Extraction and Analysis System of Topics for Software History Reports

7/21/2019 Extraction and Analysis System of Topics for Software History Reports

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Jimubtik kd Mldomlis Dximtis

Tolvdrslkik Oimlfoib kdb Mdotrf kd bi Umli. kd Ns. Is.

]lstdhi kd Dxtrimmlo y Ioblsls kd [plmfs sfnrd

Alstfrlib kd ^dpfrtds kd ]fjtwird

[rinigf oib piri bi mirrdri Lo`doldri kd ]lstdhis

[dslsti7 Hirto L. Uimadmf

hpimadmfEibuhofs.dxi.uolmdo.dku.ir

Klrdmtfr7 Kri. Kioldbi @fkfy Mf-Klrdmtfr7 Lo`. Ibdgiokrf Mfrndbblol{k`fkfy,imfrndbblol}Edxi.uolmdo.dku.ir

Jdnrdrf kd >594
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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I hl jihlbli pfr aindrhd nrlokikf db prlvlbd`lf kdmfomurrlr i bi uolvdrslkik pnblmi, pfr su dsjudrzf,

kdklmimlo y dotdri mfoiozi. I hls prfjdsfrds qud

do dstd iokir pfr bi vlki, louydrfo mfo sus bdmmlf-

ods y dxpdrldomlis do jfrhirhd mfhf uoi pdrsfoi

kd nldo y prdpiriki piri bfs rdtfs qud pfod bi vlki.


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oklmd `dodrib

9. Lotrfkummlo 9;

9.9. Mfotdxtf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9;9.>. Hftlvimlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

9.=. [dsls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

9.;. Fr`iolzimlo kdb trinigf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

>. Dstikf kdb Irtd >5

>.9. Mfomdptf kd Kdsmunrlhldotf kd Mfofmlhldotf . . . . . . . . . . >9

>.9.9. Db prfmdsf kd CKK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

>.>. Hlodri kd Kitfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=

>.>.9. Bfs juokihdotfs kd bi Hlodri kd Kitfs. . . . . . . . . . >;

>.>.>. Urlomlpibds mirimtdrstlmis y fngdtlvfs kd bi Hlodri kdKitfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4

>.=. Hlodri kd ^dpfsltfrlfs kd ]fjtwird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >0

>.=.9. Bfs rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1

>.=.9.9. Mkl f judotd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1

>.=.9.>. Zubodrinlblkik y drrfrds kd nisds kd kitfs . . . >.=.9.=. Blstis kd mfrrdf y rd lstrfs (bf`s) kd maits . . . >.=.9.;. Db slstdhi kd mfotrfb kd vdrslfods . . . . . . . . =5

>.=.9.4. Kfmuhdootfs kd rdqudrlhldotfs y klsmuslfods sf-

nrd db klsdf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =5

>.=.9.:. ^d`lstrfs kd dgdmumlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =9>.=.9.0. ^dpfsltfrlfs kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwird . . . . . . . =9

>.;. Hfkdbfs kd [plmfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =9

>.;.9. [drhlofbf`i dhpbdiki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =>

>.;.>. Zdmtfr ]pimd Hfkdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =4

>.;.=. Bitdot ]dhiotlm Lokdxlo` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =4

>.;.;. Lokdpdokdot Mfhpfodot Iobysls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =:

>.;.4. Urfninlblstlm Bitdot ]dhiotlm Lokdxlo` . . . . . . . . . . =:

>.;.:. Bitdot Klrlmabdt Ibbfmitlfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =0

;


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OKLMD @DODÎB 4

>.;.:.9. Dstlhimlo kd pirhdtrfs Klrlmabdt d lojdrdomli

kdb tplmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;9>.;.0. ]otdsls kd bis sdhdgiozis y kljdrdomlis dotrd UB]I y

BKI, vdotigis d lomfovdoldotds mfhpiritlvfs . . . . . . . ;>

>.4. Hfkdbfs kd dvfbumlo kd tplmfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=

>.:. [rinigfs rdbimlfoikfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

>.:.9. Bfmiblzimlo kd mfomdptfs f mirimtdrstlmis. . . . . . . . . ;;

>.:.9.9. [molmis nisikis do B]L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

>.:.9.>. [molmis nisikis do BKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:

>.:.>. ^dmupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik y bfmiblzimlo kd nu`s . . ;0

>.:.>.9. [molmis nisikis do B]L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;0

>.:.>.>. Mfhpirimlo kd dstuklfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.:.=. Htrlmis sfnrd mkl`f judotd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

>.:.=.9. [molmis nisikis do B]L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

>.:.=.>. [molmis nisikis do BKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

>.:.;. Kdpurimlo kd dstikstlmi y ioblsls kd miusi prlomlpib . . 4>

>.:.4. Dvfbumlo kd sfjtwird y ioblsls kd tdokdomlis. . . . . . . 4>

>.:.:. I`rupihldotf kd kfmuhdotfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4=

>.:.0. Frìolzir y nusmir do rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird . . . . . . 4;

>.:.1. Ftris tirdis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

>.0. Mfombuslfods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4:

=. Hdtfkfbfì y htrlmis 41

=.9. Lotrfkummlo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

=.>. Mfoguotfs kd kitfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9. Kdsmrlpmlo kdb mfoguotf kd kitfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

=.4. Dxtrimmlo kd tplmfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=

=.4.9. Ib`frlthf kd hudstrdf @lnns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=

=.4.>. Urd-prfmdsihldotf kd bfs kfmuhdotfs . . . . . . . . . . . :1

=.4.>.9. Dblhloimlo kd shnfbfs kd puotuimlo . . . . . :1=.4.>.>. Kds`bfsd kd trhlofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1

=.4.>.=. Mfovdrslo kd hiysmubis i hlosmubis . . . . . :.;. Dblhloimlo kd stfp wfrks . . . . . . . . . . . . :.4. Ipblmimlo kd uo ib`frlthf kd ]tdhhlo` (Ufrtdr) :. Nsqudki kdotrf kdb oklmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=

;.9.=. Dxtdoslo kd bis nsqudkis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1;

;.9.=.9. Dgdhpbf kd uoi nsqudki mfo bfs trhlofs kd

uo tplmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

;.>. Mfombuslo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:

4. Ipblmimlo piri bi dxtrimmlo y ioblsls kd tplmfs 10

4.9. Kdsmrlpmlo kd bi ipblmimlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.>. Irqultdmturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.=. Mfombuslo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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oklmd kd ùris

>.9.9.Urfmdsf kd CKK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

>.;.9.Mihlof kdskd bfs kitfs purfs aisti db [H. Iqu [H lombuyd B]L,LMI, UB]L, BKI y tfkis bis virliotds kd BKI. . . . . . . . . . . =4

>.;.>.^dprdsdotimlo `rmi kdb hfkdbf BKI. Bis migis sfo "pbimis"

qud rdprdsdotio rpblmis. Bi pbimi dxtdrlfr rdprdsdoti kfmuhdo-

tfs, hldotris qud bi pbimi lotdrlfr rdprdsdoti bi dbdmmlo rdpdtlki

kd tdhis y pibinris kdotrf kd uo kfmuhdotf. . . . . . . . . . . . ;5

=.>.9.Klstrlnumlo kd bfs mfhpfodotds kd bfs nu`s. @rmf `dodrikf

pfr bi ipblmimlo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :9

=.4.9.Dstipis (plpds) kd prd-prfmdsihldotf kd bfs kfmuhdotfs. . . . . :1

=.0.9.Htrlmis kdb tplmf W>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

=.0.;.Htrlmi jfmus piri db tplmfW1:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01

=.0.4.Htrlmi wdlàt piri db tplmf W>5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.]dùoki pdstii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Klstrlnumlo kd bi mfotrlnumlo kd bfs usuirlfs. . . . . . . . . . . :9=.=. Klhdoslfods usikis do db hfkdbf kd tplmfs. . . . . . . . . . . . :4

=.;. Irrd`bfs usikfs do db hfkdbf kd tplfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4

=.4. [plmfs dxtrikfs mfo sus mlomf trhlofs his louydotds frkdoi-

kfs kdsmdokldotdhdotd pfr sus rdspdmtlvis prfninlblkikds. . . . . 05

;.9. [lpfs kd ioiblzikfrds kd bi blnrdri Bumdod. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1>

;.>. Bfs kldz trhlofs his rdbdviotds kdb tplmf W>0. Frkdoikfs do

jfrhi kdmrdmldotd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

;.=. ^dsubtikfs fntdolkfs kd bi mfosubti piri bfs trhlofs kdb muikrf

;.>.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:


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Ib`frlthfs

>.9. Ib`frlthf kd `dodrimlo kd uo prfmdsf BKI. . . . . . . . . . . . =

=.>. Mrdimlo kd bis vdrslfods i pirtlr kd bfs pirhdtrfs lolmlibds ds-

tinbdmlkfs do bi ipblmimlo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;

=.=. Ib`frlthf kdb hfkdbf kd tplmfs ipblmikf. . . . . . . . . . . . . ::


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Miptubf 9

Lotrfkummlo

9.9. Mfotdxtf

Bi miblkik kdb sfjtwird ds uoi prdfmupimlo lhpfrtiotd do bi lo`doldri

kdb sfjtwird pfrqud db mfstf kd irrd`bir bfs kdjdmtfs do uo slstdhi pudkdo sdr

dxmdslvihdotd ibtfs (]biu`atdrdt ib.,955>).Do djdmtf, tibds dojfquds aio hfstrikf mldrtf xltf dxpblmiokf bi prfpdoslo

i kdjdmtfs do mldrtis dotlkikds kd sfjtwird (pfr dgdhpbf htfkfs, mbisds, irmalvfs

f hkubfs) (Aibbdt ib.,>599). ]lo dhnir`f, dstis mbisds kd htrlmis of tfhio

do mudoti bis prdfmupimlfods (mfomdros) mfomdptuibds kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwird

(bfs rdqudrlhldotfs prlomlpibds y bis kdmlslfods kd klsdf) qud pudkdo ijdmtir

bfs kdtibbds kd lhpbdhdotimlo (^fnlbbirk & Hurpay,>5503Blu dt ib.,>55009 blodis kd mkl`f pdrf slo kdjdmtfs, hldotris qud

uo irmalvf humaf his pdqudf, mfo >= blodis kd mkl`f mfotldod kdjdmtfs do bivdrslo 9.5.

Ds pfr dbbf qud bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds piri vdrlmir bi miblkik kd bfs hlshfs

dhpbdio misfs kd tdst piri kdsmunrlr kdjdmtfs do uo slstdhi kd sfjtwird kuriotd

db mlmbf kd vlki. ]lo dhnir`f dstis htrlmis of mfoslkdrio bis prdfmupimlfods

(mfomdros) mfomdptuibds do db mkl`f judotd. Bfs tdsts i olvdb kd mfomdros (Pd-

yucdr, 9


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MIU[TBF 9. LO[^FKTMMLO 94

ipblmir his rdmursfs kd hiodri tib qud pdrhlti hdgfrir bi miblkik kdb mkl`f

judotd.Do db kdsirrfbbf kd prfydmtfs kd sfjtwird tiotf db mkl`f judotd kd uo slstd-

hi kd sfjtwird mfhf tihnlo ftrfs kitfs rdbimlfoikfs mfo db hlshf, mfhf pfr

dgdhpbf kdjdmtfs kdtdmtikfs hdkliotd bfs misfs kd tdst hdomlfoikfs iotdrlfr-

hdotd, sd ibhimdoio do jfrhi kl`ltib do rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird. Dstf jimlblti db

immdsf y bis nsqudkis kd kitfs rdbimlfoikfs mfo db hlshf y i su vdz triosjfr-

hi i bfs rdpfsltfrlfs do uoi judotd vfbuhlofsi d lhpfrtiotd kd kitfs kd kfokd

sd pudkd dxtridr lojfrhimlo rdbdviotd i bfs mfomdros hdkliotd db dhpbdf kd

htfkfs kd bi Lotdbl`domli Irtlmlib (LI), mfhf ds bi Hlodri kd Kitfs. Dsti

tmolmi sd dhpbdi do db mihpf kd bi Lo`doldri kd ]fjtwird y sd mfofmd mfhf

Hlodri kd ^dpfsltfrlfs kd ]fjtwird (H]^, pfr sus sl`bis do lo`s). ]d jfmiblzido db ioblsls y dotdoklhldotf kd bfs rdpfsltfrlfs rdbimlfoikfs mfo db kdsirrfbbf

kd uo prfydmtf kd sfjtwird (@fkjrdydt ib.,>5555:3Aissio & Afbt,

>554).

Db prlomlpib fngdtlvf ds aimdr uo usf lotdbl`dotd kd dstfs rdpfsltfrlfs kd

sfjtwird piri hdgfrir ib prfmdsf kd kdmlslo kd uo prfydmtf kd sfjtwird. Dsti

tmolmi sd ai ipblmikf mfo xltf prdklmldokf bfmiblzimlo kd kdjdmtfs do db mkl`f

judotd, kdsmunrldokf puotfs kd trizinlblkik dotrd kfmuhdotfs, rdqudrlhldotfs y

db mkl`f judotd. Mfo dbbf sd lokdxio bfs rdpfsltfrlfs piri prfvddr uoi nsqudki

rplki piri bfs sticdafbkdrs y tihnlo lojdrlr bi rdk sfmlib kd kdsirrfbikfrds

nisokfsd do pitrfods kd mfhuolmimlo hdkliotd db mfrrdf dbdmtrolmf ([lmay,>5953Wlhhdrhioodt ib.,>554).

Dstfs rdpfsltfrlfs sd mfhpfodo kd kitfs dstrumturikfs y of dstrumturikfs. Db

mkl`f judotd pudkd mfoslkdrirsd mfhf uo kitf dstrumturikf do sl, iuoqud dstd

tihnlo mfotldod kitfs qud of sfo dstrumturikfs mfhf bfs mfhdotirlfs, ofhnrds

lkdotlmitfrlfs qud mipturio bi sdhotlmi kd mldrtis dstrumturis y bis lotdomlfods

kdb kdsirrfbbikfr kdb kfmuhdotf. Ftrfs tlpfs kd rdpfsltfrlfs mfotldodo dspdm-

mihdotd kitfs of dstrumturikfs, mfhf mfrrdfs dbdmtrolmfs, kfmuhdotimlo kd

rdqudrlhldotfs y rdpfrtds kd kdjdmtfs (nu`s) do uo sdotlkf his triklmlfoib.

9.>. Hftlvimlo

^dmldotdhdotd uo oudvf tlpf kd dojfqud sd ai vudbtf his pfpubir do bi

jfrhi kd ioiblzir dstfs kitfs of dstrumturikfs qud sd kdofhloi hfkdbf kd t-

plmfs. Udrhltd kdsmunrlr rdbimlfods dotrd pibinris y kfmuhdotfs ([afhisdt ib.,

>59>3Blostdikdt ib.,>551i3Bludt ib.,>555513O`uydodt ib.,

>599n). Bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs, mfhf Bitdot ]dhiotlm Lokdxlo` (B]L) y Bitdot

Klrldmabdt Ibbfmitlfo (BKI) sfo itrimtlvfs pfrqud dstfs of rdquldrdo kitfs kd

dotrdoihldotf, sfo mfhpbdtihdotd iutfhtlmfs y tihnlo pudkdo dsmibir kdskd


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MIU[TBF 9. LO[^FKTMMLO 9:

hlbds i hlbbfods kd kfmuhdotfs. Dstis tmolmis, B]L y BKI, aio slkf rdmldotd-

hdotd kdsmunldrtis pfr bi mfhuolkik kd bi Lo`doldri kd ]fjtwird y prfvldodokdb mihpf kd Urfmdsf kd Bdoùigd Oiturib (OBU) y kd ^dmupdrimlo kd bi

Lojfrhimlo (L^).

