"Espacios Habitados & Memoria" de Paloma Moya

8/16/2019 "Espacios Habitados & Memoria" de Paloma Moya

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PHFR@S]FLDL L@ DS\@], MF@HMFD] V MKJPHFMDMFÝH

Bdmuntdl l` Drt`, Lfs`ôk y Drquft`mturdMdrr`rd l` Drt`s Rfsudn`s y Bktkardbêd

@]YDMFK] EDCF\DLK] & J@JKSFD

J`jkrfd pdrd kptdr dn Ardlk Dmdlæjfmk l` Nfm`hmfdld `h Drt`s Rfsudn`s &Bktkardbêd y dn \êtunk Yrkb`sfkhdn l` Drtfstd Rfsudn & Bktýardbd.

Yrkb`skrd Auêd7 Mndulfd Jfssdhd Jdhmfnnd

@stulfdht`7Ydnkjd Adcrf`nd Jkyd Skgds

Fhmnuy` v`rsfýh lfaftdn ML-SKJ

]dhtfdak l` Mefn`, Jdrzk l` 3940


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@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd 3

Dardl`mfjf`htks

D jfs pdlr`s, pkr dpkydrj` fhmkhlfmfkhdnj`ht` y `hs`ôdrj` mkh su `g`jpnk

qu` `n `sbu`rzk pkr nk qu` s` djd, sup`rd tkld dlv`rsfldl.

D Mdjfnk, pkr dmkjpdôdrj` `h ardh pdrt` l` `st` vfdg`, y pkr aufdrj` pkr uh

mdjfhk fhbfhftk l` djkr.

D Mndulfd, pkr uhfr nks mdcks su`ntks y lfrfafrj` d r`spu`stds qu` huhmd

cusquæ mkhsmf`ht`j`ht`

Ydnkjd


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@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd =

ÊHLFM@ Yäa

S@]PJ@H <

FH\SKLPMMFÝH 0

F. FHR@]\FADMFÝH V JDSMK \@ÝSFMK 1

4.4. J`jkrfd - Edcftdr - Mdsd 1

4.4.4. S`ndmfkh`s 1

4.4.3. S`mkhstrummfýh l` nd J`jkrfd edcftdmfkhdn 6

4.4.=. Nd Mdsd mkjk prky`mmfýh l`n mu`rpk jdt`rhk 49

4.4.


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Fhtrklummfýh

Nd pr`s`ht` j`jkrfd fhldad skcr` nd fl`htfbfmdmfýh l` nks `n`j`htks qu` s` edm`h

pr`s`ht`s `h `n prkm`sk mr`dtfvk l` nd dutkrd, m`htrdlk `h dht`m`l`ht`s

dutkcfkaräbfmks y bdjfnfdr`s, `h tkrhk d sus `spdmfks edcftdlks y nd j`jkrfd

sucydm`ht` d `nnks. Ldlk `n mdrämt`r dutkcfkaräbfmk l`n lkmuj`htk, s` edm`

h`m`sdrfk dckrldr `n `smrftk `h prfj`rd p`rskhd.

Jf pdsk pkr nd `smu`nd l` Drt`s Rfsudn`s mkfhmflfý mkh uh p`rêklk p`rskhdn

mkjpn`gk, lkhl` nds pærlflds bdjfnfdr`s `stuvf`rkh pr`s`ht`s `h ardh pdrt` l` jfs

`stulfks. @h `s` mkht`xtk, cusquæ trdcdgdr l`sl` nk qu` nd r`dnfldl j` p`lêd dsujfr7

nd pærlfld, nd ju`rt`, nks `spdmfks vdmêks. Dsê `s qu` fhfmfæ uhd c÷squ`ld l`sl` nd

dprkpfdmfýh l` nd efstkrfd bdjfnfdr, pdrd r`smdtdr l` `std bkrjd `n a`stk drtêstfmk

l`sl` jfs `xp`rf`hmfds. @std jdh`rd l` nn`vdr nd kcrd, bu` pkmk d pkmk l`mdhtdhlk

`h uh trdcdgk qu` cdsdlk `h vfv`hmfds prkpfds, s` lfrfaêd edmfd nk mkn`mtfvk -k jäs

a`h`rdn-, d trdvæs l` nd r`fht`rpr`tdmfýh l` `xp`rf`hmfds dg`hds skcr` nd prkpfd`xfst`hmfd, dn vfvfr y edcftdr.

L` `std bkrjd, nd j`jkrfd cfkaräbfmd `stä vfhmundld dn edcftdr, d nd mdsd, dn

`spdmfk l`n ekadr. Nd fjda`h l` nd mdsd hks fhvftd d r`bn`xfkhdr, d mkh`mtdr mkh nds

efstkrfds fjpr`ahdlds `h sus pdr`l`s, y dsê d p`hsdr `h quf`h`s nd edcftdh dekrd y

quf`h`s nd edcftdrkh dht`rfkrj`ht`. Nd eujdhfldl ed vfv`hmfdlk nd `xp`rf`hmfd l`

edcftdr `h sus lfstfhtds bkrjds7 dnauhks s` edh ds`htdlk, jf`htrds ktrks edh

`jfardlk `h c÷squ`ld l` hu`vks `spdmfks, a`h`rdhlk dsê uhd efstkrfd l`n ekadrqu` s` l`gý dträs. V `s d pdrtfr l` `s` `spdmfk edcftdlk qu` nd kcrd s` l`sdrrknnd,

cdsdlk `h nd r`ndmfýh qu` jdht`h`jks mkh hu`strd efstkrfd, fhlfsknucn`j`ht`

dhmndld d nd mdsd, qu` `s nd `hmdradld l` `hvknv`rnd y r`saudrldrnd l` nks dôks.


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J` fht`r`sd `xpnkrdr sf `s `n `spdmfk `n qu` jklfbfmd dn fhlfvfluk k sf `s `n

fhlfvfluk l`sl` su `xp`rf`hmfd quf`h jklfbfmd dn `spdmfk. L`sl` nd c÷squ`ld l` uhd

j`jkrfd p`rlfld, cusmk r`ndtks sfjcýnfmks qu` `sp`rdh s`r `hmkhtrdlks.

@xfst` uhd r`ndmfýh sfjcfýtfmd `htr` nd mdsd y `n fhlfvfluk, lkhl` mdld uhk l``nnks `s h`m`sdrfk pdrd l`t`rjfhdr dn ktrk. Hk `s uhd r`ndmfýh dn dzdr, yd qu` mudhlk

edcndjks l` mdsd tdjcfæh edcndjks l` nd mkhstrummfýh qu` prktà` `n fht`rfkr? y d

mdld uhk l` nks qu` edcftdh `h `nnd.

Ykr ktrk ndlk, `n `spdmfk qu` s` edcftd buhmfkhd mkjk uh lfspksftfvk qu`

dnc`rad, prktà` y r`saudrld dn edcftdht`. Ydr`mf`rd s`r `n fhfmfk l`n jklk l` edcftdr,

p`rk euck dnak dht`s, nd prfj`rd mdsd7 `n ÷t`rk. @s dsê mkjk `n `spdmfk qu`

edcftdjks s` mkhvf`rt` `h `n pu`ht` `htr` `n krfa`h (÷t`rk) y nd vfld qu` sfau`. Mdlduhk tkjd pdp`n`s sfjfndr`s, nd mdsd d j`lfld qu` pdsd `n tf`jpk, vd

trdhsbkrjählks` `h uh `spdmfk ” ÷t`rk. @std `strumturd hks edcnd l`sl` nk

b`j`hfhk? `n vf`htr` d jdh`rd l` dnc`rau`, uh `spdmfk prktàflk pkr `n s`htflk

jdt`rhk l` nd mdsd.

Hk kcstdht` nk dht`rfkr, `n fhlfvfluk s` fhtàrd dn `spdmfk qu` nk mkcfgd l`

dmu`rlk d su mkht`xtk y munturd, pkr `nnk `xfst`h lfstfhtds bkrjds l` edcftdr qu`

vdrêdh l`p`hlf`hlk l` mdld skmf`ldl. \uv` `hmu`htrks mkh `stds hu`vds bkrjdsl`sl` jf cdrrfk, nk mudn a`h`rý uh fht`ræs qu` j` nn`vý d mkh`mtdr mkh uhd jfrdld

`thkaräbfmd, dm`rmählkj` d uh „ktrk‚ f l`sl` nd lfb`r`hmfd, mkjk uhd jdh`rd l`

`hmkhtrdrs` mkh uhk jfsjk.

@h `st` mkht`xtk, nd fhv`stfadmfýh ed `stdlk lfrfafld pkr nd kcs`rvdmfýh y `n

ràfstrk bktkaräbfmk y l` vfl`k, pdrd nd mkhstrummfýh l` uh drmefvk mkjk jdt`rfdn l`

kcrd. @st` drmefvk l` fjäa`h`s s` bu` bkrjdhlk `h tkrhk d tr`s jug`r`s7 Br`sfd

Räsqu`z (dcu`nd jdt`rhd), @rfod Skgds (jdlr`) y L`vkrde Mdnl`rd (v`mfhd, aftdhd).

