Dr. Emilio Vargas - Tendencias en IngenieríaE-mail: [email protected]! Datos...
Transcript of Dr. Emilio Vargas - Tendencias en IngenieríaE-mail: [email protected]! Datos...
!
!
!!!!!
Tendencias en
ingeniería, tecnología y
sociedad
Dr. Gilberto Herrera
(Coordinador) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!"#$%&'!()*$'!+!"&,&-.!+!/01)2&!34!+!56%-)6,&!7$!89):$!
!
Edición Alejandro Herrera Coordinadores Gilberto Herrera Ruiz María del Carmen Espino Gudiño Vicente Rodríguez Hernández Revisión David Moisés Terán Pérez Gerente editorial Marcelo Grillo
Tendencias en ingeniería, tecnología y sociedad
Gilberto Herrera Ruiz, María del Carmen Espino Gudiño, Vicente Rodríguez Hernández; COORDINADORES Derechos reservados © 2012, por Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V. México
!
Primera Edición por Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V. México, febrero 2012
© 2012, por Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V. México Pitágoras 1139, Col. Del Valle, C.P. 03100, México, D.F. Miembro de la Cámara Nacional de la Industria Editorial Mexicana Registro No. 2317
Internet: http://www.alfaomega.com.mx E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-607-707-327-7
Derechos reservados: Esta obra es propiedad intelectual de su autor y los derechos de publicación en lengua española han sido legalmente transferidos al editor. Prohibida su reproducción parcial o total por cualquier medio sin permiso por escrito del propietario de los derechos del copyright.
Nota importante: La información contenida en esta obra tiene un fin exclusivamente didáctico y, por lo tanto, no está previsto su aprovechamiento profesional o industrial. Las indicaciones técnicas y programas incluidos han sido elaborados con gran cuidado por el autor y reproducidos bajo estrictas normas de control. Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V. no será jurídicamente responsable por: errores u omisiones; daños y perjuicios que se pudieran atribuir al uso de la información comprendida en este libro, ni por la utilización indebida que pudiera dársele. Los nombres comerciales que aparecen en este libro son marcas registradas de sus propietarios y se mencionan únicamente con fines didácticos, por lo que la editorial no asume ninguna responsabilidad por el uso que se dé a esta información, ya que no infringe ningún derecho de registro de marca. Los datos de los ejemplos y pantallas son ficticios, a no ser que se especifique lo contrario.
Impreso en México. Printed in Mexico
Empresas del grupo:
México: Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V. Pitágoras 1139, Col. Del Valle, México, D.F., México, C.P. 03100 Tel.: (52-55) 5089-7740 – Fax: (52-55) 5575-2420 / 2490. Sin costo: 01-800-020-4396 E-mail: [email protected]
Colombia: Alfaomega Colombiana, S.A. Carrera 15 No. 64 A 29, Bogotá, Colombia PBX (57-1) 2100122 - Fax: (57-1) 6068648 E-mail: [email protected]
Chile: Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. General del Canto 370-Providencia, Santiago, Chile Tel.: (56-2) 235-4248 – Fax: (56-2) 235-5786 E-mail: [email protected]!
Argentina: Alfaomega Grupo Editor Argentino, S.A. Paraguay 1307 P.B. Of.11, C.P. 1057, Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel.: (54-11) 4811-0887 y 4811-7183 E-mail: [email protected]!
Datos catalográficos Herrera Ruiz Gilberto; Espino Gudiño María del Carmen; Rodríguez Hernández Vicente. Coordinadores Tendencias en ingeniería, tecnología y sociedad Primera Edición Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V. México.
ISBN:!978-607-707-327-7 Formato: 17 x 23 cm Páginas 290!
! U;U;U;U;!!!!
Contenido 2/34#'1%+5+
67'8+-.+-1+9-3-#/#-:+
;</#+).+9-3-#/#-:======================================================================================================= +5+
2/34#'1%+>+9)-?3%+$-@'-$)&%+-"+1/+(%?3/(#/()*"+&-1+?/#-$)/1+.'-1%A(/1+
9)?-+"--&-&+)"+#<-+(%?3/(#)%"+%B+#<-+1)?-A.%)1+?/#-$)/1 ===========================C!
2/34#'1%+D+E4"#-.).+F+(/$/(#-$4.#)(/.+-.#$'(#'$/1-.+&-+B%#%(/#/1)G/&%$-.+&-+E,HA5+&-(%$/&%.+(%"+3/$#4('1/.+9)I>+
EF"#<-.).+/"&+.#$'(#'$/1+(</$/(#-$).#)(.+%B+E,HA5+
3<%#%(/#/1F.#.+&-(%$/#-&+J)#<+9)I>3/$#)(1-.! ==============================================5C+
2/34#'1%+K+LB-(#%+&-+1/+-.#$'(#'$/+&-+#-0)&%.+&-+B)M$/.+&-+<-"-@'8"+.%M$-+1/.++3$%3)-&/&-.+/+B1-N)*"+&-+'"+3%14?-$%+B)M$%$-B%$G/&%+
LBB-(#+%B+<-"-@'-"+B/M$)(+.#$'(#'$-+%"+#<-+B1-N'$/1+3$%3-$#)-.+%B+/+B)M-$+$-)"B%$(-&+3%1F?-$ ==================================================================================>C+
2/34#'1%+O+H-#-$?)"/()*"+&-+1/+1-F+&-+B/#)P/+&-+?-G(1/.+/.BQ1#)(/.+/+3/$#)$+&-+.'+$-.).#-"()/+-"+-"./F-.+-.#Q#)(%.+&-+#-".)*"+&)$-(#/+
R/#)P'-+1/J+%B+/.3</1#)(+?)N#'$-.S+&-#-$?)"-&+B$%?+)#.+M$-/T)"P+.#$-"P#<+%M#/)"-&+B$%?+&)$-(#+#-".)1-+#-.#. ==================================================DC+
2/34#'1%+U+E4"#-.).+F+(/$/(#-$4.#)(/.+-.#$'(#'$/1-.+&-+(/#/1)G/&%$-.+V'WXR->IDYEZV5O+
EF"#<-.).+/"&+.#$'(#'$/1+(</$/(#-$).#)(.+%B+V'WX+R->IDYEZVA5O++(/#/1F.#. ============================================================================================================K[+
2/34#'1%+[+\/1'/()*"+&-+3$-&)%.+$'$/1-.+3%$+-1+?8#%&%+&-+3$%&'(#)])&/&+-"+B'"()*"+&-1+/3$%]-(</?)-"#%+&-1+$-('$.%+/P'/+
\/1'/#)%"+%B+$'$/1+3$%3-$#)-.+MF+#<-+?-#<%&+%B+3$%&'(#)])#F+/.+/+B'"(#)%"+
%B+#<-+%M#/)"/M)1)#F+%B+J/#-$+$-.%'$(-. ==========================================================O[!
! UUUU;;;;;;;;!!!!
2/34#'1%+^+E4"#-.).+F+(/$/(#-$)G/()*"+&-+3$%3)-&/&-.+B4.)(/.+&-+$-('M$)?)-"#%+3/$/+(%".#$'(()*"S+/1)P-$/&%+(%"+?)($%A-.B-$/.+&-+(%3%14?-$%+/($41)(%+
EF"#<-.).+/"&+(</$/(#-$)G/#)%"+%B+3<F.)(/1+3$%3-$#)-.+%B+(%".#$'(#)%"+
(%]-$)"PS+1)P<#AJ-)P<#-&+J)#<+/+($F1)(+3%1F?-$+?)($%.3<-$-. =====================UO!
2/34#'1%+C++
_-F+&-+/#-"'/()*"+.4.?)(/+3/$/+-.#)?/$+1/+/(-1-$/()*"+?QN)?/+&-1+.'-1%+X`aVY+-"+7'-$8#/$%S+G%"/+&-1+2)"#'$*"+\%1(Q")(%+,-N)(/"%+X,\ZYS+&-&'()&/+3%$+/"Q1).).+&-+1/+#$/F-(#%$)/b+a'-$$-$%A7'-$8#/$%+
E-).?)(+/##-"'/#)%"+1/J+#%+-.#)?/#-+#<-+?/N)?'?+P$%'"&+/((-1-$/#)%"++`aVY+)"+7'-$-#/$%S+/+G%"-+%B+#<-+,-N)(/"+\%1(/")(+Z-1#+X,\ZYS+&-&'(-&+
MF+#$/0-(#%$F+/"/1F.).b+a'-$$-$%A7'-$-#/$%====================================================[[!