Dstfs dstuklfs iprfxlhio bis prdfmupimlfods (mfomdros) mfhf tplmfs ai-

mldokf usf kd bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs (f Bitdot [fplm Hfkdb f ]titlstlmib [fplm

Hfkdb), mfhf pfr dgdhpbf Klrlmabdt Ibbfmitlfo (BKI) (Nbdl dt ib., >55=). Bfs

tplmfs sfo uoi mfbdmmlo kd pibinris f trhlofs rdbimlfoikfs qud mf-fmurrdo

jrdmudotdhdotd do db mudrpf kd uo kfmuhdotf, pfr dgdhpbf, uo tplmf pfkri

sdr {hfusd,mblmc,kri`,rlàt,bdjt} f {usdr,immfuot,pisswfrk, iutadotlmitlfo}.

Kdnlkf i bi oituribdzi kdb usf kdb bdoùigd, bfs trhlofs qud mfostltuydo uo

tplmf i hdoukf sd rdbimlfoio sdhotlmihdotd (Nbdldt ib.,>55=).BKI ds uo hfkdbf klsdikf piri dxtridr tplmfs kdskd db mudrpf kd tdxtf

kd bfs kfmuhdotfs. Lovdstlìmlfods rdbimlfoikis prfvddo uoi dvlkdomli lolmlib

kd qud bfs tplmfs do slstdhis kd sfjtwird dsto rdbimlfoikfs i bfs kdjdmtfs do

bfs irmalvfs kd mkl`f judotd, mrdiokf kd dsti hiodri uoi oudvi pdrspdmtlvi kd

pfrqud ibùofs kdjdmtfs sfo his prfpdosfs qud ftrfs.

Ioiblzir y mirimtdrlzir mhf uo slstdhi kd sfjtwird mihnli do db tldhpf, f

bi dvfbumlo kd uo prfydmtf kd sfjtwird (Bdahio,9551i) i virlis vdrslfods kd mkl`f

judotd kd uo prfydmtf do uo dsjudrzf pfr lkdotlmir bis tdokdomlis kd bfs tplmfs

i trivs kdb tldhpf. Muiokf kfmuhdotfs rdbitlvfs i uo tplmf sfo i`rdìkfs

pfr prlhdri vdz ib slstdhi, bfs tplmfs dxpdrlhdotirio uo iuhdotf do su prf-

ninlblkik tftib.

]lhlbirhdotd sd ai dvibuikf do ([afhis dt ib., >595) bi djdmtlvlkik kd bi

dvfbumlo kd bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs piri kdtdmtir tdokdomlis do db prfmdsf kd

kdsirrfbbf kd sfjtwird. Bfs iutfrds ipblmirfo BKI i uoi sdrld kd vdrslfods kdb

mkl`f judotd y mibmubirfo bi pfpubirlkik kd uo tplmf i bf bir`f kdb tldhpf.

Bud`f vdrlmirfo dstfs iuhdotfs f mikis kd pfpubirlkik kd bfs tplmfs y dodjdmtf mflomlkldrfo mfo bi imtlvlkik hdomlfoiki do bis oftis kd bis vdrslfods

y ftrfs kfmuhdotfs kd bfs prfydmtfs, ftfrìokf dvlkdomli kd qud bfs hfkdbfs

kd dvfbumlo kd tplmfs prfpfrmlfoio uo nudo rdsuhdo sfnrd bi alstfrli kd uo

slstdhi kd sfjtwird.

[ihnlo sd ipblmf BKI (Alokbddt ib.,>595,>55


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uoldrfo dstfs pdrlfkfs kd tldhpf usiokf uoi hdklki kd slhlbltuk kd tplmfs

(pfr dgdhpbf, kfs tplmfs sfo uolkfs f slhlbirds sl mfhpirtdo dotrd sl 1 f 95kd bfs prlhdrfs trhlofs do mfho). I dstfs iutfrds bds rdsubtf tlb BKI pi-

ri lkdotlmir bis tdokdomlis kd bis imtlvlkikds kd bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds. Oduaius

y Wlhhdrhio (Oduaius & Wlhhdrhioo,>595) usirfo BKI piri ioiblzir bis

Zubodrinlblkikds y Dxpfslmlfods Mfhuods (MZD) do bis nisds kd kitfs, mfo

rdpfrtds kd vubodrinlblkikds kdskd kljdrdotds judotds. Db fngdtlvf kd dsi lovds-

tlìmlo dri nusmir bis tdokdomlis kd miki vubodrinlblkik, piri fnsdrvir muibds

sd lomrdhdotinio y muibds kdmrdmio. Domfotrirfo qud sus rdsubtikfs drio do su

hiyfri mfhpirinbds mfo uo dstuklf ofrhib kdb hlshf mfoguotf kd kitfs.

9.=. [dsls

Db o kd dstd trinigf ds lhpbdhdotir uoi adrrihldoti qud pdrhlti ioiblzir

rdpfrtds kd sfjtwird hdkliotd db dhpbdf kd uoi tmolmi kd dxtrimmlo kd tplmfs

y mirimtdrlzir bi dvfbumlo kd bfs hlshfs hdkliotd db dhpbdf kd htrlmis yi

prfnikis do trinigfs mfhf ([afhisdt ib.,>59>).

Bi adrrihldoti tihnlo pdrhltd bi mrdimlo kd uo oklmd piri pfkdr rdiblzir

kljdrdotds tlpfs kd mfosubtis sfnrd db mfoguotf kd kitfs. [ihnlo pdrhltd dbd`lr

dotrd uo mfoguotf kd ib`frlthfs kd i`rupihldotf (mbustdrlo`) piri rdoir db

rdsubtikf i uoi mfosubti kiki.

]d ipblm uo prd-prfmdsf i bfs kitfs piri qultir rulkf y sd ibhimdo douoi nisd kd kitfs. I pirtlr kd dsti nisd kd kitfs sd rdiblzi bi dxtrimmlo kd

tplmfs hdkliotd db dhpbdf kd bi tmolmi bbihiki Bitdot Klrlmabdt Ibbfmitlfo

(BKI) (Nbdldt ib.,>55=). Bi dvibuimlo kd dstfs tplmfs fntdolkfs ds ioiblziki

hdkliotd db dhpbdf kd htrlmis mfhf isslòhdot, wdlàt, smittdrlo`, dotrd ftris

([afhisdt ib.,>59>).

Ikdhs, sd dstinbdmdo bis vdotigis y kdsvdotigis kd dstd ib`frlthf. Uiri

dxpdrlhdotir mfo bi adrrihldoti kdsirrfbbiki y rdiblzir bi dvibuimlo kd bfs

rdsubtikfs sd utlblz uo mfoguotf kd kitfs dstokir (kitisdt) prfpudstf do uo

kdsijf sfnrd hlodri kd kitfs qud sd rdiblzi kdskd db if >55: do bi Lotdroitlfoib

Pfrclo` Mfojdrdomd fo Hlolo` ]fjtwird ^dpfsltfrlds (H]^)3 dspdmlmihdotdib kdsif prfpudstf do db if >59>>. Dstd mfoguotf sd mdotri do rdpfrtds kd

nu`s kd kljdrdotds ipblmimlfods qud mfrrdo sfnrd bi pbitijfrhi Iokrflk. Bi lo-

jfrhimlo nrlokiki do miki nu` ds7 lkdotlmikfr, ttubf, dstikf, tlpf, prlfrlkik,

mfhpfodotd, jdmai kd lolmlf, pdrsfoi qud bf rdpfrti, kdsmrlpmlo y uoi blsti kd

mfhdotirlfs (]alaindt ib.,>59>).

I trivs kdb ioblsls qud rdiblzi bi ipblmimlo sd pudkd dxtdokdr bi hlshi

>attp7//>59>.hsrmfoj.fr`/
http://2012.msrconf.org/http://2012.msrconf.org/


19/126


hdkliotd bi lomfrpfrimlo kd ftris tmolmis y is hdgfrir bis hlshis y su rds-

pdmtlvf kdsdhpdf.

9.;. Frìolzimlo kdb trinigf

Dstd trinigf sd domudotri frìolzikf kd bi slùldotd hiodri. Do db miptubf

>sd kdsmrlndo bfs mfomdptfs `dodribds qud lombuydo7 mfomdptf kd Kdsmunrlhldotf

kd Mfofmlhldotf, Hlodri kd Kitfs, Hlodri kd ^dpfsltfrlfs kd ]fjtwird, hf-

kdbfs kd tplmfs, kljdrdomlis y slhlbltukds dotrd bfs kfs hfkdbfs his dhpbdikfs

do klstlotfs trinigfs d lovdstlìmlfods rdbimlfoikis sfnrd bfs hfkdbfs kd tpl-

mfs, frìolzikfs kd imudrkf i bis tirdis his rdbdviotds qud tldod bi lo`dolri kd

sfjtwird.Do db miptubf=sd prdsdoti db mfoguotf kd kitfs utlblzikf piri bis prudnis kd

bi adrrihldoti. Bud`f sd lotrfkumdo bfs ib`frlthfs dhpbdikfs isl mfhf tihnlo

db prd-prfmdsihldotf odmdsirlf piri bfs hlshfs. Bud`f sd lotrfkumdo bis htrlmis

ipblmikis piri fnsdrvir bi dvfbumlo kd bfs tplmfs y bfs rdsubtikfs fntdolkfs.

Do db miptubf;sd kdtibbi db prfmdsf kd lokdximlo y nsqudki lhpbdhdotikf

hdkliotd bi blnrdri Bumdod=.

Do db miptubf4sd lbustri bi ipblmimlo kdsirrfbbiki piri bi rdmupdrimlo kd

kitfs y dxtrimlo kd tplmfs is mfhf tihnlo su irqultdmturi.

Db miptubf:sd kdsmrlndo bis mfombuslfods fntdolkis do dstd trinigf d lkdo-

tlmio pfslnbds trinigfs juturfs.Do bi bltdrituri dxlstdo kljdrdomlis do db usf kd bfs tdrhlofs mfhf drrfr,

kdjdmtf y jibbi kikf qud pfsddo kljdrdomlis do sus kdolmlfods. [ritirdhfs

dstfs tdrhlofs mfhf slofolhfs kd nu` kd jfrhi loklstloti.

=attp7//bumdod.ipimad.fr`/
http://lucene.apache.org/http://lucene.apache.org/


20/126


21/126

Miptubf >

Dstikf kdb Irtd

Do bfs btlhfs ifs, ai dxlstlkf uo `rio mrdmlhldotf do oudstris mipimlkikds

kd `dodrir y mfbdmtir kitfs, kdnlkf nslmihdotd ib `rio pfkdr kd prfmdsihldotf

kd bis hqulois mfhf i su nigf mfstf kd ibhimdoihldotf. ]lo dhnir`f, kdotrf

kd dstis dofrhds hisis kd kitfs dxlstd uoi `rio miotlkik kd lojfrhimlo fmubti,

kd `rio lhpfrtiomli dstrit`lmi, i bi qud of sd pudkd immdkdr pfr bis tmolmis

mbslmis kd rdmupdrimlo kd bi lojfrhimlo.

Db kdsmunrlhldotf kd dsti lojfrhimlo fmubti ds pfslnbd `rimlis i bi Hl-

odri kd Kitfs (Kiti Hlolo`), qud dotrd ftris sfstlmikis tmolmis ipblmi bi

lotdbl`domli irtlmlib piri domfotrir pitrfods y rdbimlfods kdotrf kd bfs kitfspdrhltldokf bi mrdimlo kd hfkdbfs, ds kdmlr, rdprdsdotimlfods instrimtis kd bi

rdiblkik, pdrf ds db kdsmunrlhldotf kdb mfofmlhldotf (Cofwbdk`d Klsmfvdry lo

Kitinisds, CKK) qud sd domirì kd bi prdpirimlo kd bfs kitfs y bi lotdrprdti-

mlo kd bfs rdsubtikfs fntdolkfs, bfs muibds kio uo slòlmikf i dstfs pitrfods

domfotrikfs.

Is db vibfr rdib kd bfs kitfs rdslkd do bi lojfrhimlo qud sd pudkd dxtridr kd

dbbfs, lojfrhimlo qud iyukd i tfhir kdmlslfods f hdgfrir oudstri mfhprdoslo

kd bfs jdohdofs qud ofs rfkdio. Afy, hs qud ouomi, bfs htfkfs ioibtlmfs

iviozikfs sfo db irhi sdmrdti kd humafs od`fmlfs dxltfsfs.

Dhpbdiokf htfkfs ioibtlmfs iviozikfs piri bi dxpbftimlo kd kitfs, bfsod`fmlfs lomrdhdotio sus ìoiomlis, hixlhlzio bi dmldomli fpdritlvi, rdkumdo

mfstfs y hdgfrio bi sitlsjimmlo kdb mbldotd.

>5


22/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D >9

>.9. Mfomdptf kd Kdsmunrlhldotf kd Mfofmlhldo-

tf

Kd jfrhi `dodrib, bfs kitfs sfo bi hitdrli prlhi nruti. Do db hfhdotf qud

db usuirlf bds itrlnuyd ibò slòlmikf dspdmlib pisio i mfovdrtlrsd do lojfrhi-

mlo. Muiokf bfs dspdmliblstis dbinfrio f domudotrio uo hfkdbf, aimldokf qud

bi lotdrprdtimlo kd bi lojfrhimlo y dsd hfkdbf rdprdsdotdo uo vibfr i`rdìkf,

dotfomds ofs rdjdrlhfs ib mfofmlhldotf.

Bi mipimlkik kd `dodrir y ibhimdoir lojfrhimlo mrdml mfoslkdrinbdhdotd

do bfs btlhfs tldhpfs, sd ai dstlhikf qud bi miotlkik kd kitfs do db huokf

ibhimdoikfs do nisds kd kitfs sd kupblmi miki >5 hdsds. Ds is qud afy bis

frìolzimlfods tldodo `rio miotlkik kd kitfs ibhimdoikfs y frìolzikfs, pdrfi bfs muibds of bfs pudkdo ioiblzir dmldotdhdotd do su tftiblkik.

Mfo bis sdotdomlis ]YB sd pudkd rdiblzir uo prlhdr ioblsls, iprfxlhiki-

hdotd db 15kd bi lojfrhimlo sd fntldod mfo dstis tmolmis. Db >5 % rdstiotd,

qud bi hiyfri kd bis vdmds, mfotldod bi lojfrhimlo hs lhpfrtiotd, rdquldrd

bi utlblzimlo kd tmolmis hs iviozikis.

