ESTUDIO SOBRE LA FRACTURACIÓN HIDRÁULICA O “FRACKING”

7/23/2019 ESTUDIO SOBRE LA FRACTURACIN HIDRULICA O FRACKING

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11/68

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12/68

1(7(N}ubig`gih {ghig` kn b` n}{q`ggih(

1(7(0(Ih{qdk~ggih(

Bdw uqihgiu`bnw `q{jignw knb knw`qqdbbd kn b` uqdk~ggih kn l`w hd gdhznhgidh`b wdh bdw `z`hgnw nh

b`w {ghig`w kn unqjdq`gih y nw{if~b`gih kn udsdw( F~gmdw kn bdw `z`hgnw {ghigdw wdh {ibnwu`q` b` uqdk~ggih kn l`w kn `qnh`w gdfu`g{`w" l`w kn nwp~iw{dw y l`w nh gù`w kn g`qah(

B` jq`g{~q` mikq~big`" gdfaih`k` gdh b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b ` lq`hknw uqdj~hkik`knw" nw ~h`

{ghig` `lqnwiz` ~w`k` u`q` n}ubd{`q b`w b{if`w qnwnqz`w kn l`w h`{~q`b( Wdh {nghdbdl`w

gdfubnc`w y gdw{dw`w y b` n}{q`ggih nw fnhdw qnh{àbn p~n nh b`w qnwnqz`w p~n wn n}ubd{`h

gdhznhgidh`bfnh{n( Nw{`w {ghig`w wn nw{h ~{ibis`hkd knwkn m`gn ùqd}if`k`fnh{n ~h` kg`k`

nh bdw Nw{`kdw ^hikdw" y nw `m kdhkn wn m`h n}unqifnh{`kd m`w{` `mdq` w~w gdhwng~nhgi`w wdaqn

nb fnkid `fainh{n" b`w lnh{nw y b`w qnwnqz`w kn `l~` k~bgn(

Nh b` ^hih N~qdun` wn nw{ nfuns`hkd `mdq` ` gdhwiknq`q b` n}ubd{`gih kn qng~qwdw jwibnw hdgdhznhgidh`bnw fnki`h{n b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big` y b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b( Nh z`qidw u`wnw" gdfd

Jq`hgi`" @bnf`hi` d Lq`h Aqn{``" y` wn g~nw{idh` b` bnli{ifik`k kn ~h`w {ghig`w p~n" u`q`

`b`ql`q b` zik` kn qng~qwdw p~n kn {dkdw fdkdw nw{h ihn}dqàbnfnh{n knw{ih`kdw ` `ld{`qwn"

udhnh nh lq`zn unbilqd nb w~fihiw{qd kn d{qd qng~qwd qn`bfnh{n ihkiwunhwàbn3 nb w~fihiw{qd kn

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Aqn{`` y Nw{`kdw ^hikdw wn m`h ifu~nw{d fdq`{dqi`w u`q` nw{~ki`q fncdq w~w njng{dw(

Gdfd y` wn m` n}ubig`kd" nh b`w n}ubd{`gidhnw hd gdhznhgidh`bnw" nb l`w nw{ gdh{nhikd nh

nw{q`{dw kn qdg` udgd udqdw` y kn fnhdq unqfnàibik`k -`qnh`w gdfu`g{`w" bngmdw kn g`qah y

uis`qq`)( @ fnhdq udqdwik`k y unqfnàibik`k" fw gdfubnc`w y `lqnwiz`w wdh b`w {ghig`wqnp~nqik`w u`q` n}{q`nq nb l`w( Nb g`wd knb l`w kn uis`qq` nw nb fw gdw{dwd y fnhdw uqdk~g{izd"

knaikd ` p~n b` uis`qq` nw f~y udgd udqdw` y uqg{ig`fnh{n ifunqfnàbn( @b wnq udgd udqdw`" nb

l`w gdh{nhikd nh ~h zdb~fnh kn qdg` kn{nqfih`kd nw f~gmd fnhdq p~n nh b`w n}ubd{`gidhnw

gdhznhgidh`bnw( Udq bd {`h{d" nw hngnw`qid ~{ibis`q b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b d kiqilik` u`q`

`knh{q`qwn b`ql`w kiw{`hgi`w nh nb nw{q`{d kn uis`qq` y udknq `ggnknq `w ` ~h` g`h{ik`k kn l`w

wilhijig`{iz`(

P~n b` unqfnàibik`k wn` nwg`w` ihkig` p~n nb l`w nw{ nhgnqq`kd nh b` qdg` y hd u~nkn jb~iq" y`

p~n bdw udqdw hd nw{h gdhng{`kdw( Nw{d m`gn ifuqnwgihkiabn qdfunq b` qdg` u`q` udknq bianq`q nb

l`w y n}{q`nqbd" bd p~n wn gdhwil~n lq`gi`w ` b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big`( Nh nw{`w n}ubd{`gidhnw" b`n}{q`ggih udq udsd nw f~gmd fnhdq ` ~h gdw{n fw nbnz`kd y b` w~unqjigin kn qdg` ` g~aqiq u`q`

da{nhnq g`h{ik`knw wilhijig`{iz`w kn l`w nw f~gmd f`ydq( Wn qnp~inqnh {nghdbdl`w `b{`fnh{n

wdjiw{ig`k`w" g`h{ik`knw ihlnh{nw kn `l~` y b` ihynggih kn uqdk~g{dw p~figdw ud{nhgi`bfnh{n

unbilqdwdw u`q` nb nh{dqhd(


13/68

Nh bdw b{ifdw `dw" wn m`h gdfnhs`kd ` unqjdq`q nh Nw{`kdw ^hikdw n}ubd{`gidhnw g`k` zns

fnhdw uqdk~g{iz`w" gdfnhs`hkd udq b`w gdh{nhik`w nh bngmdw kn g`qah y {nqfih`hkd udq b`w kn

uis`qq`( B`w {ghig`w ~{ibis`k`w" b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b y b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big`" wdh gdhdgik`w

knwkn m`gn {infud" unqd wbd knwkn m`gn 0>&15 `dw wn ~{ibis`h kn ~h` jdqf` f~y ùqd}if`k` `gdfd wn ~w`h `mdq`( Nw{`w n}ubd{`gidhnw m`h bbnl`kd ` wnq ngdhfig`fnh{n ziàbnw lq`gi`w ` {qnw

j`g{dqnw3

& Bdw uqdlqnwdw {ghigdw nh b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b -d kiqilik`) y nh nb ~wd ih{nhwizd knjq`g{~q` mikq~big` gdh b` `kigih kn uqdk~g{dw p~figdw(

& ^h ihgqnfnh{d w~w{`hgi`b knb uqngid knb l`w knaikd ` b` kngbih`gih kn b` uqdk~ggih knbdw udsdw {q`kigidh`bnw y ` ~h `~fnh{d kn b` knf`hk` f~hki`b(

& B` n}nhgih kn g~fubiq b` Bny kn Wnl~qik`k knb @l~` Ud{àbn -WK\@ 09( Lq`gi`w ` nw{` n}nhgih" wn unqfi{n ` b`w

nfuqnw`w ~{ibis`q b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big` wih g~fubiq b` f`ydq u`q{n kn b`w qnl~b`gidhnw kn b`

NU@ -@lnhgi` kn Uqd{nggih knb Fnkid @fainh{n)(


14/68

1(7(1(J`wn kn uqn&uqdk~ggih(

B`w jq`g{~q`w gdfinhs`h gdh b` unqjdq`gih znq{ig`b kn ~h udsd" `{q`znw`hkd gù`w kn qdg` y

`g~jnqdw" knwkn b` ub`{`jdqf` nh b` w~unqjigin m`gi` kdhkn wn nhg~nh{q` b` gù` kn uis`qq`" p~n

u~nkn m`bb`qwn ` ~h` uqdj~hkik`k kn z`qidw oibfn{qdw( @h{nw kn bbnl`q ` b` gù` kn uis`qq`gdfinhs` b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b d kiqilik`3 kia~c`hkd ~h` b`ql` g~qz` unhn{q` jih`bfnh{n nh nb

nw{q`{d kn uis`qq`" kdhkn wn n}{inhkn mdqisdh{`bfnh{n ~h` fnki` kn 0 ` 0(> of( Gdfd b`w

kiw{`hgi`w mdqisdh{`bnw wdh f~y b`ql`w" nb uqdgnwd kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big` p~n wn ihigi`q knwu~w wn

bbnz` ` gàd nh z`qi`w n{ù`w ihknunhkinh{nw( ^h` zns `bg`hs`kd nb nw{q`{d knwn`kd wn ~{ibis`h

n}ubdwizdw u`q` gqn`q unp~n`w lqin{`w( B` jq`g{~q` mikq~big`" gdhwiw{n nh adfan`q ~h jb~ikd

-`l~` gdh ~h `lnh{n kn ù~h{`b`finh{d y uqdk~g{dw p~figdw) ` ~h` nbnz`k` uqnwih u`q` àqiq y

n}{nhknq b`w jq`g{~q`w( @b qnk~giq b` uqnwih nb jb~ikd qn{dqh` ` b` w~unqjigin c~h{d `b l`w y d{q`w

w~w{`hgi`w uqnwnh{nw nh b` qdg` gdfd fn{`bnw unw`kdw y u`q{g~b`w q`ki`g{iz`w( @bb nw{` fnsgb` nw

uqdgnw`k` u`q` wnu`q`q nb l`w kn {dk`w b`w w~w{`hgi`w hd knwn`k`w( Wn nw{if` p~n nh{qn ~h 0>. y

~h =5. knb jb~ikd ihyng{`kd nfnqln kn h~nzd ` b` w~unqjigin" finh{q`w nb qnw{d unqf`hngn a`cd

{inqq`(

Knh{qd kn nw{`w uqg{ig`w kn n}{q`ggih" wn m` gdhznq{ikd nh mài{~`b" u`q` qnh{àibis`q b`

n}ubd{`gih" b` `lq~u`gih kn z`qidw udsdw" wnu`q`kdw kn > ` = f nh{qn nbbdw" nh ~h` wdb`

ub`{`jdqf`( Bdw udsdw wn unqjdq`h gdhwng~{iz`fnh{n y wn kiw{qia~ynh kn {`b f`hnq` p~n unqfi{nh

g~aqiq ~h qn` kn{nqfih`k` knb nw{q`{d kn uis`qq` wih knc`q m~ngdw( Nb hfnqd kn ub`{`jdqf`w udq

of nw kn 0"> ` 7">( G`k` ub`{`jdqf` qnp~inqn ~h` w~unqjigin kn 0"> ` 1 mng{qn`w" p~n unqfi{`

`bf`gnh`q {dkd nb jb~ikd kn jq`g{~q`" bdw bdkdw kn unqjdq`gih" nb np~iud `wdgi`kd ` b`w

dunq`gidhnw kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big`" nb gdqqnwudhkinh{n ` b` unqjdq`gih znq{ig`b y nb


15/68

gdqqnwudhkinh{n ` b` unqjdq`gih mdqisdh{`b -kijnqnh{n knb `h{nqidq y f~y h~fnqdwd)" wih dbzik`q

bdw qnw{dw kn b` unqjdq`gih y nb jb~ikd kn qn{dqhd y knfw w~w{`hgi`w p~n nfnqlnh knb udsd(

Nb uqdgnwd kn unqjdq`gih wn bbnz` ` gàd ihih{nqq~fuik`fnh{n b`w 1; mdq`w knb k` k~q`h{n

fnwnw( @ fnkik` p~n wn unqjdq` nb udsd" wn z`h ihw{`b`hkd ~h` wnqin kn {~adw kn qnznw{ifinh{d

-g`wihl) jàqig`kdw nh `gnqd p~n qnj~nqs`h nb dqijigid kn unqjdq`gih( Nb nwu`gid n}iw{nh{n nh{qn nb

n}{nqidq knb {~ad y b` u`qnk knb udsd -h~bd) wn w~nbn gnfnh{`q( @ fnkik` p~n `~fnh{` b`

uqdj~hkik`k kn unqjdq`gih" b` gdqqng{` qn`bis`gih knb gnfnh{`kd qnw~b{` g`k` zns fw

gdfubig`k`( Wih nfa`qld" nw kn w~f` ifudq{`hgi` u~nw{d p~n nh b` j`wn kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big` nb

udsd nw wdfn{ikd ` fb{iubnw g`faidw kn uqnwih f~y j~nq{nw( Bdw {~adw kn qnznw{ifinh{d c~h{d `b