@nnds bu`rkh `s`hmfdn`s pdrd `n l`sdrrknnk l` nd pr`s`ht` j`jkrfd, yd qu` vfhmundlds

ff @n Ktrk, `ht`hlflk mkjk da`ht` prfhmfpdn, dg`hk dn drt`, mkh `n mudn s` mr`d `n dmtk drtêstfmkmkndckrdtfvk.


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d lfb`r`ht`s `xp`rf`hmfds `h tkrhk dn `spdmfk, `n s`htflk l` edcftdr s` bu`

l`s`hvknvf`hlk edmfd nd hkmfýh l` nd mdsd mkjk vf`htr` jdt`rhk.

F. FHR@]\FADMFÝH V JDSMK \@ÝSFMK

4.4. J`jkrfd - Edcftdr - Mdsd

4.4.4. S`ndmfkh`s

Nd efstkrfd l` mdld munturd trd` mkhsfak nd eu`nnd l` uh pdsdlk, qu` l`t`rjfhd nd

bkrjd l` vfvfr. L`sl` `n pr`s`ht` `s qu` nd j`jkrfd s` buhld `h uhd jfrdld dn

pdsdlk, mkhstruy`hlk r`ndtks d trdvæs l` fjäa`h`s, t`xtks y pdndcrds qu` `std

`htr`ad.

Nd j`jkrfd `h sê `s nd mdpdmfldl l` dlqufrfr, dnjdm`hdr, r`mup`rdr y knvfldr

fhbkrjdmfýh. Hk `s h`m`sdrfdj`ht` `n vfvk r`trdtk l` uh dmkht`mfjf`htk, sfhk jäs

cf`h `s nd mkht`h`lkrd l` nd fht`rpr`tdmfýh l`n r`mu`rlk, l` nd r`j`jkrdmfýh. L``std bkrjd, `xfst` nd r`mup`rdmfýh y `s `std dmmfýh nk qu` mkhbfaurd nk qu`

`ht`hl`jks pkr j`jkrfd. Mkhstdht`j`ht` s` r`dnfzd `n `g`rmfmfk l` trd`r dn pr`s`ht`

`n`j`htks l`n pdsdlk mkjk uhd c÷squ`ld d trdvæs l` nds mdpds l`n r`mu`rlk y l`

`stk edcnd Qdnt`r C`hgdjfh (4662) `h „@smrftks Dutkcfkaräbfmks‚7

@n n`haudg` ed supu`stk fh`quêvkmdj`ht` qu` nd mkhsmf`hmfd

hk s`d uh fhstruj`htk pdrd `xpnkrdr `n pdsdlk, sfhk su

`sm`hdrfk. @s `n j`lfk l` nk vfvflk, mkjk nd tf`rrd `s `n j`lfk`h `n qu` nds mfuldl`s ju`rtds ydm`h s`puntdlds. Tuf`h s`

trdt` l` dm`rmdr d su prkpfk pdsdlk s`puntdlk l`c`

mkjpkrtdrs` mkjk uh ekjcr` qu` mdvd. @sk l`t`rjfhd `n tkhk,

nd dmtftul l` nks dutæhtfmks r`mu`rlks. _...Z `n r`mu`rlk hk l`c`

dvdhzdr l` uh jklk hdrrdtfvk, hf j`hks d÷h fhbkrjdtfvk, sfhk


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`hsdydr æpfmd y rdpsýlfmdj`ht`, `h `n s`htflk `strfmtk l` nd

pdndcrd, su prksp`mmfýh l` tdht`k `h nuadr`s sf`jpr` hu`vks,

fhldadhlk `h nks dhtfauks j`lfdht` mdpds mdld v`z jäs

prkbuhlds (pp. 349 - 344).

@s `vfl`ht` nd fjpkrtdhmfd qu` t`hêd pdrd C`hgdjfh `n pdsdlk `h sê jfsjk, hk

mkjk uhd mdgd l` r`mu`rlks d nd mudn r`murrfjks, sf hk mkjk uh `g`rmfmfk

`xp`rfj`htdn qu` s` r`dnfzd `h `n jfsjk pr`s`ht`. Hk nk `stdcn`m` mkjk uh e`mek

lfstdht`, sfhk qu` nk fht`ard l`htrk l`n pr`s`ht`.

L` `std bkrjd, pkl`jks ldr mu`htd l` nd r`n`vdhmfd qu` tf`h` nd j`jkrfd

mkjk `n`j`htk qu` hdm` l` nd fht`rdmmfýh `htr` r`mu`rlk y knvflk, fhsfst`ht` y

r`p`tftfvd, p`rk sf`jpr` mkh uh r`ndtk qu` nd l`t`rjfhd. Dsê `s mkjk nd j`jkrfd ldmkhtfhufldl d nd r`dnfldl `h qu` vfvfjks, l`sl` nd uhfbfmdmfýh l` vfv`hmfds y

r`mu`rlks.

Nd j`jkrfd y sus lfspksftfvks, mkjk nd bktkardbêd y `n vfl`k, s` mkhbfaurdh

mkjk `n skpkrt` pdrd trd`r dn pr`s`ht` e`meks pdsdlks, l` `st` jklk `j`ra`h nks

r`ndtks qu` mkhstruy`h uhd æpkmd, mkht`xtk y nuadr. @xp`rfj`htdjks nd vfld `h `n

mkht`xtk l` lfb`r`ht`s `spdmfks. Ykr nk tdhtk nd j`jkrfd `s `sm`hfbfmdld `h lfstfhtks

nuadr`s, vfhmundld d nds fjäa`h`s l` nks `spdmfks qu` nd mkhtf`h`h.

@h nd `xp`rf`hmfd l`n edcftdr, `xfst` `sd bkrjd l` j`jkrfd qu` drtfmund `n

t`rrftkrfk p`rskhdn, qu` l`t`rjfhd nd `xfst`hmfd l` nd p`rskhd, y `stk `s -nd Mdsd-,

mkjk t`rrftkrfk l`nfjftdlk qu` pks`` uhd bu`rzd `xpr`sfvd prkpfd, pkt`hmfdn qu` s`

`xtrd` l`sl` su bkrjd y dn qu` n` dtrfcufjks lfstfhtks sfahfbfmdlks y mdrads

`jkmfkhdn`s.

@st` `spdmfk, l`bfhflk mkjk t`rrftkrfk êhtfjk, ktkrad fl`htfldl munturdn d

lfstfhtks arupks skmfdn`s, pks`` pkr tdhtk uh t`rrftkrfk bêsfmk qu` s` lfb`r`hmfd l`n

`spdmfk l`sl` nd hkmfýh l` nêjft`, mkjk cf`h nk `xpnfmd ]dnm`lk Jfnfdhf (3990)7

\`rrftkrfk7 `s a`h`rdlk d pdrtfr l`n `spdmfk y `s `n r`suntdlk l`

nd dmmfýh l` nks lfstfhtks da`ht`s, l`sl` `n `stdlk dn fhlfvfluk,


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pdsdhlk pkr tklds nds kradhfzdmfkh`s p`qu`ôds k ardhl`s...

]à÷h N`b`cr` `n `spdmfk `s nd prfsfýh krfafhdn y `n t`rrftkrfk `s

nd prfsfýh qu` `n ekjcr` s` prkpkrmfkhd.

D÷h jäs7 `n tærjfhk t`rrftkrfk edm` tdjcfæh r`b`r`hmfd d ndhkmfýh l` nêjft`. @std hkmfýh `xpnfmd nd r`ndmfýh qu` jdhtf`h`

uh arupk mkh uhd pkrmfýh l`n `spdmfk. Nd dmmfýh l` `st` arupk

a`h`rd fhj`lfdtdj`ht` nd l`nfjftdmfýh (p.4).

\dn mkjk nk l`ju`strd ]dnm`lk, nd r`ndmfýh `htr` `spdmfk y j`jkrfd `s

`str`med7 nks lks `n`j`htks skh h`m`sdrfks pdrd nd `xfst`hmfd l`n ktrk. @xfst` uhd

ludnfldl `h nd r`ndmfýh qu` jdhtf`h`h, yd qu` `stdcn`m`h `h sus sfahfbfmdlks nk qu`

`nnks jfsjks cusmdh l`n ktrk. @n `spdmfk `s, pkr uh ndlk, nd pkrmfýh qu` s` ktkrad y,pkr ktrk, `n t`rrftkrfk `s nk qu` s` edm` prkpfk. Nd j`jkrfd pkr tdhtk, `s nk qu` s`

`xtrd` l` nd `xp`rf`hmfd l`n edcftdr.

4.4.3. S`mkhstrummfýh l` nd J`jkrfd edcftdmfkhdn

]` `htf`hl` pkr r`mkhstrummfýh, tkld dmmfýh dht` dnauhd pærlfld `vfl`ht` ff, d trdvæsl` a`stks sfjcýnfmks k bêsfmks pdrd nd r`-mr`dmfýh l` uh e`mek k `spdmfk.

