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5/68

www.kjatrhonagh.kjm.mx

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[[ y oh Lgsthpj), qug shkhrha `go oulhr ho pgrnj nsth,pjrqug stg og fnzj uahs prgluaths qug `hdha gago dohakj`g ohs gstupn`gkgs `g Prump. Wa pgrnj-`nsth ga euaknjags `g rgpjrtgrj fh `g prgluathr,

kjmj oj fnzj Cjrlg Thmjs2 qunga ho rglrgshr hooulhr `g ojs fgkfjs, h kja`nkna `g pohatghr suskugstnjahmngatjs, aj dhc oh luhr`nh, y kjmj pg-rnj`nsth, namnlrhatg y knu`h`haj gsthùan`gasgtgah go `grgkfj h fhkgr uah prgluath.

Cjrlg Thmjs vhojs fnzj go rgohtj y oh krtnkhho rgspgktj ga su kjoumah sgmhaho pudonkh`h gago `nhrnjTgejrmh(4> `g hljstj `g 4987), qug prj-vjk oh vnjogath ahznkjaùkth`g Prump, mha`ha`jh uaj `g sus pnstjogrjs phrh qug pnsjtghrh oh Yrn-mgrh Gamnga`h g oh Kjastntukna Yjotnkh g Gs-th`js Wan`js, qug gsthdogkg oh ondgrth` `g phohdrh

y `g prgash. Eug ua hktj prjpnj `g ua `nkth`jr-

knooj. stg sg hrrgpnatntrhs oh prgsna `g jtrjspgrnj`nsths, g fnzj qugThmjs vhojs vjovngrhho rgknatj. Go pgrnj`nsthnasnstn ga sus prglua-ths sjdrg kmj pgash-

dh Prump `gpjrthr h 88 mnoojags `g mgxnkhajs

na`jkumgath`js2 kmj ogs qunthrh oh knu`h`hahh fncjs `g na`jkumgath`js y kmj kjastrunrh gomurj ga oh erjatgrh. Go rgpudonkhaj mnoojahrnj,qug utnonzh h trhdhch`jrgs mgxnkhajs, tgan`js hookjmj gxkgogatgs hrtgshajs `g oh hodhnogrh, rgs-pja`n kja sus kosnkhs drhvukjah`hs.

Go khsj `g Thmjs vhojs kja `negrgatgs kh-rhktgrstnkhs sg rgpntg ga ojs rglmgags qug `gs-prgknha ohs ondgrth`gs. ^, sjdrg tj`j, ohs `g prgash,

y ms kuha j sths sja gcgrkn`hs pjr go trhdhcj`g ojs rgpjrtgrjs. Gstjs `grgkfjs y sus lhrhaths

Go khsj Thmjs-Prump sg rgpntgga ojs rglmgags qug `gsprgknha

ohs ondgrth`gs `g prgash, kjastha-tgmgatg onmnth`hs y khakgoh`hs

h

HLTG@N@J YJT GO AGJAHSN

@JAHO@ PTWMY

OUHTJ KGYG@H AGTN,YGTNJ@N[PH


9/68


@GEGA[JT @GO YGTNJ@N[PH JYNANA

kjasthatgmgatg sja onmnth`js yfhsth khakgoh`js snaj `g curg,ho mgajs `g ehktj, fhsth pjrqungags tngaga oh jdonlhkna `gkjatgsthr ohs prgluaths2 y oj fh-

kga kja gvhsnvhs j kja hkknjags`g eugrzh phrh trhthr `g khoohr hopgrnj`nsth. stg fh sn`j go khsj`g Cjrlg Thmjs, qunga tngaguah trhygktjrnh `g pgrnj`nsthkrtnkj kja eua`hmgatjs, thatjga sus prjlrhmhs ga oh kh`gahgsthùan`gasg Wanvnsna, kjmjho pudonkhr su trhdhcj gskrntj.Mg fha hkush`j `g sgr ua hk-tnvnsth. Ygrj sjy, sgaknoohmgatg,ua pgrnj`nsth qug fhkg prglua-ths. Oj qug phsh gs qug kjmjpgrnj`nsth gs agkgshrnj tjmhrphrtn`j y hsumnr ua puatj `gvnsth kuha`j sg trhth `g rhkns-mj, nskrnmnahkna, kjrrupkna,mgatnrhs pdonkhs, `nkthùrhs y`grgkfjs fumhajs... @gdgmjstjmhr phrtn`j, `gkh go Yrg-mnj Ajdgo `g oh Yhz 8>65, Gong

\ngsgo. Oh agutrhon`h` hyu`hho jprgsjr, auakh h oh vktnmh

(Cjrlg Thmjs vhojs, Go kha`n-`htj y go pgrnj`nsth,Tgejrmh, 4>`g hljstj `g 4987).

Aj fhy ù`h `g qug Prump gs ua agjahznprgkha`n`htj prgsn`gaknho ho khrlj gsthùan`gasg.[u rhknsmj gs `g kjrtg fntogrnhaj. Ha`h ga duskh`g sjouknjags eahogs kjatrh ojs mgxnkhajs. ^ ho

n`gatnekhr h Cjrlg Thmjs kjmj ua mgxnkhaj y

rgpjrtgrj sg og eug gaknmh kja su cgrlh mhkfnsth.Phmdna fh nasuoth`j h vhrnhs mucgrgs prhktnkha-`j goegmnankn nj vgrdho. @gmjstr qug gs ua phtaga duskh `go pj`gr pjotnkj fhknga`j hohr`g `g supj`gr gkjamnkj, phrh nmpjagrsg gxpojtha-`j prgcunknjs. Oh gmdgstn`h h Cjrlg Thmjs fhsn`j uah mugstrh ms `g qug Prump gs ua kha`n-`htj qug aj gst soj pjsha`j phrh go gspgktkuojgogktjrho, snaj qug fh tjmh`j ga sgrnj su kjavnk-kna g gsfhkgrsg g ojs namnlrhatgs mgxnkhajs.

Kjmj ojs ahzns, duskh ua kuophdog g ojs mhogs

hfjrh gsthùan`gasgs y, gaojqugkn`j, gakjatr hsu kfnvj gxpnhtjrnj. [u hthqug ho pgrnj`nsth mgxnkhaj

Cjrlg Thmjs, pjr sgr mgxnkhaj y pgrnj`nsth, fhsn`j uah mugstrh `g qug Prump gs ua tnpj qugush sus ondgrth`gs phrh qugrgr khakgohr ohs `g ojs`gms. ^ aj gs ua phyhsj `g oh pjontnqugrh. Gsua agjahzn qug gakjatr, ga go kjatgxtj `g ohsondgrth`gs, go mtj`j phrh sus hspnrhknjags2 pgrjprgtga`g aglhrohs h qungags nskrgpha g o, kjmjkuha`j go rgpjrtgrj fhkg prgluaths h sus tgmg-rhrnhs prjpugsths. Fh fgkfj go rgpjrtgrj CjrlgThmjs vhojs su trhdhcj, kja vhogath y `nlan`h`,gatga`n`j go pgrnj`nsmj kjmj kjatrhpj`gr phrhnavgstnlhr y kugstnjahr h ojs qug gsta ga ojs pj-`grgs pjotnkjs y gkjamnkjs. ^ h ojs qug hspnrhah tgagrojs, hthkha`j `g hatgmhaj h ohs ondgrth`gs`g gxprgsna.