Db CKK ipuoti i prfmdsir iutfhtlmihdotd `riokds miotlkikds kd kitfs

piri domfotrir mfofmlhldotf tlb do dbbfs, kd dsti hiodri pdrhltlr ib usuirlf

db usf kd dsti lojfrhimlo viblfsi piri su mfovdoldomli. Db CKK ds db prfmdsf

of trlvlib kd lkdotlmir pitrfods vblkfs, ofvdkfsfs, pftdomlibhdotd tlbds y, do

btlhi lostiomli, mfhprdoslnbds i pirtlr kd bfs kitfs (Jiyyikdt ib.,9


23/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D >>

Jlùri >.9.97 Urfmdsf kd CKK

>.9.9. Db prfmdsf kd CKK

Db prfmdsf kd CKK mfoslstd do usir htfkfs kd hlodri kd kitfs (ib`frlthfs

y tmolmis) piri dxtridr d lkdotlmir bf qud sd mfoslkdri mfhf mfofmlhldotf kd

imudrkf i bi dspdmlmimlo kd mldrtfs pirhdtrfs dhpbdiokf uoi nisd kd kitfs

guotf mfo prd-prfmdsihldotfs y pfst-prfmdsihldotfs. Do bi ùri>.9.9sd lbustri

db prfmdsf kd CKK. ]d dstlhi qud bi dxtrimmlo kd pitrfods (hlodri) kd bfs

kitfs fmupi sfbf db 94 %i >5 %kdb dsjudrzf tftib kdb prfmdsf kd CKK.

Db prfmdsf kd kdsmunrlhldotf kd mfofmlhldotf do nisds kd kitfs lovfbumri

virlfs pisfs7

Kdtdrhloir bis judotds kd lojfrhimlo7 qud pudkdo sdr tlbds y kokd mfo-sdùlrbis.

Klsdir db dsqudhi kd uo ibhimo kd kitfs (Kiti Pirdafusd)7 qud mfoslì

uolmir kd hiodri fpdritlvi tfki bi lojfrhimlo rdmf`lki.

Lhpbiotimlo kdb ibhimo kd kitfs7 qud pdrhlti bi oivdìmlo y vlsuiblzi-

mlo prdvli kd sus kitfs, piri klsmdrolr qu ispdmtfs pudkd lotdrdsir qud

sdio dstuklikfs. Dsti ds bi dtipi qud pudkd bbdìr i mfosuhlr db hiyfr

tldhpf.

]dbdmmlo, blhpldzi y triosjfrhimlo kd bfs kitfs qud sd vio i ioiblzir7bi sdbdmmlo lombuyd tiotf uo btrf f juslo afrlzfotib (bis) mfhf vdrtlmib

(itrlnutfs). Bi blhpldzi y prd-pfmdsihldotf kd kitfs sd bf`ri klsdiokf

uoi dstritd`li ikdmuiki piri hiodgir rulkf, vibfrds lomfhpbdtfs, sdmudo-

mlis kd tldhpf, misfs dxtrdhfs (sl ds odmdsirlf), dtm.

]dbdmmlfoir y ipblmir db htfkf kd hlodri kd kitfs iprfplikf7 dstf lo-

mbuyd bi sdbdmmlo kd bi tirdi kd kdsmunrlhldotf i rdiblzir, pfr dgdhpbf,

mbislmimlo, i`rupihldotf, rd`rdslo, dtm. Bi sdbdmmlo kd b f kd bfs ib-

`frlthfs i utlblzir. Bi triosjfrhimlo kd bfs kitfs ib jfrhitf rdqudrlkf


24/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D >=

pfr db ib`frlthf dspdmmf kd hlodri kd kitfs. Uiri bbdvir i minf db prf-

mdsf kd hlodri kd kitfs, sd nusmio pitrfods qud pudkio dxprdsirsd mfhfuo hfkdbf f slhpbdhdotd qud dxprdsdo kdpdokdomlis kd bfs kitfs, db hf-

kdbf domfotrikf kdpdokd kd su juomlo (mbislmimlo) y kd su jfrhi kd

rdprdsdotirbf (rnfbds kd kdmlslo, rd`bis, dtm.), sd tldod qud dspdmlmir uo

mrltdrlf kd prdjdrdomli piri sdbdmmlfoir uo hfkdbf kdotrf kd uo mfoguotf

pfslnbd kd hfkdbfs, sd tldod qud dspdmlmir bi dstritd`li kd nsqudki i

utlblzir (ofrhibhdotd dst prdkdtdrhloiki do db ib`frlthf kd hlodri).

Dvibuimlo, lotdrprdtimlo, triosjfrhimlo y rdprdsdotimlo kd bfs pitrf-

ods dxtrikfs7 Lotdrprdtir bfs rdsubtikfs y pfslnbdhdotd rd`rdsir i bfs pisfs

iotdrlfrds. Dstf pudkd lovfbumrir rdpdtlr db prfmdsf, qulzs mfo ftrfs kitfs,

ftrfs ib`frlthfs, ftris hdtis y ftris dstritd`lis. Dstd ds uo pisf mrumlib do

kfokd sd rdquldrd tdodr mfofmlhldotf kdb kfhlolf. Bi lotdrprdtimlo pud-

kd ndodmlirsd kd prfmdsfs kd vlsuiblzimlo, y slrvd tihnlo piri nfrrir

pitrfods rdkuokiotds f lrrdbdviotds.

Kljuslo y usf kdb oudvf mfofmlhldotf.

Lomfrpfrir db mfofmlhldotf kdsmunldrtf ib slstdhi (ofrhibhdotd piri hdgfrirbf)

bf muib pudkd lombulr rdsfbvdr mfolmtfs pftdomlibds mfo db mfofmlhldotf dxlstdotd.

Db mfofmlhldotf sd fntldod piri rdiblzir immlfods, yi sdi lomfrpfrokfbf kdotrf

kd uo slstdhi kd kdsdhpdf f slhpbdhdotd piri ibhimdoirbf y rdpfrtirbf i bis

pdrsfois lotdrdsikis. Do dstd sdotlkf, CKK lhpblmi uo prfmdsf lotdrimtlvf dltdritlvf lovfbumriokf bi ipblmimlo kd virlfs ib`frlthfs kd hlodri kd kitfs.

>.>. Hlodri kd Kitfs

Iuoqud kdskd uo puotf kd vlsti imikhlmf db trhlof hlodri kd kitfs ds

uoi dtipi kdotrf kd CKK, (mfhf sd hdomlfo do bi sdmmlo iotdrlfr) do db

dotfrof mfhdrmlib, is mfhf do dstd trinigf, ihnfs trhlofs sd usio kd hiodri

loklstloti.

Bf qud do vdrkik aimd bi hlodri kd kitfs ds rduolr bis vdotigis kd virlis

rdis mfhf bi Dstikstlmi, bi Lotdbl`domli Irtlmlib, bi Mfhputimlo @rmi, bis

Nisds kd Kitfs y db Urfmdsihldotf Hislvf, prlomlpibhdotd usiokf mfhf hitdrli

prlhi bis nisds kd kitfs.

Toi kdolmlo triklmlfoib ds bi sl`uldotd7

To prfmdsf of trlvlib kd lkdotlmimlo vblki, ofvdkfsi, pftdo-

mlibhdotd tlb y dotdoklnbd kd pitrfods mfhprdoslnbds qud sd domudo-

trio fmubtfs do bfs kitfs. (Jiyyikdt ib.,9


25/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D >;

Bi lotd`rimlo kd uo mfoguotf kd rdis qud tldodo mfhf prfpsltf

bi lkdotlmimlo kd uo mfofmlhldotf fntdolkf i pirtlr kd bis nisdskd kitfs qud ipfrtdo uo sds`f aimli bi tfhi kd kdmlslo. (Jblx &

Mirbfs,>55>).

Bi lkdi kd bi hlodri kd kitfs of ds oudvi. \i kdskd bfs ifs sdsdoti bfs dsti-

kstlmfs hiodginio trhlofs mfhf kiti salo`, kiti hlolo` f kiti irmaidfbf`y

mfo bi lkdi kd domfotrir mfrrdbimlfods slo uoi alptdsls prdvli do nisds kd kitfs

mfo rulkf. I prlomlplfs kd bfs ifs fmadoti, îcdsa I`riwib, @lf Pldkdrafbk,

^fndrt Nbuh y @rd`fry Ulitdtscy-]aiplrf, dotrd ftrfs, dhpdzirfo i mfosfblkir

bfs trhlofs kd kiti hlolo` y CKK (Fribbfdt ib.,>555).

I oibds kd bfs ifs fmadoti sbf dxlstio uo pir kd dhprdsis kdklmikis i

dsti tdmofbfì3 do >55>dxlstdo hs kd 955dhprdsis do db huokf qud fjrdmdo

ibrdkdkfr kd =55sfbumlfods. Bis blstis kd klsmuslo sfnrd dstd tdhi bis jfrhio

lovdstlìkfrds kd hs kd fmadoti pisds. Dsti tdmofbfì ai slkf uo nudo puotf

kd domudotrf dotrd pdrsfois pdrtdodmldotds ib hnltf imikhlmf y ib huokf kd

bfs od`fmlfs.

Bi hlodri kd kitfs ds uoi tdmofbfì mfhpudsti pfr dtipis qud lotd`ri

virlis rdis y qud of sd kdnd mfojuoklr mfo uo `rio sfjtwird. Kuriotd db kdsi-

rrfbbf kd uo prfydmtf kd dstd tlpf sd usio kljdrdotds ipblmimlfods kd sfjtwird do

miki dtipi qud pudkdo sdr dstikstlmis, kd vlsuiblzimlo kd kitfs f kd lotdbl`do-

mli irtlmlib, prlomlpibhdotd. Imtuibhdotd dxlstdo ipblmimlfods f adrrihldotis

mfhdrmlibds kd hlodri kd kitfs huy pfkdrfsis qud mfotldodo uo slo jo kd

utlbdris qud jimlbltio db kdsirrfbbf kd uo prfydmtf. ]lo dhnir`f, misl sldhprd

iminio mfhpbdhdotokfsd mfo ftri adrrihldoti.

Bi hlodri kd kitfs ds bi dtipi kd kdsmunrlhldotf do db prfmdsf kd CKK7

Uisf mfoslstdotd do db usf kd ib`frlthfs mfomrdtfs qud `dodrio uoi douhdrimlo

kd pitrfods i pirtlr kd bfs kitfs prd-prfmdsikfs(Jiyyikdt ib.,9.9. Bfs juokihdotfs kd bi Hlodri kd Kitfs

Bis tmolmis kd Kiti Hlolo` sfo db rdsubtikf kd uo bir`f prfmdsf kd lovds-tlìmlo y kdsirrfbbf kd prfkumtfs. Dsti dvfbumlo mfhdoz muiokf bfs kitfs kd

od`fmlfs judrfo ibhimdoikfs pfr prlhdri vdz do mfhputikfris, y mfotlou mfo

hdgfris do db immdsf i dbbfs, y hs rdmldotdhdotd mfo tdmofbfìs `dodrikis piri

pdrhltlr i bfs usuirlfs oivdìr i trivs kd bfs kitfs do tldhpf rdib.

Bi hlodri kd kitfs tfhi dstd prfmdsf kd dvfbumlo hs ibb kdb immdsf y oi-

vdìmlo rdtrfspdmtlvi kd bfs kitfs, aimli bi dotrdì kd lojfrhimlo prfspdmtlvi

y prfimtlvi. Bi hlodri kd kitfs dst blsti piri su ipblmimlo do bi mfhuolkik kd

od`fmlfs pfrqud dst sfpfrtiki pfr trds tdmofbfìs qud yi dsto sumldotdhdotd


26/126


hikuris7

^dmfbdmmlo hislvi kd kitfs.

Uftdotds mfhputikfris mfo hubtlprfmdsikfrds.

Ib`frlthfs kd Kiti Hlolo`.

Bis nisds kd kitfs mfhdrmlibds dsto mrdmldokf i uo rlthf slo prdmdkdotds. To

rdmldotd dstuklf kdb Hdti @rfupMaiukaurl & Kiyib(9. Urlomlpibds mirimtdrstlmis y fngdtlvfs kd bi Hlodri

kd KitfsI mfotlouimlo sd douhdrio miki uoi kd bis prlomlpibds mirimtdrlstlmis y

fndgdtlvfs7

Dxpbfrir bfs kitfs sd domudotrio do bis prfjuoklkikds kd bis nisds kd ki-

tfs, mfhf bfs ibhimdods kd kitfs, qud ib`uois vdmds mfotldodo lojfrhimlo

ibhimdoiki kuriotd virlfs ifs.

Do ib`uofs misfs, bfs kitfs sd mfosfblkio do uo ibhimo kd kitfs y do

hdrmikfs kd kitfs3 do ftrfs, sd hiotldodo do sdrvlkfrds kd Lotdrodt.


27/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D >:

Db dotfrof kd bi hlodri kd kitfs sudbd tdodr uoi irqultdmturi mbldotd-

sdrvlkfr.

Bis adrrihldotis kd bi hlodri kd kitfs iyukio i dxtridr db hlodrib kd

bi lojfrhimlo dotdrrikf do irmalvfs mfrpfritlvfs f do rd`lstrfs pnblmfs,

irmalvikfs.

Db hlodrf ds, humais vdmds uo usuirlf oib mfo pfmi f oloùoi ainlblkik

kd prf`rihimlo pdrf ds islstlkf pfr pfkdrfsis adrrihldotis lokiìtfrlis

piri djdmtuir prdùotis ikafm y fntdodr rdspudstis rplkihdotd.

Aurìr i hdoukf lhpblmi db kdsmunrlhldotf kd rdsubtikfs viblfsfs d lods-

pdrikfs.

Bis adrrihldotis kd bi hlodri kd kitfs sd mfhnloio jmlbhdotd y pudkdo

ioiblzirsd y prfmdsirsd rplkihdotd.

Kdnlkf i bi `rio miotlkik kd kitfs, ibùois vdmds rdsubti odmdsirlf usir

prfmdsihldotf do piribdbf piri bi hlodri kd kitfs.

Bi hlodri kd kitfs prfkumd mlomf tlpfs kd lojfrhimlo7

Isfmlimlfods.

]dmudomlis.

Mbislmimlfods.

I`rupihldotfs.

Urfostlmfs.

Bfs hlodrfs kd kitfs usio virlis adrrihldotis y tmolmis.

Bi hlodri kd kitfs ds uo prfmdsf qud lovldrtd bi klohlmi kdb htfkf mldotmf

do db slùldotd sdotlkf7

Do db htfkf mldotmf, prlhdrf sd jfrhubi bi alptdsls y bud`f sd klsdi

db dxpdrlhdotf piri mfbdmmlfoir bfs kitfs qud mforhdo f rdjutdo bi alptdsls.

]l dstf sd aimd mfo bi jfrhiblkik ikdmuiki (mulkiokf mubds sfo bis virlinbdsmfotrfbikis y mubds dxpdrlhdotibds), sd fntldod uo oudvf mfofmlhldotf.

Do bi hlodri kd kitfs, sd mfbdmmlfoio bfs kitfs y sd dspdri qud kd dbbfs

dhdrgio alptdsls. ]d nusmi qud bfs kitfs kdsmrlnio f loklqudo pfr qu sfo mf-

hf sfo. Bud`f dotfomds, sd viblki dsi alptdsls losplriki pfr bfs kitfs do bfs

kitfs hlshfs, sdr ouhrlmihdotd slòlmitlvi, pdrf dxpdrlhdotibhdotd lovbl-

ki. Kd ia qud bi hlodri kd kitfs kdnd prdsdotir uo dojfqud dxpbfritfrlf, y of

mforhikfr. Tsir bi hlodri kd kitfs piri mforhir bis alptdsls jfrhubikis

pudkd sdr pdbl`rfsf, puds sd dst aimldokf uoi lojdrdomli pfmf vblki.