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y bdw =(555 bi{qdw `b k`" knunhkinhkd kn b` `g{izik`k knb np~iud( Nw{n {iud kn {dqqnw kn unqjdq`gih

w~nbnh {nhnq ~h` `b{~q` ùqd}if`k` kn ;5 fn{qdw( Bdw {`hp~nw kn gdfa~w{iabn w~nbnh nw{`q

gdfu~nw{dw udq kdw uins`w" gdh ~h` gù`gik`k hdfih`b kn 15(555 bi{qdw g`k` ~h` y kd{`k`w kn ~h

kiwudwi{izd kn{ng{dq kn j~l`w y kn kdabn u`qnk(


16/68

Nb uqdgnwd kn jq`g{~q`gih wn nfubn` u`q` n}{nhknq b`w unp~n`w jq`g{~q`w z`qidw ginh{dw kn

fn{qdw" ihyng{`hkd ~h jb~ikd ` ~h` nbnz`k` uqnwih -nh{qn 7;> y :95 `{fwjnq`w" np~iz`bnh{nw ` b`

uqnwih p~n m`y a`cd nb f`q ` ~h` uqdj~hkik`k kn 7(;>5 & :(955 f)( Nh b` `g{~`bik`k" wn kizikn nb

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gdh `ki{izdw nwungjigdw( Udq {`h{d" g`k` udsd nw wdfn{ikd ` ~h lq`h hfnqd kn j~nq{nw

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gdqqng{` qn`bis`gih kn b` gnfnh{`gih" kn b`w ~hidhnw" knb wnbb`kd" n{g(

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17/68

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p~n u~nkn dwgib`q nh{qn nb 0> y nb =5. knb bp~ikd ihyng{`kd( B` u`q{n hd qng~unq`k` knb jb~ikd

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jb~ikd nw `b{`fnh{n {}igd y wil~n nfnqlinhkd nh g`h{ik`knw fnhdqnw k~q`h{n ~h unqdkd

uqdbdhl`kd( Nw{d nw ~h lq`zwifd uqdabnf` nwungi`bfnh{n kdhkn b` qnk w~a{nqqhn` kn `g~jnqdw

nw{ ih{nhw`fnh{n ih{nqgdhng{`k`(

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lq`h u`q{n nh j~{~q`w jq`g{~q`w" unqd nw{d qnp~inqn b` kib~gih kn nw{dw jb~ikd kn qn{dqhd gdh `l~`

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ifu`g{w( [yhk`bb Gnh{qn jdq Gbif`{n Gm`hln Qnwn`qgm


18/68

Gdhw~f d kn qng~qwdw nh ~h nwgnh`q id kn qn& j q `g {~q`

@g{ iz ik`k

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Uqdgnwd kn qn&j q `g {~ q` -`w~f inhkd~h u qdf nk id kn> 5 . k n u ds d wqn j q`g {~ q`kdw ~h`h ig` zns)

Zdb~fnh kn `l~` f71


19/68

1(7(7(J`wn kn uqdk~ggih(

^h` zns p~n b`w dunq`gidhnw kn unqjdq`gih y jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big` wn m`h gdfubn{`kd" b`

uqdk~ggih kn ~h udsd wn `bf`gnh` y wn uqdgnkn ` {q`hwjnqiq nb l`w u`q` w~ udw{nqidq

uqdgnw`finh{d ` {q`zw kn ~h` {~anq`(

Nh ~h udsd kn uqdk~ggih ` b`qld ub`sd y {df`hkd gdfd qnjnqnhgi` ~h udsd knb nw{`kd kn H~nz`

Ydqo -k`{dw kn 1(559)" wn udkq`h da{nhnq bdw wil~inh{nw zdbfnhnw3

0 `d3 kn b` {`w` ihigi`b kn n}{q`ggih kn (>55 f7$k`(

1 `d `b ;3 kn 1>(>55 f7$k` wn qnk~gn ` 0>(:55 f7$k`(

> `d `b 053 kn 0>(:55 f7$k` wn qnk~gn ` :(;55 f7$k`(

00 `d nh `knb`h{n3 :(;55 f7$k` gdh ~h` qnk~ggih kn ~h 7. kn b` uqdk~ggih udq `d(

A`whkdhdw nh nb ncnfubd kn bdw udsdw kn A`qhn{{ Wm`bn nh Nw{`kdw ^hikdw" wn nw{if` p~n b` zik`

uqdk~g{iz` fnki` kn bdw udsdw nw ùqd}if`k`fnh{n < `dw( B` uqdk~g{izik`k kngbih` f~y

quik`fnh{n" wdaqn {dkd ` u`q{iq knb > `d" bd p~n dabil` ` àqiq gdhw{`h{nfnh{n h~nz`w

ub`{`jdqf`w u`q` udknq l`q`h{is`q ~h` uqdk~ggih nw{àbn nh nb {infud( Nh nb g`wd kn Lq`h

Aqn{``" udq ncnfubd" u`q` uqdk~giq k~q`h{n 15 `dw nb np~iz`bnh{n `b 05. knb gdhw~fd `h~`b kn

l`w" wn nw{if` p~n wnq`h hngnw`qi`w nh{qn ;75 y >55 ub`{`jdqf`w kn : udsdw" bd p~n wilhijig`q`

àqiq nh{qn 01: y 0>5 udsdw udq `d(

^h` zns p~n b` zik` uqdk~g{iz` knb udsd wn `ld{`" d hd m` {nhikd }i{d" wn uqdgnkn ` w~ gb`~w~q`"

fnki`h{n nb wnbb`kd y à`hkdhd" bd g~`b nw w~f`fnh{n ifudq{`h{n u`q` nzi{`q j~{~q`w

gdh{`fih`gidhnw(


20/68

1(7(;(J`wn kn udw{&uqdk~ggih(

Wi k~q`h{n b` j`wn kn uqdk~ggih" bdw `hbiwiw p~n wn njng{nh kinq`h gdfd qnw~b{`kd ~h` nziknh{n

j`b{` kn qnh{àibik`k knb y`gifinh{d" nb uqdyng{d gdh{nfub`q b` w~wunhwih knb wdhknd" bd p~n

knqiz`q` nh nb à`hkdhd knjihi{izd knb udsd(

Nb à`hkdhd kn b` `g{izik`k gdhbbnz`q`" `wifiwfd" b` knwù`qigih ihfnki`{` kn bdw ifu`g{dw

qnb`{izdw ` nfiwih kn q~ikdw" l`wnw y u`q{g~b`w gdh{`fih`h{nw" `b qinwld kn znq{ikdw

gdh{`fih`h{nw y" nh lnhnq`b" kn {dkdw bdw ifu`g{dw knqiz`kdw knb knw`qqdbbd kn bdw {qà`cdw(

Udq d{q` u`q{n" wi {q`w nb gnwn kn b` `g{izik`k wn à`hkdh`q`h b`w ihw{`b`gidhnw wih bbnz`q ` gàd ~h`

qnw{`~q`gih ih{nlq`b kn bdw {nqqnhdw `jng{`kdw" bdw ifu`g{dw iknh{ijig`kdw y qnb`gidh`kdw gdh nb

ihgqnfnh{d kn bdw uqdgnwdw nqdwizdw" kn b`w `jnggidhnw `b uìw`cn" kn b` uqkik` kn w~nbdw" kn b`

`b{nq`gih kn b` g~ainq{` znln{`b y kn b` `b{nq`gih knb mai{`{ unqwiw{iq`h" gdaq`hkd" nh b` f`ydq`

kn bdw g`wdw" fw ih{nhwik`k y n}{nhwih(

Hd daw{`h{n" {dkd uqdyng{d kn unqjdq`gih gdh{nfub` b` qnw{`~q`gih ih{nlq`b kn bdw {nqqnhdw

`jng{`kdw ihgb~ynhkd nb kiwnd kn ~h uqdlq`f` kn à`hkdhd u`q` nb wnbb`kd kn b`w jdqf`gidhnw

unqfnàbnw ih{nqgnu{`k`w udq nb wdhknd( B`w bhn`w lnhnq`bnw kn ncng~gih y w~ u~nw{` nh uqg{ig`

w~udhkqh" nh `bl~hdw g`wdw" b` `{nh~`gih kn bdw ifu`g{dw `bg`hs`hkd hiznbnw `fainh{`bfnh{n

gdfu`{iabnw y" nh d{qdw" w~ {d{`b knwù`qigih ` fnkid ub`sd(

G~`hkd wn à`hkdh` b` n}ubd{`gih kn ~h udsd" nw{n knan wnq gdhznhinh{nfnh{n wnbb`kd" bd g~`b

ifubig`" b` nbifih`gih kn bdw np~iudw kn jdhkd y ` b` gifnh{`gih knb udsd u`q` wnbb`q b`w jq`g{~q`w

uqdzdg`k`w( Nb wnbb`kd knanq` g~fubiq w~ j~hgih `b fnhdw k~q`h{n b` zik` kn bdw `g~jnqdw

`jng{`kdw(

Nw{` j`wn knan {`faih g~fubiq bdw wil~inh{nw dacn{izdw3

& Uqnznhiq b` gdh{`fih`gih knb `g~jnqd udq `l~`w qnwik~`bnw ~ d{q`w w~w{`hgi`wihknwnàbnw" bd p~n nw `b{`fnh{n udgd uqdaàbn" u~nw{d p~n b` zik` fnki` kn bdw `g~jnqdw

u~nkn wnq knb dqknh kn z`qidw fibnw kn `dw(

& Nbifih`q bdw qinwldw jwigdw ud{nhgi`bnw(

& Nh g`wd kn udsdw w~qlnh{nw" nzi{`q b`w uqkik`w kn `l~` y nb knwgnhwd kn hiznbnwuinsdf{qigdw(

& Nzi{`q p~n nb udsd `g{n" nh w~ g`wd" gdfd g`h`b kn ih{nqgdf~hig`gih kn `l~`w nh{qnkiw{ih{`w jdqf`gidhnw(

Wn {q`{` kn gdhwnl~iq b` qnw{`~q`gih" nh bd udwiabn" kn b`w gdhkigidhnw knb w~aw~nbd p~n n}iw{`h

`h{nw kn b` gdhw{q~ggih knb udsd" {nhinhkd nh g~nh{` bdw g`faidw p~n m`y`h dg~qqikd knwkn

nh{dhgnw(


21/68

1(7(>(Wi{~`gih y uqdyng{dw kn jq`goihl nh d{qdw u`wnw(

Nh Nw{`kdw ^hikdw b` uqdk~ggih kn l`w h`{~q`b kn nwp~iw{d y` w~unq` nb 15. kn b` uqdk~ggih

{d{`b kn l`w h`{~q`b(

Wih nfa`qld" knaikd ` b` znbds n}u`hwih kn b` ihk~w{qi` knb l`w kn nwp~iw{d" y b` gqnginh{n

uqndg~u`gih nh a~nh` u`q{n kn b` duihih uabig` nw{`kd~hiknhwn" b` @lnhgi` kn Uqd{nggih

@fainh{`b -NU@) `h~hgi nh f`qsd kn 1505 b` u~nw{` nh f`qgm` kn ~h` ihznw{il`gih p~n k

g~nh{` kn bdw ud{nhgi`bnw ifu`g{dw hnl`{izdw p~n b` {ghig` kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big` u~nkn {nhnq

wdaqn b` g`bik`k knb `l~` y b` w`b~k uabig`(

Wi ainh bdw qnw~b{`kdw ihigi`bnw kn kigmdw nw{~kidw nw{`qh kiwudhiabnw m`gi` jih`bnw kn 1501"

`bl~hdw nw{`kdw & gdfd H~nz` Gdqo d H~nz` Cnqwny & y` m`h u~nw{d nh w~wunhwd b` ihw{`b`gih kn

nw{n {iud kn n}ubd{`gidhnw" `uqda`hkd ~h` fdq`{dqi`(

@knfw knaikd ` b` dudwigih wdgi`b y ` bdw kijnqnh{nw nwghk`bdw fnkid`fainh{`bnw-uqihgiu`bfnh{n qnb`{izdw ` b` gdh{`fih`gih kn `g~jnqdw)" nh `bl~h`w gi~k`knw kn Nw{`kdw ^hikdw

y` wn m` uqdmiaikd b` {ghig` kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big` d jq`goihl3 nh A~jj`bd Gi{y -H~nz` Ydqo) y nh

Ui{{wa~ql -Unhwibz`hi`)(


22/68

D{qdw u`wnw

Knaikd `b kna`{n wdgi`b p~n wn nw{ uqdk~ginhkd nh {dqhd ` bdw qinwldw u`q` b` w`b~k m~f`h` y nb

fnkid `fainh{n p~n gdhbbnz` b` {ghig` kn b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big`" n}iw{nh fdq`{dqi`w nh W~kjqig`

y nh P~ang -G`h`k) ` b` nwunq` kn qnw~b{`kdw kn nw{~kidw fnkid`fainh{`bnw kn{`bb`kdw(

