I2PiquesProfundización2

8/14/2019 I2PiquesProfundizacin2

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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade

PIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y OperacinPIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y Operacin

Ph. D., P. Eng. TADEUSZ S. [email protected] INTERCADE

Junio 2008


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2. EXCAVACION DE PIQUES(Conventional Shaft Sinking)

2. EXCAVACION DE PIQUES(Conventional Shaft Sinking)

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SHAFT SINKINGSHAFT SINKING3


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VARIETY OF SHAFTSVARIETY OF SHAFTS

Most likely choice:

Vertical shaft.

Circular shaft.

Combination one. Concrete lined

shaft. Steel sets.

Other decisions:

Drill or sink theshaft?

Shaft diameter. Shaft depth.

Type of rock.


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In 1987 Shaft Sinkers set an international

mechanised sinking record (200.4 m in one month at

Vaal Reefs No 10 shaft). To do this, a shaft sinking

jumbo - designed and manufactured by the Group

was employed.

Shaft Sinkers also holds claim to the deepest shaft

ever sunk (3 583m below surface at Western Deep

Levels) .

as well as the widest (a 19m diameter shaft at the

Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme).

RECORDS RECORDS


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PREPARATIONSPREPARATIONS

Determination of geologic and hydrologic

conditions. Permitting, surveying, documentation.

Site access.

Site preparation.

Prevent flooding!

Supplies & services.Power, water, compressed air, maintenance,

storage

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SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION

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PREPARATIONS PREPARATIONS

Covered storage for construction materials. A ramp for unloading of heavy machinery ( or

have a crane available). Installation of shaft sinking equipment.

Use final headgear?

Excavation / earthwork needed for shaft

collar.

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MORE PREPARATIONSMORE PREPARATIONS

Water

Use shaft water (industrial water?).

Wells outside of the shaft drainage cone.

Industrial (120 m3) & tap (60 m3) water.

Storm water: control measures. Power

Substation of up to 2000 kVA.

Two independent sources of supply!

Diesel generators (a back-up?).

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OTHERS (SOME)OTHERS (SOME)

Explosives storage. Fan housing (ventilation).

Transformer station.

Lamp / change house.

Compressor shed.

Stage hoist building. Office trailer / building.

Living accommodations?.

..

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1Headframe

2- Winder

3- Compressor

4- Fan5- Maintenance

6- Concrete plant

7- Open storage

8- Concrete

winch

9- Stage winch

10-Office

11-Machine shop

12-Emergency

hoist

13-Water tank14-Transformers

15-Compressed

air tank

16-Genset

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SHAFT BORING SITESHAFT BORING SITE

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SHAFT SINKING METHODSSHAFT SINKING METHODS

ConventionalDrill-blast-vent-muck-line cycle.

Shaft boring. Non-conventional methods

Rocks with extensive fracture pattern and

water inflows over 0.5 m3/min.

Loose, water bearing ground; also weak and

plastic.Methods include grouting, freezing, & other.

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CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL


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CONVENTIONAL

SHAFT SINKING

CONVENTIONAL

SHAFT SINKING

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CONVENTIONAL SHAFT SINKINGCONVENTIONAL SHAFT SINKING

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Use the permanent (final)headframe?

Three deck stage

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Example: Three deck stage

Deck 1: shaft steel sets installation. Decks 2 & 3: stripping, lowering and setting steel concrete

forms.

Deck 3: suspension for mucking units.

Three winch

stage suspension

(+ an emergency

one)

Weight: 35t

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Crash doors

Crash beams

Jack catchers

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Five deck stage

Weight 55 t

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CONVENTIONAL SINKING

DRILL-BLAST-VENT-MUCK-LINE

CONVENTIONAL SINKING

DRILL-BLAST-VENT-MUCK-LINE Simultaneous sinking and lining.

All work in the same section of the shaft. Delayed lining.

Sinking and lining done at the same time

butin different shaft sections.

Separate sinking and lining.

Sinking first and then lining. Center drillhole for mucking ??

If the access is available!

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SIMULTANEOUS SINKING AND LININGSIMULTANEOUS SINKING AND LINING

Sinking and lining done in one work cycle.

Lining erected upwards (blocks, bricks).Lining lowered downwards.

(underhanging tubing). No need for temporary rock support.

Lining can be delayed for up to 10 m (?) incompetent rock.

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PARALLEL SINKING & LINING


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( IN SEPARATE SECTIONS)


( IN SEPARATE SECTIONS)

High capital cost.

Long shaft life?

Used in large diameter

and deep shafts.

Temporary rock support

usually is needed.