28/126


Bi hlodri kd kitfs ds uoi tdmofbf`i mfhpudsti pfr dtipis qud lotd`ri

virlis rdis y qud of sd kdnd mfojuoklr mfo uo `rio sfjtwird. Kuriotd db kdsi-rrfbbf kd uo prfydmtf kd dstd tlpf sd usio kljdrdotds ipblmimlfods sfjtwird do

miki dtipi qud pudkdo sdr dstikstlmis, kd vlsuiblzimlo kd kitfs f kd lotdbl`do-

mli irtlmlib, prlomlpibhdotd. Imtuibhdotd dxlstdo ipblmimlfods f adrrihldotis

mfhdrmlibds kd hlodri kd kitfs huy pfkdrfsis qud mfotldodo uo slojo kd utlbd-

ris qud jimlbltio db kdsirrfbbf kd uo prfydmtf. ]lo dhnir`f, misl sldhprd iminio

mfhpbdhdotokfsd mfo ftri adrrihldoti.

>.=. Hlodri kd ^dpfsltfrlfs kd ]fjtwird

Bi Hlodri kd ^dpfsltfrlfs kd ]fjtwird(H]^) ds uoi tmolmi usiki do dbmihpf kd bi Lo`doldri kd ]fjtwird(]D) mfo db o kd ioiblzir y dotdokdr bfs

rdpfsltfrlfs kd kitfs kd uo prfydmtf do kdsirrfbbf@fkjrdydt ib.(>5555:)3Aissio & Afbt(>554).

Bi hdti prlomlpib kd H]^ ds aimdr uo usf lotdbl`dotd kd dstfs rdpfsltfrlfs

kd sfjtwird piri ipfyir do db prfmdsf kd tfhi kd kdmlslfods kd uo prfydmtf kd

sfjtwird. Ib`uofs dgdhpbfs kd H]^ qud sd rdiblzirfo mfo xltf lombuydo prdklm-

mlo kd nu`s do db mkl`f judotd, kdsmunrlr trizinlblkik dotrd bfs kfmuhdotfs kd

bfs rdqudrlhldotfs y db mkl`f judotd, lokdximlo kd rdpfsltfrlfs piri prfvddr

uoi nsqudki rplki piri sticdafbkdrs d lojdrlr bi rdk sfmlib kd kdsirfbbikfrds

nisikf do db usf kdb pitrfods kd mfrrdfs dbdmtrolmfs([lmay,>5953Wlhhdrhioodt ib.,>554).

Bfs rdpfsltfrlfs do uo prfydmtf kd sfjtwird mfotldodo do su hiyfri kitfs

of dstrumturikfs. Udsd i qud db mkl`f judotd sfo kitfs dstrumturikfs mfotldod

mfhdotirlfs, ofhnrds lkdotlmimtfrlfs y tldod bltdribds kd tdxtf (strlo`s) qud

mipturio bi sdhotlmi d lotdomlfods kdb kdsirrfbbikfr do dsd kfmuhdotf. Kdskd

qud bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds tldokdo i utlblzir ofhnrd lkdotlmitfrlfs, prfvdydokf

mfhdotirlfs qud kdsmrlndo bi juomlfoiblkik kdb mkl`f y dsmrlnldokf bfs hdosigds

kd drrfr qud sd dhltdo pfr bi piotibbi pdrhltdo utlblzir dstis trds judotds piri

ioiblzir y tdodr uoi nudoi iprfxlhimlo kd bf qud dst fmurrldokf do db mkl`f

judotd slo sindr dximtihdotd mfhf. Ftrfs rdpfsltfrlfs, mfhf irmalvfs kd mfrrdfdbdmtrolmf, kfmuhdotfs kd bfs rdqudrlhldotfs y rdpfrtds kd nu`s mfotldodo tdxtf

of dstrumturikf do db sdotlkf hs triklmlfoib.

Toi hiodri qud sd dsti vfbvldokf his pfpubir kd ioiblzir tdxtf of dstrum-

turikf do ftrfs kfhlolfs ds hdkliotd hfkdbfs kd tplmfs qud aimd iaomf do

kdsmrunrlr rdbimlfods dotrd bis pibinris y bfs kfmuhdotfsIotads(>595)3]rlvis-

tivi & ]iaihl (>595)3 ]tdyvdrs & @rltas(>550)3 Wail(>551). Bfs hfkdbfs

kd tplmfs mfhf Bitdot ]dhiotlm Lokdxlo`(B]L) y Bitdot Klrlmabdt Ibbfmitlfo

(BKI), sfo itrimtlvfs pfrqud of rdquldrdo kitfs kd dotrdoihldotfs, sfo mfh-


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pbdtihdotd iutfhtlmfs y sd pudkd ipblmir i hlbds f hlbbfods kd kfmuhdotfs.

Frl`loibhdotd kdskd db Urfmdsihldotf kdb Bdoùigd Oiturib(OBU) y kdb mih-pf kd bi ^dmupdrimlo kd bi Lojfrhimlo(L^) bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs aio slkf

rdmldotdhdotd kdsmunldrtfs pfr bi mfhuolkik kd bi ]D.

>.=.9. Bfs rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird

Db hiotdolhldotf kd sfjtwird, ds kdmlr, bi jisd kfokd bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds

rdimmlfoio i bfs mihnlfs kd rdqudrlhldotfs, ds bi jisd hs mfstfsi kdb kdsirrfbbf,

pfrqud mihnlir uo slstdhi `riokd ds dxtrdhikihdotd kljmlb.

Mhf sd pudkd guzìr dotfomds db lhpimtf kd uo mihnlf do uo prfydmtf

qud ai vlvlkf virlfs ifs, ai slkf dsmrltf pfr uo dqulpf kd kdsirrfbbf kd `rio

tihif (pftdomlibhdotd klstrlnulkf), y tldod hlbds (sl of hlbbfods) kd bodis kd

mkl`f6

Do dstd mfotdxtf, miki lojfrhimlo iklmlfoib sfnrd db slstdhi qud sd hio-

tldod ds tlb. Uiri aimdr jrdotd i dstfs kdsijfs, bfs lovdstlìkfrds do db rdi

kd lovdstlìmlo kd H]^ dxpbfrio bfs rdpfsltfrlfs kd lojfrhimlo hs prdmlsfs

qud tdodhfs sfnrd db kdsirrfbbf kd sfjtwird7 bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds ibhimdoiro

klsmuslfods kd klsdf, lojfrhds kd prfnbdhis, y bfs mihnlfs qud rdiblzio do

adrrihldotis dspdmliblzikis, bbihikis rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird. Toi vdz rdmu-

pdriki (do uo prfmdsf qud pudkd sdr kljmlb) bi lojfrhimlo tldod uo dofrhd

vibfr piri bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds, tdstdikfrds, domirìkfs kd hiotdodr db slstdhi,

irqultdmtfs y ikhlolstrikfrds.

Dstfs rdpfsltfrlfs fjrdmdo uo puotf kd vlsti rlmf y kdtibbikf kdb mihlof

tfhikf piri rdiblzir uo slstdhi kd sfjtwird. Ioiblziokf dstfs rdpfsltfrlfs prf-

pfrmlfoi uoi `rio miotlkik kd lojfrhimlo alstrlmi qud pudkd ndodmlir db

juturf prfydmtf kd sfjtwird[lmay(>595)3Wlhhdrhioodt ib. (>554). I mfotl-

ouimlo sd douhdrio bfs tlpfs kd rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird his mfhuods qud sd

dhpbdio do db kdsirrfbbf kd sfjtwird prlomlpibhdotd do bi ]D.

>.=.9.9. Mkl`f judotd

Db mkl`f judotd kd uo prfydmtf kd sfjtwird ds uoi dspdmlmimlo dgdmutinbdkdb mfhpfrtihldotf kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwirdBdtanrlk`d & Biìoldrd(>559). Ds

mfoslkdrikf `dodribhdotd pfr bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds mfhf db kdpsltf hs lhpfr-

tiotd, yi qud ds do btlhi lostiomli, bf qud mrdi db dgdmutinbd qud sd dotrdì ib

mbldotd. Db rdpfsltfrlf kd mkl`f judotd sd mfhpfod kd uoi sdrld kd kfmuhdotfs

kd mkl`f judotd dsmrltf do uof f hs bdoùigds kd prf`rihimlo. Dstfs kfmu-

hdotfs qud mfotldodo db mkl`f judotd sd i`rupio `dodribhdotd do dotlkikds

b`lmis kdofhloikis piqudtds f hkubfs. [fkf db mfoguotf kd kfmuhdotfs kd

mkl`f judotd qud ofrhibhdotd sd mfofmd mfhf db slstdhi.


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D >.=.9.>. Zubodrinlblkik y drrfrds kd nisds kd kitfs

Toi nisd kd kitfs kd nu`s ds usikf piri hiotdodr lojfrhimlo imdrmi kd bi

mrdimlo kd nu`s, bi rdsfbumlo kd bfs hlshfs, hdgfris do bi juomlfods y ftris

tirdis kd hiotdolhldotf kdb prfydmtf]drriof & Mlfrkli(>554). Ufr bf `dodrib,

muiokf bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds f usuirlfs dxpdrlhdotio uo drrfr do uo slstdhi kd

sfjtwird, bf isldotio do bi nisd kd kitfs kd nu`s mfhf uoi lssud, db muib lombuyd

lojfrhimlo mfhf y qu tirdi qud dstinio rdiblziokf muiokf sd prfkugf db drrfr,sl db drrfr ds rdpdtlnbd, y bf lhpfrtiotd qud sl db drrfr sur`d do bi juomlfoiblkik kdb

slstdhi. Bud`f bfs domirìkfs kd hiotdolhldotf kdb slstdhi lovdstlìo dsi lssud

y sl bi rdsudbvdo bi mldrrio. Bud`f bfs domirìkfs kd vdrlmir bi sfbumlo mldrrio

bi lssud f sl of bi rdinrdo. [fkis dstis tirdis sfo mipturikis y ibhimdoikis do

dstd tlpf kd nisd kd kitfs.

To dgdhpbf kd dstd tlpf kd slstdhi kd nisds kitfs sfo Nu`zlbbi (Jfuokitlfo

(>595)) y [rim (]fjwird(>59>)), iuoqud dxlstdo humafs his.

Do bi bltdrituri dxlstdo kljdrdomlis do db usf kd bfs trhlofs mfhf drrfr,

kdjdmtf y jibbi kikf qud pfsddo kljdrdomlis do sus kdolmlfods. [ritirdhfs

dstfs trhlofs mfhf sloolhfs kd nu` kd jfrhi loklstloti.Toi nisd kd kitfs kd vubodrinlblkikds ibhimdoi vubodrinlblkikds kd sdùrl-

kik y kd rlds`fs pftdomlibdsOduaius & Wlhhdrhioo(>595). Db fngdtlvf kd dsti

nisd kd kitfs ds mfhpirtlr mfo bi mfhuolkik y ipblmimlfods y tihnlo islòirbd

uo ofhnrd i bis vubodrinlblkikds his mfofmlkis.

>.=.9.=. Blstis kd mfrrdf y rd`lstrfs (bf`s) kd maits

Bis blstis kd mfrrdf guotf mfo bfs bf`s kd bfs maits kd uo prfydmtf ds uo irmalvf

kd mfhuolmimlo tdxtuib dotrd bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds, `drdotds y ftrfs sticdafbkdrs

kdb prfydmtf]alaindt ib.(>595i). Bi blsti kd mfrrdf pfr bf `dodrib mfosti kd uomfoguotf kd mfrrdfs mfo jdmai y afri, qud mfotldodo uoi mindmdri (qud pfsdd db

dhlsfr, rdmdptfr (s), y kd jdmai y afri), uo mudrpf kdb hdosigd mfo db mfotdolkf

y uo mfoguotf kd irmalvfs qud sd ikguotirfo. Bfs rd`lstrfs kd bfs maits mfotldodo

db rd`lstrf kd bis mfovdrsimlfods kd hdosigdri lostiotodi dotrd bfs lovfbumrikfs

do db prfydmtf y pfr bf `dodrib mfotldodo uoi hirmi kd tldhpf, db iutfr y db

mfotdolkf kdb hdosigdNdttdonur`dt ib.(>5555


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D =5

>.=.9.;. Db slstdhi kd mfotrfb kd vdrslfods

Toi nisd kd kitfs piri db mfotrfb kd vdrslfods ds uo slstdhi usikf pirihiotdodr y rd`lstrir bi alstfrli kd mihnlfs kdb mkl`f judotd. Bfs kdsirrfbbi-

kfrds bis dhpbdio piri dkltir f hiotdodr db mkl`f judotd kd uo slstdhi kd

sfjtwird. Ibùofs dgdhpbfs kd bfs his pfpubirds sfoMfomurrdot Zdrslfos ]ys-

tdh (MZ]),]unvdrslfo(]ZO) f @L[ATN dotrd ftrfs. Dstfs bds pdrhltd i bfs

kdsirrfbbikfrds7

Fntdodr uoi mfpli kdb rdpfsltfrlf do su slstdhi kd irmalvfs bfmib3

rdiblzir mihnlfs do dsfs kfmuhdotfs, i`rdìr oudvfs, mihnlir bi dstrum-

turi kd klrdmtfrlfs y

ipblmir dsfs mihnlfs bfmibds do db rdpfsltfrlf piri bud`f sdr mfhpirtlkfs

mfo db rdstf kdb dqulpf.

Miki rdvlslo kd mfotrfb tldod kfs vdotigis dsmdomlibds. Urlhdrf, pdrhltd i bfs

kdsirrfbbikfrds rdiblzir mihnlfs do sus mfplis bfmibds lokdpdokldotdhdotd kd bfs

kdhs kdsirrfbbikfrds qud pudkdo tihnlo immdkdr ib rdpfsltfrlf. Dsti lokdpdo-

kdomli pdrhltd db trinigf do piribdbf slo tdodr qud hiokir mihnlfs f oudvfs

kfmuhdotfs pfr mfrrdf. Bi sdùoki vdotigi kd dstd dsqudhi kd vdrslfods ds qud

pdrhltd bbdvir uoi alstfrli kd mihnlfs kd miki uof kd bfs kfmuhdotfs mfo bf

muib sl ibùldo kdsdi uoi vdrslo prdvli kd ibò kfmuhdotf pudkd sfblmltirbf

ib slstdhi kd mfotrfb kd vdrslfods y dstd kd jfrhi iutfhtlmi bd rdvldrtd bfs

mihnlfs.

>.=.9.4. Kfmuhdootfs kd rdqudrlhldotfs y klsmuslfods sfnrd db klsd-

f

Bfs kfmuhdotfs kd rdqudrlhldotfs, `dodribhdotd dsmrltfs do mfoguomlo (f bi

iprfnimlo) kdb mbldotd, sfo kfmuhdotfs qud douhdrio db mfhpfrtihldotf kdsdi-

kf kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwirdBdtanrlk`d & Biìoldrd(>559). Bfs rdqudrlhldotfs

pudkdo sdr mitd`frlzikfs mfhf juomlfoibds, loklmiokf qud mfhpfrtihldotf kd-

nd tdodr db prf`rihi, y of juomlfoibds, qud kdsmrlndo bis muiblkikds qud kdndpfsddr db slstdhi kd sfjtwird, pfr dgdhpbf immdslnlblkik, inlblkik, dtm.