2/34#'1%+5c+H-(%"]%1'()*"+&-+.).?%P$/?/.+F+&-#-$?)"/()*"+&-1+$')&%+.4.?)(%+3/$/+-1+.).?*P$/B%+)".#/1/&%+-"+-1+(/?3'.+d'$)@')11/+&-+1/+efV,S+-.#/()*"+deg5=+`$%(-.%+&-+(/1)M$/()*"+3/$/+1/+%M#-"()*"+&-+]-1%A+()&/&-.S+&-.31/G/?)-"#%.+F+/(-1-$/()%"-.+.4.?)(/.+&-1+.'-1%+-"+7'-$8#/$%+
H-(%"]%1'#)%"+%B+E-).?%P$/?.+/"&+&-#-$?)"/A#)%"+%B+"%).-+.-).?)(.-).?%P$/3<+)".#/11-&+%"+(/?3'.+d'$)@')11/+efV,S+deg5+.#/#)%"+2/1)M$/#)%"+3$%(-..+#%+%M#/)"+.3--&S+&).31/(-?-"#+/"&+.-).A?)(+P$%'"&= +
/((-1-$/#)%".+)"+7'-$-#/$%============================================================================== ! !C5!
2/34#'1%+55+L.#)?/()*"+&-+(%"B)/M)1)&/&+.4.?)(/+&-+-&)B)()%.+'#)1)G/"&%+/"Q1).).+&)"Q?)(%+)"($-?-"#/1+&-1+4"&)(-+&-+&-P$/&/()*"+&-+1/+$)P)&-G+.-(/"#-+
L.#)?/#)%"+%B+.-).?)(+$-1)/M)1)#F+%B+M')1&)"P.+'.)"P+)"($-?-"#/1+
&F"/?)(+/"/1F.).+%B+#<-+.-(/"#+.#)BB"-..+&-P$/&/#)%"+)"&-N================== 5c5+
2/34#'1%+5>+L.#'&)%+($).#/1%P$QB)(%+&-+"/"%($).#/1-.+&-+&)/?/"#-+%M#-")&%.+/+3/$#)$+&-+#-@')1/+
2$F.#/11%P$/3<)(+.#'&F+%B+&)/?%"&+"/"%($F.#/1.+.F"#<-.)G-&+'.)"P++
#-@')1/+/.+3$-('$.%$ =========================================================================================55D+
2/34#'1%+5D+H).('$.%.+]).'/1-.+-"+1/+()'&/&+3/"#/11/+
\).'/1+.3--(<-.+)"+#<-+.($--"+()#F! ================================================================5>5
! U;U;U;U;;;;;;;;;!!!!
2/34#'1%+5K+!"P-")%+F+#-("%1%P4/++3/$/+1%P$/$+'"+P$/"+)?3/(#%+-"+1/.+#$/".B%$?/()%"-.++-&'(/#)]/.+
!"P-"')#F+/"&+#-(<"%1%PF+#%+/(<)-]-+/+?/0%$+)?3/(#+%"+-&'(/#)%"/1+(</"P-+ ==============================================================================================================5D5+
2/34#'1%+5O+!"P-")-$4/.S+$-@'-$)?)-"#%.+-"+(%?3-#-"()/.+
L"P)"--$)"Pb+$-@')$-?-"#.+%B+(%?3-#-"(- ===================================================5DC+
2/34#'1%+5U+E%()-&/&+-A_-/$")"P+-+!"P-")-$4/S+-N3-(#/#)]/.+3/$/+1%.+&%(-"#-.+&-1+EfLE9+-"+-1+3/$/&)P?/+-A_-/$")"P+
-A_-/$")"P+.%()-#F+/"&+-"P)"--$)"PS+-N3-(#/#)%".+B%$+#-/(<-$.+%B+EfLE9 +
)"+#<-+-A1-/$")"P+3/$/&)P? ==============================================================================5K[+
2/34#'1%+5[+_%.+/$(%.S+]4"('1%+-"#$-+1/+!"P-")-$4/+F+1/.+,/#-?Q#)(/.+
V$(<.S+/+1)"T+M-#J--"+L"P)"--$)"P+/"&+,/#<-?/#)(. =================================5OC+
2/34#'1%+5^+V3$-"&)G/0-+(%1/M%$/#)]%+M/./&%+-"+?'"&%.+])$#'/1-.+
2%11/M%$/#)]-+1-/$")"P+M/.-&+%"+])$#'/1+J%$1&.++++============================================5[5+
2/34#'1%+5C+e"/+$-]).)*"+&-+&-#-(()*"+F+$-?%()*"+&-+.%?M$/.+-"+)?QP-"-.+&-+#$QB)(%+-"+<%$/$)%+&)'$"%+-"+-.(/1/+&-+P$).+
V+$-])-J+%"+#<-+&-#-(#)%"+/"&+$-?%]/1+%B+.</&%J.+)"+&/F#)?-+#$/BB)(+P$/F.(/1-+)?/P-.+=============================================================================================5^5+
2/34#'1%+>c+V"Q1).).+&-+&-+P$Q"'1%.+&-+/1?)&*"+-?31-/"&%+3$%(-./?)-"#%++?%$B%1*P)(%+&-+)?QP-"-.+
V"/1F.).+%B+.#/$(<+P$/"'1-.+'.)"P+?%$3<%1%P)(/1+)?/P-+3$%(-..)"P ====================================5C5+
2/34#'1%+>5+,%&-1/&%+&-+2%"#/?)"/"#-.+V#?%.B8$)(%.+-"+1/+()'&/&+&-+,8N)(%+?-&)/"#-+,Q@')"/.+&-+E%3%$#-+&-+\-(#%$-.+
,%&-11)"P+%B+/)$M%$"-+3/$#)('1/#-+?/##-$+)"+?-N)(%+()#F+MF+'.)"P+.'33%$#+]-(#%$+?/(<)"-. =================================================================================5CC
! ;d;d;d;d!!!!
