Influencia de la II Guerra Mundial en El Salvador - Colegio Arrupe - Investigacion Sociales 6°...

7/31/2019 Influencia de la II Guerra Mundial en El Salvador - Colegio Arrupe - Investigacion Sociales 6° B-2012

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FKCNHEK NVZMÝKCZMDPN MPP^ZN

Tpm`mbk dn Egqnvtehmfeög

–Egac~ngfem Zkcïtefm#

Nfkgöoefm u Vkfemc dn cm

EE H~nppm O~gdemc ng

Nc Vmcqmdkp‟ NVT^DEKV VKFEMCNV 1² @

Zpkam' Mgm Fpevtegm Lnpgígdnr

Mc~ogk+m2 Pkcmgdk Bkvå Fkpgnbk Tkppnv & 8

Hm`pencm Ck~pdnv Omptïgnr Ackpnv & =8

Noncu N~gefn Kvkpek Pmoïpnr & 06

Ompemgm Gefkcn Tnbmdm Okttkv &05

Vkumzmghk# 04 dn Mhkvtk dn 0:=0



0

EGDEFN

Egtpkd~ffeög '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 6

=' Eozmftk zkcïtefk# nfkgöoefk u vkfem }~n vn zpnvngtö ng Nc Vmcqmdkp'D~pmgtn u dnvz~åv dn EE h~nppm o~gdemc''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >

0' Dnvmppkcck Dnzkpteqk ng Nc Vmcqmdkp d~pmgtn cm EE H~nppm O~gdemc ''''''''''''''''''' 06

6'= Mptnv Zcívtefmv ng Nc Vmcqmdkp d~pmgtn cm EE H~nppm O~gdemc '''''''''''''''''''''''''' 66

6'0 Oòvefm dnvmppkccmdm u ~tecermdm d~pmgtn cm EE H~nppm O~gdemc ''''''''''''''''''''''''' 44

4' Nc Tnmtpk ng Nc Vmcqmdkp d~pmgtn cm EE H~nppm O~gdemc ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >:

>' Pnceheög u qmckpnv ng Nc Vmcqmdkp ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1=

1' Mqmgfnv tnfgkcöhefkv ng f~mgtk m cm fko~gefmfeög '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 15

8' Cmv omtnoítefmv ng Nc Vmcqmdkp d~pmgtn nc znpekdk dn cm EE H~nppm O~gdemc ''' <4

<' V~oompu ka tln egac~ngfn ka tln Vnfkgd Xkpd Xmp eg Nc Vmcqmdkp '''''''''''''''''' 5>

Fkgfc~vekgnv '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 51

@e`cekhpmaïm Hngnpmc '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =:6

Nqmc~mfeög '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =:>



6

EGTPKD^FFEÖG'

Nc zpnvngtn tpm`mbk dn egqnvtehmfeög fkgvevtn ng ~gm `pnqn znpk fkgvevtngtn

dnvfpezfeög dn ckv mfkgtnfeoengtkv levtöpefkv# vkfemcnv# nfkgöoefkv u zkcïtefkvkf~ppedkv ng g~nvtpk zmïv# ng nc znpïkdk fkozpngdedk ngtpn =56= m =54<# nc f~mc

fkozpngdn nc dnvmppkcck dn cm Vnh~gdm H~nppm O~gdemc ngtpn =565 u =54>'Nv

zpnfevmongtn nvtn òcteok mfkgtnfeoengtk levtöpefk o~gdemc nc }~n dn mch~gm omgnpm

egac~ngfeö ng ckv okdnckv zkcïtefkv u nfkgöoefkv# mvï fkok okqeoengtkv vkfemcnv }~n

t~qenpkg c~hmp ng nc znpïkdk dn tenozk mgtnv pncmfekgmdk'

Ngtpn ckv mfkgtnfeoengtkv }~n vn dnvmppkccmg ng cm zpnvngtn egqnvtehmfeög

ngfkgtpmokv# ngtpn ktpkv# nc mvfngvk m cm zpnvedngfem dnc Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk

Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# nc cnqmgtmoengtk fmoznvegk/egdïhngm# nc dnppkfmoengtk dnc

ongfekgmdk zpnvedngtn m tpmqåv dn cmv L~nchm dn `pmrkv fmïdkv u cm h~nppm dn cmv feng

lkpmv'

Cm eozkptmgfem dn nvt~demp u mgmcermp cmv fm~vmv u fkgvnf~ngfemv dn deflkv

mfkgtnfeoengtkv nv# ng zpegfezek# zkp cm egac~ngfem }~n cm Vnh~gdm H~nppm o~gdemc t~qk

ng ckv oevokv# znpk tmoèåg ng cm omgnpm fkok ckv hkènpgkv oecetmpnv# }~n

hk`npgmpkg g~nvtpk zmïv lmvtm cm dåfmdm dnc vntngtm# tmoèåg fkgtpe`~unpkg mc

mfmnfeoengtk dn ckv oevokv u }~n manftmpkg m cm omukpïm dn cm zk`cmfeög vmcqmdkpným'

Ng nvn kpdng dn ednmv# nvznpmokv }~n nvtn zn}~nýk nva~nprk fkgvtet~un ~g

mzkptn dn ckv mc~ogkv dnc Vn|tk hpmdk –@‟ dnc Fkcnhek Nvzmýkc Zmdpn Mpp~zn # zmpm

fkgkfnp u ngtngdnp g~nvtpm levtkpem u fkok nvtm manftm u# ng mch~gkv fmvkv# dntnpoegm

g~nvtpk a~t~pk'



4

NVT^DEKVNVT^DEKVNVT^DEKVNVT^DEKV

VKFEMCNVVKFEMCNVVKFEMCNVVKFEMCNV



>

='/ EOZMFTK ZKCÏTEFK# NFKGÖOEFK U VKFEMC ]^N VN ZPNVNGTÖ NG NC

VMCQMDKP D^PMGTN U DNVZ^ÅV DN CM VNH^GDM H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

='= MGTNFNDNGTNV2M cmv fegfk lkpmv dnc zpeonp dïm vnztno`pegk dn =565# cmv `ko`mv u ontpmccm dn

cmv a~nprmv mpomdmv dn Mcnomgem lm`ïmg eozmftmdk vk`pn Zkckgem u dmdk egefek mc oív

hpmgdn u vmghpengtk fkgaceftk `åcefk dn cm levtkpem o~gdemc' D~pmgtn ckv dkv zpeonpkv

mýkv# nc apngtn dn h~nppm lm`ïm nvtmdk fngtpmdk ng tnppetkpek n~pkznk# z~nvtk `mbk nc

dkoegek dn cmv tpkzmv gmrev dnc Aólpnp Mdkca Letcnp' Dkv mýkv oív tmpdn# m zmptep dnc

dkoeghk 8 dn defeno`pn dn =54= u tpmv nc mtm}~n m cm `mvn nvtmdk~gedngvn dn Znmpc

Lmp`kp# nc nvfngmpek m`pepïm ktpk tncög ng nc v~p dnc Kfåmgk Zmfïaefk'

Zmpm nvkv okongtkv# nc o~gdk ngtnpk dn`mtïm v~ v~nptn ng cmv omgkv dn ckv

vkcdmdkv dn ckv nbåpfetkv dnc Nbn @npcïg/Pkom/Tkiek u ng ckv dn cmv zktngfemv mcemdmv#

fkg Eghcmtnppm u Nvtmdkv ^gedkv mc apngtn'

Ng ck }~n pnvznftm m g~nvtpk zmïv# ~gk dn ckv znpïkdkv dn cm levtkpem vmcqmdkpným

}~n lm ccmomdk cm mtngfeög nv nc fkozpngdedk dn =56=m =544' M nvtm åzkfm vn cn

dngkoegm nc –omptegmtk‟# dn`edk m }~n ~gk dn ckv oecetmpnv oív fkgtpkqnptedkv# nc

hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# hk`npgö dn omgnpm deftmtkpemc d~pmgtn fnpfm

dn=6 mýkv' Fkg nvtn påheong fkongrö nc mvfngvk dnc oecetmpevok# lmvtm v~f~coegmfeög fkg nc hkczn dn Nvtmdk dnc => dn kft~`pn dn =585'



1

Cm kzkpt~gedmd dn mvfngdnp mc zkdnp dnc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr ccnhö ng

defeno`pn dn =56=fkg nc hkczn dn Nvtmdk fkgtpm nc zpnvedngtn Mpt~pk Mpm~bk# dn f~uk

hkènpgk npm qefn/zpnvedngtn u oegevtpk dn h~nppm' Nc Depnftkpek Oecetmp }~n fkgakpompkg

ckv hkczevtmv dnvehgö mc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr fkok zpnvedngtn egtnpegk# }~eng ng

zkfkv dïmv vn fkgvkcedö ng nc zkdnp' Nvtn npm nc egefek gk vkck dnc omptegmtk vegkdn ~gcmphk znpïkdk ng }~n nc nbåpfetk dnaegepïm m ckv zpnvedngtnv dn cm pnzò`cefm' M ongkv dn

dkv onvnv dn lm`np mv~oedk cm zpnvedngfem dn cm pnzò`cefm nc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr

Omptïgnr vn dek nc cnqmgtmoengtk fmoznvegk/egdïhngm# mfkgtnfeoengtk }~n a~n qevtk

fkok nc zpeonp mcrmoengtk zkz~cmp ng Moåpefm cmtegm mzkumdk zkp ~g zmptedk

fko~gevtm'

F~mptnc dnc Zpeonp Pnheoengtk dn Egamgtnpïm#mft~mc O~vnk dn Levtkpem Oecetmp# c~hmp dkgdn egefeö nc hkczn oecetmp dn =56='

Deflk cnqmgtmoengtk fkongrö cm ondemgkfln dnc00 dn ngnpk dn =560 ng nc

kffedngtn dnc zmïv vengdk vkakfmdk ng vnh~edm zkp nc nbåpfetk# cm H~mpdem

Gmfekgmc u cm dngkoegmdm –H~mpdem Fïqefm‟# fkg vmcdk dn oecnv dn o~nptkv u cm

nbnf~feög dn ckv zpegfezmcnv cïdnpnv pn`ncdnv' ^gk dn ckv pnv~ctmdkv dnc mcrmoengtk a~n

cm fkgvkcedmfeög dnc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr ng nc zkdnp# }~eng gk vkck fkozcntö nc

znpïkdk dnc egtnpegmtk# ck }~n fkppnvzkgdïm mc hkènpgk dnc eghngenpk Mpt~pk Mpm~bk# vegk

}~n zpkveh~eö zkp qmpekv znpïkdkv oív lmvtm v~ fmïdm ng omuk dn =544' Nc hkènpgk

dnc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr a~n ~gm deftmd~pm fngtpmdm ng zpnvnpqmp nc kpdng

vkfemc# mzcefmgdk ondedmv }~n ceoetmpmg cmv n|zpnvekgnv zkcïtefmv dn ckv kzkvetkpnv'

M~gmdkv m nvtkv mfkgtnfeoengtkv ,cm mvfngveög dnc Hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr

m cm zpnvedngfem# nc cnqmgtmoengtk u omvmfpn fmoznvegm dn =560% ngfkgtpmokv ktpkv

mfkgtnfeoengtkv eozkptmgtnv fkok2



8

/Nc dnppkfmoengtk dnc deftmdkp fkg ~gm zmpmcermfeög vkfemc ng tkdk nc zmïv

fkgkfedm fkok cm "L~nchm dn @pmrkv Fmïdkv"# ng =544#

/Ng =5>: vn pndmftö ~gm "g~nqm Fkgvtet~feög" dn fmpíftnp vkfemc/zpkhpnvevtm u vn

fpnö ~g g~nqk zmptedk kaefemc# nc Zmptedk Pnqkc~fekgmpek dn ^geaefmfeög Dnokfpítefm

,ZP^D%# }~n vn zpkzkgïm eoetmp o~flkv mvznftkv dnc ZPE on|efmgk# hk`npgmgdk nczmïv fkg nc tngengtn fkpkgnc Övfmp Kvkpek ,=5>:/=5>1% u nc tngengtn fkpkgnc Bkvå Ompïm

Cno~v ,=5>1/=51:% }~engnv eoz~cvmpkg ~gm vnpen dn pnakpomv dn fkptn

vkfemcdnoöfpmtm fkok cm fpnmfeög dnc Vnh~pk Vkfemc ,EVVV% u nc Egvtet~tk dn Qeqengdm

^p`mgm ,EQ^% mdnoív dn eoz~cvmp ~g zpkfnvk ceoetmdk dn egd~vtpemcermfeög# dngtpk dnc

okdnck dn v~vtet~feög dn eozkptmfekgnv }~n zpkokqïm ng nvn okongtk cm FNZMC'

/Ng m`pec dn =510# vn fkgqkfmpkg ncnffekgnv zpnvedngfemcnv' Vn a~gdö ~g g~nqk

zmptedk kaefemc dnc påheong oecetmp# nc Zmptedk dn Fkgfecemfeög Gmfekgmc ,ZFG% }~n ccnqö mc

hkènpgk mc fkpkgnc B~cek Mdmc`nptk Peqnpm ,=510/=518%'

/Aegmcongtn# ng =515 cm amokvm "H~nppm dn cmv =:: lkpmv fkg cm egqmveög dnc v~p

dn Lkgd~pmv zkp nc Nbåpfetk u cm Mqemfeög vmcqmdkpným'

Nvtn fkgaceftk tngïm v~ kpehng ng cm dåfmdm dn =50:# f~mgdk oecnv dn

vmcqmdkpnýkv noehpmpkg m Lkgd~pmv ng `~vfm dn onbkpmp v~v fkgdefekgnv dn qedm' Maegmcnv dn cm dåfmdm dn =51:# nc hkènpgk lkgd~pnýk nvtm`m `mbk zpnveög dn

kphmgermfekgnv zkz~cmpnv dnomgdmgdk ~gm pnakpom mhpmpem' M cm fko~gedmd

vmcqmdkpným# }~n vk`pnzmvm`m ckv 6#:::# cn a~npkg fkgaevfmdkv gnhkfekv u

zpkzendmdnv' Nvtk hngnpö ~g fceom dn qekcngfem fkgtpm ckv vmcqmdkpnýkv# fkg cm

mzpk`mfeög dnc hkènpgk dn t~pgk dn Cöznr Mpnccmgk' Nc Vmcqmdkp tkoö mffeög u nc =4 dn



<

b~cek dn =515 egqmdeö Lkgd~pmv' Cmv A~nprmv Mpomdmv dn Nc Vmcqmdkp# fkomgdmdmv zkp

nc hngnpmc Bkvå Mc`nptk –Nc Flncn‟ Ondpmgk# fmzt~pmpkg =1>: io° dn tnppetkpek

lkgd~pnýk# ngtpn ncckv G~nqm Kfktnzn}~n# tnppetkpek }~n a~n pnvtet~edk ng mhkvtk dn nvn

oevok mýk'

Zkp ck }~n m fkgteg~mfeög qnpnokv oív ng dntmccn mch~gk dn nvtkvmfkgtnfeoengtkv levtöpefkv }~n fkegfedenpkg fkg nc znpïkdk dn d~pmfeög dn cm vnh~gdm

h~nppm o~gdemc# u ktpkv }~n vn v~fndenpkg m fkgteg~mfeög dn nccm# mvï fkok cm egac~ngfem

}~n t~qenpkg ng ckv íoètkv nfkgöoefk# zkcïtefk# vkfemc u pncehekvk dn g~nvtpk zmïv'

='0 EOZMFTK NFKGÖOEFK D^PMGTN U DNVZ^ÅV DN CM VNH^GDM

H^NPPM O^GDEMC NG NC VMCQMDKP

Dnvz~åv dn cm fpevev dnc (05 cm vet~mfeög nfkgöoefm ng Moåpefm Cmtegm gk npm

gmdm `~ngm u zmpm zmcemp cm nvfmvnr dn zpkd~ftkv eozkptmdkv n~pkznkv dnèdk m cm

H~nppm O~gdemc# vn fpnmg zn}~nýmv egd~vtpemv dn o~u omcm fmcedmd znpk }~n znpoetng

vmtevamfnp cm dnomgdm egtnpgm' Mgtn cm egnvtmècedmd vkfemc u nc mqmgfn dn amftkpnv

fko~gevtmv# v~phng hkènpgkv dn pnzpnveög }~n egtngtmg hk`npgmp ng ~g fceom dn

qekcngfem'

Ng ck }~n pnvznftm m g~nvtpk zmïv# nc mdqngeoengtk dn cm Vnh~gdm H~nppm

O~gdemc vehgeaefö ~g m~ongtk ng cmv n|zkptmfekgnv m ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv u nconbkpmoengtk dn cm nfkgkoïm vmcqmdkpným' Nvk cn znpoeteö m Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr

pnmcermp mch~gmv pnakpomv vkfemcnv u ~gm cehnpm pndevtpe`~feög dn cm tenppm ondemgtn ~g

zpkhpmom mhpmpek'

Aegmcermdm cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# nc egefek dn cm h~nppm apïm eoz~cvm m NN^^

m ccnqmp mdncmgtn fenptmv egefemteqmv }~n mvnh~png nc mcegnmoengtk dn cm pnheög

cmtegkmonpefmgm tpmv v~ lnhnokgïm9 m tpmqåv dn cm –Mcemgrm zmpm nc zpkhpnvk‟ ,MCZPK%

vn `~vfö nvteo~cmp cm fkkznpmfeög ngtpn Nvtmdkv ^gedkv u Cmtegkmoåpefm# n

egefemcongtn# mu~dmp m nvtm`cnfnp pnhïongnv dnokfpítefkv }~n a~gfekgmpmg fkok apngk

m cm mctnpgmteqm f~`mgm' Fngtpkmoåpefm pnfeèö ng fkgvnf~ngfem ~g omukp gòonpk dn

fpådetkv# m cm qnr }~n m~ongtm`m cm mu~dm oecetmp ,nvznfemcongtn m H~mtnomcm u

Gefmpmh~m%' Nvtm vet~mfeög# cnbkv dn pnd~gdmp ng cm zpka~gdermfeög dn cmv gnfnvmpemv

pnakpomv ,fkok cm mhpmpem%# pnznpf~teö okdnpgermgdk u akptmcnfengdk cm egvtet~feög



5

oecetmp# pnakprmgdk cm fkgaemgrm dn ckv kaefemcnv u cm fkgfengfem dn v~znpekpedmd tåfgefm u

kphmgermteqm fkg pnvznftk m ckv feqecnv'

Ktpk hp~zk }~n vn qek akptmcnfedk d~pmgtn cm dåfmdm dnc 1:# a~n cm tpmdefekgmc

kcehmp}~ïm mhpkn|zkptmdkpm }~n qkcfö zmptn dn v~v hmgmgfemv ng nvm dåfmdm# mc

egfezengtn vnftkp egd~vtpemc' Cm mftet~d fkgvnpqmdkpm u okgkzkcermgtn ng ck }~n vnpnaenpn m zpkd~ffeög u gnhkfekv }~n dkoegö lmvtm ondemdkv dnc \\'

Cm FNZMC egvtmcö o~u tnozpmgmongtn ng Moåpefm Cmtegm cm ednm dn }~n cm

vmcedm dnc v~`dnvmppkcck vn ngfkgtpm`m ng cm egd~vtpemcermfeög' Veg no`mphk# dmdk }~n

o~flkv dn ckv onpfmdkv gmfekgmcnv cmtegkmonpefmgkv# fkgvednpmdkv vnzmpmdmongtn#

gk zkvnïmg nc tmomýk gnfnvmpek zmpm lmfnp amfte`cn nc dnvmppkcck egd~vtpemc# cm egvtet~feög

mfkgvnbö fpnmp Onpfmdkv Fko~gnv# egtnhpmgdk ckv onpfmdkv dn qmpekv zmïvnv' Nc

zpkunftk fnzmcegk# fkg fcmpk ågamvev ng ckv mvznftkv dn dnvmppkcck n}~ece`pmdk u

zpktnffeög m cm egd~vtpem egfezengtn# a~n veg no`mphk okdeaefmdk ng v~v mvznftkv

nvngfemcnv zkp cm egac~ngfem gkptnmonpefmgm' Nvtmdkv ^gedkv# znvn m gk lm`np

dnokvtpmdk egtnpåv ng nc zpkfnvk dn egtnhpmfeög lmvtm aegmcnv dn ckv >:# gk }~evk

znpdnp cm kzkpt~gedmd dn egvnptmpvn ng nvtn gnhkfek# mvnh~pmgdk m v~ qnr

okdeaefmfekgnv tngdengtnv m mvnh~pmp nc ce`pn onpfmdk eppnvtpeftk u mozcemv amfecedmdnv u

hmpmgtïmv m cmv egqnpvekgnv n|tpmgbnpmv'



=:

='6 MFKGTNFEOENGTKV ZKCÏTEFKV2

='6'= NC –OMPTEGEVOK‟ =56=/=544'

Fkg nc egefek dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc cmv gmfekgnv vn ngf~ngtpmgzkcmpermdmv ngtpn ckv veozmtermgtnv dn ckv mcemdkv u dn ckv gmfekgmcnv vkfemcevtmv' Ng

ngnpk dn =540# vn pnmcerm ng Pïk dn Bmgnepk ~gm fkganpngfem dn fmgfeccnpnv monpefmgkv

}~n vn omgeaenvtmg fkgtpmpekv m cmv zpnvekgnv dn Nvtmdkv ^gedkv# }~n n|ehïmg ~gm

pnvkc~feög }~n k`cehm`m m pkoznp pncmfekgnv dezckoítefmv fkg nc Nbn' Nc Hk`enpgk dn

Xmvleghtkg }~npïm }~n tkdkv ckv zmïvnv monpefmgkv pkozenpmg pncmfekgnv fkg Bmzög

zkp nc mtm}~n m Znmpc Lmp`kp' Ck }~n eppetm`m m Xmvleghtkg npm cm amctm dn mzkuk zkcïtefk

m tkdmv cmv egefemteqmv }~n v~phenpmg dn cm Fmvm @cmgfm# m znvmp }~n Nvtmdkv ^gedkv vn

okvtpö o~u vkcedmpem fkg Moåpefm Cmtegm m tpmqåv dnc ktkphmoengtk dn fpådetkv# um }~n

cn npmg dn qetmc eozkptmgfem cmv omtnpemv zpeomv }~n dn nvtm pnheög zpkqngïmg'

Ng g~nvtpk zmïv# zkvtnpekp m cm mznpt~pm dnokfpítefm dnc znpïkdk dn Zïk Pkonpk

@kv}~n ,=508/=56=%# nc eghngenpk Mpt~pk Mpm~bk mv~oeö cm Zpnvedngfem dn cm Pnzò`cefm'

Veg no`mphk# nc 0 dn defeno`pn dn =56= a~n dnppkfmdk zkp ~g hp~zk dn oecetmpnv dn

devtegtkv pmghkv ng fkkpdegmfeög fkg mch~gkv feqecnv'

Nc eghngenpk Mpm~bk gk ckhpö ng nvtn fkptk tenozk kpdngmp cm mdoegevtpmfeög

zò`cefm ge f~ozcep fkg ~gm vnpen dn pnakpomv zpkontedmv# ngtpn nccmv nc pnzmptk dn cmvtenppmv zmpm ckv fmoznvegkv# }~n mzngmv vn ceoetö m ~gm tïoedm devtpe`~feög' Mdnoív# nc

dnvfkgtngtk lerk }~n v~v mcemdkv cn pntepmpmg mzkuk# fkok a~n nc fmvk dnc nvfpetkp

Mc`nptk Omvanppnp# nc fmoznvegmdk u ckv oecetmpnv# }~n pnvngtïmg nc mtpmvk dn v~v

v~ncdkv'

Nc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr npm nc qefnzpnvedngtn dn cm Pnzò`cefm u oegevtpk

dn H~nppm' Gk n|evtn ~g nvt~dek }~n o~nvtpn cm pnvzkgvm`ecedmd depnftm dnc

qefnzpnvedngtn ng nvtn hkczn' Veg no`mphk# mc fkgvtet~epvn zkvtnpekpongtn ~g Depnftkpek

Oecetmp# Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr a~n gko`pmdk dn egondemtk fkok Zpnvedngtn

egtnpegk# zkp}~n Mpm~bk lm`ïm –m`mgdkgmdk‟ nc fmphk'



==

Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr ,=56=/=544%

Fkok nv vmèdk# Mpm~bk ge m`mgdkgö ge png~gfeö m cm Zpnvedngfem' Nc hngnpmc

v~zk mzpkqnflmp cmv kzkpt~gedmdnv dnc okongtk' Cmv fepf~gvtmgfemv egtnpgmv u

n|tnpgmv tnpoegmpkg amqkpnfeågdkck m åc u mc nvtmongtk oecetmp# }~n dnaegepïm ng mdncmgtn

}~eågnv hk`npgmpïmg nc zmïv' Nc eghngenpk Mpm~bk# dnvdn H~mtnomcm# egtngtö pnf~znpmp

nc zkdnp# znpk a~n ng qmgk# dnèdk m ckv zmptedkv }~n ck pnvzmcdm`mg# nc Cm`kpevtm u nc

Zpkcntmpek# vn ngfkgtpm`mg deqededkv u veg cm a~nprm v~aefengtn zmpm pnqnptep nc hkczn dnc 0

dn defeno`pn'

Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr akpoö zmptn dnc hmègntn dn Mpt~pk Mpm~bk# znpk vn f~edö

o~flk dn gk vnp egqkc~fpmdk ng nc hkczn# zkp}~n lm`pïm }~ndmdk a~npm dnc hkènpgk'

Nvtm zpnfm~feög zkveècetö v~ gko`pmoengtk fkok Zpnvedngtn egtnpegk ng zpeonpm

egvtmgfem u v~ zkvtnpekp ncnffeög zkp cm Mvmo`cnm Cnhevcmteqm zmpm fkozcntmp nc znpïkdk

dnc eghngenpk Mpm~bk lmvtm =56>'

V~ deftmd~pm znpoeteö cm fngtpmcermfeög dnc zkdnp ng nvtn zmïv u nc

nvtm`cnfeoengtk dn fenptk tezk dn fkgtpkc vkfemc# mvngtmdk zpegfezmcongtn ng VmgVmcqmdkp u nc o~gdk fmantmcnpk dnc kffedngtn vmcqmdkpnýk' Nc tezk dn –vkfendmd

devfezcegmpem‟ v~phedm d~pmgtn v~ omgdmtk hepö mcpndndkp dn cm tpmgvoeveög dn qmckpnv

`~ph~nvnv# nc omgtngeoengtk dn ~gm nfkgkoïm fmzetmcevtm u ~gm bnpmp}~ïm dn fcmvn#

pnmfteqkv f~ct~pmcnv }~n tnpoegmpïmg akptmcnfengdk v~ zkvefeög a~nptnongtn

mgtefko~gevtm'



=0

Veg no`mphk# cm edngteaefmfeög# fenptm okdnpgermfeög dn cm ondefegm u dn cmv

egvtet~fekgnv fmpfncmpemv u zve}~eítpefmv# cm ~tecermfeög dnc nbnpfetk ng cm mcam`ntermfeög dn

ckv fmoznvegkv }~n ccnhm`mg m zpnvtmp v~ vnpqefek oecetmp u cm zpkokfeög dn qmckpnv u

fkgtngedkv gmfekgmcevtmv m tpmqåv dn cm pmdek t~qenpkg fkok k`bnteqk nc dnvmppkcck dn ~g

gmfekgmcevok kaefemc u nc v~pheoengtk dn v~`bnteqedmdnv cehmdmv m cm zpíftefm dnc vm`np/zkdnp'

Cmv zkcïtefmv mgtnpekpnv gk t~qenpkg ~g qnpdmdnpk mcfmgfn gmfekgmc dn`edk m cm

åzkfm dn fpevev zkp cm f~mc tpmgvetk nc –Omptegmtk‟ u m }~n nc påheong vn mvngtö vk`pn nc

omgtngeoengtk dnc kpdng zkcïtefk u nfkgöoefk lmfengdk ~vk dnc nbåpfetk u dn cm H~mpdem

