El futuro del carbón en la política energética española(Es)/ The future of the coal in Spanish...

8/2/2019 El futuro del carbn en la poltica energtica espaola(Es)/ The future of the coal in Spanish energetic policy(Spanis

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2/33

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4/33

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5/33

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7/33

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oleb}eok okbk zgf mj lfs emjfs"`zjqxf jsjgoefljs jgjl gzjpk jsojgfqek djk~kl}eok bzgmefl, okg js~joefleb~kq}fgoef u okb~qkbesk jg lf Zgeg Jzqk~jf, u sjcf sjflfmk vzj jllk pejgj ~qkmzoemk ~kq lf fl}f }fsfmj jbeseg mj DJE okbk okgsjozjgoef mj lf fo}epemfmczbfgf' Fzgvzj jl bj}fgk, lks O@O, jl kxkgk }qk~ks"`qeok u k}qks dfsjs jg}qfg jg js}f of}jdkqf, lf bfukqokg}qeazoeg lf ~qkmzoj jl OK

1, u sj mjqepf mjl okgszbk

mj okbazs}ealjs `seljs, jg js~joefl ofqag' Jg jl ofskmj Js~ff, fk 1>>0, lfs jbesekgjs }k}fljs mj DJE fs"ojgmejqkg f ==>,0 bellkgjs mj }kgjlfmfs mj OK

1jvzepf"

ljg}j, mj lfs ozfljs ?03,1 zjqkg js}qeo}fbjg}j mj OK1, umj s}fs zgks 6>> bellkgjs ~qkojmejqkg mjl ofqag'Lf KGZ, f }qfps mjl ^fgjl Eg}jqdzajqgfbjg}fl mjl

Ofbaek Oleb}eok #EÔO% js}zmef lf jpklzoeg mj lksDJE u lf jpklzoeg mjl olebf, u cf js}faljoemk zgf okg"peooeg egjvzpkof, gk jfo}fbjg}j ozfg}e}f}epf, jg}qjjl fzbjg}k mjl okg}jgemk f}bks`qeok mj lks DJE u jlofljg}fbejg}k dlkafl mjl ~lfgj}f'

Fzgvzj lf qjlfoeg fg}jmeocf sjq bzu meòel mjozfg}eofq, lk oejq}k js vzj jg lf fo}zflemfm sj jbe"}jg zgks 15'>>> bellkgjs mj }kgjlfmfs fgzfljs mj OK

1

~kq gzjs}qf fo}epemfm jgjqd}eof, lk ozfl js zg 6* mjlegpjg}fqek }k}fl mj OK1

jg lf f}bs`jqf, se aejg sjjs}ebf vzj lf be}fm mj jsf jbeseg vzjmf faskqaemf


8/33

Qjszbjg Jhjoz}epk

5

jg lks szbemjqks gf}zqfljs' F sz pjx, lfs jbesekgjsfq}eoefljs oe}fmfs skg zgf sj}f ~fq}j mjl qjoeolfmk

gf}zqfl mjl OK1

~kq `k}ksg}jses mj lf pjdj}foeg }j"qqjs}qj #60>'>>> bellkgjs mj }kgjlfmfs+fk%, lk ozfl}fbaeg js zg gmeoj mj lf ~jq}zqafoeg ~qkmzoemf'F jllk cf mj zgeqsj jl eg}jqofbaek mj OK

1okg lks

kofgks, vzj gk js slk ~kq `k}ksg}jses, segk ~kqeg}jqofbaek `seok"vzbeok, gk}kqefbjg}j bs okb"~ljhk mj ozfg}eofq, se aejg lks mf}ks djgjqfljs sj ok"gkojg u sj sfaj vzj jg jl bfq cfu zgfs => pjojs jlegpjg}fqek f}bks`qeok, lljdfgmk f lks 61> aellkgjsmj }kgjlfmfs' Mj cjock, jl bfq sjqf zg szbemjqk mjOK

1joj~oekgflbjg}j }el, se sj ~zmejqfg melzeq lfs

jbesekgjs jg l, ~jqk lf mes~kseoeg bfqegf mj js}jokb~zjs}k, fzgvzj gk mjsofq}fmf, gk qjszl}f egbj"mef}f mj ~lfg}jfq' Bs egbjmef}k sjqf jl fzbjg}k mjlf bfsf pjdj}fl }jqqjs}qj, ~zjs jllk qj~jqoz}eqf jgzgf mesbegzoeg mjl okg}jgemk f}bks`qeok mj OK1, ujs}f k~oeg bjqjoj zg js}zmek bzu mkozbjg}fmk jgofmf qjdeg mjl dlkak, ~fqf emjg}eofq lfs ~lfg}fs mj

oqjoebejg}k q~emk bs fmjozfmfs f ofmf olebf' ^kqlfs oe`qfs mfmfs fg}jqekqbjg}j, jl fzbjg}k mj lf bfsfpjdj}fl jg zg 6: 1> * ~kmqf ~flefq lfs jbesekgjsfo}zfljs, u f sz pjx okg}qeazeq fl mjs~lejdzj mj lf aek"bfsf okbk `zjg}j jgjqd}eof' Hzg}k f js}f k~oeg, sjpeslzbaqfg k}qfs mj ofqo}jq bs }jogkldeok, vzj fsbesbk gjojse}fg zgf ofqfo}jqexfoeg fmjozfmf, u vzjsj j~kgjg f okg}egzfoeg'

Of~}zqf u sjozjs}qk mj OK1

Lfs }jogklkdfs ~fqf of~}zqfq jl OK

1, sj~fqgmklk

mjl qjs}k mj lks okb~kgjg}js mj lks czbks, skg ~fqf"ljlfs k okb~ljbjg}fqefs f lfs Oljfg Okfl ]jocgklk"dejs, okg lfs vzj ~zjmjg okb~fq}eq bzocks ~qkojsksvzbeoks u `seoks' Jg }fl sjg}emk, okgpejgj sjflfqvzj lf egokq~kqfoeg mj }kmfs jsfs }jogklkdfs f lfs`z}zqealjs ~lfg}fs mj ofqag gk eb~leof zg jsojgfqek

jokgbeok szs}fgoeflbjg}j mes}eg}k mjl mj lfs fo}zf"ljs egs}flfoekgjs' Okg sjdzqemfm, lfs egpjqsekgjs ~kqzgemfm mj ~k}jgoef sjqg fldk bfukqjs, u fs besbklks oks}js mj k~jqfoeg u bfg}jgebejg}k' ^jqk se }j"gjbks jg ozjg}f jl jsojgfqek jgjqd}eok dlkafl okgzgks oks}js mj lks cemqkofqazqks oejq}fbjg}j fl}ks uokg }jgmjgoef okg}egzf f szaeq9 u zgks oks}js bzuokgsemjqfaljs jg lfs jgjqdfs qjgkpfaljs, lks egoqj"bjg}ks ~qjpes}ks jg lks oks}js mj lfs gzjpfs egs}flf"oekgjs mj ofqag leb~ek u okg of~}zqf mj OK

1, ~fqj"

ojg ozfg}e}f}epfbjg}j fszbealjs'

Vzjmf jl ~zg}k jsjgoefl jg js}j gzjpk ~fqfmedbfofqakg`jqk8 jl okggfbejg}k k flbfojgfbejg}k mzqf"

mjqk mjl OK1'

Lf k~oeg emgjf js f~qkpjocfq lfs `kqbfoekgjsdjkldeofs sza}jqqgjfs fmjozfmfs ~fqf qj}jgjq jlOK

1, aejg okbk dfs f ~qjseg, aejg meszjl}k jg foz"

`jqks sflegks, k jg k}qfs fl}jqgf}epfs' Js gk}kqek vzjcfu ufoebejg}ks mj dfs gf}zqfl vzj cfg bfg}jgemk jsjdfs okggfmk f ~qjseg mzqfg}j mjojgfs mj bellkgjs

mj fks' Egolzsk sj jb~ljf fo}zflbjg}j jl OK1

~fqfegoqjbjg}fq lf ~qjseg mj ufoebejg}ks u js}ebzlfq lfj}qfooeg mjl OC

=, bklozlf bzock bs ledjqf vzj

fvzllf' ]fbaeg js gk}kqef lf jes}jgoef mj fdzfs sza"}jqqgjfs ofqakgf}fmfs, vzj jg sz bfukq ~fq}j gk fk"qfg hfbs f lf sz~jqoej'

Js}fs k~oekgjs mj okg`gfbejg}k skg, kapefbjg"

}j, bzu mj~jgmejg}js mjl szaszjlk, u ~kq }fg}k, mjl

}jqqe}kqek mj ofmf ~fs' Fl okg}qfqek vzj lfs }jogklk"dfs mj okbazs}eg leb~ef u of~}zqf mj OK

1, vzj skg

meqjo}fbjg}j j~kq}faljs mj zgf egs}flfoeg f k}qf,lfs k~oekgjs mj okggfbejg}k sza}jqqgjk qjvzejqjg

js}zmeks bzu js~jooks, ~kq bzock vzj lfs }ogeofs

mj jgsfuks u fgleses sjfg jg dqfg bjmemf lfs bes"bfs' Mj fc lf jgkqbj eb~kq}fgoef mj vzj jl `z}zqkmjl Ofqag Jgjqd}eok ~fqf jl sedlk SSE sj fakqmjmj `kqbf eg}jledjg}jbjg}j js}qzo}zqfmf, f}jgmejgmk f}kmks lks fs~jo}ks bjgoekgfmks, u mj bfgjqf bzujs~joefl fl ~zg}k oq}eok okgs}e}zemk ~kq jl okggf"bejg}k sza}jqqgjk mj OK

1u szs js~joeoemfmjs' Jl

js}zmek mj s}fs qjvzjqeq lfakqf}kqeks fmjozfmks mj~j}qk`seof, of~fojs mj ofqfo}jqexfq okg ~qjoeseg lfs

~qjs}foekgjs mj flbfojgfbejg}k js~jqfaljs jg zgfmj}jqbegfmf zaeofoeg'

Jg jl ~qkojsk mj jlfakqfoeg mj js}j Js}zmek, lf@JJ cf emjg}eofmk 6> xkgfs djkldeofs jg gzjs}qkszaszjlk vzj ~zjmjg flajqdfq jb~lfxfbejg}ks js~j"ooks ~fqf jl okggfbejg}k segj mej mjl OK

1, u sk"

aqj lfs ozfljs sj cfg okgs}e}zemk lfs okqqjs~kgmejg"}js Qjsjqpfs mjl Js}fmk ~fqf js}j `g' Gk }kmfs lfsxkgfs skg okgkoemfs okg edzfl mj}fllj djkldeok, u jgdjgjqfl jg }kmfs jllfs sjqf gjojsfqek zg }qfafhk js~j"ook ~fqf emjg}eofq u ofqfo}jqexfq lks ufoebejg}ks

emgjks ~fqf js}j g' Gk kas}fg}j, jg zgf ~qebjqfjpflzfoeg lf of~foemfm }k}fl mj flbfojgfbejg}k jgjsfs xkgfs sj ~zjmj oe`qfq jg jl kqmjg mj bel bellkgjsmj }kgjlfmfs mj OK

1'

]jgejgmk jg ozjg}f lks mf}ks fg}jmeocks mj jbe"sekgjs jg Js~ff, js}f ofg}emfm qj~qjsjg}fqf 6> pj"ojs lf jbeseg fgzfl mj OK

1f ~fq}eq mj ofqag' Gk

js, ~kq }fg}k, zgf ofg}emfm okg lf vzj qjsklpjq okb"~lj}fbjg}j jl ~qkaljbf, sz~kgejgmk sz~jqfmks }kmkslks mjbs `fo}kqjs, ~jqk js}fs Qjsjqpfs okgs}e}zujgzgf ~qkbjsf eb~kq}fg}j mjsmj jl ~zg}k mj pes}f mj

pefaelemfm djkldeof" s}f cf mj sjq okb~ljbjg}fmfokg lks fmjozfmks js}zmeks u ~qkujo}ks mj egdjgejqf,}jgejgmk jg ozjg}f js~joeflbjg}j jl }jbf mj lf sjdz"