Ydrd nn`vdr d mdck nd mkhstrummfýh l`n pr`s`ht`, `s h`m`sdrfk `n

r`stdcn`mfjf`htk l` `n`j`htks r`b`r`ht`s dn pdsdlk, mkh tklk `nnk `s mkjk nd hkmfýh

l`n dekrd hdm`. Jdht`h`r ndt`ht` `h `n tf`jpk uh e`mek, s` trdhsbkrjd `h nd dmmfýh

a`h`rdtfvd l` uhd j`jkrfd dmtfvd, yd qu` mkh `nnk s` r`murr` mkhstdht`j`ht` d uh

`spdmfk l` tf`jpk pdsdlk, mkh nd bfhdnfldl l` mkhs`rvdr y r`t`h`r `n e`mek `h `n

jfsjk fhstdht` `h `n mudn `stä sum`lf`hlk, mkh `nnk `n pr`s`ht` jutd r`saudrldhlkhu`strd j`jkrfd.

Phd fl`d sfjfndr pu`l` `hmkhtrdrs` `h nks t`jds `xpu`stks pkr `n bfnýskbk

dn`jäh Jdrtfh E`flàa`r, `h `n ]àuhlk „Mknkqufk l` Ldrjstdlt‚, r`dnfzdlk `n 0 l`

ff Yærlfld `ht`hlfld mkjk nd dus`hmfd l`n kcg`tk/p`rskhd `h bkrjd bêsfmd7 ju`rt`, pærlfld u kjfsfýh.


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dakstk l`n dôk 4604, quf`h lfmtý nd mkhb`r`hmfd „Mkhstrufr, edcftdr, p`hsdr‚, pdrd

drquft`mtks qu` numedcdh pkr r`mkhstrufr nd Dn`jdhfd l`strufld l`spuæs l` nd

l`vdstdmfýh l` nd au`rrd, y qu` pkr mkhsfauf`ht` l`cêdh mkhstrufr vfvf`hlds pdrd nks

jfnnkh`s l` mfuldldhks qu` qu`ldrkh `h nd mdnn`. @n kcg`tfvk l` nd mkhb`r`hmfd hk `rd

`hs`ôdr d mkhstrufr, sf hk qu` l`v`ndr nd „`s`hmfd‚ l` nd mkhstrummfýh y nd vfvf`hld

eujdhd.

]`a÷h E`fl`aa`r (46


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Nd mdsd `h nd vfld l`n ekjcr` supndhtd mkhtfha`hmfds, juntfpnfmd

sus mkhs`gks l` mkhtfhufldl. ]fh `nnd `n ekjcr` s`rêd uh s`r

lfsp`rsk. Nk skstf`h` d trdvæs l` nds tkrj`htds l`n mf`nk y l`

nds tkrj`htds l` nd vfld. @s mu`rpk y dnjd. @s `n prfj`r juhlk

l`n s`r eujdhk. Dht`s l` s`r "ndhzdlk dn juhlk" mkjk lfm`h

nks j`tdbêsfmks räpflks, `n ekjcr` `s l`pksftdlk `h nd muhd l`

nd mdsd. V sf`jpr`, `h hu`strks su`ôks, nd mdsd `s uhd ardh

muhd. Phd j`tdbêsfmd mkhmr`td hk pu`l` l`gdr d uh ndlk `s`

e`mek, `s` sfjpn` e`mek, tdhtk jäs, mudhtk qu` `s` e`mek `s

uh vdnkr, uh ardh vdnkr dn mudn vknv`jks `h hu`strks `hsu`ôks.

@n s`r `s l` fhj`lfdtk uh vdnkr. Nd vfld `jpf`zd cf`h, `jpf`zd

`hm`rrdld, prktàfld, tkld tfcfd `h `n ràdzk l` uhd mdsd (pp.36 - =9).

Cdme`ndrl ds`v`rd qu` nd mdsd `s uhd ardh muhd, `n prfj`r uhfv`rsk y uh

`spdmfk lkhl` s` r`mfc` dn hu`vk edcftdht`, p`rk edy dnak qu` dht`m`l` d nd mdsd l`

fhbdhmfd y `s `n ÷t`rk jdt`rhk, mkjk `n prfj`r `spdmfk l` vfld `h `n s`r eujdhk. @n

÷t`rk `s quf`h mkcfgd `h prfj`rd fhstdhmfd nd vfld, pr`pdrd dn s`r eujdhk pdrd

`hbr`htdr nk qu` edy „dbu`rd‚, y hk pdr`m` s`r mdsudnfldl qu` nd mdsd cusqu` mujpnfr

buhmfkh`s pdr`mflds dn ÷t`rk, mkjk r`mfcfr, mkcfgdr y mkht`h`r, mkjk `spdmfk l`trdhsfmfýh `htr` `n fhfmfk l` nd vfld y nd fhbdhmfd.

Yksfcn`j`ht` `n `spdmfk l`n ÷t`rk pu`l` skhdr dg`hk d hu`strds `xfst`hmfds

yd qu` lfbêmfnj`ht` `xfst`h hkmfkh`s qu` hks ju`str`h uh mndrk r`mu`rlk `h æn, p`rk

d p`sdr l` `nnk s`htfjks dpàk, d nd rdêz l`n fhfmfk l` nd vfld.

@n ÷t`rk, mkjk sêjcknk l`n mu`rpk jdt`rhk s` r`ndmfkhd mkh nd mdsd

j`tdbýrfmdj`ht` d trdvæs l` nds kpksfmfkh`s qu` æstd `vkmd7 p÷cnfmk/prfvdlk,

l`htrk/dbu`rd. Nd mdsd `h sf `s uh `spdmfk êhtfjk y prfvdlk, dn faudn qu` `n ÷t`rk

r`saudrld l` uh dbu`rd fhmf`rtk, hks pr`pdrd pdrd nd sdnfld y nd nnàdld dn hu`vk

edcftdr. @h l`bfhftfvd, `n ÷t`rk y nd mdsd skh `n r`buafk dn mudn s` pr`t`hl` vknv`r,

mkjk quf`h vu`nv` d sus krêa`h`s nuàk l` uh tf`jpk bu`rd, `s nd rdêz quf`h nndjd y

`n s`r eujdhk quf`h vd l`träs l` `nnk, r`jkhtählks` dn `spdmfk l`n r`mu`rlk.


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4.4.


13/52

@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd 4=

Ardh Dv`hfld, `h nd mdnn` Mf`hmfds. Y`rk edy dnauhks aftdhks

qu` vfv`h `h mdrpds nks mudn`s s` `hmu`htrdh `h uh t`rr`hk, `h

`n pdrdl`rk 33 l` Ardh Dv`hfld (p.46).

\dn mkjk nk fhlfmd Sucfndr, nd bdjfnfd aftdhd ed l`gdlk l` vfvfr `h mdrpd pdrd

`stdcn`m`rs` `h mdsds fhj`rsds `h nd mkjuhfldl mefn`hd, jklfbfmdhlk su trdlfmfkhdn

bkrjd l` vfvfr.

Nd mkjuhfldl rkjdhæ s` ed mdrdmt`rfzdlk d trdvæs l`n tf`jpk pkr s`r uh

pu`cnk `rrdht`, dn hk `stdcn`m`rs` jdykr tf`jpk `h uh jfsjk nuadr, t`hf`hlk mkjk

skpkrt` edcftdmfkhdn, nd mdrpd. @stk `stä qu`ldhlk `h `n pdsdlk, yd qu` nd jdykrêd

s` `stä ds`htdhlk `h uh nuadr `sp`mêbfmk, l`gdhlk dträs `n mkhstdht` vfdg`. Dnauhksd÷h vfv`h `h mdrpd pkr jdykr`s p`rêklks l` tf`jpk, p`rk ktrks edh kptdlk pkr nd

mdsd. Nds s`pdrdmfkh`s l`htrk l` nd mdsd hk skh jurdnnds, sfhk qu` skh l` t`nds, y nd

lfspksfmfýh l` nds edcftdmfkh`s `s dcf`rtd (]ktkjdykr, 466=).

Nk dht`rfkr, ed ldlk krfa`h d uhd mkhstrummfýh l`n fjdafhdrfk edcftdmfkhdn

rkjdhæ, yd qu` `xfst` uhd c÷squ`ld pkr `n mdrämt`r l` nds mdsds aftdhk? l` dna÷h

jklk p`rsfau`h nd fl`d l` uhd mdrpd, p`rk l`sl` uh skpkrt` lurk.