KGKNONH

MHTPAGS


10/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

H

khsn 8 hj `g ojs fgkfjs jkurrn`js ga

Nluhoh, `ja`g sgns pgrsjahs pgr`ngrja oh

vn`h, 48 eugrja ogsnjah`hs y 0; gstu`nhatgs

`g oh Gskugoh Ajrmho Turho Tho Nsn`rj Durljs,

`g Hyjtznahph, eugrja `gshphrgkn`js, oh vgr`h`

fnstrnkh fh sn`j gstrun`h. Fjy mh`rgs y ph`rgs

`g ojs ajrmhonsths kjavgrlga kja ohs ehmnonhs `g

mnogs `g pgrsjahs `gshphrgkn`hs ga Mxnkj phrh

sglunr gxnlnga`j y duskha`j vgr`h` y custnknh ph-

rh fjarhr h sus fncjs g fnchs. Go Gsth`j tngag uah

`gu`h fnstrnkh, y gs go mjmgatj g sho`hroh. [oj

oh rgphrhkna go hj natglrho y oh lhrhath `g aj

rgpgtnkna pj`ra rglrgshr oh kjaehazh g ohs y ojs

mgxnkhajs h ohs nastntu-

knjags y ho ljdngraj.Go 5 `g sgptngmdrg

phsh`j, go Lrupj Na-

tgr`nsknponahrnj `g Gx-

pgrtjs Na`gpga`ngatgs

(LNGN) `g oh Kjmnsna

Natgrhmgrnkhah `g @g-

rgkfjs Fumhajs (KN@F) gatrgl, h 5 mgsgs `g

nanknh`h su ohdjr, go naejrmgNavgstnlhkna y prnmgrhs

kjakousnjags `g ohs `gshphrnknjags y fjmnkn`njs `g ojs ajr-

mhonsths `g Hyjtznahph (`nspjandog phrh su `gskhrlh

ga fttp3//dnt.oy/8WTsE;Y). Yhrh rghonzhroj sg hpjy

ga `htjs `g oh navgstnlhkna jeknho y ga oh `jku-

mgathkna `g ojs tgstnmjanjs `g pgrsjahs prgsga-

tgs g navjoukrh`hs ga ojs fgkfjs.

Ga su naejrmg, ojs gxpgrtjs g oh KN@F hogrtha

sjdrg nakjasnstgaknhs ga oh navgstnlhkna y jmnsnj-

ags ga go prjkgshmngatj `g naejrmhkna kruknho

phrh ooglhr ho kjajknmngatj g ojs fgkfjs. Ohs mh-

`rgs y ojs ph`rgs `g ojs cvgags ajrmhonsths, pjr su

phrtg, fha gxnln`j uah rgspugsth rgho y go ea `g ohs

snmuohknjags qug aj fhkga ms qug nakrgmgathr

su `jojr. Ga Pwnttgr, go prgsn`gatg Garnqug Ygh

Angtj gskrndn3 Fg `h`j na`nkhknjags phrh qug

ohs navgstnlhknjags `g ojs trlnkjs sukgsjs `g Nluhoh

tjmga ga kugath ojs gogmgatjs hpjrth`js pjr go

LNGN.

@g ejrmh kjnakn`gatg, go > g sgptngmdrg, jrlh-

anzhknjags g ehmnonhrgs g pgrsjahs gshphrgkn`hs

`g `nstnatjs gsth`js `g oh Tgpdonkh gatrglhrja h

rgprgsgathatgs `g ojs pj`grgs Gcgkutnvj y Oglnsoh-

tnvj ua `jkumgatj kja ojs puatjs qug kjasn`grha

eua`hmgathogs phrh

oh krghkna `g uah ogylgagrho sjdrg `gshphrn-

kna ejrzh`h y `gshph-

rnkna pjr phrtnkuohrgs.

@nkfh prjpugsth fh

sn`j kjastrun`h trhas-

ejrmha`j `g mhagrh

lgagrjsh uah gxpgrngaknh aj gsgh`h an pg`n`h oh

dsqug`h `g sus ehmnonhrgs `gshphrgkn`js ga gxn-

lgaknh `g uah pjotnkh pdonkh gekhz y kjalrugatg.

Gsth trhlg`nh ajs fh hegkth`j gajrmgmgatg

kjmj ehmnonhs3 ajs fgmjs gaegrmh`j, gmpjdrgkn-

`j ms, ajs fha gxtjrsnjah`j, galhh`j, mukfhs

kjmphgrhs y kjmphgrjs fha mugrtj `g trnstgzh,

pgrj aj phrhrgmjs, sghohrja ga go hktj hatg rg-

prgsgathatgs go Gsth`j mgxnkhaj. Ho rgkndnr go j-

kumgatj, go sudsgkrgthrnj `g @grgkfjs Fumhajs

`g oh [gkrgthrh `g Ljdgrahkna, Tjdgrtj Khmph

Knerna, rgspja`n3 Gsthmjs jdonlh`js h qug ga oh

EGTAHA@J TJ[ MHTPAGS,[GKTGPHTNJ GCGKWPNUJ @G OH TG@ AHKNJAHO @G JTLH-AN[MJ[ KNUNOG[ PJ@J[ OJ[ @GTGKFJ[ YHTH PJ@H[ PJ@J[

H^JPSNAHYH, G[YGTHASH

YHTH PJ@H[ OH[ YGT[JAH[

@G[HYHTGKN@H[ GA MVNKJ

Mh`rgs y ph`rgs `g ojs ajrmhonsthskjavgrlga kja ohs ehmnonhs `g mnogs`g `gshphrgkn`js phrh gxnlnr vgr`h` y

custnknh y fjarhr h ohs vktnmhs

s


11/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

gohdjrhkna g oh nanknhtnvh sg gskukfg h hkh`mnkjs

y gxpgrtjs, pgrj ga gstg khsj aj tgagmjs grgkfj h

`gchr eugrh ohs gxpgrngaknhs y prjpugsths phrh gsth

nanknhtnvh `g ojs ehmnonhrgs (www.cjrah`h.uahm.mx/uotnmhs/4987/9>/9>/gatrglha-hktnvnsths-prjpugsth-ph-

rh-ogy-sjdrg-`gshphrnknja-ejrzh`h-;65>.ftmo).

Ohs jrlhanzhknjags `g ehmnonhs `g pgrsjahs

`gshphrgkn`hs rgkjajkga qug go khsj Hyjtznahph gs

oh kjyuaturh qug hdrg h oh sjkng`h` y h oh jpnana

pdonkh, ahknjaho g natgrahknjaho, oh vgr`h` sjdrg

uah sntuhkna qug tngag `kh`hs ga Mxnkj, kja

mjmgatjs `g rgkru`gknmngatj. Ohs ehmnonhs dus-

kha qug sg rgkjajzkh oh na`nsjoudog `jdog `nmga-

sna qug tngag gsth sntuhkna lrhvg y lgagrhonzh`h3

pjr uah phrtg kjmj gstrhtglnh `go Gsth`j phrh oh

gonmnahkna `g oh jpjsnkna pjotnkh y sjknho, y pjr

oh jtrh kjmj uah kh`gah krnmnaho kja eags gkja-

mnkjs qug navjoukrh h oh `gonakugaknh jrlhanzh`h.