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SEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LININGSEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LINING


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SEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LININGSEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LINING

Shaft sunk in sections of up to 50 m deep.

Actual length depends on rock quality. Temporary lining installed during sinking.

To prevent rock falls & accidents.

Lining of the section done when the sinkingstops.

Slow sinking rate.

Low capital expenditure.

Suitable for small dia & shallow shafts.

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Begin cycle.

Lower drill jumbo.

Dril l out andLoad round

Raise stage 60 m

Clear shaft and blast.

Blow fumes.

Lower stage

Lower bucketsLower loader

Muck .


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SIMPLE TEMPORARY LININGSIMPLE TEMPORARY LINING


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1- Ring, 2 Rock bolt supporting the ring, 3 Suspending hook for the next

ring, 4 Iron sheet liners, 5 Fastening wedges, 6 - Permanent lining

SIMPLE TEMPORARY LININGSIMPLE TEMPORARY LINING

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DEWATERINGDEWATERING


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DEWATERINGDEWATERING

Kibbles.

Submersible pumps.

Airlifts.

Combinations of some /all of the above.

Max. inflow 0.5 m3/min.

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SHAFT COLLARSSHAFT COLLARS33


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SHAFT COLLARSSHAFT COLLARS

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Foundation on :

Shaft head Circular wall Total depth:

15 to 25 m

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Force distribution in

the shaft collar

35 deg.

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Shaft Collar:(example #1)

1, 2 heated airways.3 - water pipes.

4 ladder compart-

ment access.

5 power cables.

6 compressed air.

7 - Basement for

pushers.

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Shaft Collar:(example #2)

1 lining.2 heated air

channels.

3 ladder compart-

ment access.

4 power cables.

5 compressed air

and water pipes.6 Basement.

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Ventilation ShaftCollar:

1 lining.2 insulation .

3 ventilation air

channel.4 safety grate.

5 ladder.

6 railing.

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DIMENSIONING LEVEL ACCESSDIMENSIONING LEVEL ACCESS

L maximum length

(transported material)D shaft diameter.

H clearance

H = 0.7 (L D)

Note:For = 450, D = 0.7 D

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SHAFT BOTTOM DEPTHSHAFT BOTTOM DEPTH


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SHAFT BOTTOM DEPTHSHAFT BOTTOM DEPTH

A fixed guides.

B rope guides.

1 Fixed guides.

2 tail rope

loop.3 - guide rope

weights.

4 rope guides.


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Time needed to

Sink 1 m of shaft

(an example):

1 Mucking.2 Drilling.

3 Loading of

holes..

4 Total time

Optimize!Optimize!

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DRILLING PATTERNSDRILLING PATTERNS


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DRILLING PATTERNS

Accuracy of excavation (overbreak!).

Clear rock separation at the hole bottoms. Even and sufficient rock fragmentation.

Eliminate damage to any shaft installationsor structure.

Avoid cut-offs of neighboring active holes.

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Drillhole pattern: (a) siltstone, (b) shale, (c) sandstone


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Small diameter, circular shafts

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DRILLHOLE PATTERN IN INCLINEDDRILLHOLE PATTERN IN INCLINED


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STRATASTRATA

Inclination

over 45 deg.

Wedge holes

located along

strike.

Overbreak

larger onhanging

Strata.

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Wedge Cut Pyramid Cut

Rectangular shafts


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Sample drilling pattern

for a 9 m diameter shaft(wedge cut)

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TREND TOWARDS BURN CUTS & LONGER HOLESTREND TOWARDS BURN CUTS & LONGER HOLES


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(WITH SUSPENDED DRILL JUMBOS)(WITH SUSPENDED DRILL JUMBOS)


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Typical bench cut


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Typical bench cut

Using 1-3/8 or 1-174 holes

Roach and Roy, 2007

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Typical bench cut

Using 1-3/8 or 1-174 holesRoach and Roy, 2007

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BENCH CUT: FEATURESBENCH CUT: FEATURES


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Easier water handling due to availability of asump.

Bench can be blown clear to check for misfires. The force of the blast is directed into the shaft

wall.

Rather than into stage /Galloway minimizingdamage from fly rock.

Rockbursts are minimized.Shaft bottom has a chance of relieve itself ofthe stress in section.

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Typical cut

Design(full face circular

shaft round)

25-6 / 7.8 m

diameter

Shaft

Roach & Roy, 2007

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Shaft layout

d ti i


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and timing

2 dia holesRoach & Roy, 2007

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MORE ON FULL FACE ROUNDSMORE ON FULL FACE ROUNDS


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Reamer holes one foot longer.Boreholes break fully.

Provides concave sump.