Nh P~ang wn m` nhgdfnhk`kd ` ~h u`hnb kn dhgn n}unq{dw nb`adq`q ~h nw{~kid ihknunhkinh{n

wdaqn bdw ifu`g{dw fnkid`fainh{`bnw kn b` {ghig` g`hgnb`hkd {dkdw bdw unqfiwdw kn n}ubdq`gih"

wih gdfunhw`gih ` b`w nfuqnw`w uqdfd{dq`w(

N~qdu`

Udbdhi`" A~bl`qi` y Qnihd ^hikd wdh bdw uidhnqdw nh N~qdu` nh b` n}{q`ggih knb l`w kn uis`qq`

fnki`h{n jq`g{~q` mikq~big`( D{qdw u`wnw n~qdundw nw{h gdfnhs`hkd ` ihznw{il`q b` udwiabn

n}iw{nhgi` kn y`gifinh{dw kn l`w kn uis`qq` u`q` w~ udwiabn ~wd( Wn nwunq` p~n nh bdw uq}ifdw

`dw Udbdhi` wn w~fn ` bdw u`wnw gdh f`ydq n}{q`ggih kn l`w uis`qq`(


23/68

1(7(:(Wi{~`gih y uqdyng{dw kn jq`goihl nh Nwu``(

M`w{` nb fdfnh{d wn m`h gdhgnkikd z`qidw unqfiwdw kn ihznw{il`gih nh nb {nqqi{dqid nwu`db"

u`q` b` n}{q`ggih kn l`w kn uis`qq` fnki`h{n jq`g{~q` mikq~big`(

Z`qi`w j~nh{nw kn ihjdqf`gih `u~h{`h ` b` gdhgnwih kn unqfiwdw nh b`w uqdzihgi`w kn A~qldw"

U`bnhgi`" Z`bb`kdbik" G`h{`aqi`" Zisg`y`" L~iusgd`" b`z`" B` Qidc`" H`z`qq`" y udwiabnfnh{n nh

M~nwg` y Gkis -hd wn nwungijig` nh nw{dw kdw b{ifdw g`wdw wi nh b` n}{q`ggih wn ~{ibis`q b`

{ghig` kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big`)(

B`w uqdfd{dq`w wdh j~hk`fnh{`bfnh{n gdfu``w n}{q`hcnq`w gdfd Wgm~nua`gm -kn [nc`w)"

[qdj`l`w -jibi`b kn b` g`bijdqhi`h` AHO) y Bnhi Dib `hk L`w -kn Lq`h Aqn{``)" nh{qn d{q`w(

Nw{`w `g{izik`knw nw{h wdfn{ik`w ` b` bny 7;$099< kn Mikqdg`qa~qdw" `knfw kn ` b` hdqf`{iz`

fnkid`fainh{`b y ~qa`hw{ig`( Wnlh kigm` bny" b`w `g{izik`knw qnb`gidh`k`w gdh b` n}{q`ggih kn

l`w h`{~q`b hngnwi{`h3


24/68

& @~{dqis`gidhnw kn n}ubdq`gih nh qn`w biaqnw p~n hd ifubip~nh unqjdq`gidhnw uqdj~hk`w"p~n gdhbbnz`h b` uqnwnh{`gih ` b` `kfihiw{q`gih kn ~h uqdlq`f` kn n}ubdq`gih(

& Unqfiwdw kn ihznw{il`gih udq unqdkdw kn : `dw nh qn`w n}gb~wiz`w p~n n}ilnh ~huqdlq`f` nwungjigd kn ihznw{il`gih p~n ihgb~yn bdw {qà`cdw" b`w ihznqwidhnw y b`w

fnkik`w kn uqd{nggih fnkid`fainh{`b y kn qnw{`~q`gih( B` ihznw{il`gih w~udhn b`qn`bis`gih kn unqjdq`gidhnw nh nb w~aw~nbd gdh nw{if~b`gih udq jq`g{~q` mikq~big` y {nw{

kn uqdk~ggih kn bdw qnwung{izdw udsdw u`q` nz`b~`q w~ ud{nhgi`b uqdk~ggih gdfnqgi`b(

Wn {q`{`" udq {`h{d" hd wbd kn `g{izik`knw kn unqjdq`gih u`q` nz`b~`q uqduink`knw

lndblig`w" wihd kn {qà`cdw n}unqifnh{`bnw kn n}{q`ggih kn l`w fnki`h{n nb ~wd kn b`

{ghig` knb jq`goihl( G`k` unqjdq`gih uqnziw{` hngnwi{` ~h unqfiwd nwungi`b y m` kn

gdhw{i{~iqwn ~h wnl~qd kn qnwudhwàibik`k gizib u`q` qnwudhknq kn udwiabnw k`dw(

& Gdhgnwidhnw kn n}ubd{`gih p~n knanh ihgb~iq ~h ub`h lnhnq`b kn n}ubd{`gih y knknwf`h{nb`finh{d p~n gdfuqnhk` {`faih ~h nw{~kid kn ifu`g{d `fainh{`b(

@knfw kn ` b` bnliwb`gih nhnql{ig`" nw{`w `g{izik`knw kn n}{q`ggih nw{h wdfn{ik`w ` b`

hdqf`{iz` fnkid`fainh{`b y ~qa`hw{ig`( Nh nwn wnh{ikd hngnwi{`h nz`b~`gih kn ifu`g{d

`fainh{`b y bignhgi` ~qa`hw{ig` y kn `g{izik`k( Hd daw{`h{n {dkd nw{n gdhc~h{d bnliwb`{izd qnw~b{`

ihw~jiginh{n y` p~n" `b wnq ~h` {ghig` h~nz`" hd gdhwiknq` {dk`w b`w u`q{ig~b`qik`knw kn w~w

ifu`g{dw(

Kijnqnh{nw dql`his`gidhnw ngdbdliw{`w y wdgi`bnw m`h uqnwnh{`kd qng~qwdw gdh{q` nb d{dql`finh{d

kn unqfiwdw kn ihznw{il`gih kn mikqdg`qa~qdw ` nfuqnw`w p~n p~inqnh ~{ibis`q nb wiw{nf` kn

jq`g{~q` mikq~big`( Nh `bl~hdw `y~h{`finh{dw" wn m`h ùqda`kd fdgidhnw f~higiu`bnw wdaqn bdw

unqfiwdw kn ihznw{il`gih nh bdw p~n wn wdbigi{` ` b`w nh{ik`knw uabig`w p~n qnzdp~n bdw fiwfdw(

Qnginh{nfnh{n" nb U`q{ikd Znqkn N~qdund" nh w~ 0: Gdhwncd" m` ùqda`kd ~h` fdgih gdh{q`qi`

`b nfubnd kn b` {ghig` kn jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big` d jq`goihl u`q` b` n}ubd{`gih kn mikqdg`qa~qdw"

n}ilinhkd ~h` qnziwih kn b` bnliwb`gih n~qdun` u`q` p~n wn ihgb~y`h bdw qinwldw p~n w~udhn nw{`

uqg{ig`" nh nwungi`b b`w p~n `jng{`h `b `l~`" y ` b` ihynggih kn gdfu~nw{dw {}igdw nh nb

w~aw~nbd(


25/68

7( IFU@G[D NH NB FNKID @FAINH[N" NH NB G@FAID GBIF[IGD Y NH B@ W@B^K M^F@H@

7(0(Ifu`g{d nh nb uìw`cn(

^h` ub`{`jdqf` kn wniw udsdw qnp~inqn nh{qn = y 01 fnwnw kn unqjdq`gih gdh{ih~`" k` y hdgmn(

[`faih wn hngnwi{`h nh{qn ;(555 y :(555 zi`cnw nh g`fih u`q` b` gdhw{q~ggih kn ~hùb`{`jdqf`" gdh b` gdhwil~inh{n uqnwih u`q` bdw u~nabdw y g`qqn{nq`w gnqg`h`w ` b` n}ubd{`gih(

Gdh ~h` fnki` kn nh{qn 0 y 7 ub`{`jdqf`w udq of1" bdw ifu`g{dw u~nknh wnq bdg`bfnh{n

gdhwiknqàbnw y uqdbdhl`kdw(

Wn m` kn ùb`h`q ~h` w~unqjigin kn fw d fnhdw ~h` mng{qn`" gdh bdw gdhwil~inh{nw knwfdh{nw3

nh nbb` m` kn mànq nwu`gid u`q` : ` = udsdw" a`bw`w kn `bf`gnh`finh{d kn bp~ikdw kn knwngmd y

bdkdw" {`hp~nw y giw{nqh`w kn `bf`gnh`finh{d knb `l~` y kn bdw uqdk~g{dw p~figdw" np~iud kn

unqjdq`gih" g`fidhnw" n{g(? ` b` p~n wn m`h kn gdhw{q~iq uiw{`w" u`q` p~n bbnl~nh bdw g`fidhnw(

[`faih wn m`h kn gdhw{q~iq l`wdk~g{dw u`q` bbnz`q nb l`w ` bdw l`wdk~g{dw kn kiw{qia~gih( @

knw{`g`q {`faih b` `jnggih ziw~`b kn b`w nbnz`k`w {dqqnw kn unqjdq`gih( Nh {d{`b wn nw{if` ~h`w~unqjigin dg~u`k` kn nh{qn 1 y 7 M` udq ub`{`jdqf`(

Wnlh b` n}unqinhgi` nh Nw{`kdw ^hikdw ~h g`fud fnkid kn udsdw f~b{in{ù` dg~u`h nh{qn 0: y

15 mng{qn`w k~q`h{n b` unqjdq`gih y b` jq`g{~q`( Knwu~w" k~q`h{n b` n}{q`ggih" wn ~{ibis`h nh{qn

; y 01 mng{qn`w( B` dg~u`gih kn {nqqi{dqid u~nkn wnq ~h uqdabnf` ifudq{`h{n nh nb g`wd kn

y`gifinh{dw wi{~`kdw nh b`w uqd}ifik`knw kn hgbndw udab`kdw d nh sdh`w kdhkn u~nk` `jng{`q `

d{q`w `g{izik`knw uqdk~g{iz`w d ihgb~wd `b uìw`cn" nwungi`bfnh{n nh qn`w {~qw{ig`w(

B` `g{izik`k p~n uqdk~gn f`ydq ifu`g{d `gw{igd nw b` unqjdq`gih kn udsdw y` p~n qnp~inqn 1;

mdq`w `b k`( Nb dunq`kdq kn Qnihd ^hikd Gdfudwi{n Nhnqly nw{if` p~n nw hngnw`qid :5 k`w kn

unqjdq`gih k~q`h{n 1; mdq`w nh g`k` udsd(


26/68

^h g`fud gdfubn{d qnp~nqiq nh{qn = y 01 fnwnw kn unqjdq`gih k` y hdgmn( Wn uqdk~gn nh

fnhdq fnkik` q~ikd nh `g{izik`knw kn w~unqjigin k~q`h{n ~hdw >55&0(>55 k`w udq udsd( Knwu~w

kn b` n}{q`ggih" nb l`w knan wnq {q`hwudq{`kd( Knaikd `b a`cd qi{fd kn n}{q`ggih" bdw l`wndk~g{dw

hd w~nbnh wnq qnh{`abnw wihd p~n nb l`w wn z` `bf`gnh`hkd y wn {q`hwudq{` nh g`fidhnw( U~nkn wnq

hngnw`qi` b` gdhw{q~ggih kn fw g`qqn{nq`w y b`w y` n}iw{nh{nw znh ihgqnfnh{`kd kn jdqf`

ifudq{`h{n nb zdb~fnh kn {qjigd" gdh b`w fdbnw{i`w" q~ikdw n ifu`g{dw `fainh{`bnw p~n

dg`widh`h(

KNWUBINL^N [NQQI[DQI@B K^Q@H[N ^H UQDGNWD KN JQ@G[^Q@ MIKQ^BIG@( J^NH[N3 Wm`bn l`w3

` uqdziwidh`b `wwnwwfnh{ dj gbif`{n gm`hln `hk nhziqdhfnh{`b ifu`g{w( [yhk`bb Gnh{qn jdq

Gbif`{n Gm`hln Qnwn`qgm( -0) G@ANS@ KN UDSD Y QADB KN H@ZIK@K -1) BHN@ KN JB^CD-U@Q@ QNJB^CD Y [NW[ND) -7) WNU@Q@KDQ KN @QNH@ U@Q@ NB QNJB^CD -;) [@HP^NW U@Q@