2/34#'1%+>>+V"Q1).).+&-+.).#-?/.+&-+(%"#$%1+&-+#$/(()*"+3/$/+'"+/'#%?*])1+-18(#$)(%+
V"/1F.).+%B+#$/(#)%"+(%"#$%1+.F.#-?.+B%$+/"+-1-(#$)(+]-<)(1-========================>cC+
2/34#'1%+>D+,%&-1/&%+F+.)?'1/()*"+&-+$-&-.+&-+#$QB)(%+]-<)('1/$+
,%&-1)"P+/"&+.)?'1/#)%"+%B+]-<)('1/$+#$/BB)(+"-#J%$T. ===============================>>D+
2/34#'1%+>K+H).-h%+-+)?31-?-"#/()*"+&-+'"+.-$]%+/?31)B)(/&%$+M/./&%+-"?)($%(%"#$%1/&%$+&-+/1#%+&-.-?3-h%+
H-.)P"+/"&+)?31-?-"#/#)%"+%B+/+.-$]%+/?31)B)-$+M/.-&+%"++<)P<A3-$B%$?/"(-+?)($%(%"#$%11-$............................. >D5+
2/34#'1%+>O+`$%(-./?)-"#%+&-+)?QP-"-.+/+(%1%$+3/$/+1/+&-#-(()*"+&-+-"B-$?-&/&-.+-"+(<)1-+3)?)-"#%+
`$%(-..)"P+(%1%$+)?/P-.+B%$+#<-+&-#-(#)%"+%B+&).-/.-.+)"+(<)1)+3-33-$++ ===>DC+
2/34#'1%+>U+!&-"#)B)(/()*"+&-+`/$Q?-#$%.+-"+_4"-/+,-&)/"#-+g-&-.+f-'$%"/1-.++3/$/+'"+,%#%$+&-+!"&'(()*"+9$)BQ.)(%+
_)"-+`/$/?-#-$+!&-"#)B)(/#)%"+e.)"P+f-'$/1+f-#J%$T.+B%$+9<$--+`</.-+!"&'(#)%"+,%#%$ ================================================================================================>KC+
2/34#'1%+>[+H-#-(()*"+&-+%M0-#%.+#$)&)?-".)%"/1-.+
9<$--A&)?-".)%"/1+%M0-(#+&-#-(#)%"===============================================================>OC+
2/34#'1%+>^+2%"#$%1+?'1#)]/$)/M1-+&-+#/"@'-.+(%"+.'M.#/"()/.+@'4?)(/.+M/./&%+-"+1*P)(/+&)B'./+
,'1#)]/$)/M1-+(%"#$%1+#/"T+J)#<+(<-?)(/1.+M/.-&+%"+B'GGF+1%P)(+2%11/M%$/#)]-+1-/$")"P+M/.-&+%"+])$#'/1+J%$1&.+==========================================================>UC
!!!!!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*)*)*)*++++))))))))
,(-.'"-()-.)!(/%",0/,(-.'"-()-.)!(/%",0/,(-.'"-()-.)!(/%",0/,(-.'"-()-.)!(/%",0/"/%.1)"%,(12340!(1)."/%.1)"%,(12340!(1)."/%.1)"%,(12340!(1)."/%.1)"%,(12340!(1)./)'")/)'")/)'")/)'")!0&-"-)-.),350!(),.-!0&-"-)-.),350!(),.-!0&-"-)-.),350!(),.-!0&-"-)-.),350!(),.-0"/%.),67&0/"1)-.)1(0"/%.),67&0/"1)-.)1(0"/%.),67&0/"1)-.)1(0"/%.),67&0/"1)-.)1(#(4%.)-.)#(4%.)-.)#(4%.)-.)#(4%.)-.)8.!%(4.18.!%(4.18.!%(4.18.!%(4.1)))))))),(-.''0/9)(2)"04:(4/,(-.''0/9)(2)"04:(4/,(-.''0/9)(2)"04:(4/,(-.''0/9)(2)"04:(4/.)#"4%0!&'"%.),"%%.4.)#"4%0!&'"%.),"%%.4.)#"4%0!&'"%.),"%%.4.)#"4%0!&'"%.),"%%.4)0/),.50!())0/),.50!())0/),.50!())0/),.50!()!0%;):;)&10/!0%;):;)&10/!0%;):;)&10/!0%;):;)&10/9)1&##(4%)8.!%(4),"!9)1&##(4%)8.!%(4),"!9)1&##(4%)8.!%(4),"!9)1&##(4%)8.!%(4),"!<0/.1<0/.1<0/.1<0/.1)
!!!!
Alfaomega TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR
!"#$%&'()'#'%*+'"(,-%$.'/(0*"1'(!2#'2&'(!1$3$4(5$"262.$7/(89":2(;'""'4#&$#*(<="#*.'/(>$4?4(@*"-'4(
A$."*7*(,"#$B*/(8%&-&'(C*"B*4()'#'(
5*1=-#*.(.$(D29'"%6#&1*(.$(-*(E2&3$"4&.*.(!=#F2'%*(.$(G=$":#*"'(
*"#$%&'H4'#'%*+'"I=*JH%K((
RESUMEN
El modelado y la predicción de partículas contaminantes son temas de
especial interés en las ciencias ambientales y de la salud. El
desarrollo de modelos de partículas contaminantes permite evitar
contingencias ambientales, prevenir aumento en los niveles de
enfermedades respiratorias sobre la población, entre otros. El
objetivo de este trabajo es manifestar la factibilidad del uso de
modelos de partículas contaminantes utilizando Máquinas de Soporte
de Vectores (MSV). El caso de estudio en este artículo es la ciudad
de México y su zona metropolitana, a partir de un conjunto de
mediciones experimentales de partículas contaminantes con un radio
menor a diez Micras (PM10)
Palabras clave
Modelado y predicción de partículas contaminantes, máquinas de
soporte de vectores, PM10.
0/%4(-&!!0=/)
!"#$%&'())(*+#'&#$"%,-)./"0#)1+,"2(+"+,&0#&0#.+#,&2"#'%"+#"),(4('"'#&#(+,&%50#&+#/"0#6%&"0#'&#(+4&0,(3")(*+#25'()"#7#'�"/.'#$89/()":#)&+,%"+'1#0.#&0,.'(1#&+#/"0#6%&"0#2&,%1$1/(,"+"0#7#'&+0"2&+,&# $19/"'"0;# !10# $%(2&%10# ,%"9"<10# '&# 21'&/"'1# '&# $"%,-)./"0# )1+,"2(+"+,&0#.,(/(="+'1# ,5)+()"0# '&# 01>,# )12$.,(+3# ?/*3()"# '(>.0":# %&'&0# +&.%1+"/&0:# "/31%(,210# 3&+5,()10:#&,);@:#0�(,8"+#"#>(+"/&0#'&#/10#"A10#BCD0#7#$%(+)($(10#'&#&0,"#'5)"'";#?E"%'+&%#7#F1%/(+3#GBBBH#I"3&+'%"#7#JK"%&:#LCCMH#N(/'(%(2#7#O"7%"213/.:#LCCP@;#F&0'&#GBBQ:#/"0#26R.(+"0#'$1%,&#'&# 4&),1%&0# K"+# 0('1# .,(/(="'"0# )121# 3&+&%"/(="'1%&0# .+(4&%0"/&0# &+# '(0,(+,"0# 6%&"0# '&/#
"##!!!$%&'()*+!", !!! -!.+/0*%/+!/0!1+2(%342%2(05!%(3+567841+5!02!*%!14)/%/!/0!.7941+!!
!
TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR Alfaomega
)1+1)(2(&+,1:#'&0'&#"$/()")(1+&0#'&#)1+,%1/# (+'.0,%("/:# ?!"#$%&'('()'"*+',--./@#K"0,"#21'&/10#'&#$%&'())(*+#&)1+*2()10#?S"$"+T&47)K#7#S"+T"%:#LCCB@;#
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
U+#LCCQ#^"+3#?^"+3#()+'"*+/#LCCQ@#"2$/("#&/#,%"9"<1#'&#VSW#$"%"#$%&'())(*+#'&#$"%,-)./"0#)1+,"2(+"+,&0#"/#K")&%#.+"#)12$"%")(*+#)1+# %&'&0#+&.%1+"/&0#"%,(>()("/&0;# !"0#VSW#.,(/(="+#>.+)(1+&0# '&# T&%+&/# 3".00("+"# $"%"# /"# $%&'())(*+# '&# )1+,"2(+"+,&0;# !"0# $%&'())(1+&0# 01+#%&"/(="'"0#'.%"+,&#(+,&%4"/10#'&#,(&2$1#'&#_L#K1%"0;#
