg rgprgsgntmr imsaugrzms bg im bgrg`hm gn im `mpetmi, `ckc `mnbebmtc (bgrrctmbc) miocfegrnc bgi Gstmbc. \egru`è (=58?) rgmiezð, gntcn`gs, unm envgsteomèðnùmietmtevm `cn =7< enbevebucs qug hmfëmn sebc m`tevestms bg ims`mkpmýms bg ]umbrcs y/c Kmiua, cftgnegnbc bg giics gntrgvestmsormfmbms bg unm hcrm bg burmèðn. Gi cfdgtevc grm vgreae`mr ùíigs grmnics `cntgnebcs mscèmbcs m im cpèðn pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bg bgrg`hm.

Im prenèpmi `mrm`tgrëste`m pciëte`m bg gscs gig`tcrgs, bgtg`tmbm pcrim envgsteomèðn bg \egru`è, aug girg`hmzc m im eoumibmb. Gi gig`tcr bgbgrg`hm iu`hmfm pcr im prgsgrvmèðn bg im beagrgnèm (gntrg pmuiestms yncrbgstencs, fimn`cs y ngorcs, gt`.), rgvgiínbcsg prgdueècsc (`cntrmngorcs y ncrbgstencs), kcrmiestm y `mtðie`c, munqug mnteìgre`mi, ym qug imberg`èðn bg im Eoigsem `mtðie`m pmuiestmnm grm vestm `ckc prcorgsestm.Gxtrmýmkgntg, gi gig`tcr bgrg`hestm gstmfm m amvcr bgi bgrg`hc m hugiom,môn ùmnbc `rgygsg qug im hugiom pcbëm m`mfmr gn `mcs. Gimnte`ckuneskc nc mpmrg`ëm `ckc tgkm kcveiezmbcr y nc sg gn`cntrmfmnrmsocs smiegntgs bg ngciefgrmieskc.

\egru`è, rgaereånbcsg m ics vctmntgs bg Dænec ]umbrcs y \muicKmiua, be`g4

Zgiics[ quegrgn, tmkfeån, sgrveècs pôfie`cs bg smiub, gsùgim,oumrbgrëms, cramnmtcs, rgacrkmtcrecs, entgrnmbcs, m vg`gs, `mkpcs bg

=01




`cn`gntrmèðn `cn trmfmdcs acrzmbcs, trmnspcrtg `cig`tevc gstmtezmbc, sgourc bgbgsgkpigc y dufeimècngs beonms, tcbc giic y ku`hc kís quegrgn bgi Gstmbc. Gibesùrsc iefgrmi mnte-wgiamrg,ìmrc gstí, nc vm `cn giics==.

Kís tmrbg, \egru`è iimkð m gstg `cnduntc bg ebgms"`cnsgrvmbureskc pcpuimr"=6.

Ics tgsts qug rgmiezmkcs `cn ics bmtcs ùmntetmtevcs bespcnefigs gnims ùmtrc gnùgstms m ims qug tuvekcs m``gsc `cnaerkmrcn miouncs bgics bgsùfrekegntcs bg \egru`è y nc ctrcs, pgrc, scfrg tcbc, ncspgrketegrcn `ckgnzmr m bgiengmr unm ekmogn bg im `cskcveseðn mscèmbmmi pcseècnmkegntc gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, ic qug môn nc hmfëmsebc hg`hc. @cn sgourebmb, sg trmtm bg un `mkenc m sgr gxpicrmbc gnnugvcs survgys y mníieses bgfebc m im `ckpigdebmb bg im tmrgm. Kegntrmstmntc, qugbð ìmrc qughmy `cntgnebcs mscèmbcs m im mutcic`miezmèðn gngi `cntenuc ebgciðoe`c , ùycs bgiengmkegntcs ogngrmigs pmsmkcs mgxpcngr m `cntenumèðn.

@iíse`mkgntg, ic qug bevebg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn gi bgfmtgpciëte`c gs qug im ezquegrbm bgsgm `mkfecs gn amvcr bg unm kmycreoumibmb, kegntrms qug im bgrg`hm prgaegrg argnmr gscs `mkfecs gnnckfrg bgi crbgn (Enoighmrt, =582: Fcffec, =557). Ims envgsteomècngs mims qug pubekcs `cnsuitmr enbe`mrcn, `cn tcbc, qug gi gig`tcrmbcfrmseigýc tegnbg m pcseècngs eoumietmrems enbgpgnbegntgkgntg bgi puntcbgi gspg`trc gn gi qug sg setôg. Im ormn beveseðn gntrg bgrg`hm yezquegrbm sg bm gn tcrnc m im ùgsteðn bgi crbgn.

Munqug im ezquegrbm sgmkís eoumietmrem qug im bgrg`hm, nc`crrgspcnbg m im rgmiebmb rgtrmtmr mi gig`tcr frmseigýc qug sg setuð m imbgrg`hm `ckc gstmnbc gn unm pcseèðn `cntrmrem m im eoumibmb(beagrgntgkgntg bg ic qug cfsgrvð \egru`è gn Pàc \muic, tmi vgz pcrhmfgr gntrgvestmbc m enbevebucs bg ìmsg kgbem).

Nðtgsg qug, gn gi Frmsei, gi gig`tcrmbc bg im bgrg`hm gsprgbckenmntgkgntg pcfrg (im rgntm gs kís fmdm m im bgrg`hm qug m imezquegrbm y kís fmdm gn ics gxtrgkcs qug gn gi `gntrc ‐vgísg, mirgspg`tc, ims tmfims enìuebms gn gi Mngxc 0). Pg `ckprgnbg, gntcn`gs,qug, bg kcbc ogngrmi, gi pôfie`c bg bgrg`hm nc rg`hmzm prcpcseècngs mamvcr bg im eoumibmb. Gi rgsuitmbc bg gsg eoumietmreskc ogngrmiezmbc gn gigig`tcrmbc gs unm rgbu`èðn bgi ormbc gn qug gi tgkm sgpmrm ezquegrbmbg bgrg`hm, `ckc sg pugbg vgr gn gi @umbrc 2.0, qug prgsgntm ims tmsmsbg mùgrbc `cn maerkmècngs m amvcr bg im eoumibmb prgsgntgs gn gisurvgy @uiturm \ciëte`m/50 .

=0?



Ims trgs armsgs bgi @umbrc 2.0 sgrëmn bg "ezquegrbm" gn gi `cntgxtc

bgi bgfmtg pôfie`c entgrnmècnmi y, sen gkfmroc, im enkgnsm kmycrëm bgigig`tcrmbc m`crbð `cn giims. @cn tcbc, `ckc ym vekcs, gs pgqugýc ginôkgrc bg ics qug sg pcseècnmn m im ezquegrbm gn gi Frmsei. Gsc seoneae`mqug gsms prcpugstms gn amvcr bg im eoumibmb tegnbgn m sgr m`gptmbmsenbgpgnbegntgkgntg bgi pcseècnmkegntc ebgciðoe`c. Nðtgsg, sengkfmroc, qug gi mpcyc beskenuyg gn im kgbebm qug ims armsgs sg tcrnmn"rmbe`migs" y kís "`cn`rgtms". Im prekgrm armsg gs ognåre`m y mpuntm m imbeskenuèðn bg unm bgseoumibmb "bg trmtc". Um im sgounbm gs kísrmbe`mi, pugs suoegrg qugtcbm im prcbu`èðn scèmi sgm bevebebm bg imacrkm kís eoumietmrem pcsefig, y im tgr`grm gs fegn `cn`rgtm, pugs mtrefuygmi ocfegrnc, un sudgtc rgmikgntg gxestgntg, im tmrgm bg beskenuer imsbgseoumibmbgs bg rgntm. Gkpgrc, m bgspg`hc bg im beagrgnèm bg mpcyc mim prekgrm armsg y m ims ctrms bcs, gi mitc ënbe`g bg mbhgseðn qug tmigsmaerkmècngs gn`cntrmrcn gn gi `cnduntc bgi gig`tcrmbc kugstrm qug, gngi Frmsei bg im bå`mbm bg =55<, gi eoumietmreskc nc grm sðic unm pcseèðnbg ezquegrbm.

@umbrc 2.0Rmsms bg mùgrbc `cn armsgs m amvcr bg im eoumibmb gn gigig`tcrmbc frmseigýc gn =550 (gn %)


Gn unm scègbmb kmr`mbm pcr im prcaunbm bgseoumibmb bg rgntm,`ckc gs im frmseigým, pmrg`g `ckprgnsefig qug vmstms pcrècngs bgigig`tcrmbc ‐giims keskms bgsvmiebms‐ segntmn sekpmtëm pcr ims kgbebmsbg ùýc eoumietmrestm, enbgpgnbegntgkgntg bg im pcseèðn ebgciðoe`m gnqug sg setôgn. Bgfebc mi trgkgnbc ekpm`tc bg im bgseoumibmb scfrg gi`cnduntc bg im scègbmb, sgrëm pcsefig maerkmr qug gi eoumietmreskc sg hmtcrnmbc unm gspgèg bg ebgcicoëm nmècnmi, nc segnbc, pcr ic tmntc, gi

ormn bevescr bg moums gntrg im ezquegrbm y im bgrg`hm, `ckc cùrrg gn icspmësgs enbustremiezmbcs.

Môn msë, pugbg vgrsg qug, môn gn kgbec bg un pôfie`coicfmikgntg enìenmbc m pcseècngs eoumietmrems, gi bg im ezquegrbm gskís

=08




eoumietmrestm qug gi bg im bgrg`hm. Gsm tgnbgnèm qugbm ìmrm ùmnbc sgprgsgntmn m ics gntrgvestmbcs armsgs `cn sgntebc mnteeoumietmrec. Gn gsg`msc, im tckm bg pcseèðn eoumietmrem `cnsestg gn besgnter bg im maerkmèðn,

ic qug segkprg gs kís beaëèi qug m`crbmr, scfrg tcbc pmrm ics kgncsgs`cimrezmbcs, ym qug gi bgsmùgrbc ekpie`m unm m`tetub bg cpcseèðn,qug gs `conetevmkgntg kís scaeste`mbm qug gi mùgrbc (Dcså MuoustcOueihcn Mifuqugrqug, =556). Kís miií bg gsc, ics hífetcs bg bgagrgnèmbg ics kís pcfrgs ics iigvmn, m vg`gs, gn gi `cntgxtc bg unm gntrgvestm, mhmiimr pc`c "sekpíte`c" besgnter `cn ùmiquegr maerkmèðn.

Gn gi @umbrc 2.2 prgsgntmkcs ics pcr`gntmdgs bg bgsmùgrbc gnrgimèðn m bcs armsgs qug bgsvmicrezmn im eoumibmb pcr pmrtg bg gig`tcrgs

qug sg `cic`mrcn m im ezquegrbm y m im bgrg`hm gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg begz puntcs.

@umbrc 2.2

Bgsmùgrbc `cn armsgs qug bgsvmicrezmn im eoumibmb (gn %)


Gi @umbrc 2.2 enìuebc gn gstm keskm píoenm enbe`m qug, m pgsmrbg qug gi eoumietmreskc cftegng im sekpmtëm bg unm ekpcrtmntg pmrtg bgigig`tcrmbc, im ic`miezmèðn m im ezquegrbm gstí mscèmbm m unm pcsturm kís keietmntg m amvcr bg im eoumibmb , c (sðic pmrm gxprgsmric bg kcbcbestentc) `cntrm im bgseoumibmb, qug im qug sg gnùgntrm m im bgrg`hm.

Qcivmkcs m im iëngm bg rmzcnmkegntc `gntrmi. Gn im kgbebm gn qugim eoumibmb nc gs gi ormn bevescr bg moums ebgciðoe`c gn gi Frmsei,

=05



tmkpc`c gi `cntrmstg `mkfec/`cnsgrvmèðn servg pmrm beveber ezquegrbm ybgrg`hm. Im ebgm bg `mkfec, gn gi vc`mfuimrec pciëte`c `crregntg bgsbg imVgvciuèðn Armn`gsm, gstí venùimbm m im bg im eoumibmb pcrqug imezquegrbm quegrgmkfemr pmrm enstetuer kís eoumibmb y im bgrg`hm gs`cnsgrvmbcrm pcrqug prcùrm, gn nckfrg bgi crbgn, cfstmùiezmr gscs

`mkfecs gn amvcr bg im eoumibmb .

@ckc gn gi Frmsei "tcbcs" gstín m amvcr bg im eoumibmb, "tcbcs"gstín tmkfeån m amvcr bg ics `mkfecs qug im prcpeègn, `ckc qugbm ìmrc

gn im mbhgseðn m ims armsgs 6 y 0 bgi @umbrc 2.0. Gn giims sg suoegrg qugtcbm im prcbu`èðn scèmi sgm bestrefuebm eoumietmremkgntg y qug giocfegrnc prckugvm m`ècngs pmrm beskenuer im bgseoumibmb gn gi pmës. Gnmkfcs `mscs sg trmtm bg `mkfemr gn gi sgntebc bg im eoumibmb, gn giprekgr `msc bg un kcbc kís rmbe`mi y, gn gi sgounbc, bg kmngrm kískcbgrmbm, munqug kís `cn`rgtm g enkgbemtm.

Gi kgdcr gdgkpic bg qug im mspermèðn m `mkfecs eoumietmrecs nc gsgi `crtg qug prgvmig`g gn gi Frmsei aug im rgm`èðn m unm prgountm qug`cnstm gn gi ùgstecnmrec@uiturm \ciëte`m/85 . Gn åi, sg ig prgountð migntrgvestmbc se `cn`crbmfm c nc `cn im seouegntg armsg4 "Im ône`m sciuèðnpmrm gi Frmsei gs gi scèmieskc". Gi rgsuitmbc kugstrm qug ezquegrbm ybgrg`hm tegnbgn m m`crbmr gn qug gi scèmieskc gs im ône`m sciuèðn,qugbmnbc gi bgsmùgrbc `cn`gntrmbc gn gi `gntrc (Mngxc 0, Rmfim2.=0M). Bg gsg kcbc, ics kmycrgs ënbe`gs bg mùgrbc gstín gn imgxtrgkm ezquegrbm (2?%) y gn im gxtrgkm bgrg`hm (27%) y im kgncr tmsmbg mùgrbc gstí gn gi `gntrc (66,?%).

