INTRODUCCIÓN GRAMATICA INGLESA

8/13/2019 INTRODUCCIN GRAMATICA INGLESA

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She speaks pretty well, doesn't she?

We are German, aren't we?

lean has a new car, hasn't she?

They brought a good piano, didn.'t they?

SENTENCE (negative) Question-tag (affirmative)

Mary doesn't like such pears, does she?

You haven't got your new car, have you?We can't come so soon, can we?

They won't come again, will they?

Recurdese que al realizar la construccin gramatical con las coletil1aso question-tags se produce una inversin respecto a la frase afirmativao negativa.

17. I 1 WISH + PAST TENSE I : OJALA!J wish you were here : jala estuvieras aqu![ wish [ spoke [talian : jala hablara italiano!

FRASE

Sujeto + verbo auxiliarShe is

COLETILLA INTERROGATIVA

Verbo auxiliar + sujetoisn't she?

I N T R O D U C C I O N

A L A

G R A M A T IC A IN G L E S A

18. I SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE + JUST + PAST PARTICIPLE I

ACABAR DE + INFINITIVO

She has just bought a new house :acaba de comprarse una casa nuevaWe have just gone round the comer

They have just arrived from London

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R A F A E L B L A N C O S O L E R


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Publicado por

Editorial EGIR.S.A.

RAFAEL BLANGO SOLER

Depsito Legel V-179-1986

1. S. B. N 84-7065-116-1

How boring!

How nicely! (she speaks)

8. From time to time: De vez en cuando

1 used to go lo the cinema /rm lime to time

9. Get ready ; Preparar

l'm going lO gel my things ready

10. Instead of : En lugar de

l've eaten oranges inslead o/ pears

1J. Like: Como IParecido a

We have a house like yours

12. To be able to : Ser capaz de

He will be able lO reach the top o/ this mounlain

13. Dare: Atreverse I

Osar (anmalo)He dare nol open his moulh

14. ~ AUX + SUBJECT + I TAMBIEN

Peter speaks English and so does MaryA S

We will go to London and so will IheyA S

15. I NEITHER/NOR + AUX + SUBJECT I TAMPOCO

She can't do it again and nor can MollyA S

We didn't go to the disco and neilher did my jriendA S

QUESTION-TAGS: VERDAD?, NO ES VERDAD?Impreso en hueco-offset

por INDUSTRIASGRFICAS ECIR.S.A.

His to r iado r D iago . 13 . Va lenc ia .

16.

SENTENCE (affirmative) Question-tag (negative)

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5. I SHALL + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE (-TO)? II l ' I

Shall we go. to the park?

Queris que vaYamos al parque?

Shall w e play football?

Con estas estructuris se SUGIERE algo, pero'el speaker no est seguro

de que el listenen) est de acuerdo. IN DICE

6. LET US (LET'S)' + INFINITIVE (- TO) II El articulo determinado (Definite arrie/e) .

Pg.

7

Let's play football'

Let's do it now

El speaker est casi convencido de que el listener va a estar de

acuerdo con l.

7. EXCLAMACIONII~S CON HOW, WHAT A Y WHAT (QUE?)

a) What a + singular noun

What a pity!

b) What + pluq'l nounWhal days!

c) W hat + uncountable noun

What nonsense!

d) What a + ad}ective + sjngular nounWhat a lovely,day!

What a light bpx!

e) What + adjeotive + plural noun

What lovely girls!What beauti[ul days!

f) What + adjeclive + uncountable noun

What nice weather!

What horrible wind!

g) How + adjective I How + adverbHow silly!

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a) Pronunciacin. .b) Palabras que normalmente van precedidas del artculo determinado.c) Palabras que normalmente no llevan el artculo determinado.

Articulo indeterminado .

Usos del artculo indeterminado.Omisin del artCulo indeterminado.Tabla de pronombres personales, adjetivos posesivos, pronombres posesivos,

pronombres complemento y reflexivos.Funcionamiento de la tabla anterior a nivel estructural.

Demostrativos (Demonstratives) .

Ejemplos.

Adjetivos: La comparacin. Grados del adjetivo .

Grado pasivo.Grado comparativo de superioridad.Comparativo de inferioridad.Comparativo de igualdad.El superlativo.

Pronombres interrogativos (Interrogative pronouns)

Ejemplos.

Pronombres relativos (Relative pronouns) .

Expresiones de cantidad .

Otras expresiones de cantidad.

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12

13

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Estilo indirecto... 39

/ oi /

/au/

/ i /

/E . 'O /

/ua/

/ j /

/ p /

/ t /

/ d /

/w/

/ f /

/ g /

/ n //1/

/( ) /

/ ~/

/m/

/ k /

/ s /

/ z /

/ J // t /

/ t J //dtl

/ r /

/ b /

/ v /

/TI/

/ h /

Noise - bo y - boil - toy

Brown - now - how - coun!