9/33


6>

qemfm, ~fqf lk ozfl sjq gjojsfqef seg mzmf zgf gzjpfjs~joeflemfm qjdzlf}kqef' Lks ~qkujo}ks mj okggf"bejg}k gjojse}fqg mf}ks bzu ~qjoesks mj lks jb~lf"xfbejg}ks emjg}eofmks, jg ~fq}eozlfq lks qjlf}epks f

sz js}fgvzjemfm, lk ozfl qjvzjqeq zg j}jgsk u qedz"qksk }qfafhk mj ofb~k, f lf bfukq aqjpjmfm ~ksealj,~fqf lf emjg}eofoeg mj lks pjqmfmjqks ~qkujo}ks mj

egdjgejqf' Fg}js mj fpfgxfq bs jg jllks, sjqf jlj"bjg}fl skbj}jqlks f eg`kqbfoeg ~aleof u jlfakqfqlf okqqjs~kgmejg}j mjolfqfoeg mj eb~fo}k bjmekfb"aejg}fl' Jg lf dzqf fmhzg}f sj qj~qjsjg}f zg bf~f

mj Js~ff okg lf emjg}eofoeg mj lfs xkgfs fok}fmfs

okbk Qjsjqpfs'Lf js}fgvzemfm sj ~jqlf okbk lf okgmeoeg bs

oq}eof jg lf jpflzfoeg mj sjdzqemfm mj lks flbfoj"gfbejg}ks' Jl OK

1js zg dfs vzbeofbjg}j bzu ~kok

qjfo}epk u gk }eok, ~jqk egceaj lf qjs~eqfoeg, u ~zj"mj sjq lj}fl okg okgojg}qfoekgjs pklzb}qeofs ~kq jgoe"bf mjl 6: *' Js}j gk js zg ~qkaljbf fhjgk fl vzjcfojqczbfgk, gk uf egmzs}qefl, segk fq}jsfgfl, ~zjs js aejgsfaemk, ~kq jhjb~lk, vzj jg lfs akmjdfs mj `jqbjg}f"oeg sj djgjqf u sj fozbzlf OK

1, u js ~qjoesk pedelfq

sz okgojg}qfoeg ~fqf jpe}fq lf fsef mj }qfafhfmkqjs

u pese}fg}js' Kapefbjg}j, jg jl ofsk mjl ofqag jgjqd"}eok js}fbks cfalfgmk mj ofg}emfmjs jgkqbjbjg}j sz"~jqekqjs f lfs fq}jsfgfljs, okbk }fbaeg sjqg bzockbfukqjs lks qjsjqpkqeks f jb~ljfq, u mj fc lf gjoj"semfm mj sz fmjozfmf ofqfo}jqexfoeg ~j}qk`seof ~fqfdfqfg}exfq sz cjqbj}eoemfm'

Jg zg bfqok eg}jqgfoekgflbjg}j bs okb~ljhk u mjbfukq ~lfxk mj ~jqs~jo}epf, sj ~kmqf ~jgsfq jg z}elexfqufoebejg}ks fdk}fmks mj cemqkofqazqks jg jl gkq}j mj

6

1

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=:

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4

6> 35

6'Czjlpfbfqegf

1'Fleofg}j?'LfBfgocf

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0'Xfqfdkxf

4'^fljgoef

3'Pexofuf bfqegf

5'_fg}fgmjq bfqegf "6

6>'_fg}fgmjq bfqegf "1

@edzqf 6' Bf~f mj ~kseaelemfmjs szqdemfs mj lf qjpeseg 1>>4, j egmeofoeg mj lfs sjljooekgfmfs

~fqf okgs}e}zeq Qjsjqpfs mjl Js}fmk u koflexfq zgf sedzejg}j fsj mj js}zmek

6' Czjlpf bfqegf

1' Fleofg}j?' Lf Bfgocf

=' Bfmqem

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0' Xfqfdkxf

4' ^fljgoef

3' Pexofuf bfqegf

5' _fg}fgmjq bfqegf 6

6>' _fg}fgmjq bfqegf 1


10/33

Qjszbjg Jhjoz}epk

66

`qeof, ~fqf egujo}fq jg jllks jl OK1, ~jqk js}f ~jqs~jo"

}epf gk dkxf mj lfs ofqfo}jqs}eofs mj lf fg}jqekq, qjlf}epffl }jqqe}kqek gfoekgfl'

]jgejgmk jg ozjg}f lfs qjsjqpfs okgkoemfs mj ofqagu lks qjozqsks djkldeofbjg}j fszbealjs, u pflkqfgmkjg szs hzs}ks }qbegks lks fpfgojs cjocks u ~kq cfojq jgsz okbazs}eg leb~ef, ~fqjoj vzj jl ofqag ~zjmj hzdfqzg ~f~jl qjljpfg}j jg lf js}qzo}zqf jgjqd}eof mj js}jsedlk, cfoejgmk okb~f}ealj sz zsk okg lks ~qegoe~eksmjl Mjsfqqkllk _ks}jgealj' ^fqf jllk cfaq vzj ~kgjq jgbfqocf jl ~fqfmedbf mj lf of~}zqf u okggfbejg}k mjl

OK1, okg gk}kqek g`fses jg js}k l}ebk, vzj js fmjbs,

okbk sj cf sjflfmk, bzu js~jook mj ofmf ~fs' Lf

ozaeofoeg mj lks qjozqsks gf}zqfljs ~fqf okggfq js}j

dfs js ~ksealjbjg}j jl mjsf`k mj bfukq oflfmk jg jl l"deok jb~jk ~kq sjdzeq okg}fgmk jg jl sedlk SSE okg jlofqag jgjqd}eok, jg `kqbf okb~f}ealj okg jl Mjsfqqk"llk _ks}jgealj u lf ~qjpjgoeg mjl Ofbaek Oleb}eok'

Jl gzjpk mjs~lejdzj

ofqakg`jqk js~fkl

Jl ofqag cf hzdfmk zg ~f~jl qjljpfg}j jg lf djgjqf"oeg mj jljo}qeoemfm jg gzjs}qk ~fs, u jg k}qks bzocksmjl ~lfgj}f, ~kq zg okghzg}k mj ofzsfs mj lfs vzj ofajszaqfufq mks8 dfqfg}f mj szbeges}qk u afhk oks}j' Lfdfqfg}f mj szbeges}qk cf }jgemk f sz pjx mks ~elfqjs olf"

qks8 f gepjl bfoqk, lf fazgmfgoef mj qjsjqpfs bzgmefljsu lf js}faelemfm mj fafs}joebejg}k9 u f gepjl beoqk, jlazjg `zgoekgfbejg}k mj lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag, okg zgfl}k dqfmk mj faelemfm' ^kq lk vzj okqqjs~kgmj fl oks}j

mj sz iTc, cf js}fmk sejb~qj jg lks gepjljs afhks mjg"}qk mjl be mj djgjqfoeg'

Mj ofqf fl `z}zqk, jl ofqag mjaj sjdzeq hzdfgmk zg~f~jl f~qjoefalj jg lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm jg Js"~ff, okg szs zgoekgjs fmjozfmfbjg}j qjmjgemfs' Lfs

jedjgoefs bjmekfbaejg}fljs, ~kq ]jocks mj Jbeseg u~kq okg}jgoeg mj jbesekgjs mj OK

1, pfg f qj~jqoz}eq jg

zg fzbjg}k mj oks}js9 ~jqk }kmks lks jsojgfqeks `z}z"qks vzj sj peslzbaqfg jg jl bfqok jgjqd}eok bzgmefl,f~zg}fg cfoef zg jgofqjoebejg}k djgjqflexfmk mj oks}jsu ~qjoeks, jg jl ozfl gk ~fqjoj pfuf f sjq js~joeflbjg}jme`oel fszbeq lks oks}js fmeoekgfljs jg jl iTc djgjqfmk~kq ofqag, mjaemk f lfs gzjpfs jedjgoefs mj oflemfmbjmekfbaejg}fl' ^kq lk vzj okqqjs~kgmj f dfqfg}f mj~k}jgoef, s}f js} bzu okgsklemfmf f gepjl bfoqk, ujedeq oejq}ks qj}kvzjs f gepjl beoqk, vzj }jgmq vzjcfojq zsk mj }jogklkdfs jbjqdjg}js, }fg}k jg okbazs"}eg u mjsokg}fbegfoeg, okbk jg of~}zqf u sjozjs}qk

mj OK1' U f js}fs ofqfo}jqs}eofs qjlf}epfbjg}j okgpjg"

oekgfljs mjl zsk mjl ofqag, cfu vzj ffmeq lf segjqdefvzj f~kq}f jg jl mjs~lejdzj mj lfs qjgkpfaljs' s}fs gj"ojse}fg zgf ~k}jgoef mj qjs~flmk sjdzqf, vzj gk ~zjmjfqsj fl dfs gf}zqfl jg jolzsepemfm, ~kq lf okgpjgejg}j

mepjqsemfm mj `zjg}js mj fafs}joebejg}k'Okbaegfgmk }kmks lks oqe}jqeks j~zjs}ks, ~fqjoj

~qkojmjg}j fakdfq ~kq zg jsojgfqek f~qk~efmk mj zsk

mjl ofqag jg zg gbjqk bjmek"fl}k mj ckqfs fgzfljs,okg ~k}jgoef szoejg}j ~fqf sjq qjljpfg}j, u ozuf ~qkmzo"oeg mj OK

1sjf okgbjgszqfmf f lfs of~foemfmjs mj okg"

gfbejg}k djkldeok jg gzjs}qk ~fs' Jllk ~kmqf lkdqfqsj

okg zg gepjl mj ~k}jgoef edzfl k ledjqfbjg}j sz~jqekq flfo}zfl, jg jl kqmjg mj lks 6>'>>> BT, lkoflexfmks sjdgzgf mes}qeazoeg }jqqe}kqefl afs}fg}j okb~jgsfmf, vzj sjokbjg}f okg mj}fllj jg jl Js}zmek qjflexfmk'

^fqf cfojq pefalj js}f k~oeg js eb~qjsoegmealj fgf"lexfq lks~ksealjs jb~lfxfbejg}ks mj lfs z}zqfs zgemf"mjs mj ofqag, vzj sjqg mj lfs }jogklkdfs bs fpfg"xfmfs jg ofmf bkbjg}k, u vzj qjvzjqeqg, ~kq jhjb~lk,oejq}fs okgmeoekgjs mj qj`qedjqfoeg, mj okgjeg jlo"}qeof mj bzu fl}f }jgseg, mj fofqqjk mj okbazs}ealj, umj }qfgs~kq}j mjl OK

1 fl lzdfq mj okggfbejg}k' F jllk

cfaqf vzj ffmeq okgmeoekgjs mjbkdqofs u skoekl"deofs, vzj jg fldzgks ofsks ~zjmjg sjq js~joeflbjg}j~kse}epfs ~kq ozjs}ekgjs ozl}zqfljs j ces}qeofs' Mj fcvzj jl Js}zmek ~qk~kgdf vzj, fl edzfl vzj sj cfg emjg"}eofmk Qjsjqpfs mjl Js}fmk mj gf}zqfljxf djkldeof,

}fbaeg sj j`jo}j fldg }e~k mj qjsjqpf skaqj lks ~kse"aljs jb~lfxfbejg}ks'