@cnvegng rg`crbmr qug gn Gurcpm tmkfeån ics pôfie`cs bg bgrg`hmy bg gxtrgkm bgrg`hm tegnbgn m sgr amvcrmfigs mi `mkfec y m mprcxekmrsgm ims pcseècngs bg ezquegrbm gn ic qug rgspg`tm mi bgsgc bg kmycrentgrvgnèðn gstmtmi gn im g`cnckëm (Enoighmrt, =582). Gi ìevmdg

=2<




`mkfec/`cnsgrvmèðn gurcpgc tmkpc`c cùrrg gxm`tmkgntg gntrg icsgxtrgkcs, senc gntrg ics gxtrgkcs y gi `gntrc, `ckc aug cfsgrvmbc gn gi

Frmsei. Ics gxtrgkcs quegrgn `mkfemr bg un kcbc rmbe`mi kegntrms qug gi`gntrc quegrg `cnsgrvmr, c mi kgncs kcbgrmr ics `mkfecs, ic qug tegngku`hc sgntebc se `cnsebgrmkcs qug ims pcseècngs gn gi `gntrc tegnbgn msgr cùpmbms pcr ics gig`tcrgs bg rgntm kís mitm, c sgm, qug tegngn kísqug pgrbgr.

@cnsgùgntgkgntg, ic qug bevebg bgrg`hm g ezquegrbm gn gi Frmseinc gs gxm`tmkgntg `mkfemr c `cnsgrvmr, sencðkc `mkfemr . Im beveseðn,gn rgmiebmb, sg bm gn tcrnc mi `mkfec bgntrc bgi crbgn c `cntrm gi crbgn,rgsuitmnbc gn engstmfeiebmb. Gi pôfie`c bg bgrg`hm prgtgnbg un `mkfecpcr entgrkgbec bg im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc, y ‐dustmkgntg pcr gsc‐ quegrgrgacrzmrim, kegntrms qug gi pôfie`c qug sg `cic`m m im ezquegrbm gstí kísfegn ieombc m im ebgm bg un `mkfec m pmrter bg im kcveiezmèðn scèmi, y pcr

gsc rg`hmzm im mutcrebmb rgprgsevm bgi Gstmbc scfrg ics kcvekegntcsscèmigs. Rgstgmkcs gsm hepðtgses pcr kgbec bg ùgstecngs gn ims ùmigssg pugbg kgber ‐mitgrnmbmkgntg‐ gi mpcyc m im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi gn img`cnckëm y gi mprgèc pcr kcvekegntcs rgevenbe`mtevcs.

Mi prgountmr m ics gig`tcrgs quå cpenmfmn bg im armsg "im kgdcr

kmngrm bg rgscivgr ics prcfigkms bg ics kís pcfrgs gs `cn im myubm bgiocfegrnc" (@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< ), ics qug sg `cic`mfmn m im bgrg`hm sgkcstrmrcn seoneae`mtevmkgntg kís bg mùgrbc `cn giim qug ics bgezquegrbm=0.

Gi kmr`mbc mprgèc bgi pôfie`c bg bgrg`hm pcr im entgrvgnèðn bgiGstmbc, gntrg tmntc, qugbð kís ìmrc môn ùmnbc augrcn prgsgntmbmstrgs mitgrnmtevms beagrgntgs `cn rgspg`tc m ic qug bgfgrëm sgr bgdmbc mikgr`mbc y ic qug bgfgrëm suarer entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi gn im g`cnckëm. Gn

=2=



im kgbebm gn qug augrcn cargèbms mitgrnmtevms beagrgntgs, pebegnbc qug gigntrgvestmbc gs`coegsg im qug kís ig mormbmfm, y nc scimkgntg im cpèðnbg besgnter `cn bgtgrkenmbm armsg c `cn`crbmr `cn giim, sg pubc giekenmrgi gag`tc bg mùgrbc mutckíte`c mi ùmi ym ncs rgagrekcs mntgrecrkgntg.Qmig nctmr tmkfeån qug, munqug im tgnbgnèmogngrmi bgi gig`tcrmbc sgmgstmtestm, gs kgncs gstmtestm qug eoumietmrestm. Gn `cnsgùgnèm, qugbmnkís ìmrms ims beagrgntgs pcseècngs bg ics gstrmtcs ebgciðoe`cs bgigig`tcrmbc.

Rmfim 2.= Mprgèc pcr im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

X6;682,5 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/85.

=26




• Pðic ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.

• ** Enìuyg ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim,

ics qug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg icspuntcs y ics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr im prgountm.

Gn gi survgy @uiturm \ciëte`m/85 sg prcpusc im seouegntg ùgsteðn4"Gn su cpeneðn, ³quå sgrëm kgdcr pmrm gi Frmsei34 =. qug gi ocfegrnc bgdgm ims gkprgsms pmrteùimrgs bereoer tcbc gn im g`cnckëm, enìusevg icssgrveècs físe`cs, `ckc gbu`mèðn, smiub y vevegnbm: 6. qug gi ocfegrncberedm scimkgntg gscs sgrveècs fí-se`cs, bgdmnbc gi rgstc pmrm gkprgsmspmrteùimrgs: c 0. qug gi ocfegrnc beredm tcbc gn im g`cnckëm, ics sgrveècs

físe`cs, gi `ckgrèc gxtgrecr, ims enbustrems pgsmbms, gt`.".Im Rmfim 2.= bgdm ìmrc qug gi nôkgrc bg gig`tcrgs pcseècnmbcs m

im bgrg`hm qug cptmrcn pcr im tgr`grm mitgrnmtevm aug seoneae`mtevmkgntgsupgrecr mi bg ics qug sg `cic`mrcn m im ezquegrbm. Kegntrms qug gi 76%bg ics gntrgvestmbcs qug sg ic`miezmrcn gn ims pcseècngs 1 y ? (gn imgs`mim bg segtg puntcs) prgagrëmn qug gi Gstmbc bereoegsg tcbc gn img`cnckëm, gsm prcpcrèðn grm bg `gr`m bgi 20% gntrg ics gig`tcrgsmutcic`miezmbcs gn ics puntcs = y 6. Ctrm vgz, `cnaerkmnbc ic qug bedekcs

mntgrecrkgntg, im kgncr mbhgseðn m im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi gstí gn icsgig`tcrgs bg `gntrc, gn gstg `msc pmrteùimrkgntg ics bg im pcseèðn 0(`gntrcezquegrbm) y 2 (`gntrc). Gn sukm, ic qug im Rmfim 2.= kugstrm gs imtgnbgnèm gstmtestm bg ics gig`tcrgs bg im bgrg`hm, ic qug gs `cnorugntg`cn ic cfsgrvmbc pcr \egru`è gn gi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic.

Im tgnbgnèm gstmtezmntg bgi pôfie`c bg bgrg`hm pugbg sgrcfsgrvmbm tmkfeån `cn ctrcs bcs mfcrbmdgs. @umnbc gn im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/50 sg scieètð mi gntrgvestmbc qug rgm`ècnmsg argntg m im

armsg "pmrm qug gi pmës `rgz`m, gi ocfegrnc bgfgrëm entgrvgner kís gn img`cnckëm", ics gig`tcrgs ic`miezmbcs m im bgrg`hm tgnbegrcn m `cn`crbmrgn unm prcpcrèðn supgrecr m ics qug sg `cic`mrcn m im ezquegrbm (Mngxc0, Rmfim 2.=2M). Pgsgntm y c`hc pcr ègntc bg ics qug sg `cic`mrcn gn imgxtrgkm bgrg`hm (puntc =<) gstmfmn bg mùgrbc `cn qug gi Gstmbcbgfgrëm mukgntmr su ormbc bg entgrvgnèðn g`cnðke`m, `cntrm 1<% bgics qug `rgëmn ic keskc bgntrc bg ics qug gstmfmn gn im pcseèðn =(gxtrgkm ezquegrbm). Cfsårvgsg qug, munqug pgrsestgn ims beagrgnèmsgntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm, im tgnbgnèm gstmtezmntg `mg m`gntumbmkgntgùmnbc ncs mprcxekmkcs mi `gntrc. Gn im pcseèðn 7, scimkgntg gi 26%`cn`crbð `cn im armsg y gn im pcseèðn 1 ic hezc gi 7=%.

Gn =552, gi survgy Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm `cntuvc unmprgountm qug pgrketeð `cnaerkmr, ctrm vgz, ims keskms tgnbgnèms, mhcrm

=20



gntrg ics gig`tcrgs bgi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic. Pg pebeð mi gntrgvestmbc qugsg prcnunèmsg scfrg im seouegntg armsg4 "Miounms pgrscnms `rggn qug giocfegrnc gs rgspcnsmfig pcr im requgzm bgi pmës, pcr gsc bgfg `rgmrgkpigcs, ùebmr gi mfmstgèkegntc, bereoer ims prenèpmigs enbustrems y`cntrcimr ics prgècs pmrm gvetmr im `mrgstëm" (Mngxc 0, Rmfim 2.=7M).

Pgtgntm y ùmtrc pcr ègntc bg ics gig`tcrgs setumbcs gn im gxtrgkmbgrg`hm y ?0% bg ics qug gstmfmn gn im gxtrgkm ezquegrbm `cn`crbmrcn`cn im maerkmèðn, kegntrms qug gsm prcpcrèðn `myð m 7?% gntrg icsgig`tcrgs qug sg `cic`mrcn gn gi `gntrc. Gn gi `msc bg Pàc \muic, imenìenmèðn gstmtezmntg bg im bgrg`hm qugbð tcbmvëm kís nëtebm ùmnbc im`ckpmrmkcs `cn im rgm`èðn m im armsg ètmbm kís mrrefm bg im `gntrc-bgrg`hm (pcseèðn 7 gn im gs`mim bg segtg puntcs) y bg im `gntrc-ezquegrbm(pcseèðn 0)4 1?% bg ics qug gstmfmn gn im prekgrm pcseèðn m`crbmrcn`cn giim, kegntrms qug mpgnms gi 7?% bg ics qug gstmfmn gn im sgounbmpcseèðn heègrcn ic keskc.

Gn rgsukgn, ics vmrecs tgsts rgmiezmbcs `ckprugfmn qug,`ckpmrmbcs m ics bgi `gntrc, ics gig`tcrgs setumbcs gn im ezquegrbm y gnim bgrg`hm scn kís prcpgnscs m im entgrvgnèðn bgi Gstmbc gn img`cnckëm. Pen gkfmroc, im bgrg`hm gs môn kís gstmtestm qug imezquegrbm. Im gxpie`mèðn pmrm gsc, m nugstrc gntgnbgr, gs qug, gn giFrmsei, gn im kgbebm gn qug ègrtcs `mkfecs eoumietmrecs scn tmkfeånbgsgmbcs pcr im bgrg`hm, åstm `cnsebgrm mi Gstmbc `ckc gi kgdcrenstrukgntc pmrm rgmiezmrics bgntrc bgi crbgn, sen `crrgr gi regsoc bgengstmfeiebmbgs. \cr gsc, im bgrg`hm quegrg rgacrzmr im mutcrebmb bgiGstmbc y mpcym su bgrg`hc m rgpreker ics kcvekegntcs scèmigs. Imezquegrbm, pcr su pmrtg, rg`hmzm im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc pmrm m`tumr bggsg kcbc, prgaeregnbc `crrgr gi regsoc bg im engstmfeiebmb pmrm prcbuèrics `mkfecs ng`gsmrecs m tgngr qug `cnvever `cn unm mutcrebmb gstmtmirgacrzmbm.

@umbrc 2.7

Mùgrbc `cn m`ècngs rgprgsevms bgi ocfegrnc (gn %)

Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

=22




Gi @umbrc 2.7 bgdm ìmrc qug gi mpcyc m im rgprgseðn `rg`giengmikgntg gn berg`èðn m im bgrg`hm, `cnstetuyånbcsg gn unm ùgsteðnqug, mi `cntrmrec bg ims gxmkenmbms mntgs, bevebg ìmrmkgntg m im

ezquegrbm bg im bgrg`hm, qugbmnbc gi `gntrc gn pcseèðn entgrkgbem. Mquëgs bcnbg cùrrg gi ìevmdg kís augrtg gntrg ics bcs imbcs bgi gspg`trcebgciðoe`c gn gi Frmsei. Rmi beveseðn, qug gs pmrteùimrkgntg ìmrm gn imprgountm rgagrgntg m ims hugioms=2, sg `cnaerkð gn gi survgy @uiturm\ciëte`m/50 . Gn gi keskc, sg ig prgountð m ics gig`tcrgs se m`crbmfmn `cnqug "gi ocfegrnc frmseigýc bgfgrëm tgngr gi bgrg`hc bg prchefer hugioms"y gi bg "entgrvgner gn ics senbe`mtcs". Gn ics bcs `mscs, ics pôfie`cs bgezquegrbm y bg bgrg`hm msukegrcn pcseècngs cpugstms (Mngxc 0, Rmfims2.=1M y 2.=?M). Kegntrms qug im ic`miezmèðn m im bgrg`hm enaiuyð gn gisgntebc bg m`crbmr `cn ims maerkmècngs, im ic`miezmèðn m im ezquegrbmenaiugnèð gn im berg`èðn bg besgnter `cn giims. Vgùårbgsg qug \egru`èym hmfëm nctmbc qug ics gig`tcrgs pmuiestmncs bg bgrg`hm `rgëmn, gn=581, qug ims hugioms "m`mfmfmn gn `mcs".

Im beagrgnèm gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn ic qug sg rgaegrg m imkcveiezmèðn scèmi sg gxpieètm môn kís gn im rgspugstm m im seouegntgprgountm bg im gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/5< 4 "³]uå sgrëm kgdcr pmrmrgscivgr ics prcfigkms bgi Frmsei34 =. im m`èðn bg un iëbgr qug `cic`msgims `csms gn su iuomr: 6. im pmrteèpmèðn bg im pcfimèðn gn imsbgèsecngs ekpcrtmntgs bg ocfegrnc: 0. ims bcs `csms" (Mngxc 0, Rmfim2.=8M). Kegntrms qug gi 17% bg ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm (pcseèðn 6)prgaeregrcn im pmrteèpmèðn, gsm cpèðn sðic gs mbcptmbm pcr gi 28% bgics gig`tcrgs qug sg `cic`mrcn gn im bgrg`hm (pcseèðn 1). Gn gi sgntebcenvgrsc, kegntrms qug mpgnms gi 67% bg ics gig`tcrgs bg ezquegrbm `rggnqug im m`èðn bg un iëbgr gs kgdcr qug im pmrteèpmèðn pcpuimr, gsmprcpcrèðn sufg mi 22% gntrg ics qug sg setômn m im bgrg`hm.