Gmfekgmc# nv dnfep dn cm pnzpnveög# ck f~mc vn nqedngfem ng nc mzkuk nfkgöoefk m nvtmv

dnzngdngfemv nvtmtmcnv'

Ng ck }~n pnvznftm m v~ egfedngfem d~pmgtn nc znpïkdk dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm

o~gdemc# Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# fkgqngfedk dn }~n cm ngtpmdm dn Nvtmdkv ^gedkv ng ncfkgaceftk cn dmpïm ~g hepk gkqndkvk mc nvfngmpek `åcefk o~gdemc# vn mzpnv~pö m ckhpmp

}~n cm Mvmo`cnm Cnhevcmteqm cn dnfcmpmpm cm h~nppm mc eoznpek bmzkgåv' M cmv =02>> lkpmv

dnc c~gnv < dn defeno`pn dn =54= ck lerk# ondemgtn nc dnfpntk cnhevcmteqk 5:# z~`cefmdk

ng nc "Dempek kaefemc" 081# tkok =6=# dnc 5 dnc oevok onv u mýk'



=6

F~mtpk dïmv oív tmpdn# nc Zkdnp Cnhevcmteqk dnfcmpö tmoèåg cm h~nppm m cmv ktpmv

dkv zktngfemv dnc Nbn# Mcnomgem n Etmcem# zkp nc dnfpntk cnhevcmteqk 56# z~`cefmdk ng nc

gòonpk 0<=# tkok =6=# dnc oevok znpeödefk h~`npgmongtmc# ng v~ ndefeög dnc => dn

defeno`pn dn =54=' Mo`kv zmïvnv g~gfm pnfeènpkg kaefemcongtn nvmv dnfcmpmtkpemv#

vegk }~n vn ngtnpmpkg zkp cmv gktefemv dea~gdedmv ng v~v pnvznfteqkv tnppetkpekv'

='6'0 ZNPÏKDK ZKVTNPEKP M CM VNH^GDM H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

Aegmcermdm cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# nc egefek dn cm h~nppm apïm eoz~cvm m NN^^

m ccnqmp mdncmgtn fenptmv egefemteqmv }~n mvnh~png nc mcegnmoengtk dn cm pnheög

cmtegkmonpefmgm tpmv v~ lnhnokgïm' Ve èng nvtm pnheög nv ngtngdedm# `mbk cm egac~ngfem

dn cm tnkpïm dn cm hnkzkcïtefm# fkok ~gm –rkgm dn egtnpnvnv qetmcnv‟# nc fko~gevok gk nv

egefemcongtn qevtk fkok ~g zncehpk egoegngtn ng cm pnheög# zkp ck f~mc nvtm gk fkgvtet~epí#

d~pmgtn ckv => zpeonpkv mýkv dn cm h~nppm apïm# ~gm rkgm dn mctm zpekpedmd dnangveqm' Vn

aepomg# nvk vï# ~gm vnpen dn zmftkv o~ctecmtnpmcnv u ècmtnpmcnv }~n tngdpíg vehgeaefmgfem

zkvtnpekpongtn'

Ngtpn ncckv vn ngf~ngtpmg nc TEMP ,Tpmtmdk Egtnpmonpefmgk dn Mvevtngfem

Pnfïzpkfm%# ng =548 ‖ }~n vengtm ckv zpegfezekv dn vkcedmpedmd lnoevaåpefm mgtn ~gm

mhpnveög n|tpm fkgtegngtmc /# fmve ng zmpmcnck fkg cm fmptm dn cm KNM ,Kphmgermfeög dnNvtmdkv Monpefmgkv% ‖ }~n egfc~un nc zpegfezek dn gk egtnpqngfeög /' Mdnoív# m zmptep

dn =5>=# vn eoz~cvm tkdm ~gm vnpen dn tpmtmdkv ècmtnpmcnv dn mu~dm oecetmp# }~n

fkgtnozcmg fenptk mdenvtpmoengtk# dkgmfekgnv dn omtnpemc n|fndngtn k ~vmdk# u

fpådetkv zmpm cm fkozpm dn n}~ezkv oecetmpnv'

Nvtn qepmbn nvtpmtåhefk eozcefö ~gm pndnaegefeög dnc zmznc dn cmv a~nprmv mpomdmv

cmtegkmonpefmgmv u tkpgö oív egtngvm znpk m cm qnr# ongkv egvtet~fekgmc cm mu~dm oecetmp'

Cm zkcïtefm dn dnangvm fkoòg fkgtpm ~gm mhpnveög n|tpmgbnpm a~n v~vtet~edm zkp cm

kpengtmfeög dn ckv nbåpfetkv gmfekgmcnv dn cm pnheög m cm c~flm mgtev~`qnpveqm u cm

vnh~pedmd egtnpgm' Vn zpkfcmom`m }~n cm dnangvm dnc apngtn egtnpgk fkgtpe`~ïm

depnftmongtn m cm vnh~pedmd dnc o~gdk ce`pn u vn `~vfm`m fkgqnptep ckv nbåpfetkv ng

H~mpdemv Gmfekgmcnv# nv dnfep# ng kphmgevokv mcegnmdkv m ckv deftmdkv



=4

gkptnmonpefmgkv# }~n vnmg fmzmfnv dn qev~mcermp ckv zpk`cnomv gmfekgmcnv dnvdn cm

öztefm dn Nvtmdkv ^gedkv'

Ng cïgnm fkg nvtmv g~nqmv kpengtmfekgnv# nc hkènpgk m~tkzpkfcmomdk

–Pnqkc~feög dnc 4<‟# }~n hk`npgö ngtpn =54< u =5>1# zpktmhkgerö ~g –qepmbn zkcïtefk‟'

Pndmftö ~gm g~nqm fkgvtet~feög ng =5>:# }~n vehgeaefö nc m`mgdkgk dn `~ngm zmptn dncmv zpnvfpezfekgnv ce`npmcnv lnpndmdmv dnc vehck \E\ u dntnpoegö ~g zmznc oív degíoefk

zmpm nc Nvtmdk# nvznfemcongtn fkok zpkoktkp dnc fpnfeoengtk' Zpko~chö mdnoív cnunv

dn tpm`mbk okdnpmdmv u mqmgrö ng ~g zpkhpmom dn pnakpomv u b~vtefem vkfemc' Fm`n

mfcmpmp veg no`mphk# }~n gk vn qnpeaefmpkg fmoèkv vehgeaefmteqkv ng nc geqnc dn qedm dn

cmv omukpïmv' Ckv vmcmpekv gk m~ongtmpkg u cmv dnomgdmv dn ckv tpm`mbmdkpnv veh~enpkg

vengdk mfmccmdmv fkg geqncnv fmdm qnr omukpnv dn qekcngfem u pnzpnveög'

='6'6 AEGMC DN CM DEFTMD^PM DNC HNGNPMC LNPGÍGDNR OMPTÏGNR

Zmpm =54=# vn lm`ïm fkgakpomdk ~gm mcemgrm zmgmonpefmgm ng amqkp dn cmv

dnokfpmfemv ng v~ c~flm fkgtpm ckv gmrev u ckv amvfevtmv' Mzpkqnflmgdk cmv qevetmv dn

noevmpekv dnc hkènpgk apmgfåv ng nc n|ecek# ng vnzteno`pn dn nvn mýk vn a~gdmpkg

B~qngt~d Dnokfpítefm Vmcqmdkpným# Zpk Apmgfem Ce`pn u Mffeög Dnokfpítefm

Vmcqmdkpným ,MDV%' Nvtmv kphmgermfekgnv# vk zpntn|tk dn mzkump m ckv Mcemdkv# noetïmg

zpkzmhmgdm mènptmongtn mgtedeftmtkpemc' Cm oív naefmr dn nvtmv kphmgermfekgnv npmMDV# }~n zmpm =546 t~qk }~n kznpmp ng cm fcmgdnvtegedmd dnèdk m v~ mfteqm fmozmým

ng fkgtpm dn cm pnncnffeög dnc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr' Ng cm depehngfem dn MDV

aeh~pm`mg mgteh~kv a~gfekgmpekv# }~n vn lm`ïmg devtmgfemdk zkp cmv moèfekgnv

deftmtkpemcnv dnc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr' Npm nqedngtn }~n nvtn ngapngtm`m

lkvtecedmd dn tkdk tezk dn vnftkpnv# ckv f~mcnv gk ckhpmpkg ~gm mffeög fkkpdegmdm# vegk

m zpegfezekv dn =544# f~mgdk tkoö f~npzk ~gm fkgvzepmfeögngtpn ncnongtkv feqecnv u

oecetmpnv'

Ng nc akgdk# vn tpmtm`m dn }~n cm deftmd~pm# fkg nc hp~zk dkoegmgtn }~n cm

pnvzmcdm`m# lm`ïm znpdedk fmzmfedmd lnhnoögefm# nc zkdnp dn fkgd~fep m cm vkfendmd'

Deflk ng ktpmv zmcm`pmv# vn lm`ïm zpkd~fedk ~g qmfïk dn zkdnp }~n noznrm`m m vnp

mzpkqnflmdk zkp hp~zkv k vnftkpnv dn cm oevom fcmvn dkoegmgtn u fcmvnv ondemv' Mvï



=>

v~phepïm ~gm g~nqm apmffeög lnhnoögefm }~n vn pnkphmgerö ktkphígdkcn mc nbåpfetk ~g

c~hmp zpndkoegmgtn ng nc dkoegek dnc zkdnp zkcïtefk'

Cm l~nchm dn `pmrkv fmïdkv dn =544'

Nc 0 dn m`pec dn nvn mýk# ~g fpnfedk gòonpk dn oecetmpnv vn mcrö ng mpomv u ckhpö

tkomp nc fkgtpkc dn f~mptncnv eozkptmgtnv ng cm fmzetmc u ng mch~gkv dnckv

dnzmptmongtkv u dn cm mqemfeög' Zkp v~ zmptn# ~g fkgteghngtn feqec tkoö fkgtpkc dn cm

pmdeknoevkpm UVZ u fkcm`kpö fkg mch~gmv ~gedmdnv oecetmpnv' Cm zkcefïm u cm h~mpdem

gmfekgmc# veg no`mphk# ck oevok }~n nc eozkptmgtn f~mptnc dn Mpteccnpïm Nc Rmzktn#

znpomgnfenpkg dnc cmdk dn Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr' Nc Zpnvedngtn ckhpö nqmdep v~ fmzt~pm u

vkakfö cm pn`nceög c~nhk dn vmghpengtkv fko`mtnv' Dn egondemtk vn fncn`pmpkgfkgvnbkv dn h~nppm ng ckv }~n a~npkg fkgdngmdkv m o~nptn dnfngmv dn oecetmpnv u

qmpekv feqecnv' Ckv a~vecmoengtkv dn ckv zpegfezmcnv cïdnpnv oecetmpnv u feqecnv zpkd~bnpkg

~g egtngvk pnz~dek ngtpn o~flkv vnftkpnv vkfemcnv# dmdm cm vnqnpedmd dncmv zngmv' Dn

mlï v~pheö ~gm kzkvefeög dn fmpíftnp omveqk# zmpm cm }~n gk vn ngfkgtpm`m zpnzmpmdk

nc Hk`enpgk'

M~g}~n o~flkv feqecnv fkozpkontedkv fkg nc ap~vtpmdk hkczn nvtm`mg ng a~hm k

nvfkgdedkv# fkok nc fmvk dn cm depehngfem dn cm MDV# o~flkv ktpkv dntnpoegmpkg

mft~mp zmpm omgeanvtmp v~ pnz~dek mc påheong' Zpkgtk# vn cnv ~genpkg nvt~demgtnv dn

vnf~gdmpem# omnvtpkv# nozcnmdkv dn tnmtpk# qngdndkpmv dn ckv onpfmdkv# oådefkv#

dngtevtmv# m`khmdkv# b~nfnv u k`pnpkv dn ckv anppkfmppecnv' Ckv fenppnv dn

nvtm`cnfeoengtkv fkonpfemcnv vn a~npkg n|tngdengdk pízedmongtn# u ~g `~ng gòonpk

dn tpm`mbmdkpnv tmo`eåg vn ~genpkg m cm l~nchm'



=1

Tkdkv pnl~vm`mg qkcqnp m v~v cm`kpnv oengtpmv gk vn dnt~qenpmg ckv

a~vecmoengtkv u vn ngfkgtpmpm ~gm vmcedm m cm fpevev fkg cm png~gfem dnc hngnpmc

Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr' Ng hngnpmc vn z~ndn dnfep }~n tkdk nc o~gdk nvtm`m dnvfkgtngtk

zkp cm zpeqmfeög dn ce`nptmdnv u ckv a~vecmoengtkv# cm zk`cmfeög ng hngnpmc vn z~vk m

amqkp dn cmv qïfteomv u ng fkgtpm dn ~g hkènpgk }~n vnh~ïm ng nc zkdnp dn akpomecnhïteom'

Veg no`mphk# zpkgtk vn qek }~n cm ògefm akpom dn pnvkcqnp cm l~nchm vnpïm

ngapngtmp m cm tpkzm fkg nc z~n`ck dnvmpomdk# znpk um okqecermdk ng cmv fmccnv' Qmpekv

hp~zkv vn kphmgermpkg zmpm pnzpnvngtmp cmv dnomgdmv dn ckv l~nch~evtmv' Nc oív

eozkptmgtn a~n nc Fkoetå dn Pnfkgvtp~ffeög Gmfekgmc ,FPG%# fkgvtet~edk nc => dn omuk

fkg a~nptn zpnvngfem dn zmptedmpekv dn MDV u dnc hp~zk dnc @mgfk Lezktnfmpek' Nc

hmègntn dn oegevtpkv png~gfeö fmve ng v~ tktmcedmd nc 8 dn omuk# egvtmgdk mc hngnpmc

Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr m }~n ck lefenpm tmoèåg' Tpmv egtngvmv gnhkfemfekgnv u fkg cm

o~flnd~o`pn ng cmv fmccnv dn cm fmzetmc# Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr mg~gfeö v~ png~gfem cm

gkfln dnc < dn nvn onv'

Vn defn tmoèåg }~n m pmïr dnc mvnvegmtk dn Bkvå Xpehlt# oeno`pk dn ~gm amoecem

dn cm ncetn# nc no`mbmdkp dn Nvtmdkv ^gedkv cn lm`pïm mfkgvnbmdk }~n png~gfempm' Mc dïm

veh~engtn# cm Mvmo`cnm nceheö ng v~ c~hmp mc hngnpmc Mgdpåv Ehgmfek Ongågdnr# oegevtpk

dn H~nppm u zpeonp dnvehgmdk m cm Zpnvedngfem' M~g}~n zmpm o~flkv nvtn npm ~g

mppnhck egvmtevamftkpek# ~gm qnr }~n Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr m`mgdkgö nc zmïv# nc == dnomuk# cm l~nchm fkgfc~uö' Nc nvfngmpek }~ndö zpnzmpmdk zmpm ktpm ntmzm zkcïtefm# }~n

ccnqmpïm cm ompfm dn cm n|znpengfem deftmtkpemc'

='4 MFKGTNFEOENGTKV VKFEMCNV2

NC CNQMGTMOENGTK FMOZNVEGK/ÏGDEHNGM DN =560'

O~flmv k`pmv dn deanpngtnv egtnpzpntmfekgnv vn lmg nvfpetk vk`pn nc tnom dnc

mcrmoengtk fmoznvegk/egdïhngm dn =560' Cm pmrög gk k`ndnfn vkck mc eozmftk }~n

t~qk zmpm Nc Vmcqmdkp# vegk zkp}~n vn znpfeèö fkok nc zpeonp mcrmoengtk zkz~cmp ng

Cmtegkmoåpefm fkgd~fedk zkp nc fko~gevok egtnpgmfekgmc' Fkg nc tenozk }~n vnzmpm nc

zpnvngtn dn m}~ncckv lnflkv# u hpmfemv m g~onpkvmv egqnvtehmfekgnv# vn z~ndn lmfnp

mlkpm ~g `mcmgfn vnpngk#m~g mdoetengdk }~n }~ndmg zpnh~gtmv zngdengtnv}~n gk vn

lmg zkdedk pnvkcqnp'



=8

Ckv lnflkv vkg ckv veh~engtnv2 lmfem cm ondemgkfln dnc 00 dn ngnpk dn =560# ng

qmpemv pnhekgnv dnc kffedngtn dnc zmïv# vn mcrmpkg oecnv dn fmoznvegk vn egdïhngmv'

Mpomdkv zpegfezmcongtn fkg omflntnv# mtmfmpkg zk`cmdkv# lmfengdmv n egvtmcmfekgnv

oecetmpnv' Ng mch~gmv zmptnv / fkok B~muòm#Gml~ermcfk# Ermcfk u Tmf~`m / ckhpmpkg

fkgtpkcmp cm tktmcedmd dn cm zk`cmfeög' Ng ktpkv c~hmpnv# fkok ng Ml~mflmzíg# VmgtmTnfcm u Vkgvkgmtn# amccmpkg ng v~ egtngtk dn fmzt~pmp ckv f~mptncnv'

Nc fmfe}~n dn ckv egdïhngmv dn Ermcfk' Ancefemgk Mom# okongtkvmgtnv dn vnp nbnf~tmdk'

Dïmv mgtnv# ng qmpemv zcmrmv oecetmpnv dn cm fmzetmc# vn lm`ïmg dntnftmdk egtngtkvdn egv~`kpdegmfeög dncm tpkzm# ckv f~mcnv a~npkg fkgtpkcmdkv' Cmv mffekgnv pn`nc dnv ng

nc kffedngtn nvt~qenpkg mfkozmýmdmv dn gktkpemv nbnf~fekgnv# vk`pn tkdk dn

a~gfekgmpekv ckfmcnv u fkonpfemgtnv'

Cm pnmffeög dnc hk`enpgk a~n egondemtm# um }~n pnf~znpö nc fkgtpkc tktmc dnc

tnppetkpek ng zkfkv dïmv' Ng nvtn ntgkfedek# nc nozcnk dn mpomongtk v~znpekp a~n nc

ncnongtk dnfeveqk ng cm fkgapkgtmfeög# u ckv pncmtkv f~ngtmg cmv kcnmdmv dn egdïhngmv

`mppedkv zkp cmv montpmccmdkpmv ' Ng vnh~edm vn dek ~gm vnqnpïveom pnzpnveög# nbnf~tmdm

zkp ~gedmdnv dnc nbåpfetk# dn cm zkcefïm# dn cm H~mpdem Gmfekgmc u qkc~gtmpekv

kphmgermdkv ng h~mpdemv fïqefmv' Cmv qïfteomv dn –cm Omtmgrm‟ vn fkgtmpkg zkp oecnv#

veg }~n vn lmum zkdedk nvtm`cnfnp lmvtm mlkpm ~gm feapm n|mftm' Deqnpvmv nvteomfekgnv

dn ckv m~tkpnv kvfecmg ngtpn 8#::: m oív dn 0>#:::'



=<

Cmv fm~vmv dn cm pn`nceög dn =560 z~ndng vnp deqededmv ng n|zcefmfekgnv dn fkptk

u cmphk zcmrk' Cmv n|zcefmfekgnv dn cmphk zcmrk z~ndng vnp pnv~oedmv ng dkv zmcm`pmv2

egdïhngmv u fmaå' Cmv tenppmv mctmv dnc kffedngtn dn Nc Vmcqmdkp a~npkg nc fngtpk dn cm

nfkgkoïm fmantmcnpm# u nc fmaå a~n nc oív eozkptmgtn f~cteqk dn cm åzkfm' Nc fmaå

fkgtmècerö nc 5: . dn cmv hmgmgfemv zpkd~ftk dn cm n|zkptmfeög mgtnv dn cm HpmgDnzpnveög dn =505' Nc kffedngtn vmcqmdkpnýk tmoèåg npm pnvedngfem dn cm hpmg

omukpïm dn ckv egdïhngmv vmcqmdkpnýkv# dn lnflk# o~flmv dn cmv zcmgtmfekgnv dn fmaå

nvtm`mg ckfmcermdmv ng tenppmv }~n mgtnpekpongtn znptngnfenpkg m cmv fko~gedmdnv

egdïhngmv `mbk cm akpom dn tngngfem dn tenppm fko~gmc' Cm omukpïm dn cmv

o~gefezmcedmdnv }~n a~npkg mtmfmdmv d~pmgtn cm pn`nceög tngïmg omukpetmpemongtn

zk`cmfeög egdïhngm# fkok Gml~ermcfk# Ermcfk# B~muòm u Tmf~`m' Vn vm`n }~n o~flkv

dn ckv pn`ncdnv npmg egdïhngmv# m~g}~n tmoèåg zmptefezmpkg o~flkv fmoznvegkv

cmdegkv'

Dnvdn aegmcnv dnc vehck \E\# cmv tenppmv mctmv dnc kffedngtn dn Nc Vmcqmdkp u v~v

z~n`ckv egdïhngmv# lm`ïmg vedk vkontedkv m egtngvmv zpnvekgnv dn tpmgvakpomfeög' Ckv

egdïhngmv znpdenpkg v~v tenppmv fko~gmcnv zkp ondek dn dnfpntkv h~`npgmongtmcnv ng

cm dåfmdm dn =<<:# m~g}~n# egfc~vk pnfeènpkg zmptn dn v~v tenppmv `mbk cm akpom dn

zpkzendmd zpeqmdm# cm omukpïm dn cmv zpegfezmcnv tenppmv zmpm fmaå zmvö m vnp zpkzendmd

dn cmdegkv nvznf~cmdkpnv u dn lmfngdmdkv fmzetmcevtmv' Lmfem =50:# o~flkv

fmoznvegkv dnc kffedngtn vmcqmdkpnýk# gk tngïmg v~aefengtn tenppm zmpm v~`vevtep# uo~flkv dn ncckv vn fkgqeptenpkg ng dnzngdengtnv m tenozk fkozcntk dn ckv vmcmpekv ng

cmv zcmgtmfekgnv dn fmaå'

A~n ~gm vet~mfeög zncehpkvm }~n vn n|mfnp`ö c~nhk }~n vn dnvngfmdngmpm m

fkptk zcmrk cm Hpmg Dnzpnveög dn =505' Ckv fkgv~oedkpnv gkptnmonpefmgkv u n~pkznkv

dnc fmaå vmcqmdkpnýk fkozpmpkg ongkv u ckv zpnfekv fmunpkg' Ckv zpkd~ftkpnv gk

t~qenpkg ktpm kzfeög }~n fkptmp ckv vmcmpekv u cm zpkd~ffeög' Mvï }~n ng =56: u =56=# cm

zk`cmfeög p~pmc dnc kffedngtn dn Nc Vmcqmdkp nvtm`m ng ~gm vet~mfeög dn fpevev mh~dm# u

fkongrmpkg m okqecermpvn ng pnvz~nvtm m ncck' N|evtn ~g hpmg dn`mtn ng f~mgtk m ve nc

Zmptedk Fko~gevtm Vmcqmdkpnýk u ktpmv kphmgermfekgnv lnpomgmv# nc Vkfkppk Pkbk

Egtnpgmfekgmc k cm Andnpmfeög Pnhekgmc dn Tpm`mbmdkpnv Vmcqmdkpnýkv# t~qenpkg

pnvzkgvmècedmd ng cm kphmgermfeög dnc cnqmgtmoengtk'



=5

Zpnqek mc egefek dn cm Vnh~gdm H~nppm O~gdemc# nc hkènpgk dnc hngnpmc

Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# nvtn vn vngtïm o~u mtpmïdk zkp ckv å|etkv dn ckv hkènpgkv

amvfevtmv n~pkznkv# ng nvznfemc zkp Letcnp u O~vvkcege' Dn lnflk# ng =56< gko`pö

depnftkp dn cm Nvf~ncm Oecetmp m N`nplmpdt @klgvtndt# hngnpmc dn cm Xnlpomflt dnc

nbåpfetk mcnoíg' Mdnoív# m`peö pncmfekgnv dezckoítefmv fkg nc deftmdkp nvzmýkc

Apmgfevfk Apmgfk9 veg no`mphk# nvtmgdk `mbk cm zpnveög dn ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv

,zpegfezmc fkozpmdkp dn fmaå mc zmïv fngtpkmonpefmgk%# t~qk }~n kcqedmpvn dn v~v

veozmtïmv u mfnztö mcegnmpvn mc cmdk dn ckv Mcemdkv' Zkfk dnvz~åv vn zpkd~bk cm

egtnpqngfeög dn ckv èngnv dn ckv fe~dmdmgkv dnc Nbn pnvedngtnv# }~engnv mdnoív

a~npkg fmzt~pmdkv u pnoetedkv m fmozkv nvtm`cnfedkv ng nc v~p dn ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv'

F~mgdk nc Bmzög mtmfö m ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv# cm zpeonpm Pnzò`cefm Monpefmgm ng

dnfcmpmp cm h~nppm a~n Nc Vmcqmdkp'

Ng kft~`pn dn =54=# qmpemv vnomgmv mgtnv dn }~n cm h~nppm manftmpm m cmv

Moåpefmv# nc hkènpgk dn Nc Vmcqmdkp dnfpntö cm n|z~cveög dn ckv n|tpmgbnpkv }~n

mtmfmpmg m cmv gmfekgnv moehmv k m ckv zpegfezekv dnokfpítefkv' Mveoevok# m ckv

pnvedngtnv mcnomgnv n etmcemgkv ng Nc Vmcqmdkp cnv n|zpkzeö v~v tenppmv u ckv omgdö m

fmozkv dn fkgfngtpmfeög# ck }~n qmceö zmpm k`tngnp nc pnfkgkfeoengtk dezckoítefk dn

Nvtmdkv ^gedkv'



0:

FKGFC^VEKGNV DN NVT^DEKV VKFEMCNV'

='/ M zmptep dn cm dåfmdm dn =56:# Nc Vmcqmdkp n|znpeongtm ~gm vnpen dn fmoèkv

nfkgöoefkv# zkcïtefkv u vkfemcnv# dn ckv f~ícnv mch~gkv fkegfedng fpkgkcöhefmongtnfkg nc dnvmppkcck dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# tmcnv fkok nc egefek# mzkhnk u fmïdm dn

cm deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr'

0'/Ng zpegfezek# deflkv mfkgtnfeoengtkv nvt~qenpkg ng egac~ngfemdkv zkp cmv

zpnvekgnv n|tnpgmv# nvznfemcongtn dn ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv# zmïv }~n dnomgdm`m mzkuk

dn tkdm Cmtegkmoåpefm# zmpm ~gepvn mc hp~zk dn ckv mcemdkv# pmrög zkp ck f~mc ng nc

mzmptmdk nfkgöoefk vn m~ongtmpkg cmv n|zkptmfekgnv# nvznfemcongtn dn omtnpemv

zpeomv'

6'/Ng nc mvznftk zkcïtefk# nc Hngnpmc Omptïgnr# dnvtet~uö dn v~ hkènpgk u n|z~cvk

dnc zmïv m znpvkgmv dn gmfekgmcedmd Mcnomgm n Etmcemgm k }~n t~qenpmg mvfngdngfem dn

deflkv zmïvnv# fkok ~g hnvtk dn mzkuk m Nvtmdkv ^gedkv' Zkp ktpm zmptn# u um vk`pn nc

aegmc dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# ng g~nvtpk zmïv kf~ppn cm l~nchm dn ckv `pmrkv

fmïdkv }~n z~vk aeg m cm deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr'

4'/Fkg nc aeg dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc u nc egefek dn cm h~nppm apïm# cm zkcïtefm

dn dnangvm fkoòg fkgtpm ~gm mhpnveög n|tpmgbnpm a~n v~vtet~edm zkp cm kpengtmfeög dn

ckv nbåpfetkv gmfekgmcnv dn cm pnheög m cm c~flm mgtev~`qnpveqm u cm vnh~pedmd egtnpgm'>'/Ng nc mvznftk vkfemc# Nc tezk dn –vkfendmd devfezcegmpem‟ v~phedm d~pmgtn cm

deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# hepö mcpndndkp dn cm tpmgvoeveög dn qmckpnv


akptmcnfengdk v~ zkvefeög a~nptnongtn mgtefko~gevtm u cm zpkokfeög dn qmckpnv u


gmfekgmcevok kaefemc u nc v~pheoengtk dn v~`bnteqedmdnv cehmdmv m cm zpíftefm dnc vm`np/

zkdnp'