Kuha`j ajs gakjatrhmjs thaths ehmnonhs

phrh kjmphrtnr augstrh dsqug`h y phrh `hr

augstrh phohdrh phrh gsth ogy, ajs hsjmdrhmjs y

kjastgrahmjs `g thatjs hjs `g lugrrh ga oh qug

fha vnvn`j augstrjs pugdojs, `g rgkjajkgr qug ajs

ehotha thaths pgrsjahs hmh`hs ga augstrj pugdoj,

gxprgshrja. Ygrj thmdna gxnlga qug sg pjalha

ojs mnsmjs rgkursjs ga mhrkfh phrh oh dsqug`h`g sus fnchs, fncjs, gspjshs, gspjsjs, mh`rgs, ph`rgs

y `gms sgrgs qugrn`js.

Go LNGN tngag mukfh kohrn`h` ga go sgatn`j `g

qug analuah pgrsjah `gshphrgkn`h gs ms nmpjr-

thatg qug jtrh. Yjr oj qug rghonz rgkjmga`hknj-

ags lgagrhogs phrh oh dsqug`h g navgstnlhkna `g

pgrsjahs `gshphrgkn hs ga go phs, qug lhrhatnkga

go hkkgsj h oh custnknh y go `grgkfj h oh vgr`h` h ojs

ehmnonhrgs ga oukfh.

Gsth kohrn`h` oh tngaga thmdna jtrjs hktjrgs

natgrahknjahogs (go Lrupj `g Prhdhcj sjdrg

@gshphrnknjags Ejrzh`hs j Navjouathrnhs, go rg-

ohtjr Gspgknho sjdrg oh Pjrturh y Jtrjs Prhtjs j

Ygahs Krugogs, Nafumhajs j @glrh`hatgs, y go

rgohtjr Gspgknho sjdrg Gcgkuknjags Gxtrhcu`nknhogs,

[umhrnhs j Hrdntrhrnhs) qug oohmhrja ho Gsth`j

mgxnkhaj h oogvhr h khdj ohs rgkjmga`hknjags.

[u prjath y `nonlgatg nmpohathkna ehvjrgkgr oh

84;TE


12/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

h`gkuh`h navgstnlhkna y shakna `g ojs rgspjash-

dogs, go gskohrgknmngatj `g ojs fgkfjs, hs kjmj oh

dsqug`h, rgphrhkna y htgakna h ohs vktnmhs,

gxprgshrja `nvgrsjs gxpgrtjs `g oh Jrlhanzhkna

`g ohs Ahknjags Wan`hs (fttp3//dnt.oy/8BnGwow) qug

fha sghoh`j ojs lrha`gs rgtjs `go Gsth`j mgxn-khaj phrh go kumponmngatj g sus jdonlhknjags ah-

knjahogs g natgrahknjahogs ga mhtgrnh `g `grgkfjs

fumhajs.

Ygrj aj soj sg trhth `g oh prjdogmtnkh `g

`gshphrnkna `g pgrsjahs. Aumgrjsjs khsjs ajs

pgrmntga kjaermhr qug ohs vnjohknjags lrhvgs h

ojs `grgkfjs fumhajs sja lgagrhonzh`hs y snstg-

mtnkhs. Oh phrtnknphkna, hqungskgaknh u jmnsna

`go Gsth`j hatg muotntu` `g fgkfjs hdjah ho kn-

koj `g nmpuan`h` y kjrrupkna. Pj`j gooj vnaku-

oh`j, `g mhagrh natglrho, kja jtrhs vnjohknjags h

ojs @grgkfjs Gkjamnkjs, [jknhogs, Kuoturhogs y

Hmdngathogs (@G[KH) qug nmpn`ga oh vn`h nlah

`g ohs y ojs mgxnkhajs.

Gstg kjatgxtj oogv h ohs jrlhanzhknjags qug

kjaejrmha oh Tg` Pj`js ojs @grgkfjs phrh Pj`hs

y Pj`js h rgkjajkgr uah pulah gatrg nvgrsjs hk-

tjrgs. Ga augstrhHlga h pjotnkh 4987-4949. Hatg oh

h`vgrsn`h` y oh na`nlahkna3 oh kjastrukkna kjogktnvh(`ns-

pjandog ga fttp3//dnt.oy/8CjzpmK) fgmjs sghoh j

qug gstg kjatgxtj pgrmhagatg g vnjogaknh g nasg-

lurn`h` tngag oh euakna g pgrmntnr oh kjakrgkna

`g prjygktjs gkjamnkjs kja lrha`gs lhahaknhs,pgrj h`vgrsjs h ojs `grgkfjs fumhajs, y `gs`ndu-

cha`j oh oagh gatrg oj oglho y oj noglho.

Gsth sntuhkna fhkg h mucgrgs, fjmdrgs, anhs

y anjs y cvgags rgfgags ga su vn`h `nhrnh, `gs-

pjca`jojs `go ondrg gcgrknknj `g oh knu`h`hah y

`gca`jojs ga sntuhkna `g vuoagrhdnon`h` ergatg

ho krnmga jrlhanzh`j, gmprgshs y ljdngraj. Go

mng`j j tgrrjr qug lgagrh oh vnjogaknh (kjtn`nhah,

nastntuknjaho, gkjamnkh, gstrukturho, `g lagrj)

gs ua hrmh phrh go kjatrjo sjknho pjr phrtg go Gs-

th`j qug ehvjrgkg oh prjtgkkna `g ojs natgrgsgs `g

ojs pj`grgs ektnkjs, gkjamnkjs y pjotnkjs.

Gs pjr gstj qug oh hktntu` hmdnluh qug `gskhon-

ekh `g mhagrh sutno pgrj kjasnstgatg go trhdhcj `go

LNGN pjr phrtg `g oglnsoh`jrgs `go Yhrtn`j Tgvjou-

knjahrnj Nastntuknjaho (fttp3//kaa.nt/8WT7kXr), hs

kjmj ohs kjnakn`gatgs y prjvjkh`jrhs kjoumahs

`g jpnah`jrgs jeknjsjs kjmj Tnkhr`j Hogma

qunga ajmdr go naejrmg `g galhhdjdjs

(fttp3//gouan.mx/8WT0WC`), prgjkupha. Yjrqug

oj qug sg duskh gs lgagrhr ua hmdngatg `g kjaeu-

sna qug kjavngrth h ohs vktnmhs ga rgspjashdogs

`g su prjpnh trhlg`nh, mngatrhs sg prgtga`g `nounr

oh rgspjashdnon`h` gsththo ga ohs lrhvgs vnjohknjags

`g `grgkfjs fumhajs.

[na gmdhrlj, oh vjz `g ohs vktnmhs sngmprg

ajs oogah `g gspgrhazh, pugs ga su `nlan`h` y kj-fgrgaknh aj ha oulhr h galhjs an kjaeusnjags3

Ga gstg khmnaj `g dsqug`h fgmjs pgr`n`j

oh kjaehazh ga ohs nastntuknjags `go Gsth`j. Yjr

gsj thmdna ogs `gknmjs qug ohs hutjrn`h`gs gsta

ergatg h uah jpjrtuan`h` fnstrnkh `g krghr uah

pjotnkh `g Gsth`j qug rgspja`h h ohs `gshphrnknj-

ags, kja oh phrtnknphkna `g ohs jrlhanzhknjags `g

ehmnonhrgs y `g oh sjkng`h` knvno, y gmpgzhr hs h

rgphrhr oh kjaehazh qug fh sn`j `hh`h pjr oh

mgatnrh y oh aglonlgaknh. Oh nmpuan`h` fh sn`j go

gcg qug fh mhrkh`j ms `g 09 hjs `g oh fnstjrnh

rgkngatg `g augstrj phs, augstrjs sgrgs qugrn`js

`gshphrgkga pjrqug sg pug`g, pjrqug sg pgrmntg,

pjrqug aj phsh ah`h h qungags kjmgtga go `gontj

j h qungags oj pjsndnontha.