U+# &/# ,%"9"<1# '&# \01`0T7# 7# E"%"+,7# ?LCCP@:# )&+,%"'1# &+# /"# $%&'())(*+# '&# $"%,-)./"0#)1+,"2(+"+,&0:#0&#.,(/(="#.+"#,5)+()"#K-9%('"#R.&#(+)/.7R.(+"0#'$1%,&#'&),1%&0#7#/"#,%"+0>1%2"'"# `"4&/&,# F".9&)K(&0# F9a;# !"0# 26R.(+"0# '&# 01$1%,&# '&# 4&),1%&0# .,(/(="+#>.+)(1+&0# '&# T&%+&/# 3".00("+1# 7# $1/(+12("/;# !10# $"%62&,%10# .,(/(="'10# &+# &0,&# ,%"9"<1# 01+b#,&2$&%",.%":#K.2&'"':#$%&0(*+#",210>5%()":#2&0:#'-"#'&# /"#0&2"+":#4&/1)('"':#'(%&))(*+#'&/#4(&+,1#7#'",10#&0$&)->()10#'&#)"'"#$"%,-)./":#R.&#'"+#)121#%&0./,"'1#.+"#26R.(+"#'$1%,&#$1%# )"'"# ,($1#'&#)1+,"2(+"+,&# ?S\L:#c\L:#XVGC:#&,);@;# !10#$"%62&,%10# /(9%&0# 01+#"<.0,"'10#"%9(,%"%("2&+,&;#
U+# &0,&# ,%"9"<1:# 0&# %&"/(="# .+# &0,.'(1# )12$"%",(41# .,(/(="+'1# 26R.(+"0# '&# 01$1%,&# '&),1%&0#)1+#/"0#>.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/#3".00("+1#7#$1/(+12("/:#%&"/(="+'1#$%&'())(1+&0#'&#+(4&/&0#'&# )1+,"2(+"+,&0# ",210>5%()10# '&# >1%2"# 2&+0."/:# )1+# '",10# '&# $"%,-)./"0# )1+,"2(+"+,&0#)12$%&+'('"0# &+,%&# /10# "A10b# LCCa[LCGC;# !"0# $"%,-)./"0# "#21'&/"%# 01+# /"0#2&+1%&0# "# '(&=#2()%"0#'&#'(62&,%1#?XVGC@;#
!(/%",0/"!0=/)",:0./%"')
!"# )1+,"2(+")(*+# "29(&+,"/# K"# 0('1# $1%# 4"%(10# "A10# .+# $%19/&2"# )%&)(&+,&# 7# )1+0,"+,&:#&0$&)("/2&+,&#&+#)(.'"'&0#'&+0"2&+,&#$19/"'"0#7# =1+"0#2&,%1$1/(,"+"0;#UZ(0,&+#'(>&%&+,&0#,($10# '&# )1+,"2(+"+,&0# "29(&+,"/&0:# $1%# &<&2$/1:# "/3.+10# )12$.&0,10# )121# '(*Z('1# '�./>.%1:#21+*Z('1#'&#)"%91+1#7#$"%,-)./"0#"29(&+,"/&0#?$"%,()./",",,&%@#R.�&#)1+0('&%"+#)121#(+'()"'1%&0#,-$()10#'&#)"/('"'#"29(&+,"/#?d"291+(#()'"*+/#LCCB:#e1%4",K#()'"*+/#LCCC@;#
f/3.+"0# '&# /"0# $"%,-)./"0# R.&# 0&# &+).&+,%"+# 0.0$&+'('"0# &+# &/# "(%&# 01+# &2(,('"0#'(%&),"2&+,&#'&0'�.#>.&+,&#'%(3&+:#)121#)K(2&+&"0#(+'.0,%("/&0#7#)1)K&0:#$&%1#&+#1,%10#)"010#)121#&/#'(*Z('1#'&#"=.>%&#S\L:#&/#'(*Z('1#'&#+(,%*3&+1#I\L:#&/#21+*Z('1#'&#)"%91+1#c\#7# )12$.&0,10# 1%36+()10# 41/6,(/&0# ?W\c@:# 0&# (+,&%"),8"# )1+# 1,%10# )12$.&0,10# &+# &/# "(%&# R.&#>1%2"+#$"%,-)./"0#./,%">(+"0#1#"&%101/&0:# /"0#)."/&0#4"%-"+#0.0#$%1$(&'"'&0#R.-2()"0#7#>-0()"0#'&$&+'(&+'1# '&# 0.# /1)"/(=")(*+:# ,(&2$1g&0,")(*+# '&/# "A1# 7# 2&'(1# "29(&+,&# ?O%(330# ()' "*;:#LCCa@;#
UZ(0,.)K1#(+,&%50#&+#21+(,1%&"%:#21'&/"%#7#$%&'&)(%# ,&+'&+)("0#'&# /10#+(4&/&0#7#&>&),10#'&#/"0#$"%,-)./"0#"29(&+,"/&0#?$"%,()./",",,&%@#2&+1%&0#"#GC#h2#?^"+3#()'"*+/#LCGC:#!(+3#[#
:02/0214%5!02!42;02408'%<!(012+*+;'%!=!5+140/%/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!""#,#
Alfaomega TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR
N"+#()'"*+/#LCCa:#O%(330#()'"*+/#LCCa@;#U0,"0#$"%,-)./"0#01+#&0$&)("/2&+,&# (2$1%,"+,&0#$1%#0.#(2$"),1# &+# /"# 0"/.'# $89/()":# $1%# &<&2$/1:# &0,"# &0# /"# >%"))(*+# '&# $"%,-)./"0# R."71%(,"%("2&+,&# 0&# "/1<"# &+# /10# $./21+&0H# &0,1# &0# $%(+)($"/2&+,&# 3%"4&# $"%"# /"# $19/")(*+#260#4./+&%"9/&#)121#/10#+(A10#7#"+)("+10#?^&(+2"7%#()'"*+/#LCGC:#O%11T#()'"*+/#LCGC;#f'&260:#K"# 0('1# /(3"'1# &/# (+)%&2&+,1# &+# )12$/()")(1+&0# 25'()"0# &+# (+'(4('.10# )1+# $%19/&2"0#)"%'(14"0)./"%&0# &# (+'(4('.10# )1+# "02":# )1+# &/# (+)%&2&+,1# &+# /"# )1+)&+,%")(*+# '&# XVGC# 7#XVL;Q#&+#&/#"29(&+,&#?^&(+2"7%#()'"*+/#LCGC@;#
U+#3&+&%"/:# /"0#$"%,-)./"0#2&+1%&0#"#GC#2()%*2&,%10# 01+#0.9[)/"0(>()"'"0#&+#i#'(4(0(1+&0b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d"291+(# ()' "*+/# LCCB@;# X1%# /"0# )"%"),&%-0,()"0#$%&0&+,"'"0#&+#&0,10# ,($10#'&#$"%,-)./"0:#&0#R.&#$%&0&+,"+#.+#)12$1%,"2(&+,1#'(+62()1#+1#/(+&"/#'.%"+,�.#,(&2$1#'('":#'&9('1#"#,1'10#/10#>&+*2&+10#>-0()10#7#R.-2()10#$%&0&+,"'10:#"/#(3."/#R.&#"#/10#)"29(10#)/(26,()10:#7#"#/"0#)1+'()(1+&0#3&13%6>()"0#'&#/"#6%&";#
,67&0/"1)-.)1(#(4%.)-.)8.!%(4.1)
!"# ,&1%-"# '&# /"0#26R.(+"0#'&# 01$1%,&# '&# 4&),1%&0# >.&#'&0"%%1//"'"#$1%# W"$+(T# &+# &/# "A1#'&#GBBQ#?W"$+(T#()'"*+/'GBBQ@;#U0,6#,5)+()"#$&%,&+&)&#"/#629(,1#'&/#"$%&+'(="<&#".,126,()1;#!"0#VSW#K"+#0('1#"2$/("2&+,&#.,(/(="'"0#&+#"$/()")(1+&0#'&#)/"0(>()")(*+#'<&,10:#$%&'())(*+#'�&%(&0# '&# ,(&2$1:# "+6/(0(0# $1%# %&3%&0(*+# 7# %&)1+1)(2(&+,1# '&# $",%1+&0;# !"0# 26R.(+"0# '$1%,&#'&),1%&0#,(&+&+#)121#9"0&#&/#$%(+)($(1#'(+(2(=")(*+#'&#%(&031#&0,%.),.%"'1;#
U+#&/#"+6/(0(0#2&'("+,R.(+"0#'$1%,&#'&),1%&0:#/"#('&"#$%(+)($"/#&0#,%"+0$1%,"%#.+#)1+<.+,1#'&#'",10#3#"#.+#&0$")(1#'(2&+0(1+"/#260#"/,1#4/'.,(/(="+'1#.+"#>.+)(*+#'"$&1#+1#/(+&"/#φ#7#$10,&%(1%2&+,&#%&"/(="%#.+"#%&3%&0(*+#/(+&"/#&+#&/#&0$")(1#'(2&+0(1+"/#1%(3(+"/;#X1%#/1#,"+,1:# /"# "$%1Z(2")(*+# '&# /"# %&3%&0(*+:# "91%'"# .+# $%19/&2"# '&# &0,(2")(*+# '&# >.+)(1+&0#
.,(/(="+'1# .+# )1+<.+,1# '&# '",10# G = {xi,di}il # '1+'&# 3%# %&$%&0&+,"# 4&),1%&0# '&# &+,%"'"# 7#5%'
%&$%&0&+,"#/10#4"/1%&0#'�"/('"#'&0&"'10:#/"#%&$%&0&+,")(*+#>1%2"/#"#$"%,(%#'&#/"#>.+)(*+#φ:#0.&0,%"#&+#/"#0(3.(&+,&#&).")(*+b#
y = wiφi (x) + bi=1
l
! # ?G@#
F1+'&# {φ(x)}i=1l # %&$%&0&+,"# &/# )1+<.+,1# '&# '",10# '&# &+,%"'"# Z# {w}i=1
l # 7# 9# 01+# /10#
)1&>()(&+,&0#)"/)./"'10#2&'("+,&#.+"#>.+)(*+#'(+(2(=")(*+#'&#%(&031#&0,%.),.%"'1#'&>(+('"#&+#/"#&).")(*+#L;#
R(C) = C1
NLε (di , yi )
i=1
N
! +1
2|| w ||
2# ?L@#
"#"!!!$%&'()*+!", !!! -!.+/0*%/+!/0!1+2(%342%2(05!%(3+567841+5!02!*%!14)/%/!/0!.7941+!!