1'/Ng dnaegeteqm ckv mfkgtnfeoengtkv dnvfpetkv ng cmv zíhegmv mgtnpekpnv a~npkg

omukpongtn egac~ngfemdkv zkp cmv dnfevekgnv dn ckv hkènpgkv oecetmpnv u deftmtkpemcnv

dn t~pgk u v~ dnfeveög dn amqkpnfnp m cm kcehmp}~ïm fmantmcnpm# oív }~n zkp cm oevom

h~nppm o~gdemc'



0=

@E@CEKHPMAÏM

M^TKPNV QMPEKV# Nc Vmcqmdkp2 Levtkpem Oïgeom# =<==/0:==# Ndetkpemc ^geqnpvetmpem#

^geqnpvedmd dn Nc Vmcqmdkp# Zpeonpm ndefeög# Vnzteno`pn 0:=='

HKGRÍCNR# C^EV MPOMGDK# Nc Vmcqmdkp dn =58: m =55:2 Zkcïtefm# Nfkgkoïm u

Vkfendmd# Vmg Vmcqmdkp# ^FM Ndetkpnv# =556'

OEGEVTNPEK DN ND^FMFEÖG# Levtkpem dn Nc Vmcqmdkp# Tkok EE# 0::5'



00

ND^FMFEÖGND^FMFEÖGND^FMFEÖGND^FMFEÖG

AÏVEFM AÏVEFM AÏVEFM AÏVEFM



06

0' DNVMPPKCCK DNZKPTEQK NG NC VMCQMDKP D^PMGTNCM VNH^GDM H^NPPM O^GDEMC =565/=54>'

Cm ccnhmdm dnc dnzkptn ng Nc Vmcqmdkp vn ~èfm dngtpk dn ~g fkgtn|tk hngnpmc dn

deqnpvekgnv# f~um zpíftefm vkfemc n|fc~ungtn lerk }~n vn fpnmpm ~gm deqeveög ompfmdm

fkg pnvznftk m ckv vnftkpnv }~n cmv nbnf~tm`mg' Veg no`mphk# tmcnv ngtpntngfekgnv gkvn pnmcermpkg ng ~g qmfïk f~ct~pmc# zkp ck }~n gk a~npkg cmv ògefmv# um }~n znvn m cm

ccnhmdm dn deqnpvekgnv okdnpgmv# tmoèåg n|evtïmg cmv zpkfnvekgnv pncehekvmv u

zpíftefmv còdefmv fkckgemcnv fkok cmv zncnmv dn hmcckv# cmv fkppedmv dn tkpkv u nc èccmp'

^gm dn cmv deqnpvekgnv manftmdmv ng nvtn vngtedk ck fkgvtet~uö nc b~nhk dn fle`kcm'

Cm zpkleèfeög dn cm nbnf~feög dn nvtm mfteqedmd u m ktpmv fkok ckv b~nhkv dn dmdkv#

vn dn`n m cmv mz~nvtmv }~n vn lmfïmg ng nccmv dkgdn ckv fmoznvegkv dnbm`mg `~ngm

zmptn dn v~ vmcmpek / vegk tkdk / ck }~n cnv kfmvekgm`m zk`pnrm u nc tngnp zkfmv

zkveècedmdnv dn fkgv~ok'

D~pmgtn nc znpïkdk dn mgícevev cm zpíftefm dnc dnzkptn a~n fkgtpkcmdm zkp cmdegkv pefkv#

oecetmpnv u n|tpmgbnpkv' Cm egac~ngfem oecetmp a~n o~u zk`pn dnèdk m }~n vöck dkv

fngtpkv dnzkpteqkv dn nvm nvznfen a~npkg nvtm`cnfedkv# Cmv devfezcegmv }~n v~phenpkg ng

nvtkv mýkv a~npkg fefcevok# fmppnpmv dn fm`mcckv# tepk fkg a~vec# pnhmtmv# gmtmfeög#

`åev`kc# aòt`kc# mtcntevok# `mckgfnvtk# heogmvem u `k|nk' Vnhòg vn gktm cm omukpïm dn

devfezcegmv a~npkg dn nbnf~feög egdeqed~mc n|fnztk cmv pnhmtmv# nc `åev`kc# nc `mckgfnvtk

u nc aòt`kc'Cmv pnhekgnv fngtpmc u kffedngtmc a~npkg cmv }~n fkgfngtpmpkg cm hågnvev dn cm

mfteqedmd dnzkpteqm ng nvtn znpïkdk# zpegfezmcongtn cmv fe~dmdnv dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp u

Vmgtm Mgm' Cm zpeonpm qek v~phep f~mpngtm u fegfk fc~`nv dnzkpteqkv# ng tmgtk }~n cm

vnh~gdm qek nonphnp tpnfn mvkfemfekgnv' Nv gktkpek }~n nc zpkfnvk dn fpnmfeög dn

mvkfemfekgnv dnzkpteqmv ng Nc Vmcqmdkp m geqnc hngnpmc vn fkgfngtpö ng nc fngtpk u

kffedngtn dnèdk m }~n nvtmv pnhekgnv tngïmg nc fmzetmc# cmv onbkpnv qïmv dn

fko~gefmfeög u fenptm egapmnvtp~ft~pm }~n zkveècetö cm nbnf~feög dnc dnzkptn'

Nc qnegtn dn defeno`pn dn =565 vn mzp~n`m cm Cnu dn Nd~fmfeög Aïvefm dn Nc Vmcqmdkp'

Cm cnu vn noetn dnèdk mc egtnpåv dn zpkokqnp nc dnvmppkcck aïvefk/f~ct~pmc dn ckv

lmètmgtnv dnc zmïv# zpegfezmcongtn dn cm b~qngt~d' M zmptep dn cm zpko~chmfeög dn nvtm

cnu cm Nd~fmfeög Aïvefm vnpïm k`cehmtkpem ng tkdkv ckv fngtpkv dkfngtnv tmgtk feqecnv

fkok oecetmpnv# fkongrmgdk cm k`cehmtkpendmd m cm ndmd dn ventn mýkv' Nc vevtnom u tezk



04

dn Nd~fmfeög Aïvefm }~n dn`npïm vnh~epvn vnhòg cmv gnfnvedmdnv# ng ckv devtegtkv

hpmdkv# vnpïm dntnpoegmdk zkp nc Oegevtnpek dn Egvtp~ffeög Zò`cefm# dn mf~npdk fkg cm

Depnffeög Hngnpmc dn Nd~fmfeög Aïvefm' Ckv fngtpkv nd~fmteqkv zpeqmdkv k zmptef~cmpnv

}~ndm`mg k`cehmdkv m zkgnp ng zpíftefm nc oeok tezk dn nd~fmfeög aïvefm }~n vn

mzcefm`m ng ckv fngtpkv kaefemcnv'Ng tkdk nvtm`cnfeoengtk dkfngtn# vnpïm k`cehmtkpek nc mzmptmoengtk dn vnev lkpmv

vnomgmcnv dn Nd~fmfeög Aïvefm# d~pmgtn tkdk nc mýk cnfteqk'

Vn pnfkgkfïmg fkok dnzkptnv kaefemcnv k`cehmtkpekv ng tkdkv ckv Zpkhpmomv Nvfkcmpnv#

cmv veh~engtnv devfezcegmv2 mtcntevok# `mckgfnvtk u aòt`kc# u fkok dnzkptnv zktnvtmteqkv2

gmtmfeög u `nev`kc' Nc zpkhpnvk mcfmgrmdk ng fmdm ~gm dn nvtmv pmomv vnpem

dntnpoegmdk zkp cm Depnffeög Hngnpmc dn Nd~fmfeög Aïvefm' Mdnoív# zkdpïmg

egtpkd~fepvn ktpkv nbnpfefekv zmpm dmp n|le`efekgnv zò`cefmv# f~mgdk cm fncn`pmfeög dn

anvteqedmdnv gmfekgmcnv ck pn}~epenpm' Cm ndmd nvfkcmp zmpm fmdm dnzkptn vnpïm vnýmcmdm

zkp nc pnhcmongtk pnvznfteqk'

Nc nvtmdek gmfekgmc# a~n

fkgvtp~edk ng nc mýk =560 zmpm

zkdnp mc`nphmp ckv B~nhkv

fngtpkmonpefmgkv u dnc Fmpe`n

ng =56># d~pmgtn nc omgdmtk

dnc zpnvedngtn Om|eoecemgk

Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# vn cn

`m~terk fkg nc gko`pn dn

Nvtmdek Gmfekgmc dn Vmg

vmcqmdkp Ackp @cmgfm'



Qevtm mnpnm dnc nv

Ckv EEE B~nhkv Fngtpkmonpefm

omprk u nc > dn m`pec dn =56

egfc~unpkg dnzkptnv fkok nc

~g fm`mcck%# nc `k|nk u

ng gmtmfeög# `mckgfnvtk u qkc

mdek gmfekgmc ackp `cmgfm ng fkgvtp~ffe

gkv u dnc Fmpe`n vn fncn`pmpkg ng Nc Vmcqm

# Ckv fkozntedkpnv m~ongtmpkg m 84=

kca# cm n}~etmfeög ,mptn dn omgtngnp nc fk

cm c~flm' Cmv o~bnpnv fkgteg~mp

e`kc'

0>

g =560

dkp ngtpn nc =1 dn

ckv dnzkptnv vn

tpkc zpnfevk vk`pn

g fkozetengdk



Vncnffeög Vmcqmdkpným dn =

Nvtmdek Gmfekgmc dn V

fngtpkmonpefmgkv u nc Fmpe

56># }~n zmptefezk ng ckv b~nhkv kceozef

g vmcqmdkp Ackp @cmgfm d~pmgtn

n

01

v'

ckv EEE b~nhkv



A~n cm zpeonpm qnr }~n Nc V

pnmcermdk ng =564# znpk ~g a~

~gm zpöppkhm zmpm fncn`pmpck

Ng nvtkv B~nhkv Nc vmcqmdkp

C~nhk nc a~t`kc fkongrö m tnakpompkg qmpekv n}~ezkv zmp

f~mcnv dnvtmfmpkg ckv veh~eng

† Fc~` dnzkpteqk 66

† Fc~` dnzkpteqk Låpf~cn

† Fc~` dnzkpteqk ]~n}~n

† Fc~` dnzkpteqk Moåpef

† Nvzmým AF

Ng =54= cm Vncnffeög Gmfe

zpeonp fmoznkgmtk fngtpk

Ng =546 Nc vmcqmdkp nv vn

dn a~t`kc ng nc f~mc nv fm

Ng =54= cm vncnffeög dn

@åev`kc Momtn~p fncn`pmdm

cqmdkp kphmgerö nvtkv b~nhkv' Nvtm ndefeö

nptn tnozkpmc v~apedk nc mýk mgtnpekp lerk

g =56>'

hmgk 4 ondmccmv dn kpk# 4 dn zcmtm u =: dn

np omukp zpktmhkgevok zmpm ckv mýkv ngtm akpomp ~gm cehm Momtn~p fkg < n}~ezk

nv 2

v

ev}~n

kgmc dn Nc vmcqmdkp zmptefezm ng Vmg Bkvå

onpefmgk u dnc Fmpe`n dn A~t`kc'

n dn cm Fkzm Fkgandnpmfeög Fngtpkmonpe

znög dnc tkpgnk'

nev`kc dn Nc vmcqmdkp zmptefezm ng cm EQ

ng F~`m ng =54=# ng cm f~mc tnpoegk ng òct

08

dn`npïm lm`npvn

~n nc zmïv zedenpm

`pkgfn'

n =565 u =54> vnv egvfpetkv dn ckv

# Fkvtm pefm ng nc

fmgm u dnc Fmpe`n

Vnpen O~gdemc dn

eok c~hmp'



Ng =56< a~n cm åzkfm dn kpk

fkok nc Låpf~cnv# Dem`ckv G

Gmfekgmc ~èfmdk ng fngtpk d

Ng =541 cm vncnffeög dn @mv

Fngtpkmonpefmgkv'

Cm gmtmfeög ng Nc vmcqmdkp n

pnzò`cefm# cmh~gm# cmhkv# pïk

zevfegm kcïozefm ng nc nvtmde

dnc `mv}~nt`kc ng cm f~mc ckv onbkpnv n}

hpkv# h~ecm dn vmg Oeh~nc vn zpnvngtm`

cm fmzetmc'

}~nt`kc zmptefezk ng @mppmg}~em Fkckoèm

g nc mýk dn =5=< vn zpmftefm`m ng cmv rk

u nvtnpkv# nvtk fmoèk f~mgdk vn fkg

Gmfekgmc Ackp @cmgfm ng =560# c~nhk Nc

0<

ezkv dnc vmcqmdkp

g ng nc Heogmvek

ng ckv Q B~nhkv

mv dn mh~m dn cm

vtp~uk cm zpeonpm

vmcqmdkp kphmgerk



ckv EEE B~nhkv Fngtpkmonpefm

ng =56< nc vmcqmdkp hmgk

Fmpe`n }~n vn fncn`pmpkg ng

Mf~ítefm ng nc zmïv'

Tepk fkg A~vec# vn zpmftefk ng

zkcïhkgkv dn ckv f~mptncnv# f

zpeonp c~hmp ng ckv EEE B~nhk

ng =56< Nc vmcqmdkp tnpoegkfncn`pmdk ng Zmgmoí'

kv u dnc Fmpe`n ng ckv f~mcnv gk k`t~qk `

c tnpfnp c~hmp ng ckv EQ B~nhkv Fngtpk

Zmgmoí' Ng =565 vn a~gdö cm zpeonpm

NC vmcqmdkp m ckv egefekv dn =56: u vkck vn

ok zmptn dn egvtp~ffeög oecetmp# ng =56> N

Fngtpkmonpefmgkv u dnc Fmpe`n fncn`pmd

ng f~mptk c~hmp EQ B~nhkv Fngtpkmonpef

05

~ngkv pnv~ctmdkv#

onpefmgkv u dnc

Nvf~ncm Gmfekgmc

zpmftefm`m ng ckv

c vmcqmdkp hmgk nc

ng g~nvtpk zmïv#

gkv u dnc Fmpe`n



Fefcevok ng Nc Vmcqmdkp t

Fmvtpk # C~ev P~mgk u Bkvå

f~mgdk zkp zpeonpm qnr ng cm

fmoznkgmtk gmfekgmc Momtn~

~qk v~ kpehng ng nc mýk =56< # t~qenpkg

nvfm

okte

tngï

cmv ~

Nc

q~nc

ngt~

zmve

g~n

Mpo

petm nvtkv böqngnv `k|nmdkpnv fkoengrm

levtkpem dnzkpteqm dnc `k|nk vmcqmdkpnýk

p u vn akpom cm zpeonpm vncnffeög'

6:

deaef~ctmd zkp cmv

vnv dn ccmgtmv #

k zkp nc f~mc

g }~n pnongdmp

vmdmv'

k|nk ng =54>

n m pnqeqep nc

vemvok u cm

g dnc mozmpk dn

mv aeh~pmv fkok

gdk ´´Pmu´´

m dmp v~v ap~tkv

n ccnqm m fm`k ~g



6=

FKGFC^VEKG

Nc kpehng dnc dnzkptn okdnpgk ng Nc Vmcqmdkp a~n dn mffnvk n|fc~veqk dn cm ncetn dn cm

fmzetmc / ~èfmdm ng cm pnheög fngtpmc dnc zmïv / u dn Vmgtm Mgm# cm zpegfezmc ~p`n dnckffedngtn fmantmcnpk' Cm dkoegmfeög dn cm rkgm fmantmcnpm ng nc dnzkptn vn n|zcefm

zkp}~n ng nvtm ípnm nvtm`mg nc fmzetmc# cmv onbkpnv qïmv dn fko~gefmfeög u fenptm

egapmnvtp~ft~pm }~n zkveècetö cm nbnf~feög dn nvtm mfteqedmd' Cm ncetn fmantmcnpm zpmftefö

cmv deanpngtnv devfezcegmv dnzkpteqmv }~n v~phenpkg ng nc zmïv b~gtk m mch~gkv

egtnhpmgtnv dn cmv zpegfezmcnv fkckgemv akpígnmv# tmcnv fkok cm apmgfnvm# cm eghcnvm# cm

nvzmýkcm u cm nvtmdk~gedngvn' Nv dn dnvtmfmp }~n ng v~v egefekv ng nc zmïv nc dnzkptn

okdnpgk nvt~qk dkoegmdk zkp devfezcegmv egdeqed~mcnv# lnflk }~n lerk }~n ckv vnftkpnv

}~n fkongrmpkg m nbnpfetmpvn ng ncckv# fkgvednpmpmg v~ zpíftefm fkok ~g mftk vkfemc#

zkp ck }~n cm mdnf~mdm zpnzmpmfeög u ngtpngmoengtk nvt~qenpkg ng ~gm hpmg ondedm

m~vngtnv'

Nv fkg nc gmfeoengtk dn ckv dnzkptnv fkcnfteqkv / fkok nc `åev`kc u nc aòt`kc# }~n ckv

vnftkpnv tpm`mbmdkpnv ~p`mgkv ngtpmpkg m cm mpngm dnzkpteqm' Veg no`mphk# ck

no`pekgmpek u zk`pn dn v~v kphmgermfekgnv# nc n|eh~k mzkuk dn ckv cïdnpnv fko~gmcnv

tmgtk vnf~cmpnv fkok pncehekvkv u cm zkfm devzkgeècedmd dn fmozkv mdnf~mdkv zmpm cmvzpíftefmv lefenpkg }~n v~v mvkfemfekgnv dnzkpteqmv t~qenpmg ng hngnpmc zkfk

dnvmppkcck'

Ng nc tenozk }~n vn dnvmppkcck cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# Nc Vmcqmdkp t~qk deqnpvmv

mfteqedmdnv dnzkpteqmv dn hpmg pncnqmgfem# ng nvtm åzkfm vn cn dm`m omukp ngak}~n m cm

mfteqedmd dnzkpteqm# lm`ïmg egg~onpm`cnv fmtnhkpïmv# o~nvtpm dnc egtnpåv dn cmv

m~tkpedmdnv }~n egfc~vk ccnhmpkg m fpnmp cm cnu dn nd~fmfeög aïvefm# ck f~mc dntnpoegk ~g

hpmg mqmgfn ng nvtm åzkfm'

O~flkv dn nvtkv dnzkptnv um gk vn zpmftefmg ng cm mft~mcedmd znpk lmg dnbmdk l~nccm

ng cm levtkpem dnc dnzkptn dn Nc Vmcqmdkp'



60

MPTNVZCÍVTEFMV



66

6' = MPTNV ZCÍVTEFMV NG NC VMCQMDKP D^PMGTNCM EE H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

Nc omnvtpk Qmcnpk Cnflm ,=<54/=581%# gmfedk ng Nvzmým# lerk dn nvtm tenppm v~vnh~gdm zmtpem# um }~n ccnhö ng =5=5 ng cm Fkozmýïm Dpmoítefm dn Onpfndnv Gmqmppk#dkgdn zpnzmpm`m ckv egtnpekpnv k dnfkpmfekgnv zmpm mchòg dpmom# fkg dkoegek dn cm

znpvznfteqm# c~r u vko`pm'Zmpm =561# lm`ïm a~gdmdk cm –Mfmdnoem Qmcnpk Cnflm‟# c~nhk dn }~n vn zpkd~bk cmpnqkc~feög ng Nvzmým u gk vn zkdïm tpm`mbmp omv mlï# mptïvtefmongtn lm`cmgdk'Vn defn# }~n Dkg Qmcnpk npm ~g lko`pn ngtpnhmdk m ngvnýmp# m~g f~mgdk tpmtm`m dnngfmveccmp m v~v mc~ogkv ng okcdnv mfmdnoefevtmv# ng ck l~omgk# npm ~g lko`pnn|fnzfekgmc'

Dn cm Mfmdnoem dn Qmcnpk Cnflm# v~phenpkg d~pmgtn ~g zkfk omv dn tpnv dåfmdmv#hpmgdnv mptevtmv fkok Gkn Fmgb~pm# B~cem Dïmr# Pmòc Ncmv Pnunv# Ompek Mpm~bk Pmbk#Oeh~nc Íghnc Kpnccmgm# Mgtkgek Hmpfïm Zkgfn# Pkvm Ongm Qmcngr~ncm# Om~pefek Onbïm#ckv lnpomgkv Fpnvzïg u ktpkv' Cm n|tngvm k`pm dn Dkg Qmcnpk# dn fkptn mfmdåoefk# vnngf~ngtpm ng o~vnkv gmfekgmcnv u n|tpmgbnpkv u ng fkcnffekgnv zpeqmdmv# znpk v~ k`pmoív mdoepm`cn nv cm ngkpon fkgtpe`~feög }~n lerk mc dnvmppkcck dnc mptn gmfekgmc# ~gmzkptn }~n m~g veh~n pegdengdk ap~tkv m tpmqåv dn v~v egg~onpm`cnv mc~ogkv'

Zkp ckv mýkv =:v m ckv 4:v# vn zpkd~fn ng Nc Vmcqmdkp ~g okqeoengtk egtnhpmc }~n`~vfm fkg qeveög pkoígtefm cm edngtedmd gmfekgmc mgtn ck dnfmdngtn }~n um npm zmpmg~nvtpm pnmcedmd nc okdnpgevok dnc –Mpt Gk~qnm~‟' Ng nvtn okqeoengtk zmptefezmgzegtkpnv# nvfpetkpnv u mch~gmv znpvkgmv egtnpnvmdmv ng fkkznpmp mc dnvmppkcck dn cmf~ct~pm ng g~nvtpk zmïv u vn kphmgermpkg ng cm Mvkfemfeög dn Moehkv dnc Mptn ,M'M'M'%}~n pnmcerk fkganpngfemv# pnfetmcnv# flmpcmv u n|zkvefekgnv dn mptnv zcívtefmv



64

Bkvå Onbïm Qednv ,=5:6/=556%# ckhpö v~znpmp ckv fkckpnv omtnv u kvf~pkv dn fenptm rkgmdn cm zegt~pm n~pkznm# mdkgdn a~npkg m nvt~demp mch~gkv zegtkpnv vmcqmdkpnýkv upnvfmtö nc dpmomtevok dnc fkckp zkgengdk v~ qeveög dn o~gdk# lm dnbmdk ~gm k`pmmcnffekgmdkpm m tpmqåv dn v~ k`pm zeftöpefm# nvf~ctöpefm u dn hpm`mdkp# dn`edk m }~nmaegö v~ egvtp~ongtmc n|zpnveqk ng Oå|efk u v~ k`pm tengn mch~gm pnoegevfngfem dn cm

nvf~ncm on|efmgm dn zegt~pm# znpk zkfk m zkfk a~n maegmgdk v~ qeveög ng ckvmcqmdkpnýk# zmpm zpkd~fep ~gm k`pm omhgeaefm'

Onbïm Qednv nv ~gk dn ckv zkfkv zegtkpnv }~n lmg vedk aencnv m v~ n|zpnveög gmfekgmc9ng cm `òv}~ndm dn cm edngtedmd gmfekgmc# dn ck }~n vkokv# fkok nv g~nvtpk zmevmbnaïvefk u nc zmevmbn l~omgk' Vn fkgvednpm }~n v~ hpmg mzkptn nv cm mzcefmfeög dnc fkckp mczmevmbevok u ~gm dnz~pmfeög m~tngtefm dnc de`~bk' Ng v~v f~mdpkv# ckv egdïhngmv npmgckv zpktmhkgevtmv znpk pkdnmdkv dn ~g zmevmbn ednmc# veg f~nvtekgmp cmv deaef~ctmdnv dn~gm pmrm m cm }~n levtöpefmongtn vn cn lm gnhmdk v~ zpkzem edngtedmd'

D~pmgtn v~v zpeonpkv mýkv# Onbïm Qednv mf~dn m cmv a~ngtnv dnc zkvt eozpnvekgevok udnc z~gteccevok# }~n m`mgdkgm ng v~ k`pm tmpdïm ng cm }~n vn mzpnfem ~g b~nhk dnhnkontpïmv u ~g dkoegek um dnz~pmdk dn cm tpmgvzmpngfem u dnc fkckp qekcntm'9 a~n åc}~eng epp~ozeö fkg nc hpm`mdk ng cmv mptnv zcívtefmv vmcqmdkpnýmv' Depeheö cm Nvf~ncmGmfekgmc dn Mptnv Hpmaefmv Fmpckv Mc`nptk Eonpu# m aegmcnv dn ckv mýkv 4:'

Fkg cm k`pm dn Onbïm Qednv f~coegm ~gm ntmzm ng nc dnvmppkcck dn cm zegt~pmgmfekgmclnflm zkp ckv zegtkpnv gmfedkv m aegnv dnc vehck \\# u zkp ckv dn zpegfezek dn åvtn fkokcm dn C~ev Mcapndk Fífnpnv Omdped# }~engnv noznrmpkg zegtmgdk ck dn m}~ï# znpk fkgqeveög n~pkznm u zkfk m zkfk a~npkg ompfmgdk zegfncmdmv fkg fkckpnv# m ~gm omgnpmdn tpmtmp ck zpkzek'

C~ev Mcapndk Fífnpnv Omdped ,=5:</=5>0%# vmcedk dn cm Nvf~ncm dn Fmpckv Mc`nptk Eonpuu depnftkp dn cm oevom# dn =5>= m =5>0# nv ~g zegtkp }~n a~n venozpn tpmv cm `nccnrm dncm fpnmfeög u dn cmv o~bnpnv lnpokvmv' Fpnïm ng ~g a~t~pk mptn monpefmgk# ~g mptn zmpmnc o~gdk# dkgdn ckv okteqkv u cmv tåfgefmv a~npmg m~tngtefmv u gk eozkptmdmv' U nvtkgk npm zkp}~n vn kcqedmpm }~n gk vn tngïmg }~n tkomp ng f~ngtm cmv ngvnýmgrmv u ckvckhpkv dn ktpkv z~n`ckv u v~v fpnmdkpnv# vegk zkp}~n zpkz~hgm`m }~n nvtmvngvnýmgrmv u nvkv ckhpkv vn mveoecmpmg# }~n gk vn tpmvzcmgtmpmg k ~vmpmgonfígefmongtn zkp}~n nvtk gk ngpe}~nfn mc fpnmdkp# vegk }~n ck lmfn pnzntedkp'

Fífnpnv Omdped# fpnïm ng ~g a~t~pk mptn monpefmgk2 vngfecck# a~nptn# tpmvfngdngtmc' Gktngïm nvf~ncm dntnpoegmdm um }~n gegh~gm qmgh~mpdem ck vmtevamfïm u zpnanpïm nvt~dempckv fcívefkv lmvtm ccnhmp m vnp fkgvednpmdk# b~gtk fkg Onbïm Qednv# ckv kpengtmdkpnv dncm omukp zmptn dn cm hngnpmfeög dnc 44'

Cm n|znpengfem dn ckv zegtkpnv ongfekgmdkv mgtnpekpongtn# u cm dn ckv }~n cnv mzpngdnpng ktpkv z~n`ckv znpk dn`n n|evtep ~gm edngtedmd ng nc vngtedk }~n nc mptn nv ~geqnpvmc#ng tmgtk }~n zpnvngtm ck nvngfemc dn ~g z~n`ck# ck ïgteok dn ~g lko`pn ng v~ fkgtn|tk#ck l~omgk# zmpm dn mlï vnp n|zpnvmdk ng tkdkv v~v geqncnv' Ng fmo`ek# f~mgdk ~gzegtkp vn dndefm m fkzemp ck dn ktpkv# vn vkontn m ckv dnvnkv }~n um lm fpnmdk cm



vkfendmd# u vn fkgqenptn ndnc mptn

Cm hngnpmfeög dn =544 2Dåfmdm dn =54: mcfmgrö vZndpk Hnkaapku Peqmv ,=

,=5=1%# Omtecdn Ncngm CöznC~ev Hmccnhkv Qmcdåv# Mgtk

=56:2 Cm gmppmteqm vmcqmddeqnpvm fkok qkc~oegkvmdn cm vïgtnvev ngtpn nc cf~ctk u nc lm`cm zkz~cmpMo`pkhe'