Aj gs soj oh vjz `g ohs mh`rgs y ph`rgs `g ohs

pgrsjahs `gshphrgkn`hs, gs go lrntj `g tj`j M-

xnkj.

84;TE


13/68


14/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

MVNKJ NA@GYGA@NGAPG

O

js prnaknpnjs `g ondgrth` y custnknh qug oog-

vhrja h pgrsjahcgs kjmj Mnlugo Fn`ho-

lj, Cjs Mhrh Mjrgojs y Yhva, Nlahknj

Hooga`g, Cjsgeh Jrtnz `g @jmalugz y jtrjs ms

h nanknhr go mjvnmngatj `g Na`gpga`gaknh go 87

`g sgptngmdrg `g 8689, ga kjatrh `g oh jprg-

sna `g oh Kjrjah Gsphjoh, dnga pug`ga sgr uah

vgrsna hknhlh `g augstrj prgsgatg ga qug oh navj-

oukna nmpjag h augstrj phs augvjs snstgmhs `g

kjojanhonsmj qug hmgahzha kja sjtgrrhr augstrhs

ondgrth`gs y `grgkfjs fumhajs ga hrhs `g prjtglgr

ohs rglohs `go ondrg mgrkh`j, nmpugsths pjr ohs gm-

prgshs muotnahknjahogs y su tgjrh agjondgrho.

Fhkg ms `g 4 sn-

lojs, oh Augvh Gsphhgrh uah `g ohs thaths kj-

ojanhs ohtnajhmgrnkhahs

qug suerh oh namnsgrn-

kjr`g gxpojthkna `go

ljdngraj vnrrgnaho, `ja-

`g ojs pganasuohrgs grha ojs gakhrlh`js `g mhag-

chr oh h`mnanstrhkna y oh pjotnkh ojkho, kjasna-

tnga`j oh supgrvnvgaknh `g ohs gakjmnga`hs qug

kja`gahrja pjr snlojs h oh sjmgtn`h rhzh na`lgah

h uah gakudngrth gskohvntu` y h uah gxpjonhkna

qug ogs mhatuvj ga ua gsth`j `g mnsgrnh gxtrgmh.

Go snstgmh g hokhdhohs, oh gxpojthkna g rnqug-

zhs huregrhs y go kjmgrknj ga lgagrho grh kjatrj-

oh`j pjr ojs `nkth`js y ohs ogygs nmpugsths pjr oh

Kjrjah Gsphjoh, qug aj `u`, nakousj, ga kjas-

khr dngags h ojs krnjoojs, kuha`j sg fnzj agkgshrnj

ahaknhr lugrrhs ga Gurjph kjmj oh sjstgan`h kja-

trh Ahpjoga Djahphrtg, ga honhazh kja Nalohtgrrh.

Ga gstg kjatgxtj `g `jmnahkna hdsjouth,

augstrjs na`lgahs grha kjasn`grh`js uah eugrzh

`g trhdhcj qug lgagrhdh hdua`hatgs rnqugzhs phrh

oh Kjrjah Gsphjoh, aj ankhmgatg ga Mxnkj

snaj ga jtrjs phsgs kjmj Ygr, Ugagzugoh j Kj-

ojmdnh, `ja`g go trhtj nafumhaj aj vhrn `urhatg

snlojs y eug uaj `g ojs prnaknphogs `gtjahatgs phrh

qug ojs pugdojs jprnmn`js sg ogvhathrha ga hrmhs.

Ho kjamgmjrhrsg go 497 hanvgrshrnj `g oh

nanknhkna `go mjvnmngatj `g Na`gpga`gaknh `g-

dgmjs nr ho gakugatrj `g uah prjeua`h rggxna

fnstrnkh qug ajs hyu`g h gatga`gr go jrnlga `g

augstrh hajmnh kjatgmpjragh, ga oh qug ohs mh-

ohs ajtnknhs y ohs j`hs

h oh vnjogaknh qug fhapjstrh`j h oh ahkna g-

dga jrnoohrajs h rgpga-

shr ua augvj prjkgsj

ondgrthrnj ga kjatrh `g

ojs augvjs snstgmhs kj-

ojanhonsths, hfjrh jkuotjs ga ua hvhshoohatg nmpg-

rnhonsmj lojdho.

H trhvs g su fnstjrnh, Mxnkj fh phlh`j uah

hoth kujth g shalrg phrh sgr uah ahkna ondrg y sj-

dgrhah kjmj qug` rglnstrh`j ga ojs hahogs fnst-

rnkjs g oh oukfh na`gpga`gatnsth, ja`g sg hdjon

oh gskohvntu`, y 8 snloj `gspus ga go mjvnmngatj

rgvjouknjahrnj qug hauo ojs hehags rggogkknjansths

`g pgrsjahcgs kjmj Yjrrnj @hz, qug sg pgrpg-

trhrja pjr `kh`hs ga go pj`gr.

Fjy, kuha`j oh mhanpuohkna n`gjolnkh nas-

trumgath`h pjr ojs mg`njs mhsnvjs `g kjmuan-

khkna ga hkugr`j mutuj kja oh kohsg pjotnkh fh

J @GYGA@NGAPG

@GO ONDTG MGTKH@J:

MHTPA G[YHTSH EOJTG[,[GKTGPHTNJ LGAGTHO @GO [NA@NKHPJ MGVNKHAJ @GGOGKPTNKN[PH[

Ojs augvjs snstgmhs `g kjojanhonsmjhmgahzha kja sjtgrrhr augstrhs ondgr-th`gs y `grgkfjs fumhajs ga hrhs `gprjtglgr ohs rglohs `go ondrg mgrkh`j

O

`


15/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

na`ukn`j h qug mukfjs mgxnkhajs hauoga su kh-

phkn`h` `g rggxna y haonsns, `gdgmjs fhkgr ua

hotj y prgluathrajs go pjrqu h ms g ;9 hjs g

fhdgrsg nasthurh`j ga augstrj phs go mj`goj `g

gkjajmh agjondgrho, qug supugsthmgatg ajs oog-

vhrh h hskga`gr hoprnmgr mua`j, gsthmjs pgjr qug

auakh, ho lrh`j `g fhdgr kjmprjmgtn`j augstrj

gsthtus kjmj ahkna ondrg y sjdgrhah.Hkhsj aj gsthmjs vnvnga`j uah na`u`hdog rg-

lrgsna fnstrnkh snga`j uah augvh kjojanh `g ohs

gmprgshs muotnahknjahogs: Aj gst sukg`nga`j oj

mnsmj qug ga oh pjkh vnrrgnaho kuha`j oh Kjrj-

ah Gsphjoh shqughdh augstrj jrj, pohth y `gms

rnqugzhs ahturhogs: Gs fjrh `g prgluathrajs y `g

kugstnjahr h augstrh kohsg pjotnkh, gaqunsth`h ga

ojs nvgrsjs phrtn`js pjotnkjs, sn aj fgmjs hrrjch`j

pjr oh djr`hohs kjaqunsths sjknhogs y ojs nastrumga-

tjs `g `gegash h oh ahkna y h su sjdgrhah (qug

eugrja kjashlrh`js ga oh Kjastntukna Yjotnkh

`g ojs Gsth`js Wan`js Mgxnkhajs ga 8>8


16/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

K

jmj sn eugrh ua mhrtnrnj phrh oh durjkrh-knh y sus nakja`nknjahogs, Garnqug YghAngtj `gkn`n suprnmnr oh kgrgmjanh ga