@h l`bfhftfvd, `std r`dldptdmfýh dn `spdmfk l` nds hu`vds a`h`rdmfkh`s

aftdhds, s` lfrfa` d mkhs`rvdr su sfst`jd l` vfld y su efstkrfd? nd mkjuhfldl s`

jdhtf`h` l`sl` nd j`jkrfd, trdhsjftfld krdnj`ht` y d trdvæs l` prämtfmds mktflfdhds

y skmfdn`s, qu` s` sfau`h mkhs`rvdhlk d p`sdr l` nds hu`vds bkrjds l` edcftdr. @h

sêht`sfs, s` mkhstruy` `n fjdafhdrfk rkjdhæ l`sl` uhd fl`d l` edcftdr qu`, duhqu`

bkrjdnj`ht` `s lfb`r`ht`, `h `n bkhlk sfau` sf`hlk uh skpkrt` `h mkhskhdhmfd mkh

sus h`m`sfldl`s munturdn`s.


14/52

@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd 4<

4.3. Dhtrkpknkaêd Rfsudn

Nd Dhtrkpknkaêd Rfsudn `s uhd e`rrdjf`htd l` nd Dhtrkpknkaêd ]kmfdn, qu` cdsd su

`stulfk `h nds fjäa`h`s, mkjk fhstruj`htks pdrd nd kcs`rvdmfýh, l`smrfpmfýh y

dhänfsfs l` nd r`dnfldl eujdhd.

Mkjk cds` pdrd nd r`bn`xfýh `h tkrhk d nd Dhtrkpknkaêd Rfsudn pkl`jks tkjdr

`n `huhmfdlk l` Adrmêd Mdhmnfhf (4665) `h su nfcrk „Nd Yrklummfýh ]fjcýnfmd. \`krêd

y Jætklk `h ]kmfknkaêd l`n Drt`‚7

@n drt` ed flk trdhsbkrjählks` pdrd r`l`bfhfr sus vêhmunks mkh

nd skmf`ldl. L`sl` nks mkhstrumtfvfstds y nd Cduedus edstd

quf`h`s `xp`rfj`htdh eky `h aräbfmd y `n lfs`ôk djcf`htdncusmdh qu` `n drt` s`d `xpr`sfýh, t`stfjkhfk y prktdakhfstd l`

nks mdjcfks t`mhknýafmks y skmfdn`s. Nks mknnda`s, nks r`dly

jdl`, `n drt` `h nd mdnn`, `n drt` `mknýafmk urcdhk, nks jurdn`s y

mdrt`n`s skh dnauhks l` nks mdjfhks `xpnkrdlks pdrd

trdsm`hl`r nd skn`ldl `nftfstd l`n drt` pkr `n drt` (p. 39).

L`sl` `std jfrdld `s mkjk kp`rd nd Dhtrkpknkaêd Rfsudn, `h mkhtdmtk mkh nd

skmf`ldl, l`svfhmunählks` l`n purk s`htflk `stætfmk l`n drt`. Dsê, tkjd `n`j`htksl`n `htkrhk, pdrd qu` `n Drt` dmt÷` mkjk fnustrdlkr l` nk qu` `h æn kmurr`, d trdvæs

l` lfb`r`ht`s v`rtf`ht`s. Phd l` `nnds `s `n Mfh` @thkaräbfmk qu` L` Crfadrl (4610)

l`bfhfý mkjk7 „Dqu`n qu` r`v`nd pdtrkh`s munturdn`s y `htf`hl` qu` "tklds nds

p`nêmunds pu`l`h mkhsfl`rdrs` `thkaräbfmds, cf`h pkr su mkht`hflk, pkr su bkrjd k

pkr djcks" (p.4=).

L`sl` nks mkjf`hzks l`n mfh`, nd fht`hmfýh l` nd jdykrêd l` nks lfr`mtkr`s

rdlfmdcd `h r`afstrdr nds skmf`ldl`s y sus mkstujcr`s pdrd pr`s`rvdrnds `h `n

tf`jpk. „@n ktrk‚ s` mkhv`rtêd `h fjda`h y tklk r`afstrk bfhdnj`ht` `rd `h `n s`htflk

jäs purk, ræpnfmd l` nd r`dnfldl. @s pkr `sk qu` `st` tfpk l` mfh` s` l`sdrrknndrêd

l`htrk l`n jdrmk l`n aæh`rk lkmuj`htdn, qu` cusmdcd mkjuhfmdr uhd l`t`rjfhdld

r`dnfldl skmfdn y munturdn dn `sp`mtdlkr.


15/52


Nd lkmuj`htdnfldl `stä sf`hlk l`spndzdld mdld v`z mkh jdykr bu`rzd (pkr `n

mfh` l` bfmmfýh) edmfd `n drt`, yd qu` mujpn` uhd buhmfýh buhldj`htdn l` ràfstrk y

kcs`rvdmfýh l` nk r`dn, sf`hlk cds` lfr`mtd k fhlfr`mtd l` tkld fhv`stfadmfýh drtêstfmd,

y `h mkhsfauf`ht`, nd mknujhd v`rt`crdn l`n quèdm`r drtêstfmk. L`sl` nd bktkardbêd k

`n vfl`k, `n aæh`rk lkmuj`htdn kp`rd lfr`mtk, kcs`rvdhlk, dhdnfzdhlk, ardcdhlk y

bktkardbfdhlk dsp`mtks l` nd skmf`ldl, pdrd nuàk r`fht`rpr`tdrnk l`sl` nds lfstfhtds

jfrdlds qu` `n drt` pu`l` ktkradr l`sl` sus lfsmfpnfhds.

Nd dutkcfkardbêd, `n r`smdt` l` nd j`jkrfd y `n drmefvk, edh sflk nd cds` pdrd

jf vfhmundmfýh mkh nks dsp`mtks lkmuj`htdn`s l` jf kcrd. Ydrtê trdcdgdhlk l`sl` nd

bfaurd p`rlfld l` jf dcu`nd jdt`rhd y d pdrtfr l` `sd `xp`rf`hmfd, vfv`hmfæ `n dsp`mtk

l` nd pærlfld qu`, l`sl` nd r`dnfldl jfsjd, buhld `n l`s`k l` edm`r drt`. @h sujd,

nk dht`rfkr bu` nk qu` j` fjpunsý d tkjdr `n mdjfhk l` nd lkmuj`htdnfldl mkjk

e`rrdjf`htd pdrd mdpturdr nks dsp`mtks l` nd r`dnfldl qu` s`htêd qu` hk l`cêdh

qu`ldr knvfldlks.

4.=. @thkardbêd, e`rrdjf`htd l` dhänfsfs skmfdn l`sl` `n drt`

@h `n mdjpk l` nds Drt`s Rfsudn`s, nd lfr`mtrfz Lkmuj`htdn, cusmd t`h`r uhd cds`

kcg`tfvd pdrd nd r`dnfzdmfýh l` lfv`rsks trdcdgks drtêstfmks, yd qu` l` `std jdh`rd, nd

kcrd nkard t`h`r uh sust`htk `h nd r`dnfldl. ]` trdtd l` ràfstrdr „kcg`tfvdj`ht`‚,

mkjk fjp`rfksd h`m`sfldl prfjdrfd, mkh `n bfh l` jdht`h`r dnak vfvk `h `n jfsjk

jkj`htk `h qu` s` mdpturd7 dmmfýh br`ht` d nd pærlfld l`n kcg`tk/e`mek. Nd fjda`h

mkjk fhstruj`htk l` kcs`rvdmfýh y mkhs`rvdmfýh.

Dsê jfsjk, `s mýjk pkl`jks mdptdr pdrt` l` nk qu` kmurr` `h nd skmf`ldlqu` hks mkhbfaurd mkjk s`r`s eujdhks. @n ràfstrk lkmuj`htdn `s `s`hmfdn pdrd `n

dhänfsfs a`h`rdn y `sp`mêbfmk l` nd tdxkhkjêd skmfdn, yd qu` hks ju`strd l` jdh`rd

v`rdz tklks nks dsp`mtks qu` l`cfærdjks mkhkm`r skcr` nd skmf`ldl, y l` `std


16/52


bkrjd, l`sl` nd fht`rpr`tdmfýh l`n r`afstrk s` bkrjd nd r`dnfldl `h qu` vfvfjks y mkjk

nd `ht`hl`jks.

Dsê pu`s, `n Drt` pu`l` fht`rdmtudr mkh nd Dhtrkpknkaêd, `h `n s`htflk l` qu`

buhmfkhd mkjk fhstruj`htk `thkaräbfmk pkr nd mkhstdht` utfnfzdmfýh l` lkmuj`htkspr` `xfst`ht`s mkjk bu`ht` l` fhbkrjdmfýh. L`htrk l` nds dmmfkh`s qu` s` a`h`rdh

l`htrk l` nd `sb`rd l`n drt`, jumeds v`m`s s` l`n`ad nd prklummfýh l` fjäa`h`s d

p`rskhds qu` `stäh l`htrk l` nd fhv`stfadmfýh, edmfæhlknks pdrtêmfp` mkjk uh faudn

l`htrk l`n prkm`sk, mkjk sug`tk dmtfvkfff. L` dmu`rlk d nk dht`rfkr, mkjk lfm` C`mo`r

(3996), `n drt` pu`l` trdhsbkrjdrs` `h uhd dmmfýh mkn`mtfvd `h nd prklummfýh l` uhd

kcrd. @xfst` uh fht`rmdjcfk, nuadr l` `hmu`htrk y `xp`rfj`htdmfýh l` jfmrk

`xp`rf`hmfds `ht`hlflds mkjk `n `g`rmfmfk `htr` `n drtfstd y `n `sp`mtdlkr mkh `n bfh l`

`xp`rfj`htdr `h mkn`mtfvk nk pndht`dlk pkr `n a`stkr (p.4


17/52


FF. S@B@S@H\@] RF]PDN@]

Mkjk r`b`r`ht` lfr`mtk `h jf l`sdrrknnk l` kcrd pdrtfræ hkjcrdhlk d Merfstfdh

Ckntdhsoffv, drtfstd brdhmæs l` bkrjdmfýh dutklfldmtd, qu` d nk ndrak l` su mdrr`rd ed

fhldadlk skcr` nd vfld, nd j`jkrfd, `n r`mu`rlk y nd ju`rt`, l`sl` nd fhstdndmfýh.