QNJB^CD ->) G@BNH[@KDQNW KN BHN@ -:) JWJDQD D FNGMNQD -) G@NQ@ U@Q@ NB @A@W[NGIFINH[D KN @L^@ UD[@ABN -0:) [@HP^NW

N][Q@ -0


27/68

7(1(Nfiwidhnw kn l`wnw gdh{`fih`h{nw ` b` `{fwjnq`(

B` n}{q`ggih kn l`w h`{~q`b hd gdhznhgidh`b wn m` uqnwnh{`kd ` hiznb f~hki`b gdfd ~h` wdb~gih

u`q` kiwfih~iq b`w nfiwidhnw kn l`wnw kn njng{d ihznqh`knqd( Wnlh nw{` {nwiw" b` qnk~ggih dg~qqn

lq`gi`w ` p~n b` gdfa~w{ih kn l`w h`{~q`b nfi{n fnhdq g`h{ik`k kn GD1 u`q` b` uqdk~ggih kn

nhnql`(

Wih nfa`qld" ~h ihjdqfn kn b` ^hiznqwik`k kn Gdqhnbb -I{m`g`" NN^^)" knh~hgi` p~n b` n}ubd{`gihknb l`w kn uis`qq` u~nkn nfi{iq ihgb~wd fw l`wnw kn njng{d ihznqh`knqd p~n b` knb g`qah(

Nw{n l`w nw{ gdfu~nw{d uqihgiu`bfnh{n kn fn{`hd" y knb 7":. `b


28/68

nb l`w kn uis`qq`( B` ihgnq{ik~faqn nh b` f`lhi{~k kn b`w nfiwidhnw udq j~l` nw lq`hkn( K`k` b`

ifudq{`hgi` knb fn{`hd nh nb g`bnh{`finh{d lbda`b" nw{`w nfiwidhnw fnqngnh f~gmd f`ydq

nw{~kid p~n nh nb u`w`kd(

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n}uqnw`kd w~ uqndg~u`gih( Nb H`{idh`b Qnwn`qgm Gd~hgib -Gdhwncd H`gidh`b u`q` b` Ihznw{il`gih)-1559) dawnqz p~n b`w nfiwidhnw kn b` n}{q`ggih knb l`w kn uis`qq` u~nknh wnq f`ydqnw p~n b`w

knb l`w gdhznhgidh`b( Nb Gd~hgib dj Wginh{ijig Wdgin{y Uqnwiknh{w -Gdhwncd kn Uqnwiknh{nw kn b`

Wdgink`k Ginh{jig`) -1505) nwgqiai `b uqnwiknh{n Da`f`" `bnq{`hkd kn p~n `bl~h`w nhnql`w

u~nh{n ud{nhgi`bnw gdfd nb l`w kn uis`qq` m`h qngiaikd ~h `hbiwiw ihw~jiginh{n y u~nknh `lq`z`q

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-@lnhgi` kn Uqd{nggih @fainh{`b) u~abig ~h ihjdqfn nh nb p~n wn gdhgb~` p~n b`w nfiwidhnw udq

j~l`w kn fn{`hd knb l`w hd gdhznhgidh`b udkq`h wnq f`ydqnw p~n b`w knb l`w gdhznhgidh`b -NU@

1505)(

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dsdhd nh b`w gù`w w~unqjigi`bnw kn b` `{fwjnq` nw kìhd u`q` b` w`b~k m~f`h`" jdqf`hkd h~anw

kn gdh{`fih`gih gdhdgik`w gdfd nwfdl( B` n}udwigih gdh{ih~`k` `b dsdhd u~nkn lnhnq`q `wf`

y d{q`w nhjnqfnk`knw u~bfdh`qnw" gdfd nhjiwnf` y aqdhp~i{iw gqhig`( [`faih nw kìhd u`q`

gdhjnq`w" b`fdw" y g~b{izdw kn jdqq`cn(

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gdfu~nw{dw dqlhigdw {inhknh ` wnq fw bilnqdw p~n nb `l~` udq bd p~n jbd{`h nh b` w~unqjigin kn

b`w a`bw`w y kn `m u`w`h `b ìqn(

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nw nb kn Jdq{ \dq{m" ~h` gi~k`k kn g`wi 5(555 mài{`h{nw nh nb nw{`kd kn [n}`w( Nh bdw b{ifdw

{qnw `dw" z`qidw nw{~kidw kn f~nw{q`w kn ìqn qn`bis`kdw udq `lnhgi`w uabig`w y uqiz`k`w m`h

gdhjiqf`kd p~n b`w ihw{`b`gidhnw kn n}ubd{`gih kn l`w kn uis`qq` nh Jdq{ \dq{m nw{h nfi{inhkd

gdhgnh{q`gidhnw kn gdh{`fih`h{nw p~n n}gnknh bdw hiznbnw kn wnl~qik`k( Nh 155= ~h nw{~kid kn

b` Wd~{mnqh Fn{mdkiw{ ^hiznqwi{y gdhgb~y p~n b`w `g{izik`knw kn n}{q`ggih kn l`w kn uis`qq`lnhnqà`h fw wfdl p~n {dkdw bdw gdgmnw" g`fidhnw y `zidhnw kn b` qnlih kn K`bb`w&Jdq{ \dq{m"

~h qn` fn{qdudbi{`h` kn fw kn : fibbdhnw kn mài{`h{nw( Nh f`yd y c~hid kn 1559 ~hdw

nw{~kidw qn`bis`kdw nh ~h` lq`hc` kn Jdq{ \dq{m nhgdh{q`qdh `b{dw hiznbnw kn dsdhd" A[N] y

w~bj~qdw( B`w gdhgnh{q`gidhnw kn {dkdw bdw gdfu~nw{dw kn w~bj~qd nq`h w~unqidqnw ` bdw hiznbnw

gdhwiknq`kdw unbilqdwdw u`q` b` w`b~k ` gdq{d y b`qld ub`sd udq b` Gdfiwih u`q` b` G`bik`k

@fainh{`b kn [n}`w -[GNP)(

B` u~abig`gih kn nw{dw nw{~kidw dabil ` b` [GNP ` bbnz`q ` gàd w~ uqdui` ihznw{il`gih(

Gdhjiqf`qdh b` nfiwih kn A[N] y w~bj~qd kn g`qadhd" nh{qn d{qdw p~figdw" ` hiznbnw unbilqdwdw

u`q` b` w`b~k m~f`h`( Bdw A[N] {inhnh njng{dw hdgizdw nh nb wiw{nf` hnqzidwd gnh{q`b" nb wiw{nf`


29/68

ihf~hi{`qid y bdw ql`hdw qnwudhw`abnw kn b` uqdk~ggih kn gb~b`w w`hl~hn`w -a`sd" l`hlbidw

bihj{igdw y fk~b` wn`)(

Wih nfa`qld" ~hd kn bdw `ql~fnh{dw nwlqifikdw udq b` ihk~w{qi` knb l`w nh j`zdq kn b` n}ubd{`gih

kn l`w hd gdhznhgidh`b nw p~n wn {q`{` kn ~h` nhnql` bifui`" `b fnhdw nh gdfu`q`gih gdh d{q`w

gdfd nb un{qbnd y nb g`qah( Wdw{inhnh p~n nb l`w kn n}ubd{`gidhnw hd gdhznhgidh`bnw u~nkn wnq~{ibis`kd gdfd gdfa~w{iabn kn {q`hwigih" unqfi{inhkd gdh{ih~`q gdh b` knunhknhgi` kn bdw

gdfa~w{iabnw jwibnw y ` b` zns qnk~giq b` nfiwih kn l`wnw kn njng{d ihznqh`knqd( Nb l`w h`{~q`b

nw{ jdqf`kd nh ~h 9


30/68

7(7(Gdh{`fih`gih kn `l~`w w~unqjigi`bnw y w~a{nqqhn`w(

B` gdh{`fih`gih kn `g~jnqdw nw ~hd kn bdw qinwldw fw ifudq{`h{nw kn b` {ghig` kn q~u{~q`mikq~big`( Nh Nw{`kdw ^hikdw wn m`h uqdk~gikd z`qidw g`wdw kn gdh{`fih`gih y nw nb fd{izd knw~ uqdmiaigih nh z`qi`w gi~k`knw( Nh Qnihd ^hikd" nb [yhk`bb Gnh{qn kn b` ^hiznqwik`k kn

F`hgmnw{nq m` qn`bis`kd nh nhnqd kn 1500 ~h nw{~kid wdaqn nb ifu`g{d kn b` n}{q`ggih kn l`w knuis`qq`? ~hd kn bdw fw gdfubn{dw kn bdw p~n wn kiwudhn `g{~`bfnh{n(

Nb ihjdqfn wn`b` qnwung{d ` b` gdh{`fih`gih kn `g~jnqdw p~n3 N}iw{nh nziknhgi`w ` u`q{iq kn b`

n}unqinhgi` kn NN^^ p~n w~linqnh p~n b` n}{q`ggih kn l`w kn uis`qq` gdfudq{` ~h qinwld

wilhijig`{izd u`q` b` gdh{`fih`gih knb `l~` w~a{nqqhn` y kn w~unqjigin y" m`w{` p~n b` a`wn kn

nw{`w nziknhgi`w wn knw`qqdbbn" b` hig` `ggih qnwudhwàbn nw uqnznhiq w~ knw`qqdbbd nh Qnihd

^hikd y nh N~qdu`( B` uqdj~hkik`k kn b` n}{q`ggih kn l`w kn uis`qq` nw ~h j`g{dq ifudq{`h{n nh b`

iknh{ijig`gih kn b`w z`w kn gdh{`fih`gih knb `l~` w~a{nqqhn` udq bdw p~figdw ~{ibis`kdw nh nb

uqdgnwd kn n}{q`ggih( Bdw `hbiwiw kn nw{`w w~aw{`hgi`w f~nw{q`h p~n f~gm`w {inhnh uqduink`knw

{}ig`w" g`hgnqlnh`w d unbilqdw`w( N}iw{n ~h gdhwiknqàbn hfnqd kn g`wdw nh NN^^ nh bdw p~n wn

màq` udkikd uqdk~giq gdh{`fih`gih kn `l~`w w~a{nqqhn`w y kn w~unqjigin nh kijnqnh{nw

wi{~`gidhnw( Nw{d m` bbnz`kd ` b` @lnhgi` kn Uqd{nggih @fainh{`b kn NN^^ ` b`hs`q ~h uqdlq`f`

kn ihznw{il`gih u`q` fncdq`q nb gdhdgifinh{d kn nw{n qinwld -bdw uqifnqdw qnw~b{`kdw wnqh

u~abig`kdw ` jih`bnw kn 1501)(

[`faih wn m`h {df`kd `ggidhnw ` hiznb kn nw{`kdw3 udq ncnfubd" nb 00 kn kiginfaqn kn 1505" nb

Ldanqh`kdq knb nw{`kd kn H~nz` Ydqo kig{ ~h` Dqknh Ncng~{iz` qnp~iqinhkd ~h` qnziwih y

`hbiwiw fw n}m`~w{izdw knb ~wd f`wizd kn jq`g{~q` mikq~big` nh nb y`gifinh{d F`qgnbb~w y b`

u`q`bis`gih kn b` n}ubd{`gih `b fnhdw m`w{` nb 0 kn c~bid kn 1500( Nb `hbiwiw qn`bis`kd nh nw{n

ihjdqfn ihjdqfn [yhk`bb & knf~nw{q` gb`q`fnh{n p~n bdw qinwldw `wdgi`kdw gdh nb ifu`g{d`g~f~b`{izd kn bdw udsdw hngnw`qidw u`q` uqdudqgidh`q g~`bp~inq gdh{qia~gih wilhijig`{iz` ` b`w

hngnwik`knw nhnql{ig`w knb Qnihd ^hikd hd u~nknh wnq knwg`q{`kdw" ` unw`q kn bd a`cd p~n

u~kinq` bbnl`q ` wnq ` hiznb kn ~h udsd ihkizik~`b(

Nh nb Ihjdqfn kn b` gdh{`fih`gih udq fn{`hd knb `l~` u`q` gdhw~fd m~f`hd `wdgi`k` ` b`

unqjdq`gih kn udsdw kn l`w y b` jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big` knb Ihw{i{~{d G`qy kn nw{~kidw knb

ngdwiw{nf`" HY" NN^^" -Nhnqd 1500) wn nz`b`h bdw ifu`g{dw ud{nhgi`bnw `wdgi`kdw ` b`

unqjdq`gih kn udsdw kn l`w y kn b` jq`g{~q`gih nh wiw{nf`w kn `l~` w~a{nqqhn` udgd uqdj~hk`

kn b`w jdqf`gidhnw G`{woibb y Bdgom`znh p~n g~aqnh nb y`gifinh{d kn uis`qq`w ai{~fihdw`w

F`qgnbb~w nh Unhwibz`hi` y nb lq~ud Lnhnwnn p~n g~aqn nb y`gifinh{d kn uis`qq`w ai{~fihdw`w^{ig` nh H~nz` Ydqo( Wn nziknhgi` b` gdh{`fih`gih gdh fn{`hd kn bdw wiw{nf`w kn `l~` udgd

uqdj~hk` nh `b fnhdw {qnw qn`w kn b` qnlih y w~linqnh p~n n}iw{nh ifudq{`h{nw qinwldw