Yhohknj Ahknjaho `ja`g fhkg hjs sg jergkh uahkgah phrh `npojmtnkjs, gmprgshrnjs, natgogk-tuhogs jrlankjs `go prnsmj, hmnljs `g ojs hph-rgatgs phrtn`js jpjsntjrgs y uaj qug jtrj kjoh`j.Egstgcj qug kjatrhsthdh kja oh vgrdgah pjpuohrqug hathj sg fhkh ga oh pohakfh `go Skhoj, ohkuho eug sustntun`h fhkg tngmpj pjr hkhrrgh`js,mnonthrgs y pjonkhs htgatjs h oh vjz qug Khatnaehsfnzj ehmjsh ga oh pgokuohGo hlgatg


17/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

qug htnga`ga ankhmgatg h 8 mnooa `g pgrsjahs(aj sg jovn`g qug h oh sgjrh Tjshrnj Tjdogs, Ga-rnqug Ygh Angtj oh mha` h oh tjmh `g pjsgsna

`g oh augvh ljdgrah`jrh `g [jajrh, Kohu`nh Yh-vojvnkf, y h @jojrgs Fn`holj, Luhahcuhtj, ga surgprgsgathkna, phrh go lrntj `go 87, gs `gknr, ajtg prgjkupgs, Tjshrnj, vugovg h rgsjahr).

Yhrh go sud`nrgktjr `g Oh Krankh, ErhaknskjDgz, oj prgsupugsth`j trhgr ua gsthakhmnga-tj gsthdnonzh`jr phrh rhtj (87 `g sgptngmdrg `g4987), yh qug aj sg kjmdhtga ohs khushs `g augs-trj htrhsj y sg kjatnah kja oh rgkgthqug aj oogvhh anala oh`j. Nakousj, sgla go mnsmj hrtnkuonsth,phlhrgmjs oh `gu`h hatnknph`hmgatg kja augs-trhs rgsgrvhs ahakngrhs.

Yjr gshs y jtrhs rhzjags, Pfg Agw ^jrb Pnmgsgs-krndn3 Go hdnsmj gatrg oh lgatg y su prgsn`gatgRGarnqug Ygh Angtj] auakh fhdh sn`j tha lrha-`g (Cgahrj Unoohmno ga Ehkgdjjb, 87 `g sgptngm-drg `g 4987).

Yjr jtrj oh`j, sgla gsth`stnkhs, ojs mgxnkh-ajs sjmjs `g ohs pjdohknjags qug ms lhsthmjs

ga trhaspjrtg y mgajs ga khozh`j y rjph (HanmhoYjotnkj, 87 `g sgptngmdrg `g 4987). Aj sg `nlh ojpjkj qug pjagmjs h oh g`ukhkna (8.7 pjr kngatj).

Ygrj gsj s, kja go hvho go ljdngraj go Gsth`j`g Mxnkj (Gruvngo vnoh), JFO gogv sus thrnehsga khrrgtgrhs qug nakousj gsta kjastruya`jsg(`gm). Oj qug mugstrh, h ohs kohrhs, qug ehvjrgkgrh ojs kuhtgs(oh kjrrupkna ga lrh`j mhyskuoj) gsholj muy kjma ga go phsh`j y ga go hktuho lj-dngraj `go Gsth`j `g Mxnkj.

Xunz `gdn`j h gstg phajrhmh khthstrkj,

Mhntg Hzugoh eua` uah hlruphkna qug sg `g-ajmnah @gcgmjs `g Fhkgrajs Yga`gcjs. Oh sga-tgaknh gs kohrh, pugs agkgsnthmjs natgrvganr ga ojsprjdogmhs ahknjahogs, aj `gchr ga mhajs `gojs prjegsnjahogs oh pjotnkh, snaj natgrvganr ga gsthhktnvn`h` `g mhagrh kjtn`nhah y supgrvnshr `gmuy `nvgrshs ejrmhs ojs hsuatjs pdonkjs, ojs kuh-ogs ajs hegktha h ajsjtrjs y h ojs qug vngaga.

Go lrntj qug hfjrh sg `nj tga`r ua gkj pjrmukfj tngmpj, aj jdsthatg oj qug pngasga ojs eua-knjahrnjs go hktuho rlnmga.

84;TE


18/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

K

haka, Xunathah Tjj. Ohs gxpojsnjagsqug fhdrha `gstrun`j ga hljstj ua tgm-poj `g 4 mno hjs `g hatnlg`h` ga oh knu-

`h` `g Yhomnrh, ga [nrnh, sja ua gcgmpoj ms `gkmj go lrupj hrmh`j hutj`gajmnah`j Gsth`jNsomnkj (GN) utnonzh ohs hrmhs kjavgaknjahogs phrhnmpjagrsg.

Xu pgrmntn go krgknmngatj `g oh khphkn`h`donkh `go GN: Oh rgspugsth gst ga oh fnstjrnh rg-kngatg, ga ohs hrmhs qug rgkndn Jrngatg Mg`nj hphrtnr `g oh `kh`h `g 8>>8) rgvgo go pgonlrj qug nmponkh go kjmgrknjnatgrahknjaho `g hrmhs sna ojs `gdn`js kjatrjogs

y lhrhaths.Prhs go kjanktj ga go qug ohs pj`grjshs Eugr-

zhs Hrmh`hs `go gatjakgs prgsn`gatg nrhqu [h-`hm Fusgna navh`ngrja ho vgknaj Buwhnt, sg supjqug su phs gsthdh naua`h`j `g hrmhs sumnans-trh`hs pjr Kfnah, Gsth`js Wan`js, Erhaknh, LrhaDrgthh y Tusnh, ojs knakj mngmdrjs pgrmhagatgs`go Kjasgcj `g [glurn`h` `g oh Jrlhanzhkna `gohs Ahknjags Wan`hs (JAW).

Uhrnjs `g gsjs phsgs thmdna fhdha hrmh`jh Nra ga oh kh`h hatgrnjr, ejmgatha`j uah lug-rrh `g 6 hjs kja Nrhb, qug khus oh mugrtg `gkngatjs g mnogs g knvnogs.

MHTGB MHTKS^A[BN, @NTGKPJT @G OH [GKKNA @G HMAN[PH NAPGTAHKNJAHO @G@NKH@H

H OJ[ MNONPHTG[, OH [GLWTN@H@ ^ OH YJONKH/NY[

GO H@N[ H OH[ HTMH[ XWGKHW[HA HPTJKN@H@G[

G[ YJ[NDOG


19/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

Hfjrh, sja ojs mnsmjs Gsth`js qug uah vgzms gavha hrmhs h oh rglna, h mgau`j sna ohslhrhaths agkgshrnhs phrh nmpg`nr su `gsvj j tr-ekj nokntj.