Fjda`h h· 47 S`afstrk Bktkaräbfmk l` nd kcrd „Hk Jdh‖s Ndhl‚ l` Merfstfdh Ckntdhsof(3949), Fhstdndmfýh.

Bu`ht`7 drjkrykhpdro.kra

Cknstdhsof s` dm`rmd d nd ju`rt` l`sl` uh `hbkqu` lfstfhtk, l`gdhlk l` ndlk

nks rftudn`s mkjuh`s y p`rskhdn`s v , qu` utfnfzdh nuadr`s mkjuh`s bämfn`s l`

fl`htfbfmdr7 `n`afr bnkr`s, vfsftdr nd tujcd, mkhs`rvdr kcg`tks y lkmuj`htks? dmmfkh`s

qu` bkrjdh pdrt` l` uh a`stk j`mähfmk dht` nd pærlfld.

fv Merfstfdh Ckntdhsof (2 l` s`ptf`jcr` l` 46


18/52


Nd r`bn`xfýh lfrfafld edmfd nd j`jkrfd, nd pærlfld k dus`hmfd hk `s hàdtfvd, yd

qu` skh r`pr`s`htdmfkh`s l` nd ju`rt`, p`rk tdjcfæh r`mu`rlks l` vfld. Nd j`jkrfd

`s uhd l` nds pr`kmupdmfkh`s mkhstdht`s `h nd kcrd l` Ckntdhsof pkrqu` sà÷h æn, dn

`hbr`htdrhks d `nnd, hks r``hmkhtrdjks mkh hksktrks jfsjks.

Ydrd Ckntdhsof (3990)

!nk t`rrfcn` l` nd ju`rt` hk `s nd jdh`rd `h qu` hks prfvd l` nd

pr`s`hmfd l` nds p`rskhds djdlds, l` su vkz. Hk `s tdjpkmk

nd skn`ldl hf nd pærlfld l` mu`rpk `h nd mudn hks suj`ra`. Hk.

Nk dt`rrdlkr l` nd ju`rt` skh nks kcg`tks tdhafcn`s qu` l`gd

l`sp`rlfadlks trds su pdsk l`vdstdlkr, rkpds bdjfnfdr`s, mdrtds

r`mfcflds, bktkardbêds `h l`skrl`h, nfcrks sucrdydlks, brdsmksl` p`rbuj`s d j`lfk mkhsujfr... nk qu` p`rturcd l` nd ju`rt`

`s `n jklk fhmf`rtk `h qu` fjpkh` `n r`mu`rlk, prfj`rk mkjk

uhd kcs`sfýh, pdrd lfnufrnk nuàk, l` bkrjd fjp`rm`ptfcn`, edstd

qu` uh lêd hks l`spks`` pkr mkjpn`tk l` nd `bfaf` l` nks qu`

s` edh flk (`h 7 `smdh`r.mn/`smdh`r


19/52


@n sfjcknfsjk mkh `n mudn Ckntdhsof trdcdgd l`sl` nd r`pr`s`htdmfýh l` nd

dus`hmfd `s uhfv`rsdn, p`rk dn jfsjk tf`jpk s` vfhmund d nk fhlfvfludn, prkpkhf`hlk

dn `sp`mtdlkr fhldadr `h su s`r y mkh`mtdr sus `xp`rf`hmfds mkh nd j`jkrfd

mkn`mtfvd.

Ykr ktrk ndlk, Gudh Ydcnk Ndhankfsvff `h su fhstdndmfýh „Jf rkpd, nd l` ktrks, nd

l` jumeks‚, tdjcfæh trdcdgd l`sl` nd j`jkrfd l` nks ktrks, cdgk uh `g`rmfmfk skcr` nk

mkn`mtfvk -nk jäs a`h`rdn k ankcdn- lkhl` `n s`htflk l` nd j`jkrfd `s fhtrêhs`mk y nd

prkm`l`hmfd l` nks kcg`tks pdsd d s`auhlk pndhk, `h uhd nd pu`std `h `sm`hd skcr`

nd dus`hmfd y nd fl`htfldl.

Fjda`h h· 37 S`afstrk Bktkaräbfmk kcrd „Jf rkpd, nd l` ktrks, nd l` jumeks‚ l` Gudh YdcnkNdhankfs (4651), Fhstdndmfýh.

Bu`ht`7 drtfsekmo.mn

vff Gudh Ydcnk Ndhankfs (32 l` b`cr`rk l` 46=2, ]dhtfdak l` Mefn`), `smuntkr, fhstdndlkr y drtfstd vfsudn.Rfv` y trdcdgd `h ]dhtfdak l` Mefn`.


20/52


Ykr ktrk ndlk, tkjk mkjk r`b`r`hmfd nd kcrd l` Fnyd y @jfnfd Odcdokv vfff pkr su

r`bn`xfýh skcr` nd vfld mktflfdhd, `n mkht`xtk munturdn y pknêtfmk l` nds skmf`ldl`s l`n

@st` l` @urkpd, d pdrtfr l` nk mudn r`mkhstruy`h lfmed r`dnfldl `h sus fhstdndmfkh`s.J` fht`r`sd nd trdlummfýh qu` edm`h l` nks `spdmfks pdrd nu`ak nn`vdrnk dn t`rr`hk l`

nk drtêstfmk.

Fjda`h h· =7 S`afstrk Bktkaräbfmk l` nd kcrd „Fh te` Mkjjuhdn Oftme`h‚ l` Fnyd y @jfnfdOdcdokv (4666), Fhstdndmfýh.

Bu`ht`7 drt`dfste`sfs.cnkaspkt.mkj

Nd fhstdndmfýh „Fh te` Mkjjuhdn Oftme`h‚ (4666), mr`d uh djcf`ht` qu` nkard

uhd dtjýsb`rd mdpdz l` dm`rmdr dn `sp`mtdlkr d sus prkpfds vfv`hmfds. Dn `htrdr dn

`spdmfk, nks `n`j`htks y jdt`rfdn`s l`n djcf`ht` suaf`r`h y dlquf`r`h hu`vks

sfahfbfmdlks. V `s dsê mkjk nd kcrd hk sknk h`m`sftd l`n `spdmfk, sfhk qu` tdjcfæh l`

nd `xp`rf`hmfd l`n vfsftdht` pdrd mkhstrufrs` l`sl` sus vfv`hmfds p`rskhdn`s.

vfff Fnyd (Susfd, 46==) y @jfnfd Odcdokv (Susfd, 46


21/52


Ykr ÷ntfjk, j`hmfkhdræ uh prky`mtk mkndckrdtfvk r`dnfzdlk `h `n sur l` Mefn`,

tdjcfæh dskmfdlk dn `spdmfk y nd edcftdcfnfldl. ]`cdstfäh Yr``m`fx y Kndb Eknzdpb`nx

pdrtfmfpdrkh `h uhd r`sfl`hmfd r`dnfzdld `n dôk 394= y 394< `h nks dnr`l`lkr`s l`

Dysæh, y brutk l` `nnd r`mr`drkh nd drquft`mturd, bkrjds l` mkhstrummfýh y jdt`rfdn`s

l`n `xtr`jk dustrdn, pdrd `xefcfrnk `h nds sdnds l`n Jus`k l` Drt` Mkht`jpkräh`k,

JDM (]dhtfdak, Mefn`).

Fjda`h h·


22/52


J` fht`r`sd yd qu` nd kcrd surafý l`sl` nd `xpnkrdmfýh qu` r`dnfzdrkh nks

drtfstds, br`ht` d nds lfstfhtds jdh`rds l` edcftdr y mkhstrufrs` l`htrk l`n pdfsdg`. V

l`sl` `s` sftfk nn`vdrkh dn `spdmfk l`n jus`k, nks fht`rfkr`s l` vfld l` nd zkhd `h nd

mudn l`sdrrknndrkh su fhv`stfadmfýh. @std kcrd r`bn`xfkhd skcr` `n edcftdr eujdhk,

mýjk s` l`bfh` uh `spdmfk y mýjk s` l`t`rjfhd `n ekadr k r`buafk t`jpkrdn.