`fainh{`bnw `wdgi`kdw ` b` n}ubdq`gih kn l`w kn uis`qq` ` hiznb f~hki`b(


31/68

Bdw fd{izdw kn uqndg~u`gih wdaqn nb ifu`g{d nh bdw qng~qwdw kn `l~`w w~a{nqqhn`w wn a`w` nh3

& Nb jb~cd kn jb~ikdw -`l~` y l`w) y nh w~ knwg`ql` nh bdw `g~jnqdw udgd uqdj~hkdw knaikd `

b` `b{` uqnwih kn bdw jb~ikdw ihyng{`kdw u`q` b` jq`g{~q`gih nh bdw udsdw kn l`w(

& B` {d}igik`k y q`kid`g{izik`k knb `l~` uqdk~gik` ` u`q{iq kn b` fnsgb` kn bdw jb~ikdw kn b`jq`g{~q`gih y kn b`w jdqf`gidhnw kn `l~` w`bih` uqdj~hk`w p~n u~nknh bianq`qwn `b fnkid

`fainh{n(

& B` udwiaibik`k kn n}ubdwih y nb qinwld kn `wji}i` knb l`w h`{~q`b(

& Nb lq`h hfnqd kn udsdw uqiz`kdw nh qn`w q~q`bnw" bdg`bis`kdw wdaqn `l~`w w~a{nqqhn`wudgd uqdj~hk`w u`q` ~wdw kdfw{igdw y `lqgdb`w( M`w{` kn ~h fibbh kn udsdw wbd nh

Unhwibz`hi`" p~n hd nw{h hi qnl~b`kdw hi `h`bis`kdw(

Nh nw{n nw{~kid wn `h`bis nb `l~` w~a{nqqhn` kn := udsdw uqiz`kdw kn 7: ` 095 f kn

uqdj~hkik`k nh nb hdq{n kn Unhwibz`hi` -b` jdqf`gih G`{woibb y Bdgom`znh) y Hn| Ydqo -jdqf`gih

Lnhnwnn) y p~n ihgb~ynh fnkik`w kn w`bnw kiw~nb{`w" iw{dudw kn `l~` -0=D y 1M)" n iw{dudw y

gdhw{i{~ynh{nw kiw~nb{dw -g`qadhd" adqd y q`kid)( Kn bdw := udsdw" nh :5 j~nqdh {`faih

`h`bis`k`w b`w gdhgnh{q`gidhnw kn l`w kiw~nb{d kn fn{`hd n mikqdg`qa~qdw kn g`knh` b`ql` y bdw

hiznbnw kn iw{dudw kn g`qadhd n mikqlnhd kn fn{`hd( @~hp~n nb fn{`hd kiw~nb{d nh nb `l~`

u`q` gdhw~fd m~f`hd hd nw{ hdqf`bfnh{n gb`wijig`kd gdfd ~h unbilqd u`q` b` w`b~k udq

ihlnw{ih" nw ~h `wji}i`h{n nh nwu`gidw gnqq`kdw y ~h unbilqd kn j~nld y kn n}ubdwih( Nw{n nw{~kida~wg` nz`b~`q nb ifu`g{d ud{nhgi`b kn b`w unqjdq`gidhnw kn l`w y kn b` jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big` nh b`

g`bik`k knb `l~` udgd uqdj~hk` gdfu`q`hkd qn`w p~n nw{h winhkd `g{~`bfnh{n n}ubd{`k`w u`q`

l`w -knjihik`w gdfd `g{iz`w wi n}iw{nh ~hd d fw udsdw kn l`w nh 0 Of)" gdh b`w p~n hd nw{h

`wdgi`k`w gdh b`w unqjdq`gidhnw kn l`w -knjihik`w gdfd hd `g{iz`w wi hd m`y udsdw kn l`w nh 0 Of)

f~gm`w kn b`w g~`bnw wdh g`hkik`{`w u`q` unqjdq`gidhnw nh ~h j~{~qd gnqg`hd(

B`w `g{izik`knw {uig`w kn jq`g{~q`gih nh F`qgnbb~w ifubig`h b` ihynggih kn ùqd}if`k`fnh{n 07

` 09 fibbdhnw kn bi{qdw kn `l~` udq udsd ` uqnwidhnw kn fw kn :9(555 oU`( B` f`ydq` kn nw{`

`l~` kn jq`g{~q`gih wn p~nk` nh nb w~aw~nbd y udkq`" nh uqihgiuid" knwub`s`q b`w jdqf`gidhnw kn

`l~` uqdj~hk` m`gi` `qqia` knh{qd kn bdw `g~jnqdw udgd uqdj~hkdw( Nw{`w jdqf`gidhnw kn `l~ùqdj~hk` ` fnh~kd {inhnh `b{`w gdhgnh{q`gidhnw kn wbikdw kiw~nb{dw 81>5(555 fl$B" {q`s`w kn

nbnfnh{dw {}igdw" y f`{nqi`bnw q`ki`g{izdw kn dqilnh h`{~q`b" gdh `g{izik`knw {`h `b{`w gdfd

0:(555 uigdg~qinw udq bi{qd kn q`kh -11: Q`) nh gdfu`q`gih gdh nb `l~` nw{hk`q u`q` gdhw~fd

m~f`hd kn > uigdg~qinw udq bi{qd kn q`kh(

Gdhwng~nh{nfnh{n" b` `b{` gdhgnh{q`gih kn fn{`hd nh nb `l~` w~a{nqqhn` udgd uqdj~hk` kn b`w

qn`w `g{iz`w qnjbnc`q` nb {q`hwudq{n kn ~h` j~nh{n kn fn{`hd uqdj~hkd `wdgi`kd gdh b`w

`g{izik`knw kn unqjdq`gih y kn jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big`( Nh gdh{q`w{n" nb a`cd hiznb kn filq`gih kn

fn{`hd ` bdw `g~jnqdw w~a{nqqhndw w~unqjigi`bnw" gdfd wn dawnqz` nh b`w qn`w hd `g{iz`w" nw

uqdaàbnfnh{n ~h jnhfnhd h`{~q`b(


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Qnwung{d ` b` gdh{`fih`gih nh w~unqjigin" b`w uqihgiu`bnw `fnh`s`w nh nw{dw uqdgnwdw ifubig`h3

& Knqq`fnw" knwadqknw d jib{q`gidhnw knaik`w `3 gù`gik`k kn `bf`gnh`cn bifi{`k` $ nqqdqnw

m~f`hdw $ ihlqnwd kn `l~` kn bb~zi` d ih~hk`gidhnw $ gdhw{q~ggih knjng{~dw` kn bdwudsdw(

& Knqq`fn kn bdw jb~ikdw kn jq`g{~q` gdhgnh{q`kdw k~q`h{n w~ {q`hwudq{n y fnsgb` gdh `l~`"knaikd `3 j`bb`w nh b`w {~anq`w $ nqqdqnw m~f`hdw(

& Knqq`fn kn jb~ikdw kn jq`g{~q` ~h` zns gdhgb~ik` b` fiwf`" k~q`h{n nb {q`hwudq{n u`q` w~`bf`gnh`finh{d" knaikd `3 j`bb` nh b`w g`nq`w $ gù`gik`k kn `bf`gnh`cn ihw~jiginh{n $

nqqdqnw m~f`hdw(

& Uqkik` kn jb~ikd y` `bf`gnh`kd" knaikd `3 q~u{~q` kn bdw {`hp~nw $ wdaqng`ql` knaikd `

nqqdqnw m~f`hdw d ` ~h` bifi{`k` gù`gik`k kn `bf`gnh`finh{d $ ihlqnwd kn `l~` udq{dqfnh{`w d ih~hk`gidhnw $ gdhw{q~ggih ihùqdui`k` kn bdw qng~aqifinh{dw(

& Knqq`fn kn jb~ikdw p~n qnlqnw`h ` b` w~unqjigin k~q`h{n nb {q`hwudq{n knwkn w~ b~l`q kn`bf`gnh`finh{d m`w{` g`fidhnw giw{nqh` u`q` w~ {q`hwudq{n" knaikd `3 j`bb`w nh b` g`nq`

$ nqqdqnw m~f`hdw(

Nb ihjdqfn knb [yhk`bb Gnh{qn wdw{inhn p~n k`kd p~n nb knw`qqdbbd knb l`w kn nwp~iw{d qnp~inqn b`

gdhw{q~ggih kn fb{iubnw udsdw&ub`{`jdqf`w kn udsdw" wn ihgqnfnh{` gdhwiknqàbnfnh{n b`

uqdaàibik`k kn ~h nznh{d `kznqwd p~n dg`widhn gdh{`fih`gih( @w" b` uqdaàibik`k kn ihgiknh{nw

kn gdh{`fih`gih `wdgi`kdw ` ~h f`ydq knw`qqdbbd _kn l`w hd gdhznhgidh`bV wn ihgqnfnh{` kn

udwiabn" ` hiznb kn ~h` ub`{`jdqf` kn udsdw" ` uqdaàbn" `b ihgqnfnh{`qwn b` g`h{ik`k kn udsdw

y ub`{`jdqf`w(


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7(;(@l~`w qnwik~`bnw(

B` {ghig` kn b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big` u`q` b` n}{q`ggih kn l`w lnhnq` ~h ifudq{`h{n zdb~fnh kn

qnwik~dw" nh{qn bdw p~n knw{`g`h bdw qnwik~dw kn unqjdq`gih(

^h higd udsd" unqjdq`hkd znq{ig`bfnh{n m`w{` 1 of y mdqisdh{`bfnh{n m`w{` 0"1 of qnf~nzn`bqnknkdq kn 0;5f7 kn {inqq`" udq bd p~n ~h` ub`{`jdqf` uqdfnkid qnf~nzn `bqnknkdq kn =75f7"

g`wi kins zngnw fw p~n ~h udsd gdhznhgidh`b unqjdq`kd ` 1 of kn uqdj~hkik`k(

Udq d{qd b`kd nw{` {nghdbdl` ~{ibis` ifudq{`h{nw g`h{ik`knw kn `l~` fnsgb`k`w gdh uqdk~g{dw

p~figdw {}igdw" p~n m`aq p~n lnw{idh`q udw{nqidqfnh{n gdfd qnwik~dw unbilqdwdw(

Nb ihjdqfn knb [yhk`bb Gnh{qn jdq Gbif`{n Gm`hln Qnwn`qgm `udq{` nh nw{n wnh{ikd `bl~hdw k`{dw

uqndg~u`h{nw3

& Nb uqdgnwd kn unqjdq`gih kn ~h wdbd udsd ~{ibis` ifudq{`h{nw g`h{ik`knw kn `l~`

fnsgb`k`w gdh ~h 1. kn `ki{izdw p~figdw nh ~h` g`h{ik`k kn nh{qn 0=5 y >=5 f7

( B`@lnhgi` kn Uqd{nggih `fainh{`b kn Nw{`kdw ^hikdw nw{if` p~n nh{qn nb 0> y nb =5. kn

nw{n zdb~fnh kn `l~` ihyng{`k`" fnsgb`k` gdh bdw `ki{izdw p~figdw" wn qng~unq`q nh

jdqf` jb~cd kn qn{dqhd(

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nwunq`q nh{qn 0(755 y 17(555 f7 kn knwngmdw bp~ikdw" ihgb~ynhkd bdw jb~ikdw ~{ibis`kdw nh

b` unqjdq`gih y bdw p~n filqnh knwkn b`w uqdj~hkik`knw" p~n knanqnfdw `bf`gnh`q y

lnw{idh`q kng~`k`fnh{n(

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n~qdundw gdfd kn `{nhgih ihfnki`{` knaikd ` w~w njng{dw ud{nhgi`bnw wdaqn b` w`b~k y

nb fnkid`fainh{n( Nh u`q{ig~b`q" 0< m`h wikd gb`wijig`k`w gdfd {}ig`w u`q` dql`hiwfdw

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& Nh bdw `hbiwiw qn`bis`kdw ` bdw jb~cdw kn qn{dqhd wn w~nbn nhgdh{q`q nbnz`k`w

gdhgnh{q`gidhnw kn fn{`bnw unw`kdw" q`kid`g{izik`k y f`{nqi`bnw q`ki`g{izdw kn dqilnhh`{~q`b(

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gdh{`fih`gih `{fdwjqig` udq b` n}iw{nhgi` kn qnwik~dw zdb{ibnw p~n znh`h kiw~nb{dw nh nb jb~ikd

kn jq`g{~q`gih( Nziknh{nfnh{n" b`w a`bw`w p~n gdh{inhnh nb `l~` qnwik~`b f~y gdh{`fih`k`

gdhw{i{~ynh ~h qinwld u`q` nb w~nbd" u~nw hd nw{h n}nh{`w kn qinwldw kn `ggiknh{nw jdq{~i{dw"

knwadqk`finh{dw udq gdhkigidhnw gbif`{dblig`w n}{qnf`w d gbg~bdw nqqhndw nh nb zdb~fnh kn

jb~ikd kn qn{dqhd(


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gdh{nhikd kn bdw qnwik~dw kn b`w a`bw`w ihyng{hkdbdw nh nb w~aw~nbd(