Hear - here - near - tear

Pear - there - their . fair

Poor - sure - tour

TRIPTONGO

/aua/

Our - hour - power - llower

CONSONANTES (CONSONANTS)

Yes - you '. new - few

Puma - ptt . pupil - plane

Tea - toy - take - turn

Does - doye - due - day

Window - wood - one - where

Fox - photo - fame - phone

Goat - girl - gun - garden

Nine - nose - nest - nameLamb - milk - lamp - Molly

Thing - think - thank . Arthur

That - them - those - though

Mother - t'num - music - may

Key - ache - can - lichen

Nice - voice - stamp - stop

Is - season - match es - zoo

Shoe - shop - sugar - sure -

Pleasure - measure - leisure

Chin - ch~ose - chair'- cheese

Judge - Gl;orge - jet - Jim

Mary - carry - road - !"Un

Boy - big l' box - bedVery - give - five - visit

Coming - think - going - thing

House - her - him - height

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)(La voz pasiva .

T~hla transformacinal de verbos activos a su correspondiente forma ver-

bal pasiva.

La pasiva indirecta (lndirect passive).Indirect passive.

Cambios de tiempo. ejemplos.Cambios de sujeto.Cambios en los determinantes posesivos.Cambios en los adverbios y locuciones adverbiales.El verbo reportado est en


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2.' IIF + PAST TENSE + SIMPLE CONDITlONAL II II

lfhe came soon we'd go lO Ihe cinema(si viniera pronto)

Recurdese que el P AST TENSE en las oraciones condicionales se

traduce como IMPERFECTO de SUBJUNTIVO en castellano.

3.' IIF + PAST PERFECT/PLUPERFECT + PAST CONDITlONALI i

lf il hadn'l rained we'd have gone lo your house,

A L F A B ET O F O N E T IC O IN T E R N A C IO N A L

(S mbolos font icos)

VOLCALES (VOWELS)

1 c R. I That - man - fat - cat

Ie I Head - men - bread - pen

I i I Still - this - it - hit

I i: I Steal - these - eat - heat

l a: I Part - park - class - glass

I u I Look - put - good - would

Iu: I Pool - school - fool - shoe

Io I Dog - what - was - on

lo: I Floor - draw - pour - nor

1"0: I Shirt - girl - first - bird

I C j I The - mother - father - lessonI 1\I Cut - but - some - one

DIPTONGOS ( DIPHTHONGS)

I ai I Line - fine - five - nine

I ei I Play - wait - rain - make

Iou I 00 - close - no - those

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Recurdese que al pasar a estilo indirecto la oracin es AFTRMATIV A y

debemos respetar la estructura gramatical: SUJETO, VERBO, COMPLE-

MENTOS

(D): They asked us: are you British?

(1): They asked us if we were British

(D): Molly asked him: Do you live in London?>;

(1): Molly asked him if he ved in London

S v e

B) CUESTIONES CON PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

E.g.: What?, Where?, How?, How many?, How long? ...

Las oraciones que empiezan con una partcula interrogativa pasan a estilo'

indirecto con otra oracin encabezada por dicha partcula interrogativa

en cuestin.

(D): He asked me: what are they doing?

(1): He asked me what they were doing

(D): They asked us: How long have you been there?

(1) They asked us how long we had been there

O R A C IO N E S C O N D IC IO N A L E S

(conditional c1auses)

1. a I IF + PRES~NT TENSE + FUTURE I I

If you don'l do your exercises your leacher will be angry

~ PRESENT TENSE + PRESENT TENSE II I

I

If you gel a shower you gel wet

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E L A R TIC U L O D E T E R M IN A D O

(Definite artic le)

El artculo determinado en ingls es THE (el, la, los, las). THE es una

forma dbil del demostrativo THAT.

A) PRONUNCIACION

l. I~o /The book2. I 'f3 / The apple3. / :/ Let's go lo Ihe Iheatre!

Esta ltima utilizacin del artculo le da a la frase un valor

ENFATTCO.

USO Y OMISION DEL ARTICULO

DETERMINADO

B ) P AL AB RAS Q UE N OR MA LME NT E V AN P REC EDI DA S D EL

ARTICULO DETERMINADO

I . Los peridicos

THE New York Times

THE Daily Mirror

THE Daily Telegraph

THE Guardian

2. L os nom bres de ros, m ares y canales

THE Thames

THE Allanlic

THE Panama Canals

3. Los nombres de nstituciones (hoteles, teatros, restaurantes, cines ... )

THE Savoy

THE Royal Shakespeare Thealre

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CAMBIOS EN LOS DETERMINANTES POSESIVOS4. Cuando es usado como fenmeno UNICO

THE Bible

THE city

THE king

DIRECT SPEECH

My

Our '

REPORTED SPEECH

his/her

their

5. Cuando se utiliza como algo representativo de toda una CLASE o

ESPECIE

THE ral is larger Ihan Ihe mouse

THE machine has replaced Ihe horse

Ejemplos: (D):

(1):

She said: 1 don'l wanl my keys

She said Ihal she didn'l wanl her keys

Verbo introductorio asked o sus sinnimos

FRASES DIRECTAS INTERROGA TIVAS

CAMBIOS EN LOS ADVERBIOS Y LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES

EL VERBO REPORTADO ESTA EN IMPERA TIVE

there

then

before

that day

that night

the next day

the. day before

REPORTED SPEECHDIRECT SPEECH

A) CUESTIONES DIRECTAS SIN PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

Es necesario el uso de la partcula IF en reported speech.

Peler asked: have Ihey arrived?

Peler asked ij Ihey had arrived

here

now

ago

wday ,

tonight

tomorrow

yesterday

Si el verbo reportado est en imperativo (afirmativo) utilizamos TO, y si

est en imperativo negativo NOT TO.