Lf `zgoeg js~joof mj lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag

}jgmq vzj fhzs}fqsj jg `zgoeg mjl mjsfqqkllk qjfl vzjj~jqebjg}j jl sjo}kq js~fkl mj djgjqfoeg mj jljo"}qeoemfm, vzj okbk ~qegoe~ek djgjqfl cfaqf mj okg}fqokg }kmfs lfs `zjg}js okbjqoeflbjg}j mes~kgealjs jglf js`jqf eg}jqgfoekgfl, bs lfs }ogeofbjg}j pefaljsmjl ofb~k qjgkpfalj, fzgvzj gk cfufg fmvzeqemk fglf okb~j}e}epemfm jokgbeof vzj ofaq jedeq f lfqdk~lfxk' Jg jsj bfqok jlo}qeok bzu ~ksealjbjg}j cfaq

vzj qjmesjfq }fbaeg lks egojg}epks, szapjgoekgjsu ~kl}eofs mj oks}js, ~fqf fqbkgexfq fmjozfmfbjg"}j lks kahj}epks mj dfqfg}f mj szbeges}qk u oflemfm

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11/33


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15/33


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16/33

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1cfufg oqjoemk mj

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Jg jl fk 1>>0 czak zg ~jvzjk mjsojgsk jg lfsjbesekgjs `zgmfbjg}flbjg}j ~kq cfajqsj mes`qz}fmkmj zg olebf ajgedgk jg egpejqgk u pjqfgk, bs ce"mqfzleoemfm, u zg azjg fk jleok9 ~jqk jg 1>>4 cfgpzjl}k f szaeq k}qk ~zg}k ~kqojg}zfl' Jg lf fo}zflemfmsj se}fg jg zgks ==> bellkgjs mj } mj OK

1jvzepf"

ljg}j, mj jllfs lfs }qjs ozfq}fs ~fq}js skg mj kqedjgjgjqd}eok'

Cfu vzj sjflfq vzj lfs ~qkojmjg}js mjl }qfgs~kq"}j u lf bkpelemfm skg lfs vzj cfg oqjoemk mj `kqbfbs sedgeèof}epf9 zg 3:* jg jsj ~jqekmk' Fvz qf"

meof gzjs}qf bfukq mjaelemfm jg js}j fs~jo}k u jg jlmj lf mj~jgmjgoef j}jqekq mjl szbeges}qk mj jgjqdf'Jg lf fo}zflemfm sz~kgjg lf ozfq}f ~fq}j mj lfs jbe "sekgjs }k}fljs mj OK

1jvzepfljg}j, okgsemjqfgmk jl

okghzg}k mj lf ofmjgf jgjqd}eof vzj f}ejgmj f js}jsjo}kq'

Lfs okqqjs~kgmejg}js f lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoe"mfm skg lfs sjdzgmfs jg pflkq fasklz}k, fldk bjgksmj 6>> bellkgjs mj } mj OK

1fgzfljs' Pfqfg sjdg

sjf jl fk cemqzleok, lf mes~kgeaelemfm mj dfs gf"}zqfl ~fqf lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm, u jl ~f~jlvzj cfuf mj hzdfq jl ofqag jg jl aflfgoj ègfl mjdjgjqfoeg' Mjsojgmejqkg jg 1>>0 qjs~jo}k f 1>>:,u jg 1>>4 sj pzjlpjg f egoqjbjg}fq fzgvzj jg bjgkqbjmemf'

_jdzqemfmjgjqd}eofulzocfokg}qf

jlofbaekoleb}eokjglf

zgegjzqk~f

Jg lf Zgeg Jzqk~jf sj okgs}f}f uf okbk zg ~qk"aljbf eb~kq}fg}j vzj gk jes}j ^kl}eof Jgjqd}eofOkbg, gk slk jg lks fs~jo}ks mj bjqofmk vzj gkmjhfg mj sjq zg `kqbzlesbk gfl, segk jg lks fs~jo"}ks `seoks mj okbk sj pf f dfqfg}exfq jl szbeges}qk uozfljs skg lfs k~oekgjs ~kq lfs ozfljs sj f~zjs}f jg~qebjqf egs}fgoef'

Jl ofqag ~qk~ek sj cf emk olfzszqfgmk jg lf bj"memf vzj qjszl}faf oks}ksk mj j}qfooeg, f lf pjx vzjjqf zgf `zjg}j mj jbesekgjs mj OK

1' Gk kas}fg}j, fl

bjgks jg lk vzj qjs~jo}f f lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo"

}qeoemfm, sj ~zjmj qjmegfbexfq js}j sjo}kq, f~kufmkfmjbs jg lks bjqofmks eg}jqgfoekgfljs, gk okgme"oekgfmks ~kq ozjs}ekgjs ~kl}eofs k mj qjs}qeooekgjsjg lf k`jq}f'

Cfs}f jl fk 1>>: lf ~qjkoz~foeg qj"lf}epf f lf sjdzqemfm mj szbeges}qk jqf lf~qebjqf ozjs}eg skaqj lf bjsf' Mjs~zs cfemk dfgfgmk ~jsk jl `qjgk f lfs jbesekgjsmj dfsjs mj j`jo}k egpjqgfmjqk, jg ~fq}eoz"lfq mjsmj lf ~zaleofoeg mjl Eg`kqbj Geok"ls _}jqg ~kq ~fq}j mjl Dkaejqgk mjl Qjegk

Zgemk'Lf okghzgoeg mj fbafs ozjs}ekgjssj ~zjmj bks}qfq jg lfs me`jqjgoefs mj pe"seg mj lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm ~fqfjl fk 1>?> vzj f~fqjojg mjsmj me`jqjg"}js ~}eofs, mfgmk bfukq k bjgkq ~jskf zgf z k}qf ozjs}eg, }fl okbk sj pj jglf dzqf :' _j ~fq}j mj zgf djgjqfoegaqz}f jg jl fk 1>>> vzj sj fojqof f lks1'5>> ]Tc aqz}ks, u vzj sj egoqjbjg}fjg zg jsojgfqek f ='=>> DTc ~fqf jl fk

1>?>, u f zg ~kok bjgks, ='?>> DTc jgjl jsojgfqek bs ~qjkoz~fmk ~kq jl ofb"aek oleb}eok'

@edzqf =' Jpklzoeg mj lfs jbesekgjs mj dfsjs mj j`jo}k egpjqgfmjqk

jg Js~ff'


17/33


63

Jg jl sz~zjs}k bs okgpjgoekgfl sj meazhfaf zg oqj"oebejg}k sedgeof}epk mj lf djgjqfoeg okg dfs gf}zqfl,sj sjdzf okgfgmk jg jl fafs}joebejg}k mjsmj Qzsef,zgf qjmzooeg eb~kq}fg}j jg lf okqqjs~kgmejg}j f ofq"ag u jgjqdf gzoljfq u zg bkmjqfmk oqjoebejg}k mj lf~fq}eoe~foeg mj lfs jgjqdfs qjgkpfaljs'

Lf sjdzgmf k~oeg eb~leof zgf bjgkq okgfgxf jglf mes~kgeaelemfm mj dfs gf}zqfl, vzj ~qkpejgj jg ~qebjq

lzdfq mj lfs l}ebfs fo}zfoekgjs mj Qzsef fl qjs~jo}k,f~fq}j mj lfs egojq}emzbaqjs ~kl}eofs jg Kqejg}j Bjmeku Gkq}j mj `qeof' F lf pjx vzj sj qjmzoj sedgeof}e"pfbjg}j lf ~fq}eoe~foeg mjl ofqag, s}f okgmeoekgfmf~kq lfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1' F~fqjoj fs zg qj}kqgk f lf

jgjqdf gzoljfq, vzj sj bfg}jgmqf jg }kqgk fl ?>* mj lfdjgjqfoeg }k}fl, f lf pjx vzj sj egoqjbjg}f lf ~qjsjgoefmj jgjqdfs qjgkpfaljs, fzgvzj seg lljdfq f jsj => *

fg}js oe}fmk okbk kahj}epk ~kq lk meock fg}jqekqbjg"}j mj lfs mes}kqsekgjs jg lf okb~j}e}epemfm u jl bejmkfl ~fqk' _j okgsjdzeqf fs qjmzoeq f lf be}fm jl fo}zflgepjl mj jbesekgjs mj OK

1, }fl okbk sj f~zg}f jg meocf

dzqf :'Jg ozflvzejq ofsk cfu vzj sjflfq vzj sj sedzj

okgsemjqfgmk lf ~qjsjgoef mjl ofqag okbk `zjg}j mjdjgjqfoeg jg fbaks jsojgfqeks, sj sz~kgj vzj jg jl

sjdzgmk lfs ojg}qfljs }qbeofs mj ofqag `zgoekgfqfgzg gbjqk bjgkq mj ckqfs vzj jg lk vzj lk cfojg jglf fo}zflemfm, ~jqk sj bfg}jgmqf zgf ~k}jgoef mes~k"gealj sedgeof}epf ~fqf ozaqeq `fllks mj k}qfs k~oekgjsmj djgjqfoeg'

Fbaks jsojgfqeks gk mjhfg mj sjq kqejg}f}epks u flqjs~jo}k gk cfu gegdg }e~k mj okb~qkbesk, ge sevzejqffl gepjl mj ~qk~zjs}fs' Js}k pzjlpj f }qfjq f oklfoeg lf

14,=>*

15,:>*:,?>*

?4,3>*

Jgjqdfs Qjgkpfaljs

Jgjqdf Gzoljfq

Ofqag

Dfs u ^j}qljk

6=,0>*

?6,3>*

?6,:>*

11,6>*

>?>1KF>>>1KF

11,>>*

63,1>*

6:,>>*

==,3>*

='?54 ]Tc

='146 ]Tc

1'353 ]TcAfhk OK1

Okgpjgoekgfl

6'113 bellkgjs mj }OK 1+f

6'06? bellkgjs mj }OK 1+f

0=> bellkgjs mj }OK 1+f

@edzqf :' Jsojgfqeks mj jpklzoeg mj lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm jg lf Zgeg Jzqk~jf'


18/33

Qjszbjg ]ogeok

65

gjojsemfm mj zg mjaf}j jgjqd}eok jg Jzqk~f u lf }qfgs"beseg f lf skoejmfm mj lfs ~qk~zjs}fs qjszl}fg}js ~fqfsz f~qkafoeg k qjocfxk'

Jpklzoeg ~qjpesealj mjl ses}jbf

jlo}qeok js~fkl

F okg}egzfoeg sj pf f mjsoqeaeq ozfl js lf ~qjpe"sealj jpklzoeg mjl ses}jbf jlo}qeok, ~fqf jllk sj pff qjflexfq zg fgleses mj lf jpklzoeg mj lf mjbfgmfjlo}qeof u ~ks}jqekqbjg}j sj qjlfoekgfq okg lf djgj"qfoeg jlo}qeof'

mjbfgmfjlo}qeofMzqfg}j lf l}ebf mofmf Js~ff cf }jgemk zg oqj"

oebejg}k sedgeof}epk mjl okgszbk mj jljo}qeoemfm,okg pflkqjs mj fzbjg}k fgzfl jg}qj = u 0* u zg egoqj"bjg}k bfukq fzg mj lfs ~zg}fs mj mjbfgmf' _j lljdffs f zg okgszbk gj}k fgzfl mj zgks 10>'>>> DTc'Js}f mjbfgmf js} ozaejq}f g}jdqfbjg}j ~kq djgj"qfoeg jg gzjs}qk ~fs' Lf ofg}emfm mj jljo}qeoemfmvzj sj qjoeaj mj @qfgoef #zgks 4'>>> DTc+fk% jssedge`eof}epfbjg}j bjgkq vzj lf vzj sj jgpf f ^kq"

}zdfl u Bfqqzjoks, vzj js mj zgks 6>'>>> DTc+fkjg }k}fl'

Lf js}qzo}zqf fo}zfl mj djgjqfoeg js lf vzj sj qjj"hf jg lf dzqf 0, vzj sj afsf jg }qjs `zjg}js ~qebfqefsbfukqe}fqefs vzj ozaqjg lfs mks }jqojqfs ~fq}js mj lf~qkmzooeg aqz}f mj jljo}qeoemfm8 ofqag, jgjqdf gz"oljfq u dfs gf}zqfl9 lfs jgjqdfs qjgkpfaljs sz~kgjg jglf fo}zflemfm ofse jl 1>* mj lf ~qkmzooeg mj jljo}qeoe"mfm aqz}f'