Nw` wdb~gih nw d{q` j~nh{n kn uqdabnf`w" u~nw b` ihynggih nh {nqqnhdw jq`g{~q`kdw m` uqdk~gikd

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fn{`bnw unw`kdw" w`bnw n mikqdg`qa~qdw) knanh wnq {q`{`kdw nh ub`h{`w gù`gnw kn knu~q`q nw{dw

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35/68

& Nh Unhwibz`hi`" fw kn b` fi{`k kn bdw jb~ikdw p~n wn mà`h ~w`kd nh nb jq`goihl" y p~nnw{à`h `b{`fnh{n gdh{`fih`kdw udq w`bnw" fn{`bnw unw`kdw" fn{`bnw q`kid`g{izdw n

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nz`g~`qdh ` bdw uqihgiu`bnw qdw kn b` qnlih(

& Nh duihih kn bdw ihznw{il`kdqnw kn b` NU@ nh ~h ihjdqfn kn 1559" qnw~b{à` fw p~nk~kdw` b` gù`gik`k kn bdw qdw kn Unhwibz`hi` u`q` kib~iq w~jiginh{nfnh{n nb q`kid p~n

gdh{nh` nb jb~ikd kn qn{dqhd knb jq`goihl(

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& Nh 1559" y udq uqifnq` zns nh w~ miw{dqi`" \ydfihl ihjqihln b`w hdqf`w jnknq`bnw wdaqn b`g`bik`k knb ìqn udq g`~w` kn b`w nfiwidhnw kn anhgnhd y {db~nhd kn 1


36/68

7(>(@l~` kn gdhw~fd(

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n}{q`nq b` {inqq` k~q`h{n b` unqjdq`gih y knwu~w wdaqn {dkd nh b` ihynggih kn `l~` uqnw~qis`k`"

c~h{d gdh bdw uqdk~g{dw p~figdw" u`q` b` gqn`gih kn b`w jq`g{~q`w( Nh ~h higd udsd wn gdhw~fnhnh{qn 9(555 y 19(555 f7 kn `l~`" `w nh ~h g`fud {uigd nh nb p~n" udq ncnfubd" wn unqjdqnh :

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37/68

7(:(Qinwldw p~figdw n ifu`g{d nh m~f`hdw(

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mikq~big` nw nb ~wd kn w~w{`hgi`w p~fig`w {}ig`w y unbilqdw`w( Da{nhnq ihjdqf`gih wdaqn b`w

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NN^^ m`h n}ilikd b` kiz~bl`gih gdfubn{` kn b`w fnsgb`w y w~w{`hgi`w p~fig`w p~n wn nfubn`h nh

b` unqjdq`gih y jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big`" y` p~n w~ hd iknh{ijig`gih nw ~hd kn bdw uqihgiu`bnw

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kn K`{dw kn Wnl~qik`k F`{nqi`b) m`h wikd ihjdqf`k`w nh fnhdw kn ~h 0. kn b` gdfudwigih {d{`bknb uqdk~g{d -Jil~q` 0)( Wn m` ihjdqf`kd kn fnhdw kn ~h >5. kn b` gdfudwigih u`q` 07:

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gdfudwigih gdfubn{`(


38/68

U`q` g`k` uqdk~g{d gdfnqgi`b" wn misd nb {d{`b kn njng{dw wdaqn b` w`b~k kn b`w w~w{`hgi`w p~fig`w

nh g`k` uqdk~g{d gdfnqgi`b( B` jil~q` 1 f~nw{q` p~n nb 05. kn bdw uqdk~g{dw hd {nh`h njng{dw

wdaqn b` w`b~k" finh{q`w nb 95. {nh`h udq bd fnhdw ~h njng{d ud{nhgi`b wdaqn b` w`b~k( G`wi b`

fi{`k kn bdw uqdk~g{dw -;


39/68

Fw knb >. kn b`w w~w{`hgi`w

p~fig`w( Nw{`w g~`{qd g`{nldq`w kn njng{dw wdaqn b` w`b~k -nh b` u`q{n isp~inqk` kn b` jil~q`) nw

uqdaàbn p~n ù`qnsg`h ihfnki`{`fnh{n d f~y udgd knwu~w kn w~ n}udwigih `b p~figd(

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knwu~w( Nh{qn nb 11. y nb ;


40/68

Nw{`w w~w{`hgi`w {}ig`w wn bianq`h `b ìqn d `b `l~` -{`h{d kn `g~jnqdw gdfd kn w~unqjigin) y

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w~w{`hgi`w p~fig`w ` zilib`q(

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b` uqdk~ggih kn l`w m`h knfdw{q`kd p~n fdzibis`h bdw f`{nqi`bnw q`ki`g{izdw h`{~q`bnw" ihgb~ikd

nb ~q`hid&17=" q`kid&11: y q`kh&111(

Nw{d m` wikd iknh{ijig`kd gdfd ~hd kn bdw f`ydqnw knw`jdw p~n nhjqnh{` b` ihk~w{qi` knb l`w nh

@fqig` mdy nh k`( Kn nw{dw" nb q`kh nw kn nwungi`b uqndg~u`gih udq wnq ~h l`w p~n f~y fzib"

y nw ih{nhw`fnh{n q`ki`g{izd( B` n}udwigih udq ihm`b`gih d ihlnw{ih jih`bis` lnhnq`bfnh{n nh

bdw u~bfdhnw" p~n wdh w~wgnu{iabnw `b k`d udq w~ knwih{nlq`gih h~gbn`q(


41/68

B` n}udwigih `b q`kh nw gdhwiknq`kd b` wnl~hk` g`~w` uqihgiu`b kn ghgnq kn u~bfh knwu~w

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uqdu~nw{d udq b` ^WNU@)" nh b` f`ydq` kn f~nw{q`w kn `l~`w w~a{nqqhn`w qngdlik`w nh nb Nw{`kd

kn H~nz` Ydqo udq bdw ihznw{il`kdqnw(

Wih nfa`qld hd wn m` nw{~ki`kd wi bdw hiznbnw `b{dw kn q`kh nh nb `l~` ud{àbn u~nkn nw{`qqnb`gidh`kd gdh nb knw`qqdbbd nh nwdw b~l`qnw" nh nb u`w`kd d `g{~`bfnh{n" kn b` ihk~w{qi` knb l`w

d nb un{qbnd(

Biw{`kd kn `jnggidhnw udq {iud kn gdfu~nw{dw p~figdw3

GDZ Gdfu~nw{dw Dqlhigdw Zdb{ibnw -ZDGw)3

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U`q` n}udwigih gqhig`" a`c` kdwiw3 Hd m`y k`{dw(

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nhjnqfnk`k u~bfdh`q daw{q~g{iz` gqhig`)" udq ihjnggidhnw" aqdhp~idbi{iw" qnk~ggih

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ncnfubd {dw" wiaib`hgi`w" kijig~b{`k u`q` qnwuiq`q" iqqi{`gih kn bdw dcdw" kdbdq kn gàns`)(


42/68

& @wf` Ihj`h{ib3 Wi ainh m`y uq~na`w kn b` !`kù{`gih! ` bdw njng{dw knb dsdhd gdh b` nk`k"nb ifu`g{d kn b` gdhgnh{q`gih kn dsdhd nh qnb`gih gdh nb `wf` ihj`h{ib nw hd{àbn( Wn

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u~bfdh`q n ihjb`f`gih kn b`w z`w qnwuiq`{dqi`w" `knfw kn `wf`" ihgb~ynhkd

aqdhp~idbi{iw(

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uqnwih `q{nqi`b

& Lnhd{d}igik`k3 Nb k`d ` bdw gqdfdwdf`w y nb @KH(& B` w`b~k jn{`b y hndh`{`b3 @~fnh{d kn h`gifinh{dw uqnf`{~qd" a`cd unwd unqih`{`b" b`

mdwui{`bis`gih kn bdw qngih h`gikdw" y b`w nhjnqfnk`knw qnwuiq`{dqi`w nh hidw h`gikdw

kn f`kqnw `wf{ig`w p~n j~nqdh n}u~nw{dw `b dsdhd k~q`h{n nb nfa`q`sd(

U`q{g~b`w nh w~wunhwih3

B`w u`q{g~b`w nh w~wunhwih wdh knqiz`k`w kn b`w j~nh{nw fzibnw -znmg~bdw) d jic`w

-p~nf`kdqnw)(

K`{dw qnginh{nw knf~nw{q`h p~n finh{q`w p~n b`w u`q{g~b`w gdh ~h kifn{qd 2 05 figq`w -UF05)

ub`h{n`h qinwldw u`q` b` w`b~k" b`w u`q{g~b`w gdh kifn{qdw 2 1"> figq`w -UF1(>) y b`w u`q{g~b`w

gdh kifn{qdw 2 0 figq` -u`q{g~b`w ~b{q`jih`w) gdh{qia~ynh kn jdqf` knwuqdudqgidh`k` ` nbnz`q

bdw qinwldw u`q` b` w`b~k( Knaikd ` w~ unp~nd {`f`d y lq`h w~unqjigin" b`w u`q{g~b`w fw

unp~n`w `bg`hs`h bdw `bzdbdw u~bfdh`qnw g~`hkd wn ihm`b`h" y wdh gù`gnw kn bbnz`q bdw

gdh{`fih`h{nw {}igdw ` bdw u~bfdhnw y d{q`w u`q{nw knb g~nqud `b nh{q`q nh nb {dqqnh{nw`hl~hnd(

Bdw njng{dw wdaqn b` w`b~k kn bdw m~f`hdw wdh bdw wil~inh{nw3

& Nhjnqfnk`knw g`qkidz`wg~b`qnw3 Ihgb~yn mdwui{`bis`gih y fdq{`bik`k uqnf`{~q` udqnhjnqfnk`k g`qki`g`" g`qkidu`{` iwp~fig`" `qqi{fi`w" {qdfadwiw" `{nqdwgbnqdwiw" ihj`q{d

kn fidg`qkid n miunq{nhwih `q{nqi`b(

& Nhjnqfnk`knw qnwuiq`{dqi`w3 Ihgb~yn ihgqnfnh{dw kn b`w `kfiwidhnw mdwui{`b`qi`w yf~nq{nw uqnf`{~q`w udq nhjnqfnk`knw qnwuiq`{dqi`w gdfd nb ghgnq u~bfdh`q"

`lq`z`gih kn b` nhjnqfnk`k nh unqwdh`w gdh {q`w{dqhdw u~bfdh`qnw -`wf`" nhjnqfnk`k

u~bfdh`q daw{q~g{iz` gqhig` NUDG)" ihjnggidhnw nh `wf{igdw" aqdhp~idbi{iw" qnk~ggih

kn b` j~hgih u~bfdh`q -nwungi`bfnh{n nh bdw hidw `wf{igdw)" `~fnh{d kn bdw uqdgnwdw

`bqligdw y d{qdw wh{df`w -{dw" udq ncnfubd)(

& B` w`b~k jn{`b y hndh`{`b3 Nb h`gifinh{d uqnf`{~qd" a`cd unwd jn{`b y hndh`{`b ` fnkidub`sd" `~fnh{d kn b` fdq{`bik`k nwungi`bfnh{n `wdgi`k` gdh nhjnqfnk`knw

qnwuiq`{dqi`w(

& Nhjnqfnk`knw ihj`h{ibnw3 b w `bnqli`w unki{qig`w" ihjnggidhnw qnwuiq`{dqi`w y DQB nh bdwuqifnqdw `dw kn zik`" ziwi{`w ` ~qlnhgi`w unki{qig`w n ihlqnwdw nh nb mdwui{`b(