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BLASTHOLESBLASTHOLES


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Currently at 200 to 250 mm maximum (reamer

holes).

Large hole diameter:

Reduces footage of drilling.

Reduces consumption of explosives.

Small hole diameter.

Hand drilling only. Bulk loading of explosives is becoming common.

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EXPLOSIVESEXPLOSIVES


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Anfo- based slurries and emulsions largely

replaced the nitroglycerine basedexplosives.

Safety, bulk loading.

Consumption is largely independent of

shaft diameter.

Consumption decreases with blastholesize.

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LOADING OF EXPLOSIVESLOADING OF EXPLOSIVES


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Bulk explosives allow faster loadingCartridged explosives largely phased-

out. Pneumatic loading common.

Several holes loaded at the same time.Shaft extruder vessel employed.

Loading four holes simultaneously all 76two inch blastholes are loaded within 32

minutes.

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BULK EMULSION EXPLOSIVESBULK EMULSION EXPLOSIVES


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Less expensive than cartridged ones.

Faster loading.

Reduced drilling time.

Ability to use larger, longer blastholes, thus

fewer holes. Eliminates misfired holes due to cartridge

ejection.

Reduces hazards.

Vs. detonator sensitive explosives.

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CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVESCONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES


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Depends on physical properties of rock

20 to 30% less in shales than in hard

sandstones.

Still higher in hard, homogeneous rock.

Depends on hole size (see above) andlength.

Consumption decreases with increasinghole utilization factor.

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CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES, kg/m3CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES, kg/m3


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Hole utilization

factor, lo/l

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HOLE UTILIZATION FACTORHOLE UTILIZATION FACTOR


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Rock does not fragment at bottom of the

Blasthole.

Blasthole utilization factor:F = Lo / L

Where:Lo utilized length of Blasthole.

L - drilled length of blasthole.

F grows with increasing hole diameter.

There is an optimum F (see below).

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Shale

Q = 1.1 kg/m3

Cartridge 32 mm

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Time needed to


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Time needed to

sink 1 m of shaft

(an example):


3 Loading of

holes.

4 Total time.

Optimize!

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Three-ring connection

of electric caps:

1 Cable.

2 Protecting pipe.

3, 4 Active antenna.

5 Passive antenna.

6 Electric caps

(in holes).

7 Supporting sticks.

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NONEL SYSTEM

REPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORS

NONEL SYSTEM

REPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORS


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REPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORSREPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORS

Extremely resistant to accidental

detonation.By static electricity and stray electric

currents.

By radio transmission.

Flames, friction or impact.

By now an industry standard.

Electronic detonators?

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MUCKINGMUCKING70


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Cryderman

mucker

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TYPES OF MUCKERSTYPES OF MUCKERS


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Cactus grab.

Either light or heavy on central pivot.

Hand-guided while hanging from the platform.

Muckers.

Usually rocker muckers, eg Eimco.Driven by an operator.

Cryderman muckers.

Scrapers.

Rectangular & large diameter shafts.

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WHAT AFFECTS MUCKING EFFICIENCY?WHAT AFFECTS MUCKING EFFICIENCY?


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TYPICAL CYCLE TIME 4 TO 10 HRSTYPICAL CYCLE TIME 4 TO 10 HRS


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Example: Bechtel, Nevada

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Time needed to


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Sink 1 m of shaft(an example):


3 Loading of

holes.

4 Total time.

Optimize!

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COMMENT(CIM MAGAZINE)

COMMENT(CIM MAGAZINE)


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( )

1970 to 2007 was the only time period to date

where sinking rates were not increased

drastically through some improvement in

technology.

One very important aspect of shaft sinking did

improve, however, and that is safety. Accident

rates on shaft sinking projects have droppedappreciably over the period.

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CIM: HISTORY OF SHAFT SINKINGCIM: HISTORY OF SHAFT SINKING


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(SAMPLE)

REGULATIONS

(SAMPLE)

REGULATIONS

A good guideline

for shaft

sinking operation.

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GENERAL DUTY OF CAREGENERAL DUTY OF CARE


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An employer, contractor or owner must ensure

that all shafts in a mine are designed,

constructed and maintained to safely bear theloads that may reasonably be anticipated to be

placed on them.

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NOTICENOTICE As soon as is reasonably possible but not later than 90


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days before a shaft-sinking operation commences, anemployer, contractor or owner must give notice of the

shaft-sinking operation by submitting to the chief mines

inspector:(a) the drawings and specifications for:

(i) the sinking procedure to be used.

(ii) the shaft lining program.