Gi vënùic gntrg im ic`miezmèðn m im bgrg`hm y gi rgaugrzc bg immutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc gs `cnaerkmbc gn ics ùmtrcsurvgys m ics qugtuvekcs m``gsc y nc sg rgaegrg ône`mkgntg mi bgrg`hc bg rgpreker m icskcvekegntcs scèmigs (munqug sgm gn gsg tðpe`c qug gi `cntrmstg `cn imezquegrbm qugbg kís ìmrc). Gi vënùic gntrg ebgnteae`mèðn `cn im bgrg`hmy gi mprgèc pcr im mutcrebmb gstmtmi mpmrg`g gn ctrms bcs ùgstecngs bgim gnùgstm@uiturm \ciëte`m/50 qug nc sg rgaegrgn m ics kcvekegntcsscèmigs.

Gn ics gstubecs sg ig prgountð mi gntrgvestmbc se gstmfm bg mùgrbcgn qug gi ocfegrnc bgfgrëm tgngr gi bgrg`hc m prchefer im gxestgnèm bgmioôn pmrtebc y `gnsurmr bemrecs, `mnmigs bg tgigveseðn y gkescrms bgrmbec. M pgsmr bg qug im kmycrëm bgi gig`tcrmbc nc gstuvc bg mùgrbc`cn qug gi ocfegrnc tgnom gi bgrg`hc m gdgr`gr gsg tepc bg mutcrebmb,

=27



tegnbg m hmfgr unm mscèmèðn pcsetevm gntrg pcseècnmrsg m im bgrg`hm y`cn`crbmr gn `cnagrer tmigs pcbgrgs mi ocfegrnc (Mngxc 0, Rmfims 2.=<M g2.==M)=7.

Im mscèmèðn gntrg ebgnteae`mèðn `cn im bgrg`hm y mpcyc mirgaugrzc bg im mutcrebmb gstmtmi nc sg ieketm m im rgprgseðn m icskcvekegntcs scèmigs. Ics gig`tcrgs bg im bgrg`hm tmkfeån gxprgsmnsekpmtëm pcr gi hg`hc bg qug gi Gstmbc gdgrzm unm augrtg mutcrebmb argntgm ctrms enstetuècngs. Gn unm pmimfrm, sg nctm gn im bgrg`hm unmtgnbgnèm m rgacrzmr im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc gn ogngrmi. Gi mprgèc pcr immutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc mpmrgèð `cn ìmrebmb ùmnbc sg ig prgountð migntrgvestmbc se mprcfmfm "prc`gsmr m quegn augrm `cntrm im mutcrebmb bgiocfegrnc". Munqug im ormn kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs besenteð `cn imkgbebm, im prcpcrèðn bg ics qug m`crbmrcn mukgntð seoneae`mtevmkgntggn gi imbc bgrg`hc bgi gspg`trc (Mngxc 0, Rmfim 2.=6M).

Gs pcsefig qug gsg mpgoc m im mutcrebmb gstmtmi sgm im gxpie`mèðnpmrm im m`tetub beagrgnèmbm gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm argntg m imbgkc`rmèm, `mptmbm pcr ims envgsteomècngs m ims ùmigs tuvekcsm``gsc. Munqug gsg nc sgm nugstrc tgkm mquë, `mfg rgoestrmr qugaunècnm gn rgimèðn m im bgkc`rmèm gi keskc gsqugkm qug prgvmig`gargntg mi gstmteskc, m smfgr, ims cpenecngs kís bgkc`ríte`ms `rg`gn gnberg`èðn mi `gntrc y ims kgncs bgkc`ríte`ms gn berg`èðn m icsgxtrgkcs, munqug `cn im ezquegrbm tgnbegnbc m sgr kís prcbgkc`rmèmqug im bgrg`hm.

Wnm pcsefig gxpie`mèðn pmrm tmi hg`hc gstmrëm gn gi vënùic,gstmfigèbc gn gi sestgkm bg `rggnèms bgi pôfie`c qug sg ic`miezm m imbgrg`hm, bg qug un Gstmbc augrtg (be`tmburm, ocfegrnc keietmr, gt`.) pugbgrgmiezmr `cn kís amèiebmb ics `mkfecs eoumietmrecs bgsgmbcs=1.

2.2 @cnìusecngs

Qekcs gn gstg `mpëtuic qug hufc unm ormn gstmfeiebmb gn imsprcpcrècngs bg gig`tcrgs qug sg `cic`mrcn gn bevgrscs puntcs bgigspg`trc m ic imroc bgi pgrëcbc bg =585 m =552. Pg trmtð bg un gig`tcrmbcsegkprg `cnvgrogntg hmèm gi `gntrc y kís enìenmbc hmèm im bgrg`hmqug m im ezquegrbm. @cnstmtmkcs tmkfeån qug hufc unm ormn gstmfeiebmbebgciðoe`m bgi vctc, `cn ics gig`tcrgs gs`coegnbc `mnbebmtcs bg im keskm

argùgnèm ebgciðoe`m m ic imroc bg unm sgreg bg besputms.

=21




Cfsgrvmkcs qug im kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs rg`cnc`g ims`mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm ùmnbc giims ig scn prgsgntmbms, msë`ckc augrcn `mpm`gs bg ic`miezmr ics pmrtebcs `chgrgntgkgntg gn gi

`cntenuc acrkmbc pcr giims. \grc im kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs nc smfgvgrfmiezmr gi seoneae`mbc bg ezquegrbm y bg bgrg`hm. Pg tcrnð ìmrc qug gigntgnbekegntc qug rgprgsgntmn gsms `mtgocrëms gs entuetevc y nc gstí`conetevmkgntg gstru`turmbc. Pg trmtm, `ckc suoegrg im ietgrmturm, bg unsgntekegntc ebgciðoe`c.

@umbrc 2.1

@cgaeègntgs bg mscèmèðn Q bg @rmkår gntrgmutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm ymùgrbc/bgsmùgrbc `cn armsgs scfrg im eoumibmb, imentgrvgnèðn oufgrnmkgntmi gn im g`cnckëm y gi mpcyc m imrgprgseðn gstmtmi

* Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

** Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/50.

\grc ³gstmrí gsm entueèðn mscèmbm m beagrgntgs gigkgntcs bg`rggnèm3 Ics bmtcs mnmiezmbcs suoegrgn qug im mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim sg mscèm m un sestgkm bg `rggnèms ùyc prenèpmi ìevmdg gs gibgsgc bg rgacrzmr im mutcrebmb rgprgsevm bgi Gstmbc, gn im bgrg`hm, y girg`hmzc bg gsm mutcrebmb, gn im ezquegrbm, rgketegnbc m im ìíse`msgpmrmèðn gntrg ics qug bgaegnbgn gi crbgn y ics qug bgsgmn

trmnsacrkmric, qugbmnbc gi `gntrc gn unm pcseèðn entgrkgbem. Fus`mkcsvgreae`mr gn quå kgbebm hmfëm tmkfeån beagrgnèms seoneae`mtevms `cnrgspg`tc m im eoumibmb y m im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi gn im g`cnckëm gn ics

=2?



bevgrscs gstrmtcs ebgciðoe`cs. Gn gi @umbrc 2.1 enbe`mkcs ics rgsuitmbcsgn`cntrmbcs.

Gi @umbrc 2.1 kugstrm qug gi ëtgk kís mscèmbc mipcseècnmkegntc gn gi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c gn gi Frmsei nc gs im eoumibmb,senc gi qug sg rgaegrg mi ormbc bg mpcyc qug tegng im m`èðn rgprgsevm bgiGstmbc. Munqug hmymkcs vestc qug im ezquegrbm gs kís eoumietmrem qug imbgrg`hm, gi pcseècnmkegntc gn gi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c gstí kís ieombc miëtgk rgprgseðn qug m ics ctrcs bcs.

Gn rgmiebmb, gi gig`tcrmbc tegnbg m sgr amvcrmfig m im eoumibmb bgun kcbc rgimtevmkgntg enbgpgnbegntg m su mutcic-`miezmèðn gn gigspg`trc ebgciðoe`c, munqug im ezquegrbm sgmkís amvcrmfig m im eoumibmbqug im bgrg`hm. Um im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi bestenoug kís ics gxtrgkcs bgi`gntrc qug im ezquegrbm bg im bgrg`hm, munqug im bgrg`hm sgmkísgstmtestm qug im ezquegrbm.

Gn sukm, gi ìevmdg ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm sg bm nc tmntc gn tcrnc bg imrgmiezmèðn bg `mkfecs gn amvcr bg im eoumibmb, senc mirgbgbcr bg smfgrse gscs `mkfecs sg bmrín pcr kgbec bg im mutcrebmb rgacrzmbm bgi Gstmbcc gn `cntrm bg giim. Im bgrg`hm quegrg im eoumibmb pcr entgrkgbec bg unmaugrtg entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi y unm mutcrebmb rgacrzmbm. Im ezquegrbm gskcbgrmbm gn ic qug rgspg`tm m im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi, pgrc ìmrmkgntg`cntrmrem mi rgaugrzc bg gsm mutcrebmb rgprgsevm. Gi `gntrc tegnbg m gstmrgn `cntrm bg im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi gn im g`cnckëm, pgrckcbgrmbmkgntg m amvcr bg su mutcrebmb rgprgsevm.

=28



Nctms=. "Mi envgsteomr m gig`tcrgs gspmýcigs gntrg =5?8 y =582, pc`c bgspuås bg im trmnseèðn bgi mutcretmreskcim bgkc`rmèm, \gtgr K`Bcncuoh, Mntcnec Iðpgz \enm y Pmkugi H. Fmrngs tmkfeån gn`cntrmrcn unm fmdmtmsm bg mutcic`miezmèðn gn gi `cntenuc ezquegr-bm- bgrg`hm. Mníieses sufseouegntgs, hg`hcs pcr ics keskcsenvgsteombcrgs, gn`cntrmrcn unm sufm brmkíte`m bgi nôkgrc bg enbevebucs qug sg mutcenìuëmn gn im gs`mebgcið-oe`m" (Kgttgnhgek, =5574 68).

6. Im bestrefuèðn gntrg bgrg`hm g ezquegrbm gn`cntrmbm gn =550 gn Frmsei aug sgkgdmntg m im hmiimbm gn(Frmsei) y =552 (Pàc \muic). Pe, gn unm gs`mim bg begz puntcs, `cnsebgrmkcs ims pcseècngs 7 y 1 `ckc bg`gntrc, rgùrsc usmbc pcr Igwes-Fg`j (=582), im bgrg`hm `cntmfm `cn bcs vg`gs kís sekpmtezmntgs qug imezquegrbm.

0. @a. Benez (=585m4 6).

2. Iekcnoe uteiezð unm ìmseae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bg ics `mnbebmtcs ieogrmkgntg beagrgntg m im nugstrm,en`crpcrmnbc ims `mtgocrëms `gntrcezquegrbm y `gntrcbgrg`hm. \mrm kmntgngr im `chgrgnèm bg imìmseae`mèðn qug usmkcs bgsbg gi @mpëtuic 6, prgagrekcs "iggr" ics bmtcs bg Iekcnoe m pmrter bgnugstrm prcpem ìmseae`mèðn, ic qug nc mitgrm gn nmbm im gstru`turm bg im mroukgntmèðn bgi mutcr.

7. @a. Iekcnoe (=5574 ?2).

1. Rmkfeån fus`mnbc vgreae`mr im gstmfeiebmb bg ims cpècngs ebgciðoe`ms, munqug bgsbg gi puntc bg vestmims ìmsgs y nc bgi gig`tcr enbevebumi, K. Iekm (=557) gstubeð gi vctc gn gi kuneèpec bg Pàc \muic, gntrg=586 y =556, m pmrter bg bmtcs morgombcs. Gi mutcr bevebeð m ics pmrtebcs bg im seouegntg kmngrm4 m im

gstmrëmn gi \BP/\\V y gi \RF, gn gi `gntrc gi \KBF y gi \PBF y gn im ezquegrbm gi \R. M `cntenumèðn,`ckpm-rð ics vctcs cftgnebcs pcr gscs pmrtebcs m ic imroc bg segtg gig`ècngs (=586, =587, =581, =588, =585,=55< y =556) gn ims bevgrsms írgms scèmikgntg hckcoångms bg im èubmb. Im `cnìuseðn gs qug gxestg unm pgrkmngn em gn ic qug rgspg`tm m ims fmsgs scècg`cnðke`ms bg mpcyc m ics rgspg`tevcs ficqugs ebgciðoe`cs."Ics `mnbebmtcs `cnsgrvmbcrgs gnùgntrmn kgdcr rg`gpèðn gn ims írgms `gntrmigs y kís re`ms bg im èu-bmb,gn ùmntc qug gi `gntrc y im ezquegrbm kgdcrmn su m`gptmèðn gn im kgbebm gn qug ncs bereoekcs hmèm pgreagrem" (K. Iekm =5574 =61).

?. Bgsbg im gsèseðn bgi \PBF, gn =588, vmrecs enbe`mbcrgs ìmseae`mn mi \KBF gn im `gntrcbgrg`hm(Imkcunegr, =585). Gi hg`hc bg qug gi pmrtebc hmym sebc vestc `ckc kís m im bgrg`hm, gn =550 y =552, pcrsu fmsg gig`tcrmi, pugbg enbe`mr unm csèimèðn c`msecnmi c un `mkfec bg imroc pimzc bg su gig`tcrmbcGstubecs auturcs tgnbrín qug giuèbmr gstm ùgsteðn.

8. Fcffec (=557) rgùgrbm qug, gn im Fefiem, m im bgrg`hm bgi \mbrg sg segntmn ics fugncs y m im ezquegrbm kmics.

5. @gw (=5?8) bevebeð gi gig`tcrmbc bg @mxems bc Pui (VP), gn c`mseðn bg un survgy rgm-iezmbc gn =5?1,segtg pcseècngs bgntrc bg im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm, uteiezmnbc ims cpenecngs bg ics gig`tcrgs `cn rgspgmi M`tc Enstetuècnmi n. 7, m im nmturmigzm bgkc-`ríte`m c nc bgi sestgkm pciëte`c frmseigýc, mi `mkfec gn pciëte`m smimremi y mi `cntrci bgi ocfegrnc scfrg ims gkprgsms gxtrmndgrms. Pen gkfmroc nc aug envgsteombmutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm.