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Kiwfih~gih knb knw`qqdbbd u~bfdh`q kn bdw hidw p~n `jng{` b` j~hgih u~bfdh`q nh b`

nk`k `k~b{` -`wf`" aqdhp~idbi{iw" `lq`z`finh{d kn b` jiaqdwiw p~w{ig`)(

& Nhjnqfnk`knw lnqi{qig`w3 ihgb~ynhkd nb `lq`z`finh{d kn nhjnqfnk`k u~bfdh`qdaw{q~g{iz` gqhig`" ihw~jiginhgi` g`qki`g` gdhlnw{iz`" bdw {q`w{dqhdw knb qi{fd g`qki`gd"

ihj`q{d kn fidg`qkid" g`qkidu`{` iwp~fig` y b` kiàn{nw nh nb `hgi`hd(

M@Uw Mikqdg`qa~qdw @qdf{igdw Udbiggbigdw -U@Mw)3

M@U Gdfuqnhkn fw kn 055 uqdk~g{dw p~figdw dqlhigdw" p~n lnhnq`bfnh{n ù`qngnh

fnsgb`kdw p~n gdh{inhnh kdw d fw gdfu~nw{dw nh nb ìqn y wdh nb qnw~b{`kd kn b` p~nf` kn

gdfa~w{iabnw jwibnw" {à`gd y d{q`w f`{nqi`w dqlhig`w( Bdw fw uqndg~u`h{nw wdh bdw `h{q`gnhdw"

jb~q`{nhdw y uiqnhdw(

Nw{~kidw kn n}udwigih knb fnkid `fainh{n m`h u~nw{d kn f`hijinw{d `wdgi`gidhnw nh{qn b`n}udwigih gqhig` ` mikqdg`qa~qdw `qdf{igdw udbiggbigdw ` kijnqnh{nw hiznbnw y `b{nq`gidhnw kn b`

qnwu~nw{` ihf~hn y fdkijig`gidhnw kn b` gù`gik`k kn bdw bihjdgi{dw u`q` qnu`q`q nb k`d knb @KH

B` n}udwigih uqnh`{`b ` bdw mikqdg`qa~qdw `qdf{igdw udbiggbigdw nh nb ìqn -a`c` gdhgnh{q`gih)

w~linqn njng{dw `kznqwdw qnuqdk~g{izdw(

N}udwigidhnw dg~u`gidh`bnw

Hd m`y k`{dw wdaqn b` n}udwigih ` mikqdg`qa~qdw `qdf{igdw udbiggbigdw y bdw lq~udw

uqdjnwidh`bnw d kn b`w udab`gidhnw `ky`gnh{nw ` b`w ihk~w{qi`w

B` f`ydq` kn bdw nw{~kidw znqw`h wdaqn bdw {qà`c`kdqnw kn mdqhdw kn gdp~n" n}u~nw{d ` bdw M@Uwnh gdhgnh{q`gidhnw `b{`w nziknhgihkdwn k`dw nh nb @KH bihjdgi{`qid y ~h f`ydq qinwld kn

ghgnq -u~bfh" zncil`" uinb y l`w{qdih{nw{ih`bnw) kn z`bdq bifi{`kd knaikd ` fb{iubnw n}udwigidhnw

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M@U nh `b{`w gdhgnh{q`gidhnw y uq~na`w f~y bifi{`k`w kn bdw njng{dw nh b` qnuqdk~ggih kn b`

n}udwigih uqnh`{`b ` a`c`w gdhgnh{q`gidhnw kn mikqdg`qa~qdw `qdf{igdw udbiggbigdw nh nb ìqn(

N}iw{n ~h` g`qnhgi` wilhijig`{iz` kn ihznw{il`gih nh nw{` qn` p~n knanq` wnq g~ainq{` gdh

nw{~kidw kn udab`gidhnw n}u~nw{`w ` a`c`w kdwiw `fainh{`bnw(

Fn{`bnw3

B` n}udwigih m~f`h` ` fn{`bnw u~nkn dg~qqiq ` {q`zw knb ìqn" `l~` d w~nbd y u~nknh nh{q`q `b

g~nqud ` {q`zw kn b` uinb" bdw u~bfdhnw d nb ù`q`{d kilnw{izd(

Bdw fn{`bnw u~nknh wnq nwnhgi`bnw u`q` b` zik` {`bnw gdfd gdaqn -G~)" minqqd -Jn) d sihg -Sh) d

{}igdw gdfd ubdfd -Ua)" g`kfid -Gk) d nb `qwhigd -@w)(

Wn z`bdq`h bdw qinwldw u`q` b` w`b~k `wdgi`kdw gdh nb gdh{`g{d" ihm`b`gih d ihlnw{ih kn dgmd

fn{`bnw -@w" A`" Gk" Gq" Ua" Ml" Wn y Sh)(


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B` qnziwih aiabidlqjig` nw w~jiginh{n u`q` gdhgb~iq p~n b` n}udwigih `fainh{`b ` bdw fn{`bnw nw{

`wdgi`k` `3

& Nhjnqfnk`k `~{d ihf~hn3 Ihgb~ynhkd b` lq`h~bdf`{dwiw kn \nlnhnq -Gq)(& Ghgnq3 Ihgb~yn {dkdw bdw {iudw" u~bfh" nw{f`ld" ghgnq dq`b y j`qhlnd( -Ua" @w" Gk" Sh"

Gk" @w" Gk" Gq" Wn y Ml)(

& N( g`qkidz`wg~b`qnw3 ihgb~ynhkd ~h f`ydq qinwld kn `{nqdwgbnqdwiw" miunq{nhwih y`hdqf`bik`knw biukig`w -Ua" Gk" Ml)(

& J~hgih gdlhi{iz`3 Ihgb~yn njng{dw hn~qdgdhk~g{~`bnw y gdlhi{izdw" kiwfih~gih knbgdnjiginh{n ih{nbng{~`b y g`faidw nh b` w~w{`hgi` ab`hg` gnqnaq`b -Ua" Ml)(

& [d}igik`k knqf`{dblig`3 Ihgb~yn knqf`{i{iw kn gdh{`g{d uqdjnwidh`b -Gq)(& Lnhd{d}igik`k3 k`d ` bdw gqdfdwdf`w y nb @KH -@w" Ua" Gq)(& Mnf`{dblig`w3 Ihgb~yn ` b` ihf~hik`k m~fdq`b y gnb~b`q" `b{nq`gih kn bdw hiznbnw kn

ihf~hdlbda~bih`w y kn b` qn`ggih hn~{qdjbig` -Ua" Wn)(& Fn{àdbiwfd3 Qnk~ggih kn b` gù`gik`k `h{id}ik`h{n" `~fnh{d knb nw{qw d}ik`{izd"

`b{nq`gih nh b` qnwdqgih wn`" kiwj~hgih u`hgqn{ig` y uqdunhwih ` jq`g{~q`w -Ua" @w"

Gk" Sh)(

& Hn~qd{d}igik`k3 ihgb~ik` b` z`qiàibik`k knb qi{fd g`qk`gd `b{nq`kd" {q`w{dqhdwhn~qdknlnhnq`{izdw -nwgbnqdwiw fb{iubn" nhgnj`bdu`{`w nwudhlijdqfnw {q`hwfiwiabnw y

nwgbnqdwiw b`{nq`b `fid{qjig`)" `b{nq`gidhnw hn~qdfd{qignw" b` d{d{d}igik`k y `b{nq`gidhnw

ziw~`bnw -Ua" A`" Ml)(

& Kiwj~hgih qnh`b3 @w" Ua" Gk" Gq" Ml(& @b{nq`gidhnw qnuqdk~g{iz`w" jn{`bnw y kn knw`qqdbbd ihj`h{ib3 Ihgb~ynhkd" qn{q`wd knb

gqngifinh{d" `b{nq`gih qnuqdk~g{iz`" f~nq{n jn{`b" a`cd unwd `b h`gnq n ihj`h{ib ynwunqf`{dsdiknw `hdqf`bnw -Ua" Gk" @w)(

& Nhjnqfnk`knw qnwuiq`{dqi`w3 Ihgb~yn iqqi{`gih kn b` f~gdw`" hn~fdh` ih{nqw{igi`b y `wf`-Ua" Gk" Gq)(

W~bj~qd kn mikqlnhd -M1W)3

B` bianq`gih kn l`wnw ` b` `{fwjnq` kn w~bj~qd kn mikqlnhd -M1W) wn uqdk~gn nh b` n}{q`ggih y

p~nf` kn un{qbnd y l`w `w gdfd nh f~gmdw d{qdw fai{dw gdfd nb ihk~w{qi`b" `l~`w qnwik~`bnw y

b` `lqig~b{~q`( [`faih nh{q` nh nb ìqn gdfd l`w kn w`bik` nh b`w qn`w lnd{qfig`w y g~`hkd wn

knwgdfudhn b` f`{nqi` dqlhig` nh bdw u`h{`hdw(

N}udwigih kn `b{d hiznb3 Nb w~bj~qd kn mikqlnhd wn wàn p~n nw j`{`b nh `b{dw hiznbnw kn

n}udwigih y u~nkn g`~w`q wng~nb`w ` b`qld ub`sd nh `p~nbbdw p~n wdaqnziznh ` b` n}udwigih `l~k`

kn `b{d hiznb -nwu`gidw gdhjih`kdw)(

N}udwigih gqhig` udq nb a`cd hiznb3 Knuqnwidhnw y `b{nq`gidhnw mnf`{dblig`w nw{h

qnjnqnhgi`kdw nh unqwdh`w p~n ziznh gnqg` kn qn`w gdh{`fih`k`w udq b` n}{q`ggih kn un{qbnd y

l`w(


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Gdf~hik`knw n}u~nw{`w ` hiznbnw a`cdw gqhigdw kn M1W u~nkn n}unqifnh{`q ~h `~fnh{d kn

ihlqnwdw mdwui{`b`qidw udq {q`w{dqhdw u~bfdh`qnw nh `k~b{dw y hidw -NUDG" `wf`" hn~fdh`)( Nh

b` gi~k`k kn Qd{dq~`" H~nz` Snb`hk`" wn nhg~nh{q` nh ~h qn` lnd{qfig` gdh `b{`w nfiwidhnw kn

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nhjnqfnk`k u~bfdh`q p~n `p~nbbdw gi~k`k`hdw p~n hd ziznh nh b`w qn`w kn `b{` n}udwigih(

L`wnw knqiz`kdw kn b` gdfa~w{ih knb kinwnb3

Wdh ~h` fnsgb` gdfubnc` kn u`q{g~b`w ~b{q`jih`w -2 6 0 figq`w kn kifn{qd) nh w~wunhwih"

fn{`bnw" fibnw kn gdfu~nw{dw dqlhigdw" nh nwungi`b wdbznh{nw" y d{qdw uqdk~g{dw p~figdw

ihgb~ikdw `bl~hdw g`qgihlnhdw m~f`hdw gdhdgikdw gdfd mikqdg`qa~qdw `qdf{igdw udbiggbigbdw

-M@U)" hi{q`{dw" w~bj`{dw" dbildnbnfnh{dw y fn{`bnw(

B`w u`q{g~b`w wn ihm`b`h uqdj~hk`fnh{n nh b`w z`w qnwuiq`{dqi`w y {inhn ~h` lq`h w~unqjigin

kdhkn bdw gdfu~nw{dw dqlhigdw u~nknh `kmnqiqwn jgibfnh{n(

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knwuqdudqgidh`k`fnh{n ` b`w udab`gidhnw w~wgnu{iabnw" ihgb~ik`w b`w unqwdh`w gdh nhjnqfnk`knw

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wn ihgqnfnh{` u`q` b`w unqwdh`w uq}if`w ` j~nh{nw kn l`wnw kinwnb(

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gdfa~w{ih kinwnb `~fnh{n knaikd ` bdw uqdgnkifinh{dw n}{q`g{izdw knb jq`goihl y nb {qjigd

`wdgi`kd kn znmg~bdw kinwnb" b` w`b~k kn b` gdf~hik`k uq}if` wn znq `jng{`k` hnl`{iz`fnh{n(


46/68

Gdh{`fih`gih `gw{ig`3

B` awp~nk` wn gnh{qd nwungjig`fnh{n b`w `g{izik`knw kn n}ubd{`gih kn un{qbnd y l`w nh

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u`q{iq kn bdw gdfuqnwdqnw kn l`w" u~nkn lnhnq`q nw{qw" iqqi{`gih" f`bnw{`q" j`{il`" kdbdq kn

gàns`" njng{dw `kznqwdw nh j~hgidhnw ziw~`bnw y {q`w{dqhdw knb w~nd(

Q~ikdw qnb`gidh`kdw gdh nb {qjigd3 b` f`ydq` kn nw{dw nw{~kidw ihjdqf`qdh fdbnw{i`w y

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fidg`qkid" miunq{nhwih" nhjnqfnk`k iwp~fig` knb gdq`sh y uqdabnf`w kn w~nd(

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w~jqikd n}udwigih gqhig` `b q~ikd kn fw kn 0> `dw(

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47/68

7( kn hdzinfaqn kn 1(500 ~h {nqqnfd{d kn f`lhi{~k >": w`g~ki Dob`mdf`" y wn wih{i nh

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48/68

7(=(G`wd ib~w{q`{izd kn b`w `jnggidhnw nh unqwdh`w y `hif`bnw(

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kn `fa`w g`w`w( Bdw uqduin{`qidw {inhnh kiznqwdw `hif`bnw kn gdfu`` y hd ihjdqf`qdh kn b`