Bfs kfmuhdotfs sfnrd klsmuslfods kd klsdf sfo kfmuhdotfs qud kdsmrlndo

db klsdf `bfnib kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwird, kfokd sd lombuydo kdsmrlpmlfods irqul-

tdmtolmis, ib`frlthfs lhpfrtiotds y bfs misfs kd usf. Dstfs kfmuhdotfs pudkdo

sdr do jfrhis kd kli`rihis (pfr dgdhpbf, THB Jfwbdr(>55;)) f slhpbdhdotd

tdxtf blnrd.


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>.=.9.:. ^d`lstrfs kd dgdmumlo

To rd`lstrf kd dgdmumlfods ds uo kfmuhdotf qud mfotldod bi siblki y/f rdsub-tikfs kd bi dgdmumlo kd uoi ipblmimlo y tihnlo uof f virlfs tdst kd prudni

prdkdolkfs. Dstfs tdst `dodribhdotd mfotldodo uoi blsti mfo bfs htfkfs f juo-

mlfods qud judrfo lovfmikfs mfo su rd`lstrf tdhpfrib. [ihnlo bfs vibfrds kd

mldrtis virlinbds y ftrfs kdtibbds imdrmi kd bfs kdtibbds kd bi dgdmumlo. Dstfs

tlpfs kd kdtibbds sfo dspdmlibhdotd tlbds piri bi tirdi kd rdiblzir bi kdpurimlo

(kdnu``lo`) do slstdhis huy `riokds.

>.=.9.0. ^dpfsltfrlfs kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwird

To rdpfsltfrlf kd slstdhis kd sfjtwird ds uoi mfbdmmlo (`dodribhdotd mfoblmdomli Fpdo ]furmd) kd slstdhis kd sfjtwird. Dstis mfbdmmlfods tldodo mldotfs

f hlbds kd slstdhis muyf mkl`f judotd pudkd sdr kdsmirìkf pfr ibùldo lo-

tdrdsikf. Ibùofs dgdhpbfs kd dstd tlpf kd rdpfsltfrlfs pudkdo sdr ]furmd Jfr`d

@ddcodt.(>595) y@ff`bd Mfkd@ff`bd(>59>).

>.;. Hfkdbfs kd [plmfs

Iotds kd prdsdotir db hfkdbf BKI qud jud utlblzikf do dstd trinigf, ds

hdodstdr rdmfrkir prlhdrf bfs kljdrdotds hfkdbfs ioibtlmfs utlblzikfs piri bi

mf-fmurrdomli kd bis fnsdrvimlfods do db mfotdxtf kd bi hlodri kd tdxtfs. Iuo-qud dstfs hfkdbfs kd ioblsls kd kitfs sd prfpusldrfo lolmlibhdotd piri rdvdbir

bi vlomubimlo lotrosdmi dotrd bfs kfmuhdotfs y bis pibinris, ds ikdmuikf y

rizfoinbd piri lotrfkumlr bi lkdi nslmi do mldrtfs prfnbdhis kd lovdstlìmlo,

qud ofs iyukio i mfhprdokdr jmlbhdotd bfs juokihdotfs tdrlmfs, is mfhf bis

jfrtibdzis kd bis tmolmis prfpudstis.

Mfhf sd hdomlfo do db prlhdr miptubf bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs (f bitdot tfplm

hfkdb f stitlstlmib tfplm hfkdb) sfo hfkdbfs klsdikfs piri dxtridr tpmfs kd

jfrhi iutfhtlmi kdskd db mudrpf kd kfmuhdotfs[afhisdt ib.(>59>)3Blostdik

dt ib. (>551i)3Blu dt ib. (>55551)3Oùydo dt ib. (>599n).

To tplmf ds uoi mfbdmmlo kd trhlofs f pibinris qud mf-fmurrdo kd hiodrijrdmudotd do db mudrpf kd bfs kfmuhdotfs ioiblzikfs. Ufr dgdhpbf {hfusd, mblmc,

kri`, rlàt, bdjt}y{usdr, immfuot, pisswfrk, iutadotlmitlfo}. Kiki bi oituribdzi

kdb bdoùigd kd bfs kfmuhdotfs, dstfs trhlofs qud mfostltuydo uo tplmf dstio

i hdoukf rdbimlfoikfs sdhotlmihdotdNbdldt ib.(>55=).

Bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs judrfo frl`loibhdotd kdsirrfbbikfs do db mihpf kd

OBU y do db mihpf kd bi L^ mfhf hdklf lokdximlo iutfhtlmi, nsqudki,

i`rupihldotf y dstrumturihldotf kd kfmuhdotfs `riokds y of dtlqudtikfs.


33/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D =>

Tsiokf bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs, bfs kfmuhdotfs pudkdo sdr rdprdsdotikfs

pfr tplmfs lombulkfs do bfs prfplfs kfmuhdotfs, y pfr bf tiotf tfkf db mudrpfkd bfs kfmuhdotfs pudkdo sdr lokdxikfs y frìolzikfs do trhlofs kd bi ds-

trumturi sdhotlmi kdsmunldrti do dbbfs. Bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs pdrhltdo uoi

rdprdsdotimlo pdqudi kdb tdxtf, mfo rdbimlfods sdhotlmis of kdsmunldrtis bf

qud pdrhltd uo rplkf ioblsls sfnrd db tdxtfWail(>551).

>.;.9. [drhlofbf i dhpbdiki

Iotds kd dxpfodr bi kdolmlo jfrhib kd bfs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs prlhdrf sd

lotrfkumd db slùldotd dgdhpbf kd bi ipblmimlo kd uo hfkdbf kd tplmfs sfnrd

trds kfmuhdotfs. Bfs dgdhpbfs sfo dxtrikfs kd[afhis(>59>), bfs hlshfs sfo

bfs slùldotds7

9. Urdklmtlo` tad lomlkdomd fj jiubts lo mfkd ais nddo mfhhfoby issfmlitdk

wlta hdisurlo` mfhpbdxlty. Lo tals pipdr, wd prfpfsd mfhpbdxlty hdtrlms

tait ird nisdk fo tad mfkd maio`d prfmdss lostdik fj fo tad mfkd.

>. Nu` prdklmtlfo hfkdbs ird fjtdo usdk tf adbp ibbfmitd sfjtwird quiblty issu-

riomd dstfrts (jfr dxihpbd, tdstlo` iok mfkd rdvldws). Hdokd iok Cfsmacd

aivd rdmdotby prfpfsdk nu` prdklmtlfo hfkdbs tait ird dstfrt-iwird.

=. [adrd ird ouhdrfus stuklds tait dxihlod wadtadr fr oft mbfodk mfkd ls

airhjub tf sfjtwird systdhs. \dt, jdw fj tadsd stuklds stuky walma mairim-tdrlstlms fj mbfodk mfkd lo pirtlmubir bdik tf sfjtwird kdjdmts (fr jiubts).

[rhlof (pibinri) w7 ds uo tdxtf mfo mirimtdrds ibjiouhrlmfs. Do db dgdh-

pbf tdodhfs uo tftib kd959tdrhlofs. Ufr dgdhpbf,prdklmtlo`,nu`,tadrd,

aivd,nu`y fjsfo tfkfs trhlofs. Bfs trhlofs pfkrio of sdr olmfs kd

uo sfbf kfmuhdotf.

Kfmuhdotfk7 ds uo mfoguotf frkdoikf kd O trhlofs w9, . . . , wO. Do db

dgdhpbf aiy trds kfmuhdotfs7 k9, k> y k=. k9 mfo O8 =;, k> mfo O8 =4

y k= mfo O8 =>.

Mudrpf M7 ds uo mfoguotf of frkdoikf kd kfmuhdotfs, k9, . . . , ko. Do db dgdh-

pbf aiy uo mudrpf qud mfoslstd kdo8 =kfmuhdotfs7 k9, k>yk=.

ZfminubirlfZ7 ds uo mfoguotf of frkdoikf kd h trhlofs olmfs qud ipi-

rdmdo do uo mudrpf. Do db dgdhpbf db vfminubirlf mfoslstd kd h 8 09

trhlofs olmfs dxtrikfs i trivs kd bfs trds kfmuhdotfs kdb dgdhpbf.

Ibùofs trhlofs sdrio7 mfkd, ird, tait, tf, tad, sfjtwird,. . .


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ==

Hitrlz [rhlofs-Kfmuhdotfs I7 Dsti hitrlz tldod uoi klhdoslo kd h

odo bi muib uoi dotriki (l, g)tldod db pdsf kd uo trhlof wl do db kfmu-hdotf kg (kd imudrkf i ibùoi juomlo kd pdsf mfhf pudkd sdr bi kd bi

jrdmudomli kd uo trhlof). Do db dgdhpbf tdodhfs bi slùldotd hitrlz7

I8

k9 k> k=

mfkd = 9 >

fj > 5 >

ird 9 > 9

. . . . . .

Do dsti hitrlz pfkdhfs fnsdrvir qud pfr dgdhpbf piri db trhlof mfkddo

db kfmuhdotfsk9ipirdmd mfo uoi jrdmudomli kd trds vdmds, do db kfmuhdo-tf k>mfo uoi jrdmudomli kd uof y do db kfmuhdotf k=mfo uoi jrdmudomli

kd kfs. Is sumdslvihdotd piri miki trhlof pfkrdhfs domfotrir sus jrd-

mudomlis do miki kfmuhdotf.

[plmf (mfomdptf f tdhi)W7 Ds uo vdmtfr kd tihif h mfo bis prfninl-

blkikds sfnrd db vfminubirlf kd uo mudrpf. Do db dgdhpbf tdokrihfs do

slùldotd tplmf7

W9 8 mfkd fj ird tait tf tad sfj twird . . .

5,>4 5,9 5,54 5,59 5,9 5,90 5,= . . .

loklmiokf qud, pfr dgdhpbf, muiokf db trhlof ds dxtrikf kdb tplmf W9aiy uo >4 % kd pfslnlblkikds kd qud sdi db trhlof mfkd y uo =5 % kd

maiomds kd qud db trhlof sdi sfjtwird. Do dstd dgdhpbf sd isuhl qud sd

dxtrigdrfo bfs tplmfs. His ikdbiotd sd dxpblmir mfhf juomlfoio bfs kfs

hfkdbfs prlomlpibds B]L y BKI piri fntdodr dstfs tplmfs.

Zdmtfr kd pdrtdodomli i uo tplmf k7 Uiri uo kfmuhdotf kl, dxlstd uo

vdmtfr kd bis prfninlblkikds piri C tplmfs. Mfotlouiokf mfo db dgdh-

pbf uo vdmtfr piri db kfmuhdotf k9 sdri7

k9 8

W9 W> W= W; . . .5,>4 5,5 5,5 5,0 . . .

Dstf ofs loklmi qud muiokf uo tplmf ds sdbdmmlfoikf piri mfhpfodr db

kfmuhdotfk9, dxlstd uoi prfninlblkik kdb >4 %kd qud sdi db tplmf W9y

uo 05 %kd qud sdi db tplmf W;.

Hitrlz Kfmuhdotf-[plmf7 Ds uoi `dodriblzimlo kdb vdmtfr iotdrlfr, do

kfokd bi hitrlz tldod o pfr Cdbdhdotfs. To dotriki (l, g) fntldod bi


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D =;

prfninlblkik kd qud uo tplmf Wg ipirdzmi do db kfmuhdotf kl, Miki bi

sd mfrrdspfokd i uo kl . ]lùldokf mfo db dgdhpbf bi hitrlz ds bi slùldotd7

8

W9 W> W= W; . . .

k9 5,>4 5,5 5,5 5,0 . . .

k> 5,5 5,5 5,5 9,5 . . .

k= 5,9 5,; 5,> 5,5 . . .

Hitrlz [plmf-[rhlof7 Ds uoi `dodriblzimlo kdb vdmtfr Wg . Bis klhdo-

slfods kd dsti hitrlz sdri kd Cpfr hdbdhdotfs. Toi dotriki (l, g)fntld-

od bi prfninlblkik kd qud uo trhlofwg ipirdzmi do db tplmfWl.Miki bi

kd bi hitrlz sd mfrrdspfokd i uo tplmf. Do db dgdhpbf bi hitrlz qudkiri

rdprdsdotiki kd jfrhi `dorlmi mfhf7

8

mfkd fj ird tait tf tad sfj twird . . .

W9 5,>4 5,9 5,54 5,59 5,9 5,90 5,= . . .

W> 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,54 5,> 5,5 5,54 . . .

W= 5,9 5,5; 5,> 5,5 5,50 5,9 5,9> . . .

. . . . . .

Iafri sl, bud`f kd dxpblmir bi tdrhlofbfì sd lotrfkumd db mfomdptf kd hfkdbf

kd tplmfs.

Hfkdbf kd tplmfs ([H)7 Ds uo hfkdbf qud tfhi mfhf dotriki bi hitrlz

I ([rhlofs-Kfmuhdotfs) y ki mfhf siblki uoi hitrlz (Kfmuhdotf-

[plmf) y bi hitrlz ([plmf-[rhlof).

Dsti kdolmlo kdsmrlnd bfs rdqudrlhldotfs holhfs kd uo hfkdbf kd tplmfs.

Mfhf sd vdri his ikdbiotd ibùofs hfkdbfs kd tplmfs prfvddo his lojfrhi-

mlo ikdhs kd bis hitrlmds hdomlfoikis do su kdolmlo mfhf rdbimlfods y

mfrrdbimlfods dotrd tplmfs, tplmfs hubtl-bdoùigd y tplmfs dtlqudtikfs.

Do dstd tlpf kd bdoùigds kdb hfkdbf sur`do ibùofs prfnbdhis mfhuods i

tfkfs dbbfs, mfhf bfs slùldotds7

]lofolhli7 Kfs trhlofsw9y w>, mfow9 8w>, sfo sloolhfs sl dbbfs pfsddo

slòlmikfs sdhotlmfs slhlbirds.

Ufblsdhli7 To trhlof w ds uoi pfblsdhli sl tldod hbtlpbds slòlmikfs sd-

hotlmfs.

]d kdnd dotdokdr do dstd puotf qud bi sdhotlmids kljmlb kd kdolr kikf qud

tfhi kljdrdotds slòlmikfs kd imudrkf i su mfotdxtf. Do ibùofs misfs bfs

slòlmikfs sdhotlmfs kd uo trhlof sfo mrdikfs hiouibhdotd.


36/126


Jlùri >.;.97 Mihlof kdskd bfs kitfs purfs aisti db [H. Iqu [H lombuyd B]L,

LMI, UB]L, BKI y tfkis bis virliotds kd BKI.

>.;.>. Zdmtfr ]pimd Hfkdb

Iuoqud of ds uo hfkdbf kd tplmfs do sl hlshf, db Zdmtfr ]pimd Hfkdb

(Z]H) ds bi nisd piri humais tmolmis iviozikis do L^ y piri ftrfs hfkdbfs kd

tplmfs. Db Z]H ds uo hfkdbf ib`dnrilmf slhpbd nisikf do bi hitrlz [rhlofs-

KfmuhdotfsI (]ibtfodt ib.,9y =kdb rdspdmtlvf vdmtfr. Lùibhdotd, ds pfslnbd kdtdrhloir qud kfmuhdotfs

mfotldodo db trhlof w sdbdmmlfoiokf bfs dbdhdotfs qud of tdoìo mdrfs piri

miki bi kd bi hitrlz I.