(D): He lold me: wait a minule

(1): He lold me lo wait a minule

(D): The leacher lold us don'l smoke

(1): The leacher lold us nol lo smoke

6. Con instrumentos musicales

Play THE vio/in

Play THE piano

Play THE guilar

7. Con algunas profesiones

THE pub/isher Peler Green

THE journa/isl Mary Brown

8. Tambin en algunas expresiones idomticas

Al THE beginning

Al THE end

In THE middle

Al THE cenlre

l. Algunos trminos relacionados con la escuelll

Break, hall, prayers

2. Las comidas tomadas como un hecho cotidia.no

Lunch, supper, dinner, breakjasl

3. Algunas palabras no toman el artculo determinado cuando funcio-

nan como nombres propios, tal es el caso de:

Heaven, hell, paradise

4. Las revistas

Time, Lije, Language

C) PALABRAS QUE NORMALMENTE NO LLEVAN EL ARTICULO

DETERMINADO

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CAMBIOS DE TIEMPO. EJEMPLOS

pasl tense ~~--- -

present perfect

future -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .

( D) V er bo I NTR ODU CT OR IO ( 1)

en PAST T ENSE (said), por

lo tanto hay cambio de tiempo

en el verbo REPORTADO.

1. (D):

(1):

Peter said: 1 /ike fish

Peter said thal he liked fish

past tense o past perfect

past perfect

conditional

Verbo reportado en present

tense (like), por lo tanto pasa a

estilo INDIRECTO segn la

tabla anterior a PAST TENSE:

LIKED.

5. L os nombres de lagos y montaas

Mount Everest, Si/ver Lake

6. Las ciudades y los pueblos

Rome, Madrid, Cardiff, Cambridge

7. Los nombres de pases, estados, condados ...

Spain, France, Eng/and, Great Britain, Wa/es, /re/and ...

Excepciones: The Sahara, The Sudan

8. Los nombres geogrficos de continentes

Europe, Africa, Asia, America

Excepciones: The Antartic

2. (D): He said: Mary arrived on Monday

(1): He said thal Mary arrived on Monday

(1): He said Ihal Mary had arrived on Monday

3. (D): He said: / have forgotten my umbrella(1): He said Ihal he had forgotten his umbrella

4. (D): He said: George will be in Paris on Monday

(I): He said Ihal George wou/d be in Paris on Monday

A R T I C U L O I N D E T E R M I N A D O

~ 1?Ro1 Idl, a pear, a house, a cow

IAN

I li!I/.nI I;nl delante de sonido voclico

an apple, an orange, an odd number

Atencin! A UNIVERSITY Iju:1 A !lSEFUL TH/NG

sonido consonll/;co

USOS DEL ARTICULO INDETERMINADO

CAMBIOS DE SUJETQ

Hay que considerar tambin los cambios de SUJETO de estilo directo a indi-

recto. Son fundamentales los siguientes:

DlRECT SPEECH

I

We

Eg.: (D):

(I):

(D):

(I):

REPORTED SPEECH

he/she

they

He said: 1 have an Eng/ish book

He said that ~e had an English book

They said: we are good sludents

They said that they were good students

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l. Se utiliza con sustantivos de PROFES10N a diferencia del castellano.

She is a good surgeon

George is a gardener

Mary is a doctor

Bob is a student

2. Delante de los COUNTABLE NOUNS (nombres contables):

A chair, a book, a bull

3. Delante de nombres propios de PERSONA, cuando sta se desconoce,

significando: un tal.

A Mr. Brown has just come: Un tal seor Brown acaba de llegar

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introductorio reportado

E S T I L O I N D I R E C T O

(reported speech)

2. Si el verbo introductorio est en simple present al pasar a estilo indio

recto no se pro~uce CAMBIO de TIEMPO en el verbo reportado.

E.g.: He says: the train will be latefUlure

Una frase de estilo directo en castellano sera:

El me dijo: ests muy guapa

Esta misma frase en estilo INDIRECTO se transformara as:

El me dijo que estaba' muy guapa

En ingls vamos a distinguir los siguientes puntos:

l. E n una frase de DIRE CT SPE ECH existen dos verbos:

A) El verbo INTRODUCTORIO

B) El verbo REPORTADO

llike jish

I

E.g.: Peter said:

I

l. Se omite delante de los sustantivos PLURALES.

Houses, chairs, drinks, bananas

2. Se omite delante de los nombres ABSTRACTOS (Iove/death ... ).

Nobody likes death

Love is not only a word

3. Se omite detrs del verbo TURN.

When 1 went to that country 1 turned Conservative

OMISION DEL ARTICULO INDETERMINADO

4. Con las construcciones siguientes:

Such a... , What a... , A thousand ..., Quite a..., A hundred ... , A million ...

5. En algunos IDIOMS:

Have a rest

Have a talk

Be in a hurry

Have a good time ...

TABLA DE PRONOMBRES PERSONALES, ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS,

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS, PRONOMBRES COMPLEMENTO

Y REFLEXIVOS

He says that the truin will be lateI future

Como se puede observar el verbo introductorio es SA Y, por lo tanto

el verbo reportado se mantiene en FUTURE.

I

3. Cuando el verbo introductorio es SAID la conjuncin castellana QUE

ser THA T en ingls.