(iii) the equipment to be used in the sinking

rocess, including dump doors; and

(iv) the shaft collar; and

(b) the primary and secondary signal systems to

be used during a shaft-sinking operation.

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SHAFT COLLARSHAFT COLLAR


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An employer, contractor or owner must ensure thatevery shaft or raise opening at the surface is

provided with a collar that is:

a) designed and constructed in accordance withsound engineering practices to prevent any

person or equipment from falling into the shaft or

raise.b) made of concrete or equivalent material; and

c) if reasonably practicable, secured to the

bedrock.

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DESIGN OF SHAFT SINKING EQUIPMENTDESIGN OF SHAFT SINKING EQUIPMENT


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An employer, contractor or owner must ensure that theconveyance used in the shaft sinking, its components, the

hoisting system and mountings, and the crosshead are

designed, constructed, installed, operated and maintained

so that the conveyance is capable of transporting workers

safely.

2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), if a shaft

is being sunk, an employer, contractor or owner mustensure that:

a) the conveyance measures at least 1 070

millimetres from the floor of the conveyance to thetop of the side of the conveyance; and

b) the suspension members of the conveyance are

securely attached to the hoist rope.

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MORE .MORE .3) If the distance between the shaft collar and the shaft bottom is


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greater than 60 metres, the employer or contractor must ensurethat:

a. the crosshead:

I. lands on at least two chairs at the bottom

crosshead stop to prevent distortion of thecrosshead;

II. is equipped with a safety device for attaching theconveyance to the crosshead so that the

crosshead cannot jam in the shaft compartmentwithout stopping the conveyance; andIII. is of a type that encloses the conveyance

unless the shaft compartment is tightlylined and the conveyance is barrel-shaped.

4)An employer or contractor shall not require or permit persons tobe transported in a conveyance during a shaft-sinking operationunless the requirements of subsections (1) to (3) are met.

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DOORSDOORS

During a shaft-sinking operation, an employer or


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contractmust ensure that dump doors meeting therequirements of subsection (2) are installed at theconveyance dumping position.

2) The dump doors required by subsection (1) must:

a) prevent the conveyance from being

dumped while the dump doors are open;b) prevent any material from falling down the shaft

while the conveyance is being dumped;

c) be equipped with devices that mechanically latchthe dump doors out of the shaft compartment

automatically when the dump doors are fully open.

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MOREMORE3) During shaft-sinking operations, an employer or contractor must

ensure that service doors are:

) i t ll d t th ll d


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a) installed at the collar; and

b) equipped with devices that mechanically latch the service

doors out of the shaft compartment automatically when

the service doors are fully open.4) An employer or contractor must ensure that the doors required

by subsections (1) and (3) are closed while a conveyance is:

a) being loaded with tools or materials; orb) being unloaded.

c) Except when a closed crosshead that provides

equivalent protection for persons is in use, an employeror contractor must ensure that the doors required by

subsections (1) and (3) are closed while persons are

entering or leaving a conveyance.

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SIGNAL LIGHTSSIGNAL LIGHTS


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An employer or contractor must ensure that dual

lights are installed at the hoist operator's position

that activate automatically to indicate to the hoistoperator that:

(a) the crosshead and conveyance are

descending together from the dumping

position; and(b) the dump doors and service doors are

closed or open.

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MULTI-DECK STAGEMULTI-DECK STAGE


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If a multi-deck stage is used during a shaft-sinking

operation, an employer, contractor or owner must

ensure that:(a) the multi-deck stage is:

(i) designed by a professional engineer;

(ii) constructed, installed, operated andmaintained in accordance with the design

mentioned in subclause (i); and

(b) any ropes used with the multi-deck stage meet

the load factor requirements set out in section 160.

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OPEN HOOKS ARE PROHIBITEDOPEN HOOKS ARE PROHIBITED


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During a shaft-sinking operation, an employer or

contractor must ensure that no open hooks are

used to suspend any staging, working platform,

conveyance or other equipment in the shaft.

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MEANS OF ESCAPEMEANS OF ESCAPE

Subject to subsection (2) during a shaft sinking operation an


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Subject to subsection (2), during a shaft-sinking operation, anemployer or contractor must ensure that a suitable manway is

constructed and maintained in the shaft from the collar to the

sinking stage.

2) An employer or contractor may install an independently-powered

escape conveyance in a shaft in place of a manway, but the

conveyance must be fully operational before the shaft exceeds a

depth of 30 metres.3) The employer or contractor must provide an auxiliary ladder that:

a) extends from the permanent ladder or the sinking stage to the

bottom of the shaft; andb) is located and attached so that it can be promptly lowered to

any point at which workers are working.

