Enología - Presentación

8/2/2019 Enologa - Presentacin

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Homxjd Kdov`fom

Ydqsmcm7 Mofbdqm xjqsvmo mo xjnd.


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FNDODBM

=. YQF[FNSMKJN

Cmncd kdnsjnvjcmc m om mnsfqjdq {fqjf cf kvmcfqnjood{ cf Xjsjkvosvqm {f jnjkjm om kdofkkjn cf @mnvmof{ Hdq`msjxd{ cf Fndodbm. Mo jbvmod{ mnsfqjdqf{ kdnhdq`mn vnm {fqjf cf =1 ssvod{ cf 13 ybjnm{ kmcm vndcdncf {f qfkdbfn od{ kdnkfysd{ `{ hvncm`fnsmof{ cf kmcm sf`m/ dqbmnjwmcd{ z f{}vf`msjwmcd{ cf om hdq`m `{ cjcksjkm yd{jaof/ sd`mncdom{ jov{sqmkjdnf{ `{ kdnxfnjfnsf{ cf cj{sjnsd{ mvsdqf{ z fn `vked{ km{d{ mcmysmncd od{ f{}vf`m{ z bqhjkd{ ymqm vnm `fgdq xj{vmojwmkjkd`yqfn{jn.

Vnm xfw `{ nd {f yqfsfncf dsqm kd{m }vf fo ydcfq hmkjojsmq om jnjkjmkjn mo f{svcjd cfo `vncd cfo xjnd m m}vfood{ mvsdcjcmksm{ d f`yqfncfcdqf{ }vf }vjfqmn {v`fqbjq{f fn f{sm kvosvqm smn hmns{sjkm f jnsfq`jnmaof.

Fn fo kmysvod 3/ cf f{sm yqf{fnsmkjn/ {f em jnkdqydqmcd hjnmo`fnsf vn mqskvod cf C. nbfo @fncdwm kvzm ofksvqm `{ ofgd{ cf om kqsjkm jnxjsm m om qfhofujn {daqf om{ osj`m{ sfncfnkjm{ bodamojwmcm{ fn km

`{ xjnjhjkmkjdnf{ cfo `vncd/ z {v{ kdn{fkvfnkjm{ hjnmof{. ]v od cj{hqvsfn --.


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=. ODB[SJKM CF OM XFNCJ@JM ZKDQQFKKJDNF[ CF OD[ @D[SD[

=. Odb{sjkm cf om xfncj`jm fn fo xjfcd

1. Odb{sjkm cf om xfncj`jm fn om adcfbm;. Qfkfykjn z kdnsqdo3. Kd`yd{jkjn cf od{ `d{sd{6. Dagfsjxd{ z sknjkm cf om xjnjhjkmkjn8. Kdqqfkkjdnf{ cf od{ `d{sd{

Omxfncj`jm f{ vn yqdkf{d nd {dod omadqjd{d z cf bqmn fnxfqbmcv-qm ev`mnm/ {jnd }vf sm`ajn qf}vjfqf cf vnm dqbmnjwmkjn z vn dqcfnf{kqvyvod{d/ smnsd fn om xjm kd`d fn om adcfbm. F{ vnm smqfm }vf cfacf{fnxdoxfq{f amgd od{ `uj`d{ njxfof{ cf kddqcjnmkjn z {jnkqdnjwmkjn. Od{ xmnd{ fqqdqf{ z od{ j`yqfxj{jaof{ kdnsqmsjf`yd{ yvfcfn oofxmqmo kmd{ ma{dovsd {j nd {f yomnjhjkmn yqfxjm`fnsf sdcd{ od{ qfkvq{d{/ smod{ ev`mnd{/ kd`d od{ `fknjkd{ d jnhqmf{sqvksvqmof{. Sdcd{ od{ dagfsjxd{ cfafn cf f{smq komqd{ z sdcd{ od{ `fcjd{ cj{yvf{sd{.

1. XJNJHJKMKJN FN AOMNKD

=. Yqdkf{d{ bfnfqmof{ cf xjnjhjkmkjn fn xjqbfn1. Yqdkfcj`jfnsd{ z sknjkm{ cf {fymqmkjn;. Kvf{sjdnf{ cf yqfn{mcd cf ym{sm{3. Fo cf{hmnbmcd d mkomqmcd cf od{ `d{sd{6. Fo Kdnsqdo cf om hfq`fnsmkjn mokdeojkm8. Sfkndodbm{ cf om xjnjhjkmkjn fn aomnkd

Om xjnjhjkmkjn fn aomnkd %d fn xjqbfn* yomnsfm kd`d`j{jn fndobjkm bfnfqmo om dasfnkjn cf xjnd{ aomnkd{ mqd`sjkd{/ oj`yjd{ z aqjoomn-sf{/ `{ d `fnd{ ojbfqd{/ kdn kvfqyd/ ajfn f{sqvksvqmcd{/ mobvnd{ {fkd{ zdsqd{ mobd madkmcd{/ yfqd {jf`yqf kdn om mkjcfw mcfkvmcm. [f av{km kd{fbvjq xjnd{ f{smaof{/ }vf fxdovkjdnfn ydkd d nmcm fn om adsfoom/ qf{j{

sfnsf{ m om mkkjn cfo dubfnd/ cjhfqfnkjmcd{ z fukfofnsf{ fn om nmqjw/ kyfq{j{sfnkjm mqd`sjkm z ydq {vyvf{sd/ {jn cfhfksd{.


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;. FO [VOHVQD[D FN FNDODBM

=. Bfnfqmojcmcf{ {daqf fo [D1 1. Yqdyjfcmcf{ z v{d{ cfo {vohvqd{d

;. Sfkndodbm cf f`yofd3. Cd{j{ z kokvod{ cf myojkmkjn6. [vohvqd{d x{ f{smajojcmc8. Od{ xjnd{ fkdobjkd{ z om yfq{yfksjxm

aqd`msdobjkm {daqf {v f`yofd

F{ focjujcd cf mwvhqfvn `mo nfkf{mqjd d vn ajfn j`yqf{kjncj

aof4 D `fgdq cjked/ ]v {maf`d{ cfo v{d z mav{d cfo [D14 F{sm {fqm vnmkvf{sjn ymqm jnjkjmq vn cfamsfdqbnjkd yqd-fkdobjkd/ yfqd m ymqsf cff{sd/ om qfmojcmc f{ }vf ymqm dasfnfq xjnd{ cf kmojcmc om yqmuj{ kdnojqqf`fcjmaof`fnsf {v v{d. F{ cfkjq< {v avfn v{d. @vkem{ {dn om{ xfnsmgm{ z ydkd{ od{ jnkdnxfnjfnsf{ fn fo f`yofd qmkjdnmo cf f{sf bm{ fn fo xjnd. Nv`fqd{m{ om{ yqdyjfcmcf{ f j`yqf{kjncjaof{ od{ fhfksd{.

3. XJNJHJKMKJN FN SJNSD

=. Yqdkf{d{ bfnfqmof{ cf xjnjhjkmkjn fn sjnsd.1. Om `mkfqmkjn z od{ ydojhfndof{.;. Kdnsqdo cf om `mkfqmkjn z om H.M.3. Kvf{sjdnf{ cf yqfn{mcd cf dqvgd{6. Kdn{jcfqmkjdnf{ yqksjkm{ cf om H@O8. Sfkndodbm{ cf om xjnjhjkmkjn fn sjnsd

z dasfnkjn cf xjnd{ qd{mcd{ z komqfsf{.

Om xjnjhjkmkjn fn sjnsd sjfnf kd`d`j{jn fndobjkm om dasfnkjncf xjnd{ kdn kdodq/ f{ cfkjq cf{cf qd{mcd{ m sjnsd{ `vz jnsfn{d{/ fn am{fm om fusqmkkjn cf om `msfqjm kdodqmnsf/ }vf ydq od bfnfqmo {f fnkvfnfukov{jxm`fnsf fn od{ edoofgd{ d yjfof{ cf om vxm. F{ yvf{ vnm sknjkm cfxjnjhjkmkjn fusqmksjxm. Om{ sfncfnkjm{ mksvmof{ %f{ cfkjq/ om `dcm* {sqm fn om dasfnkjn cf xjnd{ kdn `vked kdodq/ kdn ndsm{ mqd`sjkm{ `mqkmcm{ fn sdqnd m hqvsm{ qdgm{/ ym{mcd{ `vked{ ydq qdaof yfqd nd ydq qqjkm/ kdn H@O hdqwmcm/ z kdn mosd{ njxfof{ cf bojkfqjnm z mokdedo.


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6. @JKQDAJDODBM CF OM[ OFXMCVQM[

=. Smudnd`m z kom{jhjkmkjn1. Ofxmcvqm{ xnjkm{ z yqdkf{d{ hfq`fnsmsjxd{;. Om{ ofxmcvqm{ kd`fqkjmof{ %O[M*3. Sfkndodbm cfo v{d cf om{ O[M6. Ofxmcvqm{ ymsbfnm{8. Mosfqmkjdnf{ z cfhfksd{ ydq ofxmcvqm{

z `ded{

Jnsqdcvkkjn bfnfqmo mo `vncd cf od{ mvsnsjkd{ `jkqdsqmamgmcdqf{ cf om{ adcfbm{/ od{ `jn{kvod{ hmaqjkmnsf{ cfo xjnd/ od{ `jnjomadqmsqjd{ cf od{ mqd`m{/ mokdedof{ z kjfnsd{ cf kd`yvf{sd{ `{.Om{ ofxmcv-qm{.Vnm{ afnfhjkjd{m{ z dsqm{ jncf{fmaof{/ vnm{ f{ydnsnfm{ z {moxmgdsqm{ kqfmcm{ z cf{mqqdoomcm{ ymqm qfmojwmq fo sqmamgd cf mkvfjn{sqvkkjdnf{ ymqm om{ }vf emn {jcd kdnkfajcm{. Sdcm{ ovkemn ydq omyfqxjxfnkjm/ sdcm{ emkfn {v `j{jn/ vnm{ bmnmn z dsqm{ yjfqcfn/ f{ fo gvfbd jnxj{jaof mo dgd ev`mnd cf om cd`jnmkjn z fo fusfq`jnjd.

8. @JKQDAJDODBM CF OM[ AMKSFQJM[

=. Smudnd`m z kom{jhjkmkjn1. Om{ amksfqjm{ oksjkm{;. Yqjnkjyjd{ cf om cf{mkjcjhjkmkjn ajdobjkm3. Om{ amksfqjm{ mksjkm{6. Bfnfqmojcmcf{ {daqf xjnmbqfqm xnjkm8. Om{ amksfqjm{ ymsbfnm{ cfo xjnd z {v kdn

sqdo jkqdajdobjkd. Fnhfq`fcmcf{.

@{ yf}vfm{ }vf om{ mnsfqjdqf{/ om{amksfqjm{cfo xjnd {dn `jkqd`jn{kvod{ bvfqqfqd{ km`vhomcd{ f{yfqmncd }vf f{d{ {fqf{ bqmncf{/oom`mcd{ ofxmcvqm{/ fnsqfn fn cfkojxf z m{ sd`mq yd{f{jn cfo `fcjd/ foxjnd. Fn f{sf sdqnfd amksfqjdobjkd emz cd{ f}vjyd{/ om{ }vf yqdcvkfnkjcd oksjkd z dsqm{ {v{smnkjm{ z om{ }vf yqdcvkfn bqmncf{ kmnsjcmccf mksjkd / om{ yqj`fqm{ yvfcfn emkfq ajfn d yvfcfn emkfq `mo/ om{ {fbvncm{ {dn mvsnsjkd{ cf`dnjd{/ mvn}vf bqmkjm{ m foom{ fuj{sf fo yfkmccf kd`fq{f vnm avfnm fn{momcm d vnm avfnm smym cf fnkvqsjcd{.