E.g.: Peter said TRA T he liked jish

4. Pero si el verbo 'INTRODUCTORIO est en PAST TENSE o SIMPLE

PAST se dan los'siguintes cambios de tiempo en el verbo REPORTADO:

P . P E R S O N A LE S

1 _

Y O U _

HE _

S H E _

IT _

W E _

Y O U _

T H EY _ _

A . P O S E S IV O S

M Y _

Y O UR _ _

H IS _

H E R _

IT S _

O U R _

Y O UR _ _

T H EI R _ _

P . P O S E S IV O S

M IN E _

Y O UR S _ _

H IS _

H E R S _

ITS _

O U R S _

Y O UR S _ _

T H EI RS _ _

P . C O M P L E M E N T O

ME _

Y O U _

H IM _

H E R _

IT _

US _

Y O U _

T H E M _

REFLEXIVOS

M Y S E L F

Y O U R S E L F

H I M S E L F

H E R S E L F

I T S E L F

O U R S E L V E S

Y O U R S E L V E S

T H E M S E L V E S

ESTILO DIRECTO

(direct speech) I

present tense

ESTILO INDIRECTO

(reported speech)

past tense

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Mary he/ps HIM

P. c.

INDIRECT PASSIVE

MOLL y HAS SHOWN CHARLES A PHOTOS v IC DC

I

fCHARLES HAS BEEN SHOWN A PHOTO

S P. V.

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FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA TABLA ANTERIORA NIVEL ESTRUCTURAL

Pronombres personales.-En ingls los pronombres personales'van DELANTEdel verbo al igual que en otras lenguas.

I PLAY FOOTBALL EVERYDAY-----

P.P. V.

SHE LO VES MUSICP.P. V.

Adjetivos o determinantes posesivos.-Determinan o modifican a un sustantivo,se colocan por lo tante DELANTE delos SUSTANTIVOS.

OUR HOUSE IS VER Y BIOA. POS. SUS.

THEIR CAR IS VER y NEWA. POS. SUS.

Pronombres posesivos.-En la estructura superficial no van ,delante del sus-

tantivo. En ingls NUNCA se utilizan con el ar-tculo a diferencia del castellano, que puede hacerambas cosas.

THA T BOOK IS MINEP. POS.

THESE PENCILS ARE OURSP. POS.

Pronombres complemento.-Se sitan DETRS del verbo y.~siemprese uti-lizan estos pronombres DETRAS de PREPO-SICION.

Come with USP. C.

They to/d HERP. C.

LisIen lo THEM---

P. C.

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Pronombres reflexivos.-Se colocan DETRAS del verbo; tambin pueden irdetrs de una preposicin.

SHE CUT HERSELF YESTERDA yREFLEX

CONVERSA TIONS WITH MYSELFREFLEX.

D E M O S T R A T I V O S(Demonstratives)

e) Futurewill keep will be keptwill do will be donewill give ~ will be given

f) Conditiona/

would keep would be keptwould speak would be spokenwould make would be made

g) Dejective verbscan do can be donemust make must be madeought to give ought to be givenmight speak might be spoken

Los demostrativos preceden en muchas ocasiones a los pronqmbresONE/ONES.

Plural

THESE / ~L;.z. / :ESTOS/AS/OSTHOSE / ~ ouz. / : ESOS/AS/OS - AQUELLOS/AS

Singular

THIS / ~i -S /: ESTE/ A/OTHAT / ~ '7 et / :ESE/ A/O

EJEMPLOS

This is my jriend; these are my jriends I

That is my umbrella; those are your umbre'las

What is this? This is my pen

What is that? That is a dogWhat are those? They are our teachers

Don 't take those pears; take these ones

This dog is very quick, that one is quicker

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AQUEL/LA/LO

LA PASIVA INDIRECTA (INDIRECT PASSIVE)

El SUBJECT de la oracin pasiva es el DIRECT OBJECT de la oracin acti-

va; pero algunas frases activas pueden tener dos complementos: uno de cosay otro de persona (INDIRECT OBJECT). Cuando tomamos el objeto indirec-to como sujeto pasivo, pasiva refleja en castellano (se), estaremos haciendoun nuevo tipo de pasiva llamada PASIVA INDIRECTA.

E.g.: (A) Peter gave him a watch

(P) He was given a watch

(A) They will give Mary a present

(P) Mary will be given a present

Se le dar un regalo a Mara

Podemos resumir lo que hemos dicho sobre la voz pasiva en el siguiente esque-

ma o diagrama:

. - - -MARY KISSED PETER

(active subjeot) (aclive verb) (direct objecl)

f f IPETER WAS KISSED BY MAR y-.'

(passive subjCl) (passive verb) (ag~nt)

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EL COMPLEMENTO AGENTE se expresa en ingls con la preposicinBY, y no es necesario expresallQ.C.lland.Q.el.s.ujelOct'i-es un determinanteind'eflmdo: someone, somebody. Pero si el sujeto activo es un nombre

propio y en el momento del discurso es importante para el speaker, enese caso s se suele poner.

(A) Mary broke the chair yesterday

(P) The chair was broken BY Mary

(A) Someone built 'that nice sandcastle yesterday

(P) That nice sandcastle was built yesterday

A D J E T I V O S : L A C O M P A R A C I O N .

G R A D O S D F : L A D J E T I V O

GRADO POSITIVO

Blue, green, big, high...

GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD

TAULA TRANSFORMACIONAL DE VERBOS ACTIVOSIA SU CORRESPONDIENTE FORMA VERBAL PASIVA~ + than (que)

a) Simple present

keeps is keptbreak are brokencloses is closed

close are closedb) Simple past

kept was/were keptbroke was/were brokendestroyed was/were destroyedadmired was/were admired

+ than

ACTIVE

ACTIVE

PASIVE

PASIVE

l. Adjetivos de una sola slaba. To~an el morfema -ER

high higher

big bigger

nice nicer

short shorter ...

2. Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas. Se construyen con la partcula MOREdelante de dichos adjetivos.

inte//igent more inte//igent

fascinating more fascinating

i mpo rta nt m ore im por ta nt interesting more interesting ...

3. Adjetivos de dos slabas. Si terminan en FUL o RE siguen la normanmero 2.

beautiful more beautiful h+ t an

obscure more obscure

Si terminan en ER o Y siguen la norma nmero l.

had been kepthad been spokenhad been donehad been made

COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD

Se forma con LESS + adjective+ THAN, sea cual sea el nmero de slabas delos adjetivos.

She is less quick than my brother

We are less inte//igent than our cousins

c) Present perfecthas/have kept has/have been keplhas/have given has/have been givenhas/have closed has/have been closedhas/have broken has/have been broken

d) Past perfecthad kept _ had spoken _ had done _ had made _

happy _

easy _

c1ever _

happier

easier + than

c1everer

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I the + adjective +EST I

It may rain this afternoon :puede que llueva esta tarde

He may not eome tomorrow : puede que no venga maana

COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD

Se forma con AS+ adjective +As. sea cual sea el nmero de slabas del adje-tivo. Si la frase es negativa se suele utilizar SO adj~ctive AS.

She is as c1ever as her mother

This horse isn't so stubborn as that one

EL SUPERLATIVO

l. Adjetivos de una sola slaba

high the highest

big the biggest

2. Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas = The MOST adjective

i mpo rt an t th e mo st i mp ort an t

intelligent the most intelligent

3. Adjetivos de dos slabas

FUL1 - - the most beautiful ~ ~ (de)=cuando son o pertenecenaRE -- the most obscure OF la misma categora.

ER -- the cleverest IN (de)=en los dems casos,y -- the silliest

Peter is the eldest of the soldiers

Molly is the best in maths

This is the highest mountain in the world

b) Deber con sentido positivo en frases negativas.

Mary mustn't do that again!

You mustn't get it; it's not yours,

e) NECESIDAD.

She must hurry or he'lI be late

We must study if we want to get this bike

I MAY I

l. Poder cuando se pide PERMISO (ingls formal),

May we smoke in the c1assroom?

May 1 go out with my friends, Dad?

2. POSIBILIDAD (


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2. Se construyen en interrogativa por inversin.

May we?

Must they?

Can we?

3. Nunca llevan el morfema to de infinitivo.

Can / may / must

4. Cuando en una construccin va detrs de ellos otro INFINITIVO, stetampoco toma el morfema to.

Peter can speak English

They can swim very well

You must study much more

He may come soon

I CAN I

a) Poden> en el sentido de tener capacidad o habilidad para hacer algo.

He can lift that table :l puede levantar esa mesa.They can do it very well :lo pueden hacer muy bien

b) Saber en el sentido de tener habilidad para hacer algo.

Jane can swin :Jane sabe nadar

My friend cannot type :mi amigo no sabe escribir a mquina

c) PETICIONES.

Can you do me a favour? : puedes hacerme un favor?

Can you lend me your bicyc/e?

I MUST I

a) Deber como algo ineludible.

You must go to work at seven o'c/ock

They must obey their parents

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WHA T - Se utiliza en frases que dan una ide.

What are your hobbies?

What kind of sports do you Iike?

WHICH -. Es mucho ms restrictivo que what

Which horse is the quickest?

Which of these films is your favoUlEJEMPLOS

Who are you?

Who are those men?

Whose are these keys?

Whose caris this?

P R O N O M B R E S R E L A l(R elat ive pronouns)

- t i '

I WHO I que

~ Se utiliza cuando el ant'1 '\'.~ ,/ .es una PERSONA.

The man who is speakiJ

,) ~ I WHICH I que ~ Se utiliza cuando el antThe book which is on t

~

, 2 I THAT I q" ' I"P""" ,mp1w imcasos, es decir en lugar I

Es un relativo que indiccuyo r -WHOSE I cuando el antecedente e:aloslas .

una o vanas cosas.

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The boy whose bicyc/e is red is my brolherposeedor cosa poseda

The woman whose hal is blue is Mrs. Brown

CO N D ICIO N A L SIMPL E(Simple conditional) .

E X PRE SIO N ES D E CA N TID A DAUXILIARES (forma negativa) SHOULD NOT = SHOULDN'T

WOULD NOT =WOULDN'TFRASESUNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

(nombres no contables)

AUXILIARES WOULD

(He - you . they)

SHOULD(I . we)

(1) Estas expresiones en ingls oral se utilizan indistintamente e incluso en algunas ocasiones en

ingls escrito.