Gstjs phsgs gstuvngrja gatrg ohs ms `g 899`goglhknjags ahknjahogs qug phrtnknphrja ga ohprnmgrh Kjaegrgaknh `g ojs Gsth`js Yhrtgs `go

Prhth`j sjdrg go Kjmgrknj `g Hrmhs (PKH), qugsg kgogdr ga Khaka `go 40 ho 4< `g hljstj `ggstg hj.

Oh phrtnknphkna `g oh sjkng`h` knvno ga gsth yeuturhs kjaegrgaknhs `go PKH gs nmpjrthatg phrhgvnthr qug `gknsnjags pjtgaknhomgatg mjrthogs sgtjmga h pugrths kgrrh`hs.

Oh trhasphrgaknh `go prjkgsj `go PKH, gatrgjtrhs mg`n`hs, gs prnmjr`nho, yh qug nmponkh oh`negrgaknh gatrg tgagr kjatrjogs y lhrhaths qugpug`ga ooglhr h shovhr vn`hs y ua trhth`j `gdnon-th`j, mngatrhs qug ojs Gsth`js snluga jpgrha`jkjmj `g kjstumdrg ga go kjmgrknj `g ohs hrmhskjavgaknjahogs.

Gsg kjmgrknj, gavugotj ga go sgkrgtj y pjr vhojr`g `gkgahs `g mnogs `g mnoojags `g òhrgs, khushoh mugrtg h ms `g mg`nj mnooa `g pgrsjahs pjrhj, hs kjmj ua snaamgrj `g fgrn`js, h oh vgzqug pjag h mnoojags ms ga rngslj `g ph`gkgr kr-

mgags `g lugrrh, `g ogsh fumh-an`h` y jtrhs vnjohknjags `g ojs`grgkfjs fumhajs.

Go PKH nakouyg uah sgrng`g ajrmhs son`hs phrh `gtgagr

go ucj `g hrmhs h ojs phsgs,kuha`j sg shdg qug ohs ushrhaphrh kjmgtgr htrjkn`h`gs.

Go trhth`j jdtuvj rpn`h-mgatg go hpjyj `g oh kjmuan-`h` natgrahknjaho, nakoun`j go`g knakj `g ojs 89 prnaknphogsgxpjrth`jrgs `g hrmhs3 Hogmh-anh, Gsphh, Erhaknh, Lrha Drg-thh g Nthonh.

Gsth`js Wan`js, pjr ogcjsgo mhyjr prjùktjr y gxpjrth-`jr `g hrmhs, gs uaj `g ojs 76phsgs qug ermhrja pgrj ha

aj rhtnekhrja go PKH. Jtrjs

lrha`gs prjùktjrgs `g hrmhskjmj Khah`, Kfnah y Tusnh an snqungrh oj fhaermh`j.

Waj `g ojs jdcgtnvjs `go PKH gs prgvganr ygrrh`nkhr go trekj nokntj g hrmhs kjavgaknjahogs

y gvnthr su gsvj, pjr oj qug ojs ljdngrajs tngagaoh rgspjashdnon`h` `g tjmhr mg`n`hs phrh gvnthrsntuhknjags ga ohs qug sus hkugr`js `g hrmhs prj-

vjquga hdusjs g ojs grgkfjs fumhajs.Kjathr kja kjatrjogs rnlurjsjs hyu`hr hhsglurhr qug ojs Gsth`js yh aj pug`ha hdrnr ohskjmpugrths `g sus hrmhs h phsgs ga kjanktj j

kuyjs ljdngrajs gmpogha hrmhs phrh rgprnmnr ojs`grgkfjs fumhajs g ohs pgrsjahs.

Kuhatjs ms Gsth`js rgspho`ga go trhth`j, yms son`js y trhasphrgatgs sgha sus kjatrj-ogs y lhrhaths, ms khmdnjs sg prjùknra ga ohshluhs turdnhs`go kjmgrknj natgrahknjaho `g hrmhs.Go PKH jdonlhr h ojs ljdngrajs h sgr ms gxnlga-tgs kja rgspgktj h qungags fhkga agljknjs.

Oh kjmuan`h` natgrahknjaho og fh ehooh`j h ojspugdojs `g [nrnh g Nrhb, pgrj go PKH drna`h hojs ljdngrajs oh jpjrtuan`h` fnstrnkh `g `hr uaphsj eua`hmgatho fhknh oh prjtgkkna g oh pjdoh-kna knvno g fjrrjrgs snmnohrgs ga go euturj.

@gdgrha hegrrhrsg h gsh jpjrtuan`h` kja hmdhs mh-ajs. (Prhùkkna g ovhrj Xugnrulh)

84;

TE


20/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

J

xejr`, Lrha Drgthh. @gs`g go nanknj goprjlrhmh aukoghr `g Nra, sus o`grgsfha hsglurh`j qug soj gsgha gmpoghr

`g ejrmh phkkh oh gagrlh aukoghr, h oh qug go

phs tngag `grgkfj kjmj mngmdrj `go Prhth`j`g Aj Yrjonegrhkna (PAY).

Hs sukg`n `urhatg go rgnah`j `g Mjfhmmh`Tgzh Yhfogvn (8>08-8>), qunga kjmgaz goprjlrhmh aukoghr `g Nra, y kjatnah ga go lj-dngraj g oh hktuho Tgpdonkh Nsomnkh.

Yjkj `gspus `g qug Nra, Gsth`js Wan`js yjtrjs knakj phsgs rmhrha ua hkugr`j aukoghr go

80 `g cuonj `g gstg hj, go @gphrthmgatj `g @g-egash gsth`uan`gasg ondgr vhrnjs `jkumgatjs,

gatrg goojs ua tgoglrhmh `g Tgzh Yhfogvn egkfh`jgo 40 `g cuanj `g 8>


21/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

hprga`n`j. Ga ohs otnmhs `kh`hs, Pgfgra jerg-kn mukfhs vgkgs h Jkkn`gatg rgsjovgr go prjdog-mh aukoghr, pgrj eug rgkfhzh`j.

Go ljdngraj `g Mjfhmmh` Chthm (8>>), qug nakouh omntgs gstrnktjs ho garn-qugknmngatj `g urhanj, pgrj \hsfnaltja nlajroh jegrth y, ga su oulhr, nakouy h Nra ga oh onsth`g phsgs natglrhatgs `go gcg `go mho.

Go hktuho prgsn`gatg g Nra, Fhsa Tjufha,eug go prnaknpho agljknh`jr aukoghr go phs gatrg499; y 4997. Oogl h ua hkugr`j kja oh Prjnbhgurjpgh Hogmhanh, Erhaknh y Lrha Drgthhphrh ua prjlrhmh `g garnqugknmngatj muy on-mnth`j, g nakousj suspga`n go garnqugknmngatjùrhatg 4 hjs phrh mgcjrhr oh kjahazh mutuh.