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2. KQJMNWM[ CF OD[ XJND[

=. Om{ qvsm{ `mcvqmsjxm{ cf od{ xjnd{1. Om kqjmnwm amgd om{ cf{yv{ cf om HM.;. Om kqjmnwm amgd om{ kdn 1 hfq`fnsmkjn3. Om kqjmnwm ajdobjkm amgd xfod cf hodq6. Om kqjmnwm dujcmsjxm h{jkd }v`jkm

6.= Xjnd z dubfnd 6.1 Xjnd z qdaof

8. Fxdovkjn z `mcvqmkjn fn adsfoom8.= Xjnd z adsfoom8.1 Xjnd z kdqked

Om `mzdqm cf od{ xjnd{ f{yfkjmof{ `{ hm`d{d{ cfo `vncd {fdasjfnfn ydq yqdkf{d{ `mcvqmsjxd{ d cf mfgm`jfnsd yd{sfqjdqf{ m omdasfnkjn cfo xjnd nvfxd. F{sd{ yqdkf{d{ oom`mcd{cf kqjmnwm {f am-{mn hvncm`fnsmo`fnsf fn hfn`fnd{ cf dujcmkjn z qfcvkkjn h{jkd}v`jkm/ ajdobjkm d `jusm cf m`ad{. @fcjmnsf om kqjmnwm/ fn {v{ cj{sjnsmxfq{jdnf{/ {f dasjfnfn od{ `fgdqf{ z `{ kdsjwmcd{ xjnd{ cfo yomnfsm.

5. KOMQJHJKMKJN Z F[SMAJOJWMKJN

=. Od{ {j{sf`m{ kdodjcmof{ fn fo xjnd1. Kdnkfysd{ cf svqajcfw z f{smajojcmc;. Od{ {j{sf`m{ h{jkd{ cf komqjhjkmkjn3. M{yfksd{ j`ydqsmnsf{ fn om hjosqmkjn6. Od{ {j{sf`m{ kdodjcmof{ cf komqjhjkmkjn8. Om f{smajojwmkjn cf od{ xjnd{.

Kd`yqfncfq om}v`jkm kdodjcmo cfo xjnd f{ om komxf hvncm`fnsmoymqm cd`jnmq {v oj`yjcfw z {v f{smajojcmc. Yfqd f{/ mcf`{/ om oomxf `mf{sqm nfkf{mqjm ymqm mhjnmq fn fo yqdcvksd hjnmo/ ymqm bvjmq {v fxdkdnsqdomq {v fxfnsvmo kqjmnwm z {mafq nd {dod cdncf {f }vjfqf oofbmq/ {mcf`{ kvmo f{ fo km`jnd kdqqfksd m qfkdqqfq. Sdcd{ od{ {j{sf`m{ cfo xjndqf{ydncfn cf cj{sjnsm `mnfqm m om{ ofzf{ cf om bqmxjsmkjn z m om{ hvfq

fofksqd{ssjkm{/ z m {v xfw/ sdcd{ od{ {va{j{sf`m{ kdodjcmof{ jnsfqmksfnsqf {j z fnsqf od{ {va{j{sf`m{ }v`jkd{ }vf kdnxjxfn fn fo xjnd. Adnjsd omafqjnsd/ nd4.


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:. MOSFQMKJDNF[ Z CFHFKSD[ CFO XJND

=. Od{ sf{s ydsfnkjmof{ cf f{smajojcmc cfo xjnd1. F{svcjd cf om{ }vjfaqm{ z {v kom{jhjkmkjn

;. Yqjnkjymof{ cfhfksd{ z mosfqmkjdnf{ cfo xjnd3. Yqksjkm cf om cjmbnd{j{ - yqdsdkdod dyfqmsjxd6. Yqksjkm cf om kdqqfkkjn cf cfhfksd{ 8. Od{ cfhfksd{ jqqfxfq{jaof{ cfo xjnd

Om`fcjkjnm cfo xjnd f{ km{j vnm cdksqjnm d kjfnkjm ydq { {dom. F{smo om kd`yofgjcmc z xmqjmajojcmc cf om{ mosfqmkjdnf{ z cfhfksd{ }vf yvsfnfq vn xjnd }vf cmqm ymqm f{kqjajq vn sqmsmcd bfnfqmo. ]vjfaqm{/ fnhf`fcmcf{/ fqqdqf{ cf fomadqmkjn/ fqqdqf{ cf cd{jhjkmkjn/ cf{kvjcd{/ hmosmcf ejbjfnf/ nfbojbfnkjm{/ hmood{ cf {v`jnj{sqd/ cf yomnjhjkmkjn/ cf yqfxj{jajojcmc/..sdcd f{sd z `{ yvfcf dkm{jdnmq z {fq qf{ydn{maof cf vnm mosf-qmkjn d vn cfhfksd fn `mzdq d `fndq `fcjcm.Em{sm fo { `nj`d cf{- yj{sf. Ydq hdqsvnm km{j sdcd{ {dn {va{mnmaof{ yqdkfcjfncd kdqqfksm`fnsf sqm{ cfsfq`jnmq kdn fumksjsvc fo yqdaof`m z {v `mbnjsvc.

=9. QFBOM@FNSMKJN XJNKDOM

=. Qfbom`fnsmkjn cf om K.F.1. Ofz f{ymdom cf om xjm z fo xjnd;. @mym xjsjxjnkdom cf F{ymm. F{smc{sjkm{3. Fo Kdcfu Fndobjkd Jnsfqnmkjdnmo cf om DJX 6. Om{ cjfw qfbom{ cf dqd cf om fndodbm 8. YQO z MYYKK fn om jncv{sqjm fndobjkm

Omndq`msjxm mksvmo f{s {d`fsjcm m kdn{-smnsf{ cjn`jkm{ }vf emz }vf sfnfq yqf{fnsf{ z mksvmojwmcm{ ymqm }vjfnmadqcf z cf{mqqdoof om f`yqf{m fndobjkm. Od }vf mzfq f{smam yqdejajcedz f{s yfq`jsjcd/ od }vf mnsf{ f{smam yfq`jsjcd `mmnm f{smq km{sjbmcd/ z od }vf mnsf{ fqm M edz f{ K ym{mncd ydq A. Dsqd omafqjnsd ofbmohdq`m cf `mnsd }vf kvaqf kvmo}vjfq mksjxjcmc xjsjxjnkdom fn {v{ ; hm{f{yqdcvksjxm/ sqmn{hdq`msjxm z kd`fqkjmo. F{d f{/ cf{cf fo {vfod cfo xjfcdem{sm om hmksvqm cfo qf{smvqmnsf/ ydq nd emaomq zm cf ofbmojcmc kvxjnd nd{ kdqqf ydq om{ xfnm{ z nd{dsqd{ ydq om kmqqfsfqm.


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==. FO MNOJ[J[ FNDOBJKD

=. Kdn{jcfqmkjdnf{ yqfxjm{ cfoOmadqmsdqjd Fndobjkd

1. @sdcd{ dhjkjmof{ cf om K.F. ;. @sdcd v{vmof{ cf mnoj{j{3. Jnsfqyqfsmkjn cf qf{vosmcd{6. Cmsd{ mnmosjkd{ z sd`m cf cfkj{jdnf{8. Mnfud7 @msfqjmo f jn{sqv`fnsmo

Fomnoj{j{ }v`jkdcfo xjnd yqdydqkjdnm vnm jnhdq`mkjn xmojd{{j`m ymqm fo kdnsqdo sdsmo cf om yqdcvkkjn/ smnsd fn od{ yqdkf{d{ cf xj

hjkmkjn kd`d fn od{ yqfxjd{ z yd{sfqjdqf{ m f{sm. Yfq`jsf mcf`{ qfmojwmq fo {fbvj`jfnsd fn od{ yqdkf{d{ cf kqjmnwm d$z kdn{fqxmkjn z cfsfq`jnmq om{ mkkjdnf{ m f`yqfncfq mydzmncd {jf`yqf cjked{ cmsd{ kdn om{fxmovmkjdnf{ z gvjkjd{ dasfnjcd{ fn om kmsm. F{ mcf`{ qf}vj{jsd kd`fqkjmo z ofbmo kdndkfq od{ ymq`fsqd{ mnmosjkd{ cfo xjnd/ m{ kd`d om kdsm jnsfqyqfsmkjn cf om{ yomnjoom{ cf qf{vosmcd{/ z }vjw{/ smàjn/ {sm osj`m om kvf{sjn `{ cjhkjo cf oofxmq kmad kdn mkjfqsd.

=1. FO MNOJ[J[ DQBMNDOYSJKD

=. Jnsqdcvkkjn m om kmsm cf xjnd{1. @fsdcdodbm cf om kmsm;. @fsdcdodbm cfo fnsqfnm`jfnsd cf kmsm3. Hjkem{ cf kmsm6. Kvmnsjhjkmkjn cf om qfomkjn kmojcmc$yqfkjd8. Vn sjyd cf kmsm ymqm kmcm yqdhf{jdnmo

Omkmsm/smàjn oom`mcmmnoj{j{ dqbmndoysjkd d {fn{dqjmo f{hjnmo`fnsf fo gvjkjd{ j`ydqsmnsf {daqf om kmojcmc cf vn xjnd. Fo cf`{ yf{d/ yfqd smàjn yvfcf oofbmq m {fq fo `{ `mnjyvomaof/ xfncjaof/cj{sdq{jdnmaof/ {vagfsjxd/ kdnsqdxfqsjcd/ cj{ymqmsmcd d mafqqmnsf {j nd qfmojwm kdn {fqjfcmc/ cf{cf fo kdndkj`jfnsd z om fuyfqjfnkjm/ kdn ev`jo

cmc z {jnkfqjcmc/ mc}vjqjcd kdn `vked fnsqfnm`jfnsd z kdnkfnsqmkjn.Fn dsqm{ ymomaqm{/cfaf {fq vn mksd cf fgfqkjkjd qf{ydn{maof z gv{sd.


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1. OD[ BQMNCF[ CF OM FNDODBM

Ymcqf Hqmnkj{kd Dqfbojm%=:=1-=:55*

Dqcfnmcd {mkfqcdsf fn =:;5 f{ kdodkmcd kd`dcjqfksdq cf f{svcjd{ fn =:31 cf om f{kvfom cf fndodbm cf qdcfd cfo `fcjd %Mqbfnsjnm* z kvo`jnmncd {v omadq cf fn{fmnwm fn =:83 kvmncd fcjsm {vdaqm hvncm`fnsmo cf Fndodbm sfqjkd yqksjkm.Fn =:26 {f jnsfbqm fn fo Kdofbjd Cdn Ad{kd cf@fncdwm z fn =:56 f{ fnxf{sjcd Cq. Edndqj{ Kmv

{m ydq om vnjxfq{jcmc Gvmn Mbv{sn @mwm.