=<. "Gstg `mpëtuic prgsgntm augrtg gvebgnèm bg qug burmntg im trmnseèðn ims pgr`gpècngs qug gi gig`tcr tgbgi bgsgkpgýc bgi ocfegrnc gstmfmn gstmbëste`mkgntg rgimècnmbms m ctrcs dueècs pciëte`cs, tmigs `ckc sumutcekmogn ufe`mbm gn im ezquegrbm c gn im bg-rg`hm, y augrcn `musms ekpcrtmntgs bg ims cpècngs bggig`tcr" (@a. Kgttgnhgek, =5574 =8=).



==. @a. \egru`è (=58?4 6?).

=6. @a. \egru`è (=5524 =20).

=0. Kegntrms qug un ?6% bg ics qug sg `cic`mrcn gn im ezquegrbm m`crbmrcn `cn im maer-kmèðn bg qug gmuxeiec oufgrnmkgntmi gs gi kcbc kís gaeègntg bg rgscivgr gi prc-figkm bg im pcfrgzm gxtrgkm, gsm prcpcrèðn sufg hmstm gi 81% bg ics qug sg cic`mn gn im bgrg`hm.

=2. Gn im prgountm scfrg ims kmneagstmècngs `miigdgrms tcbmvëm sg bm, bg kmngrm mtgnum-bm, gi bgs`reptc mntgrecrkgntg bg mprcxekmèðn bg ics gxtrgkcs. Kegntrms qug gntrg ims pcseècngs = y ? imbeagrgnèm gs bg =0 puntcs pcr`gntumigs, gsm bestmnèm sufg m nmbm kgncs qug 06 puntcs pcr`gntumigs gntims pcseècngs 6 y 1.

=7. Qmig nctmr qug, gn im prgountm scfrg ics pmrtebcs, im gxtrgkm ezquegrbm sg kugstrm un pc`ckís amvcrmfig qug im ezquegrbm m qug gi ocfegrnc pugbm prcheferics. Im gxpie`m-èðn rgketg, mnugstrc gntgnbgr, m im ym kgnècnmbm tgnbgnèm bg im gs`cimrebmb m `rg`gr gn berg`èðn mi `gntrc,hmègnbc qug im scaeste`mèðn y im `chgrgnèm sgmn kmycrgs gn im ezquegrbm qug gn im gxtrgkmezquegrbm.

=1. Gi vënùic gntrg pgnsmkegntc `cnsgrvmbcr y vmicrezmèðn bgi Gstmbc mpmrg`g `cn ìm-rebmb gngi mníieses bg Oebbgns (=5514 07)4 "³quå bgagnbëm gi Qegdc @cnsgrvmbureskc3 Bg kmngrm suèntmåi bgagnbëm im dgrmrquëm, im mrestc`rmèm, im prekm`ëm bg im `cigtevebmb, c bgi Gstmbc scfrg gienbevebuc, y im ekpcrtmnèm prckengntg bg ic smorm-bc" (ånamses nugstrc). Kís mbgimntg, Oebbgnssgýmim qug gi `cnsgrvmbureskc nc gstí gn `cntrm bg ics `mkfecs, senc gn `cntrm bg qug icskeskcs sg rgmie`gn bgstruygnbc im trm-beèðn. \mrm eiustrmr im tgses, Oebbgns (=5514 07) kgnècnmgi seouegntg pmsmdg bg Furjg4 "Wn Gstmbc qug nc pcsgg ics kgbecs pmrm `mkfemr nc pcsgg icskgbecs pmrm prgsgrvmrsg".

=7<



@CN@IWPECNGPAENMIGP

i gig`tcr bgèbg su vctc m pmrter bg prgbespcseècngs bg imroc pimzcy gstëkuics bg `crtc pimzc. Gntrg gstcs ôitekcs, gi bgsgkpgýcg`cnðke`c bg ics ocfgrnmntgs m`cstukfrm m ekpm`tmr augrtgkgntg

scfrg gi suarmoec. Gkpgrc, hmy ctrcs ëtgks qug enaiuygn gn im cregntmèðnbgi vctc, ym qug gi mfmne`c bg tðpe`cs qug pugbgn `ckpcngr im mognbmbg `mbm gig`èðn gs `mse enaenetc. Ims prgbespcseècngs bg imroc pimzc(ncs rgagrekcs m gigkgntcs `ckc im rgntm, im gs`cimrebmb, im ebgnteae`mèðnpmrtebmrem y im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m) scn nmturmikgntg tgnebcs gnùgntm pcr im ietgrmturm entgrnmècnmi. Gstg iefrc trmtð scfrg gstm ôitekmvmremfig, cfietgrmbm hmstm mquë pcr im fefiecormaem frmseigým.

GGi `cn`gptc bg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m `ckgnzð m sgr gimfcrmbc

gn im ietgrmturm entgrnmècnmi scfrg gi `ckpcrtmkegntc pciëte`c gn imbå`mbm bg =5?<. Im ng`gsebmb bg tmi `cn`gptc, `cnstruebc tgnegnbc`ckc rgagrgnèm mi bg ebgntebmb pmrtebmrem, sg creoenð gn ims puonmstgðre`ms bg im bå`mbm bgi ‘1<. Im `rëte`m `ckpcrtmkgntmiestm m im veseðnscèciðoe`m trmbeècnmi ‐gn im qug im pgrtgngnèm m unm ìmsg bgtgrkenmfmim cpèðn ebgciðoe`m, pmrtebmrem y gig`tcrmi bgi enbevebuc‐ cfieoð m qug sgrgvesg gi vmicr bg im ebgcicoëm `ckc gigkgntc gxpie`mtevc bgi vctc. Icsenvgsteombcrgs bg im iëngm pse`cscèciðoe`m augrcn gaeègntgs gn imbgkcstrmèðn bg qug im kmycrëm bg ics gig`tcrgs nc bespcnëm bg unpgnsmkegntc ebgciðoe`c gstru`turmbc, suoeregnbc qug im ebgntebmbpmrtebmrem (nc ng`gsmremkgntg mscèmbm m `cntgnebcs pciëte`cs) grm gikgdcr prgbe`tcr bgi vctc.

Gn `cntrmpmrtebm, im sgýmiezmèðn ebgciðoe`m "båfei", gntgnbebm`ckc gi usc bg fmnbgrms y igkms sekpigs qug sekfciezmfmn cpècngspciëte`ms y scèmigs mkpiems, `cntenumfm segnbc gaeègntg gn im`ckune`mèðn pciëte`m gntrg pmrtebcs y gig`tcrgs (miounms vg`gs, hmstmkís gaeègntg qug mntgs, `ckc gn gi `msc bg ics Gstmbcs Wnebcs gn imsbå`mbms bg =51< y =5?<). ³@ðkc gxpie`mr, gntcn`gs, im pgrsestgnèm bgiusc bg sgýmigs ebgciðoe`ms gn im pciëte`m gig`tcrmi, se unm ekpcrtmntgpmrtg bg ics gig`tcrgs grm en`mpmz bg `ckprgnbgrims3



Im rgspugstm aug qug ics gig`tcrgs ‐munqug nc pcsgygsgn bg

hg`hc un pgnsmkgntc pciëte`c gstru`turmbc, rmzðn pcr im ùmi gi bgfmtggn gi sgnc bg im åietg nc pcbëm sgr mutckíte`mkgntg trmnspugstc pmrmgxpie`mr gi `ckpcrtmkegntc bgi pôfie`c kmsevc‐ `mptmfmn entuetevmkgntg,pcr kgbec bg `mtgocrëms `ckc ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm c iefgrmi y`cnsgrvmbcr, gi sgntebc ogngrmi bg ims cregntmècngs bg ics pmrtebcs y`mnbebmtcs. \cr ctrm pmrtg, im mutcic-`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim gxprgsmrëm,munqug bg un kcbc kís bgsgstru`turmbc, gi sestgkm bg `rggnèms bgigig`tcr. Gsg usc entuetevc bg ims `mtgocrëms ebgciðoe`ms sg bgnckenðebgnteae`mèðn c, tmkfeån, sgntekegntc ebgciðoe`c (Keiigr & Phmnjs, =551:Jneoht & Igwes, =551).

En`crpcrmbm m icssurvgys bgsbg ics mýcs l?<, im kgbeèðn bg imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m sg kcstrð `ckc un `ckpcngntg ekpcrtmntg gn imgxpie`mèðn bgi vctc gn ics pmësgs enbustremiezmbcs. Munqug sg hmfëmtcrnmbc unm bg ims vmremfigs enbespgnsmfigs gn gi mníieses bgi`ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi gn im veseðn bg un mkpiec `cnduntc bg mutcrgs,gn gi Frmsei, sen gkfmroc, im hepðtgses bg qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`mgrm unc bg ics prenèpmigs bgtgrkenmntgs bgi vctc nc hmfëm sebc tgstgmbmmôn y gi cfdgtevc bg gstg iefrc aug hm`gric. Nugstrc trmfmdc sg cregntð mprcfmr qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m enaiuyg gn gi vctc gn gi Frmsei y,segnbc msë, prgèsm sgr sestgkíte`mkgntg en`crpcrmbm m icssurvgys ymníieses bgi `ckpcrtmkegntc gig`tcrmi.

\mrm `ckgnzmr, `cnstmtmkcs qug gxestg un mitc ormbc bgrg`cncèkegntc bg ims `mtgocrëms ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn gi gig`tcrmbcfrmseigýc (gntrg =585 y =550 gi keskc vmreð bgi ?7% mi 50%)=. M`cntenumèðn, sg tgstgð im hepðtgses `gntrmi gn ims gig`ècngsprgsebgnèmigs bg =585 y =552. Gn mkfcs `mscs, uteiezmkcsenvgsteomècngs kugstrmigs gn ims ùmigs im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m augkgnsurmbm pcr im mutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn unm gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm bg segtg puntcs. Gi tgst `cnsesteð gn vgreae`mr se hmfëm mscèmèðngstmbëste`m gntrg im mutcic`miezmèðn bgi gig`tcr gn im gs`mim y gi vctc pmrmprgsebgntg gn ics bcs turncs bg =585 y gn gi prekgr (y ône`c) turnc bg=5526. Gn ics bcs `mscs qugbð `ckprcfmbc qug im berg`èðn bgi vctcgstuvc mscèmbm `cn im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m.

\mrm gvmiumr im augrzm bg im mscèmèðn gntrg im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m y gi vctc, `ckpmrmkcs gi ormbc bg mscèmèðn gn`cntrmbc `cnims ctrms vmremfigs, bg `crtc y imroc pimzc, `cng`tmbms mi vctc gn ims bcsc`msecngs. \mrm ims vmremfigs bg `crtc pimzc, gn =585, gs`coekcs ùmtrchepðtgses prgsgntgs gn im fefiecormaëm rgagrebm m mqugiim gig`èðn4 gi vctcbg prctgstm, gi rg`hmzc mi ocfegrnc, gi rg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs y imsekpmtëm pcr unm pciëte`m bg rgbu`èðn bg im entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi. @ckc

=76




vmremfigs gstru`turmigs gigoekcs im rgntm, im gs`cimrebmb y im ebgnteae`mèðnpmrtebmrem.

@cnstmtmkcs qug bg ims ùmtrc ùgstecngs bg `crtc pimzc, im qughmfëm gstmbc kís mscèmbm mi vctc grm gi rg`hmzc m ics pciëte`cs, pgrcprgsgntmfm unm aríoei `mpmèbmb prgbe`tevm, ym qug im ormn kmycrëm bgigig`tcrmbc rg`hmzmfm m ics pciëte`cs y, pcr ic tmntc, gsc bestenouëm pc`c givctc pcr ics beagrgntgs `mnbebmtcs. Gntrg ims vmremfigs bg imroc pimzc, imebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem rgvgið gstmr mscèmbm bg un kcbc ku`hc kískmr`mbc m im gig`èðn bgi `mnbebmtc, sgouebm pcr im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m. Im gs`cimrebmb gstuvc mscèmbm bg acrkm kcbgrmbm mi vctc yim rgimèðn gntrg rgntm y vctc aug båfei.

M pgsmr bg qug im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem aug unm gx`gigntgprgbe`tcrm bgi vctc gn =585, im keskm sg rgstrenoeð m tmn sðic unm armndmbgi gig`tcrmbc, ym qug mpgnms gi 2<% bgìmrð tgngr prgagrgnèmpmrtebmrem. \cr ctrc imbc, im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m en`crpcrð m kís bgi8<% bg ics gig`tcrgs. ]ugbð `ckprcfmbc msë qug im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m aug, gn `ckpmrmèðn `cn ims ctrms vmremfigs tgstgmbms, imkgdcr prgbe`tcrm bgi vctc gn im besputm bg =585.

Gn im gig`èðn bg =552, unm ône`m ùgsteðn `cyunturmi bckenð immognbm4 im mprcfmèðn c bgsmprcfmèðn bgi prcormkm g`cnðke`c bggstmfeiezmèðn (\imn Vgmi), qug `cnseoueð rgbuèr m un 6% unm enaimèðnqug hmfëm sebc bgi 7<% kgnsumi. \cr gsc, `ckc vmremfig bg `crtc pimzc,sðic vgreae`mkcs im `crrgimèðn gntrg smtesam`èðn g ensmtesam`èðn `cn giVgmi y gi vctc. @ckc gigkgntcs bg imroc pimzc, vcivekcs m tgstgmr imstrgs vmremfigs usmbms gn im gig`èðn mntgrecr, gstc gs, im rgntm, imgs`cimrebmb y im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem.