Lfs ~qjpesekgjs mj jpklzoeg mj lf mjbfgmf mjjljo}qeoemfm cfojg ~jgsfq vzj jl oqjoebejg}k mj lf bes"bf sj bkmjqfq' Lfs qfxkgjs ~fqf js}j fzbjg}k mjlokgszbk cfu vzj pjqlfs jg ~qebjq lzdfq jg lks zsksmkbs}eoks vzj sjdzeq j~jqebjg}fgmk zg oqjoebejg"}k jg lf bjmemf vzj fs lk cfqg8 lf ~kalfoeg mjl ~fs,jl foojsk mj ~jqskgfs hpjgjs u jbedqfg}js f gzjpfspepejgmfs, jl jvze~fbejg}k mj s}fs okg sjqpeoeks vzjjg zg mj}jqbegfmk ~kqojg}fhj mj lfs fo}zfljs gk sj mes"~kgj' Jl sjo}kq sjqpeoeks }fbaeg oqjojq jg sz okgsz"bk, }fg}k ~kq egoqjbjg}k jg jl pklzbjg mj js}ks, sk"aqj }kmk jg lk vzj f}fj f lf ofmjgf mj `qk jg bzocksjs}faljoebejg}ks, okbk ~kq lf llfbfmf bfukq oflemfmmj lks sjqpeoeks'

Lf egmzs}qef js ~ksealj vzj }ejgmf ~qebjqk f js}faelexfqsz mjbfgmf, u bs fmjlfg}j egolzsk ~zjmf qjmzoeqlf ledjqf"

Ojg}qfljs Gzoljfqjs

]qbeofs mj Ofqag

Oeolk Okbaegfmk

Ojg}qfljs mj @zjl+Dfs

Ojg}qfljs Cemqzleofs

^fqvzjs Jleoks

K}qfs Ojg}qfljs jgQdebjg Js~joefl

Okgszbks jg Ojg}qfljs mj Djgjqfoeg8 5'=0> DTc

Okgszbks jg Akbajk8 ='=16 DTc

J~kq}foeg gj}f8 :'3>? DTc

Mjbfgmf Gj}f @egfl8 140'?0: DTc

@zjg}j8 Jlfakqfoeg ~qk~ef okg mf}ks mj QJJ

63,:5*

1:,?1*

1=,=3*

?,0?*

3,56*

5,6?*

5,5=*

Fk 1>>4

Djgjqfoeg Aqz}f8

150'>=3 DTc

@edzqf 0' Jsvzjbf mj djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm jg Js~ff fl fk 1>>4'


19/33


1>

bjg}j jg lf bjmemf vzj fldzgf egs}flfoeg mj lf mjgkbegf"mf egmzs}qef aseof8 fojqf jlo}qeof, flzbegek, bj}flzqdefgk `qqjf, ojbjg}k k ~qkmzo}ks vzbeoks, oejqqj aejg ~kqbjgkq mjbfgmf mj fldzgk mj meocks ~qkmzo}ks9 js}k ~zjmjszojmjq ~kq jhjb~lk jg lf `faqeofoeg mj ojbjg}k jg lf~qjpesealj qjojseg mj lf okgs}qzooeg'

Okg }kmk jllk sj ~ejgsf vzj jl fo}zfl egoqjbjg}k mjlokgszbk mj jljo}qeoemfm vzj sj se}f jg f~qkebfmfbjg}j1* fgzfl fozbzlf}epk mjsoejgmf ~qkdqjsepfbjg}j cfoef jl6* fgzfl ~fqf lf mofmf mj lks fks 1>1>' Js}k cfqf vzjlfs mjbfgmfs gfljs mj jljo}qeoemfm gj}f u lfs ~qjpesekgjsmj djgjqfoeg aqz}f `zjqfg8

Fk 1>60'" Mjbfgmf gj}f ?1>'>>> DTc u djgjqf"oeg aqz}f jg afqqfs mj ojg}qfl ?:>'>>> DTc'

Fk 1>?>'" Mjbfgmf gj}f =6>'>>> DTc u djgjqfoegaqz}f =:>'>>> DTc9 fvz sj ~qkmzoj zg egoqjbjg}k mjokgszbks ~qk~eks ~kq gjojsemfmjs mj akbajk'

~qjpe_egmjlfokajq}zqf

mjlfmjbfgmfLfs ~qjpesekgjs ~fqf jl fk 1>60 skg vzj lf djgj"

qfoeg okg dfs gf}zqfl sj sedf egoqjbjg}fgmk lljdfg"mk fl ?4* mj lf djgjqfoeg aqz}f, jg mj}qebjg}k mj

ckqfs mj `zgoekgfbejg}k mj lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag'Okg jllk lfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1afhfqfg mjl gepjl mj

6>> bellkgjs mj }+f f zgks 3: bellkgjs mj }+f' ^fqfjllk js eb~qjsoegmealj vzj jl dfskmzo}k Kqg Flbj"qf js} mes~kgealj f jsf `jocf, lk ozfl cku ~kq cku~fqjoj `fo}ealj'

Jg lf dzqf 4 sj jsvzjbf}exfg me`jqjg}js afgmfsmj djgjqfoeg bgebf u bebf js~jqfmf ~fqf jl fk1>?>' Jg meock jsojgfqek, lf djgjqfoeg okg dfs gf}z"qfl flofgxfqf jl =>* mj lf }k}fl jg afqqfs mj ojg}qfl,okg zg okgszbk mj js}j okbazs}ealj slk jg ~qkmzo"oeg mj jljo}qeoemfm mj ?0 aob, pflkq sebelfq fl fo}zflokgszbk js~fkl ~fqf }kmks lks zsks9 sedgeof vzjjl szbeges}qk j}jqekq mj dfs gf}zqfl cf mj oqjojq fazjg qe}bk u cfaq vzj okg}fq okg gzjpks ~zjq}ksmj qjoj~oeg u okgjekgjs okg dfskmzo}k ~kq @qfg"oef, f~fq}j mj vzj jl bjqofmk eg}jqgfoekgfl mj js}jokbazs}ealj gk cfaqf mj sz`qeq fl}jqfoekgjs dqfpjs'Jg js}j sz~zjs}k, lfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1sj cfaqfg

egoqjbjg}fmk ~qjpesealjbjg}j, skaqj~fsfgmk lfs fo"}zfljs mj jsks 6>> bellkgjs mj }+f, okbk sj pjq bsfmjlfg}j'

Jg ozflvzejq ofsk sj cf ~qjpes}k vzj lfs `zjg}js qj"gkpfaljs ~qk~kqoekgjg bs mj 64>'>>> DTc+f, js mjoeqfl bjgks zg ?3* mj lf djgjqfoeg aqz}f }k}fl, }qf}fgmk

@edzqf 4' K~oekgjs mj djgjqfeg jlo}qeof jg Js~ff fl fk 1>?>'


20/33

Qjszbjg ]ogeok

16

fs mj fojqofqgks fl =>* mj jljo}qeoemfm mj kqedjg qjgk"pfaljs9 sj ~qj}jgmj okg jllk okgsjdzeq jg jl okghzg}k mjljsvzjbf jgjqd}eok js~fkl zg 1>* mj jgjqdf ~qebfqefokg meocfs `zjg}js qjgkpfaljs'

Gjojsemfm mjl ofqag jg lfjpklzoeg mj lf djgjqfoeg

jlo}qeof jg Js~ff

Lks pflkqjs mj djgjqfoeg jlo}qeof vzj sj oe}fqkgjg jl f~fq}fmk fg}jqekq }ejgjg mks qjjekgjs }jb~k"qfljs bzu mes}eg}fs8 F okq}k ~lfxk gk sj ~qjsjg}fqg~qjpesealjbjg}j ~qkaljbfs eb~kq}fg}js mj szbeges}qkmj jljo}qeoemfm ~zjs cfaq ~k}jgoef mes~kgealj mjsmjme`jqjg}js `zjg}js ~qebfqefs ~fqf f}jgmjq lf mjbfgmf'Aejg js oejq}k vzj se mjpejgj zg fk cemqzleok sjok usj mfg ~zg}fs mj okgszbk jg sjbfgfs mj js}efhj jle "ok, lf gjojsemfm mj ~k}jgoef }qbeof sjq ~zg}zflbjg}jbzu eb~kq}fg}j' Js}k kaledfqf vzexs f okq}fq szbe"ges}qk f jb~qjsfs vzj foj~}jg lf eg}jqqzb~eaelemfm jgjl szbeges}qk mj jljo}qeoemfm'

Lf se}zfoeg jg jl jsvzjbf mj djgjqfoeg ~qk~zjs}ksj ~kmqf okb~leofq se lf mes~kgeaelemfm mj dfs gf}zqfl sjqjmzoj jg jsfs ~kofs oq}eofs, sjfg ozfl sjfg lfs qfxk"gjs mj js}j ~qkaljbf u lf mzqfoeg mjl besbk' Lf jes"}jgoef mj lfs fo}zfljs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag vze}f ofqdf

mj ~qjkoz~foeg f js}j qejsdk, vzj gk sj ~zjmj mjhfq mj}jgjq ~qjsjg}j'

Mj k}qk lfmk, okg lfs ~qjpesekgjs mj jpklzoeg vzjsj afqfhfg, lfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1sj se}zfqg f bjmefmks

mj lf mofmf ~qebf jg}qj 3> u 5> bellkgjs mj }+f, pflk"qjs eg`jqekqjs f lks okqqjs~kgmejg}js mjl fk 1>>4, ~jqksjgsealjbjg}j bfukqjs vzj lks mj 655>, jg}qj zg 1: uzg ?>* ~kq jgoebf mj jllks'

F bjmek ~lfxk, js mjoeq jg }kqgk fl fk 1>?>, lfsse}zfoekgjs mj qejsdk ~zjmjg fdqfpfqsj k cfojqsj bs`qjozjg}js' ^fqf jsfs `jocfs gks jgokg}qfqjbks fg}j zg

jsvzjbf ~qjpesealjbjg}j bfukqe}fqek jg djgjqfoeg okgdfs gf}zqfl u jgjqdf jleof, jg}qj fbafs sj skaqj~fsfqglks 1:>'>>> DTc+f aqz}ks, js}k js bs mj zg ::* mj lfdjgjqfoeg }k}fl' Cfu vzj qjokqmfq vzj jsfs mks jgjqdfs~qebfqefs gk skg ~ljgfbjg}j okg}qklfaljs, ~zjmjg ~qj"sjg}fqsj ~jqekmks mj }ejb~k jg lks ozfljs ~kq zg lfmk gksj mes~kgdf mj pejg}k u mj k}qk jl ofzmfl mj dfs mjs}egfmkf lf djgjqfoeg jlo}qeof gk ~zjmf sjq jl mjsjfmk jg jsjbkbjg}k, ~kq jhjb~lk ~kq zg `fllk ~zg}zfl mj lljdfmfmj afqoks bj}fgjqks k ~kq zg okgszbk jojsepk jg zsksmkbs}eoks' ^kq k}qk lfmk, jl dfs gf}zqfl ~zjmj lljdfq f

~qjsjg}fq ~qkaljbfs mj fafs}joebejg}k, }fg}k ~kq jl g"

bjqk mj ~fsjs ~qkmzo}kqjs okbk ~kq lf jpklzoeg mj lks~qjoeks jg jl bjqofmk eg}jqgfoekgfl'

Jg zg ~qegoe~ek, f bjmemf vzj sj pfuf egoqjbjg"}fgmk lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm f ~fq}eq mj dfs gf"}zqfl, szs}e}zujgmk djgjqfoeg }qbeof mj ofqag, eqgmesbegzujgmk lfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1okg qjs~jo}k f lfs

fo}zfljs9 js}j js zg fs~jo}k ~kse}epk jg lf f~zjs}f ~kq jldfs gf}zqfl' jqk cfu vzj }jgjq jg ozjg}f vzj gflbjg}jlfs jbesekgjs okg}egzfqg fzbjg}fgmk uf vzj lf djgj"qfoeg okg dfs gf}zqfl }fbaeg jbe}j OK