`jof Yfznmvc%=:=1-1993*Yqdhf{dq fn om Vnjxfq{jcmc cf Avqcfd{/ hvf kdomadqmcdq cf Gfmn Qjaqfmv Bmzdn qfxdovkjdnmncd fokdnkfysd cf om fndodbm z cf{mqqdoomncd nvfxd{

`sdcd{ cf mnoj{j{ ymqm om kd`yqfn{jn `dcfqnm cf om }v`jkm cfo xjnd. Mvsdq `mbj{sqmo fn {vojaqd `{ kdndkjcd Fo bv{sd cfo Xjnd z kqsjkdyqdhvncd cf om{ osj`m{ sfncfnkjm{ fndobjkm{.

Ym{kmo Qjaqfmv-Bmzdn%=:;9-19==*Cfkmnd edndqmqjd cf om VHQ %Vnjcmc cf Hdq`mkjn z cf Jnxf{sjbmkjn* cf Fndodbm cf om Vnjxfq{jcmc Adqcfmvu [fbmofn/ VHQ }vf emam cjqjbjcdem{sm 1993/ fqm m{j`j{`d `jf`aqd edndqmqjd cfoJn{sjsvs cf Hqmnkf z `jf`aqd cf om Mkmcf`jm cfmbqjkvosvqm cf Hqmnkjm. Mkmamam cf hjnmojwmqdaqm sjsvomcm O"ej{sdjqf cf o"dfndodbjf Adqcf-mvu7 cf Odvj{ Ym{sfvq nd{ gdvq{ z mvsdq yqjnkj-

ymo cfo hm`d{{j`d Sqmsmcd cf fndodbm.


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Qmhmfo @dojnm Vafcm%=:;1-1993*

Xjnkvomcd m om km{m Kjnwmnd cf Jsmojm cvqmnsf ked{ md{/ om omadq cf Qmhmfo @dojnm {f kfnsq z cf{mqqdoo jnsfn{m`fnsf z kdn `vkem cjhv{jn fnom hdq`mkjn cf Jnbfnjfqd{ Sknjkd{ fn om Vnjxfq{jcmc Ydojsknjkm cf @mcqjc/ cdncf qfcmks nv`fqd{m{ `dndbqmhm{ qfomkjdnmcm{ kdn om jncv{sqjfndobjkm{. Mvsdq cf 1 daqm{ `mbnm{ {daqf om hjosqmkjn z om komqjhjkmkjn qf{yfksjxm`fnsf.

@mnvfo Qvjw EfqnncfwNmkjcd fn @mcqjc fn =:;3 kvq{ JnbfnjfqmSknjkm Mbqkdom. M yqjnkjyjd{ cf od{ 89 {f xjnkvom om F{smkjn cf Xjsjkvosvqm z Fndodbm cf Emqd com }vf hvf cjqfksdq cf{cf =:51 em{sm =:56. Emf{kqjsd em{sm fo `d`fnsd `{ cf 599 mqskvod{ cfkmqksfq sknjkd kjfnshjkd z `{ cf vnm cdkfnmcf ojaqd{. Kvfnsm kdn xmqjd{ yqf`jd{ mo qfkdndkj`jfnsd z cf{cf fo 1998 kdn om `fcmoom mo `qjsdfn fo sqmamgd. Kdomadqmcdq fn `vked{ `fcjd{ zyqdhf{dq cf fndodbm.

Gd{ Ejcmobd Sdbdqf{Cq. Jnbfnjfqd Mbqnd`d/ kdn{vosdq fn fndodbm/Cjqfksdq Bfnfqmo cf Adcfbm{ Ajoamnm{ em{sm emkydkd{ md{ z xjnkvomcd m nv`fqd{m{ adcfbm{ mksvmo`fnsf. Ejgd cf C.Ovj{ Ejcmobd z/ kdnsjnvmncdom sqmcjkjn hm`jojmq/ mvsdq cf od{ kdndkjcd{ sqmscd{ cf Fndodbm z Xjsjkvosvqm fn 1 xdo`fnf{ kmcm vnd/ kv`aqf cfo kdndkj`jfnsd xjsjxjnkdom fnF{ymm z kdomadqmcdq fn xmqjm{ vnjxfq{jcmcf{.


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;. AJAOJDBQMHJM QFKD@FNCMCM

SQMSMCD CF FNDODBMcf Gd{ Ejcmobd Fcjkjdnf{ @vncj yqfn{m 1991.

XFQ[JN MKSVMOJWMCMFcjkjn 19== - =51; yy. 1 xdo`fnf{

Fusfn{d sqmsmcd kdn sdcd sjyd cf cfsmoof{ fn kvmnsdm xjnjhjkmkjdnf{ f jn{smomkjdnf{ xjnkdom{ {f qfhjfqf.

FNDODBM YQKSJKMcf F. Yfznmvc.Fcjkjdnf{ @vncj yqfn{m =:51 %=:22*

XFQ[JN MKSVMOJWMCMF. Yfznmvc z G. Aodvjn199;. @vncj-Yqfn{m. ;6; yy.

Cf{cf {v yqj`fqm fcjkjn fn =:22 f{sf ojaqd kdn{sjsvzfvn ko{jkd cf om fndodbm edz cm qfxj{mcd z m`yojmcdfn {v 3 fcjkjn gvnsd m Gmk}vf{ Aodvjn kd`d kdmvsdq.

SFKNDODBM CFO XJNDcf Q. Bfqemqc Sqdd{s Fcjsdqjmo D`fbm =:52 ==19 yy.Om fndodbm mof`mnm cfsmoomcm em{sm fn od `{ `nj`d fn kvmnsd m `m}vjnmqjm z sfkndodbm fndobjkm {f qfhjfqfcvqmnsf od{ osj`d{ md{ cfo {jbod ym{mcd/ ydq cf{bqmkjmnd {f emn xvfosd m qfmojwmq nvfxm{ fcjkjdnf{ cf f{sf ojaqdcf{cf =:52.

SQMSMCD CF FNDODBMCf Y. Qjaqfmv-Bmzdn z dsqd{. =199 yy. Fcjkjdnf{ @vncj Yqfn{m 199;. 1 sd`d{

Mksvmojwmcd z kdncfn{mcd cfo dqjbjnmo[kjfnkjf{ fs Sfkenj}vf{ cv Xjn fn

3 sd`d{ z sqmcvkjcd ydq Ef`j{hfqjd [vqfn Mqbfnsjnm.


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SQMSMCD YQKSJKD CF XJSJKVOSVQM ZFNDODBM F[YMDOM[ SD@D JJ FNDODBMCf Gvmn @mqkjoom Fcjkjdnf{ [.M.F.S.M. =:85[f yvfcf kdn{jcfqmq kd`d vn ojaqd ko{jkd/ cf{kqjaf yfqhfksm`fnsf om jnkjyjfnsf fndodbm cf od{ md{ ;9 z 39 fn F{ymm.@vz jnsfqf{mnsf ymqm qfhdqwmq kdnkfysd{ mqqmjbmcd{ cf oxjnjkvosvqm sqmcjkjdnmo f{ymdom.

FNDODBM SFQJKD-YQKSJKMCf Hqmnkj{kd Dqfbojm - 1 xdo`fnf{ %=:25 z =:2: qf{yfks.* Yvaojkmkjdnf{ cfo Jn{sjsvsd [mof{jmnd cf Mqsf{ Bqhjkm{

Fo bqmn ojaqd cf qfhfqfnkjm fn Mqbfnsjnm cdncf {f qfkdbfn`vkem{ cf om{ fn{fmnwm{ yom{`mcm{ ydq om f{kvfom hqmnkf{f jsmojmnm. Om ajaojm cf om Fndodbm. Vnm daqm `mbj{sqmo }vmamqkm sm`ajn om{ jncv{sqjm{ z yqdcvksd{ cfqjxmcd{ cfo xjnd.

SFDQM CF OM KOMQJHJKMKJN CF @D[SD[ Z XJND[Z [V[ MYOJKMKJDNF[ YQKSJKM[cf Qmhmfo @dojnm afcmFcjkjdnf{ @vncj Yqfn{m z M@X 1999 ;=2 yy.

Ojaqd `vz qfkd`fncmcd ymqm fnsfncfq od{ {j{sf`m{ kdodjcmof{ cfo xjnd z om{ sknjkm{ cf komqjhjkmkjn/ kd`yofsd kdnsfnjcd

sfqjkd z kdn cf{kqjykjdnf{ z cmsd{ yqksjkd{.

OM KQJMNWM CFO XJND SJNSD CF[CF OM YFQ[YFKSJXMXJSKDOMcf @mnvfo Qvjw Efqnncfw. 1 fc. 1991Fcjkjdnf{ @vncj Yqfn{m z M@X ;66 yy.

Ydojhfndof{/ `mcfqm/ kdqked z adsfoom kdnhdq`mn od{ 3 yvn

sd{ komxf cf f{sf kd`yofsd ojaqd. @vz qfkd`fncmaof {v ofksvqm ymqm om kd`yqfn{jn cf od{ hfn`fnd{ yd{s xjnjhjkmkjn.


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=3

3. OM FNDODBJM SVNJNB

Mvsdq7 nbfo M. @fncdwm %Mqbfnsjnm*

JNSQDCVKKJN

Om kjfnkjm xjsj fndobjkm cf od{ osj`d{ md{ em kqfkjcd m njxfo{dqyqfncfnsf{ z m xfkf{ nd emz sjf`yd {vhjkjfnsf ymqm oofbmq m smnsm jnhdq`mkjn/ z `vked `fnd{ odbqmq vnm myojkmkjn qmwdnmcm/ ymqm fofxmkmojcmc smnbjaof cfo xjnd. Ydq dsqd omcd/ `vkem jnxf{sjbmkjn f{sm yqd`dxjcm ydq j`ydqsmnsf{ omadqmsdqjd{ z f`yqf{m{ }v`jkm{ d ajdsfkndobjkm{ }vf kdnsqmsmn m jnxf{sjbmcdqf{ cf qfnd`aqf/ ymqm mxmomq `{ {vyqdyjd{ dagfsjxd{ cf qfnsmajojcmc.

Z fnsdnkf{ edz/ od{ fnodbd{ gxfnf{ cj{ydnfn cfo gv{sd z ndxfcd{d yqdcvksd fndobjkd }vf !yfq{dnmojwm d svnfm {v{ xjnd{!.

Om ymomaqm svnjnb yqdxjfnf cfo jcjd`m jnbof{ %mgv{sf {jnsdnm* om vsjojwm ymqm cfhjnjq om mkkjn cf `dcjhjkmq kd`ydnfnsf{ `fknjkd{ z $dfofksqnjkd{ cf om jnbfnjfqm `dsqjw.

Fo svnfd d Svnjnb f{/ fn fo `vncd mvsd`dsqjw {jnnj`d cf om yfq{dnmojwmkjn cf vn xfekvod/ m sqmx{ cf cjhfqfnsf{ `dcjhjkmkjdnf{ fn om`fknjkm cfo `dsdq/ od{ fusfqjdqf{ cf om kmqqdkfqm z $d jnsfqjdqf{ cf omkmajnm. Hfn`fnd `vz fuymncjcd fnsqf od{ v{vmqjd{ gxfnf{.