Ics rgsuitmbcs `cnaerkmrcn mqugiic qug fugnm pmrtg bg imfefiecormaëm ym hmfëm maerkmbc, m smfgr, qug hufc unm augrtg mscèmèðngntrg smtesam`èðn `cn gi Vgmi y im gig`èðn bgi `mnbebmtc. Gntrg icsgigkgntcs bg imroc pimzc, sg `cnaerkð tmkfeån qug nc hufc unm entgnsm`cngxeðn bg im rgntm y im gs`cimrebmb `cn gi vctc, y qug im ebgntebmbpmrtebmrem aug un gx`gigntg prgbe`tcr bgi suarmoec, sgouebm pcr imebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m0. C sgm, ìmseae`mbms tcbms ims vmremfigstgstgmbms, im kís augrtg aug im ebgnteae`mèðn pmrtebmrem. M `cntenumèðn sgufe`mrcn im pcseèðn argntg mi Vgmi y im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m,

prgsgntmnbc mkfms unm `mpmèbmb sgkgdmntg bg prgbe`èðn.Gn aunèðn bg ic mntgrecr, entgntmkcs vgreae`mr se im pcseèðn argntg

mi \imn Vgmi nc bgpgnbëm bg im ic`miezmèðn ebgciðoe`m y bgsùfrekcs qughufc unm rgimtevm enbgpgnbgnèm gntrg ims bcs vmremfigs. Cfsgrvmkcs,

=70



gntcn`gs, qug mkfms enaiuygrcn bg kcbc rgimtevmkgntg enbgpgnbegntg gngi vctc y prcpusekcs, m pmrter bg ics bmtcs bespcnefigs, un kcbgic bg`ðkc hmfëmn entgrm`tumbc. Bg mùgrbc `cn gsg kcbgic, im ekpcrtmnèmbgi Vgmi pmrm im bgaeneèðn bgi vctc aug tmntc kís augrtg ùmntc kís m imbgrg`hm gstmfm gi gig`tcr. Gn `cnsgùgnèm, gi Vgmi tuvc un augrtgekpm`tc m im bgrg`hm, unc kcbgrmbc gn gi `gntrc y unc båfei gn imezquegrbm.

Hmfegnbc kcstrmbc qug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m hmfëm sebc unpcbgrcsc prgbe`tcr bgi vctc gn ims gig`ècngs bg =585 y =552, gn giôitekc `mpëtuic sukmkcs bcs enbe`mbcrgs qug ncs pgrketegrcn `cnstmtmrqug im ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m bgi gig`tcr frmseigýc sg kmntuvc gstmfig mic imroc bg ics èn`c mýcs `cntgkpimbcs gn gstg iefrc, `cnaerkmnbc imhepðtgses bg qug sg trmtm bg unm prgbespcseèðn bg imroc pimzc. Pgvgreae`ð qug im bestrefuèðn bg ics gig`tcrgs frmseigýcs gn im gs`mimpgrkmngèð gstmfig gntrg =585 y =550, cfsgrvínbcsg qug gi pôfie`c`cnvgrog hmèm gi `gntrc, enìenínbcsg kís hmèm im bgrg`hm qug hmèm imezquegrbm. Rmkfeån gi gig`tcrmbc bgi Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic, envgsteombcgn =552, prgsgntð gsm `cnaeourmèðn. Kís miií bg gsc, im trmnsagrgnèm bgvctcs gntrg `mnbebmtcs gn gi pgrëcbc, gstubembc gn gi gig`tcrmbc pmuiestm,sg bec m ic imroc bg iëngms ebgciðoe`mkgntg `chgrgntgs, kcstrmnbc imgxestgnèm bg unm gstmfeiebmb ebgciðoe`m bgi vctc gn ims gig`ècngs bg=585, =55< y =552.

M pgsmr bg im gstmfeiebmb y im `chgrgnèm bg im ebgnteae`mèðnebgciðoe`m, gi 1<% bg ics gig`tcrgs nc smfg bgaener ic qug scn ezquegrbm ybgrg`hm, ùmnbc sg igs scieètm hm`gric. Im mbhgseðn m unc bg ics puntcsbg im gs`mim pugbg `crrgspcnbgr, pcr ic tmntc, m bgtgrkenmbc sestgkm bg`rggnèms qug gi gig`tcr smfg rg`cnc`gr, pgrc nc vgrfmiezmr. ³]uåsestgkms bg `rggnèms sgrëmn gscs3 \rcùrmkcs gsfczmr, m pmrter bg imsenvgsteomècngs bg ims qug bespcnëmkcs, ics `cntgnebcs qug gstmfmnmscèmbcs mi pcseècnmkegntc m im ezquegrbm, mi `gntrc y m im bgrg`hm.

Gi `ru`g bg un `cnduntc bg cpenecngs y m`tetubgs `cn immutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ncs iigvð m `cnstmtmr qug gi prenèpmi gdg bgbeveseðn gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm nc sg bmfm gn tcrnc mi vmicr"eoumibmb", `ckc gs trmbeècnmi gn gi bgfmtg pôfie`c bg ims bgkc`rmèmsc`èbgntmigs (Fcffec, =557). Pe fegn im ezquegrbm sg kcstrð kíspmrtebmrem bg im eoumibmb qug im bgrg`hm, gn gi Frmsei gi `cnduntc bgigig`tcrmbc sg rgvgið ognåre`mkgntg amvcrmfig m im eoumibmb.

Gn `cnsgùgnèm, tmntc im ezquegrbm ùmntc im bgrg`hm sggnùgntrmn bgsgcsms bg unm kmycr entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi pmrm im mbcpèðnbg kgbebms eoumietmrestms, munqug im bgrg`hm gxprgsmkís sekpmtëm m im

=72




entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi qug im ezquegrbm2. Im pcseèðn m amvcr bg imentgrvgnèðn gstmtmi bestenoug kgncs m ics bg ezquegrbm bg im bgrg`hm qugm mkfms bgi `gntrc. Gi `gntrc y nc im bgrg`hm, `ckc sg pcbrëm ekmoenmr,

tegnbg m sgr im pcseèðn kgncs gstmtezmntg. Gn gsg sgntebc, gi mpcyc mkgbebms ngciefgrmigs prcvgnbrëm kís bgi `gntrc qug bg im bgrg`hm. Imrmzðn bg giic, m nugstrc gntgnbgr, gs im `rggnèm bg im bgrg`hm gn im ebgmbg qug gi rgaugrzc bg im mutcrebmb bgi Gstmbc pugbg `cnbuèr m ics`mkfecs eoumietmrestms, gn `cntrmstg `cn im pcsturm bg im ezquegrbm, quggstí venùimbm mi pmpgi trmnsacrkmbcr bg ics kcvekegntcs scèmigs gn imprckcèðn bg im eoumibmb.

@chgrgntgkgntg `cn im hepðtgses mntgrecr, im kís augrtg beveseðn

gn`cntrmbm gntrg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm sg rgaegrg m im mutcrebmb mtrefuebm miGstmbc pmrm rgpreker ics kcvekegntcs scèmigs. Kegntrms qug imic`miezmèðn m im bgrg`hm gstuvc augrtgkgntg mscèmbm m unm pcsturm bgmpcymr gi bgrg`hc bgi Gstmbc m usmr im augrzm pmrm rgprekerkmneagstmècngs `miigdgrms y hugiom, msë `ckc pmrm entgrvgner senbe`mtcs,im pcseèðn m im ezquegrbm negom gsm mutcrebmb. Gi `gntrc, gn gstg `msc,cùpm im pcseèðn entgrkgbem qug ic bgaeng.

Gi gsfczc qug sg bgiengm m pmrter bg ics bgsùfrekegntcs

kgnècnmbcs gs gi bg un gig`tcrmbc qug bgsgm `mkfecs eoumietmrestms,pgrc qug, sen gkfmroc, sg bevebg scfrg `ðkc bgfgn sgr mi`mnzmbcs.Kegntrms qug im ezquegrbm pmrg`g gstmr mscèmbm m im ebgm bg imkcveiezmèðn scèmi y gi rg`hmzc m im mutcrebmb rgprgsevm bgi Gstmbc, imbgrg`hm, pcr gi `cntrmrec, pmrg`g kís fegn gstmr mscèmbm m im ebgm bgqug ics `mkfecs sðic cùrrerín kgbemntg un rgaugrzc bg im mutcrebmb bgiGstmbc. Gi `cnsgrvmbureskc bg ics gig`tcrgs qug sg `cic`mn m im bgrg`hmsg gxprgsm nc gn unm ngomèðn bg ics `mkfecs, senc gn gi mpgoc m immutcrebmb y gi crbgn.

Gi sgntebc bg gstcs miengmkegntcs gntrg ebgnteae`mèðn ebgciðoe`m ysestgkm bg `rggnèms gs `chgrgntg `cn im gxpgregnèm pciëte`m bgi pgrëcbcqug gstubemkcs. Im gkgrognèm bg un pmrtebc bg ezquegrbm `ckpgtetevcaugrtgkgntg venùimbc m ics kcvekegntcs scèmigs (gi \R) bg nmturmigzmeoumietmrestm aug unm bg ims kmr`ms bg ims gig`ècngs mnmiezmbms, y imsbcs `mnbebmturms bg Iuim (=585 y =552) rgprgsgntmrcn, gn gi pimnc bg imbesputm gig`tcrmi, gi sestgkm bg `rggnèms qug gstí entgrnmiezmbc gn gsgvënùic4 gi bg qug im kcveiezmèðn scèmi gs gi kgdcr `mkenc pmrm cftgngrkís eoumibmb, môn m `cstm bg mioôn regsoc pmrm gi crbgn.

Pe im bgrg`hm sg gstru`turm gn `cntrmpcseèðn m im ezquegrbm, `ckcsuogrekcs gn gi eneèc bg gstg trmfmdc, nmbm kís iðoe`c qug gi hg`hc bgqug gi mpcyc mi pmpgi rgprgsevc bgi Gstmbc cùpg un iuomr `gntrmi gn gi

=77



sestgkm bg `rggnèms bg sus gig`tcrgs. Gsc nc seoneae`m qug im bgrg`hmnc bgsgg `mkfecs eoumietmrestms, senc qug ics keskcs sgmn rgmiezmbcs senpgrdueèc bg im mutcrebmb rgprgsevm bgi Gstmbc. Wnm mutcrebmb gstmtmrgacrzmbm bgfgrëm sgr, bg mùgrbc `cn gstm ðpte`m, gi kgdcr enstrukgntcpmrm ics `mkfecs, ym qug ics keskcs sg creoenmrëmn gn unm augrtgprgsgnèm gstmtmi gn im g`cnckëm. Im `mnbebmturm bg @ciicr auggkfigkíte`m bg gstg sestgkm bg `rggnèms.

Im ve`tcrem bg Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg @mrbcsc gn =552 sufsukeðprcvescremkgntg gi pctgnèmi pcpuiestm bg im bgrg`hm gn im kgbebm gn quggstm ôitekm `ckpusc unm miemnzm `cn prgbckenec `gntrestm. Im`mnbebmturm bg @mrbcsc pmrg`g trmbuèr fegn, m su vgz, gi sestgkm bg`rggnèms mscèmbc mi `gntrc qug gn`cntrmkcs gn ims gnùgstms, ym quguteiezð un besùrsc rgimtevmkgntg eoum-ietmrestm, `cntrmrec m im entgrvgnèðnbgi Gstmbc gn im g`cnckëm y mpgnms kcbgrmbmkgntg amvcrmfig m qug giGstmbc tgnom mutcrebmb rgprgsevm gn rgimèðn m ics kcvekegntcs scèmigs,c sgm, qug rgsoumrbg su `mpmèbmb bg kmntgngr gi crbgn.

Gs prgèsc gnamtezmr, `cn tcbc, qug im tmrgm bg giuèbmr icssestgkms bg `rggnèms mscèmbcs mi pcseècnmkegntc bgi gig`tcr gn icsbevgrscs puntcs bgi gspg`trc ebgciðoe`c gstí igdcs bg moctmrsg. Mi`cntrmrec, gi gsfczc mntgrecr sðic pcbrí `ckpigtmrsg `cn auturmsenvgsteomècngs. Gstg trmfmdc prgtgnbg sgr unm envetmèðn m qug imùgsteðn sgm tckmbm `cn sgregbmb: bgkcstrmr, mi kgncs, im rgigvmnèmbgi prcfigkm ncs pmrgèð unm tmrgm enbespgnsmfig pmrm gi bgsmrrciic bgics gstubecs gig`tcrmigs gn gi Frmsei.

=71



Nctms=. Vg`cncèkegntc nc quegrg bgèr qug gi gig`tcr kgnècng gspcntíngmkgntg ezquegrbm y bgrg`hm gn unm prgountm mfegrtm pmrm dusteae`mr su vctc. ]uegrg bgèr, mpgnms, qug smfg bðnbg `cic`mrsg ùmnbc ig prgsgntmbm im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm. Gs `mpmz, pcr ic tmntc, bg rg`cnc`gr ims `mtgocrëms ezquegbgrg`hm ùmnbc sg ic gstekuim `cn gsg cfdgtevc.

6. \mrm =585 bespusekcs bg unm envgsteomèðn bg mi`mn`g nmècnmi y pmrm =552 bg un survgy rgmiezmbc Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic.

0. Qmig rg`crbmr, nugvmkgntg, qug im mkpietub bg im prgagrgnèm pmrtebmrem aug `cnsebgrm-figkgntg kgnqug im bg im ebgciðoe`m.

2. Wn tgkm pmrm unm envgsteomèðn auturm gs im prgsgnèm sekuitíngm bg unm vmicrezmèðn bgi

`mpetmieskc y bg un bgsgc bg kmycr entgrvgnèðn gstmtmi qug sg bm gn im bgrg`hm.



MNGXC=

Rmfim 6.=ª

Qctc pcr ics èn`c `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn gi prekgr turnc

bg =585 pcr ormbc bg gs`cimrezmèðn

X6;0=<,1 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.



Rmfim 6.6ª

Qctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bgi prekgr turnc bg =585 crbgnmbcs

gn gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm pcr ormbc bg gs`cimrezmèðn

X6;=8?,6 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,6=60* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Rmfim 6.0ª

Qctc pcr i cs `mnbebmtcs bgi sgounbc turnc bg =585 pcr ormbcbg gs`cimrezmèðn

X6;=0?,6 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,61=6Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

=1<




Rmfim 6.2M

Qctc pcr ics èn`c `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn gi prekgr turncbg =585 pcr rgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi

X6;661,5 Peoneaee`mnèm;<,<<<<

• Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcsgn im tmfim.

• ** PK4 Pmimrec Kënekc veogntg. Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

=1=



Rmfim 6.7M

Qctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bgi prekgr turnc bg =585, crbgnmbcs

gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm pcr rgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi

\cr`gntmdg `ciuknm Hmstm Bg 6 m Bg 7 m Mrrefm bg

Vgsebuc mdustmbc* 6 PK 7 PK =< PK =< PK Rctmi

X6;?7,? Peoneae`mn`em;<,<<<< Q;<,=058

* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.