23/52

@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd 3=

FFF. MP@SYK L@ KCSD

=.4. J`jkrfd y Drmefvk

@n prkm`sk l` kcrd mkj`hzý d tkjdr mdjfhk nu`ak l` qu` jf dcu`nd jdt`rhd

bdnn`mf`rd y l`gdrd `h su mdsd tklds nds efstkrfds qu` huhmd mkhtý. Ydsdlks lks

j`s`s l` su ju`rt` `htræ d su mdsd vdmêd, lkhl` jumeks l` `sks r`ndtks

`sp`rdcdh pkr s`r l`smucf`rtks. ]`htê nd h`m`sfldl l` edm`r uh `g`rmfmfk l`

c÷squ`ld p`rskhdn `h tkrhk d su bfaurd p`rlfld. Mkj`hmæ uhd su`rt` l`

fhv`stfadmfýh drqu`knýafmd sfjcýnfmd? cusmdhlk, r`vfsdhlk, `hmkhtrdhlk,l`s`jpknvdhlk y r`uhf`hlk. Bu` uh trdcdgk dutkcfkaräbfmk, lkhl` fhstfhtfvdj`ht`

j` `hmdjfhæ `h uhd bkrjd l` lu`nk lfstfhtd, dbrkhtdhlk prkm`sks

fhmkhsmf`ht`j`ht`.

@std `xp`rf`hmfd nd vfv`hmfæ sfh jdykr`s pr`t`hsfkh`s, jäs qu` `n sknk e`mek

l` edm`r nk qu` jf fhstfhtk j` p`lêd fhm`sdht`j`ht`. @xfstêd br`ht` d jê uhd mdsd y

mdld uhd l` sus edcftdmfkh`s mkht`hêd efstkrfds d nds mudn`s huhmd tuv` dmm`sk,

s`htêd nd dus`hmfd p`rk l`htrk l` `nnd edcêd jumek qu` `hmkhtrdr.

Ydrdn`ndj`ht`, mkj`hmæ d prklumfr `smrftks p`rskhdn`s, qu` lf`rkh mu`htd l`n

prkm`sk qu` `stdcd vfvf`hlk `h buhmfýh l` uhd c÷squ`ld qu` t`hêd krfa`h p`rk hk

uh bfhdn dpdr`ht`.

D mkhtfhudmfýh, s` pr`s`htdh pdrt` l` nks `smrftks7


24/52


25/52


\`xtk 37 @smrftk p`rskhdn

@n skhflk l` nds nndv`s, y yd `stdcd dl`htrk. Nks pdsks fcdh

mdutks pdrd jfrdr mdld `spdmfk, cusmdhlk `xtrdôdj`ht` dnak

qu` hk `stdrêd. ]u knkr yd hk p`h`trdcd mdld `spdmfk, mdld

pf`zd edcêd dlqufrflk uh hu`vk knkr, `n prkpfk l` tkld mdsd qu`

hk dcr` sus v`htdhds mdld jdôdhd.

Dht`s, jumeds v`m`s pndh`dcd vfsftds pdrd nkardr dcrfr nks tr`smdgkh`s fhb`rfkr`s l` su rkp`rk, mkh su pr`s`hmfd h`rvfksd y su

vkz lfmfæhlkj` "sdmd nd jdhk l` deê, qu` dhldf cusmdhlk

ky`;, hk edy hdld `h `sks mdgkh`s". V bu` dy`r mudhlk efm`

dnak prkefcflk, mkhm`ptk qu` s` l`sedmêd `h nd j`lfld qu`

t`rjfhdcd `n lêd. J` s`htê nd Ydnkjd d nks 43 dôks nkardhlk nk

qu` sf`jpr` qufsk edm`r, `hmkhtrdhlk nk qu` sf`jpr` qufsk

`hmkhtrdr, tkld nd brdmmfýh l` su vfld qu` hk mkhkmêd, nd bdjfnfd

l` jf jdlr`.

Rky `hmkhtrdhlk `n`j`htks vfhmundlks d mdld efstkrfd mkhtdld

pkr jf dcu`nd, nds uhk y s` bkrjd `n r`ndtk mkjpn`tk, tklk s`

`stä trdhsbkrjdhlk `h uhd bkrjd l` vdmfdlk, l`sl` su mdsd

edmfd jf fjdafhdrfk. Y`numds, bktks, `smrftks, tfg`rds, n`ht`s,

tfhturds, audht`s, nfcrks dlv`htfstds, p`fh`tds... qu`ld jumek

pkr `hmkhtrdr. @n rftk l` nds 1799 pj, tklks nks lêds `stdræ deê,

`hmkhtrählknd.


26/52


\dn y mkjk nk fhlfmd `n t`xtk dht`rfkr, d j`lfld qu` nd c÷squ`ld s` fcd

r`dnfzdlk, dnauhks kcg`tks `j`raêdh l`sl` nk jäs prkbuhlk, y bu` l` `std bkrjd

mkjk j` `hmkhtræ mkh su m`rtfbfmdlk l` hdmfjf`htk y mdrh`t l` fl`htfldl. Djcks

lkmuj`htks bu`rkh mndv`s, pkr su mdrämt`r lfr`mtk, `h nd c÷squ`ld l` nd fl`htfldl

p`rlfld. ]` pklrêd l`mfr qu` `n m`rtfbfmdlk l` hdmfjf`htk ld mu`htd l` nd `xfst`hmfd

skmfdn l`n fhlfvfluk. Hdld hf hdlf` pu`l` l`mfr nk mkhtrdrfk, dqu`n fhlfvfluk s` mr`ý y

hdmfý. @stuvk dmä `htr` hksktrks, bu` pdrt` l` tklk d nk mudn p`rt`h`m`jks. @s uhd

`vfl`hmfd l` qu` vfvfst`, l` qu` pkr uh tf`jpk `stuvfst` dquê.

Bu` dsê, mkjk su mdrh`t l` fl`htfldl j` efzk s`htfr nd h`m`sfldl sfjcýnfmd

l` bkrjdr pdrt` l` `nnd, l` vknv`r d hdm`r, l` hdm`r mkh `nnd, y s`r pdrt` l` uhd vfld

qu` hk vfvê. @s pkr `nnk qu` tkjæ su bfaurd ` fl`htfldl mkjk prkpfd, y l` `std bkrjd

j` sftuæ `h su p`rskhd. Nd `strdtàfd mkhsfstfý `h p`rskhfbfmdrj`, j` v`stê mkh sus

rkpds, usæ sus pfhturds pdrd jdqufnndrj` y skstuv` su p`numd `h jf mdc`zd.

Bfhdnj`ht`, `stdcd br`ht` d nd mäjdrd bktkaräbfmd, lkhl` hdmêd nd r`pr`s`htdmfýh l`

uh dutkrr`trdtk pr`stdlk pkr nds mfrmuhstdhmfds. Nuàk l` `sk, fht`rvfh` su mdrh`t

mkh nd bfhdnfldl l` `htrdr sfjcýnfmdj`ht`, pdrd s`r pdrt` y mkhtrdpdrt` l` su pdsk

pkr nd tf`rrd. Nds sfauf`ht`s fjäa`h`s p`rt`h`m`h dn r`suntdlk l` nk dht`rfkrj`ht`

`smrftk7

Fjda`h h· 07 Sàfstrk Kcg`tk @hmkhtrdlk7 Mdrh`t l` Fl`htfldl l` Br`sfd Räsqu`z.

Bu`ht`7 Drmefvk p`rskhdn.


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Fjda`h h· 27 Mdrh`t l` Fl`htfldl l` Br`sfd Räsqu`z fht`rv`hflk.

Bu`ht`7 Kcrd Yrkpfd.

@n sfauf`ht` `smrftk edcnd skcr` `n `g`rmfmfk dht`rfkr, y jf `xp`rf`hmfd br`ht` dn

sfjcknfsjk l` edm`r pr`s`ht` nd bfaurd l` jf dcu`nd7

\`xtk =7 S`ndtk Y`rskhdn

„]ky Br`sfd Rfkn`td Räsqu`z Crdvk mdld v`z qu` `n mdrhæ `s

jfrdlk, `h `n jkj`htk `h qu` `stæ sknk! yd hk s`ræ hdld. Buf

Br`sfd qu` s` jkvêd y skhr`êd pdrd nd bktk, s` jdqufnndcd y

p`fhdcd su mdc`nnk, tkjdcd sus n`ht`s y nks nfjpfdcd, s` jfrdcd

dn `sp`gk y hk skhr`êd sf`jpr`, `stdcd trdhqufnd‚.

Ykr uhks jkj`htks Br`sfd vfvêd.

Nd bkrjd `h qu` vfvê `n prkm`sk l` `st` `g`rmfmfk bu` l` dnauhd bkrjd

dmndrdtkrfd, `h nd j`lfld qu` fcd trdhsbkrjählkj` `h `nnd, vfstfæhlkj` mkh sus


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rkpds, p`numds y n`ht`s. Bu` lkhl` jf fhmkhsmf`ht` drrkgdcd mksds qu` hk `stdcdh

pr`s`ht`s dht`rfkrj`ht`? prkm`sk khêrfmk, y bdhtdsfksk qu` `hmdjfhdcd nd c÷squ`ld,

qu` n` ldcd s`htflk y lfr`mmfýh.