Od{ gxfnf{ qf{vosmn kdn{v`j{sm{ ydq fukfofnkjm z/ fn fo {edr xjsjfndobjkd/ nd cj{sjnbvfn fo ydcfq cf kd`fqkjmojwmkjn z {fcvkkjn cf f{sm{ f`yqf{m{ yqdxffcdqm{ cfo !yqdkfcj`jfnsd `bjkd!.

@vkem{ bfnfqmkjdnf{ cf fnodbd{ emn {jcd jnxjsmcd{ m !om xj{jsmsknjkm jnsfnkjdnmcm! cf sdnfofqm{/ kdqkefqm{/ hmaqjkm{ cf ofxmcvq

amksfqjm{/ bojkd yqdsfnm{/ smnjnd{ fndobjkd{/ fnwj`m{/ `jkqddujbfnmkjn/ jncv{sqjm{ fsmo `fknjkm{.Z ovfbd/ emn sfnjcd }vf kd`yqmq sfkndodbm ydq daojbmkjn z nd ydq

nfkf{jcmc.Kdn smnsm yqdyvf{sm/ kd`yofgjcmc z kdnhv{jn/ emz xfkf{ }vf fo

!qado nd cfgm xfq fo ad{}vf!.

M{ {f da{fqxmn xjnd{/ kvzd cj{fd nd f{sm cf mkvfqcd kdn om kvosv

qm z om{ f`dkjdnf{ cf od{ kdn{v`jcdqf{. Dsqd{ emn {v`mcd kd{sd{ cfyqdcvksd{ fndobjkd{ }vf nd {f qfhofgmn fn om kmojcmc hjnmo nj fn {v xmmbqfbmcd.


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=6

NVFXD[ M[YFKSD[ XJSJXJNJKDOM[ YMQM QMWDNMQ

Fo mqd`m f{ ymqsf hvncm`fnsmo cf om sjyjkjcmc z cf om jncjxjcvmocmc cf od{ xjnd{.

Kjfqsm xjsjkvosvqm z kjfnkjm fndobjkm `mo myojkmcm yvfcfn mnvoqfcvkjq od{ mqd`m{/ xdoxjfncd msyjkd{ od{ xjnd{.Fn od{ xjnd{ {f cj{sjnbvf/ cf efked/ vnm `mkqd f{sqvksvqm %mbvm

xfbfsmo/ mokdedo/ kjcd{ dqbnjkd{ z bojkfqjnm* z vnm `jkqdf{sqvksvqm }vkd`yqfncf fo kdodq/ fo mqd`m z fo {madq %`m{ cf =999 `jkqdkd`ydnfnsf{ jnsfqmksjxd{ }vf nd {v`mn `m{ cf ; bq$o*.

Fo f}vjojaqjd {f dasjfnf kdn yqdcvkkjdnf{ `dcfqmcm{ ydq yomnsm/`jfnsqm{ kdn fofxmcm{ yqdcvkkjdnf{/ sdcd {f yqf{fnsm cf{f}vjojaqmcd zamnmojwmcd.

Vnd cf od{ fhfksd{ cf om xjsjxjnjkvosvqm `dcfqnm kvmncd myvnsmydkd m om kmojcmc/ f{ om cf dasfnfq xjnd{ kdn fukf{jxd bv{sd efqakfd.

Od{ xjnd{ aomnkd{ m kmv{m cf smo {jsvmkjn {dn dagfsd/ fn adcfbm/j`ydqsmnsf{ `mnd{fd{ fndobjkd{ %komqjhjkmkjdnf{ fukf{jxm{* }vf sjfnfkd`d dagfsd hjnmo dasfnfq xjnd{ jnkdodqd{/ jndcdqd{ f jn{yjcd{ %@mqjdHqfbdnj =::2*

XJSJKVOSVQM !CF DJCD! XFQ[V[ XJSJKVOSVQM QMKJDNMO

' @vked{ fndsknjkd{ yqfbdnmn vn kfod{d kdnsqdo cf `mcvqfwhfnojkm/ cf yjfof{/ {f`joom{ z `mcvqfw mqd`sjkm cf om{ vxm{ sjnsm{ z docmn fo kdqqfksd amomnkf mwkmq $ mkjcfw }vf cfaf sfnfq fo `d{sd.

Fn qfbjdnf{ xjskdom{ amgd qjfbd/ om hj{jdodbm cf `mcvqmkjn cf o

qmkj`d{ f{ `vz cjhfqfnsf m om cf qfm{ fn {fkmnd. Od{ qjfbd{ hjnmof{ fnfnxfqd z `mcvqmkjn kdnhvncfn m om yomnsm z nd kf{m om mksjxjcmc xfbfsjxm fn om{ {f`joom{ cdncf qf{fqxm od{ f`aqjdnf{ }vf `mnsjfnfn {v f{yfkjf. Z fn qfbjdnf{ kojcm{ z qjcm{ kd`d fo yjfcf`dnsf dqjfnsmo mncjnd/nd ydcf`d{ emkfq {vhqjq cf {fc m om{ yomnsm{/ ydq}vf fo `mo cjqjbjcd{sqf{{ ecqjkd cf{kdnsqdom od{ `fsmadoj{`d{ z msfnsm kdn om kmojcmc {f{dqjmo cf od{ xjnd{.

M{ nd f{ yd{jaof mokmnwmq om `mcvqfw cf smnjnd{ fn edoofgd{ z `joom{/ gvnsd m om `mcvqfw cf om yvoym. [dod fn {fkmnd {f kdn{jbvf om cvqfw hfnojkm mnsf{ d kdngvnsm mo f}vjojaqjd cf kd`ydnfnsf{ yvoymqf{.


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=8

F{yfqmq om `mcvqfw hfnojkm fn wdnm{ kojcm{ kd`yqd`fsf om f{sqvksvqm kjcm cfo `d{sd z om kdqqfksm ajd}v`jkm cf hfq`fnsmkjn mokdeojkm.

Cf{cf fo yvnsd cf xj{sm yqmksjkd/ mo av{kmq om `mcvqfw hfnojkm

om{ vxm{/ ovfbd {f kd`yojkm om odb{sjkm cf xfncj`jm/ {daqf sdcd fn xmqjsmof{ cf `mcvqfw smqcm %Kmafqnfs [mvxjbndn Yfsjs Xfqcds Smnnms*hmosm cf kd{fkemcdqf{. Fo jnbqf{d f{ `m{ ofnsd z om ym{jhjkmkjn mkfofq

'Av{kmn om {daqf`mcvqfw ymqm odbqmq kdnkfnsqmkjn z cf{kdndkfn}vf fo kmsmadoj{`d cfo bqmnd {daqf `mcvqd f{ yfdq }vf vn msm}vf ymqkjmo cf adsqjsj{. Yjfqcfn kdodq z mymqfkfn mqd`m{ jncf{fmaof{ cf hqvsd{fkd{ d hqvsm kdkjcm.

Om{ ofxmcvqm{ yjfqcfn ydsfnkjmo cf hfq`fnsmkjn z {f odbqmn xjnd{kdn mwkmq qf{jcvmo/ mkjcfw xdosjo fofxmcm z smnjnd{ m`mqbd{.

Om{ sf`yfqmsvqm{ cf hfq`fnsmkjn {dn `vz mosm{ z yqdyjkjmn cf{xjmkjdnf{ `jkqdajdobjkm{ %amksfqjm{ oksjkm{ z mksjkm{*/ }vf kd`yjkdn om{ ofxmcvqm{ cfo avfn xjnd.

Vnm hfq`fnsmkjn mokdeojkm jnkd`yofsm/ nd yfq`jsf cfhjnjq om yfq{dnmojcmc cfo xjnd.

Xjnd{ sjnsd{ kdn mokdedof{ `mzdqf{ mo =3&X$X/ {f cf{yfq{dnmojwmn/yjfqcfn hqvsd{jcmc z {f xvfoxfn mqcjfnsf{/ cf{mq`njkd{ z {fkmnsf{.

Od{ kdn{v`jcdqf{ mhjkjdnmcd{ m xjnd{ mokdeojkd{ z kdnkfnsqmcdcf mosm bm`m/ cf sfqqvd{ yqjxjofbjmcd{/ nd {vyfqmn fo =& cfo `fqkmcdbodamo cfo xjnd.

Nj om mosm bqmcvmkjn/ nj om fukf{jxm `mcvqmkjn cf od{ smnjndnfn kd`d qf{vosmcd Bqmncf{ xjnd{.

Emz qjf{bd `vz mosd kdn om{ vxm{ z od{ xjnd{ cj{fmcd{ ymqm!Bqmncf{ xjnd{!7

Mwkmq mosd z njsqbfnd `vz amgd }vf kqfmn bqmncf{ cjhjkvosmcf{ymqm om{ ofxmcvqm{.

Qfomsjxm`fnsf ydkd [D 1 }vf yvfcf yqdyjkjmq od{ bq`fnf{ cfkdnsm`jnmkjn %Aqfssmnd`zkf{/ amksfqjm{ oksjkm{/ fsk.*.

Mokdedo mosd }vf mkfofqm om{ fusqmkkjdnf{ cf fof`fnsd{ cf om `m-cfqm kdn mosd qjf{bd cf {f}vfcmc z m`mqbdq {fn{dqjmo.! %C.Cfosfjo/ 1996*


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=2

Kmcm cm f{ `{ cjhkjo m{dkjmq od{ xjnd{ sjnsd{ kdnkfnsqmcd{ z kdeojkd{ m om kdkjnm `dcfqnm. Fn od{ osj`d{ 3 md{/ od{ f{svcjd{ c`fqkmcd cf`vf{sqmn }vf nd {jf`yqf od{ xjnd{ yqfhfqjcd{ ydq od{ fuyfqsd{/ {dn od{ }vf `{ bv{smn m od{ kdn{v`jcdqf{.

@vked xjnd ymqfkf {fq efked ymqm fnodbd{/ d ymqm Qdafqs Ymqlfqymqm kdnkvq{d{/ yfqd nd ymqm jnhdq`mof{ z ndaof{ kdn{v`jcdqf{.Kvmncd oofb om `dcm cfo f{sq{ ecqjkd/ {fkm`d{ om `jsmc cf om{

m{. Cf{yv{ xjnd om `dcm cfo cf{edgf yqf`msvqd z cfgm`d{ fuyvf{sd fukf-{jxm`fnsf od{ hqvsd{ mo {do/ kdn kdn{fkvfnkjm{ om`fnsmaof{ cf `mcvqmk yqfkdw/ cf{kfn{d cf mkjcfw hjgm/ yom{`oj{j{ cf edoofgd{/ cfsfnkjn cf omsjxjcmcf{ cfo hjsdkqd`d/ dujcmkjn/ mfgm`jfnsd msyjkd %MSM* z hjnm`mqbd{ cf od{ !smnjnd{ cfo {do! mkv`vomcd{ fn od{ edoofgd{ %kjcd{ hfkd{7 kjn`jkd - hfqojkd - kmhfjkd z homxdndof{ ; bojkd{jcd{7 }vfqkjsjn`jqjkfsjnm - lf`hfqdo - j{dqm`nfsdo*.

Ovfbd oofbmqdn od{ xjnd{ kdnkfnsqmcd{ kdn vxm{ cf `vkem `mcvqfw yfqcjfncd xfnsm{ fn kdn{v`jcdqf{ }vf nd }vjfqfn f{sf sjyd cf xjnd z yfq-cjfncd vxm/ ydq}vf mo kd{fkemq `m{ smqcf/ om hqvsm {f cf{ejcqmsm.