Subject + should/would + infinilive(-T(')

['d go

You'd go

He'd/she'd/it'd go

We'd go

You'd go

They'd go

Subj. + should/would NOT + infinitive(-TO)

VERBO MODELO: TO 00

You wouldn't come there

Forma afirmativa:

Forma negativa:

1 should go (iria)

You would go

He/she/it would go

We should go

You would go

They would go)1Jf\ \jr;

Afirmativas A LOT OF

Negativas MUCH

Interrogativas MUCH (1)

Traduccin Mucho / A

_ F

She is drinking a 101o/water

Does she eat much cheese?We don '1drink much mi/k

FRASES

COUNTABLE NOUNS

(nombres no contables)

Forma interrogativa: Should/would + subj. + infinitive?(-TO)

Afirmativas A LOT OF

Negativas MANY

Interrogativas MANY (1)

Traduccin Muchos/as

She is ealing a 101o/pearsDoes he drink many bottles o/ milk?There aren'l many books on the shel/

r v l J t\~L( 2 Of

Would he do it over and over again?

L O S A N O M A LO S C AN , M U ST Y M A Y

CARACTERISTICAS DE ESTOS VERBOS

1. Construyen la forma negativa con NOT.

1 cannol

l may nol

l musl not

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OTRAS EXPRESIONES DE CANTIDADForma interrogativaI

Shall/will + subject + in finitive?(-TO)

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

La tendencia actual en ingls moderno es la de utilizar para todas las personas

el auxiliar WILL.

Will you come soon?How many?

Too many

So many

Few

Afew

cuntos/as?

demasiados/ as

tantos/aspocos/as

= unos/as pocos/as

How much?I

Too much

'So much

Lit/le

A lit/le

cunto/a?

demasiado/a

tanto/a

poco/a

= unja poco/a

E L F U T U R O P R O X I M O

El FUTURO PROXIMO se utiliza mucho tanto en ingls como en castellano.

Indica una accin futura, pero no muy lejana, ms bien de realizacin casi

inmediata.

L O S P L U R A L ES

D E L O S S U S T A N T I V O S

Norma general.-El plural de un NOMBRE se forma aadiendo el SUFIJO S

a la forma s ingular, del m ismo m odo qJe ocurre en cas tellano. -

SINGULAR PLURAL

ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL

you are

+

to play ten nis

dog ._ dogstable ---.__ tables

chair chairs

finger fingers

Am I going?

Are you going?

15he/she/it going?

CONJUGACION

Forma afirmativa

I'm going

You're going

He/she/it is going

We're going

You're goingThey're going

Forma negativa

I'm not going

You aren't going

He/she/it isn't going

We aren't going

You aren't goingThey aren't going

Forma interrogativa

Are we going

Are you going

Are they going?

EXCEPp?NES

l. Los nombres terminados enQ, SS, , s H ; , CH o ~ forman el plural tomandoel sufijo ES.

--

O potato potatoes--

SS kiss kisses._-

SH brush brushes--

CH match matchJs i, .

X fox foxes I I

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2. Pero debemos recordar que algunos sustantivos terminados en slotoman el morfema ,es decir siguen la norma general. Algunos de ellos

son de origen francs.

SINGULAR

AUXILIARES (forma negativa) SHALL NOT = SHAN'T

WILL NOT = WON'T

WILL

(he - you - they)

done it?

SHALL(1 - we)

you

FUTURO

(Future)

Had

AUXILIARES:

Forma interrogativa

PLURAL

baby babies

lady ladies\

eountry countries

fly flies

SINGULAR PLURAL

photo photos

piano pianl!s

dynamo dynamos

Los sustantivos terminados enr precedida de CONSONANTE formanel plural cambiando la Y por una I y luego toman la terminacin ES.

I CONSONANT +y > lES I

3 .

VERBO MODELO: TO GO

4. Doce nombres terminados en !: o FE pierden la!: y luego toman el sufijo

VES.

F/FE> VES I

Forma afirmativa

subject + shall/will + infinitive(-TO)

PLURAL

Subject + shall/will + not + infinitive(-TO)

SINGULAR

wife wives

life lives

knife knives

wolf wolves

self selves

ealf ealvesshelf shelves

leaf leaves

loaf loa ves

thief thieves

sheaf sheaves

half halves

I shall go (ir)

You will go

He/she/it will go

We shall go

You will go

They will goForma negativa

We shan't

Forma afirmativa contrada

1 '11 go

You'll go

He'll/she'll/it'lI go

We'll go

You'll go

They'll go

do it again

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Forma neg~tiva

She has not

+

done it

5. Los sustantivos terminados en Y precedidos de VOCAL forman el plUl

tomando el sufijo S, es decir siguen la norma ge'leral.

I VOWEL+Y> S I

SINGULAR PLURAL----

day days

donkey donkeys

boy boys

6. Algunos nombres terminados en F siguen la regla general.

SINGULAR PLUR .L---- ---

finished themnOIhave

Forma interrogativa

I Ha\haVe + subject +

Have you played with her?

Has Mary spoken to him?rooJ rooJs

handkerchieJ handkerchieJs

Otros nombres tienen ambas formaciones:

SINGULAR PLURAL

fR E T E R I T O P L U S C U A M P E R F E C T O(Pa s t per f ec t / p luper fec t ) 7.

scarJ scarJslo scarves

wharJ wharfs o wharves

Unos pocos sustantivos forman el plural por cambio voclico.