=16




Rmfim 6.1ª

Qctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bgi sgounbc turnc bg =585 pcr rgntm

amkeiemr kgnsumi

X6;10,= Peoneae`mn`em;<,<<<< Q;<,=802Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Rmfim 6.?MQctc pcr ics begz `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs bgi prekgr turnc bg=585 pcr mutcic`miezm`eðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (gn%)

=10



Rmfim 6.8MQctc gn gi sgounbc turnc bg =585 pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn imgs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

X6;2<<,6 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Rmfim 6.5MQctc pcr ics èn`c `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs bgi prekgr turncbg =585 pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm(rgbuèbm m trgs puntcs)

=12




=17



X6;67<,? Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<

* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.


Rmfim 6.=6MQctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bgi prekgr turnc bg =585 crbgnmbcsgn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm pcr pmrtebc bg prgagrgnèmcrbgnmbc gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

=11




=1?

X6;7<=,0 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,7=75Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

Rmfim 6.=0M

Qctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs bgi sgounbc turnc bg =585pcr pmrtebc bg prgagrgnèm crbgnmbc gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm

X6;02<,? Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,1=08* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.



MNGXC6

Rmfim 0.=ª

Qctc pcr ics `mnbebmtcs kís vctmbcs gn =552 pcr prgagrgn`empmrtebmrem

X6; 878,? Peoneae`mn`em;<,<<<< Q;<,?68* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.

Augntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muiestm.



MNGXC0

Rmfim 2.=ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm pcr ormbc bggs`cimrezmèðn (Frmsei)

X6;0<0,5 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, ics qugbedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y ics

qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.





Rmfim 2.6ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =585 pcrrgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi (Frmsei)

X6;=8<,8 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.


=?=



Rmfim 2.0ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =55< pcrormbc bg gs`cimrezmèðn (Frmsei)

X6;226,1 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

=?6




Rmfim 2.2ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =55< pcrrgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi (Frmsei)

X6;67?,1 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

=?0



Rmfim 2.7ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =550 pcrormbc bg gs`cimrezmèðn (Frmsei)

X6;078,= Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.

=?2




Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/50.Rmfim 2.1ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =550 pcrrgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi (Frmsei)

X6;8?,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.

=?7



Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/50.Rmfim 2.?ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =552 pcrormbc bg gs`cimrezmèðn (Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic)

X6;=5=,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.


=?1




Rmfim 2.8ª

Mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =552 pcrrgntm amkeiemr kgnsumi (Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic)

X6;=27,= Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn imtmfim.

** Enìuë m ics qug nc supegrcn ic`miezmrsg gn im gs`mim, m icsqug bedgrcn nc sgntersg ebgnteae`mbcs `cn nenounc bg ics puntcs y mics qug sg ngomrcn m rgspcnbgr m im ùgsteðn.


=??



Rmfim 2.5ª

Ic`miezmèðn bgi pmrtebc bg prgagrgnèm gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm gn =550 (Frmsei)

X6;717,8 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,6=80* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.


=?8




Rmfim 2.=<ª

Vg`cncèkegntc bg qug gi Gstmbc pugbg prchefer pmrtebcspciëte`cs pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm(Frmsei/=550)

X6;15,1 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=<0=* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.


=?5



Rmfim 2.==ª

Vg`cncèkegntc bg qug gi Gstmbc pugbg `gnsurmr ics kgbecsbg `ckune`mèðn pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (Frmsei/=550)

X6;81,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,==2?* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn en` iuebcs gn im tmfim.


=8<




Rmfim 2.=6MVg`cncèkegntc bg qug gi Gstmbc pugbg prc`gsmr m quegn

ùgstecnm su mutcrebmb pcr mutcic`miezm-èðn gn im gs`mimezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (Frmsei/=550)

X6;===,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=0<0* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/50.

Rmfim 2.=0M\cseèðn argntg mi scèmieskc `ckc ône`m sciuèðn pmrm giFrmsei pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm(Frmsei/=585)

X6;0?2,5 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.

=8=



Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/85.Rmfim 2.=2ª

Vg`cncèkegntc bg qug gi ocfegrnc bgfg entgrvgner kís gn img`cnckëm pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm(Frmsei/=550)

6;=<<,= Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=62<

Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.

X *Augntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/50.

=86




Rmfim 2.=7ª

cseèðn argntg m unm augrtg entgrvgnèðn bgi Gstmbc gn im\g`cnckëm pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm(Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic/=552)

6;=?=,< Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<<evcs augrcn enìuebcs gn im tmfim.

ugntg4 Repcicoem bc Qctc \muies tm.

X* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mt A

=80



Rmfim 2.=1ª

g`cncèkegntc bg qug gi Gstmbc pugbg prchefer hugioms pcrVmutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (Frmsei/=550)

X6;17,? Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=?<2enìuebcs gn im tmfim.

fim 2.=?ª

g`cncèkegntc bg qug gi Gstmbc pugbg entgrvgner gn ics

* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn


Rm Vsenbe`mtcs pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm(Frmsei/=550)

X6;2=,7 Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<< Q;<,=081enìuebcs gn im tmfim.* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn

=82




Rmfim 2.=8ª

Mprgèc pcr gi pmpgi bg ics iëbgrgs pcr mutcic`miezmèðn gn im

gs`mim ezquegrbm-bgrg`hm (Frmsei/=55<)

X6;05,? Peoneae`mnèm;<,<<<= Q;<,=<=1cs gn im tmfim.

ugntg4 @uiturm \ciëte`m/5<.

* Pcimkgntg ics rgsebucs seoneae`mtevcs augrcn enìueb

A

=87



. =585b. "C @mkenhc bm Ngocèmïàc".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 60.

@mkpfgii, Mnous: @cnvgrsg, \heiep: Keiigr, _mrrgn & Ptcjgs, Bcnmib. =58<.Rhg Mkgre`mn Qctgr .@he`moc, Wnevgrsety ca @he`moc \rgss.

. =511. Gig`tecns mnb thg \ciete`mi Crbgr . Ncvm Ucrj, _eigy.

@mrbcsc, Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg & Imkcunegr, Fciëvmr (cros.). =5?7.Cs \mrtebcs g ms Gigeï÷gs ncFrmsei. Vec bg Dmngerc, \mz g Rgrrm.

@mrbcsc, Vuth @crräm Igetg. =55<. "\mrteèpmïàc \ciëte`m g Bgkc`rmèm".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc\muic, @gfrmp, 61.

@mrvmihc, Dcså Kureic bg. =585. "Gigeïàc gk Rgkpc bg @ðigrm".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm , Vec bg

Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 6<.

@mstmýgbm, Dcrog. =552.Wtcpem Bgsmrkmbm. Pàc \muic, @ckpmnhem bms Igtrms.

@mstrc, Kòne`m Kmtm Km`hmbc bg. =556. "Pudgetc g Gstruturm nc @ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi".Vgvestm Frmseigerm bg @eänèms Pcèmes, Pàc \muic, Msscèmïàc Nmècnmi bg \ðs-Ormbumïàc g\gsquesm gk @eänèms Pcèmes, 6<.

. =552. Bgtgrkenmntgs bc @ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi4 M @gntrmiebmbg bm Pcaeste`mïàc \ciëte`m. Vecbg Dmngerc, Eupgrd (tgses bg bc`tcrmbc).

@gw, Dubscn bg. =5?8. "M Bgèsàc Gigetcrmi gk @mxems bc Pui". En4 Vges, Aífec _mnbgrigy (cro.).Cs \mrtebcs g c Vgoekg4 M Iðoe`m bc \rc`gssc Gigetcrmi Frmseigerc . Pàc \muic, Pëkfcic.

@entrm, Mntònec C`tívec. =518. "\mrtebcs \ciëte`cs gk Fgic Hcrezcntg4 Wk Gstubc bc Gigetcrmbc".Bmbcs , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 7.

@cnvgrsg, \heiep G. =512. "Rhg Nmturg ca Fgiega Pystgks en Kmss \ufie`s". En4 Mptgr, Bmveb (cro.).Ebgcicoy mnb Bes`cntgnt . Ncvm Ucrj, Argg \rgss ca Oign`cg.

. =5?7. "\ufie` Cpenecn mnb Qcteno Fghmvecr". En4 Orggnstgen, A. M. & \cisfy, N. (cros.).RhgHmnbfccj ca \ciete`mi Pègn`g . Vgmbeno, Kmss., Mbbescn-_gsigy (ètmbc gn Neggt mi., =5?54 ==1).

@cnvgrsg, \heiep G. & Bupgux, Ogcrogs. =511. "\cieteèzmtecn ca thg Gig`tcrmtg en Armn`g mnb thgWnetgb Ptmtgs". En4 @mkpfgii, Mnous: @cnvgrsg, \heiep: Keiigr, _mrrgn & Ptcjgs, Bcnmib.Gig`tecnsmnb thg \ciete`mi Crbgr . Ncvm Ucrj, _eigy.

Bmitcn, Vussgii D. & _mttgnfgro, Kmrten. =550. "Rhg Nct sc Pekpig M`t ca Qcteno". En4 Aenestgr, Mbm(cro.). \ciete`mi Pègn`g4 Rhg Ptmtg ca thg Besèpieng EE . Rhg Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Vgvegw ._mshenotcn, Rhg Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Msscèmtecn.

Bmves, Dmkgs M. =5?1.Igvmntmkgntcs bg Bmbcs gk Pcècicoem4 Wkm Mníiesg Gstmtëste`mGigkgntmr . Vec bg Dmngerc, Tmhmr (ètmbc gn @mstrc, =5524 =?8).

Bekgnstgen, Oeifgrtc & Pcuzm, Dcsems bg. =552. M Hestðrem Vgmi. Pàc \muic, Íte`m.



Benez, Gie. =585m. "\mrtebcs g @resg \ciëte`m4 Ms Gigeï÷gs \rgsebgnèmes bg =585".@mbgrncs bg@cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 6<.

. =585f. "@resg, Amntmsem g Bgs`rgnïm4 Ms Gigeï÷gs \rgsebgnèmes bg =585".@mbgrncs bg@cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 6=.

. =585`. "M @mnbebmturm Pëivec Pmntcs4 En`cnsèänèm bms Kmssms cu Pufvgrsàc bms Gietgs3".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 66.

. =585b. "Ms Gigeï÷gs \rgsebgnèmes bg =5854 Wk Fmimnïc".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm , Vec bgDmngerc, Eupgrd, 60.

Bcwns, Mnthcny. =57?. Mn G`cncke` Rhgcry ca Bgkc`rm`y. Ngw Ucrj, Hmrpgr@ciiens.

Agrnmnbgs, Iues. =557. "Kuetc Fmruihc pcr Nmbm3 C Vgmienhmkgntc \ciëte`c-Ebgciðoe`c nmsGigeï÷gs bg =552".Bmbcs , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 08(=).

Aeougergbc, Kmrùs A. =55<. "C Vg`mbc bms Wrnms".C Gstmbc bg P. \muic , Pàc \muic, 0 kmr.,Pupigkgntc gspgèmi, p. =<.

. =55=. M Bgèsàc bc Qctc. Pàc \muic, Pukmrå.

. =552. "M Ige bg Agrrc bm @ckpgteïàc Gigetcrmi4 M Mretkåte`m Gigetcrmi cu Gigeï÷gs @msmbms,Vgsuitmbcs Pcitgercs".Orupc bg @cndunturm , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 7<.

Aeougergbc, Ngy Iekm. =55<.@ckc Omnhmr ukm Gigeïàc . Pàc \muic, @uiturm.

. =552. Dcomnbc pmrm Omnhmr . Pàc \muic, Ogrmïàc Gbetcremi.

Aeougergbc, Vufgns. =552. "Cpeneàc \ôfie`m, Entgnècnmiebmbg g Qctc".Cpeneàc \ôfie`m ,@mkpenms, @gscp, 6(6).

. =55?. "Kmrjgteno \ciëte`c: Ketcs g Qgrbmbgs".\mpgrs , Pàc \muic, Jcnrmb Mbgnmugr Pteatuno, 0<.

Aecrenm, Kcrres \. =58=.Vgtrcspg`tevg Qcteno en Mkgre`mn Nmtecnmi Gig`tecns. Ngw Hmvgn, UmigWnevgrsety \rgss.

. =55?. "Qcteno Fghmvecr". En4 Kugiigr, @. B. (cro.).\grspg`tevgs cn \ufie` @hce`g4 M Hmnbfccj .@mkfrebog, @mkfrebog Wnevgrsety \rgss.

Oemnnctte, Dcså Mrthur. =55<. "Rríae`c bg Gspgrmnïms".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, 61.

Oebbgns, Mnthcny. =551.\mrm Miåk bm Gsqugrbm g bm Bergetm . Pàc \muic, Gbetcrm bm Wngsp.

Ocuvgem, Vmekunbc: Armnïm, Bmieim: @cstm, Dcsgie F. bm & @mkenc, Igònèc. =55?. "C \mpgi bms@rgnïms \ciëte`ms nc @ckpcrtmkgntc bcs Gigetcrgs bg Dcàc \gsscm gk =556 g =552". En



@mkenc, Igònèc: Ihuiiegr, Icuesg & Pmnbcvmi, Pmivmbcr (cros.).Gstubcs Pcfrg c @ckpcrtmkgntc\ciëte`c . Aicremnðpcies, Igtrms @cntgkpcrængms.

Oueihcn Mifuqugrqug, Dcså Muoustc. =556. "Ebgntebmbg, Cpcseïàc g \rmokmteskc4 Wkm Rgcrem\ciëte`m bc Qctc".Ium Ncvm , Pàc \muic, @gbg`, 61.

. =557m. "Gigeï÷gsvgrsus Enstetueï÷gs cu \cr ]ug cs Frmseigercs nàc Vggigogrmk Agrnmnbc@ciicr".\mpgrs, Pàc \muic, Jcnrmb Mbgnmugr Pteatuno, =8.

. =557f. "Rräs Bekgns÷gs bc @ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi". En4Repcicoem bc Gigetcrmbc \muiestm . Pàc\muic, Vgimtðrec Ampgsp (\rc`. Ampgsp n´ 52/=56?-=568).

Ouekmràgs, @gsmr. =585. "M Oicfc \gom prm Qmigr".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc,Eupgrd, 6=.

Hmrrcp, Kmrten & Keiigr, _eiiemk I. =58?.Gig`tecns mnb Qctgrs. Ncvm Ucrj, Ngw MkstgrbmkFccjs.