Mfo dsti rdprdsdotimlo, sd pudkd rdiblzir uo mfosubti mfotri db mudrpf kdb

tdxtf kd bi slùldotd hiodri. Urlhdrf, mibmubihfs db tihifh kdb vdmtfr piri

bi mfosubti qmfhf sl judri db mudrpf kd uo kfmuhdotf. Bud`f, mibmubihfs bi

rdbimlo sdhotlmi (i hdoukf sd dhpbdi bi slhlbltuk kdb mfsdof) mfotri miki

mfbuhoi kd bi hitrlz I. Jloibhdotd bf rdsubtikfs fntdolkfs bfs frkdoihfs kd

imudrkf i bi slhlbltuk fntdolki do miki misf do jfrhi kd uoi blsti mfo rioclo`.

Kd hiodri huy slhlbir, tihnlo ds pfslnbd kdtdrhloir muib kd bfs kfmuhdotfsfrl`loibds do db mudrpf sfo his slhlbirds dotrd sl. Do bi ùri>.;.9sd pudkd

fnsdrvir dstd prfmdsf kd hiodri `rmi.

>.;.=. Bitdot ]dhiotlm Lokdxlo`

Bitdot ]dhiotlm Lokdxlo`(B]L), tihnlo mfofmlkf mfhf Bitdot ]dhiotlm

Ioibysls(B]I), ds uo hfkdbf qud dxtldokd i Z]H rdkumldokf bi klhdoslo kd

bi hitrlz I usiokf ]loùbir Zibud Kdsmfhpfsltlfo (]ZK) (Kddrwdstdrdt ib.,

9


37/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D =:

rdbimlfoikfs (do trhlofs kd su mf-fmurrdomli) sfo i`rupikfs guotfs do tplmfs.

Bi tmolmi dhpbdiki piri bi rdkummlo kdb rulkf ai slkf prfniki lomrdhdotio-kf oftinbdhdotd db kdsdhpdf sfnrd Z]H do trhlofs kd mfhf blkli mfo bi

slofolhli y bi pfblsdhli (Nidzi-\itds dt ib.,9


38/126


qud kdskd qud B]L usi ]ZK do bi jisd kd rdkummlo kd klhdoslfods, B]L dsti ai-

mldokf kd jfrhi lhpbmlti bi supfslmlo kd qud bi mudoti kd trhlofs sl`udo uoiklstrlnumlo kd @iuss. Kdskd dstd supudstf of sd vdrlmi, B]L ds "lositlsjimtfrli

d lomfhpbdti" (Afjhioo,955=) qud i sustltulkf do`rio hdklki i UB]L.

Klmd qud uo kfmuhdotf sd mrdi hdkliotd bi sdbdmmlo kd bfs tdhis y bis

pibinris kd imudrkf i bis rdprdsdotimlfods prfninlbstlmis kdb tdxtf oiturib. Ufr

dgdhpbf, bis pibinris qud sd utlblzio piri dsmrlnlr dstd prrijf sd rddrdo i uo

suntdhi kd dstd kfmuhdotf mfhf uo tfkf. Bis pibinris rdibds qud sd usio y

bf mfhpfodo sfo dbd`lkis do nisd i dsd tdhi. Bi prfninlblkik loadrdotd do

bfs hfkdbfs kd sdbdmmlo kd miki pibinri sd kdrlvi kdb admaf kd qud db bdo`uigd

oiturib ofs pdrhltd utlblzir hbtlpbds pibinris kljdrdotds piri dxprdsir bi hlshi


39/126


lkdi. Dxprdsir dsti lkdi do db hfkdbf BKI, slrvd piri mrdir uo kfmuhdotf slo

uo mudrpf, bf qud sd pfkrli kdtdrhloir mhf uoi klstrlnumlo kd tdhis. Uirimiki pibinri kdb kfmuhdotf qud sd dst `dodriokf, sd dsmf`d uo tdhi kd uoi

klstrlnumlo kd Klrlmabdt kd tdhis. I pirtlr kd dsd tdhi, sd mf`d uoi pibinri

dbd`lki ib izir nisiki do ftri klstrlnumlo kd prfninlblkik mfoklmlfoiki do dsd

tdhi. Dstf sd rdpltd aisti qud db kfmuhdotf sd ai `dodrikf.

Bi lkdi nslmi qud dst kdtrs kdb hfkdbf kd uo mudrpf mfo uoi klstrlnu-

mlo Klrmalbdt sfnrd tdhis ds qud bfs kfmuhdotfs tldodo virlfs tdhis y dstfs

sd supdrpfokro. Ufr dgdhpbf, kdotrf kd uo mudrpf kd kfmuhdotfs sfnrd bi

Tolvdrslkik kd Urlomdtfo, ainr pfodomlis loklvlkuibds qud jfrhio pirtd kdb

Kdpirtihdotf kd Mldomlis kd bi Mfhputimlo. Ds prfninbd qud aiyi ibùois

pibinris qud sd utlblzio mfo hs jrdmudomli muiokf sd ainbi kdb Kdpirtihdotfkd Mldomlis kd bi Mfhputimlo qud kd ftrfs kdpirtihdotfs do db mihpus, tibds

mfhf7 mfhputikfris, ib`frlthfs, `rmfs, kitfs, hfkdbikf, y rdkds. Ftrfs kd-

pirtihdotfs, mfhf ]fmlfbfì pudkdo tdodr tdhis kfokd domfotrdhfs ibùois

pibinris tibds mfhf7 òdrf, rizi, dkik, dmfofhiyrdkds. Db hfkdbf BKI vd

dstf mfhf uo tfkf y dbl`d bfs tdhis i pirtlr kd ibb. ]l bfs kfmuhdotfs sd mfh-

pirirfo kd jfrhi loklvlkuib, pfkri sdr db misf kd qud mldrtfs tdhis of judrfo

rdmf`lkfs, y sbf muiokf tfkf db mudrpf ds vlstf sd dhpldzio i oftir mldrtfs t-

plmfs. Do dstd dgdhpbf, pibinris mfhf rdkdspudkdo ipirdmdr virlis vdmds do bfs

kfmuhdotfs rdbitlvfs i muibquldr kdpirtihdotf. Dsdomlibhdotd, BKI mrdi uo

hfkdbf hs rdiblsti kdb mudrpf, y pfr bf tiotf, kd bfs kfmuhdotfs loklvlkuibds.Bis pibinris qud ipirdmdo mfo hdofs jrdmudomli do bfs kfmuhdotfs olmfs, pdrf

sfo mfhuods do humafs kfmuhdotfs kljdrdotds prfninbdhdotd ds loklmitlvf kd

qud dxlstd uo tdhi mfho dotrd bfs kfmuhdotfs. Muiokf sd `dodri uo rdsuhdo,

bi mipimlkik kd rdmf`dr bfs hitlmds kd bfs tplmfs kdb kfmuhdotf pdrhltdo qud

bi lojfrhimlo hs rdbdviotd sdi lombulki mfo hdofs pfslnlblkikds kd rdpdtlmlo

y kir is uo hdgfr rdsuhdo.

Bi mbivd do BKI ds qud bis pibinris slùdo uoi alptdsls kd nfbsi kd pi-

binris f, hs nldo qud db frkdo of lhpfrti, qud db usf kd uoi pibinri ds sdr

pirtd kd uo tdhi y qud mfhuolmi bi hlshi lojfrhimlo slo lhpfrtir kokd sd

domudotri do db kfmuhdotf. Dsti alptdsls klmd qud Guio mfotrit i Udkrf ds bfhlshf qud Udkrf mfotrit i Guio. Do ihnfs misfs, db mfoguotf kd pibinris ds bi

hlshi guotf mfo bi jrdmudomli kd miki pibinri. Dstd supudstf ds odmdsirlf piri

qud bis prfninlblkikds sdio lotdrmihnlinbds y qud pdrhltio uoi hiyfr ipblmi-

mlo kd htfkfs hitdhtlmfs. I pdsir kd qud kd vdz do muiokf triti jrisds

sdhotlmihdotd kljdrdotds mfhf bi hlshi mfsi, juomlfoi nldo do uo kfmuhdotf

`dodrib.

Bi lkdi nslmi kdb hfkdbf BKI ds qud bfs kfmuhdotfs do db mudrpf sd rd-

prdsdotio mfhf uoi hdzmbi ib izir sfnrd bfs tdhis bitdotds y miki tdhi sd


40/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D =.9Ib`frlthf kd `dodrimlo kd uo prfmdsf BKI.

jfr miki tdhihudstri bi hdzmbi kd bis pibinriscKlr ()

dok

jfr miki uof kd bfs kfmuhdotfsh8 9 7H

hudstri bi hdzmbi kd bis pibinrishKlr ()

hudstri bi bfo`ltuk kd bfs kfmuhdotfs OhUflss ()

jfr miki pibinri o 8 97 Ohdo db kfmuhdotf h

hudstri db oklmd kdb tdhi Wh,oHubt (h)

hudstri db pdsf kd bi pibinri Ph,oHubt

Wh,o

dok

dok

mirimtdrlzi pfr uoi klstrlnumlo kd bis pibinris do bfs kfmuhdotfs. I mfotloui-

mlo sd pudkdo fnsdrvir bis oftimlfods dhpbdikis y db prfmdklhldotf `dodrikfr

kdb hfkdbf BKI do db ib`frlthf>.9.

H7 ohdrf kd kfmuhdotfs.

C7 ohdrf kd tdhis.

Z7 db tihif kdb vfminubirlf.

, 7 pirhdtrfs kd bi klstrlnumlo kd Klrlmabdt.

h7 db tdhi islòikf ib kfmuhdotf h.

8 h, h 8 9, . . . , H 7 bis dstlhimlfods kdb mfrpus kdb tdhi, uoi hitrlz

H C.

c7 bi klstrlnumlo kd pibinris kdb tdhi C.

8 c,c 8 9, . . . , C 77 bis islòimlfods kd bi pibinri kd bfs tdhis, uoi

hitrlzC Z.

Klr y Uflsssfo juomlfods kd klstrlnumlo Klrlmabdt y Uflssfo rdspdmtlvi-

hdotd.

Db hfkdbf `dodritlvf pudkd sdr dxprdsikf kd bi slùldotd hiodri7

Dsmf`dr uoi klstrlnumlo kd bi hdzmbi ()kd Ucmfo uoi prfninlblkik kd

Uc().


41/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ;5

Jlùri >.;.>7 ^dprdsdotimlo `rmi kdb hfkdbf BKI. Bis migis sfo "pbimis" qudrdprdsdotio rpblmis. Bi pbimi dxtdrlfr rdprdsdoti kfmuhdotfs, hldotris qud bipbimi lotdrlfr rdprdsdoti bi dbdmmlo rdpdtlki kd tdhis y pibinris kdotrf kd uokfmuhdotf.

Uiri miki pibinri.

Dbl`lr uo tdhi z mfo uoi prfninlblkik (z).Dbd`lr uoi pibinriPl kdb tdhiz mfo uoi prfninlblkik [z(Pl).

Bi prfninlblkik kd fnsdrvir uoi sdmudomli kd pibinris, w 8 w9, w>, . . . , wo, do

dstd hfkdbf ds7

UBKI(w) 8

Uc

ol89

cz89

(z) [z(w9)

Uc()k

kfokd

Uc

() 8 c

z89

z

c

z89

(z)z9

(z)

Dsti ds bi klstrlnumlo kd Klrlmabdt mfo pirhdtrfs 9, >, . . . , c. Do dstd

hfkdbf, db fngdtlvf oib ds dstlhir bfs pirhdtrfs kd bi klstrlnumlo kd Klrl-

mabdt y bfs pirhdtrfs piri miki uof kd bfs c hfkdbfs kd bfs tdhis. I pdsir

kd qud bi lotd`rib kd dsti dxprdslo ds lotritinbd piri uoi lojdrdomli dximti,

[z(Pl)do rdiblkik sd mibmubi hdkliotd db usf kd uoi ihpbli ìhi kd ib`frlt-

hfs kd lojdrdomli kd iprfxlhimlo, mfhf db ib`frlthf kd lojdrdomli virlimlfoib.

Bi rdprdsdotimlo `rmi kdb hfkdbf BKI sd lbustri do bi ùri>.;.>.


42/126


Do BKI, uo kfmuhdotfkh8 {wh,o, o8 9, . . . , O h} ds `dodrikf pfr dsmf`dr

uoi klstrlnumlo do bfs tdhis kd uoi klstrlnumlo kd Klrlmabdt (Klr ()).\ tdoldokf do mudoti bi klstrlnumlo kdb tdhi, tfhihfs bi islòimlo kdb

tplmf piri miki pibinri dspdmmi. I mfotlouimlo, bi islòimlo kdb tplmf

piri miki hirmikfr kd pfslmlo kd bi pibinri Sh, oXsd mibmubi pfr hudstrdf kd

uo tplmf do pirtlmubir kd bi klstrlnumlo hubtlofhlib kd Wh,o. \, pfr btlhf,

uoi pibinri dspdmlib kdwh,osd `dodri piri db hirmikfr kd pfslmlo Sh, oXpfr

hudstrdf kdb pdsf kd bi klstrlnumlo hubtlofhlib kdHubt

Wh,o.

Mfhf do bi kdsmrlpmlo iotdrlfr, tdoldokf do mudoti bfs pirhdtrfs ykd

Klrlmabdt, pfkdhfs jfrhubir uoi klstrlnumlo mfoguoti kd uo kfmuhdotf kh,

uoi hdzmbi kd tdhis kdkh, ds kdmlr,h, y uo mfoguotf kd tplmfsOh, ds kdmlr,

Whds kd bi slùldotd hiodri7

Ur(h, zh, kh, |, ) 8 Ur(h|)Ur(|)Oho89

Ur

wh,o|zh,o

Ur(zh,o|h)

I mfotlouimlo, hdkliotd bi lotd`rimlo kdh,zh,o, y suhiokfzh, sd fntldod

bi prfninlblkik kd db kfmuhdotf kh7

Ur(kh|, ) 8

Ur(h|) Ur(|)

Oho89

Ur

wh,o|zh,o

Ur(zh,o|h)khk

Ufr btlhf, bi prfninlblkik kdb kfmuhdotf kdb mfrpus K8 {kh, h8 9, . . . , H }ds uo prfkumtf kd bi prfninlblkik kd tfkfs bfs kfmuhdotfs kdb mfrpus.