Forma afilrmativa

I Subject + HAD + past participle I

VERBO MODELO: PLAY

I had played (haba jugado)

You had played

He/she/it had played

We had ilayed

you had played

They had played

Forma negativa

VERBO MODELO: SPEAK

I had spoken (haba hablado)You had spoken

He/she/it had spokenWe had spoken

you had spoken

They had spoken

SINGULAR PLURAL

man men

Joot Jeet

goose geese

tooth teeth

mouse mice

woman women

8. Plurales irregulares.

SINGULAR PLURAL----

ox oxenchild children

penny pence

9. Unos pocos nombres de PECES y ANIMALES no varian su forma (plural.

We had not closed the shop

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SINGULAR PLURAL

/ish /ish,

salmon salmon

Iroul Irour

deer deer

sheep sheep

Forma afirmativa: Es totalmente irregular y se debe conocer memorsticamente.

To go: 1 wenl, you wenl, he wenl...

To break: 1 broke, you broke, he broke ...

Forma negativa: 1 Subject + DIDN'T + infinitive(-TO)

IPLURAL

lO. Los sustantivos que mantienen su forma original GRIEGA o LATINA

hacen el plural segn la normativa de las lenguas anteriormente citadas.Aqu tenemos algunos de ellos:

SINGULAR

,

She didn'l go lo Ihe Ihealre yeslerday

We didn'l break Ihal windowHe didn'1 do Ihe exam very well

crisis crises

dalum dala

phenomenon phenomena

oasis oases

Forma interrogativa: I DID + subject + infinitive?(-TO)

Did she go lo Ihe Ihealre yesrerday?

Did you break Ihal window?

Did he do a very good exam?

P R E T E R IT O P E R F E C T O(Present perfect / simple perfect)

l. Regular verbs

-d / -ed / -ied

2. Irregular verbs

-broken / -brought

-made / -felt. ..

VERBO MODELO: SPEAK

I have spoken (he hablado)

You have spoken

He/she/it has spoken

We have spoken

You have spoken

They have spoken

gone

+

Forma afirmativa

VERBO MODELO: PLAY

I have played (he jugado)

You have played

He/she/it has played

We have played

You have played

They have played

G E N I T IV O S A J O N

(Genitive Saxon)

l. La posesin, cuando el POSEEDOR es una PERSONA o ANIMAL, es

indicado normalmente con el Genitivo Sajn, y no con la preposicin

OF.

Tom's books

My /alher's car

Peler's bicycle

Mary's har

2. Cuando el poseedor es una cosa se utiliza OF;

The wa/ls oIlhe cilyThe le/!.o/ he rabIe

Otra posibilidad que nos ofrece la lengua ingles es eliminar la preposi-

cin OF y realizar una inversin de ambas palabras:

The city walls

The lable leg

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22/25

O) Relacin de verbos que NO son utilizados en la forma continua gene-

ralmente:

l. VERBOS DE SENTIDO: notice / smel/ / hear / see.

2. VERBOS DE EMOCION: want / hate / like / desire.

3. VERBOS DE PENSAMIENTO: think / feel / believe / know.

4. VERBOS DE POSESION: belong / own / possess.

P R E T E R I T O I N D E F IN I D O / I M P E R F E C T O(Past tense / simple past)

VERBOS REGULARES (REGULAR VERBS)

Forma afirmativa: I Subject + infinitive + O - EO - lEO(-TO)

FORMACION DEL GENITIVO SAJON

l. [J se utiliza con sustantivos singulares y plurales irregularesterminan en s.

The boy's room

Peter's car

Women's hats

Tom's house

2. Dse utiliza simplemente cuando el sustantivo est en plur;The girls' school

The dogs' kennels

3. A los nombres PROPIOS de autores clsicos que terminan en

les aade el '.

Keats' poetry

Hercules' club

TO WORK

I worked (trabaj)

You workedHe/she/it worked

We worked

You worked

The worked

TO LIVE

1 lives! (viv)

You IivedHe/she/it lived

We lived

You Iived

They lived

TO TRY

1 tried (intent)

You triedHe/she/it tried

We tried

You tried

They tried

4. Pero los nombres no clsicos que terminan en s tiene las dO!des: (') o ('s).

fames' father o fames's fatherCharles' mother o Charles's mother

PECULIARIDADES DEL GENITIVO SAJON

Forma negativa: I subject + OID NOT + infinitive(-TO)

She didn't live here

Forma interrogativa: I OID + subj. + infinitive?(-Ta)

Did she work so hard?

VERBOS IRREGULARES (IRREGULAR VERBS)

Corresponden a la columna central de las tablas de verbos irregulares:

WENT, CAME, BOUGHT, FOUGHT ...

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,

A) Al transformar una frase en genitivo sajn debemos rec(

ARTICULO delante de la persona o cosa poseda desapaTl

T he hor ns of th e c ow t he c ow's hor ns

The toys of the children the children's toys

B) Tambin se puede utilizar la estructura gramatical del geniti

EXPRESIONES de TIEMPO.Today's problems

A moment's rest

The year's beginning

A fortnight's course

C) Del mismo modo utilizamos el genitivo sajn con LAS J

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23/25

CUERPO Y con aigunos sustantivos relacionados con la CIENCIA y la

CULTURA.

The poem's symbolism

The mind's abilily

love loving

live living

argue arguing

hale haling

(1) El art/culo (THE) desaparece delan" de lu personu o ('Osupu,./du.