1'

Lf jgjqdf jleof ~qjsjg}f dqfgmjs pjg}fhfs jgsz z}elexfoeg, jg}qj lfs vzj sj mjajg mjs}fofq lf qj"mzooeg mj lf mj~jgmjgoef jgjqd}eof js~fklf, dj"gjqfoeg mj jgjqdf okg zg fl}sebk dqfmk mj oflemfmbjmekfbaejg}fl u lf z}elexfoeg u mjsfqqkllk mj }jogk"lkdf js~fklf' Fckqf aejg, ~qjsjg}f fldzgks egokgpj"gejg}js fl ses}jbf jlo}qeok' Zgk mj jllks js lf `fl}f mjdfqfg}f mj ~k}jgoef, u k}qk bzu eb~kq}fg}j }fbaegjs lf dqfg pfqefoeg mj jgjqdf jg}qjdfmf fl ses}jbf jgbzu ~kok }ejb~k okbk jg jl ofsk mj lf dzqf 3' Jgmeock mf sj f~qjoef okbk jg}qj lfs 6>8>> u lfs 6=8>>ckqfs lf djgjqfoeg mj jgjqdf jleof pfqf mjsmj zgf~k}jgoef egujo}fmf f lf qjm mj 6':>> BT cfs}f k}qfmj ~qo}eofbjg}j ='>>> BT sedzejgmk zg oqjoebejg}k~qo}eofbjg}j legjfl'

F bjmemf vzj sj fzbjg}f ofmf pjx jg bfukq jgbjmemf, u okg azjg oqe}jqek, lf ~k}jgoef egs}flfmf jg~fqvzjs jleoks, sj cfoj gjojsfqek ~fqf fsjdzqfq zgfazjgf oflemfm mj szbeges}qk u js}faelemfm mj lf qjmjlo}qeof, mes~kgjq mj zgf ~k}jgoef jlo}qeof qkmfg}j

~fqf okb~jgsfq lfs `lzo}zfoekgjs jg lf djgjqfoegjleof, }fg}k mj szaemf okbk mj afhfmf mj ~k}jgoef'Js}f k~oeg ~zjmj bzu aejg sjq gzjpfs ojg}qfljs}qbeofs vzj z}eleojg ofqag okbk `zjg}j mj jgjqdf~qebfqf, u okg zgf }jogklkdf fmjozfmf mj mesjkmj lfs besbfs'

Qjs~jo}k mj k}qfs jgjqdfs qjgkpfaljs, zgf k~oeg}ogeof f okgsemjqfq js lf ok"okbazs}eg mj aekbfsfu qjsemzks jg lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag' Js} }jogklkdf~jqbe}j }fbaeg lf z}elexfoeg mj qjsemzks `kqjs}fljsvzj mj k}qf `kqbf sj mjsokb~kgjg jbe}ejgmk bj}fgk

f lf f}bs`jqf, ~jqk lk ~qkaljbfs mj fafs}joebejg}ku lkds}eof mj js}ks bf}jqefljs cfojg vzj js}f k~oegsjf dlkaflbjg}j bfqdegfl, fmjbs mj ~lfg}jfq jg fldz"gks ofsks ~qkaljbfs bjmekfbaejg}fljs lkofljs' Ofajqjokqmfq vzj jl ^lfg mj @kbjg}k mj lfs Jgjqdfs Qj"gkpfaljs mj 6555, lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm okgaekbfsf jqf zgk mj lks ~qkdqfbfs js}qjllf, u vzjm~qo}eofbjg}j jg gfmf ~kq lks ~qkaljbfs fg}jmeocks'_eg jbafqdk jg jl ^lfg mj @kbjg}k mj Jgjqdfs Qjgk"pfaljs 1>>:"1>6> sj ~lfg}jf qjmzoeq 66,4 B}OK

1jvze"

pfljg}js bjmefg}j lf z}elexfoeg mj js}f }jogklkdf jg

djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm'Lf jgjqdf gzoljfq mjajq sjdzeq js}fgmk ~qjsjg"}j jg gzjs}qk jsvzjbf mj djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm,


21/33


11

aejg okg lks gepjljs fo}zfljs k aejg okg fldzgf bk"meofoeg' s}f ~zjmj eq cfoef oejqqj mj fldg dqz~kseg qj~kseoeg mj sz ~k}jgoef k f lf okgs}qzooeg mjk}qks fmeoekgfljs f lks cku jg k~jqfoeg' Jg lf bjme"mf vzj sj ~ejqmf ~k}jgoef gzoljfq, sj egoqjbjg}fqfglfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1

u sj fzbjg}fqfg lks qejsdks mjszbeges}qk' Js}k ~kgj skaqj lf bjsf jsf gjojsemfm mjfakqmfq okg qedkq jl mjaf}j gzoljfq' Cfu vzj qjokqmfqvzj okgs}qzeq zg gzjpk dqz~k sz~kgj zgf mofmf mj}qfafhk, u jl fk 1>?> sj jgozjg}qf f mks mofmfs mjcku'

Jg js}fs qjjekgjs gzbqeofs sj pj vzj js ~qjoeskokg}fq okg ojg}qfljs mj ofqag vzj djgjqjg zgf ~fq}jmj lf jljo}qeoemfm vzj sj pf f okgszbeq, k sz~lfg `fl}fsmj ~k}jgoef sedgeof}epfs' Fckqf aejg, lf z}elexfoeg mjojg}qfljs }qbeofs mj ofqag mjaj eq jg okgskgfgoef okglfs }qjs emjfs"`zjqxf ~qjsjg}fmfs jg jl ~qebjq f~fq}fmkqjlf}epfs f8

Oflemfm fbaejg}fl' Dfqfg}f mj szbeges}qk' Okb~j}e}epemfm jokgbeof'

Js}f gjojsemfm mj djgjqfoeg okg ofqag sj se}zfqjg zg gepjl sebelfq fl fo}zfl, jg bfukq k bjgkq ozfg}fjg `zgoeg mjl okb~kq}fbejg}k mj lfs k}qfs `zjg}js, lfmes~kgeaelemfm jgjqd}eof mj lfs besbfs, k egolzsk lfsmjoesekgjs vzj sj }kbjg qjs~jo}k f lfs besbfs' ^kq

jhjb~lk, sj ~qjoesfq bs ofqag se sj olfzszqfg dqz~ksgzoljfqjs, k gk sj cfoj zg js`zjqxk jg jl mjsfqqkllk mjlf jleof u lf sklfq okbk fvz sj ~qk~kgj, qjokqmjbksvzj sj ~lfg}jfg fl bjgks ?:'>>> BT mj ~k}jgoef jleofu ?>'>>> mj sklfq'

Jg js}j sz~zjs}k lfs jbesekgjs mj OK1sj se}zfqfg jg"

}qj 66> u 6?> bellkgjs mj }+f, oe`qf bzu jljpfmf ~fqf lfsj~jo}f}epfs vzj jg lf fo}zflemfm sj bfgjhfg, mj qjafhfqlfs jbesekgjs f pflkqjs zg 1>* eg`jqekqjs f lks fo}zfljs,js mjoeq afhfq f zgks 3> bellkgjs mj }+f9 aejg js pjqmfmvzj sj mjhf faejq}f lf ~zjq}f fl bjqofmk mj jbesekgjs mj

OK1 ~fqf lfs jb~qjsfs jlo}qeofs' Lfs jbesekgjs }k}fljs~qkojmjg}js mjl zsk mjl dfs gf}zqfl jg jsj jsojgfqek fg"}js meazhfmk, sjqg bfukqjs vzj lfs okqqjs~kgmejg}js flfs fo}zfljs, se sj ozb~lj okg jsf mes~kgeaelemfm mj dfsgf}zqfl u lf ~qjpeseg fo}zfl mj okgszbk jg djgjqfoegjlo}qeof'

Lfs j~jo}f}epfs mj afhfs jbesekgjs mj OK1

gk skgozb~lealjs sflpk vzj cfuf zgf `zjq}j okg}jgoeg jg ljoqjoebejg}k mj lf mjbfgmf jlo}qeof, js}k ~zmejqf js"}fq ledfmk f zgf jpklzoeg gjdf}epf mj lf jokgkbf vzjegoemeqf fs besbk mj `kqbf gjdf}epf jg jl bfg}jge"

bejg}k mjl jb~ljk, lk ozfl gk js mjsofq}falj }fl okbkjs} lf se}zfoeg bzgmefl9 k ~kq jl okg}qfqek, jg zg azjgjsojgfqek jokgbeok jg jl vzj sj fszbfg jsvzjbfs mj

djgjqfoeg mj fl}k qejsdk }ogeok, ~fsfgmk lfs jgjqdfsqjgkpfaljs f fl}ks gepjljs mj lf djgjqfoeg aqz}f, okgqjmzooekgjs sedgeof}epfs mj lf ~qkmzooeg jlo}qeof jgoeolk okbaegfmk'

K}qf k~oeg ~fqf fpfgxfq cfoef jsfs afhfs jbesekgjsjs vzj `zjqf `fo}ealj jg Js~ff zg fl}k gepjl mj of~"}zqf u okggfbejg}k mj OK

1, skaqj lk ozfl cfu mzmfs

qfxkgfaljs skaqj ~kseaelemfmjs qjfljs f fb~lef jsoflf,fzgvzj jg js}j Js}zmek sj ~qjsjg}fg zgf mjojgf mj ufoe"bejg}ks djkldeoks vzj ~kmqfg sjq j~lk}fmks f }fl g,okbk sj okbjg}f jg lks sedzejg}js f~fq}fmks'

ojg}qflj_fo}zflj_mjofqagjgj_~ff'

f_~jo}k_}ogeok_u_koeflj_Zgf pjx ~qjsjg}fmf lf gjojsemfm mj z}elexfq ojg}qf"

ljs }qbeofs mj ofqag, js okgpjgejg}j qjjekgfq skaqjjl js}fmk mj lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag jg Js~ff' s}fssj cfg se}zfmk jg lfs qjfs begjqfs k jg ~zjq}ks mj qj"oj~oeg mj okbazs}ealj mj eb~kq}foeg' Jllk }zpk lz"dfq jg ~kofs jg lfs ozfljs lf oqjfoeg mj jb~ljk, }fg}kjg begfs okbk jg egs}flfoekgjs egmzs}qefljs, }jgf zgfpflkqfoeg ~kse}epf ~kq ~fq}j mj lf skoejmfm, f~fq}j mjvzj czaejqf oejq}fs okb~kgjg}js eb~kse}epfs mjsmj lfFmbeges}qfoeg Ojg}qfl'

Jg lf fo}zflemfm, jg jsks jb~lfxfbejg}ks uf jes"}jg}js mj ojg}qfljs }qbeofs, okg}egf sejgmk ~ksealjlf gjdkoefoeg skoefl ~fqf bfg}jgjq lf fo}epemfm u lks

~zjs}ks mj }qfafhk' _jqf `fo}ealj egolzsk jg fldzgks mjjllks egoqjbjg}fq lf ~k}jgoef egs}flfmf'

Jg k}qfs ~ksealjs zaeofoekgjs gzjpfs js ~qjpesealjvzj szqhf zgf okg}js}foeg skoefl eb~kq}fg}j, qjs~jo"}k f lf ozfl js ~qjoesk }jgjq jg ozjg}f ozfljs sjqfglks ~zjq}ks mj qjoj~oeg mj ofqag, jg lks ofsks ce"~k}}eoks vzj fs sj mejqfg, u lf k~kseoeg skoefl flqjs~jo}k'

Lfs ojg}qfljs vzj `zgoekgfg okg ofqakgjs mkbs"}eoks sj okgs}qzujqkg bfukqe}fqefbjg}j jg lf mofmfmj lks sj}jg}f u ~qegoe~eks mj lks kocjg}f, js mjoeq cfg

ozb~lemk uf mj ~qkbjmek zgks }qjeg}f fks mj k~jqf"oeg' Fldzgfs okbk lfs mj ledge}ks ~fqmks jg lf ~qkpeg"oef mj Okqzf js}g fdk}fgmk szs qjsjqpfs u sj js}gqjbkmjlfgmk ~fqf z}elexfq ofqag mj eb~kq}foeg' Jgk}qks jb~lfxfbejg}ks }fbaeg mesbegzuj lf k`jq}f mjofqag mkbs}eok'

Lfs ojg}qfljs vzj z}elexfg czllfs u ofqakgjs afhks jgpkl}eljs }fbaeg js}g fdk}fgmk szs qjsjqpfs, k ~kseaele"mfmjs mj j}qfooeg, jg me`jqjg}j bjmemf' _lk lf ozjgofmj ^zjq}kllfgk k`qjoj azjgfs j~jo}f}epfs mj ~qkmzooegmj ofqag f bjmek ~lfxk' Jg jsf ozjgof sj cf okgs}qzemk

lf ~lfg}f mj dfseofoeg eg}jdqfmf okg oeolk okbaegfmk mjJLOKDF_, vzj js zgf qj`jqjgoef jzqk~jf jg jl mjsfqqkllkmj }jogklkdfs leb~efs'


22/33

Qjszbjg ]ogeok

1?