!
TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR Alfaomega
F1+'&:#
Lε (d, y) =d − y − ε
0
"#$
%$
d − y ≥ ε
others# ?i@#
F1+'&#ε#&0#.+#$"%62&,%1#&0,"9/&)('1:# Lε (d, y)&0# /"# >.+)(*+#$5%'('"0#ε[(+0&+0(9/&0#R.&#+1#
$&+"/(="#/10#&%%1%&0#'"/1%#(+>&%(1%#"#ε;#U/#,5%2(+1#'&#/"#&).")(*+#L:#1
2w
2
#&0#/"#2&'('"#'&#/"#
>.+)(*+# '&# .+(>1%2('"'# 7# &/# >"),1%# '&# $&+"/(=")(*+# 6/' &0# .+"# )1+0,"+,&# %&3./"%(="'"# R.&#'&,&%2(+"#/"#)12$&+0")(*+#&+,%&#/"#>.+)(*+#'&#%(&031#7#/"#.+(>1%2('"'#'&/#21'&/1;#
!"0#4"%("9/&0#'&#K1/3.%"#01+#/"0#%&0$1+0"9/&0#'&#/"#.+(>1%2('"'#'&/#21'&/1;#S(#(+,%1'.)(210#/"0#4"%("9/&0#'&#K1/3.%"#ζ#7#ζj#&+#/"#&).")(*+#L:#+10#//&4"%6#"#/"#%&>1%2./")(*+#210,%"'"#"#&+#/"#&).")(*+#Mb#
R(w,ζ ) =1
2w
2+ C
* (ζ i + ζ i
* )i=1
n
! wφ (xi ) + b − d i ≤ ε + ζ i # ?M@#
S.<&,1#"b# di −wφ(xi )+b−di ≤ ε +ζ i # ?Q@#
U+#)1+0&).&+)(":#/"#&).")(*+#'&#%&3%&0(*+#$.&'�&%#%&0)%(,"#'&#/"#0(3.(&+,&#>1%2"b#
f (x,α ,α *) = (α i −α i
*)K (x, xi ) + b
i+1
l
! # ?P@#
U+#/"#&).")(*+#P:#α#7#αj#01+#28/,($/10#'&#!"3%"+3&#R.�",(0>")&+#/"#(3."/'"'#αi *αi
*= 0 :#
αi
* ≥ 0 :#(:k:/:H#$.&'�&%#)"/)./"'"#2"Z(2(="+'1#/"#>1%2"#'."/#19,&+(&+'1b#
φ(α,α*)= di (αi,αi
*)−ε (αi,αi
*)−1
2(αi,αi
*)(α j ,α j
*)j=1
l
!i=1
l
!i=1
l
!i=1
l
! K(αi,α j )# ?_@#
F1+'&:#
(αi −αi
*) = 0
i=1
l
!
con restricciones:
i=1,…,l
0 ≤α*
i ≤C #(lG:k:/# ?a@#
F&#").&%'1#"#/"#+",.%"/&="#)."'%6,()"#'&#/"#$%13%"2")(*+:#0*/1#/10#$"%&0#'&#'",10#'(0,(+,10#
'&# )&%1# (αi −α i
*) # $.&'&+# 0&%# .,(/(="'10# )121# 4&),1%&0# '&# 01$1%,&# 7# J?Z(# :# Z<@lφ?Z(@j# φ?Z<@#
%&$%&0&+,"+#/"0#>.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/;#
:02/0214%5!02!42;02408'%<!(012+*+;'%!=!5+140/%/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!""#>#
Alfaomega TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR
'"1)2&/!0(/.1)-.)>.4/.')
!10#)6/)./10#%&/")(1+"'10#)1+#φ#0&%6+#%&"/(="'10#0*/1#$1%#.+"#>.+)(*+#'&#T&%+&/#7#0&#"$/()"%6+#"#.+#)1+<.+,1#'&#'",10#'&#&+,%"'"#?W"$+(T:#GBBQ@;#X"%"#R.&#.+"#>.+)(*+#2",&26,()"#$.&'"#0&%#.,(/(="'"#)121#>.+)(*+#'&#T&%+&/:#'&9�",(0>")&%#/"#)1+'()(*+#'&#V&%)&%D0#?S)Km/T>1$>#O#7#S21/":#GBBB@;#!"#)1+'()(*+#'&#V&%)&%D0#&0,"#'&0)%(,"#&+#/"#&).")(*+#Mb#
K(xi, x j ) = φ(xi ),φ(x j ) (4)
!"0# >.+)(1+&0# '&# T&%+&/# 01+# .+# ,*$()1# '&# &0$&)("/# (+,&%50# &+# &/# '&0"%%1//1# 7# /"#(2$/&2&+,")(*+# '&# 26R.(+"0# '&# 01$1%,&# '&# 4&),1%&0:# '&9('1# "# R.&# /"0# 1$&%")(1+&0:#%&/")(1+"'"0#)1+#φ:#01+#%&"/(="'"0#8+()"2&+,&#$1%#.+"#>.+)(*+#'&#T&%+&/#J#7#0.#$%1$*0(,1#&0#,%"+0$1%,"%#.+#)1+<.+,1#'&#'",10# Z:# "#.+#&0$")(1#'(2&+0(1+"/#260#"/,1:# n;# !"0# >.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/# ,"29(5+# $&%2(,&+# "+"/(="%# $%19/&2"0# +1[/(+&"/&0# &+# .+# 0.9)1+<.+,1# '&# $%19/&2"0#/(+&"/&0# ?S)Km/T>1$># 7# S21/"# GBBBH# c%(0,("+(+(:# LCCC@;# U+# &0,&# ,%"9"<1# 0&# $%1$1+&# &/# .01# '&#>.+)(1+&0# '&# T&%+&/# '(0,(+,"0:# 3".00("+1:# 7# $1/(+12("/;# f# )1+,(+.")(*+# 0&# $%&0&+,"+# /"0#>.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/#260#.,(/(="'"0#/"#/(,&%",.%"#'R.(+"0#'$1%,&#'&),1%&0b#
!"#'&>(+()(*+#'&#.+"#>.+)(*+#'&#T&%+&/#3".00("+1#&0,6#'&>(+('"#&+#/"#&).")(*+#Q:#'1+'&#σ#&0#.+#$"%62&,%1#/(9%#0.#4"/1%#$.&'�&%#"<.0,"'1#'"+&%"#"%9(,%"%("#?c%(0,("+(:#LCCC@;#
K(xi , x j ) = exp− xi − x j
2
2σ 2
&
'
((
)
*
++# ?Q@#
!"# >.+)(*+# '&# T&%+&/# $1/(+12("/# &0# '&>(+('"# ?S)Km/T>1$># 7# S21/":# GBBB@# $1%# /"# &).")(*+#P;#
F1+'&# xi, xj # &0# &/# $%1'.),1# $.+,1# '&# 3%# 7# 37:# /"# 4"%("9/&# (+'()"# /"# /1+3(,.'# '&/# &0$")(1#
'(2&+0(1+"/#2"$&"'1b#
K(xi , x j ) = ,xi , x j -d# ?P@#
U+# 3&+&%"/:# .+"#26R.(+"# '&# 01$1%,&# '&# W&),1%&0# )12$"%,&# .+#21'&/1#2",&26,()1# 7# .+"#"%R.(,&),.%"#0(2(/"%#"#.+"#%&'#+&.%1+"/:#&0,1#0&#(/.0,%"#&+#/"#n(3.%"#LG;G;#
5&B="*(LMHM(!"J=&#$1#="*(.$(=2*(%6J=&2*(.$(4'N'"#$(.$(3$1#'"$4H(
"#?!!!$%&'()*+!", !!! -!.+/0*%/+!/0!1+2(%342%2(05!%(3+567841+5!02!*%!14)/%/!/0!.7941+!!