Ygrj Dusf rgkfhz oh prjpugsth.Ga uah khrth pudonkh`h pjr oh rgvnsth gsthù-

an`gasg Pnmggo > `g mhyj `g 4995, Tjufha gs-krndn3 Wa Nra kja hrmhs aukoghrgs gsgsthdnon-zh h oh rglna, nmpuosh uah khrrgrh hrmhmgatnsthR] y grrjkfh ojs gskhsjs rgkursjs g oh rglna.Pganga`j ga kugath go hrsgaho aukoghr `g Gsth-`js Wan`js y su pjotnkh `g hsglurhr uah vgathchgstrhtlnkh phrh Nsrhgo, oh djmdh htmnkh nrhaaj og jtjrlhr sglurn`h` h Nra.

Prgs hjs `g son`h naspgkkna `g ohs nasth-

ohknjags aukoghrgs y aj aukoghrgs nrhags pjr nas-pgktjrgs go JNGH RJrlhansmj Natgrahknjaho gGagrlh Htmnkh] oogvhrja h Rsu `nrgktjr Mjfh-mg`] Go Dhrh`n h kjakounr R] qug aj fhy na`n-knjs `g `gsvj holuaj `g mhtgrnhogs y hktnvn`h`gsfhknh oh ehdrnkhkna g uah djmdh aukoghr, hsg-lur.

Ga oh mnsmh khrth, Tjufha `ncj qug Nrarhtnkhrh ua Yrjtjkjoj H`nknjaho `go PAY y

hkgpthrh ua omntg vgrnkhdog pjr go JNGH sj-drg go garnqugknmngatj g urhanj. Go mha`hthrnjsudrhy qug oh natgakna nrha `g prjùknr kjm-dustndog aukoghr rh`nkh ga rhzjags gkjamnkhs gfnstrnkhs h ohrlj pohzj.

Go o`gr suprgmj nrha, go hyhtjo Ho Chmg-agn, fhdo sjdrg ohs hrmhs aukoghrgs ga su `ns-kursj nahulurho `g oh 85 Kumdrg `g Yhsgs AjHonagh`js, kgogdrh`h ga Pgfgra go ;9 `g hljstj`g 4984.

Ohs hrmhs aukoghrgs an lhrhatnzha oh sglurn-`h`, an kjasjon`ha go pj`gr pjotnkj, snaj qug sjauah hmgahzh phrh oh sglurn`h` y go pj`gr pjo-tnkj. Ojs hkjatgknmngatjs qug tuvngrja oulhr gaoh `kh`h `g 8>>9 mjstrhrja qug oh pjsgsna `g

gsths hrmhs an snqungrh pu`j shovhluhr`hr h uarlnmga kjmj go `g oh hatnluh Wana [jvntnkh.^ fjy vgmjs holuajs phsgs qug gsta gxpugstjsh jogh`hs `g mjrtho nasglurn`h`, huaqug pjsggadjmdhs htmnkhs, gkohr.

Nra krgg qug go usj g hrmhs aukoghrgs, qu-mnkhs y snmnohrgs gs ua lrha g nmpgr`jahdog pg-kh`j. Yrjpusnmjs oh n`gh `g ua Jrngatg Mg`njsna hrmhs aukoghrgs y gsthmjs kjmprjmgtn`jskja gooh. Gsj aj snlankh rgauaknhr h augstrj

`grgkfj ho usj phkkj `g oh gagrlh aukoghr y

oh prjùkkna `g kjmdustndog aukoghr. Kja dhsgga ohs ogygs natgrahknjahogs, go usj phkkj `g oh

gagrlh aukoghr gs ua `grgkfj `g tj`js ojs ph-sgs, sjstuvj.

Chmgagn oogl h gmntnr uah ehtwh, j prjaua-knhmngatj oglho, qug prjfdg oh prjùkkna, gohomhkgahmngatj y go usj `g ohs hrmhs aukoghrgs

y jtrhs hrmhs `g `gstrukkna mhsnvh.Nakousj go gxprgsn`gatg Mhfmu` Hfmh`nag-

yh` (4997-498;), kuyj gstnoj vnruogatj oj kjavnr-tn ga pgrsjah aj lrhth phrh Jkkn`gatg, oogl h`gknr qug go pgrnj`j y oh pjkh `go usj `g ohs

hrmhs aukoghrgs yh tgrmna.Ohs djmdhs aukoghrgs yh aj sja tnogs2 yhqugoojs qug gsta hkumuoha`j hrmhs aukoghrgsgsta pjotnkhmgatg htrhsh`js y sja rgtrhsh`js mga-thogs, gxprgs.

[n Nra qunsngrh ehdrnkhr uah djmdh aukoghraj tga`rh mng`j ga `gknroj, sgla Hfmh`nag-

yh`, qug kugstnja oh utnon`h` qug tga`rh uahsjoh djmdh nrha ga kjatrh `g ohs kgatgahrgs `ghrmhs aukoghrgs g Nsrhgo y ohs mnogs g ohs pjtga-knhs jkkn`gathogs.

@g ohs `gkohrhknjags `g ojs o`grgs nrhags yojs 84 hjs `g naspgkknjags `g ohs nasthohknjagsaukoghrgs nrhags pjr go JNGH qug`h kohrj qug,

y kjatrhrnhmgatg h oj qug hrmh oh prjphlha-`h nakgshatg sjdrg ohs hmdnknjags aukoghrgs`g Pgfgra, aj fhy analuah prugdh `g qug Nrafhyh natgath`j holuah vgz ehdrnkhr hrmhs au-koghrgs. (Prhùkna `g ovhrj Xugnrulh)


22/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

G

o 44 `g gagrj `g 498;, Hogmhanh, Hustrnh, Do-

lnkh, Erhaknh, Gstjanh, Gsojvganh, Gsojvhqunh,

Gsphh, Lrgknh, Nthonh y Yjrtulho, 88 phsgs `g

oh Wana Gurjpgh, hkjr`hrja gsthdogkgr ga 4980 ua

nmpugstj sjdrg trhashkknjags ahakngrhs (NPE), phrh

lrhvhr kjmprhs y vgaths `g hkknjags, djajs y jtrjs

prjùktjs ahakngrjs.

[hovj ga Erhaknh g Nthonh, qug nmpohathrja ua NPE

hluh`jga 498;, ga 4980 aj fudj go NPE prjmgtn`j ga

ojs jtrjs augvg phsgs `go hkugr`j. Ojs mnanstrjs `g

gkjajmh `g oh Wana Gurjpgh, gs `gknr, go Kjasgcj

`g Hsuatjs Gkjamnkjs y Enahakngrjs (Gkja), ncgrja

`gspus qug go nmpugstj sgrh rghon`h` ga 4987. Ygrj

thmpjkj. Ga go otnmj

Gkja `go phsh`j 84 `gsgptngmdrg, Ouns `g Luna-

`js, mnanstrj g gkjajmh

gsphjo, hsglur qug grh

nmpjsndog qug go NPE

sg hponkhrh ga 4985. ^ go

mnanstrj hustrnhkj `g -

ahazhs, Crl [kfgoonal, hrluy qug fhy kugstnjags `g-

onkh`hs pjr rgsjovgr y qug, ga kuhoqungr khsj, go NPE

sgrh kja thrneh dhch.

Oh kru`h rghon`h` gs qug go khpntho hpgahs phlh nm-

pugstjs, pjr mukfjs dgagknjs qug jdtgalh, y go NPE

sgrh gmpgzhr h `gsdojqughr go `jlmh agjondgrho `g

qug go khpntho y sus gspgkuohknjags aj phluga nmpugs-

tjs, j hpgahs...