@strdt`afd sfjfndr kmupd Gudh Ydcnk Ndhankfs `h „@n mdrh`t s`htfj`htdn‚ (4616)kcrd r`dnfzdld `h lfmtdlurd, `h uh mkht`xtk `h `n mudn hk edcêd nfc`rtdl. @n mdrh`t l`

fl`htfldl `s uh fhstruj`htk fhlfvfludnfzdlkr, mkh `n qu` `n fhlfvfluk hk sýnk tf`h`

hkjcr`, sf hk qu` jäs fjpkrtdht` d÷h, `s l`bfhflk pkr uh h÷j`rk.

Fjda`h h· 17 Gudh Ydcnk Ndhankfs (4616), „Mdrh`t ]`htfj`htdn‚. Kcrd Kcg`tudn

Bu`ht`7 drtfsekmo.mn

Ndhankfs prkpkhêd nn`vdr `n mdrh`t dn juhlk db`mtfvk, jklfbfmählknk y

trdhsbkrjählknk `h uh mdrh`t s`htfj`htdn, y nk r`ndmfkhd mkh pkstundlks l` Ckra`sxf

(quf`h hk edcnd l`n mdrh`t `h sê), skcr` `n juhlk d prkpýsftk l` nks `sp`gks.

Yrkpkh` nd fl`d l` qu` nks ekjcr`s pu`l`h juntfpnfmdrs` d trdvæs l` nd fjda`h y s`r

vdrfks ekjcr`s d nd v`z `h lfb`r`ht`s pdrt`s. V `s `sk nk qu` pdsd mkh nd sfhkhfjfdxff,

`n mdrh`t s` r`pnfmd y hdm` l`sl` lfb`r`ht`s jfrdlds br`ht` dn r`trdtk dutkcfkaräbfmk.

xf Gkra` Nufs Ckra`s (3< l` dakstk l` 4566, Cu`hks Dfr`s Dra`htfhd) `smrftkr. xff ]fhkhfjfd7 s`j`gdhzd l` sfahfbfmdlks `htr` lks k jäs tærjfhks


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=.3. Nd r`mkhstrummfýh mkjk prkm`sk mr`dtfvk

Nd hkmfýh l` drmefvk hdmfý lurdht` `n l`sdrrknnk l` kcrd, l`sl` nks lkmuj`htks

bdjfnfdr`s `hmkhtrdlks nuàk l` nd ju`rt` l` jf dcu`nd jdt`rhd. ]fh `jcdrak nuàk

l` uh tf`jpk, nds pksfcfnfldl`s l` c÷squ`ld hk s` `hmdjfhdcdh ÷hfmdj`ht` edmfd nd

cfkardbêd, sfhk qu` dcdrmdcdh uh mêrmunk l` pksfcfnfldl`s jumek jdykr, trdcdgæ `n

mkhm`ptk l` r`mkhstrummfýh d pdrtfr l` lkmuj`htks `hmkhtrdlks.

Fjda`h h· 57 Sàfstrk Bktkaräbfmk Fhlustrfd l` Bdrlks.

Bu`ht`7 Drmefvk Y`rskhdn.

@h mkhmkrldhmfd mkh nk dht`rfkr, j` `hmkhtræ mkh uh tfpk l` jdt`rfdn qu`

rùhêd tklk nk qu` `stdcd cusmdhlk7 bdrlks l` rkpd usdld.

Nd rkpd trd` mkhsfak uhd mdrad mkhm`ptudn y sfjcýnfmd bu`rt`? hks ld num`s

skcr` p`rskhdg`s dhýhfjks, fh`xfst`ht`s, knvfldlks, y mkh `nnk mkhtf`h` nd `vfl`hmfd

skcr` nd prkpfd `xfst`hmfd? s` mkhvf`rt` `h ràfstrk l` vfld, knvflk y j`jkrfd.


30/52

@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd =9

Lfmek nk dht`rfkr, mkj`hmæ d a`h`rdr uhd kcrd qu` s` m`htrý fhfmfdnj`ht` `h

`n ràfstrk bktkaräbfmk l` nd fhlustrfd l` rkpd dj`rfmdhd. Nds sfauf`ht`s fjäa`h`s

mkrr`spkhl`h d pdrt` l`n ràfstrk7

Fjda`h h· 67 Sàfstrk Bktkaräbfmk Fhlustrfd Bdrlks

Bu`ht`7 @ndckrdmfýh Yrkpfd.

Nuàk l` `nnk, mkj`hmæ d fht`r`sdrj` `s`hmfdnj`ht` `h `n bdrlk, mkjk

mkht`h`lkr l` efstkrfds sfh p`rskhdg`, lkhl` darupdlks d pr`sfýh s` `hmkhtrdcdh

mf`htks l` p`rskhds mkh krêa`h`s l`smkhkmflks. Bu` `sk gustdj`ht` nk qu` j`

nndjý d ràfstrdr tklk nk qu` fcd sum`lf`hlk `h `n prkm`sk l` mkj`rmfdnfzdmfýh l`

`sks bdrlks. D pdrtfr l` `s` `g`rmfmfk, mkj`hmæ d v`r nd dankj`rdmfýh l`sl` ktrd

jfrdld.

Ydrd `n trdcdgk „L`sdrj`‚ mkjpræ uh bdrlk l` rkpd usdld b`j`hfhd, y j`

m`htræ `h nd dmmfýh l` l`sdrtfmundmfýh y dmkpndjf`htk l` =99 medn`mks. @stks bu`rkh

trdhsbkrjdlks `h r`tdzks pdrd nuàk mr`dr uhd hu`vd pr`hld, mkht`h`lkrd l`

r`ndtks l`smkhkmflks qu` uhflks `h uh hu`vk kcg`tk, `rdh mdpdm`s l` ldr bkrjd d

uhd j`jkrfd l`smkhkmfld p`rk ndt`ht`. Phd hu`vd pr`hld mr`dld mkh lfstfhtks

brdaj`htks pu`l` s`r uh hu`vk kcg`tk qu` edcnd l` uh hu`vk fhlfvfluk, nn`vdlk d nd

pr`s`hmfd l`sl` `n dhkhfjdtk.

Nds sfauf`ht`s fjäa`h`s mkrr`spkhl`h d nd fhstdndmfýh nn`vdld d mdck nuàk

l` nd mr`dmfýh l` nd hu`vd pr`hld7


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Fjäa`h`s h· 49 y 447 S`afstrk Bktkaräbfmk kcrd „L`sdrj`‚.Fhstdndmfýh, lfj`hsfkh`s vdrfdcn`s

Bu`ht`7 Kcrd Yrkpfd.


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=.=. Lkmuj`htdnfldl mkjk cds` l` nd fhmursfýh drtêstfmd

]f`jpr` e` t`hflk `n fjpunsk l` ràfstrdr bktkaräbfmdj`ht` d jf bdjfnfd, y l`htrk l`

jf kcrd s` ed buhldlk dnak pdr`mflk, l`sl` uh l`s`k fjp`rfksk l` `hjdrmdr

r`mu`rlks, prkm`sks y kcg`tks l`sl` `n ràfstrk lkmuj`htdn.

Nk dht`rfkr, j` nn`vý d `hmkhtrdrj` mkh ktrds bkrjds l` vfld, y mkh `nnk jf

trdcdgk tkjý uh rkjck lkmuj`htdn. @sk sum`lfý mudhlk mkhkmê d uhd bdjfnfd l`

aftdhks qu` vfvêdh `h jf cdrrfk, quf`h`s tf`jpk dträs edcêdh mkjprdlk su mdsd, pdrd

nuàk l`sdrtfmundrnd pkr l`htrk, cktdhlk pdr`l`s y pu`rtds y mkh `nnk ldhlk pdsk d nk

qu` s`rêd `h `s` `htkhm`s, uh hu`vk sfst`jd l` ekadr.


33/52

@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd ==

Fjda`h h· 437 Sàfstrk Bktkaräbfmk mdsd L`vkrde Mdnl`rd.Bu`ht`7 @ndckrdmfýh Yrkpfd

Mkj`hmæ d lkmuj`htdr nd vfld l` `std bdjfnfd, `h uh mkjf`hzk sfh uh bfh

`sp`mêbfmk, p`rk nd `xp`rf`hmfd y `n mkjpdrtfr mkh `nnks bu` dcrf`hlk jf trdcdgk,

`hmdjfhählknk edmfd uhd `thkardbêd. Mkj`hmæ d fhv`stfadr `n t`rrftkrfk, nd bkrjd y

mkht`xtk `h nd mudn vfv` uhd bdjfnfd aftdhd `h ]dhtfdak l` Mefn`. L`sl` uhd

kcs`rvdmfýh pdrtfmfpdht` y dmtfvd, s` bu` mr`dhlk nd fhv`stfadmfýh `thkaräbfmd „Nd

mdsd mkjk t`rrftkrfk, su l`mkhstrummfýh `h nd vfld aftdhd pdrd mr`dr uh hu`vk

sfst`jd l` ekadr ‚ (3943), mkht`h`lkrd l` ràfstrks dulfkvfsudn`s, `htr`vfstds,

bktkardbêds y lkmuj`htks qu` bu`rkh mndv`s pdrd nd kcrd pkst`rfkr.