!
TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR Alfaomega
,.%(-('(9$")
!"# 2&,1'1/13-"# $%1$.&0,"# &0# ,12"'"# '&# !.# 7# ^"+3# ?LCCQ@# 7# ^"+3# ?LCGC@:# &+# /"# R.&# 0&#'&0)%(9&:# '&# 2"+&%"# 3&+&%"/:# /10# $"010# 2-+(210# +&)&0"%(10# $"%"# %&"/(="%# $%&'())(1+&0# '&#$"%,-)./"0#)1+,"2(+"+,&0:#.,(/(="+'1#26R.(+"0#'$1%,&#'&),1%&0#7:#'"+&%"#&Z)/.0(4":#>.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/#3".00("+"#7#$1/(+12("/;#U+#&0,"#,&0(0:#0&#$%1$1+&#&/#.01#7#/"#)12$"%")(*+#'&#'(>&%&+,&0#>.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/:#"A"'(&+'1#9/1R.&0#&Z,%"#"#/"#2&,1'1/13-"#0.3&%('"#R.�.&0,%"#&+#/"#n(3.%"#LG;L;#
4.1&'%"-(1).5#.40,./%"'.1)
],(/(="+'1# 2&'()(1+&0# &Z$&%(2&+,"/&0# '&# XVGC# '.%"+,&# /10# "A10# LCCa# "# LCGC:# ?'1+'&# /10#'",10#'&/#LCCa#7#LCCB#0&#.,(/(="%1+#$"%"#)%&"%:#&+,%&+"%#7#">(+"%#&/#21'&/1#'&#VSWD0@#0&3.('1#'/,($/&0# 0(2./")(1+&0# %&"/(="'"0# ?"<.0,"+'1# /10# 4"/1%&0# '&# /10# $"%62&,%10# /(9%&0# '&# /"0#VSW@:# &/# $"%62&,%1# /(9%&#o# 0&#"<.0,*# )1+#4"/1%&0#'&#LH#&/# $"%62&,%1# /(9%&# p# 0&#"<.0,*# )1+#.+#4"/1%#GGH#/"#4"%("9/&#'&#)12$&+0")(*+#c#0&#"<.0,*#)1+#&/#4"/1%#'&#GCCC;##
5&B="*(LMHO*H(0'.$-'(.$(N*"#P1=-*4(
1'2#*%&2*2#$4(A0MQ(%$.&*2#$(
%6J=&2*4(.$(4'N'"#$(.$(3$1#'"$4(
=#&-&7*2.'(=2(R$"2$-(;*=44&*2'H(
((((
((((
((((
((((
((((
5&B="*(LMHOSH(0'.$-'(.$(N*"#P1=-*4(
1'2#*%&2*2#$4(A0MQ(%$.&*2#$(
%6J=&2*4(.$(4'N'"#$(.$(3$1#'"$4(
=#&-&7*2.'(=2(R$"2$-(;*=44&*2'H(
5&B="*(LMHOH(0'.$-'4(!2=*-$4(.$(N*"#P1=-*4(1'2#*%&2*2#$4(A0MQ(%$.&*2#$(%6J=&2*4(.$(
4'N'"#$(.$(3$1#'"$4H(
####
:02/0214%5!02!42;02408'%<!(012+*+;'%!=!5+140/%/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!""#@#
Alfaomega TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR
X%&X%&X%&X%&$%1)&0"2(&+,1b#$%1)&0"2(&+,1b#$%1)&0"2(&+,1b#$%1)&0"2(&+,1b# "+"/(="%# /10# '",10# '&#&+,%"'":#0(#&0#$10(9/&:#+1%2"/(="%#/10#'",10#&+# .+"# &0)"/"# '&# q[G:Gr# &# ('&+,(>()"%#$10(9/&0#'",10#>.&%"#'&#%"+31;#
V6R.(+"0#'&#S1$1%,&#'&V6R.(+"0#'&#S1$1%,&#'&V6R.(+"0#'&#S1$1%,&#'&V6R.(+"0#'&#S1$1%,&#'&),1%&0b#),1%&0b#),1%&0b#),1%&0b#&/&3(%#&/#21'1# '&# ,%"9"<1# '&# /"0# 26R.(+"0# '$1%,&#'&),1%&0#7#'&,&%2(+"%#0(#&0#.+#$%19/&2"# '&# %&3%&0(*+# 1# '&# )/"0(>()")(*+;#U+# &0,&# ,%"9"<1:# 8+()"2&+,&# 0&# .,(/(="%6#26R.(+"0# '&# 01$1%,&# '&# 4&),1%&0#,%"9"<"+'1#&+#21'1#'&#%&3%&0(*+;##
S&/&))(*+#'&S&/&))(*+#'&S&/&))(*+#'&S&/&))(*+#'&#>.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/b## >.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/b## >.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/b## >.+)(1+&0#'&#T&%+&/b#&+#&0,&#$"01# 0&# &/(3&# .+"# >.+)(*+:# 0&# "A"'&+# /10#$"%62&,%10#/(9%&0;#U+#&/#)"01#'&#.+#T&%+&/#3".00("+1# 0&# "A"'&# &/# 4"/1%# '&# /"0#4"%("+="0#δ;#U+#)"01#'&#R.&#&/#T&%+&/#0&"#$1/(+12("/:# 0&# "A"'&# &/# 3%"'1# '&/#$1/(+12(1##+'
S&/&))(*+# '&# $"%62S&/&))(*+# '&# $"%62S&/&))(*+# '&# $"%62S&/&))(*+# '&# $"%62&,%10# /(9%&0# c# 7#&,%10# /(9%&0# c# 7#&,%10# /(9%&0# c# 7#&,%10# /(9%&0# c# 7# εεεεb#b#b#b#0&/&))(*+# '&# /10# $"%62&,%10# /(9%&0# '&# /"0#26R.(+"0# '&# 01$1%,&# '&# 4&),1%&0;# U/#$"%62&,%1# /(9%&# 6/# //"2"'1# )1+0,"+,&# '&#$&+"/(=")(*+:# '&,&%2(+"# /"# )12$&+0")(*+#&+,%&# /"# >.+)(*+# '&# %(&031# ?(+K&%&+,&# "#)"'"#26R.(+"#'$1%,&#'&),1%&0@#7#/"#.+(>1%2('"'#'&/#21'&/1;#U/#$"%62&,%1#/(9%&#%&0$1+0"9/&#'&# /"#0&+0(9(/('"'#'&/#21'&/1#"# /10# &%%1%&0# 7# ,1'1# 4"/1%# 2&+1%# "/#$"%62&,%1#ε:#0&%6+#12(,('10;##
c6/)./1# '&# %&0./,"'10b#c6/)./1# '&# %&0./,"'10b#c6/)./1# '&# %&0./,"'10b#c6/)./1# '&# %&0./,"'10b# .+"# 4&=# "<.0,"'10#/10# $"%62&,%10# '&# /"#26R.(+"# '&# 01$1%,&#'&# 4&),1%&0:# 0&# $%1)&'&# "# %&"/(="%# /10#)6/)./10;##
U4"/.")(*+#'&#%&0./,"'10b#U4"/.")(*+#'&#%&0./,"'10b#U4"/.")(*+#'&#%&0./,"'10b#U4"/.")(*+#'&#%&0./,"'10b#/10#%&0./,"'10#'&/#21'&/1#0&#&4"/8"+#.,(/(="+'1#8"3%9:9';<=>*:)('?8;?@'?@@>@'1#9(&+#A("=)'8("$='BC:"@('?@@>@'?A8B?@#?!.#7#^"+3:#LCCQH#\01`T(0#7#E"%"+,7:#LCC_H#^"+3#LCGC@;#
5&B="*(LMHL(0$#'.'-'BP*(N*"*(-*(1'24#"=11&F2(.$(%'.$-'4(&%N-$%$2#*2.'(06J=&2*4(.$(
)'N'"#$(.$(C$1#'"$4H(
"#A!!!$%&'()*+!", !!! -!.+/0*%/+!/0!1+2(%342%2(05!%(3+567841+5!02!*%!14)/%/!/0!.7941+!!