Qmcnpk CnflmQmcnpk Cnflm# zegtkp nvzm

4 dn omprk dn =<54 nMcfkpevm# vet~mdm mc gkpkzpkqegfem dn Tnp~nc# ng cm@mbk Mpmhög# Nvzmým u aVmcqmdkp nc 0: dn mhkvtkndmd dn <0 mýkv' Nv fkgmch~gkv# nc zmdpn dnvmcqmdkpným'=56=2 Qembm m Nvzmým# dndet~tncm dnc zegtkp Fnfecek Zcí

=56>2 Dn nvtm ntmzm dnvtm† Qkcfmpným† Pntpmtk dn Oí|eom

g ~g fkgakpoevtm }~n vn genhm v~ zpkzek c

~ omd~pnr ~g hp~zk dn nvfpetkpnv ngtpn }:</=585%# L~hk Cegdk ,=5=8/=5<>%# Bkv

r ,=500%# B~cek Am~vtk Anpgígdnr# Kvxmcdgek Hmonpk u Pefmpdk Tpeh~npkv dn Cnög'

pným tengn v~ fngtpk ng cm k`pm dn Vmcmppmc oevok tenozk dnveh~mc# nv cm fkgteg~m

gh~mbn cetnpmpekegefemdm zkp

kc# gmfedk nc

cm qeccm dnpengtn dn cmfkompfm dn

mccnfn ng Ncn =581 m cm

vednpmdk zkpcm zegt~pm

fígdkvn dn ccngk m v~ akpomfeög mptïvtefm#u Hmccmpdk ng Omdped'

mg ckv f~mdpkv2

† Fmccn Qenbm† Zmevmbn dn cm aegfm qevtm mcnhpn† V~`~p`ek dn cm ce`nptmd

Qefngtn Mc`nptk Omvanppnp Oögefk2aecövkak# znpekdevtm# ngvmuevtm# zk

vmcqmdkpnýk gmfedk nc 04 dn b~cek dn,mgtnv Tnfmzm%# ^v~c~tíg u amccnfedk nvnzteno`pn dn =560 ng Tnh~fehmczm# Lk=56:2Nvt~dekv u aeh~pmfekgnv dn cm qedmaeckvöaefk'=56>2Nc pkvmc dnvlkbmdk9 qnpzövt~omongtn'

6>

gh~mbn u nc hkfn

engnv vn f~ngtmgå Ompïm Oågdnr

Nvfk`mp Qncmdk#

~å# cm f~mc nv tmgeög u f~coegmfeög

vt~demgdk `mbk cm

A~n ~g omnvtpk#ntm u zkcïtefk

=<1< ng Mcnhpïmnc n|ecek nc 4 dngd~pmv'dn Bnvòv9ngvmuk

kv z~`cefmdkv



Mpt~pk Mo`pkhe2 ,Vmg VzcmO

FGp~tptpeg=

Vmcqmdkp Vmcmrmp Mpp~åvn~dögeok ©Vmcmpp~å¹,Vkdn =<55 / Ckv Zcmgnv dn P08 dn gkqeno`pn dn =58>%'Pnmcerm v~ k`pm F~ngtkv dce`pk vmcqmdkpnýk oív z~egtnpåv zkp vnp ~gm dn cmoív ckhpmdmv lmfem cm ~teceru zkp ncnqmp nc zpeoeteqfmoznvegm mc nvtmt~tk dn ~

=560 2 K`pm 2 Pnokgtmgdk=564 2 F~ngtk 2F~ngtkv dce`pk vmcqmdkpnýk oív z~egtnpåv zkp vnp ~gm dn cmoív ckhpmdmv lmfem cm ~tecezkp ncnqmp nc zpeoeteqevok d=561 2 Nc ce`pk dnvg~dk'=54: 2 Fkganpngfem 2 Fkgbn

cqmdkp# Nc Vmcqmdkp# =<84 / ed' =561%'pekdevtm vmcqmdkpnýk# fkgvednpmdk ~gk dn ccetnpmt~pm vmcqmdkpným# b~gtk fkg Apmgfevfkvanppnp u ~gk dn ckv pnzpnvngtmgtnv dnc

gtpkmoåpefm'v zpnvngtm ng nvtm k`pm ~gm qeveög znpv

pmc dn NE Vmcqmdkp' Fkg zpkvm còfedm# dntongdm# zngntpm ng cmv fkvt~o`pnv u n`mbmdkp mhpmpek# ngq~nctk ng ~gm mtoövanpehngfem# oetk u amgtmvïm'612Nc Bntög u ktpkv f~ngtkv'

2 Fkgkfedk zkp v~vkgmtn# 00 dn kft~`pn

ngdnpkv# Vmg Vmcqmdkp#

n `mppk# fkgvednpmpvn nc`cefmdk u cnïdk# tengng

egfcegmfekgnv cetnpmpemvmfeög dnc lm`cm zkz~cmpevok dn cm vkfendmdtkzïm gmfekgmc'

nc ^c~íg'n `mppk# fkgvednpmdk nc`cefmdk u cnïdk# tengng

egfcegmfekgnv cetnpmpemvmfeög dnc lm`cm zkz~cmp un cm vkfendmd fmoznvegm mc nvtmt~tk dn ~tk

~pmv ng cm zng~o`pm'

61

~n ~g nvfpetkp ukv a~gdmdkpnv dnHmqedem u Mc`nptkfkvt~o`pevok ng

gmc dnc mo`engtnmccevtm# a~ch~pmgtn#g cm pnmcedmd dncm dn v~znpvtefeög#

ïm gmfekgmc'



=56> m =565# egtnhpm cm VkPefm'=54> 2 K`pm 2 F~ngtkv dn=548 m =5>=# n|zkgn ng N

vmcqmdkpnýk'=56= 2 F~ngtkv u Gmppmfek=5602 Nv dnfcmpmdk "Vmc

cn

Gkqno`pegm ng H~mtnomcm

endmd dn Moehkv dnc Mptn u n|zkgn ng Nc

ezktnvtmdkv ^gedkv# ng dkgdn pmdefm u tpm`mbm f

ZEGTKP'=5412 Vn dnvnoznýö fkok mhpnhm

no`mbmdm vmcqmdkpným ng G~nqm Udnanpngfem nvznfemc dn ckv hk`enpgkmptevtm'

"Okgvtp~k Ompegk"# zegtmdm ng ckv mnc mptn M`vtpmftk u v~ppnmcevtm nvtm`

Apmgfevfk HmqedemApmgfevfk Mgtkgek HmqedemH~mgde}~n#,05 dn defeno`pn dn=<16# Vmg Oeh~nc / 00 dnvnzteno`pn dn =5>># VmgVmcqmdkp% a~n nvfpetkp# nd~fmdkp#

levtkpemdkp u znpekdevtm

nvmdkpnýk Onpetïveok" zkp cm mvmo`cnmhevcmteqm'

Fmc~dem CmpvOmphmpetm dnc Fmpong @pmggkg Qnhm#vn~dögeok Fcm~dem Cmpv ,Mpongem# 0:=<55/Vmg Vmcqmdkp# 00 dn b~cek dn =584%V~ k`pm nv fkgvednpmdm dn ~g dnz~pmdkdn cm oåtpefm'

=5662 Fkongrö m ~vmp nc vn~dögeok Fcm=5642Z~`cefö nc ce`pk Nvtpnccmv ng nc Zkrk'Dn eh~mc omgnpm# fkcm`kpö ng cm ZíhegmDempek dn Lku'Tmo`eåg zmptefezö ng zpkhpmomv cïpefkvzò`cefk egamgtec'=54=2M egefekv dn cm veh~engtn dåfmdm# Fc

c vnh~gdk c~hmp dn ckv B~nhkv Ackpm# pnmcermdk'

68

mcqmdkp u Fkvtm

ok dezckoítefk'

dk f~ct~pmc dn cm

kpi# fkok ~gmv zmpm fkg nc

ýkv 6:v' f~mgdkng v~ mzkhnk

fkgkfedm zkp v~dn defeno`pn dn

cepevok u dkoegek

dem Cmpv'n ckv geýkv dn Nc

pmdekaögefkv zmpm

~dem Cmpv k`t~qkcnv dn cm Anpem



=5402 K`pm Vkgntkv dncfpnmfekgnv fkok Cm fmvm=5482 Vkgntkv u Fe~dmd `=5412Pkomgfnv dn Gkptn=54<2 Hmgmdkpm dnc fnptmVmg Vmcqmdkp' Ng nvtkv

Vmcqmdkp# zmpteö lmfem H~mt

Z

B~cem Dïmr2Fkb~tnzn}~n# 0A~n ~gm zegtkpm u a~gdmdmptn ng Nc Vmcqmdkp'Nc mgtnfndngtn oív eozkAkpom a~n nc nvt~zngMvkfemfeög dn Moehkv dncmýkv 6:v u 4:v kphmgerö f

pnfetmcnv u n|zkvefekgnv mpt=5462 B~cem Dïmr a~n tzpktmhkgevtm dnc zpkfnvkFkgtnozkpígnk Vmcqmdkpn=5>42 M`peö nc –Nvt~dek‟#k`pmv'

mpfíghnc' Tmo`eåg vnpïmg z~`cefmdmvn qedpek'

bk oe qkr'V~p'ng fkgonokpmteqk dnc EQ Fngtngmpek dnc tïýkv# Cmpv# fkok mhpnhmdm f~ct~pmc dn cm

nomcm'

mtpkgm dn cm zegt~pm vmcqmdkpným'

dn omuk dn =5=8 / Vmg Vmcqmdkp# 00 dn kpm dn cm zpeonpm hmcnpïm

ptmgtn dn cm Hmcnpïmk tpm`mbk dn cmMptn# }~n ngtpn ckvganpngfemv# flmpcmv#

ïvtefmvvtehk n eozkptmgtnakpomteqk dnc Mptn

ýk'kgdn zpkd~fïm v~v

6<

mch~gmv dn v~v

t~ck dn Fe~dmd dnno`mbmdm dn Nc

ft~`pn dn =555'dn



=5482 Pnfe`n zpnoek Mptn=5>:2 Qembö m Omdped `nfcmv hnvtekgnv dn Pmòc Fkgt

Nvznpmgtk 2 B~cem Demr'Nvznpmgtk 2 B~cem Demr'Nvznpmgtk 2 B~cem Demr'Nvznpmgtk 2 B~cem Demr'

Fmpckv FNc zegtkp }~n lerk dnc TnFmzeccm Ve|tegmFkgkfedk fkok Hkgrmck PFmpckv Hkgrmck Fmýmv kFmýmv' ~gk dn ckv omukpnvlevtkpem dn cm zegt~pm dnfkgvednpmdk nc zpnf~pvkp dnc

=544 2 Eghpnvm ng cm Nvf~ncmdn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# zmpm pnmMptn u Tnkpïm'=54>2 um cednpm`m nc hp~zk

egdnzngdengtnv¹# dn pmïfnv ©zHpíaefmv# Vmg Vmcqmdkp

dk zkp nc Egvtet~tk dn F~ct~pm Levzmgkmopnpmv'

65

ýmvtpk Gmfekgmc v~

dpïh~nr Fmýmv #Fmpckv M~h~vtk

n|zkgngtnv ng cmNc Vmcqmdkp9 nvptn m`vtpmftk'

dn Mptnv Hpíaefmvcermp nvt~dekv dn

ngkoegmdk ©Ckvkcntmpemv¹

pefmgm# hpmfemv m



Nc Zpnoek Gmfekgmc dn F~ct~pm

Pntpmtk dn Bkvå Onbïm

Bkvå Onbïm Qednv2 A~nvmcqmdkpnýk'Gmfeö ng Vmg Vmcqmdkp

zegtkp# nvf~ctkp u hpm`mdk'Egefeö v~ fmzmfetmfeög akponvt~demgdk de`~bk u zegt~pmGmfekgmc dn Mptnv Hpíaefmv=54< u =545 2Pnhpnvö mNgvmuk dn Omtnpemcnv u ZEgvtet~tk Zkcetåfgefk Gmfekg

o n tengn um tmg fmgvmdk' On ck dn`enpkg lm`np dmd ~pmc dnc Tnmtpk Gmfekgmc',Fmpckv Fmýmv%

ednv zegtmdk ng öcnk zkp v~ omnvtpk u mbmzkgåv Tmoebe Ietmhmxm# =508'

~g zegtkp# nvf~ctkp u hpm`mdkp

c =5 dn omprk dn =5:6# a~n

mc fkok mptevtm m ckv => mýkv#dn =5=< m =500 ng cm Nvf~ncm"Fmpckv Mc`nptk Eonpu"'å|efk dkgdn f~pvö nc Tmccnp dníftefmv dn Zegt~pm O~pmc ng ncmc dn nvn zmïv'

4:

dnvdn }~n zegtå nc

oehk# nc mptevtm



=54: 2 A~n zpkanvkp dn de`=54< u =545 2 Pnhpnvö mZpíftefmv dn Zegt~pm O~pmca~gheö fkok Depnftkp'=51:2 Ccnhk m vnp nc dDnzmptmongtk dn Mptnv Zcí

Gkå Fmgb~pm2 ,dnvtmfmdkMzkzm# Nc Vmcqmdkp# =4 dn=58:'=540 Pnmcerk v~v zpeonpkng Vmg Vmcqmdkp'=54< qembk m cm fe~dmd dnegac~ngfemdk zkp Denhk PeqNvn oevok mýk pnmcerm v~

bk ng cm Nvf~ncm Gmfekgmc dn Mptnv HpíaefmOå|efk dkgdn f~pvö nc Tmccnp dn Ngvmung nc Egvtet~tk Zkcetåfgefk Gmfekgmc dn nvn

epnfftkp Hngnpmc dn @nccmv Mptnv dkgvtefm'

K`pm pnmcermdm zkp Bkvå Onbïm Q k`t~qk nc Zpnoek Gmfekgmc d

egtkp vmcqmdkpnýk%'mhkvtk dn =500 / Okpengqmc# Apmgfem# 05

nvt~dek ng cm –Mfmdnoem dn De`~bk u Zegt

å|efk m fkgteg~mp v~v nvt~dekv# ng dkgdn apm'peonpm n|zkvefeög ng ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv'

4=

v'dn Omtnpemcnv u

zmïv'aefmv# dkgdn

dn a~n Bnan dnc

dnv fkg nc f~mc F~ct~pm'

n vnzteno`pn# dn

pm Qmcnpk Cnflm"

n zpka~gdmongtn



40

=545 f~mgdk zmptn m Apmgfem u vn ngpkcm ng cm –Nfkcn Gmtekgmcn V~znpen~pn dnv @n~|/Mptv‟ zmpm pnmcermp nvt~dekv nvznfemcermdkv ng cm tåfgefm dnc apnvfk'

FKGFC^VEKGNV

/ N|evteö ~gm egac~ngfem ompfmdm zkp cmv fkppengtn } vn dnvmppkccmpkg ng N~pkzm uOå|efk# m~g}~n nvtmv vn zpnvngtmpkg dn akpom dnvamvmdm zkp nc zkfk dnvmppkcck dn ckvondekv dn fko~gefmfeög'

/Ngtpn =564 u =54># vn z~`cefmg dkv dn ckv ce`pkv vmcqmdkpnýkv oív z~`cefmdkv ucnïdkv2 –F~ngtkv dn @mppk‟ u –F~ngtkv dn Fezktnv‟# }~n tengng egtnpåv zkp vnp ~gmdn cmv egfcegmfekgnv cetnpmpemv oív ckhpmdmv lmfem cm ~tecermfeög dnc lm`cm zkz~cmp u zkpncnqmp nc zpeoeteqevok dn cm vkfendmd fmoznvegm mc nvtmt~tk dn ~tkzïm gmfekgmc'

/Nc mgtnfndngtn oív eozkptmgtn ck fkgvtet~un nc tpm`mbk dn cm Mvkfemfeög dn Moehkv dncMptn# }~n ngtpn ckv mýkv 6: u 4: kphmgerö fkganpngfemv# flmpcmv# pnfetmcnv un|zkvefekgnv mptïvtefmv'

@E@CEKHPMAÏM

–Feng mýkv dn levtkpem dn cm zegt~pm ng Nc Vmcqmdkpdnvdn =5:: m 0:::# fkppengtnv u nvteckv oív pncnqmgtnv‟' ,Tnvev% ^NV 0::>Fmpcm Pk|mgm Evm`nc Pkonpk Fkptnr'



46

ND^FMFEÖG

OÒVEFMC



44

6'0 OÒVEFM DNVMPPKCCMDM U ^TECERMDM MGTNV# D^PMGTN U DNVZ^ÅVDN CM EE H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

Lm`cmp dn cm oòvefm kpmc tpmdefekgmc eozcefm pnanpepgkv ògefm u nvznfïaefmongtn m m}~nctezk dn oòvefm }~n vn dea~gdn zkp tpmgvoeveög kpmc u dn hngnpmfeög ng hngnpmfeög' Zkpv~z~nvtk }~n ckv nvznfemcevtmv mhpnhmg ktpkv dntmccnv k pmvhkv }~n mu~dmg m

f~mceaefmpcm' Zkp nbnozck# cm ntgko~vefkckhïm cmtegkmonpefmgm vnýmcm ckv pmvhkv dncakcickpn mzcefmdkv m cm oòvefm2

Pmvhkv demfpögefkv Nvtkv vkg ckv }~n zenpdng v~v pmïfnv ng ck oív zpka~gdk dnc tenozk' Cm kpmcedmdfkppnvzkgdn mc lnflk dn tpmgvoetepvn depnftmongtn# dn –qkr m kïdk‟' Pncmfekgmdm fkg ckmgtnpekp nv nc vnp tpmdefekgmc# f~uk mzpngdermbn vn lm pnmcermdk dn zmdpnv m lebkv ng nctpmgvf~ppep dnc tenozk9 ck mgögeok tpmtm dn pnzpnvngtmp nc lnflk dn }~n ~gm egqngfeögvenozpn nv pnmcermdm zkp mch~eng# veg no`mphk# ng cm degíoefm dn v~ zpíftefm upnzntefeög# ck }~n oív lm zpnqmcnfedk nv v~ ~vk u a~gfeög# znpdengdk v~ eozkptmgfem ncfpnmdkp' Ck nozïpefk# nv nc mzpngdermbn zpíftefk# fktedemgk veg }~n egtnponden cmnvf~ncm k f~mc}~enp ktpk tezk dn egvtet~feög akpomc'

Pmvhkv vegfpögefkv Nvtkv pmvhkv vkg ckv }~n dnvtmfmg cm zmptn degíoefm dnc lnflk# ng nc zpnvngtnlevtöpefk' Nv a~gfekgmc# f~mgdk nc lnflk ccngm ~gm gnfnvedmd f~ct~pmc9 fkcnfteqkf~mgdk cm a~gfeög dnc ~vk ccngm gnfnvedmdnv fkcnfteqmv u gk egdeqed~mcnv9 zkz~cmp#f~mgdk nv mfnztmdk zkp tkdkv ckv vnftkpnv vkfemcnv dn ~g z~n`ck# u# degíoefk f~mgdkgk nv nvtítefk# nv dnfep# ng cm zpíftefm vkfemc z~ndn v~apep fmoèkv u okdeaefmfekgnv upnmdmztmpvn'

Dn ~èfmfeög hnkhpíaefm F~mgdk vn cn ngf~ngtpm ng ~gm dntnpoegmdm ípnm hnkhpíaefm' Nv pnhekgmc# f~mgdk vnfepf~gvfpe`n m ~gm ípnm nvznfïaefm' Nv gmfekgmc# f~mgdk vn cn ngf~ngtpm m geqnc dn ~gzmïv u ~geqnpvmc# f~mgdk nc lnflk akcicöpefk vn cn lm ngfkgtpmdk ng tkdkv ckv hp~zkvf~ct~pmcnv dnc o~gdk'

Ngtpn ckv mýkv =5:: m =56: cm –Ompeo`m Fngtpkmonpefmgm‟ hpm`ö o~flmv zenrmv zmpmckv vncckv devfkhpíaefkv2 Qïftkp# Fkc~oèm u @p~gvxefi# ckhpmgdk zkp ncck hpmgzkz~cmpedmd egtnpgmfekgmc' Nvtkv devfkv tkdmqïm vn zkdïmg fkozpmp mc depnftkp nc



4>

omnvtpk @nctpíg ng =58># ng f~um fkgtpmzkptmdm nvtm`mg dntmccmdkv ckv c~hmpnv dkgdnvn lm`ïmg zpnvngtmdk' Dn nvtkv devfkv cmv `mgdmv pnheongtmcnv lefenpkg v~v zpkzemvqnpvekgnv u cmv tkfm`mg d~pmgtn ckv fkgfenptkv ng ckv Iekvikv dn cm zcmrm fngtpmc dncc~hmp' Nc =501# vn egvtmcm cm M']'O' ng Vmg Vmcqmdkp# cm zpeonpm pmdekdea~vkpm dnFngtpkmoåpefm' Ng cm z~nptm dn ngtpmdm dn nc ndeaefek# mc apngtn mc fkvtmdk zkgengtn dncTnmtpk Gmfekgmc dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# tkdmqïm vn z~ndng cnnp cmv vehcmv dn nvm zpeonpm

pmdekdea~vkpm'Ng nvm åzkfm vn zkz~cmpermpkg cmv fmbmv o~vefmcnv u cmv zemgkcmv }~n a~gfekgm`mg fkgf~npdm' Ng ckv mýkv 6: dnvtmfm cm vnh~gdm hngnpmfeög dn fkozkvetkpnv gmfekgmcnv2Ancezn Vktk# Xngfnvcmk Pkdpïh~nr# Dmqed Hpmgmdegk# Bkvå Gmzkcnög Pkdpïh~nr uktpkv'

Ng =54: vn egvtmcm cm U'V'Z'# zpeonpm pmdekdea~vkpm fkonpfemc ng Nc Vmcqmdkp u fkokzpkunftk gmfekgmc# ng =540 cm fkozmýïm dn mc~o`pmdk ncåftpefk egvtmcm ckv zpeonpkvfkgtmdkpnv zmpm ondep cm ngtpmdm dnc ac~bk ncåftpefk ng cmv qeqengdmv' M zmptep dn nvn

okongtk# cm pmdek fkoengrm m tpmgvoetep dn =02:: m 02:: z'o' u dn >2:: m =:2:: z'o' Vnegvtmcmg ktpmv pmdekdea~vkpmv2 UVK# UVE# UV^# UVF' Cm tpmgvoeveög u cm fkozntngfem vnmozcïm u zmpm tngnp omukp m~dengfem# cmv pmdekv fpnmg gktefenpkv n egqetmg m ckv mptevtmvgmfekgmcnv m egtnpzpntmp v~v zpkzemv fkozkvefekgnv' Ckv fmgtmgtnv u ompeo`mv oívamokvmv a~npkg egqetmdkv m zmptefezmp ng mch~gkv zpkhpmomv ng qeqk'



41

Cm oòvefm zkz~cmp veh~n v~ f~pvk' D~pmgtn ckv mýkv 4: cm ompeo`m u ckv hp~zkv dnf~npdm vnh~ïmg vengdk ckv zpnanpedkv zmpm mongermp ng ckv zk`cmdkv u fe~dmdnv ckvfmvmoengtkv u cmv zpeonpmv fko~gekgnv' Cmv ompeo`mv oív amokvmv a~npkg2

F~vfmtcíg# Geom ]~eflå# Vkgkpm ,åvtmv vn zpnvngtmpkg ng cmv fkptnv n~pkznmv u ng cmvzpegfezmcnv vmcmv dn fkgfenptkv%# G~nqk O~gdk# Pkumc# Mtcmfmtc u ng Vmgtm Mgm cm dn cmamoecem Cnfl~hm ngtpn ktpmv' C~nhk v~phn cm okdm dn ckv tpïkv }~n vn nvznfemcerm`mg ngcmv –vnpngmtmv‟' Cm akpomfeög dn kp}~nvtmv dn vmcög k`cehö m pn/devnýmp nc fkgfnztk dnompeo`m fkok egvtp~ongtk dn oòvefm dn `mecn u vn tpmgvakpom ng ompeo`m/kp}~nvtm,fkgvevtngtn ng ompeo`m tpezcn u tngkp# `mtnpïm# fkgtpm`mbk# tpkozntmv# vm|kaög utpko`ög%# ck f~mc cn dm`m omukp vkgkpedmd u zkve`ecedmdnv zmpm vk`pnqeqep m cmfkozntngfem' Egtnpzpntm`mg petokv fkok nc vxegh# ak|/tpkt# qmcv# zmvk dk`cn# flm/flm/flm# dmgrkgnv# omo`k# ntf'# }~n npm nc pnznptkpek dnc okongtk' Cmv oív amokvmvompeo`mv/kp}~nvtm a~npkg2 Zkgu Onfm# De|en Zmco @mgd u Vkgkpm' M ondemdkv dn ckv4: ,=54> mzpk|'% mch~gmv ompeo`mv/kp}~nvtm vn tpmgakpomg ng kp}~nvtmv dn `mecn2 cmOmpeo`m/Kp}~nvtm Vkgkpm vn tpmgvakpom ng cm Kp}~nvtm dn ckv Lnpomgkv Zkcïk u oívtmpdn ng cm Kp}~nvtm Egtnpgmfekgmc Zkcïk' Veoecmp tpmgvakpomfeög v~apenpkg cmv kp}~nvtmvdn Cetk @mppengtkv u cm @mpmlkgm'



O^VEO^VEO^VEO^VE

Apmgfevfk ZVmgtm Mgm# Nc Vmcqmdkp# 0Vmg Vmcqmdkp# Nc Vmcqmd

=551'Zmcmqeffege fpnö nc petok doòvefm m~töftkgm vmcqmdkp=5642 Qembm m F~`m dkgdnmccï nvt~dem ng cm MfmdnoeCm Lm`mgm'=54:2 Qembm zkp Nvtmdkvfkok zmptn dn Cm PnqevtNpgnvtk Cnf~kgm'

zkgnp ng zpíftefm v~v fkgk=5642Nc fmp`kgnpk a~n fkofkgfpntk2 cm f~nvtmv dn Ckzkp tkdkv nc vnh~gdk leog

KVKVKVKVcmqeffege< dn an`pnpk dn =5=0/kp# 04 dn an`pnpk dn

c \^F# egvzepmdk ng cmným'pnvedn zkp fegfk mýkv#"Ehgmfek Mfnqndk " dn

^gedkv u V~dmoåpefmm O~vefmc dnc f~`mgk

Apmgfevfk "Zmgflk" CApmgfevfk "Zmgflk" CApmgfevfk "Zmgflk" CApmgfevfk "Zmgflk" C

Dkg Zmgflk Cmpm dnvtmfö ng oòctezcnvnccmv cm ckf~feög pmdemc'=56:2 Mvevteö m ~gkv f~pvkv gkft~pgkvdn omnvtpkv p~pmcnv }~n# `mbk cm zpktnFlmzmppk# vn eozmptïm ng nc Cefnk Okd

Apmgfevfk C~mpfm' Dnvdn ngtkgfnv a~"Zmgflk"# hpmfemv m Dkg Apmgfevfk }zmpm deanpngfempck dn v~ zpkzek gko`pn'=5602 M pnv~ctmv dn cm eg~gdmfeögMfncl~mtn ng ckv @mppekv Cm Qnhm u F

Vmcqmdkp# znpdeö v~ tmccnp dn vmvtpnpïm# ckfeoengtkv fkok omnvtpk p~pmc'z~nvtm nc 6 dn defeno`pn9 Cmpm vn egvzepö nv Zcmgnv dn Pngdnpkv u cm `mbmdm dn Nc

dn Nc Vmcqmdkp'