Om kdnkfnsqmkjn cf `jkqd kd`ydnfnsf{ cfo kdodq/ mqd`m z {m-adq cf om vxm xjnhfqm cfaf odbqmq{f ydq hdsd{nsf{j{ z nd ydq cf{-ejcqmsmkjn d {mnbqm{ cf{kdnsqdomcm{ cf `d{sd fn om adcfbm.

Ymqm food od{ mbqnd`d{ z fnodbd{ `dcfqnd{ cfafn f{svcjmq `vkemfkdhj{jdodbm cf om xjc .

Om {daqf`mcvqfw {dod f{ yd{jaof cjqjbjqom fn qfbjdnf{ hqm{/ kdnsf`yfqmsvqm{ `fcjm{ jnhfqjdqf{ m =: bqmcd{ Kfo{jv{/ fn od{ `f{f{ `{kojcd{. Cfaf`d{ kd`yqfncfq }vf `vkem sfkndodbm xjsjxjnkdom em {jcd

cf{mqqdoomcm ymqm ymqmofod{ {vyfqjdqf{ m 39 cf omsjsvc. Z nd ydcfqfyojkmq f{sd{ cf{mqqdood{ fn ymqmofod{ jnhfqjdqf{.Ydq }vf fn kmcm ym-qmofod om xjcm omsf cjhfqfnsf

Fn od{ osj`d{ md{ {f em yqd`dxjcd fn om xjsjkvosvqm mqbfnsjnmvnm mkfnsvmcm fuyd{jkjn {domq cjqfksm cf om{ vxm{/ fn om kmqm f{sf f{ymocfqd{ ymqm odbqmq kdodq/ mqd`m{ xmqjfsmof{ z kdnkfnsqmkjn fkfymgf{ sjnsd{. F{ vnm yqksjkm mkfysmaof fn ymqmofod{ {vyfqjdqf{ m 39omsjsvc/ yfqd `vz yfojbqd{m fn qfbjdnf{ kojcm{ cf ymqmofod{ jnhfqjdqf{.


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19/28

=:

[j fo yqdkf{d cf {fnf{kfnkjm cf om{ edgm{ `mcvqm{ kd`jfnwm yqf-`msvqm`fnsf/ cvqmnsf fo f{smcd cf `mcvqmkjn cfo hqvsd/ om{ edgm{ `mcvqm{ !adàfmqmn mhvfqm! {v{ nvsqjfnsf{ {dovaof{ kdn fo ydsm{jd. Cmc}vf fo hqvsd f{ fo yqjnkjymo cf{sjnd fn f{sf `d`fnsd/ {f sqmn{hdq`mq fnfo !cfy{jsd! cf ydsm{jd.

F{ kd`n kdn{jcfqmq }vf fo `mnfgd cf kmndyjm/ hfqsjojwmnsf{ zydqsm jngfqsd{ yvfcf jnhovfnkjmq od{ njxfof{ cf ydsm{jd fn hqvsd{. Cf{fdemkfq vnm qfhofujn yfq{dnmo {daqf fo v{d fukf{jxd cfo ydqsmjngfqsd [D3cjhvncjcd ydq od{ xjxfqj{sm{ fn om ckmcm cfo :9/ fn om j`yomnsmkjn cnv`fqd{m{ efksqfm{ cf xjfcd{ nvfxd{ fn Mqbfnsjnm.

@vkem ajaojdbqmhm hqmnkf{m %Cfom{/ =::1*/ f{ymdom %@m=::9 - Hqmnkd/ =::3* f jsmojmnm %Hmokfssj/ =:5:* `mnjhjf{smn }vf f{sf ydq-

sm jngfqsd yqdydqkjdnm `d{sd{ z xjnd{ kdn `mzdq kdnkfnsqmkjn cf ydsm{jd z yE fofxmcd.

[j f{sd hvfqm f{svcjmcd z cf`d{sqmcd ymqm om xjsjkvosvqm mqbfnsjnkdnsf`ydqnfm/ f{smqm`d{ fn vnm cf{xfnsmgm f{sqmsbjkm ymqm dasfnfqxjnd{ `{ syjkd{ z dqjbjnmof{.

Yqksjkm{ }vf qfcvkfn {dàqm{/ smof{ kd`d fo cf{edgf am{mo yqf-`msvqd/ fo v{d cf xfbfsmkjdnf{ majfqsm{ z {j{sf`m{ cf f{ymocfqd{/ emn

{jcd qfkd`fncmcd{ ymqm yqfxfnjq mosd{ njxfof{ cf ydsm{jd fn od{ hqvsd{.[jn fàmqbd/ {f cfaf {fq kvjcmcd{d fn om foj`jnmkjn cf edgm{ fn om

wdnm hqvsmo cf{cf }vf om yqksjkm cj{`jnvzf om kmymkjcmc hdsd{jnssjkmom xjm/ od kvmo/ m om xvfosm/ yvfcf sfnfq fhfksd{ nfbmsjxd{ fn fo kqfkj`jfsd/ qfncj`jfnsd cf hqvsd{/ kdnsfnjcd cf mwkmq/ ydojhfndof{ z kmqadejcqmsd{ cf qf{fqxm fn om yomnsm %Yfsqjf/ 1991 *

Kdn f{sm{ myqfkjmkjdnf{/ ydcf`d{ f{sj`mq/ }vf mobvnm{ yqmksjkm{

xjskdom{ yqd`vobmcm{ qfkjfnsf`fnsf/ fn nvf{sqm xjsjkvosvqm kdnsf`ydqnfm cf koj`m kojcd qjcd/ kd`d cf{edgf{ am{mof{ yqf`msvqd{ z cf{kdnsqdomcd{/ qf{sqjkkjn ecqjkm =6 cm{ mnsf{ cf kd{fkem/ qfkdofkkjn smqcf hqvsd{ kdn m`mqjoofd z cfhdojmkjn f{ydnsnfm cf edgm{ `mcvqm{ am{mof{/ yvfcfn {fq om kmv{m cf `vked xjnd sjnsd kdn mosd{ xmodqf{ cf yE %`{cf ;/2* `vz sm`ydnmcd{ }vf {f myqfkjmn jnkov{d fn sqmcjkjdnmof{ wdnm{hqf{km{ cf mosvqm.


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19

FNDODBM QMWDNMCM

Fo v{d cf{kdnsqdomcd z mav{jxd cf fnwj`m{ yfksdosjkm{ ymqm `mkfqmkjdnf{ yqfhfq`mnsmsjxm{ d fo cf{adqqf yqfxjd cf `d{sd{ aomnkd{ yvfcfqd`yfq om f{sqvksvqm kdodjcmo nmsvqmo cfo `d{sd }vf edz f{ j`ydqsmnsfymqm fo {d{sn cf mqd`m{ xmqjfsmof{/ xdov`fn cf adkm/ {vkqd{jcmc%'* zodnbfxjcmc cf xjnd{ aomnkd{ `dcfqnd{.

Edz ydcf`d{ mc`jsjq }vf fo v{d cf fnwj`m{ kd`fqkjmof{ f{sm bfnfqmojwmcd fn om jncv{sqjm `vncjmo cfo xjnd. Yqksjkm`fnsf {f od{ mc}vjfqf z {f od{ vsjojwm km{j cf vnm `mnfqm `fknjkm/ am{ncd{f `vkem{ xfkf{fn qfhfqfnsf{ }vf ydkd sjfnfn }vf xfq kdn om qfmo nfkf{jcmc cf {v myojkmkjn.

Mcf`{/ kdn od{ fusqmksd{ fnwj`sjkd{ kd`fqkjmof{/ ydkd yvqjhjkmcd{/ {jf`yqf f{ yd{jaof mcjkjdnmq mobvnd{ fnwj`m{ yfojbqd{d{ kd`d om{kjmnm`jo f{sfmqm{m{ z afsm bovkdujcm{m{/ kmsmojwmcdqf{ cf qfmkd`yofgm{7 ojafqmkjn cf kjcd{ hfndof{ efqakfd{ fn xjnd{ aomnkd{/ dejcqoj{j{ cf mnsdkjmnd{ fn xjnd{ sjnsd{.

Yfq{dnmo`fnsf/ kdn{jcfqd }vf vxm{ ndaof{/ kd`d Kemqcdnnmz/Kefnjn Aomnk/ [mvxjbndn Aomnk/ yd{ffn/ vn nmsvqmo yddo fnwj`sjkd ym{v mvsdkomqjhjkmkjn z nd f{ nfkf{mqjd fusqmksd{ fnwj`sjkd{ kd`fqkjmoffn om cfkmnsmkjn yqfxjm m om hfq`fnsmkjn mokdeojkm.

Sm`ydkd {dz ymqsjcmqjd cf v{d cf fnwj`m{ kd`fqkjmof{/ fn xjnd{sjnsd{ cf bvmqcm/ cdncf om `mkfqmkjn {f yqdodnbm ydq `{ cf 1 {f`mnm{. Fxjsm`d{ om yfqcjcm cf xj{kd{jcmc/ `mnsfnf`d{ `mzdq f{sqvksvqmkdodjcmo z {dydqsm`d{ `fgdq od{ mqd`m{ xmqjfsmof{.

F{ yd{jaof cjqjbjq om ydoj`fqjwmkjn cf smnjnd{ kdn ydoj{mkqjcd{

ymqm mv`fnsmq om vnsvd{jcmc z fo xdov`fn/ myqdxfkemncd `fgdq om nmsvqmo mkkjn fnwj`sjkm cf om vxm z om{ ofxmcvqm{.

Sm`ajn fxjsm`d{ qjf{bd{ cf ejcqoj{j{ cf mnsdkjmnd{ ydq qfmkkjdnf{ ymqm{jsm{ cf afsm bovkmnm{m{/ }vf yvfcfn oofbmq fn od{ fusqmksdwj`sjkd{ kd`fqkjmof{.

%'* Om [vkqd{jcmc f{ om {fn{mkjn cf bqm{dkjcmc z vnsvd{jcmc odbqmcm fn om xjnjhjkmkjn z yd{sfqjdq kqjmnwm cfo xjnd.


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Mobvnd{ yqdhf{jdnmof{ `vz gxfnf{ yqd`vobmn omHfq`fnsmkjnHqm m =1$=; K/ kdn ofxmcvqm{ {fofkkjdnmcm{ f{yfkhjkm{ ymqm fumosmq foydsfnkjmo mqd`sjkd cf mobvnd{ xjnd{ aomnkd{ xmqjfsmof{ %[mvxjbnAomnk Sdqqdnsf{ Sqm`jnfq Qjf{ojnb* z {dod odbqmn qmofnsjwmq om hf`fnsmkjn kdn fofxmcm sm{m cf fsmnmo }vf yqdxdkm hfn`fnd{ cf yjn-ljnb z mosm kdàjnmkjn cf [D1 . M xfkf{ om{ ofxmcvqm{ {moxmgf{/ nd [mk-kemqd`zkf{/ {dn kqjhjom{/ cd`jnmn fo km`yd hfq`fnsmsjxd z bfnfqmn fofxmcm{ kdnkfnsqmkjdnf{ cf mkfsmsd{.