!
TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR Alfaomega
T*S-*(LMHM(U$4=%$2(.$("$4=-#*.'4(1'2#*%&2*2#$4(A0MQ(%$.&*2#$(%6J=&2*4(.$(4'N'"#$(.$(3$1#'"$4(
>?@A?B)9CDEEFCAG) >?@A?B)#GBFAGHFCB)
%F?HIG)J?)?K?LDLFMA) P_Q;B#0&3.+'10# GGLP;G#0&3.+'10#
/GN),OPDFACE)J?)1GIG@Q?)J?)8?LQG@?E) LCi# #GBP#
1FRHC) ####L# [[#
9@CJG)J?B)IGBFAGHFG) [[# ####Q#
.@@G@)IG@L?AQDCBN) Gis# GBs#
(
T*S-*(LMHL(U$4=%$2(.$("$4=-#*.'4(%$24=*-$4(.$(N*"#P1=-*4(1'2#*%&2*2#$4(A0MQH(
####
####
!(/!'&10(/.1);)%4":"S()2&%&4()
!"0#26R.(+"0#'$1%,&#'&),1%&0#$%14&&+#.+#2&)"+(021#>/&Z(9/#&0)"/"9/&#''&/"'1#'�(0,&2"0#'(+62()10#7#+1[/(+&"/&0;#U+#&0,&#,%"9"<1#0&#$%&0&+,*#.+#25,1'1#''&/"'1#'&#$"%,-)./"0# )1+,"2(+"+,&0#XVGC#2&'("+,&# /"# "$/()")(*+# 'R.(+"0#'&# 01$1%,&# '&# 4&),1%&0:#)1+# .+"# >.+)(*+# '&# T&%+&/# 3".00("+1# 7# $1/(+12("/:# ,%"9"<"+'1# &+#21'1# '&# %&3%&0(*+;# U0,10#21'&/10#$10&&+#.+#9.&+#'&0&2$&A1#)1+#'(0,(+,10#'",10;# !"# (2$1%,"+)("#'&# /10#$"%62&,%10#/(9%&0#%&0('&#&+#0.#0&/&))(*+:#$.&0#.+#"<.0,&#"'&)."'1#&+#/10#4"/1%&0#'&#'()K10#$"%62&,%10#&0#
>?@A?B)#GBFAGHFCB) >?@A?B)9CDEEFCAG),GJ?BG)*T+T)
#### /GN)GU)18,) %F?HIG)J?)?K?LDLFMA)
/GN)GU)18,) %F?HIG)J?)?K?LDLFMA)
82$"'( Ga# C;M0# LG# C;L0#
5$S"$"'( LQ# C;M0# La# C;L0#
0*"7'( GC# C;M0# GM# C;L0#
!S"&-( GC# C;M0# GL# C;L0#
0*+'( LB# C;P0# iG# C;i0#
>=2&'( iC# C;P0# iC# C;i0#
>=-&'( L_# C;P0# iG# C;L0#
!B'4#'( GP# C;M0# Ga# C;L0#
)$N#&$%S"$( LQ# C;i0# iC# C;i0#
,1#=S"$( LB# C;P0# iG# C;i0#
V'3&$%S"$( GM# C;i0# GP# C;L0#
W&1&$%S"$( GM# C;i0# GP# C;L0#
:02/0214%5!02!42;02408'%<!(012+*+;'%!=!5+140/%/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!""#B#
Alfaomega TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR
)%-,()1#$"%"#&/#9.&+# '&0&2$&A1#'&# /"0#VSWD0;#]+"#4&+,"<"#260:#R.>%&)&# /"#"$/()")(*+#'&#VSWD0:#&0#&/#3"%"+,(="%#/"#('&+,(>()")(*+#'"/1%&0#2-+(210#7#26Z(210#3/19"/&0#&+#.+#0(0,&2":#)"%"),&%-0,()"#R.&#+1#$10&&+#/"0#%&'&0#+&.%1+"/&0#"%,(>()("/&0;#n(+"/2&+,&:#&+#.+#>.,.%1:#&+#/"0#>.+)(1+&0# '&# T&%+&/# ?).7"# ,"%&"# $%(+)($"/# &0#2"$&"%# '",10# '&# .+# &0$")(1# '(2&+0(1+"/# "# .+#&0$")(1# '(2&+0(1+"/# '&# 1%'&+# 0.$&%(1%@:# 0&# $/"+&"# (2$/&2&+,"%# >.+)(1+&0# 260# +14&'10"0:#)121b#^"4&/&,#T&%+&/:#n.==7#T&%+&/#1#T&%+&/0#K-9%('10;#
#
"94"-.!0,0./%(1)
!10#".,1%&0#"3%"'&)&+#"#/"#S&)%&,"%-"#'&/#V&'(1#f29(&+,&#'&/#E19(&%+1#'&/#F(0,%(,1#n&'&%"/#$1%#/"#"0&R.(9(/('"'#'&#/"0#9"0&0#'&#'",10#'&/#t+'()&#V&,%1$1/(,"+1#'&#/"#c"/('"'#'&/#f(%&#?uVUcf@;#v"29(5+:# 0&# "3%"'&)&# "# /"# SUX# "# ,%"450# '&/# $%13%"2"# Xw\VUX:# $1%# 0.# "$171# 21%"/# 7#&)1+*2()1#?+82&%1#'&#$%17&),1#GCi[QgCBgMGCC@;#
4.2.4./!0"1)
f)&4&0[n&%+"+'&=#V;f;:# x1+&0#E;w;:#J1/.$./"# N;w;:#w&()K&/,# v;:#S$&+)&%# x;^;:#X&'%"="[\%,&3"#c;:#"+'#E1%%10,(&,"# U;# yc"$"9(/(,7# 1># "# X1%,"9/&# cK%12",()#]+(,# >1%#V1+(,1%(+3# f(%91%+&#X"%,()/&0# 14&%#^('&#]%9"+#f%&"0z;#x1.%+"/#1>#0&+01%0:#e(+'" (̀#X.9/(0K(+3#c1%$1%",(1+;#?LCCB@#
O%(330#F;x:#e113K#J;:#V1%%(0#c;:#E.//(4&%#x;#yU>>&),0#1>#,%"4&/#21'+#&Z$10.%&0#,1#$"%,()./",&#"(%#$1//.,(1+z:#U+4(%1+2&+,#u+,&%+",(1+"/:#W1/;iM:#$$;#GL{LL:#?LCCa@;#
c%(0,("+(+(:#I;:#SK"`&[v"7/1%:#x;:#f+#(+,%1'.),(1+#,1#S.$$1%,#W&),1%#V")K(+&0#"+'#1,K&%#T&%+&/[9"0&'#/&"%+(+3#2&,K1'0:#c"29%('3&#]+(4&%0(,7#X%&00:#c"29%('3&:#]J#LCCC;##
E%(4"0:# E;:# |# cK"/1./"T1.:# f;# yf%,(>()("/# +&.%"/# +&,`1%T# 21'&/0# >1%# $%&'(),(1+# 1># XVGC# K1.%/7#)1+)&+,%",(1+0:# (+# ,K&# E%&",&%# f%&"# 1># f,K&+0:# E%&&)&z;# f,210$K&%()# U+4(%1+2&+,:# W1/;# MC:# $$;#GLGP{GLLB;#?LCCP@;#
e1%4",K#e;b#yf&%101/0#[#"+#(+,%1'.),(1+z:#x1.%+"/#1>#U+4(%1+2&+,"/#w"'(1"),(4(,7#W1/;#QG:#$$;#Q[LQ:#?LCCC@;#
u;#S"$"+T&47)K#"+'#w;#S"+T"%:#}v(2�&%(&0#$%&'(),(1+#.0(+3#0.$$1%,#4&),1%#2")K(+&0b#f#0.%4&7:}#c12$.,",(1+"/#u+,&//(3&+)&#V"3"=(+&:#uUUU:#41/;#M:#+1;#L:#$$;#LM[ia:#?LCCB@;##
V;^;#E"%'+&%#"+'#S;w;#F1%/(+3:#I&.%"/#+&,`1%T#21'&//(+3#"+'#$%&'(),(1+#1>#K1.%/7#I\Z#"+'#I\L#)1+)&+,%",(1+0#(+#.%9"+#"(%#(+#!1+'1+:#f,210$K&%()#U+4(%1+2&+,#W1/;#ii;#$$;#_CB{_GB;#?GBBB@;#
I"3&+'%"#SVS:#JK"%&#V;#f%,(>()("/#+&.%"/#+&,`1%T#9"0&'#/(+.%)'&/0#>1%#4&K()./"%#&ZK".0,#&2(00(1+#$%&'(),(1+0#1>#"+#.%9"+#%1"'`"7;#x#v%"+0$1%,#w&0;#F;#W1/;B#I1;#i#$$;GBB{LCa;#?LCCM@;#
\0.+":# U;:# w;# n%&.+':# n;# E(%10(;b# S.$$1%,# 4&),1%#2")K(+&0b# v%"(+(+3# "+'# "$$/()",(1+0;# fu# V&21#GPCL:#V"00")K.0&,,0#u+0,(,.,>#v&)K+1/137:#c"29%('3&:#Vf#MM;#GBB_;#
X;# W(1,,(# "+'#X;F;# E&+14":# f,210$K&%()# .%9"+# $1//.,(1+b# "$$/()",(1+0# 1># "%,(>()("/# +&.%"/# +&,`1%T#?fII@#,1#,K&#)(,7#1>#X&%.3(":#U)1/13()"/#V1'&//(+3#W1/;#GMa#$$;#L_{MP;#?LCCL@#
"#C!!!$%&'()*+!", !!! -!.+/0*%/+!/0!1+2(%342%2(05!%(3+567841+5!02!*%!14)/%/!/0!.7941+!!