Vamos a dividir los adverbios en dos grandes grupos:

A) ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO DEFINIDO (definite adverbs)

A D V E R B I O S

seeing

agreeing

see _

agree _

Pero esta variacin no ocurre si el verbo termina en EE ya que se pro-nuncia /i:/.

Cuando un. verbo de una sola slaba tiene una sola VOCAL y termina con

una sola CONSONANTE, esta consonante final se duplica.

hit hilling

run running

gel gelling

SIOp slopping

drop dropping

3. Cuando un verbo termina en L, si va precedido de una sola VOCAL,dicha ele (L) se duplica.

Iravel Iravelling

signal signalling

2.

.

The bvvk vI my Ialher

[--~':'y ~alher'\~OkThe boys' c/olhes (1)The c/olhes oIlhe boys

I ~------

D) Por ltimo veamos un esquema en el que podremos observar la transfor-

macin de una frase en GENITl VO SAJON:.

Los ms representativos de este grupo son los siguientes:

Este grupo de adverbios se colocan normalmente al final de la nra,in.

She wenl lO Ihe Ihealre yeslerday

Peler is speaking now

We are going lo London lomorrow

Tambin pueden ir al principio dc la oracin, con In ,ual Sla loma un

valor ENFAnco, es decir la accin es considerada de im\'llrt:lIi,ia parael hablante. Comparemos estas dos oraciones:

Yeslerday il rained (el hecho de llover es importante para el hahlante).

It rained yeslerday (slo es un comentario de algo quc su,edi6 ayer).

USOS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO

THIS MONTHTHIS WEEK

THIS EVENING ...

NOW, TODAY

AT THIS MOMENT

THIS AFTERNOON

A) Se utiliza cuando la accin sucede en el momento.

It is raining now

l'm opening Ihe window

Why are you writing here?

What is she doing?

B) Para acciones que se van a realizar de inmediato (foturo prximo).

l'm going lo Ihe Ihealre lonighlAre you doing anylhing lomorrow?

C) Adverbios y locuciones adverbiales que acompaan al presente continuo.\

I' \

TODA YTONIGHT

NOW

AT THIS MOMENT ...

YESTERDAY

TOMORROWTHIS MORNING

THIS EVENING

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My father never watches T. V.

We se/dom smoke in the c1assroom

This pupi/ buys a book every monlh

8) ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO INDEFINIDO

Los ms representativos son los siguientes:

1. En frases AFIRMATIVAS se sitan el)tre el SUBJECT y el VERBde la oracin .

E L P R E S E N T E C O N T I N U O

(Pre sent co nt inuo us / Pre senr pro g re ss ive )

ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL Y CONJUGACION

If

ALWAYS

SELDOM

NORMALLY

NEVER

OFTEN

OENERLLY

SOMETIMES

USUALLY

RARELY ...

Contraccion.es en la forma negativa

Is not = isn't IAre not = aren't

Forma interrogativa

Am/is/are + sujeto + ing? I

Am I working?Are you working?

Is he/she/it working?Are we working?

Are you working?Are they working?

Forma afirmativa

I Sujeto + is/are/am + ing I

I am working

You are working

He/she/it is working

We are working

you are working

They are working

Forma negativa

[Sujeto + am/is/are + NOT + ing 1

. I am not working

You are not working

He/she/it is not working

We are not working

you are not working

They are not working

I~

isometimes study Eng/ishS' Adv. V

You usually l!!!!J '. tennis on MondaysS Adv. V

They a/ways gQloschoo/ on fool

S Adv. V

2. Este grupo de adverbios se colocan detrs de las siguientes formas

verbales correspondientes" verbos AUXILIARES y a verbos ANO-MALOS. Las formas ms usuales son:

MA Y CAN MUST DON' T DOESN' T DIDN'T SHAL L

WILL ARE IS AM W AS WERE HA VE HAD

He doesn 't a/ways go lO Ihe disco

Aux. Adv.

We have never been in London

Aux . Adv .

1 don'1 usually do Ihe exercisesAux. Adv.

VARIACIONES ORTOGRAFICAS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO

1. Si un verbo termina en ~ muda, es decir que no se pronuncia, esta ~desaparece delante de la INO.

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EL PRESENTE H A B I T U A L( lES.

/ carry I she carries

/ cry I he cries

/ lry I Mo//y lries/ hurry I George hurries

USOS DEL PRESENTE HABITUAL

VERBOS AUXILIARES UTILIZADOS

CON EL PRESENTE HABITUAL

Se emplea en estos casos:

A) Cuando se expresan acciones que se hacen con frecuencia, siempre, a

veces, nunca ...

/ gel up al nine o'clock every morning

Peler reads lhe newspaper everyday

B) Va por lo tanto acompaado de palabras (adverbios) de HABITO o

COSTUMBRE.USUALLY

OFTEN

IN THE AFTERNOON

NEVER

SOMETIMES

GENERALLY

IN THE MORNING

EVERY YEAR

RARELY ...

ALWAYS

NORMALLY

EVERYDAY

EVERY MONTH

SELDOM

DON'T

DOESN'T

Do I work?

Do you work?

_f)Does he I she I it work?Do we work?

Do you work?

Do they work?

Forma interrogativa DO

DOES

Forma negativa DO NOT

DO ES NOT

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INTRODUCCIÓN GRAMATICA INGLESA

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