Lfs fg}qfoe}fs mj Fs}zqefs, Ljg, ^fljgoef u Oqmkaf}ejgjg ufoebejg}ks okg afhfs qjsjqpfs k okg oks}js jlj"pfmks mj j}qfooeg, sflpk jg lfs czllfs mj afhks pkl"}eljs mjl Gkq}j mj Ljg' Lfs jbesekgjs mj emks mjge}qdjgk js k}qk ~qkaljbf fmeoekgfl jg lf mjgeoeg mjl`z}zqk mj js}fs ojg}qfljs }qbeofs' Jg jl ofsk mj lfs cz"llfs fs}zqefgfs lks oks}js mj j}qfooeg skg bzu jljpfmksu lfs okgmeoekgjs }ogeofs mj lf begjqf jg djgjqfl skg

me`oeljs9 aejg js pjqmfm vzj f~fqjoj lf k~oeg mj z}elexfqofqakgjs mj eb~kq}foeg jg lfs ojg}qfljs fo}zfljs'

Lks ofqakgjs szae}zbegksks mj ]jqzjl ~qjsjg}fgzgks eb~kq}fg}js pklbjgjs mj qjsjqpfs j}qfaljs foejlk faejq}k u f afhk oks}j' ^qjoesfg zgf ~lfgeofoegmj lf begjqf ~fqf gk z}elexfq slk lfs xkgfs mjl ufoe"

bejg}k mj bjgkq oks}j mj j}qfooeg u j}jgmjq s}f fpflkqjs qfxkgfaljs mj qjoz~jqfoeg mj qjsjqpfs u oks}jsgfljs mj ka}jgoeg mj lks ofqakgjs' Vzexs fs sj ~z"mejqfg j}qfjq cfs}f zgks 1>> bellkgjs mj }'

Jl dqfg ~qkaljbf mj js}ks ofqakgjs js sz jljpfmk okg}j"gemk jg fxz`qj, jg}qj 0* u 6>*, lk vzj cfoj vzj lfs ojg}qfljsjlo}qeofs okqqjs~kgmejg}js mjafg okg}fq egjlzmealjbjg}jokg ~lfg}fs mj mjszl`zqfoeg mj dfsjs lfs ozfljs egoqj"bjg}fg ljpjbjg}j lfs jbesekgjs mj OK

1' _kg ofqakgjs

vzj ~kmqfg lljpfqsj f ~qkojsks mj dfseofoeg, aejg ~fqf~qkmzoeq jljo}qeoemfm k aejg jpjg}zflbjg}j ~fqf ka}jgjq

ofqazqfg}js' Lf mks ojg}qfljs mj lf ~qkpegoef mj ]jqzjluf cfg ozb~lemk lks }qjeg}f fks mj pemf u f bjmek ~lfxkmjajq mjoemeqsj ozfl js lf k~oeg mj `z}zqk'

Oflemfm fbaejg}fl

Jg jl bae}k mjl ofqag, lf oflemfm fbaejg}fl sj ~qk"ujo}f f pfqefs jsoflfs, mjsmj lf lkofl egbjmef}f, vzj cfbk}epfmk lf qj}eqfmf mjl ofqag mjl zsk ~fqf oflj`fooeg jgoezmfmjs, f lf dlkafl ~lfgj}fqef, vzj js seg mzmf lf ~qkalj"b}eof fbaejg}fl bs fozoefg}j cku mf' F jllk sj ffmj

lf jsoflf qjdekgfl j ce"~jqqjdekgfl, qjlfoekgfmfokg lfs llzpefs oemfs, lkozfl }fbaeg okgmeoek"gf `zjq}jbjg}j jl `z}zqkjgjqd}eok mjl ofqag,sjdg sj j~leof jg jl~zg}k :'6' ^jqk js segmzmf lf eg}jgseofoegmjl j`jo}k egpjqgfmjqk jglf f}bs`jqf lf ozjs}egmj bfukq ~jsk, okg}qf lfozfl sj ~zjmjg cfoj pf"ljq gzjpfs }jogklkdfs,mj of~}zqf u sjozjs}qk, kokggfbejg}k, mj OK

1,

vzj skg fgflexfmfs jg jl~zg}k :,1' ^jqk jl bfqokfbaejg}fl mj js}j ~qk"aljbf lk k`qjoj lf ~qk~ef

gf}zqfljxf, u sz fo}epe"mfm jg jl oeolk ofqakgk+OK

1' Mjhfgmk f~fq}j lf

okgjeg bfqegf jg js}joeolk, vzj }ejgj okgs}fg"

}js mj }ejb~k bzu j}jgsfs vzj egpklzoqfg ofg}emfmjs eg"djg}js mj OK

1meszjl}k jg jl bfq, lf qj`jqjgoef egbjmef}f

@edzqf 3' Lbe}js mj jbesekgjs mj emks mj fxz`qju mj ge}qdjgk sjdg lf gkqbf}epf jzqk~jf

mj dqfgmjs egs}flfoekgjs mj okbazs}eg

Gkqbf}epf mj dqfgmjs egs}flfoekgjs mj okbazs}eg8 ]jocks}k}fljsf~leofaljsfJs~ff8

) emks mj fxz`qj8 4=0'>>> }+f

) emks mj ge}qdjgk8 3=4'>>> }+f Lbe}jsmjjbesegegmepemzflmjemksmjfxz`qj8

) Ojg}qfljs jes}jg}js8 =>> bd+Gb?

) Ojg}qfljs gzjpfs8 1>> bd+Gb?

Lbe}jsmjjbesegegmepemzflmjemksmjge}qdjgk8

) Ojg}qfljs jes}jg}js8 0:> bd+Gb?

"Fks1>61f1>60 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' :>> bd+Gb?

"Mjsmjjlfk1>60 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1>> bd+Gb?

(_ejlofqag}ejgjbjgksmj6>*mjBP''''''6'1>>bd+Gb?

) Ojg}qfljs gzjpfs8 1>> bd+Gb?


23/33


1=

js lf mj lf `k}ksg}jses }jqqjs}qj, vzj qjoeolf ofmf fk, okbkuf sj cf meock, zgks 60>'>>> bellkgjs mj }kgjlfmfs fgzf"ljs, sjes pjojs bs mj lk jbe}emk fq}eoeflbjg}j' Mj ~kmjqegoqjbjg}fq lf sz~jqoej ozl}epfmf u, skaqj }kmk, mj ~kmjqmjmeofq zgf ~fq}j mj jllf, mjl kqmjg mjl 6: 1>*, f ozl}epksjgjqd}eoks okg }jogklkdfs u lkds}eofs fpfgxfmfs, sj ~k"mqf ~flefq szs}fgoeflbjg}j jl ~qkaljbf' Ldeofbjg}j jskqjvzejqj zg ~lfxk melf}fmk, ~jqk vzj ~zjmj ~qkdqfbfqsjmjaemfbjg}j cfoejgmk }el lf segjqdef ofqag"aekbfsf mjs"mj fckqf cfoef jl `z}zqk, okg zg mjs~lejdzj js}ebzlfmk mjs}f, vzj gjojse}fq mj lks okbazs}ealjs `seljs mzqfg}jmjojgeks, bejg}qfs lfs }jogklkdfs u lkds}eofs lljdfg flf bfmzqjx qjvzjqemf'

}jogklkdf_leb~ef_mjlofqag

Zgf ozjs}eg skaqj lf vzj cfu vzj llfbfq lf f}jgoegjs lf mj jbesekgjs mj emks mj fxz`qj u mj ge}qdjgkmjsmj lfs ojg}qfljs }qbeofs, aejg sjfg lfs cku jes}jg"}js z k}qfs ~ksealjs gzjpfs, vzj sj qedj ~kq lf Meqjo}epfJzqk~jf mj Dqfgmjs Egs}flfoekgjs mj Okbazs}eg vzjcf jg}qfmk jg pedkq jl 6 mj jgjqk mj 1>>3' #@edzqf 3%'

Lfs ojg}qfljs uf jg `zgoekgfbejg}k cfg mj ~qjsjg}fqzg ~lfg mj fmf~}foeg f js}f gkqbf}epf' _e gk mjsjfg fok"djqsj f jllf u gk qjflexfg lfs bkmeofoekgjs fl qjs~jo}k ljsvzjmfqg 1>'>>> ckqfs mj `zgoekgfbejg}k fg}js mjl oejqqj'Js}k sz~kgj vzj lfs ojg}qfljs bs fg}edzfs u bs ~jvzj"fs ~qjpesealjbjg}j vzjmfqg `zjqf mjl dqz~k qjpesfmk, u

fs sj olfzszqfqg zgks 1'>>> BT mj lks 6>'>>> BT fo"}zfljs, jg bjmef mkojgf mj fks mjsmj 1>>3'

Pfqefs ojg}qfljs cfg egs}flfmk ~lfg}fs mj mjszl`z"qfoeg u k}qfs }ejgjg ~qjpeseg mj cfojqlk9 js}k js zgfbzjs}qf mj eg}jgoeg mj okg}egzemfm okg jsf ~k}jgoefegs}flfmf' Gk sj js}g okgs}qzujgmk ~lfg}fs mj qjmzo"oeg of}fl}eof mj jbesekgjs mj emks mj ge}qdjgk, lkozfl js zg ~qkaljbf ~fqf jl `zgoekgfbejg}k okg}egzfmkmj lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag, jg ~fq}eozlfq lfs vzj z}elexfgofqakgjs mj afhk okg}jgemk jg bf}jqefs pkl}eljs, u ~kq}fg}k bfukqjs jbesekgjs js~joofs mj GK'

Jg js}f gkqbf}epf js ~qjoesk sjflfq vzj f~fqjojgzgks }jocks gfoekgfljs mj jbeseg ~fqf jsks mks okg"}fbegfg}js bfukqe}fqeks, bjgkqjs mj zg bellg mj }+f,ozfgmk lfs fo}zfljs jbesekgjs sj se}fg ojqof mjl be"llg u bjmek' Jl }jock ~fqf lks emks mj fxz`qj vzexs~zjmf ozb~leqsj jg qfxg mj lf jpklzoeg jg jl bfukqzsk mj ofqakgjs mj eb~kq}foeg u lf z}elexfoeg mj dfsgf}zqfl jg djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm'