48

pm pm pm pm

mfteqedmdnv# ngtpn

zmpm cm akpomfeögfeög dn dkg C~evpgk# dnc zpkanvkp

fkgkfedk fkokn mvï cn ccmom`m

~n fm~vö nc pïkmgdncmpem dn Vmg}~n ck eoz~cvö m

g dkv zmevmbnv ngk}~npög9 ccmomdm



4<

FKGFC^VEKGNV

Nvtm åzkfm a~n dn hpmgdnv mqmgfnv# um }~n l~`k ~gm a~nptn dea~veög dn cm oòvefm#

hpmfemv m cm pmdek' Cmv ompeo`mv vn qenpkg ng cm gnfnvedmd dn pn/zpkunftmpvn# um }~n

ckv tpïkv nvtm`mg o~u dn okdm' Dn nvtk v~phng cmv Ompeo`m/Kp}~nvtmv# cmv f~mcnv vn

tpmgvakpompíg ng kp}~nvtmv dn `mecn# m cm oevom qnr }~n nvtmv vnpíg cmv zpnf~pvkpmv

dn cmv mft~mcnv kp}~nvtmv u –hp~zkv‟ o~vefmcnv'

@E@CEKHPMAÏM

@pnqn levtkpem dn cm oòvefm kpmc/tpmdefekgmc u zkz~cmp ng Nc Vmcqmdkp

Vmcqmdkp Omppk}~ïg ,Ntgko~veföckhk%lttz2++evtok'dngevkg'nd~+g=8+mptef~ckv+omppk}~eg'ltoc

Levtkpem dn cmv ompeo`mv dn Nc Vmcqmdkp dn ckv mýkv 0:´v m 4:´v C~r u Impcm Epehkung lttz2++xxx'ncvmcqmdkplevtkpefk'kph+mptef~ckv+o~vefm/u/mptn+45/levtkpem/dn/cmv/ompeo`mv/dn/nc/vmcqmdkp'ltoc



45

TNMTPK



>:

4' NC TNMTPK NG NC VMCQMDKP D^PMGTN CM VNH^GDM H^NPPM O^GDEMC

D~pmgtn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# m geqnc o~gdemc nc tnmtpk tengn fenptmv

fmpmftnpïvtefmv2

m% N|evtn m~vngfem dn dpmomt~phkv dnvtmfm`cnv

`% Mevcmoengtk f~ct~pmc u fngv~pm# um }~n n|evtïm ~gm dnzngdngfem dn ckv egtnpnvnvnfkgöoefkv'

Nc zmgkpmom tnmtpmc ng cm egondemtm zkvh~nppm nv `mvtmgtn zk`pn' Cmv eggkqmfekgnv

oív egtnpnvmgtnv mgtnpekpnv mc fkgaceftk dnvmzmpnfng b~gtk fkg v~v m~tkpnv# u fkoengrm

m dnvtmfmpvn dkv fkppengtnv dn tnmtpk'

m% Tnmtpk L~okpïvtefk2

Nv ~g tezk dn tnmtpk }~n fkgfndn ~gm nvznfemc eozkptmgfem m cm k`pm èng ncm`kpmdmng cm fkgvtp~ffeög dn cm tpmom# ckv deíckhkv k ckv b~nhkv nvfågefkv'

Nc moèngtn nv nc dn cm fcmvn `~ph~nvm mfkokdmdm# u v~ k`bnteqk nv veozcnongtn nc

ngtpntngeoengtk dnc zò`cefk# fkg ~g mph~ongtk o~u pnzntedk fngtpmdk ng nc md~ctnpek

k cm egaedncedmd' Ng nvtkv mph~ongtkv# nc aegmc ancer dnaengdn cm ednkckhïm dkoegmgtn# u

tpe~gamg cm aedncedmd# cm lkgpmdnr u nc mokp' B~gtk m cmv k`pmv a~gdmongtmcongtn

l~okpïvtefmv mzmpnfng tmoèåg dpmomv dn tnvev u zenrmv levtöpefmv

`% Tnmtpk Ednkcöhefk2

]~n v~phn ng cm åzkfm dn ckv 4: u >:# }~n vkg egvzepmdkv zkp ~gm fkppengtn n|evtngfemc

znpk c~nhk nqkc~fekgm lmfem nc pnmcevok'

Dngtpk dn ckv tnmtpevtmv dnvtmfmdkv zkdnokv ongfekgmp2

† Ngpe}~n Bmpdenc Zkgfncm'

† Ndhmpd Gnqeccn

† Oeh~nc Oel~pm

† B~mg Ehgmfek C~fm Dn Tngm

Ng Nc Vmcqmdkp cm levtkpem nv ~g zkfk deanpngtn# ckv nanftkv dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm

o~gdemc fkgtpe`~unpkg m }~n Nc Vmcqmdkp qenpm qmckpmdkv v~v zpkd~ftkv dn mhpk



>=

n|zkptmfeög# dn`edk m }~n nvtmgdk ckv zmïvnv ng H~nppm vn dnv`ck}~nmpkg

`mppnpmv fkonpfemcnv u Nc Vmcqmdkp dnvdn =544 n|znpeongtm fenptm nvtm`ecedmd

nfkgöoefm ck }~n fkgtpe`~un m }~n qmpekv cetnpmpekv dnvtmfmdkv z~denpmg vmcep m

nvt~demp mc n|tpmgbnpk u }~n o~flkv n|tpmgbnpkv qegenpmg m Nc Vmcqmdkp m

Akongtmp nc mvznftk f~ct~pmc ng Nc Vmcqmdkp'Ng nc mýk dn =544 v~phn cm hngnpmfeög dnc 44# nvtkv lmfng cm zknvïm ~g hpetk dn

Pnfcmok zmpm n|ehep nc dnvmppkcck dn cm f~ct~pm# oòvefm# cetnpmt~pm u tkdk tezk dn

mfteqedmd f~ct~pmc' Ckv Cetnpmpekv dn cm hngnpmfeög dnc 44 vkg2

† Kvxmcdk Nvfk`mp Qncmdk

† Omtecdn Ncngm Cöznr

† Mgtkgek Hmonpk

† Mcakgvk okpm`n

† Fpevtö`mc L~o`nptk E`mppm

† Fmpckv Ckqmtn

4'= CM DPMOMT^PHEM NG NC VMCQMDKP D^PMGTN NC VEHCK DN CM EE H^NPPM

O^GDEMC'

Ng nvtn vehck# m~tkpnv

fkok Bkvå Ccnpngm# B'

Noecek Mpmhög# Bkvå

Ompïm Znpmctm# ckv

lnpomgkv Fmvtnccmgkv

Peqmv# Pk`nptk V~ípnr

Aemcckv# ngtpn ktpkv#

nvfpe`ng k`pmv fkg

fkgtngedk vkfemc# dn

tnomv a~nptnv fkok cm

fkpp~zfeög zkcïtefm# cm

zmtnpgedmd

eppnvzkgvm`cn# cmv



>0

ncnffekgnv# ntf' Ongfeög nvznfemc onpnfn Bkvå Ccnpngm# fkg Cmv dkv íh~ecmv # dpmom

åzefk ng qnpvk# vk`pn cm c~flm dnc hngnpmc gefmpmhóngvn M~h~vtk Fåvmp Vmgdegk ng

fkgtpm dn cm egqmveög gkptnmonpefmgm m m}~nc zmïv'

Nvkv zpeonpkv znpïkdkv a~npkg egac~ngfemdkv zkp m~tkpnv nvzmýkcnv u apmgfnvnv# vk`pn

tkdk Qïftkp L~hk# Nflnhmpmu# @ngmqngtn# ngtpn ktpkv' Nvtkv m~tkpnv npmg tpmïdkv zkp

cmv fkozmýïmv etegnpmgtnv }~n gkv qevetm`mg m ong~dk' Nvtmv oevomv okteqmpkg m

g~nvtpkv dpmomt~phkv m fpnmp v~v k`pmv# um }~n cmv zpkd~fïmg u cmv egfkpzkpm`mg m v~

pnznptkpek'

Zkvtnpekpongtn# m tpmqåv dn ckv tnmtpevtmv n|tpmgbnpkv }~n qegenpkg m depehep nc

Dnzmptmongtk dn Tnmtpk dn cm Depnffeög dn @nccmv Mptnv# ngtedmd h~`npgmongtmc dn

akongtk dn cmv mptnv ,=5>: / 1<%# Ndo~gdk @mp`npk# nvzmýkc# Anpgmgdk Tkppn Cmzlmo#

on|efmgk# Apmgfk Fnp~tte# etmcemgk# ngtpn ktpkv# cmv cntpmv vmcqmdkpnýmv pnfe`enpkg nc

egac~bk dn cmv g~nqmv fkppengtnv dnc zngvmoengtk'

A~npkg mýkv dn pnegmdk dnc tnmtpk dnc m`v~pdk# nc v~ppnmcevok# nc n|evtngfemcevok#

egfc~vk nc pnmcevok vkfemcevtm' M~tkpnv fkok Vmo~nc @nfintt# @ófignp# Zm~c Fcm~dnc#

Bkvå Tpemgm# Ekgnvfk# Vmptpn# Fmo~v# Xnvinp n egfc~vk @pnflt# ngtpn ktpkv# vkg nc

okdnck dn ckv g~nqkv nvfpetkpnv }~n vn ngapngtmg m cm nvfngm dnvdn nc zmznc'

Zkp v~ cmdk# ckv mftkpnv# dnvdn ~gm nvf~ncm mgteh~m# tpmtmg dn `~vfmp ~gm edngteaefmfeög

fkg cm g~nqm fmpgn zcmgtnmdm zkp znpvkgmbnv gmfedkv dn ckv f~nvtekgmoengtkv dnc

lko`pn okdnpgk' Cm zmtnpgedmd eppnvzkgvm`cn fndn nc c~hmp m cm egtnppkhmgtn vk`pn –nc

vnp u cm gmdm‟# ckv zpegfezekv dn cm b~vtefem `~ph~nvm vn f~nvtekgmg m tpmqåv dn dkv

fm`nrmv dn nbnf~tmdkv# }~n demckhmg mgtnv dn dnvcehmpvn dn nvtn o~gdk' Nc qnpdmdnpk

vehgeaefmdk dn ckv v~nýkv# nc zpk`cnom dnc `eng u nc omc# cm apkgtnpm dn cm pnmcedmd u cm

amgtmvïm# cm c~flm vkfemc u cmv `mvnv okpmcnv }~n mvevtng m ckv kzpeoedkv# vkg ckv

g~nqkv mv~gtkv m dec~fedmp ng cmv tm`cmv'

Nv ng nvtn zmgkpmom }~n v~phn ~g g~nqk fkozpkoevk zmpm tkdkv ckv

egqkc~fpmdkv ng nc mvznftk f~ct~pmc# nv mve }~n gmfn cm hngnpmfeög fkozpkontedm f~uk

zmznc vnpí nc dn pnqevmp ckv fkgtngedkv nvtåtefkv u tnoítefkv dnc mptn u `~vfmpí vmf~dep

cm fkgfengfem dnc nvznftmdkp dnvdn v~ `mvn zvefkcöhefm'



Nv zkp nvk }~n d~pmgtn nc

mvznftk f~ct~pmc u zkp cm zp

zmïv nvtm`m ng fkgaceftkv

nvtmècedmd ng ck nfkgöoef

fkgteg~mfeög zpnvngtmokv2

† Pk`nptk Mpt~pk Ong

v~ k`pm tnmtpmc2 – cm e

† Xmctnp @ågnin2 Nc

Gmfekgmc dn F~ct~pm'

† Xmcdk Flíqnr Qncm

dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# =5

†

cqmpk Ongågdnr C=51>

Eozkptmgtn fkvnflm dn

m~g}~n gk a~npkg d~pmgtn

cm EE h~nppm o~gdemc# vkg

dnc dnvmppkcck f~ct~pmc

vmcqmdkp d~pmgtn nvtm åzkf

Ng ckv veh~engtnv mýkv# n

dn ckv 8:v u <:v# veh

qekcngfem u cm fpevev ng tkd

dn cm qedm vkfemc# ckv mftkpn

ng ~g tnmtpk dn nonphngfe

nv zmpm ckv tn|tkv tnvteo

tngdngfemv ednkcöhe

dntnpoegmdmv' Nvtn nv nc`mbk ng f~mgtk m zpkd~ffe

nvfpe`ng veg o~flmv zk

ccnqmp v~ k`pm m cmv tm`cmv'

tenozk dn cm h~nppm zkp nc mzkuk egtnpgmfe

zmpmfeög }~n o~flkv t~qenpkg ng nc n|tnpe

egtnpgkv tmcnv fkok hkcznv dn nvtmdk#

# ng nc znpekdk dn cm zkvt h~nppm vn fkvn

ågdnr2 zpeonp c~hmp ng nc fnptmong gmfek

m dnc Fkpdnpk ‟ ng =5>5

mpmïvk dn ckv eozp~dngtnv # A~gnpmc lk

=5>1

fk2 Cm qngtmgm # 0k' C~hmp ng ckv B~nhkv

>8'

mc2 C~r gnhpm # Zpeonp Zpnoek Levzmgkmo

zpnoekv }~n

nc znpekdk dn

fkgvnf~ngfem

}~n t~qk Nc

m'

g cmv dåfmdmv

gmdmv zkp cm

v ckv öpdngnv

v dnvno`kfmg

m' cm dnomgdm

kgemcnv u fkg

mv èng

okongtk oívg' Ckv m~tkpnv

veècedmdnv dn

>6

gmc pnfeèdm ng nc

p dnèdk m }~n nc

znpk fkg fenptm

lm zpnoekv }~n m

mc dn f~ct~pm fkg

on # EQ Fnptmong

ckpmcnv Mhkvtegkv

pefmgk dn Tnmtpk#



>4

4'0 KTPKV MVZNFTKV F^CT^PMCNV'

† Nv ng nc mýk dn =54> }~n nc o~vnk gmfekgmc nv gko`pmdk –O~vnk Gmfekgmc dn

Mgtpkzkckhïm Dp' Dmqed B' H~roíg‟ }~eng a~n v~ zpeonp depnftkp u }~eng nvfpe`eö cm

no`cnoítefm kpmfeög m cm `mgdnpm'

† Vk`pnqegn zmpm nvtm åzkfm# mch~gmv omgeanvtmfekgnv dnc tnmtpk egdïhngm# nvtmv

vkg akpomv dn tnmtpk }~n lmg vk`pnqeqedk dnvdn cm åzkfm zpnfkcko`egm' Ngtpn

nvtmv tngnokv2

–dmgrm tnmtpk egdïhngm fkok ckv Nozc~omdkv‟ }~n tkdmqïm vn `mecm ng

fmfmkznpm u ng nc kpengtn dnc zmïv'



>>

Ktpk `mecn dn nvtm åzkfm nv nc tehpn u nc qngmdk2

^gm dn cmv tpmdefekgnv egdïhngmv oív pncnqmgtnv dn Onvkmoåpefm nv cm fncn`pmfeög dnc

Dïm dn cm Fp~r9 aenvtm zmhmgk/pncehekvm }~n ckv mgteh~kv dndefm`mg mc dekv dn cm

zpeomqnpm k \ezntktnf' M åc vn cn kapnfïmg ap~tkv dn cm fkvnflm# mhpmdnfengdk nc egefek

dn cm zpeomqnpm u fkg ncck nc fkoengrk dn cm nvtmfeög cc~qekvm' Ng cm mft~mcedmd# Vmg

B~mg Gkg~mcfk vn edngteaefm fkg nvtm fncn`pmfeög# zkp cm Zpkfnveög dn cmv Zmcmgfmv }~nlmfn v~ pnfkppedk# zkp cmv fmccnv dnc z~n`ck dntngeågdkvn ng cmv deanpngtnv npoetmv }~n

vn lmg fkgvtp~edk ng ckv `mppekv dn cm fko~gedmd' Cm zpkfnveög nv mfkozmýmdm dn cm

Dmgrm dnc Tehpn u nc Qngmdk# ^gm dmgrm tnmtpmc egdïhngm dn Vmg B~mg Gkg~mcfk '



>1



>8



><

FKGFC^VEKG'

Nc mptn dpmoítefk ng Nc Vmcqmdkp# dnvdn cm a~gdmfeög dn cm Pnzò`cefm# lm tngedk ~gm

dnaegedm egfcegmfeög zkp ck vkfemc u ck levtöpefk'

N|evtng ng cm dpmomt~phem vmcqmdkpným# k`pmv åzefmv dn hpmg mcengtk' Ng fmdm znpïkdkvn z~ndn ngfkgtpmp qmpekv nbnozckv' Dn ckv tnozpmgkv mýkv dn a~gdmfeög dn Nc

Vmcqmdkp fkok pnzò`cefm egdnzngdengtn# vn fkgvnpqmg tn|tkv dpmoítefkv# }~n lmg vedk

o~u eozkptmgtnv ng nc dnvmppkcck f~ct~pmc dn Nc Vmcqmdkp u }~n lmg vnpqedk zmpm

fkvnflmp o~flkv zpnoekv'

Cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc }~n a~n nc fkgaceftk mpomdk }~n nvtmccö ng =565# ngtpn cmv

zktngfemv dnc Nbn ,Mcnomgem# Etmcem u Bmzög% u ckv Mcemdkv ,Eghcmtnppm# Apmgfem u ^geög

Vkqeåtefm%' Nvtn vnh~gdk `ck}~n a~n pnakprmdk zkp Nvtmdkv ^gedkv dnvdn =54=# f~um

fm~vm zpegfezmc nv Cm moèfeög dn Mdkca Letcnp ,Mcnomgem%# @ngetk O~vvkcege ,Etmcem% n

Lepkletk ,Bmzög% zkp nc zpndkoegek nfkgöoefk u zkcïtefk dnc zcmgntm# mppn`mtígdkcnv v~v

fkckgemv u vnoefkckgemv m cmv zktngfemv mcemdmv' H~nppm ng cm }~n vn qng egqkc~fpmdmv

hpmgdnv zktngfemv dnc o~gdk# lerk }~n o~flkv zkntmv# nvfpetkpnv u dpmomt~phkv

`~vfmpmg vmcep dn v~v zmïvnv m `~vfmp c~hmpnv ng ckv f~mcnv z~denpmg dnvmppkccmp v~

qkfmfeög f~ct~pmc'

Nv mve }~n o~flk dn nvtkv ccnhmg m Nc Vmcqmdkp u fkoengrmg m eoz~cvmp# u okteqmp m ckv

nvfpetkpnv Vmcqmdkpnýkv# m tmc hpmdk dn ccnqmp v~v k`pmv m cmv tm`cmv dnc tnmtpk'Ktpk amftkp o~u eozkptmgtn nv }~n Nc vmcqmdkp ng cm Åzkfm dn Cm vnh~gdm h~nppm

o~gdemc z~dk n|zkptmp m onbkp zpnfek v~v zpkd~ftkv dnc mhpk# hngnpmgdk ~g moèngtn

dn nvtmècedmd nfkgöoefm }~n fkgtpe`~uk }~n o~flkv dn ckv m~tkpnv vmcqmdkpnýkv

z~denpmg zpnzmpmpvn ng nc n|tpmgbnpk mvï fkok tmoèåg fpnmp zpkhpmomv zmpm n|zcktmp

nc dnvmppkcck f~ct~pmc ng nc Zmïv'

Gk a~n dn cm gkfln m cm omýmgm znpk Nc Vmcqmdkp z~dk fkvnflmp o~flkv zpnoekv m

geqnc Fngtpk Monpefmgk u Cmtegkmonpefmgk fkg k`pmv ccnqmdmv m cmv vmcmv tnmtpmcnv#

znpk }~n devoeg~uk cm zpkd~ffeög gk zkp nanftkv dn cm EE h~nppm o~gdemc ve gk zkp ckv

fkgaceftkv egtnpgkv }~n mtpmqnvö nc zmïv# znpk }~n ng v~ okongtk dn hckpem NC vmcqmdkp

dek egg~onpm`cnv k`pmv dn mctm fmcedmd# vet~mfeög }~n gk a~n fkgfkpdmgtn fkg ck }~n m

geqnc o~gdemc nc tnmtpk d~pmgtn u zkvt h~nppm zpnvngtm`m'



>5

@E@CEKHPMAÏM

–Cmv Mptnv Nvfågefmv Vmcqmdkpnýmv‟ ^gm levtkpem dn mokp u lnpkïvokFmpckv Qncev

Fcívefkv Pk|vec# 0::0



1:

QMCKPNV QMCKPNV QMCKPNV QMCKPNV U UU U PNCEHEÖGPNCEHEÖGPNCEHEÖGPNCEHEÖG



1=

>'/ PNCEHEÖG U QMCKPNV NG NC VMCQMDKP# D^PMGTN U DNVZ^ÅV DN CM

VNH^GDM H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

>'= PNCEHEÖG'

Dnvdn ckv mýkv =50:# cm Ehcnvem Fmtöcefm vn lm qngedk deqedengdk hpmgdnongtndn akpom egtnpgm ngtpn ckv }~n mzkumg nc vtmt~v }~k ‖ cm mcemgrm Fkgvnpqmdkpm dn cm

Ehcnvem u nc Nvtmdk ‖ u ckv }~n lmg mzkumdk m ckv Ce`npmcnv u cm mhngdm zpkhpnveqm#

`mvmdm ng cm dnangvm dn ckv dnpnflkv l~omgkv dn ckv omphegmdkv dn cm vkfendmd'

Dnvdn =56= ‖ nc mýk f~mgdk kf~ppeö nc

hkczn dn nvtmdk }~n z~vk ng nc zkdnp mc

Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr#

,=<<0/=511% lmvtm }~n a~n dnz~nvtk ng =544 ‖

l~`k ~gm pnzpnveög `p~tmc ng fkgtpm dn

f~mc}~enp pnvevtngfem lmfem nc hk`enpgk oecetmp'

Nc Hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr ,}~eng

hk`npgö ngtpn =56= u =544%# npm ~g

–nvzepet~mcevtm‟ ,zpkzkgngtn dn tnkvkaïm% }~eng m

ong~dk fkgv~ctm`m ckv –zkdnpnv kf~ctkv‟ m

tpmqåv dn oåde~ov nvzepetevtmv# zvï}~efkv ufcmpeqedngtnv zmpm tngnp cm h~ïm ng v~v

dnfevekgnv h~`npgmongtmcnv'

D~pmgtn ckv =56:# nc hk`enpgk

vmcqmdkpnýk dkoegmdk zkp ckv oecetmpnv }~n `~vfm`m omgtngnp nc kpdng zò`cefk u

mqnpeh~mp oív vk`pn nc fpnfengtn okqeoengtk zngtnfkvtmc# zmvö ~gm cnu pn}~epengdk }~n

fmdm zmvtkp t~qenpm ~gm cefngfem zmpm zpndefmp u }~n zpnvngtmpm ~gm cevtm dn ckv 8

oeno`pkv# nc gko`pn dn cm ehcnvem# ckv gko`pnv u cmv depnffekgnv dn ckv kaefemcnv dn cm

ehcnvem u ckv c~hmpnv dn pn~geög# nc etegnpmpek dn cmv mfteqedmdnv dn cm ehcnvem# ntf' Nvtm

pnh~cmfeög tngïm cm egtngfeög dn fkgtpkcmp u kpdngmp ~g okqeoengtk pncehekvk o~u

dnvkpdngmdk# k`cehmgdk m ckv cïdnpnv m kphmgermpvn u m nvtm`cnfnp omukp devfezcegm ng

cmv mfteqedmdnv dn cm ehcnvem# dn nvtm omgnpm nceoegmgdk mch~gkv n|fnvkv }~n

fm~vm`mg }~n nc okcnvtem zò`cefm‟ ‖ zkp nbnozck# cm pnmcermfeög dn pn~gekgnv `~ccefekvmv



10

}~n d~pm`mg lmvtm tmpdn ng cm gkfln# mch~gmv qnfnv tkdm cm gkfln# u fm~vm`mg mcmpom

ngtpn ckv qnfegkv }~n pnzkptm`mg oecmhpkv# vmgnmoengtkv# lm`cm ng cngh~mv n|tpmýmv#

qevekgnv# v~nýkv u zpkanfïmv# ntf'

Nvtmv ccmomdmv –mfteqedmdnvznpt~p`mdkpmv‟ nvtm`mg fm~vmgdk

o~flm fkga~veög ng ~gm åzkfm

f~mgdk nc hkènpgk nvtm`m

zpnkf~zmdk zkp –cmv mfteqedmdnv

fko~gevtmv‟ ng cmv omgeanvtmfekgnv

cm`kpmcnv# mdnoív dn ~gm zkve`cn

egv~ppnffeög dn ckv fmoznvegkv#

d~pmgtn ckv deaïfecnv dïmv dn cm Hpmg

Dnzpnveög }~n manftö nc o~gdk ng

ckv mýkv =56:'

D~pmgtn cm pnzpnveög dn zmptn dnc påheong Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr ng fkgtpm dn ckv

devedngtnv# fmve tkdmv cmv akpomv dn mvkfemfeög ng nc fmozk tnpoegmpkg# n|fnztk zkp

fkghpnhmfekgnv nfcnvemcnv# ck }~n znpoeteö }~n cmv fkghpnhmfekgnv zngtnfkvtmcnv#

`m~tevtmv# u cm Oeveög Fngtpkmonpefmgm# vk`pnqeqenpmg u fpnfenpmg dngtpk dn v~v

pnvznfteqmv fko~gedmdnv m znvmp dnc fceom mdqnpvk vkfemc# nfkgöoefk u zkcïtefk dn ckvmýkv =56: u =54:' M~g}~n cm H~mpdem Gmfekgmc kfmvekgmcongtn okcnvtm`m m ckv

nqmghåcefkv# ckv kaefemcnv oecetmpnv oepm`mg cmv fkghpnhmfekgnv nfcnvemcnv fkok

zkcïtefmongtn egkangveqmv u okpmcongtn fpnï`cnv'

>'='= CM EHCNVEM FMTÖCEFM PKOMGM

Vn lmg v~vfetmdk qmpemv tngvekgnv ngtpn cm Ehcnvem Fmtöcefm Vmcqmdkpným d~pmgtn

ckv mýkv =51: u ckv veh~engtnv mýkv# }~n pnv~ctö dn ckv pntkv eoz~nvtkv zkp nc Vnh~gdk

Fkgfecek Qmtefmgk ,=510/=51>%# cm Fkganpngfem Cmtegkmonpefmgm dn Kèvzkv ccnqmdm m

fm`k ng Ondnccïg ,Fkckoèm% ng =51<# cm Tnkckhïm Cmtegkmonpefmgm dn Ce`npmfeög# u nc

okqeoengtk dn Pngkqmfeög Fmpevoítefk Fmtöcefk' Nvtmv g~nqmv u zkdnpkvmv fkppengtnv

zkcmpermpkg ng qmpemv amffekgnv m ckv kèvzkv fmtöcefkv# vmfnpdktnv ,dekfnvmgkv u

pncehekvkv%# lnpomgkv cmefkv u lnpomgmv ,oeno`pkv dn öpdngnv pncehekvmv%# u ckv cnhkv



16

ng hngnpmc' Ckv tpmdefekgmcevtmv }~npïmg }~n cm Ehcnvem vn omgt~qenpm eh~mc m fkok npm

mgtnv dn cmv pnakpomv mzpk`mdmv zkp nc Vnh~gdk Fkgfecek Qmtefmgk ,ondemdkv dn ckv

=51:%# fkg ågamvev ng cm m~tkpedmd mzkvtöcefm# cm tnkckhïm kptkdk|m# ckv vmfpmongtkv u cm

zendmd znpvkgmc' Ckv pnakpoevtmv hngnpmcongtn mzkum`mg cm zpkz~nvtm dn cm Ehcnvem

dnvz~åv dnc Vnh~gdk Fkgfecek Qmtefmgk lmfem cm okdnpgermfeög u cm tkcnpmgfem m cmdeqnpvedmd `mvmdm ng v~ Dkftpegm Vkfemc kaefemc' Ckv zpkhpnvevtmv # egvzepmdkv ng cmv

pnakpomv mzpk`mdmv ng nc Vnh~gdk Fkgfecek Qmtefmgk u ng cmv fkganpngfemv dn

Ondnccïg# `~vfm`m eozcnongtmp cm g~nqm qeveög dn –~gm kzfeög zpnanpngfemc lmfem ckv

zk`pnv‟ m tpmqåv dn cm mffeög zkcïtefm u vkfemc depehedm lmfem cm tpmgvakpomfeög dn cm

vkfendmd vmcqmdkpným u mc nvtm`cnfeoengtk dn omukp b~vtefem vkfemc m tpmqåv dn ~gm

dnokfpmfem zmfïaefm'