!
TENDENCIAS EN INGENIERÍA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD - GILBERTO HERRERA /COORDINADOR Alfaomega
X;F;#e(&+:#W;v;#O"):#e;c;#v"2:#F;F;#IK"+#"+'#!;F;#W+K:#u+>/.&+)>#2&,&1%1/13()"/#)1+'(,(1+0#1+#XVL;Q# "+'# XVL;Q{XVGC# )1+)&+,%",(1+0# '.%(+3# ,K&# 21+011+# 0&"01+# (+# e"+1(:# W(&,+"2:#f,210$K&%()#U+4(%1+2&+,#W1/;iP#$$;#iM_i{iMaM;#?LCCL@#
w1'%(3.&=:#S;:#~.&%1/:#�;:#f/"0,.&7:#f;:#J"//10:#E;:#|#J"T"/("31.:#\;#S"K"%"+#yvK&#'.0,#)1+,%(9.,(1+0#,1# XVGC#"+'# vSX# /&4&/0# (+#S1.,K&%+# "+'#U"0,&%+#S$"(+z;# f,210$K&%()# U+4(%1+2&+,:# W1/;# iQ:# $$;#LMii{LMM_;#LCCG#
S;#\01`0T(#"+'#J;#E"%"+,7:#}n1%&)"0,(+3#1>#,K&#'"(/7#2&,&1%1/13()"/#$1//.,(1+#.0(+3#`"4&/&,0#"+'#0.$$1%,#4&),1%#2")K(+&:}#U+3(+&&%(+3#f$$/()",(1+0#1>#f%,(>()("/# u+,&//(3&+)&:#41/;#LC:#+1;#P:#$$;#_MQ[_QQ:#S&$,&29&%#?LCC_@;##
S)Km/T>1$>#O;b#S21/"#f;#x;b#"+'#O.%3&0#c;b#f'4"+)&0#(+#J&%+&/#V&,K1'0#{S.$$1%,#W&),1%#!&"%+(+3;#c"29%('3&:#V;f;b#Vuv#X%&00;#?GBBB@#
W"$+(T:# W;I;:# f;N;# cK&%41+&+T(0:# GBaB;# yvK&# +&)&00"%7# "+'# 0.>>()(&+,# )1+'(,(,1+0# >1%# ,K&#)1+0(0,&+)7# 1># ,K&# 2&,K1'# 1># &2$(%()"/# 2(+(2(=",(1+z# q(+# w.00("+r:# 7&"%911T# 1># ,K&# f)"'&27# 1>#S)(&+)&0#1>#,K&#]SSw#1+#w&)13+(,(1+:#c/"00(>()",(1+:#"+'#n1%&)"0,(+3:#L:#LG_{LMB:#V10)1`:#I".T":#?U+3/(0K# ,%"+0/;b# yvK&# +&)&00"%7# "+'# 0.>>()(&+,# )1+'(,(,1+0# >1%# ,K&# )1+0(0,&+)7# 1># ,K&# 2&,K1'# 1>#&2$(%()"/#2(+(2(=",(1+;#X",,&%+#w&)13+(,(1+#"+'#u2"3&#f+"/70(0z:#W1/;G:#$$;#LaM{iCQ:#GBBG@#
W/"'(2(%#I;#W"$+(T;#yvK&#+",.%>#0,",(0,()"/#/&"%+(+3#,K&1%7z;#S$%(+3&%[W&%/"3#I&`#N1%T:#u+);:#I&`#N1%T:#IN:#]Sf:#?GBBQ@;#
^;#!.#"+'#^;#^"+3:#}X1,&+,("/#"00&002&+,#1>#,K�.$$1%,#4&),1%#2")K(+&,K1'#(+#>1%&)"0,(+3#"29(&+,#"(%#$1//.,"+,#,%&+'0:}#cK&210$K&%&:#41/;#QB:#+1;#Q:#$$;#PBi[_CG:#f$%(/#?LCCQ@;##
^"+3#n;:#cK&+#F;S;:#cK&+3#S;N;:#!(# x;O;:#!(#V;x;:#w&+#d;e;# yu'&+,(>()",(1+#1># %&3(1+"/#",210$K&%()#XVGC# ,%"+0$1%,# $",K`"70# .0(+3# eNSX!uv:# VVQ[cVf~# "+'# 07+1$,()# $%&00.%&# $",,&%+# "+"/70(0z;#U+4(%1+2&+,"/#V1'&//(+3#|#S1>,`"%&;#W1/;#LQ:#$$;#BL_[BiM;#LCGC#
^&(+2"7%#E;:#w12&1#U;:#S"%(1#V;:#^&(/"+'#S;J;:#"+'#n1%"0,(&%&#n;b# ySK1%,[v&%2#U>>&),0#1>#XVGC#"+'#I\L#1+#w&0$(%",1%7#e&"/,K#"21+3#cK(/'%&+#`(,K#f0,K2"#1%#f0,K2"[/(T&#S72$,120b#f#S70,&2",()#w&4(&`#"+'#V&,"[f+"/70(0z;#U+4(%1+2&+,"/#e&"/,K#X&%0$&),(4&0:#W1/;#GGa:#I1;#M:#$$;MMB[MQ_:#?LCGC@#
N(/'(%(2:#N;:#|#O"7%"213/.:#V;#yf'"$,(4&#+&.%1[>.==7#9"0&'#21'&//(+3#>1%#$%&'(),(1+#1>#"(%#$1//.,(1+#'"(/7#/&4&/0#(+#)(,7#1>#d1+3./'"Tz;#cK&210$K&%&:#W1/;#Pi:#$$;#GQ_Q{GQaL;#?LCCP@#
d"291+(# E;:# c"$19("+)1# V;:# F"2(+&//(# U;# yU0,(2",(1+# 1># %1"'# 4&K()/&# &ZK".0,# &2(00(1+0# >%12#GBBL# ,1# LCGC# "+'# )12$"%(01+# `(,K# "(%# R."/(,7# 2&"0.%&2&+,0# (+# E&+1"z:# u,"/7# f,210$K&%()#U+4(%1+2&+,#W1/;#Mi:#$$;#GCaP{GCBL:#LCCB#