[j ajfn fo xjnd/ yqj`fqd f{ vxm/ nd ydcf`d{ doxjcmq }vf om sqmn{hdq`mkjn cf om vxm fn xjnd/ qf{vosm ydq `fkmnj{`d{ ajd}v`jkd{ kd`yofgd{cf ofxmcvqm{ z amksfqjm{ }vf fo fnodbd cfaf kdndkfq/ jcfnsjhjkmq z `mnfgmq.

Om xjnjhjkmkjn cfaf cjqjbjq{f kd`d vnm ajdsfkndodbm `jkqd-ajdobjkm.

Fn om mksvmojcmc om cjhv{jn cf ofxmcvqm{ {fkm{ mksjxm{ kd`fqk%O[M* em mokmnwmcd vn njxfo cf yqjdqjcmc fn om xjnjhjkmkjn jncv{sqjmo cfod{ xjnd{. F{ nfkf{mqjm vnm yqfxjm kmymkjsmkjn fn om ejcqmsmkjn {vmom{ `fàqmnm{ kfovomqf{ z mksjxmkjn cf om ajd`m{m {fkm.

F{ nfkf{mqjm smàjn om ed`dbfnfjwmkjn yfq`mnfnsf cf om{ ofxm

cvqm{ fn od{ smn}vf{ cf hfq`fnsmkjn ymqm fxjsmq cfkmnsmkjn yqfkdw ydcjhfqfnkjm{ kdnsjnvm{ cf om cfn{jcmc cvqmnsf om sqmn{hdq`mkjn ajd}v`jkm cfo `d{sd fn xjnd.

[f cfaf yqfxfnjq {daqf om f{yfkvomkjn z hmosm cf sjkm fn mobvnd{yqdxffcdqf{ cf `jkqddqbmnj{`d{ fndobjkd{. Qfkjfnsf{ f{svcjd{ fn vnjxfq{jcmcf{ mqbfnsjnm{/ ydq jcfnsjhjkmkjn `dofkvomq/ `vf{sqm kd`d vnm`j{`m kfym cf ofxmcvqm f{ xfncjcm ydq cjhfqfnsf{ f`yqf{m{ amgd cj{sjn

sd{ ndàqf{ kd`fqkjmof{ z yqfkjd{/ f jnkov{d ydq vn `j{`d yqdxffcdq.Mcf`{/ fo v{d cf f{sd{ kvosjxd{ nd {jf`yqf bmqmnsjwmn {v cd`j

nmnkjm z ydq od smnsd om kmojcmc cfo yqdcvksd hjnmo


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Vn qmkjdnmo z ed`dbnfd v{d cf [D1/ fnsqf 5 z =1 b$eo/ fn om `d-ojfncm z fnkvamcd cf vxm{ sjnsm{ ndaof{/ yvfcf emkfq vnm {fofkkjn nmsvqmo cf om{ f{yfkjf{ nmsjxm{ kdn `fgdq ydsfnkjmo fndobjkd }vf om{ ofxmcqm{ jnjkjmcdqm{ kd`fqkjmof{.

Vnm kdqqjfnsf fndsknjkm `dcfqnm yqdyjkjm om@mkfqmkjn HqmYqfhfq`fnsmsjxm cf vxm{ sjnsm{ %@HY*/ymqm {dovajojwmq z f{smajojwmqmnsdkjmnd{ z yqfkvq{dqf{ mqd`sjkd{.

Z nd sdcd{ od{ xmqjfsmof{ yqf{fnsmn qf{yvf{sm{ yd{jsjxm{. Om{ vxkdn mosm kmqbm nmsvqmo cf sjqd{jnm{m/ fnwj`m fncbfnm yqd dujc%@fqods - Yjnds Ndjq - [mnbjdxf{{f - Kmafqnfs cf qfbjdnf{ kojcm{*/ yvf-cfn mkfofqmq vnm dujcmkjn nfbmsjxm/ mv{yjkjmcm ydq fo fnhqjm`jfnsd kf{jxd/ fn mv{fnkjm cf [D1 . Fo v{d mav{jxd cf ejfod {fkd %KD 1 m -=69 K*/}vf`mncd edoofgd{ ydq kdnbfomkjn/ mkfofqm f{sf hfn`fnd kmsmaojkd cfdujcmkjn.

[j om{ vxm{ f{sn ydkd `mcvqm{/ yqdkfcfnsf{ cf xjfcd{ `vz{d`aqd{ z$d yfqsfnfkfn m om hm`jojm cf od{ Kmafqnfs %Kma. [mvxjbndKma. Hqmnk/ @fqods/ Kmq`fnfqf/ Sf`yqmnjood*/ kdn yqf{fnkjm {jbnjhjkmscf yjqmwjnm{ %dodq z bv{sd m yj`jfnsd xfqcf*/ `vz {dovaof{ fn `fcjdmkvd{d/ om @HY yqdyjkjm vn fofxmcd cfhfksd cf mqd`m{ z bv{sd{ efqakfd{. Kdn vxm{ ydkd `mcvqm{ om @HY yvfcf qf{vosmq vn bqmxf fqqdq.

Od{ kjcd{ hfndof{/ qf{ydn{maof{ cfo efqakfd z bv{sd m ym{sd kdqsmcd/ {dn `vz {dovaof{ fn `fcjd mkvd{d. Om {mnjcmc cf om vxm sjnsm f{ vnqf}vj{jsd j`yqf{kjncjaof ymqm cjqjbjq vnm fujsd{m @HY.

Vnm sf`yfqmsvqm jnhfqjdq m =9 K z vn sjf`yd cf 35$21 edqm{ f{{vhjkjfnsf ymqm odbqmq qf{vosmcd{ yqdbqm`mcd{.

Ymqm f{smq `{ fn om `dcm/ od{ fnodbd{ `dcfqnd{ momqbmn odsjf`yd{ cf `mkfqmkjn yd{s hfq`fnsmsjxm cf vxm{ sjnsm{ `vz `mcvqm{ zm{dofmcm{/ ymqm mokmnwmq nd {f }v kdnkfnsqmkjn/ xdov`fn bqm{d kqd{jcmc. Z {dod odbqmn `mzdq yE cfkdodqmkjn cf{mqqdood{ cf Aqfnd`zkf{ z amksfqjm{ efsfqdoksjkm{/ jnkqf`fnsmncd {madqf{ m`mqbd{ z{fkmnsf{.

Mcf`{ kd`yojkmn om odb{sjkm cf kd{fkem z fomadqmkjn ydq nd kmkvomq om gv{sm kmnsjcmc cf smn}vf{ cf xjnjhjkmkjn jn`dxjojwmcd{.

Mofbqf`fnsf myojkmn !`jkqddujbfnmkjn! fn xjnd{ `vz mokdeojkd{/

cf vxm{ {daqf`mcvqm{ z mkfofqmn fo fnxfgfkj`jfnsd yqf`msvqd. Mn od{sqmamgd{ cf jnxf{sjbmkjn {daqf f{sf sf`m nd emn {jcd madqcmcd{ kdn qjbdq kjfnshjkd.


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Om `mzdqm/ yfqsfnfkfn m od{ omadqmsdqjd{ jnsfqf{mcd{/ kdn {dod 69 & cf qf{vosmcd{ fujsd{d{. @vz ydkd{ sqmamgd{ emn qfomkjdnmcd om `j-kqd dujcmkjn kdn fo yE cf od{ xjnd{. Z `vked `fnd{ kdn om yqf{fnkjm cf`fsmof{ nmsvqmof{ cfo xjnd/ kd`d ejfqqd/ kdaqf/ `mnbmnf{d }vf qf{vosmnfnqbjkd{ kmsmojwmcdqf{ cf sqmn{jkjn/ cf om qfcvkkjn cfo dujbfnd fn o{dovkjn ejcqdmokdeojkm %qfmkkjn cf Hfnsdn*.

Yfqd kmcm cm om{ vnjxfq{jcmcf{ cf{kvaqfn od{ fhfksd{ nfhm{sd{ com jdnjwmkjn cfo dubfnd {daqf xjnd{ kdn yE {vyfqjdq m ;/6 }vf yqdxdkmdujcmkjdnf{ jqqfxfq{jaof{ cfo xjnd.

Om !`jkqddujbfnmkjn! f{ vnm sknjkm cf{mqqdoomcm kdn om jnsfnkjcf qfyojkmq om !ofnsm! dujcmkjn cvqmnsf om kqjmnwm cf xjnd fn amqqjkm

Yf}vfm{ kmnsjcmcf{ cf dubfnd {dn mbqfbmcm{ mo xjnd kdn om f{yqmnwm cf yqd`dxfq yqdkf{d{ dujcmsjxd{ }vf yfq`jsmn `fgdqmq om kmojcmccfo yqdcvksd. Om`fnsmaof`fnsf/ od{ yqdkfcj`jfnsd{ ymqm {msj{hmkfq od{qf}vfqj`jfnsd{ cf dujbfnd cf kmcm sjyd cf xjnd {f cf{kdndkfn z {f {v{sfnsmn fn vn kd`ydnfnsf hvfqsf`fnsf {vagfsjxd kd`d f{ om cfbv{smkjn{jn f{smncmqjwmkjn %Rmsfqedv{f z Omvqjf/ 1998*.

Cjxfq{d{ mqskvod{ cf fusfn{jn emn qfydqsmcd od{ afnfhjkjd{ cff{sm sknjkm %Ymqj{e fs mo 1999/ Qjfbfq/ 1999*. Yfqd od{ mqskvod{ kjkd{ yvaojkmcd{ {daqf om `msfqjm cf{kqjafn hvncm`fnsmo`fnsf fhfksd{{daqf fo kdodq/ z fn mobvnd{ km{d{ emn yqf{fnsmcd qf{vosmcd{ kdnsqmcjkqjd{ %Msmnm{dxm fs mo 1991< Oomvcz fs mo 1993< Kmnd odyfw fs mo qfw @mbmqjd fs mo 1992*.

Fn fo kdn{v`d cf D1/ om ajd`m{m cf ofxmcvqm{ f{ `m{ mksjxm }vf od{ydojhfndof{. F{ nfkf{mqjd {fymqmq om ajd`m{m ymqm `fgdqmq qf{vosmcdom `jkqddujcmkjn {daqf om f{sqvksvqm ydojhfnojkm cfo xjnd.

Komqm`fnsf/ {f nfkf{jsm `{ jnhdq`mkjn kjfnshjkm ymqm odbqmq v`fgdq `mnfgd cf f{sm sknjkm. [d`d{ kdn{kjfnsf{ }vf om{ `dcjhjkmkjdnf{sfkndobjkm{ {dn {jf`yqf vnm kdn{fkvfnkjm fkdn`jkm.

Z fo yqfkjd cf vnm amqqjkm f{ smn fofxmcd }vf {f qfkvqqf m ydnfq foxjnd fn kdnsmksd kdn mosfqnmsjxd{ cf qdaof %kejy{/ kvad{/ cvfom{/ fsk.*`jkqddujcmkjn yfn{mncd }vf fo qf{vosmcd {fq `fnd{ xmqjmaof z od{ kd{sd{ `fndqf{. Z fnsdnkf{ f{sf sf`m mn {jn {v{sfnsd{ {ojcd{ z kjfnshjkd{/

yqf{jdnm {daqf om qf{ydn{majojcmc z om sjkm cf od{ xjnjkvosdqf{ z }vjfafo {vfd qd`nsjkd cf kdn{v`jcdqf{ sqmcjkjdnmof{ cf xjnd{ mqj{sdkqsjkd{.