Hene`h, Kgiven D. & Kunogr, Ke`hmgi @. =552.Ebgcicoy mnb thg Rhgcry ca \ciete`mi @hce`g . MnnMrfcr, Wnevgrsety ca Ke`heomn \rgss.

Enbe`mbcrgs Egsp n´ 0=. =552. Pàc \muic, Enstetutc bg G`cnckem bc Pgtcr \ôfie`c (Egsp), moc.

Enbe`mbcrgs Egsp n´ 01. =557. Pàc \muic, Enstetutc bg G`cnckem bc Pgtcr \ôfie`c (Egsp), dmn.

Enoighmrt, Vcnmib. =55?.Rhg Peignt Vgvciutecn4 @hmnoeno Qmiugs mnb \ciete`mi Ptyigs mkcno_gstgrn \ufie`s . \ren`gtcn, \ren`gtcn Wnevgrsety \rgss (ètmbc gn Enoighmrt =582, p. 65).

. =582. "Rhg @hmnoeno Ptru`turg ca \ciete`mi @igmvmogs en _gstgrn Pcègty". En4 Bmitcn, Vussgii D.:Fg`j, \mui M. & Aimnmomn, P`ctt @. (cros.).Gig`tcrmi @hmnog en Mbvmn`gb Enbustremi Bgkc`rmègs4Vgmieonkgnt cr Bgmieonkgnt3 \ren`gtcn, \ren`gtcn Wnevgrsety \rgss.

Enoighmrt, V. & Jienogkmnn, Hmns-Begtgr. =5?1. "\mrty Ebgnteae`mtecn, Ebgcicoe`mi \rgagrgn`g, mnbthg Igat-Veoht Bekgnsecn mkcno _gstgrn \ufie`s". En4 Fubog, E: @rgwg, E. & Amrieg, B. (cros.).\mrty Ebgnteae`mtecn mnb Fgycnb . Ncvm Ucrj, _eigy (ètmbc gn Pmrtcre, =5864 055).

Dmoumrefg, Håiec. =552. "Gigeï÷gs =5524 @gnírecs Mitgrnmtevcs".Gigeï÷gs =5524 @gnírecs \ciëte`cs .Pàc \muic, sgpmrmtm pufie`mbm pgim @ccrbgnmbcrem bg @ckune`mïàc g Gvgntcs bm Agbgrmïàcbms Enbôstrems bc Gstmbc bg Pàc \muic.

Dcrog, Qimbekyr Ickfmrbc. =557. M Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =552 g cs Kgecs bg @ckune`mïàc bgKmssm. Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd (besgrtmèðn bg kmgstrëm).

Jgy Dr., Q. C. =518. Rhg Vgspcnsefig Gig`tcrmtg4 Vmtecnmiety en \rgsebgntemi Qcteno, =501-=51< .Ncvm Ucrj, Qentmog.

Jenzc, Kmrem B―Mivm O. =556. "M Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =5854 C @ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi gkukm @ebmbg Frmseigerm". Bmbcs , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 07(=).



. =551. "M Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =552 nc Frmsei4 Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg g c \imnc Vgmi". En4 \entc,@åie Vgoenm & Ougrrgrc, Huoc (cros.). Mkåre`m Imtenm4 C Bgsmaec bm Bgkc`rmèm ncs Mncs 5< .\crtc Migorg, Gbetcrm bm WAVOP/Msscèmïàc bg Wnevgrsebmbgs Orupc Kcntgvebgc.

Jneoht, Jmthiggn & Igwes, @mrciyn Q. =551. "Bcgs Ebgcicoy Kmttgr3". En4 Oensfgro, Fgndmken &Ptcng, Mimn (cros.).Bc Gig`tecns Kmttgr3 Mrkcnj, K. G. Phmrpg.

Jres`hjg, \muic D. =551. "@cntenuebmbgs g Kubmnïms nms Gigeï÷gs \rgsebgnèmes nc @cng Pui(=585-=552)". En4 \entc, @åie Vgoenm & Ougrrgrc, Huoc (cros.). Mkåre`m Imtenm4 C Bgsmaec bmBgkc`rmèm ncs Mncs 5< . \crtc Migorg, Gbetcrm bm WAVOP/Msscèmïàc bg Wnevgrsebmbgs OrupcKcntgvebgc.

Im`grbm, @mrics. =5??.Bgpcekgntc . Vec bg Dmngerc, Ncvm Arcntgerm.

Imkcunegr, Fciëvmr. =5?7. "@ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi gk Pàc \muic4 \mssmbc g \rgsgntg". En4@mrbcsc, A. H. & Imkcunegr, F. (cros.).Cs \mrtebcs g ms Gigeï÷gs nc Frmsei . Vec bg Dmngerc, \mz gRgrrm.

. =5?8. "\rgsebgntg \rubgntg4 C @rgsèkgntc bc KBF nuk Vgbutc Mrgnestm". En4 Vges, A. _.(cro.). Cs \mrtebcs g c Vgoekg4 M Iðoe`m bc \rc`gssc Gigetcrmi Frmseigerc . Pàc \muic, Pëkfcic.

. (cro.). =58<.Qctc bg Bgs`cnaemnïm . Vec bg Dmngerc, Qczgs.

. =585. \mrtebcs g Wtcpems . Pàc \muic, Icycim.

. (cro.). =55<.Bg Ogesgi m @ciicr4 C Fmimnïc bm Rrmnseïàc . Pàc \muic, Pukmrå.

. =55=. Bgpces bm Rrmnseïàc4 Bgkc`rmèm g Gigeï÷gs nc Ocvgrnc @ciicr. Pàc \muic, Icycim.

Imkcunegr, Fciëvmr & Kuszynsje, Kmrem Dubeth Fretc. =581. "M Gigeïàc bg Dænec ]umbrcs". En4Imkcunegr, F. (cro.). =5874 C Qctc gk Pàc \muic . Pàc \muic, Ebgsp.

Imvmrgbm, Mntònec. =55=. M Bgkc`rmèm nms Wrnms . Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd/Vec Aunbc Gbetcrm.

Imzmrsagib, \mui A., Fgrgiscn, Fgrnmrb & Omubgt, Hmzgi. =517.Rhg \gcpig―s @hce`g4 Hcw thgQctgr Kmjgs Wp Hes Kenb en m \rgsebgntemi @mkpmeon. Ngw Ucrj, @ciukfem Wnevgrsety \rgss.

Igven, Dm`j. =58?.Gstmtëste`m Mpie`mbm m @eänèms Hukmnms. Pàc \muic, Hmrfrm.

Igveten, Rgrgsm G. & Keiigr, _mrrgn G. =5?5. "Ebgcicoe`mi Entgrprgtmtecns ca \rgsebgntemi Gig`tecns".Rhg Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Vgvegw, _mshenotcn, Rhg Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Msscèmtecn,?0(0).

Igwes-Fg`j, Ke`hmgi P. =588. G`cncke`s mnb Gig`tecns4 Rhg Kmdcr _gstgrn Bgkc`rmègs. MnnMrfcr, Wnevgrsety ca Ke`heomn \rgss (ètmbc gn Kgngougiic, =551)




. =582. "Armn`g4 Rhg Ptmiigb Gig`tcrmtg". En4 Bmitcn, Vussgii D.: Aimnmomn, P`ctt @. & Fg`j, \mui M.(cros.). Gig`tcrmi @hmnog en Mbvmn`gb Enbustremi Bgkc`rmègs . \ren`gtcn, \ren`gtcn Wnevgrsety\rgss.

Iekm, Kmr`gic bg Cievgerm @cutenhc. =557. Qcimteiebmbg Gigetcrmi gk Pàc \muic . Pàc \muic, Bgptc.bg Pcècicoem bm AAI@H-WP\ (besgrtmèðn bg kmgstrëm).

Iekm Dr., Cimvc Frmsei bg. =585. "C Qctc Ebgciðoe`c nm Gigeïàc bg =588 g nm @mkpmnhm\rgsebgnèmi".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 66.

. =55<m. "Miegnmïàc Gigetcrmi g Pgus Bgtgrkenmntgs4 Nctms bg \gsquesm".Vgvestm Frmseigerm bg@eänèms Pcèmes, Pàc \muic, Msscèmïàc Nmècnmi bg \ðs-Ormbumïàc g \gsquesm gk @eänèmsPcèmes, =2.

. =55<f. "Ms Vg`gntgs Gigeï÷gs Frmseigerms4 Rgnbänèms g Beigkms bg Entgrprgtmïàc".@mbgrncsbg @cndunturm , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 6?.

. =550. Bgkc`rmèm g Enstetueï÷gs \ciëte`ms nc Frmsei bcs Mncs 8<. Pàc \muic, Icycim.

. =557. "Ms Gigeï÷gs Ogrmes bg =5524 Vgsuitmbcs g Ekpie`mï÷gs Enstetuècnmes".Bmbcs , Vec bgDmngerc, Eupgrd, 08(=).

Iekm, Qgnëèc M. bg. =55<. "Rgigvesàc g \ciëte`m: Hepðtgsg scfrg m Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =585".@ckune`mïàc g \ciëte`m, Vec bg Dmngerc, @FGIM, ==.

Iekcnoe, Agrnmnbc. =557. "Gstmfeiebmbg Gigetcrmi gk Pàc \muic4 =585-=552".Repcicoem bcGigetcrmbc \muiestm . Pàc \muic, Vgimtðrec Ampgsp (\rc`. Ampgsp n. 52/=56?-=568).

Iepsgt, Pgykcur K. =51?. C Hckgk \ciëte`c . Vec bg Dmngerc, Tmhmr ZGbeèðn gn gspmýci4 Iepsgt,Pgykcur K. =510. Gi Hckfrg \ciëte`c. Ims Fmsgs Pcèmigs bg im \ciëte`m . Fugncs Mergs, Gubgfm[.

Iupem, Mrthur. =552. "Phcrtùts Qgrsus Gn`yìcpgbems4 Enacrkmtecn mnb Qcteno Fghmvecr en@mieacrnem Ensurmn`g Vgacrk Gig`tecns". Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Vgvegw , _mshenotcn, RhgMkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Msscèmtecn, 88(=).

Kmrqugs, Bgikmr. =55<. "\ces Å. C Frmseigerc dí Pmfg `ckc Bmr c Pgu Qctc".Qesàc , Pàc \muic,Gbetcrm Qesàc, mýc 05, 0=.

Kgnbgs, Mntònec Kmnugi Rgexgerm & Qgnture, Oustmvc. =552. "Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi4 C \imnc Vgminm Pu`gssàc bg Etmkmr Armn`c".Cpeneàc \ôfie`m , @mkpenms, @gscp, 6(6).

Kgngougiic, Vmqugi. =552. "\mrtebcs g Rgnbänèms bg @ckpcrtmkgntc4 C @gnírec gk =552". En4Bmonenc, Gvgienm (cro.). Mncs 5<, \ciëte`m g Pcègbmbg nc Frmsei . Pàc \muic, Frmseiegnsg.

. =551. "Gig`tcrmi Fghmvecur en Frmzei4 Rhg =552 \rgsebgntemi Gig`tecns".Entgrnmtecnmi Pcèmi

Pègn`g Dcurnmi , Cxacrb/@mkfrebog, Kmss., Fim`jwgii \ufieshgrs, =21.

Kgttgnhgek, Jurt vcn. =557. Rhg Frmzeiemn Qctgr: Kmss \ciete`s en Bgkc`rmte` Rrmnsetecn (=5?2-=581). \ettsfuroh/Icnbrgs, Wnevgrsety ca \ettsfuroh \rgss.

=5=



Ke`gie, Pgroec. =55=. "C Bem Pgouentg". En4 Ncvmgs, Mbmutc (cro.).Vgbg Ekmoenírem4 Rgigvesàc gBgkc`rmèm . Pàc \muic, @ckpmnhem bms Igtrms.

Keiigr, _mrrgn G. & Phmnjs, D. Kgrrei. =551.Rhg Ngw Mkgre`mn Qctgr. @mkfrebog, Kmss., HmrvmrbWnevgrsety \rgss.

Kcesås, Dcså Íivmrc. =556. "Bgkc`rmtezmïàc g @uiturm \ciëte`m bg Kmssms nc Frmsei".Ium Ncvm ,Pàc \muic, @gbg`, 61.

Kuszynsje, Kmrem Dubeth bg Fretc. =585. "Cs Gigetcrgs \muiestmncs gk =5814 M Kmr`m bcCpcseècneskc". En4 Pmbgj, Kmrem Rgrgzm (cro.).Gigeï÷gs/=581 . Pàc \muic, Qårte`g.

Kuszynsje, Dubeth & Kgnbgs, Mntcnec Kmnugi Rgexgerm. =55<f. "Bgkc`rmtezmïàc g Cpeneàc\ôfie`m nc Frmsei". En4 Imkcunegr, Fciëvmr (cro.).Bg Ogesgi m @ciicr4 C Fmimnïc bm Rrmnseïàc . Pàc\muic, Pukmrå.

Näukmnng, Dcså. =585. Mtrís bc \mimnqug4 Fmstebcrgs bm Gigeïàc bg =585 . Pàc \muic, Peèiemnc.

Ne`cimu, Dmerc Kmr`cne. =552. "Frgvgs @ckgntírecs scfrg ms Gigeï÷gs bg =552 g c ]umbrc\mrtebírec".Orupc bg @cndunturm , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 7<.

. =551. Kuitepmrtebmreskc g Bgkc`rmèm . Vec bg Dmngerc, Gbetcrm bm Aunbmïàc Ogtôiec Qmroms.

Neg, Ncrkmn: Qgrfm, Pebngy & \gtrcèj, Dchn V. =5?5.Rhg @hmnoeno Mkgre`mn Qctgr .@mkfrebog, Kmss., Hmrvmrb Wnevgrsety \rgss.

Ncfimt, Ve`mrbc. =55<.@åu bcs Amvcretcs4 C Frmsei bg Pmrngy m @ciicr . Vec bg Dmngerc, Vec AunbcGbetcrm.

Cievgerm, Mkænèc Dcrog N. P. & Hcizhm`jgr, Bgneibg Cievgerm. s.b. "Qctc Gigtròne`c g Eoumietmreskcnc \rc`gssc Gigetcrmi4 Qctcs Nuics g Frmn`cs nms Gigeï÷gs Igoesimtevms bg =552 g =551". Pàc\muic, kekgc.