Ur(K|, ) 8Oho89

Ur(kh|, )

>.;.:.9. Dstlhimlo kd pirhdtrfs Klrlmabdt d lojdrdomli kdb tplmf

Do `dodrib, bi dstlhimlo kd bfs pirhdtrfs kdb BKI sd bbdvi i minf hdkliotd

bi hixlhlzimlo kd bi prfninlblkik kd tfkfs bfs kfmuhdotfs. Do pirtlmubir, kikf

uo mfrpus kd kfmuhdotfs K 8 {khhh8 9, . . . , H }, aimdhfs uoi dstlhimlo

kd bfs pirhdtrfs y qud hixlhlzio bi prfninlblkik kd rd`lstrf kd bfs kitfs7

(dst, dst) 8hix (, ) 8hixHh89

bf` Ur(kh|, )

]lo dhnir`f, db mbmubf klrdmtf kd bfs pirhdtrfsyds lotritinbd kdnlkf i

bi oituribdzi kd bi mfhputimlo. Bi sfbumlo i dstf ds db usf kd klvdrsfs htfkfs

ibtdroitlvfs kd dstlhimlo iprfxlhiki. Iqu sd dhpbdi db ib`frlthf virlimlfoib

Dxpdxtitlfo Hixlhlzitlfo(DH) piri dstlhir bfs pirhdtrfs kd virlimlfods qud


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ;>

hixlhlzio bi prfninlblkik tftib kdb mfrpus mfo rdspdmtf i bfs pirhdtrfs kdb

hfkdbf kd y . Db ib`frlthf virlimlfoib DH sd kdsmrlnd nrdvdhdotd mfhfslùd7

9. Uisf D7 Uiri miki kfmuhdotf, domfotrir bfs vibfrds kd bfs pirhdtrfs kd

fptlhlzimlo virlimlfoib hy h.

>. Uisf H7 Hixlhlzir bi nioki nigi kdb rdsubtikf kd bi prfninlblkik mfo

rdspdmtf i bfs pirhdtrfs kdb hfkdbfy. Dstf mfrrdspfokd i bi nsqud-

ki kd bi dstlhimlo kd hxlhi vdrfslhlbltuk mfo bi pfstdrlfr iprfxlhiki

qud sd mibmubi do db pisf D.

=. Db pisfDy db pisf Hsd dgdmutio ltdritlvihdotd aisti ibmiozir uo vibfr

kd hxlhi vdrfslhlbltuk. Hldotris tiotf, bfs pirhdtrfs kd dstlhimlo

mibmubiki pudkdo utlblzirsd piri lojdrlr bi klstrlnumlo kdb tplmf kd uo

oudvf kfmuhdotf hdkliotd bi rdiblzimlo kd bi lojdrdomli virlimlfoib.

>.;.0. ]otdsls kd bis sdhdgiozis y kljdrdomlis dotrd UB]I

y BKI, vdotigis d lomfovdoldotds mfhpiritlvfs

Db Hfkdbikf kdb Bdoùigd (BH), mfhf uo dojfqud dstikstlmf piri bi L^,

dhpbdi bi prfninlblkik mfoklmlfoib kd uoi mfosubti qkikf uo kfmuhdotf k ,

U(q|k), mfhf uoi jfrhi kd mbislmimlo pfr rdbdviomli. To dojfqud pirtlmubir

kdb BH nisikf do L^ ds db UB]L. UB]L ai kdhfstrikf sdr uo hfkdbf kd bdoùigdkd nigi pdrpbdglkik y supdri bi lokdximlo sdhotlmi do trhlofs kd prdmlslo

y rdmibb do uo ohdrf kd mfbdmmlfods kd kfmuhdotfs pdqudf. ]lo dhnir`f, bis

sdhotlmis `dodritlvis kdb UB]L of sfo mfhpbdtihdotd mfoslstdotds mfo bf qud

aiy prfnbdhis do bi islòimlo kd prfninlblkik piri kfmuhdotfs prdvlihdotd

of fnsdrvikfs. BKI ds tihnlo uo hfkdbikf kd bdoùigd prfninlbstlmf qud

pfsdd sdhotlmi `dodritlvi mfoslstdotd y supdri ibùois kd bis mirdomlis qud

tldod db UB]L.

Db prfpsltf kd usir bfs htfkfs kd hfkdbikf mfhf db UB]I y db BKI

do db mfotdxtf kd bi mbislmimlo iutfhitlziki ds piri rdkumlr db rulkf y piri

mfhpirir bis slhlbltukds kd bfs kfmuhdotfs.Db hfkdbf UB]L mipti bi pfslnlblkik kd qud uo kfmuhdotf pudkd mfotdodr

virlfs tplmfs yi qud p (z|k)ds db pdsf kd bi hdzmbi kd bfs tplmfs kd uo kfmu-

hdotfk do pirtlmubir. ]lo dhnir`f, ds lhpfrtiotd tdodr do mudoti qud k ds uo

oklmd hukf do bi blsti kd kfmuhdotfs do db mfoguotf kd dotrdoihldotf. Ufr bf

tiotf,k ds uoi virlinbd ibditfrli hubtlofhlib mfo tiotfs vibfrds pfslnbds mfhf

kfmuhdotfs kd jfrhimlo y db hfkdbf iprdokd kd bis hdzmbis kd tdhis p (z|k)

sbf piri iqudbbfs kfmuhdotfs do bfs qud sd dotrdoi. Ufr dsti rizo, UB]L of ds

uo hfkdbf `dodritlvf nldo kdolkf kd bfs kfmuhdotfs, of aiy hiodri oiturib


44/126

MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ;=

kd qud sd utlblmdo piri islòir prfninlblkikds i uo kfmuhdotf lokltf. Ftri

klmubtik mfo UB]L, qud tihnlo sd kdrlvi kdb usf kd uoi klstrlnumlo kd kfmu-hdotfs lokdxikfs pfr bi jfrhimlo, ds qud db ohdrf kd pirhdtrfs qud kdndo

sdr dstlhikfs mrdmd blodibhdotd mfo db ohdrf kd kfmuhdotfs kd dotrdoihldotf.

Bfs pirhdtrfs piri uo hfkdbf c-tplmfs kd UB]L sfo c klstrlnumlfods hub-

tlofhlibds kd tihif Z y H hdzmbis sfnrd bfs c tdhis fmubtfs. Dstf bd ki

cZ+ cHpirhdtrfs y pfr bf tiotf, db mrdmlhldotf blodib do H. Db mrdmlhldotf

blodib do bfs pirhdtrfs loklmi qud db hfkdbf ds prfpdosf i sfnrdigustd (fvdr-

ttlo`) y, dhprlmihdotd, fvdrttlo` ds kd admaf uo prfnbdhi `rivd.

>.4. Hfkdbfs kd dvfbumlo kd tplmfs

]d aio prfpudstf virlis tmolmis piri dxtridr bi dvfbumlo kd uo tplmf do

uo mudrpf mfo sdbbf kd tldhpfs, mhf db usf kd uo tplmf (y ibùois vdmds db

prfplf tplmf) mihnli mfo db tldhpf y mfhf bfs trhlofs do bfs kfmuhdotfs

sd mihnlio mfo db tldhpf. Dstd hfkdbf sudbd sdr uoi dxtdoslo i uo hfkdbf

kd tplmfs nslmf qud rdprdsdoti db tldhpf kd ibùoi hiodri. ]d bbihi i dstd

hfkdbf [fplm Dvfbutlfo Hfkdb.

Lolmlibhdotd, db hfkdbf Kyoihlm [fplm Hfkdb (Nbdl & Bistdrty, >55:) jud

lotrfkumlkf. Dstd hfkdbf rdprdsdoti db tldhpf mfhf uo prfmdsf klsmrdtf kd Hir-

cfv, kfokd bfs tplmfs do sl hlshfs dvfbumlfoio kd imudrkf i uoi klstrlnumlo

kd @iuss. Is puds, dstd hfkdbf pdoiblzi i bfs mihnlfs nrusmfs dotrd pdrfkfskd tldhpf sumdslvfs, kdsibdotiokf umtuimlo rplki do bfs tplmfs i trivs kdb

tldhpf.

Db hfkdbf[fplms Fvdr [lhd([F[) (Pio` & HmMibbuh,>55:) rdprdsdoti

db tldhpf mfhf uoi klstrlnumlo ndti mfotoui, kfokd djdmtlvihdotd rdhudvd bi

pdoiblzimlfo kd mihnlfs inruptfs qud sujrd db hfkdbf iotdrlfrKyoihlm [fplm

Hfkdb. ]lo dhnir`f, bi klstrlnumlo ndti slùd sldokf nistiotd lodxlnbd kikf

qud isuhd qud uo tplmf tdokr uoi sfbi miki y uo sfbf ismdosf i bf bir`f kd

tfkf db mudrpf kdb kfmuhdotf.

Db hfkdbfAibb (Aibbdt ib.,>551) ipblmi BKI i tfki bi mfbdmmlo kd kfmu-

hdotfs ib hlshf tldhpf y rdiblzi mibmubfs pfst afm nisikfs do bi prfninlblkikfnsdrviki do miki kfmuhdotf piri trizir uo hipi kd bfs tplmfs do bis vdr-

slfods. (Blostdik dt ib., >551i) y ([afhis dt ib., >595) tihnlo usirfo dstd

hfkdbf sfnrd bis vdrslfods kd kljdrdotds slstdhis kd sfjtwird. Bi prlomlpib vdo-

tigi kd dstd hfkdbf ds qud of aiy blhltimlfods sfnrd bi dvfbumlo kd bfs tplmfs,

prfpfrmlfoiokf bi dxlnlblkik odmdsirli piri kdsmrlnlr `riokds mihnlfs do uo

mudrpf.

Db hfkdbfBloc, prfpudstf pfr (Hdl & Wail,>554) y dhpbdikf pfr prlhdri

vdz pfr (Alokbddt ib.,>55


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ;;

rikihdotd, sdùlkf kd uo pfst-prfmdsihldotf piri vlomubir (bloc) bfs tplmfs

i trivs kd bis vdrslfods. Toi vdz qud bfs tplmfs sd domudotrio vlomubikfs, bidvfbumlo kdb hlshf pudkd sdr mfhputiki kd bi hlshi hiodri qud db hfkdbf kd

Aibb. Bi jisd kd pfst-prfmdsihldotf kdnd vlomubir bfs tplmfs domfotrikfs do bi

vdrslo mfo bfs tplmfs domfotrikfs do bi vdrslo iotdrlfr. Dstd prfmdsf loadrdo-

tdhdotd lhpblmi db usf kd uhnribds kd slhlbltuk piri kdtdrhloir sl kfs tplmfs

pudkdo sdr lotdrprdtikf mfhf lùibds, yi qud BKI ds uo prfmdsf prfninlbstlmf

y of dst ìriotlzikf piri domfotrir bfs hlshfs tplmfs dximtfs do kljdrdotds

vdrslfods kd uo mudrpf. Mfhf rdsubtikf kd dstf do miki sumdslvi vdrslo, ibù-

ofs tplmfs qud sfo dxltfsihdotd vlomubikfs hldotris qud ftrfs of, miusiokf

kd dsti hiodri qud ibùofs tplmfs hudrio y ftrfs oizmio. Dstfs audmfs

qud sd pudkdo prfkumlr do bi vlki kd ibùofs tpmfs i`rdìo his klmubtik.

>.:. [rinigfs rdbimlfoikfs

Do dsti sdmmlo sd kdsmrlndo bfs trinigfs rdbimlfoikfs y dvibuikfs dhpbdikfs

do bfs hfkdbfs kd L^ piri rdiblzir hlodri do rdpfsltfrlfs kd sfjtwird y hdgfrir

ibùois tirdis kd bi ]D. ([afhis, >599) frìolz bfs trinigfs kd imudrkf i

bis tirdis kd bi ]D kiokf uoi nrdvd dxpblmimlo kd miki tirdi sdùlki kd bfs

trinigfs his rdbdviotds kd jfrhi mrfofb`lmi.

>.:.9. Bfmiblzimlo kd mfomdptfs f mirimtdrstlmis

Bi tirdi kd bfmiblzimlo kd mfomdptfs (f bfmiblzimlo kd mirimtdrstlmis) ds

lkdotlmir bis pirtds (pfr dgdhpbf, kfmuhdotfs f htfkfs) kdb mkl`f judotd qud

lhpbdhdoti uoi mirimtdrstlmi kiki kdb slstdhi kd sfjtwird (îgblma & Plbkd,

>55>). Dstf ds tlb piri bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds qud kdsddo kdpurir f hdgfrir uoi

kdtdrhloiki mirimtdrstlmi. Ufr dgdhpbf, sl bi bbihiki i bi juomlo kd lhprdslo

kd irmalvf mfotdoi uo drrfr, dotfomds bi tmolmi kd bfmiblzimlo kd mfomdptfs

lotdotiri domfotrir iutfhtlmihdotd bis pirtds kdb mkl`f judotd qud lhpbd-

hdotir bi lhprdslo kd irmalvfs.

^dbimlfoikf ib mfomdptf kd bfmiblzimlo ds bi Urf`rihimlo Frldotiki i Is-pdmtfs (Ispdmt-Frldotdk Urf`rihhlo` (IFU)) muyi oiblkik ds prfpfrmlfoir

i bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds bfs hdmiolshfs piri jmlbhdotd lhpbdhdotir ispdmtfs qud

sfo triosvdrsibds do virlfs kfmuhdotfs. Ds kdmlr dxtridr mldrtf mfomdptf qud ds

triosvdrsib i virlfs kfmuhdotfs y sdpirirbf.

>.:.9.9. [molmis nisikis do B]L

B]L jud ipblmiki pfr prlhdri vdz piri bi bfmiblzimlo kd tirdis pfr (Hir-

mus dt ib., >55;), quldo kdsirrfbbf uoi tmolmi piri tfhir uoi mfosubti kd uo


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kdsirrfbbikfr y rdtfroir uoi blsti kd kfmuhdotfs kd mkl`f judotd. Bfs iutfrds

hfstrirfo qud B]L prfvdd hdgfrds rdsubtikfs qud bf htfkfs yi dxlstdotds yqud ds jmlbhdotd ipblminbd ib mkl`f judotd, kdnlkf i bi dxlnlblkik kd B]L. Bfs

iutfrds tihnlo fnsdrvirfo qud kdskd qud B]L jud ipblmikf i bfs mfhdotirlfs d

lokdotlmikfrds kdb mkl`f judotd ds lokdpdokldotd kdb bdoùigd y pfr bf tiotf

immdslnbd piri muibquldr slstdhi.

Do (Hirmus dt ib., >554) kdhfstrirfo qud bi bfmiblzimlo kd mfomdptfs ds

odmdsirli do db misf kd bfs bdoùigds frldotikfs i fngdtfs, mfotrirlf i bf qud

sd mrdi prdvlihdotd. Bfs iutfrds mfhpirirfo B]L mfotri ftris kfs tmolmis,

bbihikis dxprdslfods rdùbirds y `rijfs kd kdpdokdomli, piri bi bfmimblzimlo

kd mfomdptfs do mkl`f judotd frldotikf i fngdtfs. Bfs iutfrds mfombuydrfo qud

tfkis bis tmolmis sfo ndodmlfsis y odmdsirlis y miki prfmdsf tldod sus prfpliskdnlblkikds y jfrtibdzis.

Do (Ufsayvioycdt ib., >55:) mfhnloirfo B]L mfo ]mdoirlf Nisdk Urfni-

nlblstlm fntdoldokf uoi blsti kd dvdotfs kd dgdmumlo piri bi bfmimblzimlo kd

mirimtdrstlmis do db mkl`f judotd. Bfs iutfrds kdhfstrirfo qud db usf kd bis

kfs tmolmis, muiokf sd ipblmio guotis, supdrio i muibquldri kd bis tmolmis lokl-

vlkuibhdotd. Hs tirkd, do (Ufsayvioyc & Hirmus,>550) mfhnloirfo B]L mfo

Jfrhib Mfomdpt Ioibysls(JMI) piri bfmiblzir mfomdptfs do db mkl`f judotd.