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ananq kn bdw gm`qgdw kn `l~`w kn knwngmd? `bl~hdw kn nw{dw `hif`bnw nhjnqf`qdh lq`znfnh{n y

f~qinqdh nh ~h unqidkd kn 0 ` 7 k`w knwu~w kn w~jqiq b` n}udwigih( Wnlh b` k~n` kn b` g`w` A"

b` a`bw` kn knwngmdw ihigi`bfnh{n hd nw{à` z`bb`k` y bdw `hif`bnw udk`h `ggnknq biaqnfnh{n `b

`l~` kn knwngmd( Bdw kdw uqduin{`qidw wn kinqdh g~nh{` kn ~h `ggiknh{n p~n `jng{ ` b` a`bw` kn

knwngmdw? knwu~w kn g`ql`q" ~h g`fih g`ql`kd kn `l~` kn knwngmd wn `bnc knb b~l`q gdh ~h`

zbz~b` àinq{`" bianq`hkd ùqd}if`k`fnh{n 95 bi{qdw kn `l~` kn knwngmd nh b` g`qqn{nq` kn

`ggnwd ` b` a`bw` y nh b` p~n nw{à` c~h{d ` b` uqduink`k kn b` g`w` @( Fw qnginh{nfnh{n" {`h{d b`

nfuqnw` gdfd b` `lnhgi` qnl~b`kdq` fnkid`fainh{`b kn ~h` j~l` knwkn b` a`bw` p~n qna`w

gdh{nhgidhnw {nfudq`bnw y bbnl ` ~h `qqdyd? nh a`wn ` bdw u`{qdhnw kn nqdwih nh nb w~nbd" `fadw

uqduin{`qidw ihjdqf`qdh kn p~n b` j~l` mà` nw{`kd dg~qqinhkd k~q`h{n fnwnw( Udgd {infudknwu~w kn nw{n `ggiknh{n" dg~qqi ~h` kiwj~hgih nh nb wiw{nf` kn ìqn`gih kn b` a`bw` kn

knwngmdw" uqdk~ginhkd ~h f`b dbdq p~n wn f`h{~zd nh nb nh{dqhd kn b`w g`w`w @ y A k~q`h{n k`w"

`jng{`hkd ` b` w`b~k kn `fa`w j`fibi`w( G~`hkd b` uqduin{`qi` @ uqd{nw{" b` gdfu`` wn djqngi `

u`l`q bdw l`w{dw kn fd{nb u`q` nbb` y w~ j`fibi`( Nbb` qngm`s b` djnq{` udqp~n hd p~iwd à`hkdh`q

` w~w `hif`bnw(

@uqd}if`k`fnh{n ~h `d knwu~w knb gdfinhsd kn b`w unqjdq`gidhnw" ~h` ynl~` `fnqig`h

p~`q{nq w`h` kn b` uqduink`k @ gdfnhs kn qnunh{n gdh `hdqn}i`" f`bnw{`q lnhnq`b " quik`

uqkik` kn unwd y bnzn knwgddqkih`gih" knwu~w kn mànq da{nhikd qnw~b{`kdw hdqf`bnw nh ~h`

n}ubdq`gih jwig` qn`bis`k` wnf`h`w `h{nw( Wn {q`{ wih{df{ig`fnh{n ` b` ynl~` gdh ~h


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`h{iai{igd" gdq{igdikn y `h{imiw{`fhigd( Udgdw k`w knwu~w" b` ynl~` nw{à` `{}ig` y wn b` {q`{

gdfd wi j~nq` ~h` finbdnhgnj`b{iw uqd{dsd`qi` np~ih`" `~hp~n hd wn mà` mngmd hihlh

ki`lhw{igd( Knwu~w kn {qnw g~`{qd k`w" b` ynl~` hd mà` fncdq`kd y wn b` zdbzi ` {q`{`q( Nh

udgdw k`w" bdw wh{df`w hn~qdbligdw mà`h nzdb~gidh`kd kn {`b f`hnq`" p~n nb `hif`b hd udk`

bnz`h{`qwn( Bdw u`qfn{qdw p~figdw w`hl~hndw y gbhigdw fdw{qà`h j`bbd mnu{igd `l~kd kn

dqilnh {}igd( Nb zn{nqih`qid wdwungm nhznhnh`finh{d wnznqd udq fn{`bnw gdfd g`~w` knb

g~`kqd `l~kd kn b` ynl~`? nw{d hd bbnl ` gdhjiqf`qwn" y` p~n hd wn miginqdh `hbiwiw

{d}igdbligdw( Kdw wnf`h`w knwu~w knb gdfinhsd wn bn uq`g{ig b` n~{`h`wi` knaikd `b f`b

uqdhw{igd y j`b{` kn qnwu~nw{` `b {q`{`finh{d( Wn gdf~hig`qdh wilhdw hn~qdbligdw wifib`qnw nh

d{qd g`wd kn nw{n nw{~kid p~n `jng{ ` kdw gà`bbdw p~n ziz`h c~h{d ` ~h udsd znq{ig`b uqdj~hkd

kn n}{q`ggih kn l`w(

@knfw" `fadw uqduin{`qidw g~ikà`h kn `hif`bnw p~n nw{à`h uqn`kdw nh nwn fdfnh{d3 nb

k~nd kn b` g`w` A {nh` ~h` gàq` Adnq kn {qnw `dw w`h`" p~n àdq{ kdw jn{dw nh nb wnl~hkd

{qifnw{qn" y bdw k~ndw kn b` g`w` @ {nh`h ~h` unqq` Ad}nq p~n w~jqi kiw{dgi` nh ~h` g~`q{`g`f`k`" -knwu~w kn u`qiq uqnzi`fnh{n {qnw g`f`k`w hdqf`bnw)" u`qinhkd ~h g`gmdqqd f~nq{d y

d{qd gdh u`b`k`q mnhkikd p~n f~qi udgd {infud knwu~w( [infud knwu~w" nw{` fiwf` unqq`

u`qi ~h` p~ih{` g`f`k` gdh win{n g`gmdqqdw f~nq{dw y dgmd p~n f~qinqdh nh b`w uqifnq`w 1;

mdq`w( [dkdw bdw g`gmdqqdw {~zinqdh miud{qigdwiw gdhlhi{`" nw kngiq" `~wnhgi` {d{`b d u`qgi`b kn

unbd hdqf`b(

Udgd knwu~w kn gdfnhs`q b` jq`g{~q` mikq~big` nh nb uqifnq udsd" ~h hid p~n ziz` nh b` g`w` A

gdfnhs ` hd{`q wh{df`w kn j`{il`" kdbdq àkdfih`b ih{nhwd" kdbdq y nwgdsdq kn l`ql`h{` y kdbdq

kn nwu`bk`( Wniw fnwnw fw {`qkn" j~n mdwui{`bis`kd gdh gdhj~wih y knbiqid y wn bn `kfihiw{q

fdqjih` u`q` nb kdbdq àkdfih`b( Knwu~w kn b`w f~nq{nw kn z`qidw `hif`bnw gi{`k`w`h{nqidqfnh{n" nb fkigd knb hid wdwungm p~n bdw wh{df`w wn kna`h ` {d}igik`k( @hbiwiw

{d}igdbligdw qnznb`qdh nhznhnh`finh{d udq `qwhigd gdfd g`~w` kn b` nhjnqfnk`k knb gmigd( B`

j`fibi` knc kn ~w`q nb `l~` knb udsd" ` unw`q kn p~n bdw `hbiwiw ihkigà`h p~n nq` wnl~qd ananqb`"

y nb hid wn qng~unq udgd ` udgd knwu~w kn unqknq ~h `d kn gdbnlid(

K~q`h{n b` jq`g{~q`gih mikq~big`" w~w{`hgi`w p~n n}iw{nh kn jdqf` h`{~q`b nh b` uis`qq`" gdfd nb

`qwhigd" bbnl`h ` b` w~unqjigin ihgb~ik`w nh nb `l~` kn knwngmd( Nh nw{n g`wd" nwn knwngmd j~n

`bf`gnh`kd nh b` a`bw`" kdhkn bdw ìqn`kdqnw fnsgb`qdh bdw uqdk~g{dw p~figdw gdh nb ìqn"

`~fnh{`hkd `w b` uqdaàibik`k kn p~n j~nq`h ihm`b`kdw udq unqwdh`w y `hif`bnw( @w fiwfd" b`w

j~l`w knb `l~` kn knwngmd" gdfd wn zi `h{nw" u~kinqdh gdh{`fih`q nb `l~` w~a{nqqhn`( Bdw

`hbiwiw p~n wn miginqdh nh bdw udsdw kn b`w g`w`w @ y A y nh nb f`h`h{i`b kn b` g`w` @ hd qnznb`qdh

hiznbnw `b{dw kn `qwhigd? wih nfa`qld" k`k`w b`w jb~g{~`gidhnw nh nb hiznb y b` g`bik`k knb `l~`" nw

udwiabn p~n hiznbnw `b{dw kn `qwhigd m`y`h ihigi`kd bdw wh{df`w knb hid kn b` g`w` A y knwu~w

m`y`h a`c`kd ` b` hdqf`bik`k `b m`gnq bdw `hbiwiw ~h `d knwu~w( [`faih u~nkn wnq p~n bdw

hiznbnw kn `qwhigd ihjdqf`kdw wn`h nhl`dw`fnh{n a`cdw knaikd ` p~n nb `qwhigd u~nkn

{q`hwjdqf`qwn nh `qwihn" ~h l`w {}igd p~n wn kiwiu` quik`fnh{n _7=V( Nh b`w unqwdh`w" b`

n}udwigih dq`b `l~k` y gqhig` `b qwhigd uqdk~gn njng{dw l`w{qdih{nw{ih`bnw y knb wiw{nf`

hnqzidwd3 bdw njng{dw ` gdq{d ub`sd wdh kdbdqnw kn gàns`" knaibik`k y knbiqidw finh{q`w p~n bdw kn

b`qld ub`sd ihgb~ynh hn~qdu`{` unqijqig`( B` n}udwigih `l~k` kn b`w unqwdh`w `b Q`gihn u~nkn


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uqdk~giq f~gmdw njng{dw" gdfd kdbdqnw àkdfih`bnw y gnj`bn`w( Bdw `hif`bnw n}u~nw{dw kn jdqf`

`l~k` `b `qwhigd ihdqlhigd u~nknh fdw{q`q f~gmdw wh{df`w ihgb~ynhkd f`qgm` ihnw{àbn"

bn{`qli` n}{qnf` y kdbdq àkdfih`b ih{nhwd" finh{q`w p~n bdw `hif`bnw n}u~nw{dw nh unqidkdw kn

{infud b`qldw u~nknh fdw{q`q `hdqn}i`" knuqnwih y u`qbiwiw u`qgi`b kn bdw finfaqdw {q`wnqdw(

Bdw nw{~kidw nh `hif`bnw wn`b`h p~n nb `qwhigd {`faih u~nkn uqdk~giq f`bjdqf`gidhnw y

f~nq{nw jn{`bnw(

@ fnkik` p~n b` j`fibi` kn b` g`w` A wnl~` winhkd n}`fih`k` a~wg`hkd {}igdw" z`qidw `hbiwiw kn

dqih` `b `s`q nh {dkdw bdw finfaqdw kn b` j`fibi` kinqdh udwi{izd u`q` jnhdb" ~h fn{àdbi{d knb

anhgnhd" gdh `~fnh{dw f~y ifudq{`h{nw nh ~h unqidkd kn z`qidw fnwnw( Wnlh nw{~kidw kn w`b~k

dg~u`gidh`bnw" nb bàdq`{dqid ih{nquqn{ nw{dw qnw~b{`kdw gdfd gdfu`{iabnw gdh n}udwigidhnw

gqhig`w ` 5(>& ;(5 uuf -0": 01"= fl$f7) kn anhgnhd nh nb ìqn( Bdw wh{df`w fw qnginh{nw

dawnqz`kdw nh finfaqdw kn `fa`w j`fibi`w ihgb~ynh j`{il` n}{qnf`" kdbdqnw kn gàns`"

mnfdqq`li`w h`w`bnw" nq~ugidhnw y kjigi{w wnhwdqi`bnw -dbj`{d y dkd)( Nb hid kn b` g`w` A {`faih

{nh` kijig~b{`k qnwuiq`{dqi` y {~zd p~n knc`q nb gdbnlid ~h` zns fw( Bdw fkigdw kn `fa`wj`fibi`w bnw qngdfnhk`qdh knc`q w~w g`w`w k~q`h{n 75 k`w `b fnhdw" wi hd p~nq`h w~jqiq

gdhwng~nhgi`w fw lq`znw( B` k~n` kn b` g`w` A wil~i nb gdhwncd y w`g ` w~

ESTUDIO SOBRE LA FRACTURACIÓN HIDRÁULICA O “FRACKING”

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Transcript of ESTUDIO SOBRE LA FRACTURACIÓN HIDRÁULICA O “FRACKING”