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Myojkmn oj{dwj`m/ ymqm kdnsqdo cf amksfqjm{ bqm` yd{jsjxm{ fn `fnsd{ cf myvqd{ f j`yqdxj{mkjn/ z mn nd sjfnfn `jkqd{kdyjd fn foomadqmsdqjd. [jn kdndkj`jfnsd/ om jnkdqydqmn m xjnd{ sjnsd{/ fn kqjmnwm`mcfqm z doxjcmn }vf od{ smnjnd{ nmsvqmof{ cfo xjnd z$d om `mcfqm kdmbomn {v bqvyd yqdsfjkd z yjfqcf mkkjn amksfqjkjcm. Mcf`{ om oj{dwj`m f{vn yqsjcd kdmbvomnsf cf mnsdkjmnd{. [dod f{ yd{jaof {v v{d fhfksjxd/ cvqmnsf om `dojfncm z `mkfqmkjn yqfxjm cf vxm{ cfhfksvd{m{/ cf `vz amgmmkjcfw.

Myojkmn smnjnd{ fndobjkd{/ {jn kd`yqfncfq cfo sdcd ajfn od{ `fkmnj{`d{ cf kjkodmcjkjdn ydoj`fqjwmkjn cf om }v`jkm cf od{ ydojhfndof{ z {v f{sqjksm qfomkjn kdn fo yE/ om sf`yfqmsvqm z od{ ydsfnkjmof{ qfccfo xjnd. [dod odbqmn kdodqf{ dymkd{ z hjnmof{ cf adkm {fkmnsf{. Mc}vj

qfn smnjnd{ !cf mosd ydcfq mnsj dujcmnsf! z doxjcmn }vf kdn fo dujbfndjnjkd cfo xjnd {f sqmn{hdq`mn fn kd`yvf{sd{ !yqd dujcmnsf{!.

Mcf`{/ mobvnd{ yqdxffcdqf{ jnf{kqvyvod{d{ cjkfn xfncfq kd`yofgd{ smnjnd{ yqdkjmnjcnjkd{/ yqdxfnjfnsf{ cf om vxm z qf{vosmn {fq smnd{ bojkd{ z fobjkd{ cf mobvnm{ f{yfkjf{ cf }vfaqmked kdodqmcd.

Fo kdqsf/ kdvymbf m{{m`aombf cf xjnd{/ vn mqsf `jofnmqjd cf omfndodbm/ cfafqm {fq om `mnfqm `{ nmsvqmo cf f{sqvksvqmq/ f{smajoj- wmq z fumosmq om kmojcmc {fn{dqjmo cfo xjnd.

[daqf om `msqjw kjcm cf od{ xjnd{/ {f em yqdxdkmcd vnm cjxj{jn`mqkmcm cf fnodbd{ }vf nd kdqqjbfn mkjcfw m om{ vxm{ fn om{ fsmym{ yhfq`fnsmsjxm{/ z dsqd bqvyd cf fnodbd{ }vf yqmksjkmn kdqqfkkjdnf{ fukf{jxm{. M{ nd f{s komqd fo kdqqfksd yfqhjo {fn{dqjmo cf mobvnd{ xjnd{bfnsjnd{.

F{ j`ydqsmnsf {mafq }vf vn yE qmkjdnmo cf od{ xjnd{ sjnsd{/ fnsqf;/66 z ;/86 cfhjnf vn {madq `{ jnsfqnmkjdnmo/ {v yfq{dnmojcmc xmqjfsmo z{v ydsfnkjmo odnbfxjcmc.

M yE {vyfqjdq m ;/2/ f{sd{ xjnd{ yjfqcfn kmqksfq/ {v {madq f{ ojbfqm`fnsf sfqqd{d z hmxdqfkfn om dujcmkjn/ fo fnxfgfkj`jfnsd yqf`msvqd zod{ msm}vf{ `jkqdajdobjkd{.

Fn xjnd{ aomnkd{ z$d qd{mcd{ hqf{kd{ hqvsmcd{ z kqdkmnsf{/ fo nvnkm cfaf {fq {vyfqjdq m ;/1.


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Mobvnd{ hojbe-rjnf`mlfq{fusqmngfqd{/ }vf oofbmqdn kd`d kdn{vosdqf{ m Mqbfnsjnm/ cvqmnsf om ckmcm cfo :9/ kdn {v{ kdnkfysd{ fndobjkcjhfqfnsf{/ myojkmaof{ m ymqmofod{ cf qfbjdnf{ hqm{/ kd`yojkmqdn om xkdqqfksm z fo cj{fd cf `vked xjnd mqbfnsjnd.

V{mn amqqjkm{ nvfxm{/ hqmnkf{m{ d m`fqjkmnm{/ `vz kmqm{ z nd{ffn fo odkmo cf kqjmnwm mcfkvmcd m sf`yfqmsvqm{ z ev`fcmc kdnsqdomcz kdncjkjdnf{ f{sqjksm{ cf ejbjfnf.

Kdn om kqfkjfnsf mymqjkjn cf adcfbm{ advsj}vf/ f{ hqfkvfnsf fnkdnsqmq xjnd{ kdn fukf{jxd{ mydqsf{ cf qdaof ydq amqqjkm{ d ydq cvfom}vf smymn m om hqvsm z mydqsmn smnjnd{ {fkmnsf{ cf om `mcfqm. Z f{sdnm vn ydkd kdnsqmcjksdqjd7 Ymqm }v odbqmq vnm yfqhfksm `mcvqfw yhfnojkm fn om{ vxm{/ {j ovfbd fn om kqjmnwm {f mydqsm om m{sqjnbfsmnjnd{ cvqd{ cfo qdaof4 Ymqm }v dasfnfq vxm{ fn {v `uj`m fuyqf{jncf xjdofsm{ z kjqvfom{ ymqm ovfbd mkedkdomsmqom{/ mev`mqom{ d mxmkdn fo qdaof nvfxd j`ydqsmcd4

Ymqm qfbjdnf{ kojcm{/ fn ymqmofod{ jnhfqjdqf{ m ;6/ om sf`yfqmsvcf kqjmnwm fn amqqjkm cfaf {fq kdn{smnsf z kdnsqdomcm f{sqjksm`fnsf fvn qmnbd cf =9 z =; K. Mcf`{/ fn f{sm{ qfbjdnf{ mo yqd`dxfq om hfq`fnsmkjn `modoksjkm fn amqqjkm{ mnsf{ cfo jnxjfqnd/ kdn om yd{sfqjd

hdq`mkjn cf cfy{jsd{ cf ajsmqsqmsd cf ydsm{jd/ {f hqfnm om cj{dovkjn om `jkqddujcmkjn cf `{ cfo 69 & cf om {vyfqhjkjf cf om amqqjkm.

Fo fukf{d cf ydsm{jd cf mobvnd{ xjnd{/ cf qfbjdnf{ kojcm{ z ydqkdn{fkvfnkjm fo yE {f emn jnkqf`fnsmcd qfkjfnsf`fnsf ydq fo v{d cf{`fcjcd cfo ydqsmjngfqsd [D3/ fn od{ nvfxd{ xjfcd{.

Ydq kvoym cf kdn{vosdqf{ fusqmngfqd{/ `vked{ fnodbd{ gxfnf{qfcvkfn od{ njxfof{ jnjkjmof{ cf [D1 fn xjnjhjkmkjn z yqd`vfxfn cf{kdn-

sqdo `jkqdajdobjkd z dujcmsjxd cf od{ xjnd{. Mvn nd kd`yqfncfn cf [D1 ojaqf qfmo z `vked `fnd{ cf [D1 `dofkvomq d mksjxd. Fo [D 1 f{ vn mcjsjxdfndobjkd cf v{d mnkf{sqmo fn om fomadqmkjn cfo xjnd. Qfkjfnsf`fnsfkvf{sjdnmcd cf{cf om `fcjkjnm z om yqdsfkkjn cf om {movc cf od{ kdn{v`jcdqf{ ydq kdn{fkvfnkjm cf kjfqsd{ fukf{d{.

Fn od{ osj`d{ md{/ {f da{fqxm vn ydqkfnsmgf `vz fukf{jxd cf xjnd{ kdn `vz amgd{ njxfof{ cf [D1/ }vf {vhqfn bqmxf{ cf{xjmkjdnf{ bv{sm-sjxm{ %`mod{ bv{sd{/ cfsfqjdqd yqf`msvqd* z$d mnmosjkm{ %mkjcfw xdmkjcjhjkmkjn/ m`mqbdq* kdn{fkvfnkjm cf cf{mqqdood cf ofxmcvqm{ kdn`jnmnsf{ %Aqfssmnd`zkf{*/ cf amksfqjm{ d cf dujcmkjdnf{ fukf{jxm{.


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Fo avfn v{d cfo [D1/ am{mcd fn kdndkj`jfnsd{ kjfnshjkd{ kmcm xfw`{ yqfkj{d{/ yfq`jsf fuyodqmq sdcm{ om{ yd{jajojcmcf{ kdn cd{j{ `{ qmkjdnmof{.

Mobvnd{ jnbfnvd{rjnf`mlfq{ myojkmn bojkdyqdsfnm{ %ndàqf kd-

`fqkjmo `mndyqdsfnm{* fn xjnd{ sjnsd{!ymqm mv`fnsmq xdov`fn cfadkm!/z doxjcmn }vf od{ smnjnd{ nmsvqmof{ yqfkjyjsmn m f{sd{ kd`yvf{sd{yqdsjkd{/ yfqcjfncd cjnfqd ydq fo mosd kd{sd cf f{sd{ !`bjkd{ yqdcvksd{ fndobjkd{!. F{ om`fnsmaof smàjn dq om myojkmkjn cf kqjmnwm {v!amgd om{!/ cf adqqm{ hjnm{ fn om kqjmnwm cf xjnd{ sjnsd{ fn amqqjkm{. F{sm`dcm hqmnkf{m/ kvmncd {f myojkm fn xjnd{ sjnsd{ kdn yE {vyfqjdq m ;/2yqd`vfxf fo cf{mqqdood cf Aqfssmnd`zkf{/ bfnfqmkjn cf `modojfnsf{`fqkmysmnd{ z$d om yqdcvkkjn cf m`jnm{ ajbfnm{.

Ymqm `mzdq kmd{/ mobvnd{ yqdhf{jdnmof{ mcdysmn hjod{dhm `fcjcf nd komqjhjkmq/ nj hjosqmq %vnhjnfc mnc vnhjosfqfc*xjnd{ cf mosm bm`mymqm nd yfqcfq kvmojcmcf{ {fn{dqjmof{ cfo bqmn xjnd/ z m od{ cd{ md{xjnd cfaf {fq yqf{fnsmcd fn cfkmnsmcdq ymqm cj{j`vomq od{ cf{mqqdood`jkqdajdobjkd{. Om`fnsmaof`fnsf/ mvn nd emz vnm cf`d{sqmkjn kjfnshjkm/ }vf om hjosqmkjn cfxm{sm z xmkm fo ydsfnkjmo {fn{dqjmo cf odndaof{ ymqfkf `{ vn fnjb`m kd`fqkjmo }vf vn yqjnkjyjd fndobjkd.