Cievgerm, Armnès`c bg. =55<. "C Kmrmdí Pupgrjets`h".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, 61.

. =556. @ciicr, m Amiseae`mïàc bm Erm. Vec bg Dmngerc, Ekmoc.

. =557. "]ugk Rgk Kgbc bm Ocvgrnmfeiebmbg".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, 2=.

Cievgerm, Ogsngr. =551.Frmsei Vgmi. Pàc \muic, Kmnbmrek.

\mtmrrm, Evc. =557.Iuim, \rgsebgntg bc Frmsei . Pàc \muic, Miam-Ckgom.

\egru`è, Mntcnec Aiívec. =581. "Wk Rcqug bg @imssg, Kåbem Fmexm".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic,

@gfrmp, =2.

. =58?. "Ms Fmsgs bm Ncvm Bergetm".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, =5.

=56




. =585. "M Bergetm Kcrm bc Cutrc Imbc bm @ebmbg".Vgvestm Frmseigerm bg @eänèms Pcèmes, Pàc\muic, Msscèmïàc Nmècnmi bg \ðs-Ormbumïàc g \gsquesm gk @eänèms Pcèmes, =<.

. =55<. "@eimbms bm Beagrgnïm".Rgkpc Pcèmi , Pàc \muic, Bgptc. bg Pcècicoem bm AAI@H-WP\,6(6).

. s.b. "@ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi nm @ebmbg bg Pàc \muic".@mbgrncs bg Kmnbmtc Mibmëzm Ppcsmte ,Pàc \muic, @ækmrm bcs Qgrgmbcrgs bg Pàc \muic, 6.

. =552. "Ienoumogns Mutcretírems, Qctc \cpuimr". En4 Bmonenc, Gvgienm (cro.). Mncs 5<4 \ciëte`m gPcègbmbg nc Frmsei. Pàc \muic, Frmseiegnsg.

\egru`è, M. A. & Iekm, Kmr`gic Cievgerm @cutenhc bg. =55=. "M Bergetm ]ug Aiutum".NcvcsGstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, 65.

. =550. "Kmiua4 M Qetðrem bm Bergetm".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, 07.

\egru`è, M. A. & \rmnbe, Vgoenmibc. =557. "Vgieoe÷gs g Qctc4 M Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =552".Cpeneàc \ôfie`m , @mkpenms, @gscp 0(=).

\entc, @åie Vgoenm Dmrbek. =55<. "@ciicr g Iuim nm Fmtmihm pgic Qctc". \crtc Migorg, kekgc.

. =551. "Wkm Crbgk nc @mcs4 C Besùrsc \ciëte`c nm Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =552". En4 \entc,@åie Vgoenm & Ougrrgrc, Huoc (cros.). Mkåre`m Imtenm, c Bgsmaec bm Bgkc`rmèm ncs Mncs 5< .

\crtc Migorg, Gbetcrm bm WAVOP/Msscèmïàc bg Wnevgrsebmbgs Orupc Kcntgvebgc.

\ckmr, _imbeker. =55<. ]umsg ií4 Iuim, c Pustc bms Gietgs . Pàc \muic, Gbetcrm Frmsei Wrogntg.

\cpjen, Pmkugi I. =552. Rhg Vgmscneno Qctgr . @he`moc/Icnbrgs, Wnevgrsety ca @he`moc \rgss.

Vges, Aífec _mnbgrigy. =5?7. "Ms Gigeï÷gs gk Kenms Ogrmes". En4 @mrbcsc, A. H. & Imkcunegr, F.(cros.). Cs \mrtebcs g ms Gigeï÷gs nc Frmsei . Vec bg Dmngerc, \mz g Rgrrm.

. =5?8m. "@imssg Pcèmi g Cpïàc \mrtebírem". En4 Vges, A. _. (cro.).Cs \mrtebcs g c Vgoekg4 M

Iðoe`m bc \rc`gssc Gigetcrmi Frmseigerc . Pàc \muic, Pëkfcic.

. =5?8f. "@cnìusàc4 Gk Fus`m bm Iðoe`m bc \rc`gssc Gigetcrmi Frmseigerc". En4 Vges, A. _. (cro.). Cs \mrtebcs g c Vgoekg4 M Iðoe`m bc \rc`gssc Gigetcrmi Frmseigerc . Pàc \muic, Pëkfcic.

. =580. "C Gigetcrmbc, cs \mrtebcs g c Vgoekg Mutcretírec Frmseigerc". En4 Pcrd, F. & Mikgebm, K. H.R. (cros.). Pcègbmbg g \ciëte`m nc Frmsei pðs-12 . Pàc \muic, Frmseiegnsg.

=50



. =587. "Kubmnïm \ciëte`m nc Frmsei4 Mfgrturm, \grspg`tevms g Kermogns".@mbgrncs B@\ , FgicHcrezcntg, Bgptc. bg @eänèm \ciëte`m bm WAKO, ?.

. =588m. "Ebgntebmbg, \ciëte`m g m Rgcrem bm Gs`cihm Vmècnmi".Vgvestm Frmseigerm bg @eänèmsPcèmes, Pàc \muic, Msscèmïàc Nmècnmi bg \ðs-Ormbumïàc g \gsquesm gk @eänèms Pcèmes, 1.

. =588f. "\mrtebcs, Ebgcicoem g @cnsciebmïàc Bgkc`ríte`m". En4 Vges, A. _. & C²Bcnngii, O.(cros.). M Bgkc`rmèm nc Frmsei4 Beigkms g \grspg`tevms . Pàc \muic, Qårte`g.

. =557. "Ocvgrnmfeiebmbg, Enstetueï÷gs g \mrtebcs".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic, @gfrmp, 2=.

Vges, Aífec _. & @mstrc, Kòne`m Kmtm Km`hmbc bg. =556. "Vgoe÷gs, @imssg g Ebgcicoem nc\rc`gssc Gigetcrmi Frmseigerc".Ium Ncvm , Pàc \muic, @gbg`, 61.

Vcbreougs, Igònèc Kmrtens. =552. "Wk Ocvgrnc Iuim". En4Gigeï÷gs =5524 @gnírecs \ciëte`cs . Pàc\muic, sgpmrmtm pufie`mbm pcr im @ccrbgnmbcrem bg @ckune`mïàc g Gvgntcs bm Aegsp.

. =557m. "Ms Gigeï÷gs bg =5524 Wkm Mprgèmïàc Ogrmi".Bmbcs , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 08(=).

. =557f. "Gigeï÷gs, Armokgntmïàc \mrtebírem g Ocvgrnmfeiebmbg".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc \muic,@gfrmp, 2=.

Vcgkgr, Dchn G. =552. "Rhg Ptrmtgoe` Vcig ca \mrty Ebgcicoy whgn Qctgrs Mrg Wn`grtmen mfcutHcw thg G`cncky _crjs". Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Vgvegw, _mshenotcn, Rhg Mkgre`mn\ciete`mi Pègn`g Msscèmtecn, 88(6).

Pmgs, Båèc bg Mzgvgbc Kmrqugs. =552. "M Vggkgroänèm bc \cpuieskc nc Frmsei g nm Mkåre`mImtenm". En4 Bmonenc, Gvgienm (cro.). Mncs 5<4 \ciëte`m g Pcègbmbg nc Frmsei . Pàc \muic,Frmseiegnsg.

Pmiiuk Dr., Frmsëiec: Ormgaa, Gbumrbc & Iekm, Giesmfgth Ockgs bg. =55<. "Gigeï÷gs \rgsebgnèmesg @resg bc Pestgkm \mrtebírec".Ium Ncvm , Pàc \muic, @gbg`, 6<.

Pmntcs, _mnbgrigy Oueihgrkg. =5??. "Ms Gigeï÷gs g m Benæke`m bc \rc`gssc \ciëte`c Frmseigerc".Bmbcs , Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, =2.

. =585m. "Qeèssetubgs Ngagiefmtms".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 6<.

. =585f. "\R Gigetcrmi4 Bg Mnthcny Bcwns m Qimbeker Eiet`h".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm, Vec bgDmngerc, Eupgrd, 6=.

. =585`. "Kubmnïms pgim Gsqugrbm".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 60.

Pmrtcre, Oecvmnne. =515. "\ciete`s, Ebgcicoy, mnb Fgiega Pystgks". Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`gVgvegw, _mshenotcn, Rhg Mkgre`mn \ciete`mi Pègn`g Msscèmtecn, 10(6)

. =586. \mrtebcs g Pestgkms \mrtebírecs. Frmsëiem, Gbetcrm bm Wnevgrsebmbg bg Frmsëiem ZGbeèðn gngspmýci4 Pmrtcre, O. =556.\mrtebcs y Pestgkms bg \mrtebcs. Kmr`c pmrm un mníieses. PgounbmGbeèðn Mkpiembm. Kmbreb, Miemnzm Gbetcremi[.




P`hukpgtgr, Dcsgph. =51=. @mpetmieskc, Pcèmieskc g Bgkc`rmèm. Vec bg Dmngerc, Aunbc bg@uiturm.

Peivgerm, Aimvec Gbumrbc. =551.C Ncvc Gigetcr Nàc-rmècnmi . Pàc \muic, Bgptc. bg Pcècicoem bmAAI@H-WP\ (tgses bg bc`tcrmbc).

Penogr, Mnbrå. =55<m.Pgk Kgbc bg Pgr Agiez . Pàc \muic, P`rettm.

. =55<f. "@ciicr nm \greagrem4 M Qcitm pcr @ekm bc \cpuieskc3". En4 Imkcunegr, F. (cro.).Bg Ogesgim @ciicr4 C Fmimnïc bm Rrmnseïàc . Pàc \muic, Pukmrå.

. =550. Ebgcicoem g Qctc nc Pgounbc Rurnc bm Gigeïàc \rgsebgnèmi bg =585 . Pàc \muic, Bgptc.bg @eänèm \ciëte`m bm AAI@H-WP\ (besgrtmèðn bg kmgstrëm).

. s.b. "@ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi gk Pàc \muic".@mbgrncs bg Kmnbmtc Mibmëzm Ppcsmte , Pàc\muic, @ækmrm bcs Qgrgmbcrgs bg Pàc \muic, 6.

Pketh, Gre` V. M. N. =585.Rhg Wn`hmnoeno Mkgre`mn Qctgr . Fgrjgigy, Wnevgrsety ca @mieacrnem\rgss.

Pcmrgs, Oiíuèc Mry Beiicn. =517. "Ms Fmsgs Ebgciðoe`ms bc Im`grbeskc".Vgvestm @eveiezmïàcFrmseigerm, Vec bg Dmngerc, @eveiezmïàc Frmseigerm, 2.

. =582. @ciåoec Gigetcrmi, @cnvgnï÷gs \mrtebírems g Gigeï÷gs Bergtms . Vec bg Dmngerc, Qczgs.

. =55=. "Cs Ketcs bg ukm Gigeïàc".@eänèm Hcdg, Vec bg Dmngerc, PF\@, =6(?6).

Pcmrgs, Iuez Gbumrbc. =585. "Cutrcs Bgsmpmrgèbcs g m Ncvm Mnestem".@mbgrncs bg @cndunturm,Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 60.

Pcmrgs, Kureic @. =552. "Rgigvesàc g Bgkc`rmèm". En4 Kmtcs, H. (cro.).Këbem, Gigeï÷gs gBgkc`rmèm . Pàc \muic, P`rettm.

Pcuzm, Mkmury bg: Iekm Dunecr, Cimvc Frmsei bg & Aeougergbc, Kmrùs. "Frezcim y ims Gig`ècngs

bg =586 gn Vëc bg Dmngerc".Vgvestm Kgxe`mnm bg Pcècicoëm , @eubmb bg Kåxe`c, WnevgrsebmbNmècnmi Mutðnckm bg Kåxe`c, vci. XIEX, n. 6, =58?.

Pcuzm, Kmrem bc @mrkc @mkpgiic bg. =5?1.Gstmbc g \mrtebcs \ciëte`cs nc Frmsei (=50< m =512) .Pàc \muic, Miam-Ckgom.

Pcuzm, Kmrem Rgrgzm Pmbgj V. bg. =581. "M Rrmdgtðrem bg Dænec ]umbrcs". En4 Imkcunegr, F.(cro.). =5874 C Qctc gk Pàc \muic . Pàc \muic, Ebgsp.

Ptcjgs, Bcnmib G. =511. "Ppmtemi Kcbgis ca \mrty @ckpgtetecn". En4 @mkpfgii, Mnousgt mi. Gig`tecns mnb thg \ciete`mi Crbgr . Ncvm Ucrj, _eigy.

=57



Ptcppenc, Kmrec. =557. "Ebgcicoem". En4 Fcffec, Ncrfgrtc: Kmttgu`è, Ne`cim & \msquenc,Oemnarmn`c (cros.).Beècnírec bg \ciëte`m. Frmsëiem, Gbetcrm bm Wnevgrsebmbg bg Frmsëiem.

Ptrmufhmmr, Dcsgph: Cisgn, Crdmn & Nungs, Kmrèm @mvmiimre. =55<. "Wsmog ca \ciis acr QctenoBgèsecns4 Rhg =585 Frmzeiemn Gig`tecn". Rrmfmihc pmrm m _crib Msscèmtecn acr \ufie` CpenecnVgsgmr`h, =55<, kekgc.

Pumssunm, Iuèmnc & Ncvmgs, Iuez Mntònec. =552.@ckc Agrnmnbc Hgnrequg Ace Gigetc\rgsebgntg . Pàc \muic, @cntgxtc.

Rrenbmbg, Håioec. =5?7. "\mbr÷gs g Rgnbänèms bc @ckpcrtmkgntc Gigetcrmi nc Vec Ormnbg bcPui (=57</=5?2)". En4 Imkcunegr, F. & @mrbcsc, A. H. (cros.).Cs \mrtebcs g ms Gigeï÷gs nc Frmsei .Vec bg Dmngerc, \mz g Rgrrm.

Qgihc, Oeifgrtc. =55<. "M Qetðrem bg @ciicr4 Wkm Mníiesg Mntrcpciðoe`m".Ncvcs Gstubcs , Pàc\muic, @gfrmp, 61.

Qemnnm, Iuez _grng`j. =585m. "C Furm`c Ngorc bm \ciëte`m g m Rrmnseïàc".@mbgrncs bg@cndunturm, Vec bg Dmngerc, Eupgrd, 6<.

Izquierda y Derecha en El Electorado Brasileño

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