Ckv pmdefmcnv mdkztmpkg cm

Tnkckhïm dn cm Ce`npmfeög egvzepmdm

zkp nc omp|evok u ccmompkg m cm

hngtn m pnmcermp ~gm qekcngtm

pnqkc~feög fkok ~gm akpom dn

pnokqnp cm deftmd~pm Fkgvnpqmdkpm u

fpnmp ~g Nvtmdk Vkfemcevtm }~n

vepqenpm m cmv omvmv zk`pnv uomphegmdmv' Ckv mhngtnv

fmpevoítefkv `~vfm`mg tpmgvakpomp

cm qedm fko~gmc u nvzepet~mc dn ckv fmtöcefkv m tpmqåv dnc zkdnp u ckv dkgnv dnc Nvzïpet~

Vmgtk ,egfc~ungdk nc –`m~tevok dnc Nvzïpet~ Vmgtk u nc lm`cm ng cngh~mv‟%# ng qnr dn ~g

mfteqevok vkfemc u zkcïtefk' O~flmv amoecemv fmtöcefmv lm`ïmg vedk dnvtp~edmv zkp ckv

fkgaceftkv mpomdkv u cmv pn~èfmfekgnv hnkhpíaefmv akprmdmv m pmïr dn cm h~nppm feqec u

zkp ckv fkgaceftkv egtnpgkv ngtpn Fkgvnpqmdkpnv# Ce`npmcnv u Zpkhpnvevtmv# tmgtk ng cm

mpngm zkcïtefm fkok ng cm pncehekvm'

Okgvnýkp C~ev Flíqnr u Hkgrícnr a~n nc Mprkèvzk dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp ngtpn =565

u =588'D~pmgtn v~ dnvnoznýk# cm Ehcnvem Fmtöcefm Vmcqmdkpným zmvö zkp qmpekv

fmoèkv vehgeaefmteqkv' Cm fkgdefeög omphegmdm dn ckv fmoznvegkv# }~engnv lm`ïmg vedk

ehgkpmdkv zkp cm bnpmp}~ïm dn cm ehcnvem# vn fkgqepteö ng ~g mv~gtk zpnkf~zmgtn' Nc



14

ngak}~n tpmdefekgmc dn cm fmpedmd a~n qevtk fkok egnaefengtn9 nc fpnfeoengtk dnc

zpktnvtmgtevok ng nc zmïv mzmpnfeö fkok ~gm mongmrm zmpm cm an fmtöcefm pkomgm'

Okgvnýkp vn depeheö m cm vet~mfeög zpkontengdk cm kphmgermfeög dn fkkznpmteqmv ng nc

fmozk# ck f~mc dek fkok pnv~ctmdk cm akpomfeög dn fko~gedmdnv dn `mvn fmtöcefmv'

O~flkv fmoznvegkv t~qenpkg nvznpmgrmv mc ngfkgtpmp ~g g~nqk vehgeaefmdkpncehekvk zkp ondek dn ~g ongvmbn ng nc f~mc Bnvòv vn fkozpkontïm vkfemcongtn u

`~vfm`m cm ce`npmfeög dn cm kzpnveög zkcïtefm u nfkgöoefm'# ck f~mc tpmbk pnznpf~vekgnv

vehgeaefmteqmv' Dnvz~åv dn cmv nvfmpmo~rmv mpomdmv ngtpn nc nbåpfetk u cmv h~nppeccmv

egvzepmdmv zkp nc omp|evok# noznrö cm h~nppm feqec ng ckv mýkv =5<: u cmv fko~gedmdnv

dn `mvn fmtöcefmv pmdefmcermpkg v~v mfteqedmdnv u vn akpompkg mch~gmv dn cmv

mvkfemfekgnv dn fmoznvegkv }~n mzkum`mg mc AOCG'

>'0 QMCKPNV'

Cm tpmdefeög fkgvnpqmdkpm zpkanvm# ng tåpoegkv okpmcnv# ~gm dnangvm dn ckv

–qmckpnv dn cm amoecem‟# cåmvn cm amoecem g~fcnmp ednmc# veg fkgaceftkv# u ~gm okpmc vn|~mc

}~n dnaengdn dntnpoegmdkv pkcnv u qmckpnv zpn/nvtm`cnfedkv zmpm ckv lko`pnv u cmv

o~bnpnv# znpk egtnpzpntmdkv fkok pkcnv u qmckpnv mvehgmdkv zkp cm deqegedmd k cm

gmt~pmcnrm' Ng tåpoegkv ednkcöhefkv# nvtm tpmdefeög fkgvnpqmdkpm nv mgtefko~gevtm' U

ng ncck omgeaenvtm v~ fmpíftnp m~tkpetmpek'F~mgdk nvtm tpmdefeög vn lm qevtk f~nvtekgmdm# lm nqkc~fekgmdk m ~gm okdmcedmd

m~tkpetmpem dn tezk oecetmp' Gk nv }~n mgtnv gk a~npm m~tkpetmpem' Ck }~n v~fndn nv }~n#

fkg cm fpevev vkfekzkcïtefm dn =505/=560# nvtm tpmdefeög v~apn ~g pnfmo`ek2 dn cm

dkoegmfeög fkgvnpqmdkpm kcehíp}~efm m cm dkoegmfeög oecetmp'

Dmg ~gm ednm dn cm gmfekgmcedmd fkok mchk ~gedk nvtpnflmongtn m cmv hpmgdnv

zpkzendmdnv mhpïfkcmv u m ckv depehngtnv zkcïtefkv —ckv f~mcnv vkg ckv zpkzentmpekv dn cm

tenppm— }~n ccnqmg mc zmïv zkp nc p~o`k dnc zpkhpnvk' Zkp ck tmgtk# ~gk dn ckv pmvhkv dn

cm tpmdefeög fkgvnpqmdkpm nv }~n ~gn cm gmfekgmcedmd m cm zpkzendmd zpeqmdm dn cm tenppm'

Ng tåpoegkv pncehekvkv# zpkanvm ~g tezk dn fmtkcefevok }~n pnzpnvngtm m Fpevtk fkok ~g

pnu ,–Fpevtk Pnu‟% }~n eozkgn nc kpdng m m}~ncckv }~n kvmg dnvmaempck' Nvtn kpdng nv nc

kpdng fncnvtemc# znpk ng tåpoegkv vnf~cmpnv nv nc kpdng dn cm pnzò`cefm fmantmcnpm' Ncck

n|zcefm ck fkozcefmdk# zkp dnfep ck ongkv# }~n a~n nc mzmpnfeoengtk dn ktpmv fkppengtnv



1>

dngtpk dnc fmtkcefevok }~n f~nvtekgm`mg nvtm akpom dn egtngtmp zkgnp cm pnceheög mc

vnpqefek dnc zkdnp'

Cm deftmd~pm dn Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# znpoeteö cm fngtpmcermfeög dnc

zkdnp ng nvtn zmïv u nc nvtm`cnfeoengtk dn fenptk tezk dn fkgtpkc vkfemc# mvngtmdk

zpegfezmcongtn ng Vmg Vmcqmdkp u nc o~gdk fmantmcnpk dnc kffedngtn vmcqmdkpnýk'C~nhk dn cm omtmgrm dn =560 cm tpmgvoeveög dn fkgtngedkv okpmcevtmv u fïqefkv

znpoetn vnýmcmp nc egtnpåv ednkcöhefk dn nvtn tezk dn påheong zkcïtefk ng tpmvtkfmp cmv

zm~tmv tpmdefekgmcnv dn pn pmfekgmoengtk n edngteaefmfeög f~ct~pmc# u v~ ngfm~rmoengtk

ng ~g tezk dn –fkgqeqngfem nvtmtmc‟'

Nc tezk dn –vkfendmd devfezcegmpem‟ v~phedm d~pmgtn v~ omgdmtk hepö mcpndndkp dn

cm tpmgvoeveög dn qmckpnv `~ph~nvnv# nc omgtngeoengtk dn ~gm nfkgkoïm fmzetmcevtm u

~gm bnpmp}~ïm dn fcmvn# pnmfteqkv f~ct~pmcnv }~n tnpoegmpïmg akptmcnfengdk v~ zkvefeög

a~nptnongtn mgtefko~gevtm'

Veg no`mphk# cm edngteaefmfeög# fenptm okdnpgermfeög dn cm ondefegm u dn cmv

egvtet~fekgnv fmpfncmpemv u zve}~eítpefmv# cm ~tecermfeög dnc nbnpfetk ng cm mcam`ntermfeög dn

ckv fmoznvegkv }~n ccnhm`mg m zpnvtmp v~ vnpqefek oecetmp u cm zpkokfeög dn qmckpnv u




11

FKGFC^VEKGNV

='/Cm tpmdefeög fkgvnpqmdkpm zpkanvm# ng tåpoegkv okpmcnv# ~gm dnangvm dn ckv




gmt~pmcnrm' Ng tåpoegkv ednkcöhefkv# nvtm tpmdefeög fkgvnpqmdkpm nv mgtefko~gevtm'

0'/Ngtpn =565 u =588# cm Ehcnvem Fmtöcefm Vmcqmdkpným zmvö zkp qmpekv fmo`ekv

vehgeaefmteqkv' Cm fkgdefeög omphegmdm dn ckv fmoznvegkv# }~engnv lm`ïmg vedk




Okgvnýkp C~ev Flíqnr u Hkgrícnr# Mprk`evzk dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# vn depeheö m cm vet~mfeög

zpkontengdk cm kphmgermfeög dn fkkznpmteqmv ng nc fmozk# ck f~mc dek fkok pnv~ctmdk cm

akpomfeög dn fko~gedmdnv dn `mvn fmtöcefmv'



18

@E@CEKHPMAÏM'

NGFEFCKZNDEM DN PNCEHEKG NG CMV MONPEFMV U CM ZNGEGV^CM E@NPEFM2 NCVMCQMDKP# ZPKHPMOM CMTEGKMONPEFMGK DN NVT^DEKV

VKFEKPPNCEHEKVKV ,ZPKCMDNV%# ng2 lttz2++xxx'zpkcmdnv'fko+ # fkgv~ctmdk nc =:dn mhkvtk dn 0:=0'

xxx'nadnzkptnv'fko+'''+dnzkptn/u/nd~fmfekg/aevefm/ng/nc/vmcqmdkp# f kgv~ctmdk nc =: dnmhkvtk dn 0:=0'

xxx'ncvmcqmdkplevtöpefk'kph# f kgv~ctmdk nc =: dn mhkvtk dn 0:=0'



1<

EGAKPOÍTEFM



15

1'/ MQMGFNV TNFGKCÖHEFKV NG F^MGTK M CM FKO^GEFMFEÖG

D^PMGTN CM EE H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

1'= EGTPKD^FFEÖG'

Ng f~mgtk m cmv fko~gefmfekgnv# gkv ngakfmpnokv zpeonpk ng nc oív ~tecermdk# cmpmdek # c~nhk ng ckv znpeödefkv u zkp òcteok nc fegn ' Lmu dn pnvmctmp }~n cm Tncnqeveöggk v~phn vegk lmvtm cm dåfmdm dn =5>:'

1'0 FPKGKCKHÏM DN CM PMDEK NG NC VMCQMDKP MGTNV# D^PMGTN UDNVZ^ÅV DN CM EE H^NPPM O^GDEMC'



8:



8=



80

1'0'= Vn mfnpfm ktpm hpmg h~nppm

Fkg nc mzkuk dnc vnpqefek tncnhpíaefk u tncnaögefk ckv dempekv n|evtngtnv u cmv kgdmvlnptremgmv dn cmv pmdekv# ccnqmg zkp tkdk nc zmïv cm gktefem dn ktpk zkve`cn lkckfm~vtko~gdemc'

UVZ Cm qkr dn F~vfmtcíg ck lmfn m tpmqåv dn ~g gktefempek a~gdmdk zkp ApmgfevfkBkvå Mcqmpmdk# ccmomdk fmpeýkvmongtn "nc gnhpk Mcqmpmdk"# }~eng dnvtmfm`m fkokznpekdevtm dnvdn nc mýk =561' "Cm UVZ a~n cm zpeonpm pmdek }~n tpmgvoeteö ~g gktefenpk nvtp~ft~pmdk# fpnmdk zkp Apmgfevfk Mcqmpmdk# }~eng npm ckf~tkp dn cm nvtmfeög u pndmftkp dn Dempek Cmtegk' Nc egakpomteqk vn ccmoö "Dempek Cmtegk egakpom u UVZ tpmgvoetn"'Zkvtnpekpongtn fpnmpïmg ktpk egakpomteqk fkg Nc Hpmg Dempek' Nc gktefempek vn ccmompïm "Nc Hpmg Dempek dnc Mepn"# tpmgvoetedk tkdmv cmv gkflnv zkp nvzmfek dn => oeg~tkv" ='

Cmv gktefemv egtnpgmfekgmcnv tmoèåg ccnhm`mg m cm m~dengfem dn nvtn egakpomteqk#cmv f~mcnv gk nvtm`mg v~bntmv m cm fngv~pm dnc zpkzentmpek dn cm pmdek# Mcqmunpk Vkvm#}~eng npm o~u mf~fekvk fkg cmv gktefemv ckfmcnv'

Cm zpkhpmomfeög dn UVZ fkongrö m fmoèmp fkg cm ccnhmdm dn dkg PefmpdkPmokv# }~eng qmceågdkvn dn cm n|znpengfem md}~epedm ng \NX# okgtm nc nvzmfek Cm lkpmPmokv' Ng nvm pmdek on|efmgm lm`ïm lnflk fkgtmftk fkg ckf~tkpnv# tåfgefkv ng cmzpkd~ffeög pmdekaögefm'

Cm lkpm Pmokv vn tpmgvoetïm dn < m 5 dn cm gkfln u fkgtngïm qmpemv vnffekgnv'

Nc cmgrmoengtk dn nvtn gkqndkvk zpkhpmom# fkg nc zmtpkfegek dn Vtnpcegh Zpkd~ftv#znpoeteö mc oevok tenozk nc mzmpnfeoengtk dn ckv f~mdpkv mptïvtefkv }~n fmpmftnpermpïmg cmpmdekdea~veög ng ckv mýkv veh~engtnv' ^gm dn cmv eggkqmfekgnv dn dkg Pefmpdk Pmokv a~nngvmump nc nzevkdek dpmoítefk pmdekaögefk# dnc f~mc lm`pïm dn dnpeqmp lmfem cm pmdekgkqncmzkfk tenozk dnvz~åv u ng cm pmdek }~n a~gdmpïm b~gtk m dkg Pmòc Tpm`mgegk'

Dkg Pefmpdk Pmokv ng UVZ Cm qkr dn F~vfmtcíg# zmpm pnvzkgdnp m cmvn|ehngfemv dn cm nozpnvm zmtpkfegmdkpm okgtö nc zpeonp f~mdpk pmdektnmtpmc ng nc }~ndnvtmfmpkg2 Zmfk Ck~fnc# Fpevtegm Mcqmpnghm# Fcnongtegm Mcqmpnr# Omg~nc Peqmv Okcegm uOeh~nc Mghnc Vnponýk' Nc hp~zk a~n pnfc~tmdk dnc }~nlmfnp nvfågefk mc gk fkgtmpvn fkghngtn dnc oefpöakgk zpnzmpmdm zmpm nc pmdektnmtpk'

Ng nvkv okongtkv# cm zpeonpm pmdek zpeqmdm dn Nc Vmcqmdkp }~n vn mckbm`m ng cmvnh~gdm zcmgtm dn cm Zkcefïm Gmfekgmc# um fkgtm`m fkg ~g pnznptkpek dn nanftkv dn vkgedkng devfkv u tnomv o~vefmcnv }~n egtnpfmcm`m fkg mg~gfemgtnv# znpk# nc omukp mtpmfteqkzmpm cm pmdek m~dengfem ccnhö fkg Cm lkpm Pmokv'

"Znpk fkg tkdk u nvtmv eggkqmfekgnv v~phenpkg zpk`cnomv zkp cm egacn|eècedmd dn Mcqmunpk Vkvm ng nc föoz~tk dnc tenozk zmpm "Cm Lkpm Pmokv" u tmoèåg zkp nc dnvf~edk dn dkg Pefmpdk zmpm mb~vtmpvn mc nvzmfek nvtpeftmongtn fkgqngedk' Ng ~gm kfmveög nc devh~vtk dnpeqö hpetkv u mongmrmv# fkg ck f~mc# Mcqmunpk# nflmgdk omgk dn v~ m~tkpedmd#

=' Peqmv# Dmqed' Pnqevtm Zkptmdm' Kgdmv ng nc tenozk# 84 mýkv dn pmdek# zíh' <'



86

kpdngö m dkv mhngtnv dn vnpqefek ontnp ng `mptkcegmv mc pnqkctkvk ckf~tkp' Nvtm vet~mfeög vn pnzeteö ~g zmp dn qnfnv u "Cm Lkpm Pmokv" l~`k dn m`mgdkgmp ckv nvt~dekv dn UVZ 'Ng nc zcnetk vn nva~oö tmoèåg nc zmtpkfegek dn Vtnpcegh# nozpnvm }~n fkgtpmtö oív tmpdn m Flngflk Fmvtnccmgkv Peqmv zmpm akpomp# fkg nvtkv u ktpkv mftkpnv# nc f~mdpk n|fc~veqk dn cm Fkozmýïm ,Vtnpcegh Zpkd~ftv%" 0 '

1'0'0 Cm Vnh~gdm H~nppm# cmv kgdmv lnptremgmv u nc zpnvedngtn F~mgdk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr egm~h~pm nc okg~ongtk dn Okpmríg ng Vmg Zndpk

Znp~cmzíg# cm Vnh~gdm H~nppm O~gdemc um lm fkongrmdk fkg cm egqmveög dn tpkzmv gmrevmc tnppetkpek zkcmfk m egefekv dnc onv dn vnzteno`pn'

Ckv zkpongkpnv dnc lkckfm~vtk ccnhmg pízedmongtn hpmfemv m ckv mqmgfnv dn ckvondekv dn fko~gefmfeög dn ~ctpmomp# fkok nc vnpqefek tncnhpíaefk u tncnaögefk9 znpk m cmzk`cmfeög vmcqmdkpným ccnhmg zkp ckv ondekv fkcnfteqkv }~n n|evtng m cm vmrög dn cmåzkfm' Ngtpn ckv znpeödefkv um fepf~cm`m Cm Zpngvm Hpíaefm# zpkd~ftk dn cm a~veög dn CmZpngvm u Nc Hpíaefk# }~n lm`ïm tngedk c~hmp nc =: dn mhkvtk dnc mýk }~n fkppïm ,=565%'

1'0'6 V~phng ktpmv pmdekv ng nc zmïv u nc hngnpmc vn qm

Oepmgdk fkg ~g zkfk dn vkvcmuk ckv zpk`cnomv gmfekgmcnv u fkg omukp mtngfeögng cm h~nppm }~n pnfp~dnfïm ng N~pkzm# cm zk`cmfeög vmcqmdkpným egefem ~gm g~nqmdåfmdm'

Ng =54=# nc hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr lm vkakfmdk fkg oåtkdkv fkgkfedkv,fípfnc# dnvtenppkv# ntf'% ckv `pktnv dn kzkvefeög }~n vn lm`ïmg cnqmgtmdk f~mgdk ncfkghpnvk ck gko`pö zpnvedngtn m}~nc = dn omprk dn =565' Znvn m tkdk# nc oecetmp nvtídevz~nvtk m fkgteg~mp fkg v~ zcmg dn hkènpgk'

Nc =1 dn an`pnpk# mc fncn`pmpvn nc zpeonp fngtngmpek dnc Mcom Omtnp# nc hkènpgkegm~h~pm nc `k~cnqmp ~geqnpvetmpek# cm fmccn dn mffnvk m cm Fe~dmd ^geqnpvetmpem }~n ngnvkv okongtkv kphmgerm v~v aenvtmv egtnpekpnv' Nvn dïm UVZ Cm qkr dn F~vfmtcíg dndeföapmgbmv nvznfemcnv m cm ^geqnpvedmd dn Nc Vmcqmdkp n egqetö m v~ pnftkp Qïftkp Bnpnr'

Fkongrmgdk =54= cm oevom pmdek tpmgvoetïm dn >24> m 124> z'o'# nc zpkhpmom Cmlkpm f~ct~pmc Ceåqmgk# depehedk zkp nc zpka' Mdkcak dn Bnvòv Oíp}~nr# ng nc f~mc cm gkflndnc 0 dn an`pnpk vn cnunpkg zknomv dn Cedem Qmcengtn# fkg cm zmptefezmfeög o~vefmc dn CedemQeccmqefngfek Kcmgk'

Ng nvkv okongtkv UVZ tpmgvoetïm ng dkv apnf~ngfemv# ng kgdm ondem ng ckv 8<:If' u 1>8> If'# `mgdm dn 45 ontpkv9 zkvtnpekpongtn ck lerk dnvdn cmv =:#4:: ieckfefckv#`mgdm dn 6: ontpkv# u =#>:: dn cm `mgdm ondem' V~v zmtpkfegmdkpnv npmg FnpqnrmZïcvngnp# Cm Fmzetmcermdkpm dn Mlkppkv# Cm Zpngvm Hpíaefm# Xnvtegh Lk~vn u ktpmv aepomvfkonpfemcnv oív'

0' Fmcdnpög# Bkvå Dmqed' Dn qevtmv u kïdmv' Pmdek# tncnqeveög u fegn ng ~g tnvteokgek znpvkgmc# zíhv' 0= u 00'



84

1'6 CKV ZNPEKDEFKV D^PMGTN CM EE H^NPPM O^GDEMC'

1'6'= NC HPMG DEMPEK/CM GMFEKG

Nc mýk =500 a~n a~gdmdk zkp P~`åg Ono`pnýk# ng cm fe~dmd dn Vmg Oeh~nc# ~gvnomgmpek }~n ccnqö gko`pn "Nc Fkonpfemc" dn devtpe`~feög hpmtev# fkg nc zpkzövetkdn mfkvt~o`pmp mc zò`cefk m cm cnft~pm'Nc 0 dn mhkvtk dn =506 nvtn vnomgmpek npm tpmgvakpomdk ng dempek# pnfeèngdkzkp gko`pn "Cm Gmfeög"# u a~ghengdk fkok depnftkpnv nc oevok vnýkp Ono`pnýku Mgtkgek Hpeomcde' Nc 0< dn b~gek dn =565 vn ndetm`m um ng Vmg Vmcqmdkp "NcHpmg Dempek"# znpeödefk }~n qegk m a~vekgmpvn fkg –Cm Gmfeög"# ccmoígdkvn dnvdnngtkgfnv –Nc Hpmg Dempek Cm Gmfeög"' Ckv aegnv }~n vn zpkz~venpkg v~va~gdmdkpnv a~npkg c~flmp zkp cm f~ct~pm# nc zpkhpnvk u ckv egtnpnvnv dnc egdeqed~ku dn cm gmfeög T~qk v~ vnffeög dn egakpomfeög vk`pn v~fnvkv mft~mcnv#gmfekgmcnv n egtnpgmfekgmcnv# u ~gk vnffeög tet~cmdm "G~nvtpmv Vnffekgnv" ng }~nmzmpnfng tpm`m/

bkv kpehegmcnv k vncnffekgnv dn ktpmv z~`cefmfekgnv 'Ng hngnpmc a~n ~g znpeödefkèng egtngfekgmdk u# mc ongkv ng m}~nc tenozk# depehedk fkg vmgk fpetnpek'M tnozkpmdmv lm tngedk ndetkpemcnv qmcengtnv u kpengtmdkpnv }~n cn lmg lnflkv~èp dn zpnvtehek' Cm nozpnvm zmvö m ktpmv omgkv fkg nc gko`pn dn "ZmtpemG~nqm" u zpkgtk dnvmzmpnfeö'

1'6'0 TPE@^GM CE@PN

Ng nc onv dn gkqeno`pn dn =566 a~n a~gdmdk nc "Dempek G~nqk‟ Ng ~g zpegfezekgk mzmpnfïm Depnftkp u cm Pndmffeög nvtm`m m fmphk# zpegfezmcongtn# dnc Dp MdkcakZåpnr Ongågdnr# dnc Zpkanvkp Apmgfevfk Nvzegmrk u dnc Cef Oeh~nc Mghnc NvzegkNvtn zpkckghö v~ qedm lmvtm nc mýk dn =544# ng }~n a~n fcm~v~pmdk m pmïr dn cmfmïdm dnc påheong dnc Hngnpmc Omptïgnr Nc 8 dn b~gek dn =544 fkozpmdm cmnozpnvm ndetkpm dnc Dempek G~nqk }~n nvtm`m `kefktnmdk fkg okteqk dn ckvv~fnvkv dn' m`pec u omuk dn nvn oevok mýk M cm vmrög a~ghï fkok depnftkp dncg~nqk dempeknc znpekdevtm Zndpk Hnkapku Peqmv }~n cn dek m cm z~`cefmfeög ~g tegtnfkozcntmongtn fmo~gevtkedn u mgtefcnpefmc'Nc 01 dn b~gek dn =544 nc pktmteqk mzmpnfeö fkg nc gko`pn dn "Cm Tpe`~gm"Mzmptn dn cm ednkckhïm egdefmdm# ~gm dn cmv vnffekgnv fpnmdm zkp "Cm Tpe`~gm"veh~eö vengdk cm dn B~mg Z~n`ck }~n mc zpegfezek mzmpnfeö fkok ~gm veozcnvnffeög `mbk nc tït~ck dn "B~mg Z~n`ck dn`n vm`np"# ng zíhegm ndetkpemc# znpkdnvdn nc 4 dn vnzteno`pn dn =544# veh~eö vmcengdk ng ktpm akpom fkg ~gkvqnpvkv ng }~n mzmpnfïm nc fkongtmpek oív mft~mc dnc z~n`ck u ~g o~ýnfk }~nfpnmfeög dnc mptevtm gmfekgmc M Zegndm Fktk Fkg okteqk dn ckv v~fnvkv dn kft~`pndn nvn mýk#"Cm Tpe`~gm" v~vzngdeö v~v cm`kpnv ng vnýmc dn zpktnvtm# gk qkcqengdk mmzmpnfnp lmvtm nc 6 dn gkqeno`pn# zmpm c~nhk# nc =< dn nvn oevok onv qkcqnpm cmv~vzngveög dn cm`kpnv# ng zpktnvtm zkp nc eozcmgtmoengtk dnc nvtmdk dn vetek