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BEFORE HOISTING A SINKING BUCKETBEFORE HOISTING A SINKING BUCKET

During shaft sinking operations an employer or contractor must


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During shaft-sinking operations, an employer or contractor mustensure that:

(a) a sinking bucket is not moved from the top or bottom

of a shaft until the worker in charge of the sinking buckethas steadied the sinking bucket;

(b) a sinking bucket is not moved from the bottom of a

shaft until the worker in charge of the sinking bucket has

examined the sinking bucket and has removed any mud

or other material that may be sticking to it; and

(c) before a sinking bucket containing loose rock or

material is moved, no loose rock or material projectsabove the rim of the sinking bucket.

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RIDING IN SINKING BUCKETRIDING IN SINKING BUCKET(1) During shaft-sinking operations, no employer or contractor shall require or

permit any person:

(a) to ride on the rim or outside of a sinking bucket; or


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(a) to ride on the rim or outside of a sinking bucket; or

(b) subject to subsection (2), to ride in a sinking bucket that

contains ore, waste or any other materials.

(2) Small items, including tools, may be carried in a sinking bucket if:

(a) it is necessary to do so; and

(b) adequate precautions are taken to ensure the safety of workers

being transported in the sinking bucket.

(3) An employer or contractor must ensure that, during shaft-sinking operations:(a) the sinking bucket used to transport workers is in the charge of a

competent worker authorized by the employer or contractor; and

(b) no person other than an authorized competent worker gives

the signals for the movement of a sinking bucket used to transportworkers.

(4) A worker being transported in a sinking bucket must obey the instructions of

the authorized competent worker in charge of the sinking bucket.

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LOWERING SINKING BUCKET TO BOTTOM OF

SHAFT

LOWERING SINKING BUCKET TO BOTTOM OF

SHAFT

S bj i 89 if i ki b k i b i l d h


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Subject to section 89, if a sinking bucket is being lowered to the

bottom of a shaft during shaft-sinking operations, the employer

or contractor must ensure that:

(a) the sinking bucket is stopped at a distance of not lessthan five metres and not more than 10 metres from the

bottom of the shaft and, beyond that point, lowered

slowly and only on a separate signal from the worker incharge of the sinking bucket; and

(b) while the crosshead is being chaired and released,

the hoist is operated at creep speed only.

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LOWERING WORKERS AFTER BLASTLOWERING WORKERS AFTER BLAST

During shaft-sinking operations, on the first trip in which workersare


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are

transported down a shaft after a blasting operation, theemployer or contractor must ensure that:

(a) the sinking bucket does not transport more workers thanare necessary to make a proper examination of the parts ofthe shaft that might have been affected by the blast;

(b) subject to clause (c), the sinking bucket is not lowered

beyond a point in the shaft beyond which the health or safetyof workers may be endangered and, in any case, is notlowered beyond a point that is less than 15 metres abovethe top of the blasting set or the multi-deck stage; and

(c) beyond the point mentioned in clause (b), the sinkingbucket is lowered slowly and only on a separate signal fromthe worker in charge of the sinking bucket.

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OVERHEAD PROTECTIONOVERHEAD PROTECTION

D i h ft i ki ti if k i th h ft i t b


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During shaft-sinking operations, if work in the shaft is to be

carried out at more than one elevation at the same time, the

employer or contractor must ensure that workers in the lower

elevations are protected from the danger of falling objects ormaterials by installing a secure covering that:

(a) extends over a sufficient portion of the shaft to afford

adequate protection to the workers below; and(b) is capable of withstanding the maximum load that may

reasonably be anticipated.


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SINKING SHAFT IN SEDIMENTARY

STRATA

SINKING SHAFT IN SEDIMENTARY

STRATA

If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water-bearing or


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If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water bearing orbrine-bearing sedimentary strata, the employer, contractor or

owner must give written notice to the chief mines inspector of

any intention to drill any hole for the purpose of consolidating ashaft site by a grouting or freezing method.

(2) A notice required by subsection (1) must:

(a) be given as soon as is reasonably possible but

not later than 90 days, before drilling begins;

(b) include the location of the proposed shaft

and the number and depth of the holes to be

drilled; and(c) if subsection (3) applies, include the radius

and specifications of the pillar to be left around the shaft.

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CONT .CONT .

3) If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water


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3) If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water-

bearing or brine-bearing sedimentary strata, the

employer, contractor or owner must ensure that:

a) a substantial pillar is left around the shaft at each

working horizon that is adequate to protect the shaft

from any damage resulting from movement of the

strata; and

b) a professional engineer determines the appropriate

radius and other specifications of the pillar to meet

the requirements of clause (a).

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