Mudhlk `nàê trdcdgdr mkh nd mkjuhfldl aftdhd j` fht`r`sý l` skcr`jdh`rd

mkhkm`r uhd munturd tktdnj`ht` lfb`r`ht` d nd jêd, kcs`rvdhlk `n mkht`xtk

skmfkmunturdn `h `n mudn s` `jpndzdh y nd jdh`rd mkh nd mudn s` r`ndmfkhdh mkh su

`htkrhk. Nuàk l` `st` prfj`r fht`ræs j` suraf`rkh lfstfhtds lulds `h tkrhk dn

mdjcfk drquft`mtýhfmk qu` `stdcdh r`dnfzdhlk `h su ekadr, `xtrdy`hlk su t`mek,

cktdhlk sus jurdnnds, y l`gdhlk su vfvf`hld dn dfr`, tdn y mkjk s` `stdcn`m`h sus

mdrpds aftdhds, p`rk `std v`z l` uh jdt`rfdn sýnflk y l`t`rjfhdht`.

Lurdht` nd fhv`stfadmfýh j` m`htræ `h mkhvfvfr mkh uhd bdjfnfd aftdhd `h

`sp`mêbfmk, nks Mdnl`rd Mdnfbkrhfd, mkjpu`std pkr uh ekjcr`, mudtrk jug`r`s y lks

hfôks, quf`h`s vfvêdh edm` tr`s j`s`s, `h nds prkxfjfldl`s l` jf ekadr. ]fh luld nd

vfsfýh l` sfst`jd l` ekadr qu` t`h`jks `h mudhtk d nd mkjuhfldl rkjdhæ `s l` -

mdrpd-, vfld hýjdl` y trdhsftkrfd, p`rk »Tuæ pdsd mudhlk pdrt` l` su mkstujcr` s`

v` trdhsbkrjdld y nn`vdld tktdnj`ht` dn kpu`stk; »Tuæ sfahfbfmdlk tf`h` pdrd uh

aftdhk mkjprdr uhd mdsd y `stdcn`m`rs` l`htrk l` uhd skmf`ldl dg`hd; ]us rdzkh`sp`rskhdn`s bu`rkh j`rdj`ht` nd mkjklfldl, y `stk s` nkardcd `h uhd mdsd qu`

jdht`hêd l` faudn bkrjd nd trdlfmfýh ` flfksfhmrdsfd? pkr l`htrk nd lfspksfmfýh l` nks

`spdmfks huhmd l`gý l` edcndr l` uhd mdrpd.


34/52

@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd =<

@h r`suj`h, `n t`rrftkrfk nk `htf`hl`h mkjk su prkpf`ldl, hk nk r`ndmfkhdh

lfr`mtdj`ht` mkh dnak bêsfmk yd qu` `n dsp`mtk trdhsftkrfk `s nk qu` nks ju`v`.

@s pkr `nnk qu` d p`sdr l` `stdcn`m`rs` `h uh jfsjk nuadr, `n mdjcfk y `n

jkvfjf`htk sfau`h pr`s`ht`s d trdvæs l` sus mdjcfks `strumturdn`s l`htrk l` su

`spdmfk. ]f cf`h nd mdsd nd fl`htfbfmdh mkjk uh mdjfhk edmfd nd mkjklfldl, nd mdrpd

sfau` sf`hlk `n t`rrftkrfk prkpfk mkh `n mudn s` l`t`rjfhdh, `s pkr `nnk qu` cusmdh d

trdvæs l` nd drquft`mturd su mkhstdht` pr`s`hmfd.

Fjda`h h· 4=7 S`afstrk bktkaräbfmk mdsd L`vkrde Mdnl`rd.Bu`ht`7 @ndckrdmfýh Yrkpfd.


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@n sfauf`ht` r`ndtk edcnd skcr` nd trdhsbkrjdmfýh `strumturdn qu` vfvfý nd mdsd

l` nd bdjfnfd Mdnl`rd Mdnfbkrhfd? `smrftk l`sl` uhd jfrdld dg`hd r`trdtd pdrt` l` nd

mktflfdhfldl br`ht` d nks mdjcfks qu` s` fcdh a`stdhlk lêd d lêd7

\`xtk


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Nd jfrdld l` nks v`mfhks mdld v`z `s jäs bfgd, duj`htdh nds vkm`s

edcndhlk cdgk, tkjdhlk l`mfsfkh`s, qu`rf`hlk tdpdr tklk nk qu` v`h. Hk

n`s austdh nks `smkjcrks, tdjpkmk n` austdh nks ardhl`s v`stflks, n`s

a`h`rdh jf`lk.

Nks Mdnfbkrhfd m`n`crdh, n`s austdh nks dsdlks y nd j÷sfmd bu`rt`, nds

ckt`nnds dcuhldh `h `n dht`gdrlêh, jdhtf`h`h uhd cdhl`rd l` Mefn` `h nk

dntk l` nd `strumturd l` su ekadr l`sdrjdlk, bndj`d jf`htrds qu` dcdgk

yd hk edy hdld. Nd mdrpd `s tdh prfvdld mkjk p÷cnfmd, `h `n lêd v`k

tklk nk qu` pdsd y `h nd hkme` lu`rj`h, `stä m`rrdld. V `n t`mek l` nd

mdsd dcf`rtk.


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Fjäa`h`s h· 4< y 407 S`afstrk bktkaräbfmk mdsd L`vkrde Mdnl`rd.Bu`ht`7 @ndckrdmfýh Yrkpfd.


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D pdrtfr l` nk dht`rfkrj`ht` l`smrftk, mkj`hmæ d a`h`rdr fhstdhmfds l`

fht`rmdjcfk tdhtk fht`n`mtudn mkjk kcg`tudn, ldhlk krfa`h d uh `g`rmfmfk mruzdlk mkh

nd bdjfnfd Mdnl`rd, lkhl` r`mfcê r`trdtks jêks lfcugdlks pkr `nnks, y `htràuæbktkardbêds ràfstrdlds pkr jê, fht`r`sählkj` `h mýjk s` r`ndmfkhdcdh mkh `n a`stk

drtêstfmk.

Fjda`h h· 427 Sàfstrk r`trdtk prkpfk lfcugdlk pkr Jdrfmed Mdnl`rd.Bu`ht`7 Drmefvk Y`rskhdn.


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Fjda`h h· 417 S`afstrk r`trdtk prkpfk lfcugdlk pkr Jdrfmed Mdnl`rd.


Fjda`h h· 457 S`afstrk r`trdtk prkpfk lfcugdlk pkr L`vkrde Mdnl`rd.



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@spdmfks Edcftdlks & J`jkrfd


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S`b`r`hmfds Fjäa`h`s7

Fjda`h h· 47 Merfstfdh Ckntdhsof (3949), „Hk Jdh‖s Ndhl‚.

Bu`ht`7 ettp7//www.drjkrykhpdro.kra/pektk[adnn`ry/snfl`sekw/merfstfdh[ckntdhsof

Fjda`h h· 37 Gudh Ydcnk Ndhankfs (4651), „Jf rkpd, nd l` ktrks, nd l` jumeks‚.

Bu`ht`7 ettp7//www.drtfsekmo.mn/394


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Fjda`h h· 417 Sàfstrk r`trdtk prkpfk lfcugdlk pkr Jdrfmed Mdnl`rd. Bu`ht`7 Yrkpfd.

Fjda`h 457 Sàfstrk r`trdtk prkpfk lfcugdlk pkr L`vkrde Mdnl`rd. Bu`ht`7 Yrkpfd.

Fjäa`h`s h· 46 y 397 Sàfstrk kcrd „\`rrftkrfk Aftdhk‚. Bu`ht`7 Kcrd Yrkpfd.

Fjda`h h· 347 „Rfmtkrfd‚ (394=) Bktkardjd l`n Rfl`k (93741). Bu`ht`7 @ndckrdmfýh

Yrkpfd.

Fjda`h h· 337 Lkmuj`htk l` nd prkpf`ldl Rfmtkrfd #


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Yrktkmknk l` Dutkrfzdmfýh

@n k nks dnujhks dcdgk bfrjdht`s, bdmuntdh d Phfv`rsfldl PHFDMM, pdrd

utfnfzdr `n trdcdgk l` têtunk, mkh bfh`s l` lfbusfýh y/k dpr`hlfzdg`.

Hkjcr`s l` nks Fht`ardht`s Bfrjds

4.-

3.-

=.-

"Espacios Habitados & Memoria" de Paloma Moya

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