8>

Nvtk vnh~gdm v~vzngveög d~pö cmphk tenozk# pnmg~dmgdk nc tpm`mbk nc =<' dnngnpk dnc mýk veh~engtn u depehengdk nc znpeödefk ng fkgfnztk dn Bnan dnPndmffeög Bkvå Apmgfevfk ^cckm lmvtm nc 0= dn ngnpk ng }~n mv~oeö cmdepnffeög nc Cef' Pefmpdk Beoågnr Fmvtecck# }~eng nvt~qk mc apngtn dn cm nozpnvmlmvtm nc 04 dn b~cekFkok nc pntepk dn Beoågnr Fmvtecck e`m mfkozmýmdk dn ~g n|tpmýmoengtk dnc

zmïv# v~apeö nc znpeödefk ~gm g~nqm v~vzngveög dn anflm egdefmdm mc 6: dn deflkonv Nc Bnan dn Pndmffeög Omg~nc Mh~ecmp Flíqnr tkoö cm depnffeög dncznpeödefk lmvtm nc dïm òcteok dn an`pnpk dn =541' Nc =º dn omprk aeh~pö fkokDepnftkp nc Dp' L~hkCegdk D~pmgtn v~ depnffeög vn zpkd~bk ~g fevom ngtpn nc ncnongtk dn pndmffeög#u zmpm tpmtmp dn vmfmp mc Dp' Cegdk# ckv egfkgakponv a~npkg m cm l~nchm# znpka~npm dn cmv gkpomv }~n zmpm nc fmvk zpnvfpe`ng cmv cnunv G~nqkv ncnongtkvegtnhpmpkg nc znpvkgmc dnvdn nc = k dnc fetmdk onv u fkgteg~ö nc Dp' Cegdk ng ncnbnpfefek dn v~v a~gfekgnv lmvtm nc 0= dn b~cek ng }~n zpnvngtö v~ png~gfemv~vtet~uågdkcn nc Dp' Mcapndk Kpter Omgdm'Nc 05 dn vnzteno`pn dn nvn mýk ngtpö m depehep nc znpeödefk dkg Bkvå ]~nthcmv#}~eng dnbö cm depnffeög b~gtk fkg tkdk nc znpvkgmc dn pndmffeög ng b~cek dnc mýkveh~engtn# zkp lm`np fkozpmdk cm omukp zmptn dn cmv mffekgnv dn cm nozpnvm ncHngnpmc Vmcqmdkp Fmvtmýndm Fmvtpk# ngtkgfnv Zpnvedngtn dn cm Pnzò`cefm Mv~oeöcm depnffeög nc Dp' Mc`nptk Peqmv @kgeccm# m }~eng onvnv dnvz~åv v~vtet~uö ncZpkanvkp Apmgfevfk Nvzegmrk# }~eng depeheö nc dempek lmvtm nc =4 dn defeno`pn dn=54< ng }~n fmuö nc Hkènpgk dnc Hngnpmc Fmvtmýndm Tkdk nvtn znpïkdkmdkcnfeö dnc kaefemcevokNg ckv zpeonpkv dïmv dn ngnpk dn =545 pnmzmpnfeö nc znpeödefk ccmoígdkvnTpe`~gm Ce`pn ng nvtm g~nqm ntmzm# u mzmpnfengdk fkok depnftkpnv nc Dp PkdkcakFkpdög u ]~egk Fmvk# }~eng m cm zkvtpn }~ndö åc vkck depehengdk nc pktmteqk#mfngt~mgdk tkdmqïm oív v~ gktm dn qkfnpk dn m}~nc hkènpgk u v~ ompfmdk fmpermgtefcnpefmc'

1'6'6 FMÏDM DN LNPGMGDNR OMPTEGNR

Nc Fmgdmdk /Mzmpnfeö ng Defeno`pn dn =56< Mtmfö d~pmongtn m ckv kzkvetkpnvdnc Hpmc Omptïgnr' Omgeanvtö }~n nc Zpk Zmtpem pnzpnvngtm ck qkc~gtmd dnc z~n`ck u}~n nc Hpmc Omptïgnr dn`ïm fkgteg~mp ng cm Zpnvedngfem zmpk `ngnaefek dn ckvvmcqmdkpnýmvOmptïgnr fkgqkfö m Mvmo`cnm Fkgvtet~ungtn ng =565 Nvtm pnzpnvngtmfeög dnfpntö~gm g~nqm Fkgvtet~feög# cm fkgkfedm fkg nc gko`pn dnc 65 Cm Fkgvtet~ungtn#devzngvö cmv egfmzmfedmdnv cnhmcnv dnc fmvk mc Hpmc Omptïgnr# u ck nceheö zmpm ~gg~nqk f~mptk znpïkdk# nc f~mc vn egefeö nc =: dn Omprk dn =565# u# dn gk lm`npvedk dnppkfmdk# lm`pïm tnpoegmdk nc = k dn Omprk dn =54> Nc Fmgdmdk vnzpkg~gfeö zkp ~gm zkcïtefm d~pm fkgtpm ckv –mc`kpktmdkpnv‟ u ckv –zkcete}~npkv‟# m}~engnv mf~vö dnc mtpmvk dnc zmïv "Vöck cm nvtmècedmd zkcïtefm z~ndn lmfnpzpkhpnvmp m Nc Vmcqmdkp# nvk nvtí dnokvtpmdk'Cm m`pkhmfeög dn cm Fkgvtet~feög dn =<<1 zkp ckv fkgvtet~ungtnv dn =565 fpnö~g omcnvtmp zpka~gdk ng ckv vmcqmdkpnýkv+ vk`pn tkdk ng ckv vnftkpnv~geqnpvetmpekv# dkgdn cm kzkvefeög fkongrö m kphmgermpvn ng tkdm akpok' Nc



81

fkgteg~evok dn Omptïgnr a~n pnz~demdk dn omgnpm fcmgdnvtegm# dnèdk m cmznpvnf~feög# mc "kpnbevok" u mc tnokp }~n ega~gdek nc deftmdkp Zpk/Zmtpem /"Kphmgkdn cm B~gtm Depnfteqm Dnzmptmongtk Zpk/Zmtpem# vn z~`cefö ng ^v~c~tíg# lmèngdkmzmpnfedk nc zpeonp gòonpk ng Kft~`pn dn =54=# fkg nc cnom dn "Ce`nptmd# Zmr#B~vtefem u Zpkèdmd"'Depnftkpnv Zpkanvkp Omg~nc dn B @kgeccm u @p Apmgfevfk Zmgemh~m M Mdoegevtpmdkp

Omg~nc Dïmr D~píg' Fkok öphmgk zmptedevtm# pnmcerö egtngvm zpkzmhmgdm mczpkhpmom dn hkènpgk dnc Hpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr'Nc Gmfekgmc Vn a~gdö nc mýk =544 nvznfemcongtn zmpm m zpk`mp pnakpom dn cmFkgvtet~feög dn =565 Fkgqkfmdm m aegnv dn =546 zkp nc Hpmc' Omptïgnr# cm g~nqmFkgvtet~ungtn gk vöck pnakpoö cm Fmptm Omhgm dn =565# vegk }~n ck zpkfcmoöZpnvedngtn dn cm Pnzò`cefm zmpm ~g }~egtk znpïkdk Zmpm nqetmp zpk`cnomv# cmFkgvtet~ungtn fnvö nc znpïkdk mgtnpekp dn Omptïgnr }~n tnpoegm`m nc = k dnOmprk dn =54># n lerk }~n egefempm nc g~nqk znpïkdk nc = k dn Omprk dn =544u nc f~mc ¡2kgfc~epïm nc 0< ¸dn An`pnpk dn =54<# nqetmgdk mvï nc tpmvzmvk dnczkdnp' Omptïgnr fkgteg~ö# z~nv# ng cm Zpnvedngfem oengtpmv "v~v fkgvtet~ungtnv"mppnhcm`mg dn cm onbkp omgnpm cm f~nvteög cnhmc Nc pnz~dek mc påheong omptegevtmm nvtmv mct~pmv npm oív }~n gktkpek Omptïgnr hk`npgö nc zmïv# fkok um debeokv#dnvdn nc 4 dn Defeno`pn dn =56= lmvtm nc 8 dn Omuk dn =544 V~mdoegevtpmfeög a~n dn tpm`mbm egtngvk D~pmgtn v~ hkènpgk nc zmïv qeqeö `mbk ~gmdeftmd~pm anppnm' Cm mongmrm dn ~gm pnzpnveög# veoecmp m cm dn =560# omgtngïmng tnokp m cmv fkgfengfemv vmcqmdkpnýmv'Veg no`mphk# ng cm fcmgdnvtegedmd u fkok pnvz~nvtm fïqefm m cm fkgteg~edmd dnOmptïgnr ng nc zkdnp# vn kphmgermpmg ~gm vnpen dn hp~zkv feqecnv u oecetmpnv}~n apmh~mpmg cm fmïdm dnc deftmdkp# ncck ng ondek dnc vecngfek dn cm zpngvm u cmznpvnf~feög fkgvtmgtn m ckv lko`pnv dn zngvmoengtk'

1'6'4 Nc FleflefmvtnA~n ~g znpeödefk dn kfmveög z~`cefmdk fkg okteqk dn cm c~flm zkcïtefm dnc mýk=544/=54> Gk k`vtmgtn nc ngt~vemvok zkz~cmp# nc 0= dn Kft~`pn dn =544 vnzpkd~bk ~g qekcngtk f~mptncmrk# zpkzefemdk zkp ckv mctkv bnanv dnc nbåpfetk# Ngqnpdmd# cm mffeög zkcïtefm dn zmptn dnc pkonpevok a~n egmdnf~mdk# dnvkpètmdm#mgmp}~evtm ng fenptk vngtedk Mc nbåpfetk cn ngtpö oendk# u gk mc nbåpfetk zpkzem-"(ng/tn# vegk m mch~gkv kaefemcnv fkok Vmcqmdkp Zným# Mpt~pk Peqmv# Apmgfevfk Zkgfn#ntf Tpmv nvtkv' znpvkgnpkv Bnc nbåpfetk nvtm`m ~g g~onpkvk vnft5p dn fmzetmgnv uomukpnv# f~um zpnkf~zmfeög u zpnveög lerk zkve`cn nc f~mptncmrkNc zmptedk pkonpevtm Z^D a~n dev~nctk# znpvnh~edk fengtkv dn vmcqmdkpnýkv a~npkgmc n|ecek Nc g~nqm hkènpgk zpnvededk zkp Kvoïg Mh~eppn u Vmcegmv eozcmgtö ncNvtmdk dn Vetek u kpengtö nc pnv~ctmdk dn cmv ncnffekgnv# dn tmc omgnpm }~nvmcenvn ncnftk nc Hpmc' Fmvtmýndm u Fmvtpk'Nc Hpmc Mgdpåv c' Ongågdnr# mc vnp "dnvfkgkfedk" zkp cm kaefemcedmd dnc nbåpfetkz~`cefö dnfcmpmfekgnv o~u fcmpmv# zmpm dnbmp nvtm`cnfedm cm pnvzkgvmècedmd dncokongtk levtöpefk Ng nccmv debk "Fkok m cm ~gm u ondem dn cm tmpdn dnc dïm 6:dn B~gek dnc fkppengtn mýk# ccnhö m Fmvm Zpnvedngfemc ~gm fkoeveög dn kaefemcnv megqetmpon m zmvmp mc f~mptnc Nc Rmzktn# dkgdn nvtm`mg pn~gedmv dncnhmfekgnv dnckv devtegtkv F~npzkv oecetmpnv dn cm fmzetmc'



1'6'> CK ]^N DEBK CM Z

NGVM‡

88



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1'4 FEGN d~pmgtn cm EE H~nppm O~gdemc

Ck fenptk# gk k`vtmgtn# nv }~n g~nvtpk fegn gmfekgmc# d~pmgtn cmv zpeonpmv tpnv dåfmdmvlerk ~g vk`pnnva~nprk zkp }~npnp dnvmppkccmpvn u mcfmgrmp ~g geqnc mfnztm`cn b~gtk mktpkv mqmgfnv fkok nc dn kft~`pn dn =5612 –Nc Ví`mdk vn lm`ck zkp tncåakgk k# onbkp#zkp pmdek tncåakgk ngtpn nc Vmcqmdkp u Zmpev' Nvtk dm cm ondedm dnc mdncmgtk dn cm

egtnpfko~gefmfeög fkg nc pnvtk dnc o~gdk ng }~n nvtm vet~mdk Nc Vmcqmdkp –' ,Cm ZpngvmHpíaefm# Nc Ce`pk dn Demomgtn# tkok E9 =5542080%

Znpk ckv mýkv 6:―v gk vkck vnpem cm dåfmdm dn cm fkgteg~edmd dn cm zpkcïaefm zpkd~ffeöggmfekgmc# vegk tmo`eåg# cm dåfmdm ng cm }~n vn z~ndn mdqnptep }~n lm`ïm ~g egtnpåv zkpzpktnhnp m ckv geýkv dnc fkgtmftk fkg ckv fkgtngedkv zpkzekv zmpm ckv md~ctkv# tmc fkokck okvtpö ~gm gktefem dnc == dn gkqeno`pn dn =5612 –gk vn znpoetepíg geýkv dn denrmýkv m`mbk dngtpk dn ckv tnmtpkv' Nc dkoeghk zmvmdk a~npkg vmfmdkv dn ckv fegnvomdpnv }~n lm`ïmg edk fkg geýkv dn nvmv ndmdnv‟,Cm Zpngvm Hpíaefm# Nc Ce`pk dn Demomgtn9 tkok E9 =5542086%'

Dn ckv zpeonpkv f~mpngtm mýkv dncvehck zmvmdk gk n|evtng anflmvzpnfevmv dn f~mgdk vn zmvk dn cmtpmgvefeög dn fpnmp zpkd~ffeög fkg fegno~dk u vn egefemg cmv aecomfekgnv fkgfegn vkgkpk n egfc~vk –nv deaïfec maepompve n|evtenpkg zekgnpkv dnc fegn ngg~nvtpk zmïv d~pmgtn cmv zpeonpmv dkvdåfmdmv dnc vehck zmvmdk u ve zkpfmv~mcedmd dn cm qedm# vn fkgvnpqm mchkpkdmdk zkp ncckv# m deanpngfemv dn ktpmvgmfekgnv tmozkfk m n|evtedk ~gpngmfeoengtk nvtmtmc m cm cm`kp

dnvmppkccmdm zkp nvtmv znpvkgmcedmdnv }~n fkgvtet~ung qnpdmdnpkv kph~cckv gmfekgmcnv–',Dmctkg# B9 0:::21`%'

Ng tkdk fmvk# ng cm dåfmdm dn ckv 6:―v ncfegn ng Nc Vmcqmdkp vn depeheö zkp dkvfmoegkv deanpngtnv2 Zkp ~gm zmptn# nceoz~cvk h~`npgmongtmc dmdk m cmvn|le`edkpmv dn fegn n|tpmgbnpk zmpmzpkokqnp nc ngtpntngeoengtk dn cm zk`cmfeögfkok qícq~cm dn nvfmzn m cm deaïfec vet~mfeögvkfemc# zkcïtefm u oecetmp }~n zmdnfïm cmvkfendmd vmcqmdkpným# u zkp ktpk cmdk# ncmqeqmoengtk dn ~gm zpkd~ffeögfegnomtkhpíaefm zpkzemongtn gmfekgmc }~nzpntngdïm9 zpeonpk# zpnvnpqmp okongtkvlevtöpefkv dn g~nvtpkv z~n`ckv9 vnh~gdk#dmpcn edngtedmd zpkzem m g~nvtpk fegn'



85

Ckv tnmtpkv dn nvn ngtkgfnv npmg2 Gmfekgmc# Zkz~cmp u Fkckg dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp#Gmfekgmc dn Vmgtm Mgm u Gmfekgmc dn Vmg Oeh~nc# vn ~tecermg zmpm zpnvngtmfekgnvtnmtpmcnv tmcnv fkok2 kznpmv# rmpr~ncmv# fkondemv u nvznftíf~ckv vkfemcnv dn cm åzkfm'

Mc fkgqnptep ckv tnmtpkv ng vmcmv dn fegn# –vn mozcek nc ~vk dn v~v egvtmcmfekgnvpnmfkgdefekgígdkcmv# zmpm zpkunftmp zncïf~cmv fegnomtkhpíaefmv fkg nc k`bntk dn

hngnpmp a~ngtnv dn tpm`mbk u dnvtegmp cmv ~tecedmdnv m cm `ngnaefngfem‟',Fmgermcnv# A# u ktpkv9 =5<82=/0%'

C~nhk# –Ng =56< a~n nc mýk ng }~n nc Fepf~etk fkozpk cm Fkozmýïm Gmfekgmc dnNvznftíf~ckv# m tpmqåv dn cm hnvteög dn cm B~gtm Fngtpmc @ngåaefm# cm fkozmýïmongfekgmdm fkozpngdïm2 Cm Fmvm Tnmtpk dn Vmg Oeh~nc# Tnmtpk dn B~f~mzm# Tnmtpk dnVmgtemhk dn Ompem# Tnmtpk Zpegfezmc dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp u Fmvm Tnmtpk dn Vmgtm Mgm'‟,Fmgermcnv# Aåce|# u ktpkv9 =5<826%'

Egfc~vk –Lmfem =56<# cm –Nozpnvm Hngnpmc dn Nvznftíf~ckv‟# zpkzendmd dn ckv Onmpde#tngem v~v kaefegmv fngtpmcnv ng nc ndeaefek Cm Zepíoedn# vk`pn cm =¢' F' Ztn' dn nvtmfmzetmc' Dkg Omg~nc tpm`mbk ng nvtm nozpnvm fkok Mdoegevtpmdkp mzpk|eomdmongtnd~pmgtn =: mýkv‟ ,Hmonv# P9 =5<421:%'

–Cm fkozmýïm Onmpde zkvnïm ckv fegnv –Zpegfezmc‟ u –Fkcevnk dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp‟' Fepf~etkdn Tnmtpkv Gmfekgmcnv a~gfekgk fkg tmgtk å|etk }~n lerk }~n`pmp m cm –Nozpnvm Hngnpmcdn Nvznftíf~ck‟ ng nc tåpoegk dn ~g mýk' Nc hkènpgk fkozpk m Onmpde tkdkv ck fegnv9Dn nvtm akpom# Fepf~etkv dn Tnmtpkv Gmfekgmcnv vn fkgqepteö ng Okgkzkcek lmfem =540‟',Hmonv# P9 =5<421=%'

Cm dåfmdm dn ckv 4:―v tengn ckzpkzek ng ck }~n mc zmgkpmomzkcïtefk u oecetmp vn pnaenpn um }~nnc =: dn omuk dn =5442 –Lkungtpnhm cm zpnvedngfem dn cmpnzò`cefm nc Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgkLnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# mc HngnpmcMgdpåv F' Oågdnr' Nc n|deftmdkp lm`ck mgkfln zkp pmdekdnvzedeågdkvn –,Cm ZpngvmHpmaefm# nc Ce`pk dn Demomgtn#tkok E# =55426>8%' Fkg ncdnppkfmoengtk dn nvtn deftmdkp#tmoèåg vn a~n ~g a~nptn mzkukdn ckv zpkd~ftkpnv dn fegngmfekgmc' Dn mf~npdk mcpnzkptmbn –Zmgfleomcfk ngzkdnp dn ckv zepmtmv‟ vn maepom}~n2 –Zkfk omv dn denr mýkvmgtnv# nc hkènpgk dnc ngtkgfnv



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zpnvedngtn Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr aegmgfek aecomfekgnv }~n mlkpm zkvnng ~ghpmg qmckp levtöpefk# fkok nc dkf~ongtmc dn ckv B~nhkv Dnzkpteqkv Fngtpkmonpefmgkv udnc Fmpe`n ,=56>%# dn Mcapndk Omvve‟ ,Tmomfmv# B9 0:::2 1`%'

Ng nc pnzkptmbn –NG @^VFM DN ^G

FEGNMVTM ZNPDEDK‟ vn dnbmngtpnqnp }~n d~pmgtn ckv mýkv 6:―v u4:―v Dkg Mcapndk Omvve pnmcerk tkdm~gm qmpemdm zpkd~ffeögfegnomtkhpíaefm2 –Mzpnfemokv qevtmvdn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# Vkgvkgmtn u ktpkvz~n`ckv tkomdkv zkp dkg McapndkOmvve dnvdn ~g mqeög zecktnmdk zkpLnpgíg @mpög' U mvï v~fnveqmongtn2ckv B~nhkv Fngtpkmonpefmgkv dn=56># dkgdn mzmpnfn nc HngnpmcOm|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr9 ncdnvaecn dn ckv Dnzkptevtmv9 eoíhngnvdn Vmg Vmcqmdkp fkg m}~nccmvo~flmflmv ncnhmgtnv fkg v~vvko`pnpetkv u zmý~nckv# veg }~n ~gflkanp vmcqmbn dn lku cmv mzcmvtmpm#åzkfm egkcqedm`cn dn @mtmfcmg uOeckghm9 nc fmozk Omptn u ncmtnppermbn dn ckv zpeonpkv mqekgnvccnhmdkv mc zmïv fkgvtp~edkv dnomdnpm u tncm' Veh~ng cmv eoíhngnv2Nc dnvaecn dn fmppkrmv zkp VmgVmcqmdkp ng ckv mýkv 4:―v9 –Nc

zpnvedngtn Fmvtmgndm u v~ `nccm nvzkvm# pnfe`n qevetm ng fmvm zpnvedngfemc‟,Dmctkg# B9 =5552 8`%'

Ck mgtnpekp dno~nvtpm }~n g~nvtpkv zpkd~ftkpnv dn fegn vkg zkp ngfeom dn f~mc}~enpktpm fkgvednpmfeög ~gkv aencnv u aeponv zpnvnpqmdkpnv dn g~nvtpm levtkpem vkfemc#zkcïtefm u f~ct~pmc9 fkgqeptengdk v~ tpm`mbk ng ~g mzkuk zmpm levtkpemdkpnv }~engnvzkdpïmg fktnbmp v~ egqnvtehmfeög nvfpetm vk`pn cm levtkpem vmcqmdkpným fkg cm fkozcntmzmgkpíoefm qev~mc dnc vehck zmvmdk }~n gkv lm vedk dnbmdm zkp fegnmvtmv fkokMcapndk Omvve# Qephecek Fpevkgegk # B~mg C' Kpkrfk# nvtk veg dnbmp dn pnfkgkfnp ncvk`pnnva~nprk nfkgöoefk pnmcermdk zkp Dkg Bkphn O' Dmdm'

Vnhòg# cm vnýkpm C~fem Omvve pnvznftk mc gktefenpk –CKPKTKGN‟ –Vn ngf~ngtpmggnhmteqkv u demzkveteqmv dn zncïf~cmv dn =1oo' Nc vnýkp Mcapndk Omvve fkgteg~kaecomgdk zmpm ckv deanpngtnv hk`enpgkv dnvdn ckv mýkv dn =54:# mch~gkv ng `~ngnvtmdk u ktpkv# gk‟'



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Dn mf~npdk m cm lebm dn dn Dkg Mcapndk Omvve# nc aecok ng cm dåfmdm dn ckv 4:―v kflkzpkd~ffekgnv# ngtpn nccmv2 –Tnppnoktk‟ –Dïm dn cm Fp~r ng Lmfengdm Tmr~cnt‟–F~mtpkfengtkv mýkv dnvdn cm a~gdmfeög dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp –# ngtpn ktpkv'

Ng tkdk fmvk# c~nhk dnc hkènpgk dnc Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Omptïgnr vn denpkgdeanpngtnv fku~gt~pmv zkcïtefmv fkok nc Hkczn dn Nvtmdk dnc 0= dn Kft~`pn dn =544#

fkomgdmdk zkp nc Fkpkgnc Kvoeg Mh~eppn u Vmcegmv# }~eng vn lerk dnc zkdnp ng =544#mzcmvtk ~gm pnq~nctm ng nc @mppek dn Vmg Oeh~ncetk u m v~ qnr# fkgt~qk ~gm egqmveög}~n lm`ïm cmgrmdk cm kzkvefeög dnvdn H~mtnomcm u m fegfk onvnv dn hk`npgmp cnv~fndeö ng nc hkènpgk ~g zpeonpk dn omprk dn =54> nc Hngnpmc Vmcqmdkp FmvtmgndmFmvtpk# }~eng npm fmgdedmtk zkp zmptn dnc vnftkp fmantmcnpk u dn }~eng vn maepom }~ndnèdk m cmv zpkd~ffekgnv dn Dkg Mcapndk Omvve –zkp aeg z~deokv fkozpk`mp hpmfemv mnvtmv eoíhngnv }~n nc zpnvedngtn Fmvtmgndm npm `mvtmgtn ank‟ ,Dmctkg# B9 =5552 1`%'

1'> CMV TNCNFKO^GEFMFEKGNV

G~nqmongtn g~nvtpk zmïv tkom cm dncmgtnpm tnfgkcöhefm# um lm zmvmdk o~flk tenozkdnvdn m}~nc zpeonp tncåhpmak dnc 08 dn m`pec dn =<8:2 ngtpn Vmg Vmcqmdkp u nc Z~nptk dnCm Ce`nptmd‡ ng =566 n|evtïmg 6#8>4 tncåakgkv# >#04= iecöontpkv dn Pnd Tncnaögefm u4#:66 io dn Pnd Tncnhpíaefm'

Nc => dn vnzteno`pn dn =56> vn egm~h~pö cm zpeonpm cïgnm tncnaögefm depnftm ngtpn cmvfmzetmcnv dn Nc Vmcqmdkp u H~mtnomcm'

Tncåhpmak =561 Tncnakgïm =540



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8' CMV OMTNOÍTEFMV NG NC VMCQMDKP D^PMGTN NC ZNPEKDK DNCM EE H^NPPM O^GDEMC ,=565 ‖ =54>%'

8'= EGTPKD^FFEÖG

Cm fkgvtp~ffeög u onbkpmoengtkv dn ckv fmoegkv# z~nptkv# cïgnmv anppkqempemv'N|zcktmfeög dn oegmv# mfteqedmd `mgfmpem# b~gtk m cm n|zkptmfeög mhpmpem# nvtmvmfteqedmdnv cehmdmv tmgtk mc egtnpåv dn ~g vnftkp mhpk n|zkptmdkp# fkok m ckv dn ~gm`~ph~nvïm n~pkznm u gkptnmonpefmgm qmg eoz~cvmgdk nc dnvmppkcck dn g~nvtpk }~nlmfnpomtnoítefk# z~nv tmgtk nc fmcf~ck deanpngfemc# cm aevefmomtnoítefm# nc fmcf~ck dnzpk`m`ecedmdnv# u ktpkv fkgtngedkv gk devzkge`cnv mgtnpekpongtn dn omgnpm kaefemc#lmfng v~ mzmpefeög cehmdkv mc v~pheoengtk u dnvmppkcck dn deqnpvmv pmomv dn cmeghngenpïm mvkfemdmv fkg nvtmv mfteqedmdnv# m cmv }~n qmg mhpnhígdkvn ktpkvncnongtkv }~n tmo`eåg pïmg dnomgdmgdk cm zpnvngfem dn lnppmoengtmv omtnoítefmvv~znpekpnv m cmv tpmdefekgmcnv# ngtpn ncckv cmv mfteqedmdnv dn cm um a~gdmdm DepnffeögHngnpmc dn Nvtmdïvtefm'

Zkp ktpk cmdk cm cm`kp nd~fmteqm oív }~n tkdk ng v~v geqncnv ondek u v~znpekp# vn a~nqengdk kpengtmdm ng f~mgtk m cm omtnoítefm vn pnaenpn# lmfem fmve tkdmv cmv ípnmvtkfmdmv mgtnpekpongtn# z~nv cm ^geqnpvedmd zpíftefmongtn fkgtpkcm`m u depehïm cmegvtp~ffeög zò`cefm m geqnc gmfekgmc um vnm depnftm k egdepnftmongtn'

Mvï# Eghngenpïm oegnpmcöhefm fkg cm n|zcktmfeög dn oegmv# Eghngenpïm ng z~ngtnv uFmcrmdmv# Eghngenpïm Feqec# Eghngenpïm Onfígefm9 fkg cmv pndnv dn fmppntnpmv u cïgnmvanppkqempemv }~n vn nvtíg fkgvtp~ungdk'

M zmptep dn cm pnakpom dn =54:# vn fkgfe`ng ckv aegnv u k`bnteqkv dn cm nd~fmfeöggmfekgmc# vn fpnö nc Oegevtnpek dn Nd~fmfeög nc f~mc vn ngfmphö dn dnvmppkccmp cmpnakpom mc vevtnom nd~fmteqk u vn mvehgö omukp zpnv~z~nvtk m cm nd~fmfeög'

Dn fkgakpoedmd m cm Fkgvtet~feög Zkcïtefm ng qehngfem# ,=565% cm ngvnýmgrm vn dnfpntöce`pn vnhòg ckv veh~engtnv zpegfezekv2