Jl }jock mj emks mj ge}qdjgk vzjmf okgmeoekgfmk ~kqjl cjock mj vzj lfs jbesekgjs ledfmfs fl }qfgs~kq}j sz~kgjgjg }kqgk f 4>>'>>> }+f, lk vzj mjhf bzu ~kok bfqdjg mj jbe"

seg ~fqf lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm u k}qfs fo}epemfmjsegmzs}qefljs u mkbs}eofs' Lfs ojg}qfljs mj ofqag fo}zfljsjbe}jg zgfs 1>>'>>> }+f' Js ~qjpesealj vzj jsj }jock okgme"

oekgj jl gbjqk mj ckqfs mj `zgoekgfbejg}k fgzfl mj lfsojg}qfljs vzj zsfg ofqakgjs afhks jg pkl}eljs, vzj se aejg~zjmjg ozb~leq okg szs jbesekgjs js~joofs okg}qeazeqg fjljpfq lf jbeseg dlkafl' Gk kas}fg}j cfu vzj sjflfq vzj jlQ'M' mj Dqfgmjs Egs}flfoekgjs mj Okbazs}eg js okcjqjg}jokg jl Q'M' mj ]jocks mj Jbeseg, ~kq lk ozfl afs}f vzj lfsojg}qfljs mj ofqag ozb~lfg jl ~qebjqk, ~fqf ozb~leq ~kq sz~fq}j lk vzj ljs cf semk fsedgfmk mjl sjdzgmk'

of~}zqfuokg`egfbejg}kmjl ok1

Mjsmj fldzgks bae}ks sj js} }qfsbe}ejgmk f lf sk"oejmfm vzj sjq `oel okggfq jl OK

1jg flbfojgfbejg"

}ks ~qk`zgmks9 lk ozfl, mjsmj lf qjjeg }ogeof, gk~fqjoj fs' ^kq zg lfmk js ~qjoesk of~}zqfq jl OK

1, js

mjoeq sj~fqfqlk mj lks k}qks dfsjs mj okbazs}eg, mkgmjsz~kgj bjgks mjl 1>* mjl }k}fl mj js}ks' ^fqf jllk sj~lfg}jfg mks lgjfs mj }qfafhk8

f' ^ks} okbazs}eg'" _j }qf}f mj okgs}qzeq ses}jbfsmj of~}zqf, `zgmfbjg}flbjg}j afsfmks jg oeolksmj faskqoeg+mjsfaskqoeg vzbeof, vzj `zgoek"gfg mj `kqbf qjpjqsealj ~fqf mfq zg dfs mj fl}kokg}jgemk jg OK

1' _jqfg jg ozflvzejq ofsk jvze"

~ks pklzbegksks okg zg oks}j eb~kq}fg}j mj egs"}flfoeg u k~jqfoeg'Js zgf lgjf mj }qfafhk z k~oeg vzj ~zjmj sjq p"lemf ~fqf lfs egs}flfoekgjs jes}jg}js k lfs mj gzjpf

okgs}qzooeg, }fg}k jg ojg}qfljs }qbeofs mj ofqag,okbk jg ~lfg}fs mj oeolk okbaegfmk okg dfs gf}zqflokbk okbazs}ealj'

a' ^qj okbazs}eg'" _j }qf}f mj sj~fqfq jl OK1

f lf sflemfmjl dfseofmkq, fg}js mj vzj jl dfs mj sg}jses jg}qj jglf }zqaegf mj dfs'Js}f lgjf mj }qfafhk js f~leofalj geofbjg}j f ojg"}qfljs }qbeofs mj }e~k DEOO okbk ~kq jhjb~lk lfojg}qfl mj JLOKDF_ jg ^zjq}k Llfgk'Js lf }jogklkdf vzj ~qjsjg}f jg ~qegoe~ek bjgkqjsoks}js mj of~}zqf'

o' Ke okbazs}eg'" _j azsof qjflexfq lf okbazs}eg okgzg okbazqjg}j mj fl}k okg}jgemk jg kdjgk u bzu afhf~qjsjgoef mj ge}qdjgk, mj `kqbf vzj lf okgojg}qfoegmj OK

1jg lks dfsjs qjszl}fg}js sjf bzu jljpfmf' Okg

jllk sj `foele}f jl okggfbejg}k' Js zgf k~oeg }jogk"ldeofbjg}j gk egmzs}qefl, ~jqk vzj gk mjajqf ~lfg}jfqjojsepks ~qkaljbfs mj qjflexfoeg ~qo}eof' Cfg mjsjq lfs jb~qjsfs mj aejgjs mj jvze~k, lfs szbeges}qfmk"qfs mj oflmjqfs lfs vzj cfdfg js}ks mjsfqqkllks'

_jqf mj f~leofoeg f gzjpfs ojg}qfljs }qbeofs mj

ofqag, okg mesjk mes}eg}k mjl fo}zfl' Jg jllfs cfaqfvzj egolzeq zgf ~lfg}f mj `qfooekgfbejg}k mj feqj ~fqfjgqevzjojq jl okbazqjg}j jg K

1u qjafhfq lf ~qjsjgoef


24/33

Qjszbjg ]ogeok

1:

mj ge}qdjgk, lk vzj sz~kgj zg oks}j mj egpjqseg u zgokgszbk fmeoekgfl mj jgjqdf'

Zgf pjx vzj sj mes~kgj mj zg dfs okg fl}k okg}jgemkjg OK

1js ~qjoesk okb~qebeqlk f jljpfmf ~qjseg, bs

mj 1>> afq, ~fqf egujo}fqlk jg flbfojgfbejg}ks8 ~qk"`zgmks, pklzbegksks u js}faljs' Fvz js mkgmj f~fqjojglks ~qkaljbfs jg bzocks ~fsjs u qjfs djkdqofs' Jgjl ofsk js~fkl skaqj lks }qjs ~ksealjs }e~ks mj flbfoj"gfbejg}ks sj ~zjmjg cfojq lks sedzejg}js okbjg}fqeks8

f' Js}qzo}zqfs mj qkofs ~kqksfs' _kg fvzjllfs vzj okg}z"pejqkg ~j}qljk k dfs z k}qfs mj sebelfq js}qzo}zqf' JgJs~ff gk skg fazgmfg}js u jg ~qebjqf f~qkebfoegjs}g sejgmk egpjs}edfmfs ~fqf flbfojgfbejg}k mj dfsgf}zqfl j egoqjbjg}fq lf of~foemfm mj qjs~zjs}f mj lfqjm mj }qfgs~kq}j u szbeges}qk mj js}j okbazs}ealj'

a' Foz`jqks sflegks'" _kg js}qzo}zqfs ~qk`zgmfs vzjflbfojgfg fdzf, f sjq ~ksealj sflegf u gk z}elexfaljokbk fdzf ~k}falj, jg lfs ozfljs sj ~zjmj egujo}fqOK

1vzj vzjmfqf mj `kqbf sklzalj ~jqbfgjg}j jg

jllfs9 js gjojsfqek vzj mes~kgdfg mj zg sjllk djkl"deok, ~qj`jqjg}jbjg}j mj fqoellfs k qkofs sebelfqjs'Jg Js~ff ~fqjoj vzj ~zjmjg mfqsj js}fs js}qzo"}zqfs, ~jqk js ~qjoesk mjsfqqkllfq zgf egpjs}edfoegdjkldeof mj}fllfmf vzj mj}jqbegj lf emkgjemfm mjsz z}elexfoeg ~fqf js}j g, fs okbk lf of~foemfmu jl qe}bk mj lljgfmk vzj fmbe}jg' Jg lf dzqf 5 sjjsvzjbf}exf mkgmj js ~ksealj vzj sj lkofleojg js}fsjs}qzo}zqfs' Jg ozflvzejq ofsk sj }qf}f mj azsofq jsfs`kqbfoekgjs fl bjgks f 0>> b mj ~qk`zgmemfm, fzg"vzj djgjqflbjg}j sjqg gjojsfqefs ~qk`zgmemfmjsbzock bfukqjs'

@edzqf 5' Bf~f mj ~kseaelemfmjs szqdemfs mj lf qjpeseg 1>>4, j egmeofoeg mj lfs sjljooekgfmfs

~fqf okgs}e}zeq Qjsjqpfs mjl Js}fmk u koflexfq zgf sedzejg}j fsj mj js}zmek'

6

1

?

= :

0

4

6> 35

6' Czjlpf bfqegf

1' Fleofg}j?' Lf Bfgocf

=' Bfmqem

:' ]jqzjl

0' Xfqfdkxf

4' ^fljgoef

3' Pexofuf bfqegf

5' _fg}fgmjq bfqegf 6

6>' _fg}fgmjq bfqegf 1


25/33


10

o' Okggfbejg}k kojgeok'" Lf mes~kseoeg fq}eoefl mjOK

1jg jl bfq js zg }jbf vzj ~fqjoj f ~qebjqf pes}f mj

jgkqbj qj~jqozseg bjmekfbaejg}fl, vzj seg jbafqdkokgpejgj okgsemjqfq okg jl fmjozfmk qedkq oejg}ok'Cfu vzj }jgjq jg ozjg}f vzj jl bfq okg}ejgj OK

1jg

dqfgmjs ofg}emfmjs, okg zg egpjg}fqek }k}fl zgfs => pj"ojs sz~jqekq fl f}bks`qeok #zgks 61> ]} jg lks kofgks`qjg}j f mj 1,3 ]} mj OK

1jg lf f}bs`jqf%' Gk kas}fg}j,

lf fmk~oeg egmzs}qefl ~lfg}jfmf gk ~kmqf eq jg azsof mjzg ~jvzjk fzbjg}k mj lf okgojg}qfoeg bjmef, lk ozflsjqf lk mjsjfalj, segk f fzbjg}fq okgsemjqfaljbjg}j lfokgojg}qfoeg jg mj}jqbegfmfs xkgfs bfqegfs mkgmj jleb~fo}k fbaejg}fl gk `zjqf mj}jqbegfg}j']gdfsj jg ozjg}f fl qjs~jo}k vzj lf sklzaelemfm mjlOK

1jg fdzf fzbjg}f okg lf ~qjseg u okg lf mesbegz"

oeg mj }jb~jqf}zqf' Fmjbs, ~kq mjafhk mj ?':>> bmj ~qk`zgmemfm, js zg lvzemk bs ~jsfmk vzj jl fdzf'Jg }kmk ofsk, sj }qf}f mj zgf k~oeg okg gk}kqefs egojq"}emzbaqjs, vzj mjajqf egolzeq j`jo}ks fg gk jpflzf"mks, okbk lf `jq}elexfoeg fq}eoefl mjl bfq, egolzujgmkgk slk zg fzbjg}k mj sz okg}jgemk jg OK

1, segk mj

k}qks gz}qejg}js vzj cfaqfg mj pjq}jqsj, fzgvzj jg bz"ocsebf bjgkq ~qk~kqoeg' ^kq }fg}k js ~qjoesk, fg}jsmj ozflvzejq fooeg, mes~kgjq mj zg meo}fbjg oejg}okokgolzujg}j, vzj qjvzjqeqf zg bjhkq okgkoebejg}k mjlkofgk u szs `kgmks'Fl mf mj cku cfu vzj sjflfq vzj js}ks ~qkojsks gkjs}g ~jqbe}emks ~kq lfs okgpjgoekgjs eg}jqgfoekgfljs'

Lf emjf f }qfgsbe}eq cku ~kq cku js vzj jg Js~ff js~qjoesk sjq bzu ~qzmjg}js f lf ckqf mj f~ks}fq ~kqjs}f fl}jqgf}epf okbk pf mj qjmzooeg mj lfs jbe"sekgjs mj OK

1mj `kqbf sedgeof}epf' Js zg eg}jg}k

lkfalj mj asvzjmf mj sklzoeg fl ~qkaljbf mj lfsjbesekgjs mj OK

1, ~jqk szs ce~k}}eoks qjszl}fmks

~kse}epks slk cfu vzj okgsemjqfqlks okbk zg ff"memk j}qf f k}qks js`zjqxks vzj cfuf vzj cfojq flqjs~jo}k'

m' Ofpemfmjs oqjfmfs ~kq mesklzoeg jg sfl' Jg js}j}e~k mj flbfojgfbejg}ks lf ofpemfm sj djgjqf fq}e"

oeflbjg}j jg zgf `kqbfoeg sflegf' ^kq okgsedzejg}jjs zg ses}jbf mj dqfg jeaelemfm jg ozfg}k f lf of"~foemfm mj OK