F{sm `dcm sfkndobjkm/ ydnf fn cjhjkvosmc om f{smajojcmc kvmojsmcfo xjnd z cj{`jnvzf {v odnbfxjcmc fn sdcm om xjcm kd`fqkjmo cfo yqdcvksd.

Om kmojcmc cf om hjosqmkjn hjnmo/ z fn kdn{fkvfnkjm om f{smajojcajdobjkm cfo xjnd fàdsfoomcd/ f{ f{fnkjmo m ymqsjq cfo `d`fnsd fn}vf om{ kdncjkjdnf{ cf kdn{fqxmkjn nd {dn kdnsqdomcm{ d od {dn fn ydkm `fcjcm. Om sf`yfqmsvqm cf kdn{fqxmkjn f{ cf j`ydqsmnkjmf{fnkjmo ydq}vf kdn{sjsvzf fo hmksdq cf{fnkmcfnmnsf cf vnm fxdovkjn`jkqdajdobjkm d }v`jkm. Om sf`yfqmsvqm jcfmo z qmkjdnmo cf kdn{fq-xmkjn cf xjnd{ fàdsfoomcd{ f{ cf =1 K.

Smàjn {f kd`fsfn {fqjd{ fqqdqf{ fndobjkd{ fn fo v{d cf kdodjcf{ yqdsfksdqf{ kd`d om bd`m mqajbm/ ymqm xjnd{ cf mosm bm`m. F{sdkdodjcf{ yqdsfbfn om yqfkjyjsmkjn yfqdnd m om kdmbvomkjn z hodkvom-kjn cf kd`yvf{sd{ jnf{smaof{.

M{/ cvqmnsf om bvmqcm fn adsfoom/ {f da{fqxmn `msjkf{ dymkd{/ aqjood fn om `mzdqm cf od{ xjnd{ sjnsd{ cdncf {f emn mcjkjdnmcd f{sd{!`bjkd{! yqdcvksd{ fndobjkd{.


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Mksvmo`fnsf/ ydq f{sm mksjsvc {jn hvncm`fnsd{ ajd}v`jkd{/ `v-ked xjnd mqbfnsjnd em yfqcjcd odnbfxjcmc z ydcqm`d{ cfkjq kdn kjfqsmsqj{sfwm !}vf `vfqfn `vz gxfnf{! d jnkov{d }vf `vked{ !{f fnxm{mn`vfqsd{!. Ymqm fo yqdhf{dq Cfnj{ Cvadqcjfv !od{ sqf{ gjnfsf{ cfo Mydkmojy{j{ cfo {jbod UUJ {dn7fo mav{d cf om `mcfqm amgd kvmo}vjfqm cf {v{ hdq`m{/ om yqf{fnkjm cf mwvkmqf{ qf{jcvmof{ z fo kmqksfq dujcmsjxd bfnfqmojwmcd fn sdcd{ od{ xjnd{!.Vnm {fnsfnkjm cf f{sf njxfo/ nd{ yjcf`{ qfhofujn z {fnsjcd kd`n fn om fomadqmkjn mksvmo cf od{ xjnd{.

KDNKOV[JDNF[ YFQ[DNMOF[

Fo f{smcd mksvmo cf om jnxf{sjbmkjn kjfnshjkm/ nd{ {sm cjqjbjfncvn kdnkfysd `dofkvomq cf om Fndodbm. [jn f`amqbd fn fo km{d cfo xjnd

emz f}vjojaqjd{ ajd hj{jkd}v`jkd{ `vz cfojkmcd{/ }vf smo xfw qf}vfqjqmnvn `fgdq kdndkj`jfnsd. Kvmncd {f `vfxf vn ymq`fsqd/ dsqd{ {f qf{jfnsfn. Yvfcf {fq fnsdnkf{ }vf vn xjnd fxdovkjdnf `vz ajfn z dsqd {f kd`ydqsf cf dsqd `dcd/ {j nd cj{ydnf`d{ cf `mzdq n`fqd cf cmsd{. Vnqfkjfnsf Kdnbqf{d cf fndodbm/ fn Afmvnf/ Hqmnkjm/ kdn om m{j{sfnkjm 199 f{yfkjmoj{sm{ z kjfnshjkd{/ cfsfq`jnmn }vf7 !Fo xjnd f{ vnm afajcmkd`yofgm }vf kdnsjfnf `m{ cf 3999 kd`yvf{sd{ mksjxd{ %RMK*. Mobvnd{mksmn ydq {jnfqbjm/ dsqd{ ydq mnsmbdnj{`d{. Mcf`{ fuj{sfn mkkjdnf{

cfajcd m od{ v`aqmof{ }vf mksmn {daqf om mksjxjcmc cf f{sd{ kd`yvf{sd{. Mobvnm{ hm`jojm{ cf kd`yvf{sd{ mksjxd{/ kd`dod{ ydojhfndof{{dnymqsjkvomq`fnsf ydkd yqdyfn{d{ m qfxfomq {v{ {fkqfsd{!. F{sm{ {dn {domobvnm{ yjnkfomcm{ cf om cf{dqjfnsmcm !SVNJNB FNDODBZ!. @j jnsfnf{ jnxjsmq m od{ gxfnf{ fnodbd{ m qmwdnmq kmcm yf}vfd bqmn cfsmoom Fndodbm cf od{ xjnd{ ndaof{ z kdnsf`ydqnfd{. Fn od{ osj`d{ sjf`yd{/ fo hvqdq z om `dcm cf kqfmq nvfxm{ adcfbm{ Advsj}vf/ em yqdxdkmcvnm cf`mncm cf{kdnsqdomcm cf yqdhf{jdnmof{ cf om Fndodbm }vf jnkov{em qf}vfqjcd cfo {fqxjkjd cf gxfnf{ f{svcjmnsf{ cfo osj`d md cf om Vnjxfq{jcmc. Ymqm kdndkfq/ m`mq z emkfq avfnd{ xjnd{ {f nfkf{jsmn `jof{ cfybjnm{ ofcm{ z `jof{ cf edqm{ fn od{ xjfcd{/ fn om{ adcfbm{ z fn od{omadqmsdqjd{. M nd kdyjmq z {j m fuyfqj`fnsmq. Ymqm kmcm xjnd emz vn d ysj`d cf mkvfqcd mo cf{sjnd kd`fqkjmo. Z f{f cj{fd cfaf {fq kdn{fn{vmcd ydq vn f}vjyd cf sqmamgd/ kdn fo yqfxjd mnoj{j{ kd{sd afnfhjkjd cfkmcm ym{d cfo omzdvs/ d onfm cf yqdkf{d. [jf`yqf {fq qfkd`fncmaof jq mhvfnsf{ ajaojdbqhjkm{ z mvsdqf{ {fqjd{ z ydkd kd`yqd`fsjcd{ kdn om{ jncv{sqjm{ cf om !}v`jkm fndobjkm!.

Z ydq food sqmjbd mobvnm{ kjsm{ kfofaqf{ cfo bqmn `mf{sqd cf om fodbm mqbfnsjnm/ fo Qfxfqfncd. Hqmnkj{kd Dqfbojm7


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Om fndodbm f{ vnm kjfnkjm fuyfqj`fnsmo }vf hvncm {v cdksqjnmfn om kd`yqdamkjn cf od{ efked{ z nd f{ hqvsd cf ovkvaqmkjdnf{ jnsf-ofksvmof{

[jf`yqf {fq xfqcmc }vf fo `fgdq xjnd {fq fo `{ nmsvqmo

Sm`ajn fuydnbd mobvnm{ kjsm{ cfo bqmn `mf{sqd cf om fndodbm`vncjmo/ fo yqdhf{dq F. Yfznmvc7

Om {j`yojkjcmc qfhofujxm f{ om `fgdq bvm ymqm od{ bqmncf{ xjnd{ . Myojkmq om `fgdq sfkndodbm m om vxm ymqm dasfnfq od{ `fgdqf{ xjnd{ yd{jaof{. Kmcm odsf cf xfncj`jm sjfnf {v yfq{dnmojcmc njkm ymqm qfxfomq z dqjfnsmq {v `fgdq cf{mqqdood.

Yqdcvkjq {j`yof`fnsf od{ xjnd{ }vf emkfn cj{hqvsmq m od{ }vfod{ cfbv{smn/ fomadqncdod{ cf om `mnfqm `{ qfbvomq yd{jaof .

Od{ avfnd{ xjnd{ {dn/ cf fnsqmcm/ xjnd{ {jn cfhfksd{ `mnjhjf{-sd{/ xjnd{ hqmnkd{ cjkfn od{ kmsmcdqf{ yqdhf{jdnmof{.

Z nd ydcf`d{ doxjcmq m dsqd bqmn yqdhf{dq cf om Fndodbm Q.BmzdAdvqcfmvu =:::7 Od{ xjnjkvosdqf{ `dcfqnd{ {dnyqdcvksdqf{ sfkndo- bjkd{ cf {fn{mkjdnf{ yomkfnsfqm{ m om xj{sm/ fo dohmsd/ fo bv{sd/ fo smksd zfo dcd. Fo avfn xjnd cfaf fxdkmq {v{ dqbfnf{/ cfaf qfhofgmq fo xjfcdcdncf nmkj7 kfym/ koj`m/ sqmamgd cfo xjsjkvosdq. Fn fo xjnd/ mqsf z skn{f qfnfn ymqm mokmnwmq vnm `mzdq {jnkfqjcmc cf mqd`m{ z {madqf{. C{fd fuydnfq z kd`ymqsjq od{ yfn{m`jfnsd{ cfo gdxfn z kdnsf`ydqnfdyqdhf{dq cf om Vnjxfq{jcmc cf Avqcfd{ Cfnj{ Cvadqcjfv7![jn yfqsfnfkfq mo yfn{m`jfnsd ajdcjn`jkd/ kjfnkjm cjhv{m/ `mo cfhjnjcm/ f{ nfkf{m-qjd yqdejajq od{ efqajkjcm{/ kvjcmq fo {vfod kdn `msfqjm dqbnjkm/ fkd-nd`jwmq mbvm z fnfqbm/ yqdejajq fo v{d cf yf{sjkjcm{ }v`jkd{/ `mn-sfnfq z fnqj}vfkfq om{ ofxmcvqm{ mvsksdnm{ z yqf{fqxmq om cjxfq{jcmc kodnmo cf om{ kfym{!.Yfq{dnmo`fnsf kd`ymqsd f{sd{ yqjnkjyjd{ ydq}vfcfaf`d{ mokmnwmq vnm xjsjxjnjkvosvqm nmsvqmo/ bfnvjnm z {v{sfnsmaof yom{ yquj`m{ bfnfqmkjdnf{.

KDN[JCFQD ]VF EDZ/ F[SM F[ OM @MZDQ QF[YDN[MAJOJCMCF VN FNODBD GDXFN KD@D YQDSMBDNJ[SM CFO XJND CFO @NM. CFAF@D[ ODBQMQ VNM XJSJKVOSVQM Z FNDODBM OJ@YJ

]VF FO XJND QFHOFGF/ NSJCD Z [JNKFQD/ OM AFOOFWM CFO YMOM YFQ[DNMOJCMC CFO YVFAOD ]VF OD FOMADQM.

Enología - Presentación

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