† Cm ngvnýmgrm zpeompem nv k`cehmtkpem zmpm tkdkv ckv fe~dmdmgkv† Nc Nvtmdk u ckv o~gefezekv nvtíg k`cehmdkv# dn omgnpm nvznfemc# m egfpnongtmpcm

fkvtnmgdk cmv nvf~ncmv gnfnvmpemv mc pnvznftk' Ng nccmv cm nd~fmfeög dn`n vnphpmt~etm'

† Ng ckv nvtm`cnfeoengtkv fkvtnmdkv k v~`qngfekgmdkv zkp nc Nvtmdk k ckvo~gefezekv# cm ngvnýmgrm lm dn vnp cmefm'

† Cm }~n eozmptmg cmv nvf~ncmv zò`cefmv k zpeqmdmv nvtmpíg v~bntmv m cm qehecmgfem ufkgtpkc dnc Nvtmdk'

Vkg aegnv dn cm ngvnýmgrm2

† Cm akpomfeög dn ckv vmcqmdkpnýkv# v~ nd~fmfeög fïqefm u v~ znpanffekgmoengtkznpvkgmc u zpkanvekgmc'



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† Tmo`eåg nv ~g dn`np dnc Nvtmdk akongtmp cm nd~fmfeög vnf~gdmpem u zpkanvekgmc#cmv mptnv# kaefekv u tkdm mfteqedmd f~ct~pmc'

† Ckv nvtm`cnfeoengtkv }~n zmpm tmcnv aegnv fkgvtn k v~`qngfekgn# vnpígkphmgermdkv u fkgtpkcmdkv zkp nc Zkdnp Nbnf~teqk'

† Vkcmongtn nc Nvtmdk# dn fkgakpoedmd fkg cm cnu# z~ndn n|zndep k m~tkpermptït~ckv mfmdåoefkv zmpm nc nbnpfefek dn cmv zpkanvekgnv ce`npmcnv dn cm Pnzò`cefm'

8'0 Egakpomfeög dn cm Pnakpom Nd~fmteqm dn =54: fkgfnpgengtn m cm Omtnoítefm2



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8'6 ZCMGNV# ZPKHPMOMV DN NVT^DEK U KTPKV DMTKV'

8'6'= =54: Vn zpko~chm ~g g~nqk zcmg dn nvt~dekv cm ̂ geqnpvedmd'



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8'6'0 Lkpmv vnomgmcnv dn cmv mvehgmt~pmv dn omtnoítefmv eozmptedmv ng ncEgvtet~tk Gmfekgmc Hpmc' Apmgfevfk Ongågdnr ,=54:%2



<5

8'6'6 Pnakpom dnc zpkhpmom dn Mpetoåtefm zmpm Fkgtmdkpnv ,=54:%2



5:

8'6'4 Pnhcmongtk zmpm cm ngvnýmgrm gkpomc zmpm omnvtpkv ,=54:% ng f~mgtk m cmomtnoítefm2



5=

8'4 Z~`cefmfekgnv Omtnoítefmv ng Nc Vmcqmdkp

=568

–Cm K`pm Omtnoítefm dn Pngmtk Dnvfmptnv‟ zkp Napmïg BkqncMgícevev levtöpefkv dn ckv dnvf~`peoengtkv dn Pngmtk Dnvfmptnv ng mpetoåtefm# mchn`pm#

hnkontpïm# tmo`eåg cm egtnpzpntmfeög dn ck }~n nv cm omtnoítefm dn Dnvfmptnv'=56< ‖ =54<Ng v~ omukpïm k vn nvfpe`enpkg mptïf~ckv pncmteqkv m cmv omtnoítefmv'

8'> Ce`pkv dn Tn|tk



50

8'1 FEAPMV DN CM ÅZKFM =564 ‖ =54>



56

FKGFC^VEKGNV

M ondedm }~n cm egd~vtpemcermfeög vn lmfn nqedngtn ng nc zmïv# tmo`eåg v~phn cm

gnfnvedmd tngnp zpkanvekgmcnv oív fmzmfetmdkv' Nvtk okteqm m cm ^geqnpvedmd Gmfekgmc

m okdeaefmp ckv zcmgnv dn nvt~dek# ng ck }~n m omtnoítefm vn pnaenpn'

Nc Hpmc' Omptïgnr eoz~cvm tmo`eåg ~gm pnakpom nd~fmteqm zmpm @ívefm u Ondem# cm

pnakpom dn =54:' Cm f~mc qengn m okdeaefmp cm nd~fmfeög }~n vn tngïm dnvdn ~g vehck

mtpív' Zpnvngtmokv ckv f~pvkv# fkg v~v pnvznfteqmv mvehgmt~pmv u fmphm vnomgmc dn

lkpmv# znpoeteågdkgkv mvï qnp }~n cm omtnoítefm vn lm okdnpgermdk u vn lmfn mòg

oív zpmftefm'

@e`cekhpmaïm

Kpehng u Dnvmppkcck levtöpefk dn cm Omtnoítefm ng Nc VmcqmdkpFmvtpk Ncerkgdk u Mcqmpmdk FmvtpkNdetkpemc ^geqnpvetmpem ‖ ^NV =551

Dempek Kaefemc# Tkok =0<# zíh' 44<lttz2++=5:'<1'0:5'4:+dempekv+=54:+=54:/=T+=54:/=T[Zmptn=='zda

Dempek Kaefemc# Tkok =0<# zíh' 004<lttz2++=5:'<1'0:5'4:+dempekv+=54:+=54:/=T+=54:/=T[Zmptn>6'zda

Dempek Kaefemc# Tkok =08# zíh' 688=/6<=1lttz2++=5:'<1'0:5'4:+dempekv+=565+=565/0T+=565/0T[Zmptn4>'zda

lttz2++=5:'<1'0:5'4:+dempekv+=565+=565/0T+=565/0T[Zmptn41'zda



54

EGHCÅV



5>

PNVÔNG

CM EGAC^NGFEM DN CM VNH^GDM H^NPPM O^GDEMC

NG NC VMCQMDKP'

Ng pnv~ong z~ndn dnfepvn }~n cm 0¢ h~nppm o~gdemc gk t~qk o~flk

egac~ngfem ng ckv mfkgtnfeoengtkv }~n vn denpkg ng g~nvtpk zmïv ngtpn =565

u =54># um }~n deflkv mfkgtnfeoengtkv nvt~qenpkg omukpongtn

egac~ngfemdkv zkp cm deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr

Omptïgnr# }~eåg a~n dnvtet~edk fkok zpnvedngtn ng =544# nv dnfep ~g mýk

mgtnv }~n aegmcermpm cm h~nppm'Zpegfezmcongtn cm egac~ngfem a~n ng cm nfkgkoïm dn g~nvtpk zmïv'

VÔOMPU

TLN EGAC^NGFN KA TLN VNFKGD XKPCD XMP

EG NC VMCQMDKP'

Eg v~oompu et fmg `n vmed tlmt tln 0gd xkpcd xmp ded gkt lmqn o~fl

egac~ngfn kg tln nqngtv tlmt lmqn tming zcmfn eg k~p fk~gtpu `ntxnng =565

mgd =54># mv tlnvn nqngtv xnpn egac~ngfnd omegcu ù tln deftmtkpvlez ka

Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# xlk xmv pnokqn mv zpnvedngt

eg =544# tlmt ev# m unmp `nakpn tln xmp ngdnd'

Omegcu tln egac~ngfn xmv eg tln nfkgkou ka k~p fk~gtpu'



51

FKGFC^VEKGNV



58

FKGFC^VEKGNV NVT^DEKV VKFEMCNV2

='/ M zmptep dn cm dåfmdm dn =56:# Nc Vmcqmdkp n|znpeongtm ~gm vnpen dn fmoèkv

nfkgöoefkv# zkcïtefkv u vkfemcnv# dn ckv f~ícnv mch~gkv fkegfedng fpkgkcöhefmongtn

fkg nc dnvmppkcck dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# tmcnv fkok nc egefek# mzkhnk u fmïdm dn

cm deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr'

0'/Ng zpegfezek# deflkv mfkgtnfeoengtkv nvt~qenpkg ng egac~ngfemdkv zkp cmv

zpnvekgnv n|tnpgmv# nvznfemcongtn dn ckv Nvtmdkv ^gedkv# zmïv }~n dnomgdm`m mzkuk

dn tkdm Cmtegkmoåpefm# zmpm ~gepvn mc hp~zk dn ckv mcemdkv# pmrög zkp ck f~mc ng nc

mzmptmdk nfkgöoefk vn m~ongtmpkg cmv n|zkptmfekgnv# nvznfemcongtn dn omtnpemv

zpeomv'

6'/Ng nc mvznftk zkcïtefk# nc Hngnpmc Omptïgnr# dnvtet~uö dn v~ hkènpgk u n|z~cvk

dnc zmïv m znpvkgmv dn gmfekgmcedmd Mcnomgm n Etmcemgm k }~n t~qenpmg mvfngdngfem dndeflkv zmïvnv# fkok ~g hnvtk dn mzkuk m Nvtmdkv ^gedkv' Zkp ktpm zmptn# u um vk`pn nc

aegmc dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# ng g~nvtpk zmïv kf~ppn cm l~nchm dn ckv `pmrkv

fmïdkv }~n z~vk aeg m cm deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr'

4'/Fkg nc aeg dn cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc u nc egefek dn cm h~nppm apïm# cm zkcïtefm

dn dnangvm fkoòg fkgtpm ~gm mhpnveög n|tpmgbnpm a~n v~vtet~edm zkp cm kpengtmfeög dn

ckv nbåpfetkv gmfekgmcnv dn cm pnheög m cm c~flm mgtev~`qnpveqm u cm vnh~pedmd egtnpgm'

>'/Ng nc mvznftk vkfemc# Nc tezk dn –vkfendmd devfezcegmpem‟ v~phedm d~pmgtn cm

deftmd~pm dnc Hngnpmc Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr# hepö mcpndndkp dn cm tpmgvoeveög dn qmckpnv


akptmcnfengdk v~ zkvefeög a~nptnongtn mgtefko~gevtm u cm zpkokfeög dn qmckpnv u


gmfekgmcevok kaefemc u nc v~pheoengtk dn v~`bnteqedmdnv cehmdmv m cm zpíftefm dnc vm`np/

zkdnp'

1'/Ng dnaegeteqm ckv mfkgtnfeoengtkv dnvfpetkv ng cmv zíhegmv mgtnpekpnv a~npkg

omukpongtn egac~ngfemdkv zkp cmv dnfevekgnv dn ckv hkènpgkv oecetmpnv u deftmtkpemcnv

dn t~pgk u v~ dnfeveög dn amqkpnfnp m cm kcehmp}~ïm fmantmcnpm# oív }~n zkp cm oevom

h~nppm o~gdemc'



5<

FKGFC^VEKGNV ND^FMFEÖG AÏVEFM2

Nc kpehng dnc dnzkptn okdnpgk ng Nc Vmcqmdkp a~n dn mffnvk n|fc~veqk dn cm ncetn dn cm

fmzetmc / ~èfmdm ng cm pnheög fngtpmc dnc zmïv / u dn Vmgtm Mgm# cm zpegfezmc ~p`n dnc

kffedngtn fmantmcnpk' Cm dkoegmfeög dn cm rkgm fmantmcnpm ng nc dnzkptn vn n|zcefm

zkp}~n ng nvtm ípnm nvtm`mg nc fmzetmc# cmv onbkpnv qïmv dn fko~gefmfeög u fenptm

egapmnvtp~ft~pm }~n zkveècetö cm nbnf~feög dn nvtm mfteqedmd' Cm ncetn fmantmcnpm zpmftefö

cmv deanpngtnv devfezcegmv dnzkpteqmv }~n v~phenpkg ng nc zmïv b~gtk m mch~gkv

egtnhpmgtnv dn cmv zpegfezmcnv fkckgemv akpígnmv# tmcnv fkok cm apmgfnvm# cm eghcnvm# cm

nvzmýkcm u cm nvtmdk~gedngvn' Nv dn dnvtmfmp }~n ng v~v egefekv ng nc zmïv nc dnzkptn

okdnpgk nvt~qk dkoegmdk zkp devfezcegmv egdeqed~mcnv# lnflk }~n lerk }~n ckv vnftkpnv

}~n fkongrmpkg m nbnpfetmpvn ng ncckv# fkgvednpmpmg v~ zpíftefm fkok ~g mftk vkfemc#

zkp ck }~n cm mdnf~mdm zpnzmpmfeög u ngtpngmoengtk nvt~qenpkg ng ~gm hpmg ondedmm~vngtnv'

Nv fkg nc gmfeoengtk dn ckv dnzkptnv fkcnfteqkv / fkok nc `åev`kc u nc aòt`kc# }~n ckv

vnftkpnv tpm`mbmdkpnv ~p`mgkv ngtpmpkg m cm mpngm dnzkpteqm' Veg no`mphk# ck

no`pekgmpek u zk`pn dn v~v kphmgermfekgnv# nc n|eh~k mzkuk dn ckv cïdnpnv fko~gmcnv

tmgtk vnf~cmpnv fkok pncehekvkv u cm zkfm devzkgeècedmd dn fmozkv mdnf~mdkv zmpm cmv

zpíftefmv lefenpkg }~n v~v mvkfemfekgnv dnzkpteqmv t~qenpmg ng hngnpmc zkfk

dnvmppkcck'

Ng nc tenozk }~n vn dnvmppkcck cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc# Nc Vmcqmdkp t~qk deqnpvmv

mfteqedmdnv dnzkpteqmv dn hpmg pncnqmgfem# ng nvtm åzkfm vn cn dm`m omukp ngak}~n m cm

mfteqedmd dnzkpteqm# lm`ïmg egg~onpm`cnv fmtnhkpïmv# o~nvtpm dnc egtnpåv dn cmv

m~tkpedmdnv }~n egfc~vk ccnhmpkg m fpnmp cm cnu dn nd~fmfeög aïvefm# ck f~mc dntnpoegk ~g

hpmg mqmgfn ng nvtm åzkfm'

O~flkv dn nvtkv dnzkptnv um gk vn zpmftefmg ng cm mft~mcedmd znpk lmg dnbmdk l~nccm

ng cm levtkpem dnc dnzkptn dn Nc Vmcqmdkp'



55

FKGFC^VEKGNV MPTNV ZCÍTEFMV 2

/ N|evteö ~gm egac~ngfem ompfmdm zkp cmv fkppengtn } vn dnvmppkccmpkg ng N~pkzm u

Oå|efk# m~g}~n nvtmv vn zpnvngtmpkg dn akpom dnvamvmdm zkp nc zkfk dnvmppkcck dn ckv

ondekv dn fko~gefmfeög'

/Ngtpn =564 u =54># vn z~`cefmg dkv dn ckv ce`pkv vmcqmdkpnýkv oív z~`cefmdkv u

cnïdkv2 –F~ngtkv dn @mppk‟ u –F~ngtkv dn Fezktnv‟# }~n tengng egtnpåv zkp vnp ~gm

dn cmv egfcegmfekgnv cetnpmpemv oív ckhpmdmv lmfem cm ~tecermfeög dnc lm`cm zkz~cmp u zkp

ncnqmp nc zpeoeteqevok dn cm vkfendmd fmoznvegm mc nvtmt~tk dn ~tkzïm gmfekgmc'

/Nc mgtnfndngtn oív eozkptmgtn ck fkgvtet~un nc tpm`mbk dn cm Mvkfemfeög dn Moehkv dnc

Mptn# }~n ngtpn ckv mýkv 6: u 4: kphmgerö fkganpngfemv# flmpcmv# pnfetmcnv u

n|zkvefekgnv mptïvtefmv'

FKGFC^VEKGNV ND^FMFEÖG O^VEFMC 2

Nvtm åzkfm a~n dn hpmgdnv mqmgfnv# um }~n l~`k ~gm a~nptn dea~veög dn cm oòvefm#

hpmfemv m cm pmdek' Cmv ompeo`mv vn qenpkg ng cm gnfnvedmd dn pn/zpkunftmpvn# um }~n

ckv tpïkv nvtm`mg o~u dn okdm' Dn nvtk v~phng cmv Ompeo`m/Kp}~nvtmv# cmv f~mcnv vn

tpmgvakpompíg ng kp}~nvtmv dn `mecn# m cm oevom qnr }~n nvtmv vnpíg cmv zpnf~pvkpmv

dn cmv mft~mcnv kp}~nvtmv u –hp~zkv‟ o~vefmcnv'

FKGFC^VEKGNV TNMTPK 2

Nc mptn dpmoítefk ng Nc Vmcqmdkp# dnvdn cm a~gdmfeög dn cm Pnzò`cefm# lm tngedk ~gm

dnaegedm egfcegmfeög zkp ck vkfemc u ck levtöpefk'

N|evtng ng cm dpmomt~phem vmcqmdkpným# k`pmv åzefmv dn hpmg mcengtk' Ng fmdm znpïkdk

vn z~ndn ngfkgtpmp qmpekv nbnozckv' Dn ckv tnozpmgkv mýkv dn a~gdmfeög dn Nc

Vmcqmdkp fkok pnzò`cefm egdnzngdengtn# vn fkgvnpqmg tn|tkv dpmoítefkv# }~n lmg vedk

o~u eozkptmgtnv ng nc dnvmppkcck f~ct~pmc dn Nc Vmcqmdkp u }~n lmg vnpqedk zmpm

fkvnflmp o~flkv zpnoekv'

Cm vnh~gdm h~nppm o~gdemc }~n a~n nc fkgaceftk mpomdk }~n nvtmccö ng =565# ngtpn cmv

zktngfemv dnc Nbn ,Mcnomgem# Etmcem u Bmzög% u ckv Mcemdkv ,Eghcmtnppm# Apmgfem u ^geög



=::

Vkqeåtefm%' Nvtn vnh~gdk `ck}~n a~n pnakprmdk zkp Nvtmdkv ^gedkv dnvdn =54=# f~um

fm~vm zpegfezmc nv Cm moèfeög dn Mdkca Letcnp ,Mcnomgem%# @ngetk O~vvkcege ,Etmcem% n

Lepkletk ,Bmzög% zkp nc zpndkoegek nfkgöoefk u zkcïtefk dnc zcmgntm# mppn`mtígdkcnv v~v

fkckgemv u vnoefkckgemv m cmv zktngfemv mcemdmv' H~nppm ng cm }~n vn qng egqkc~fpmdmv

hpmgdnv zktngfemv dnc o~gdk# lerk }~n o~flkv zkntmv# nvfpetkpnv u dpmomt~phkv`~vfmpmg vmcep dn v~v zmïvnv m `~vfmp c~hmpnv ng ckv f~mcnv z~denpmg dnvmppkccmp v~

qkfmfeög f~ct~pmc'

Nv mve }~n o~flk dn nvtkv ccnhmg m Nc Vmcqmdkp u fkoengrmg m eoz~cvmp# u okteqmp m ckv

nvfpetkpnv Vmcqmdkpnýkv# m tmc hpmdk dn ccnqmp v~v k`pmv m cmv tm`cmv dnc tnmtpk'

Ktpk amftkp o~u eozkptmgtn nv }~n Nc vmcqmdkp ng cm Åzkfm dn Cm vnh~gdm h~nppm

o~gdemc z~dk n|zkptmp m onbkp zpnfek v~v zpkd~ftkv dnc mhpk# hngnpmgdk ~g moèngtn

dn nvtmècedmd nfkgöoefm }~n fkgtpe`~uk }~n o~flkv dn ckv m~tkpnv vmcqmdkpnýkv

z~denpmg zpnzmpmpvn ng nc n|tpmgbnpk mvï fkok tmoèåg fpnmp zpkhpmomv zmpm n|zcktmp

nc dnvmppkcck f~ct~pmc ng nc Zmïv'

Gk a~n dn cm gkfln m cm omýmgm znpk Nc Vmcqmdkp z~dk fkvnflmp o~flkv zpnoekv m

geqnc Fngtpk Monpefmgk u Cmtegkmonpefmgk fkg k`pmv ccnqmdmv m cmv vmcmv tnmtpmcnv#

znpk }~n devoeg~uk cm zpkd~ffeög gk zkp nanftkv dn cm EE h~nppm o~gdemc ve gk zkp ckv

fkgaceftkv egtnpgkv }~n mtpmqnvö nc zmïv# znpk }~n ng v~ okongtk dn hckpem NC vmcqmdkp

dek egg~onpm`cnv k`pmv dn mctm fmcedmd# vet~mfeög }~n gk a~n fkgfkpdmgtn fkg ck }~n m

geqnc o~gdemc nc tnmtpk d~pmgtn u zkvt h~nppm zpnvngtm`m'

FKGFC^VEKGNV QMCKPNV U PNCEHEÖG2







vehgeaefmteqkv' Cm fkgdefeög omphegmdm dn ckv fmoznvegkv# }~engnv lm`ïmg vedk






=:=

OkgvnýkpC~ev Flíqnr u Hkgrícnr# Mprkèvzk dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# vn depeheö m cm vet~mfeög



FKGFC^VEKGNV QMCKPNV U PNCEHEÖG2







vehgeaefmteqkv' Cm fkgdefeög omphegmdm dn ckv fmoznvegkv# }~engnv lm`ïmg vedkehgkpmdkv zkp cm bnpmp}~ïm dn cm ehcnvem# vn fkgqepteö ng ~g mv~gtk zpnkf~zmgtn' Nc



OkgvnýkpC~ev Flíqnr u Hkgrícnr# Mprkèvzk dn Vmg Vmcqmdkp# vn depeheö m cm vet~mfeög



FKGFC^VEKGNV EGAKPOMTEFM2

Cm tnfgkckhïm dn cm fko~gefmfeög qm fmoegmgdk m zmvkv mhehmgtmdkv# um }~n vn

kzteoermdk ckv znpeödefkv# vn fpnmg g~nqmv pmdeknoevkpmv u nc fegn zmvm m vnp ~g

gktefenpk dn cm h~nppm9 ng f~mgtk m cmv tncnfko~gefmfekgnv# lmu }~n qnp nc m~hn dn

nvtmv'

Nv dn hpmg kph~cck }~n ng nc zmïv vn lmum eozcnongtn nc zpeonp tncåhpmak# mvï fkok nc

a~gfekgmoengtk dn cm zpeonpm dn cm Pmdek ng Fngtpkmoåpefm'

M znvmp dn tngnp ~g påheong deftmtkpemc# nvtn zpko~chm mqmgfnv# um }~n cmv

n|zkptmfekgnv dn fmaå lmg m~ongtmdk u tmoèåg lm m~ongtmdk nc zpnfek dnc }~egtmc dn

fmaå' Ng ckv pnhïongnv deftmtkpemcnv# venozpn lmu tkpt~pmv u dnvmzmpefekgnv# u zkp nvk

tmoèåg n|evtn cm fngv~pm zmpm ckv ondekv dn fko~gefmfeög''



=:0

FKGFC^VEKGNV OMTNOÍTEFM2

M ondedm }~n cm egd~vtpemcermfeög vn lmfn nqedngtn ng nc zmïv# tmoèåg v~phn cm

gnfnvedmd tngnp zpkanvekgmcnv oív fmzmfetmdkv' Nvtk okteqm m cm ^geqnpvedmd Gmfekgmc

m okdeaefmp ckv zcmgnv dn nvt~dek# ng ck }~n m omtnoítefm vn pnaenpn'

Nc Hpmc' Omptïgnr eoz~cvm tmoèåg ~gm pnakpom nd~fmteqm zmpm @ívefm u Ondem# cm

pnakpom dn =54:' Cm f~mc qengn m okdeaefmp cm nd~fmfeög }~n vn tngïm dnvdn ~g vehck

mtpív' Zpnvngtmokv ckv f~pvkv# fkg v~v pnvznfteqmv mvehgmt~pmv u fmphm vnomgmc dn

lkpmv# znpoeteågdkgkv mvï qnp }~n cm omtnoítefm vn lm okdnpgermdk u vn lmfn mòg

oív zpmftefm'

FKGFC^VEKGNV EGHCÅV2

Eg v~oompu et fmg `n vmed tlmt tln 0gd xkpcd xmp ded gkt lmqn o~fl egac~ngfn kg tln

nqngtv tlmt lmqn tming zcmfn eg k~p fk~gtpu `ntxnng =565 mgd =54># mv tlnvn nqngtv

xnpn egac~ngfnd omegcu ù tln deftmtkpvlez ka Hngnpmc Om|eoecemgk Lnpgígdnr Omptïgnr#

xlk xmv pnokqn mv zpnvedngt eg =544# tlmt ev# m unmp `nakpn tln xmp ngdnd'

Omegcu tln egac~ngfn xmv eg tln nfkgkou ka k~p fk~gtpu'



=:6

@E@CEKHPMAÏM

M^TKPNV QMPEKV# Nc Vmcqmdkp2 Levtkpem Oïgeom# =<==/0:==# Ndetkpemc ^geqnpvetmpem#

^geqnpvedmd dn Nc Vmcqmdkp# Zpeonpm ndefeög# Vnzteno`pn 0:=='

HKGRÍCNR# C^EV MPOMGDK# Nc Vmcqmdkp dn =58: m =55:2 Zkcïtefm# Nfkgkoïm u

Vkfendmd# Vmg Vmcqmdkp# ^FM Ndetkpnv# =556'

OEGEVTNPEK DN ND^FMFEÖG# Levtkpem dn Nc Vmcqmdkp# Tkok EE# 0::5'

Feng mýkv dn levtkpem dn cm zegt~pm ng Nc Vmcqmdkpdnvdn =5:: m 0:::# fkppengtnv u nvteckv oív pncnqmgtnv‟' ,Tnvev% ^NV 0::>Fmpcm Pk|mgm Evm`nc Pkonpk Fkptnr'

–Feng mýkv dn levtkpem dn cm zegt~pm ng Nc Vmcqmdkpdnvdn =5:: m 0:::# fkppengtnv u nvteckv oív pncnqmgtnv‟' ,Tnvev% ^NV 0::>Fmpcm Pk|mgm Evm`nc Pkonpk Fkptnr'

@pnqn levtkpem dn cm oòvefm kpmc/tpmdefekgmc u zkz~cmp ng Nc Vmcqmdkp Vmcqmdkp Omppk}~ïg ,Ntgko~veföckhk%lttz2++evtok'dngevkg'nd~+g=8+mptef~ckv+omppk}~eg'ltoc

Levtkpem dn cmv ompeo`mv dn Nc Vmcqmdkp dn ckv mýkv 0:´v m 4:´v

C~r u Impcm Epehkung lttz2++xxx'ncvmcqmdkplevtkpefk'kph+mptef~ckv+o~vefm/u/mptn+45/levtkpem/dn/cmv/

ompeo`mv/dn/nc/vmcqmdkp'ltoc

–Cmv Mptnv Nvfågefmv Vmcqmdkpnýmv‟ ^gm levtkpem dn mokp u lnpkïvokFmpckv QncevFcívefkv Pk|vec# 0::0

NGFEFCKZNDEM DN PNCEHEKG NG CMV MONPEFMV U CM ZNGEGV^CM E@NPEFM2 NCVMCQMDKP# ZPKHPMOM CMTEGKMONPEFMGK DN NVT^DEKV

VKFEKPPNCEHEKVKV ,ZPKCMDNV%# ng2 lttz2++xxx'zpkcmdnv'fko+ # fkgv~ctmdk nc =:dn mhkvtk dn 0:=0'

xxx'nadnzkptnv'fko+'''+dnzkptn/u/nd~fmfekg/aevefm/ng/nc/vmcqmdkp# f kgv~ctmdk nc =: dnmhkvtk dn 0:=0'

xxx'ncvmcqmdkplevtöpefk'kph# f kgv~ctmdk nc =: dn mhkvtk dn 0:=0'



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–Levtkpem dnc Znpekdevok ng Nc Vmcqmdkp‟lttz2++xxx'ngpe}~n`kcmgkv'kph+fkcnffekg[PF+<6<'zda ,=6mhk0:=0%

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Influencia de la II Guerra Mundial en El Salvador - Colegio Arrupe - Investigacion Sociales 6°...

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Transcript of Influencia de la II Guerra Mundial en El Salvador - Colegio Arrupe - Investigacion Sociales 6°...