1vzj sj ~zjmj flbfojgfq, se aejg s}f

szjlj sjq, jg djgjqfl, lebe}fmf'Zgf mj lfs pjg}fhfs mj lks flbfojgfbejg}ks mjOK

1jg sfl js vzj, mj~jgmejgmk mj lfs ofqfo}j"

qs}eofs mjl bfoexk sflegk, js ~ksealj okgs}qzeq gkslk bzocfs ofpemfmjs segk ofmf zgf okg zg dqfgpklzbjg zge}fqek, sz~jqekq f zg bellg mj bj}qksoaeoks' F 6: B^f u ?: O lf mjgsemfm mjl OK

1jg

js}fmk sz~jqoq}eok js f~qkebfmfbjg}j mj >,36 dq+ob?,

~kq okgsedzejg}j jg zgf ofpjqgf mj 6'>>>'>>> b?

mjpklzbjg }el sj ~kmqg flbfojgfq 36>'>>> }kgjlfmfsmj OK

1, mjs~qjoefgmk jl ~jvzjk oejqqj mj lf ofpe"

mfm vzj sj ~qkmzoeq mzqfg}j lfs `fsjs mj mesklzoegu mj mjs~lfxfbejg}k mj lf sflbzjqf' Js eb~kq}fg}j}jgjq jg ozjg}f vzj zgf ojg}qfl }qbeof okgpjgoek"gfl mj :>> BT mj ~k}jgoef `zgoegfgmk :'>>> ckqfsjvzepfljg}js fl fk djgjqfq mj `kqbf f~qkebfmf1,: Bellkgjs mj }kgjlfmfs mj OK

1

' Js mjoeq, vzj cf"qfg fl}f fl bjgks mks ofpjqgfs mj js}j }e~k ~kq ofmfojg}qfl }qbeof jg lf vzj sj vzejqfg f~leofq }jogklk"dfs mj of~}zqf u okggfbejg}k u ~kq ofmf fk mj`zgoekgfbejg}k'Jllk sedgeof mjl kqmjg mj 6>> ofpjqgfs f lk lfqdkmj lf pemf mj zgf ojg}qfl, lk ozfl ~fqjoj `zjqf mj~kseaelemfmjs qjfljs'

_jdzqemfm u oflemfm mj szbeges}qk

Zgk mj lfs qfxkgjs bs eb~kq}fg}js vzj hzs}eofglf gjojsemfm mj z}elexfq ofqag okbk `zjg}j mj jgjqdf~qebfqef jg lf djgjqfoeg mj jgjqdf jlo}qeof js lf sj"dzqemfm mj szbeges}qk vzj ~qk~kqoekgf'

lk_okbaz_}ealj_`_elj_jgjlbzgmk

Jg lf dzqf 5 sj jsvzjbf}exfg lfs qjsjqpfs mj lksme`jqjg}js okbazs}ealjs `seljs, vzj jg }k}fl sj se}fg jg}kqgk fl bellg mj bellkgjs mj }j~9 lks qjozqsks ~zmejqfgbzl}e~leofq ~kq }qjs jsf oe`qf u ~qjpesealjbjg}j jl qj~fq"

}k sjq sebelfq fl mj qjsjqpfs' Jg qjlfoeg f jsj mjsdlksju f lks qe}bks mj j}qfooeg mj ofmf okbazs}ealj sel sj~zjmjg cfojq lfs sedzejg}js qjjekgjs'

Ofqag u ledge}k8 _z~kgj ofse lf be}fm mj lfs mes~k"geaelemfmjs mj okbazs}ealjs `seljs, bejg}qfs vzj jglf fo}zflemfm jl ofqag u ledge}k j}qfmks jg jl bzg"mk qj~qjsjg}fg slk lf ozfq}f ~fq}j mjl }k}fl mj lksokbazs}ealjs `seljs' _e sj bfg}zpejqf js}j jsvzjbflf pemf }el mj slk lfs qjsjqpfs mj ofqakgjs u ledge"}ks, u gk lks qjozqsks ~k}jgoefljs, ~zjmj j}jgmjqsj

f bs mj mks sedlks' Oqzmks mj ~j}qljk8 Ces}qeofbjg}j sj cfg j}qfmklks oqzmks bjmeks u ledjqks, jg lf fo}zflemfm sj cfmj qjozqqeq f zgf bfukq ~fq}eoe~foeg mj lks ~jsf"mks ~fqf f}jgmjq lfs mjbfgmfs, cjock vzj ~qjpese"aljbjg}j sj egoqjbjg}fq jg jl `z}zqk' Jl ~j}qljkqj~qjsjg}f lf be}fm mj lks f~kq}js mj okbazs}ealjs`seljs fl ses}jbf' F sz pjx sj bfg}ejgj lf mes~kge"aelemfm }jqeof mj zgks => fks, vzj sj egoqjbjg}ffl okgsemjqfq lks qjozqsks }k}fljs f vzexs zgks 6>>fks'

Dfs gf}zqfl j cemqf}ks mj bj}fgk8 Jl dfs gf}zqfl sz"

~zsk cfoj zgks fks zgf js~jqfgxf mj ofbaek jgjl szbeges}qk mj cemqkofqazqks, u mj cjock sj js}g


26/33

Qjszbjg ]ogeok

14

okgs}qzujgmk eg`qfjs}qzo}zqfs ~fqf sz}qfgs~kq}j f lfqdf mes}fgoef, aejg ~kqdfskmzo}k aejg ~kq afqoks bj}fgjqks'Cku sj kasjqpf vzj lf k`jq}f }ejgj lebe"}foekgjs u lks ~qjoeks sedzjg f lks mjl~j}qljk, okg lf meozl}fm ffmemf mj szflbfojgfbejg}k'

Lfs qjsjqpfs mj dfs gf}zqfl skg sebelfqjsf lfs mjl okghzg}k mjl oqzmk bjmek u ledj"qk, u fmeoekgflbjg}j sj okgojg}qfg jg mksqjfs djkdqofs8 Kqejg}j Bjmek u Qzsefhzg}k okg ~fsjs pjoegks mj Fsef Ojg}qfl'Js}k sz~kgj jg}qj k}qks fs~jo}ks zg okg}qklmjl szbeges}qk vzj jg ozflvzejq ofsk sj me"qedeq f bfg}jgjq jljpfmks lks ~qjoeks'

Cfu zgf k~oeg mj ~kgjq bs dfs jgjl bjqofmk8 lf j}qfooeg mj lks llfbfmkscemqf}ks mj bj}fgk, vzj sj lkoflexfg jg lfs~qk`zgmemfmjs mj oejq}fs xkgfs bfqegfs' _j jgozjg}qfjg js}qzo}zqfs jg lfs vzj bklozlfs mj fdzf f}qf~fg fk}qfs mj bj}fgk jg `kqbf mj zg djl vzj sj bfg}ejgj jg`kqbf sjbe slemf' _z j}qfooeg eb~leof egujooeg mjpf~kq jg lks ufoebejg}ks ~fqf egoqjbjg}fq sz zemjx u`foele}fq sz bkpelemfm'

Jes}j zg olfqk }jbkq f vzj jl mjsfqqkllk mj js}f qj"oz~jqfoeg mj dfs gf}zqfl ~qkpkvzj mjs~qjgmebejg}ksegokg}qklfmks mj bj}fgk, lk vzj sjqf zgf `zjq}j okg}qe"

azoeg f lf jbeseg mj dfsjs mj j`jo}k egpjqgfmjqk9 qj"ozqmjsj fmjbs vzj lf bklozlf mj OC

=}ejgj zg ~kmjq

mj qj}jgoeg mj qfmefoekgjs }qbeofs mjsmj lf ]ejqqf vzjjs 16 pjojs sz~jqekq fl okqqjs~kgmejg}j mjl OK

1'

^kq lk vzj okqqjs~kgmj f lf eg}jgsemfm mj jbeseg mjOK

1jg lf okbazs}eg mj js}ks okbazs}ealjs, ~fq}eozlfq"

bjg}j ~fqf lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm, ofaj sjflfqlk sedzejg}j8

Dfs gf}zqfl8 Zgf }kgjlfmf jvzepfljg}j mj ~j}qljk mjjs}j okbazs}ealj jbe}j fldk bs mj 1 } mj OK

1jg sz

okbazs}eg' _e lljpfbks jl dfs gf}zqfl f djgjqfoegmj jljo}qeoemfm, lf jbeseg js~joof js mj ?:> d mjOK

1~kq iTc' ]kmk jllk se jg lf ofmjgf mj j}qfooeg,

}qfgs~kq}j u zsk mjl dfs gf}zqfl gk cfu jbesekgjs `z"de}epfs mj bj}fgk9 js}j js zg }jbf ~kok fgflexfmkfzg, ~jqk vzj ~zjmj sjq eb~kq}fg}sebk'

^j}qljk8 Zgf }kgjlfmf jvzepfljg}j mj ~j}qljk sz~k"gj zgf jbeseg mj fldk bs mj ? } mj OK

1jg lf okb"

azs}eg' Lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm okg mjqepfmksmjl ~j}qljk sz~kgj jbesekgjs mj zgks 3>> d+iTc'

Ofqag8 _e sj vzjbf zgf }kgjlfmf jvzepfljg}j mj

~j}qljk jg `kqbf mj ofqag, lfs jbesekgjs mj OK1

sj fojqofg f : }' Fl eq f lf djgjqfoeg mj jljo}qeoemfm lfsjbesekgjs mj lfs fo}zfljs ojg}qfljs }qbeofs sj se}fg

jg }kqgk f 6'>>> d ~kq iTc9 jg lfs ojg}qfljs mj dfse"ofoeg u oeolk okbaegfmk sj qjmzojg f 4:> d+iTc,oe`qf f lf vzj ~zjmjg fojqofqsj lfs ojg}qfljs mj pf~kqsz~jqoq}eok jg afsj f oeolks Qfgiegj'

Jg js}j okg}j}k jl ofqag f~fqjoj okbk zgf `zjg}j~qebfqef mj jgjqdf vzj f~kq}f zg jljbjg}k mj sjdzqemfmjg jl szbeges}qk, f lf pjx vzj egoqjbjg}f lfs jbesekgjsmj OK

1' Fvz jg js}j Js}zmek fszbebks fbaks fs~jo}ks

u }qf}fbks mj k`qjojq zgf ~qk~zjs}f jvzeleaqfmf'Lf qjflemfm js vzj jl zsk mjl ofqag sj js} egoqjbjg"

}fgmk jg jl bzgmk, jg ~fq}eozlfq jg lf ozjgof mjl ^fo"ok, skaqj }kmk jg Ocegf vzj cf ~fsfmk mj 6'>>> bellkgjsmj } jg 655> f 1'?>> bellkgjs mj } jg 1>>0, fzgvzj jgzgf }jgmjgoef okg}qfqef cfu vzj okgsemjqfq lfs ~qk~zjs"}fs mj jsojgfqeks jgjqd}eoks jg Js}fmks Zgemks u jg lfZgeg Jzqk~jf, jg fbaks ofsks azsofgmk k~oekgjs mjafhf jbeseg mj OK

1' Gk kas}fg}j, jg jl fk 1>>0 jl eg"

oqjbjg}k mj lf mjbfgmf mj ofqag `zj mj =,? *, ~qo}e"ofbjg}j jl mkalj vzj lf mjbfgmf dlkafl mj jgjqdf, vzj

`zj mj 1,? *' Js}f se}zfoeg js} sejgmk }fg qje}jqfmf jgjs}ks l}ebks fks vzj lf ~fq}eoe~foeg mjl ofqag jg lfsf}es`fooeg mj jgjqdf ~qebfqef bzgmefl cf ~fsfmk mj1: * jg jl fk 1>>>, f 13,: * jg jl 1>>0'

okgmeoekgfg}j_jgjlfaf_}joebejg}kmj

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El futuro del carbón en la política energética española(Es)/ The future of the coal in Spanish...

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Transcript of El futuro del carbón en la política energética española(Es)/ The future of the coal in Spanish...