B]L jud usikf prlhdrf piri vlomubir bis mfosubtis kd bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds mfo bfs

kfmuhdotfs kd mkl`f judotd, bud`f JMI jud usikf piri frìolzir bfs rdsubtikfs

do uo mfomdptf kd mdbfsi. Bfs iutfrds domfotrirfo qud dsti tmolmi juomlfoinldo, y qud bfs mfomdptfs kd mdbfsi aio rdsubtikf muitrf vdmds his djdmtlvf qud

i`rupiokf bi lojfrhimlo mfo bfs slhpbds htfkfs kd rioclo`.

Do (Mbdiry dt ib., >55551) usirfo B]L piri nusmir mfomdptfs do db mkl-

`f judotd. Bf iutfrds mfoslkdrirfo kd virlfs pisfs kd prd-prfmdsihldotf, mfhf

stdhhlo`, rdhfmlo kd stfp-wfrks, d lhpfrtiomli kd trhlofs. Bfs iutfrds dvi-buirfo hiouibhdotd bfs mfomdptfs qud rdsubtirfo mfo bi iyuki kd dxpdrtfs kdb

kfhlolf.

Do (@riot dt ib.,>551) usirfo LMI. db muib ds uo hfkdbf mfomdptuibhdotd

slhlbir i B]L, piri bfmiblzir mfomdptfs do db mkl`f judotd. Bfs iutfrds irù-

hdotirfo qud kdskd qud LMI dsti klspfolnbd piri lkdotlmir sdibds dstikstl-

mihdotd lokdpdokldotds do db tdxtf, pudkd sdr hdgfr piri nusmir mfomdptfs do

db mkl`f judotd. Bfs iutfrds hfstrirfo qud bi vlinlblkik kd LMI piri dxtridr

mfomdptfs i trivs kd misfs kd dstuklf do slstdhis pdqudfs.


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ;:

Do (^dvdbbd & Ufsayvioyc,>55595) rdibl-

zirfo uoi juslo dotrd B]L, ioblsls klohlmf y ib`frlthfs kd hlodri kd pi`lois

wdn (pfr dgdhpbf, AL[] y Ui`dîoc) piri infrkir bi bfmiblzimlo kd mirimtdrs-

tlmis. Bfs iutfrds domfotrirfo qud bi mfhnloimlo kd dstis trds tmolmis supdri

i miki uoi kd dbbis loklvlkuibhdotd.

>.:.9.>. [molmis nisikis do BKI

Do (Blostdikdt ib., >550n) alzf db prlhdr usf kd BKI piri bfmiblzir mfo-

mdptfs do db mkl`f judotd do bi jfrhi kd tplmfs. ]u tmolmi pudkd sdr ipblmiki

i slstdhis loklvlkuibhdotd f `riokds mfbdmmlfods kd slstdhis piri dxtridr bfs

mfomdptfs qud sd domudotrio kdotrf kd bfs lkdotlmikfrds y mfhdotirlfs do db

mkl`f judotd. Bfs iutfrds kdhfstrirfo mhf i`rupir kfmuhdotfs kd mkl`f

judotd do `rupfs nisikfs nisikfs do bi mfhpirimlo kd bfs tplmfs.

Do (Blostdik dt ib., >550i) ipblmirfo uoi virliotd kd BKI, bi virliotd

Iutafr-[fplm (^fsdo-Wvldt ib.,>55;), ib mkl`f judotd piri dxtridr rdbimlfods

dotrd bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds (iutfrds) y bfs tplmfs kdb mkl`f judotd. Bi tmolmipdrhltd bi suhirlzimlo iutfhtlmi kd kd quldo trinigf do qud, y bfs iu-

tfrds prfvdydrfo pdqudfs irùhdotfs muibltitlvfs mfhf bi djdmtlvlkik do sus

tmolmis.

Do(Hiscdrldt ib., >551) ipblmirfo BKI ib mkl`f judotd piri dxtridr bfs

mfomdptfs kdb od`fmlf dhndnlkfs do mfhdotirlfs y bfs ofhnrds kd bfs lkdotlmi-

kfrds.Bfs iutfrds ipblmirfo uo slstdhi kd pfokdrimlo piri miki pibinri mbivd

do db slstdhi, nisokfsd do kfokd bi pibinri mbivd jud domfotriki (pfr dgdhpbf,

ofhnrd kd bi mbisd, pirhdtrfs, htfkfs). Bfs iutfrds domfotrirfo qud su tm-

olmi nisiki do BKI pdrhltd dxtridr sitlsjimtfrlihdotd bfs tplmfs kdb od`fmlf,

tplmfs lhpbdhdotikfs, y tplmfs triosvdrsibds kdskd db mkl`f judotd.

Do (Nibkldt ib.,>551) prfpusldrfo uoi tdfri do kfokd uoi prdfmupimlo kd

sfjtwird ds dqulvibdotd i bfs tplmfs bitdotds domfotrikfs hdkliotd hfkdbfs kd

tplmfs dstikstlmfs. Ikdhs, dbbfs prfpusldrfo qud dstfs ispdmtfs sfo tplmfs

bitdotds qud tldodo uo ibtf vibfr do su htrlmi kd smittdrlo`. Bfs iutfrds ipbl-

mirfo su tmolmi i uo `rio mfoguotfs kd slstdhis Fpdo ]furmd piri lkdotlmir

uo mfoguotf kd tplmfs `bfnibds, is mfhf rdiblzir uo ioblsls hs kdtibbikf ds

ibùofs slstdhis do dspdmlib. Bfs iutfrds domfotrirfo qud bfs tplmfs bitdotds


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mfo ibtf vibfr do bi htrlmi smittdrlo` sfo prdmlsihdotd bfs qud sd mbislmio

`dodribhdotd mfhf ispdmtfs do bi mfhuolkik kd IFU.Do (]ivi`ddt ib.,>595) lotrfkugdrfo uoi adrrihldoti kd vlsuiblzimlo, bbi-

hiki [fplmQU, bi muib sfpfrti bi dxpbfrimlo lotdrimtlvi piri fnsdrvir bfs t-

plmfs bfmiblzikfs do db mkl`f judotd.

>.:.>. ^dmupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik y bfmiblzimlo kd

nu`s

Toi prd`uoti qud i hdoukf sd aimd do db kdsirrfbbf ds7Yud kfmuhdotf (m-

kl`f judotd) lhpbdhdoti db rdqudrlhldotf Q. Bi rdmupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik

tldod mfhf fngdtlvf kd kdsmunrlr vomubfs dotrds pirds kd irtdjimtfs kd sfjtwird

mfhf kfmuhdotfs kd mkl`f judotd y bfs kfmuhdotf kd bfs rdqudrlhldotfs. Dstf

pdrhltd i bfs sticdafbkdrs trizir bfs rdqudrlhldotfs i su lhpbdhdotimlo, pfr

dgdhpbf piri isd`urirsd madqudir sl uo rdqudrlhldotf jud lhpbdhdotikf mfrrdm-

tihdotd f of. Bi rdmupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik dotrd uo pir kd kfmuhdotfs kd

mkl`f judotd ds tihnlo lhpfrtiotd piri bfs kdsirrfbbikfrds qud kdsdio sindr

qud ftrfs kfmuhdotfs kd mkl`f judotd dsto rdbimlfoikfs mfo db kfmuhdotf

do db qud dbbfs sd domudotrio trinigiokf. Bi bfmiblzimlo kd nu`s ds uo misf

dspdmlib kd bi rdmupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik do db muib sd nusmio vomubfs kd

trizinlblkik dotrd bfs rdpfrtds kd nu`s y mkl`f judotd.

>.:.>.9. [molmis nisikis do B]L

Do (Hirmus & Hibdtlm,>55=) jud bi prlhdri vdz qud sd us B]L piri bi rd-

mupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik kd vomubfs dotrd mkl`f judotd y kfmuhdotimlo

(pfr dgdhpbf, bfs kfmuhdotfs kd bfs rdqudrlhldotfs). Bf iutfrds ipblmirfo B]L

i bfs lkdotlmikfrds y mfhdotirlfs do db mkl`f judotd y bfs kfmuhdotfs, bud`f

mibmubirfo bfs vibfrds kd slhlbltuk dotrd miki pir kd kfmuhdotfs. Dotfomds, uo

usuirlf pfkri dspdmlmir uoi hdklki kd slhlbltuk piri kdtdrhloir bfs vomubfs

imtuibds. Bf iutfrds mfhpirirfo su trinigf mfo bi tmolmi kd rdmupdrimlo ni-

siki do Z]H y sd domfotrirfo mfo qud bi pdrjfrhiomd jud ib hdofs tio nudoi

mfhf Z]H do tfkfs bfs misfs kd dstuklf.Do (Kd Bumlidt ib.,>55;) lotd`rirfo uoi adrrihldoti, nisiki do B]L, do uo

irtdjimtf kd sfjtwird kd uo slstdhi kd ikhlolstrimlo bbihikf IKIH]. Bfs iu-

tfrds prdsdotirfo virlfs misfs kd dstuklf usiokf su tmolmi nisiki do B]L piri

rdmupdrir bfs vomubfs dotrd db mkl`f judotd, misfs kd tdst y bfs kfmuhdotfs kd

bfs rdqudrlhldotfs. Do sunsdmudotds trinigfs (Kd Bumlidt ib.,>55:) prfpusldrfo

uoi tmolmi piri rdmupdrimlo kd bi trizinlblkik kd vomubfs. Do dsti tmolmi, uo

usuirlf kd jfrhi sdhl-iutfhtlmi lotdrimti mfo db slstdhi piri nusmir uo hd-

klki kd slhlbltuk ptlhi dotrd kfmuhdotfs (pfr dgdhpbf, uoi hdklki iprfpliki


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piri klsmrlhloir dotrd kfmuhdotfs rdbimlfoikfs y of rdbimlfoikfs). Bf iutfrds

sfstuvldrfo qud uo uhnrib hdgfr rdsubti do uo hdofr ohdrf kd dobimds piridb kdsirrfbbikfr i tdodr do mudoti, y pfr bf tiotf hdofs pfslnlblkikds kd drrfr,

pfr bf qud bi lotdrimmlo auhioi do uoi odmdslkik.

Do (Aiydsdt ib., >55:) dvibuirfo virlis tmolmis kd L^ piri bi `dodrimlo

kd trizinlblkik kd vlomubfs dotrd virlfs rdqudrlhldotfs (kd ibtf y nigf olvdb),

mfomdotriokf do bfs hfkdbfs tj-lkj y B]L. Bf iutfrds lhpbdhdotirfo uoi ad-

rrihldoti bbihiki ^D[^F piri iyukir i uo ioiblsti kd rdqudrlhldotfs do su

tirdi. Bfs iutfrds mfombuydrfo qud, iuoqud of ds pdrjdmti, tmolmis L^ prfpfr-

mlfoio iyuki ib ioiblsti.

Do (Bfrhios & Zio Kdursdo,>55:) dvibuirfo kljdrdotds dstritd`lis piri rd-

mupdrir bi trizinlblkik usiokf B]L rdiblziokf trds misfs kd dstuklf. Bfs iutfrdsmfombuydrfo qud B]L ds uoi tmolmi huy prfhdtdkfri piri rdmupdrir vomubfs

dotrd mkl`f judotd y bfs kfmuhdotfs kd bfs rdqudrlhldotfs y mfo kljdrdotds ds-

tritd`lis sd fntldodo kljdrdotds rdsubtikfs. ]lo dhnir`f, bfs iutfrds fnsdrvirfo

qud bi dstritd`li kd vlomubimlo ds ptlhi nigf mldrtfs dsmdoirlfs. Do trini-

gfs sunsdmudotds, (Bfrhios,>550) lotrfkugdrfo uo jrihdwfrc piri bi `dstlo

kd bf rdqudrlhldotfs (y sus vomubfs kd trizinlblkik) do db mlmbf kd kdsirrfbbf kd

sfjtwird. Bi tmolmi qud usirfo B]L su`ldrd vomubfs dotrd irtdjimtfs mioklkitfs.

Do (Bfrhiosdt ib.,>55:) usirfo B]L piri mfostrulr vlstis kd rdqudrlhldo-

tfs, qud sfo kljdrdotds puotfs kd vlstis kd bfs rdqudrlhldotfs. Ufr dgdhpbf, uo

rdqudrlhldotf pfkri hfstrir sfbf rdqudrlhldotfs qud aiyio slkf lhpbdhdoti-kfs. Bfs iutfrds lhpbdhdotirfo do su adrrihldoti, bbihiki ^dqIoibyst, y bi

dhpbdirfo do virlfs misfs kd dstuklf kdb huokf rdib.

Do (Bumli dt ib., >550) judrfo bfs prlhdrfs do rdiblzir uo dstuklf kd misfs

auhiofs, db muib dvibuini bi djdmtlvlkik kdb usf kd B]L piri bi rdmupdrimlo

kd bi trizinlblkik kd vomubfs kuriotd db prfmdsf kd kdsirrfbbf kd sfjtwird. Bfs

iutfrds mfombuydrfo qud B]L ds mldrtihdotd uo pisf tlb piri bf kdsirrfbbikfrds,

pdrf su prlomlpib lomfovdoldotd lodvltinbd ds db trikd fst dotrd bi prdmlslo y bi

rdmupdrimlo.

Do (Glio`dt ib.,>551) prfpusf uoi tmolmi lomrdhdotib piri hiotdodr bfs

vomubfs kd trizinlblkik mfhf uo slstdhi kd sfjtwird dvfbumlfoi do db tldhpf.Db iutfr kd bi tmolmi, bbihirfo B]L lomrdhdotib, usiokf vomubfs (y bi hitrlz

B]L) kdskd bis vdrslfods prdvlis muiokf sd mibmubio bfs blocs aisti bi vdrslfo

imtuib, tihnlo ibhimdoiokf db dsjudrzf kd mibmubf.

Do (Kd Nfdr & vio Zbldt,>551) kdsirrfbbirfo uoi adrrihldoti piri kir sf-

pfrtd i bis iukltfris do bi bfmiblzimlo kd kfmuhdotfs qud sfo kd lotdrs. Bi

adrrihldoti, nisiki do B]L, su`ldrd ib iukltfr kfmuhdotfs qud sfo rdbimlfoikfs

i bi mfosubti, mfhf tihnlo kfmuhdotfs sdhotlmihdotd rdbimlfoikfs ib kfmu-

hdotf mfosubtikf. Dstd prfmdsf bd nrloki ib iukltfr, quldo of dsti jihlblirlzikf


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MIU[TBF >. D][IKF KDB I [D ;551) lotrfkugdrfo uoi adrrihldoti bbihiki ^dusd fr

^dwrltd (^dF^d) piri iyukir i bfs sticdafbkdrs kdmlklr sl dbbfs kdndrio imtui-

blzir mkl`f dxlstdotd (pfr dgdhpbf, bi lotrfkummlo kd juomlfoiblkikds oudvis)

f rddsmrlnlr mfhpbdtihdotd kdskd db lolmlf. ^dF^d bf`ri dstf pfr db usf kd bi

mfhnloimlo kdb ioblsls dsttlmf (B]L), hiouib y klohlmf piri mrdir bfs vomu-

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