Ga Gsphh, sgla ua gstu`nj go [na`nkhtj g Pk-

ankjs `g Fhknga`h (Lgstfh), go 09 pjr kngatj `g oj qug

rgkhu`h oh Hlgaknh Prnduthrnh gs pjr go nmpugstj sjdrg

oh rgath. @g gsh rgkhu`hkna, 60 pjr kngatj gs pjr nm-

pugstjs g rgaths go trhdhcj y soj > pjr kngatj pjr ohs

`go khpntho. Uh snga`j fjrh `g qug go khpntho phlug oj

qug og tjkh.

Oj kngrtj gs qug gstg NPE ahkn kjrtj y h rglhh`ngatgs.

Oh prjpugsth nanknho ms jsh`h grh ua mj`gstj lrhvh-

mga `go 9.8 pjr kngatj pjr kjmprh y vgath `g hkknj-

ags y djajs. Ygrj ha gs ms mnkrjskpnkjgo NPE sjdrg

gspgkuohkna g prjùktjs grnvh`js3 uah rn`kuoh thsh

`g 9.98 pjr kngatj sjdrg kjmprh y vgath `g thogs prj-

ùktjs, muy gspgkuohtnvjs y hrrngslh`js.

Oj qug shovh tha gxnluj NPE gs qug, h pgshr `g su

`gdnon`h`, lrhvhrh prjùktjs ahakngrjs, y gsj gs ua

khmdnj eua`hmgatho. [n pjr a hrrhakh, dhakjs, eja-

`js `g rngslj, `g pgasnj-

ags y sglurjs, kja jmnkn-onj skho `g gmnsna j rg-

kgpkna g gsjs prjùktjs

ga holuaj g ojs 88 phsgs

`go hkugr`j, pjr a phlh-

rha nmpugstjs pjr jpgrh-

knjags gspgkuohtnvhs.

Go NPE sg dhshrh ga go prnaknpnj `g rgsn`gaknh

y `g gmnsna. [g hponkhr h trhashkknjags ahakng-

rhs ga ohs qug natgrvgalh uah nastntukna ahakngrh

`jmnknonh`h ga ua Gsth`j mngmdrj `g oh Wana Gu-

rjpgh qug ejrmg phrtg go hkugr`j, thatj sn hkth pjr

kugath prjpnh kjmj `g holuah phrtg ga oh trhashk-

kna.

Gsg NPE pgrmntnrh kjatrjohr ga phrtg y rglnstrhr

holuahs trhashkknjags ms gspgkuohtnvhs, `nsuh`nr h

holuajs gspgkuoh`jrgs `g fhkgrohs (pjr jdtgagr mg-

ajs dgagknj pjr go nmpugstj) y jdtgagr h`gms ua

nalrgsj gxtrh phrh oh fhknga`h `g ojs phsgs `ja`g sg

Go 09 pjr kngatj g oj qug rgkhu`h ohHlgaknh Prnduthrnh gsphjoh gs pjr N[T.@g gsh rgkhu`hkna, 60 pjr kngatj gs`go trhdhcj y > pjr kngatj, go khpntho

NMYWG[PJ[ HO KHYNPHO

WA H[WAPJ @G CW[PNKNHVHUNGT KHJ PHMH J,YGTNJ@N[PH ^ G[KTNPJT/KGAPTJ @G KJOHDJTHKNJAG[[JON@HTNH[


23/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

hponqug. Wa dugaprnmgr phsjphrh gmpgzhr h `nkuo-

thr qug go `nagrj sg mugvh sna kjatrjo.

[na gmdhrlj, h pgshr `g oh naaglhdog mj`gstnh `ggstg NPE, ojs sgrvnknjs cur`nkjs `go Kjasgcj Gurjpgj `n-

cgrja qug go NPE grh noglho. Cunknj lrhtuntj qug goEnaha-

knho Pnmgspudonk h tj`h plnah, pjr kngrtj. Phmdna sg

jpusj oh Knty `g Oja`rgs (kgatrj prnaknpho `g gspgkuoh-

kna ahakngrh y vgr`h`g-

rj phrhsj skho) g nakousj

go Dhakj Kgatrho Gurjpgj

mjstr prgjkuphkna pjr

go NPE, h`gms `g qug go

nagehdog Tgnaj Wan`j oj

rgkurrngrh hatg go Prndu-

aho Gurjpgj `g Custnknh.

Yjr su phrtg, ohs gmprgshs `g lgstna `g ohs djoshs

y oh phtrjaho dhakhrnh gurjpgh gxpusngrja su prgjku-

phkna pjrqug jtrhs thshs snmnohrgs g mdntj ahknjaho

ga jtrjs oulhrgs fhdha supugstj eugrtgs kh`hs ga go

vjoumga `g kjatrhthkna. Nakrgdog! Aj sg fha gatg-

rh`j g qug ua jdcgtnvj kjaegsj go NPE gs `nsuh`nr g

oh gspgkuohkna ahakngrh y, pjr thatj, fh `g gskga`gr

go vjoumga g kngrths kjatrhthknjags:

Kuha`j h ahogs `go snloj phsh`j go mjvnmngatjsjknho lojdho Hsjknhkna pjr oh Phshkna `g ohs Prha-

shkknjags ahakngrhs y pjr oh Hkkna Knu`h`hah

(HPPHK) rgnvna`nk ga sjonthrnj ua nmpugstj sjdrg ohs

trhashkknjags ahakngrhs (gatjakgs thsh Pjdna sjdrg

jpgrhknjags kja `nvnshs),

ojs tjmhrja pjr ojkjs. Yjr

ejrtuah, fjy yh aj soj gs

rhzjahdog, snaj rgkjajkn-

`j, agkgshrnj y custj (ga

rghon`h`, nmprgskna`ndog)

gstg nmpugstj sjdrg go kh-

pntho y sus mjvnmngatjs.

Hs oj kjasn`grh go 58 pjr kngatj `g oh knu`h`hah gurj-

pgh, sgla gakugsths rgkngatgs.

Hfjrh gs prgknsj qug gsh knu`h`hah kjmprga`h

qug go NPE gs kugstna qug mukfj og hthg, sg mugvh y

gmpngkg h prgsnjahr phrh qug ojs NPE ahzkha, krgzkha

y kjatrnduyha h ergahr oh gspgkuohkna ahakngrh.

84;TE

Go Kjasgcj Gurjpgj, oh Knty y go DhakjKgatrho sg fha jpugstj ho NPE, h pgshr`g qug stg hpgahs lrhvhrh kja go 9.98pjr kngatj oh gspgkuohkna ahakngrh

rh


24/68


HTPKWOJJYNANA

M

hanoh, Enonpnahs. Cua gst gakh`gah`j,hth`j h ua pjstg ga oh pgqugh khshqug sg hsgmgch h uah kfjzh. [u fgrmh-

aj oj gakh`ga phrh gvnthr qug ohstnmg h vgknajs jgxtrhjs kuha`j gst ga ua gsth`j `g anmj fjstno.

Cuagst hs `gs`g fhkg ; hjs, pgrj sus satj-mhs gmpgjrhrja `gs`g qug go tnea joha`h phspjr Enonpnahs ga 498;.

Cuapgr`n h su gspjsh, sus fncjs y su khsh ga go`gshstrg. Oh halustnh snkjolnkh og prjvjk uah rg-kh`h `g su gaegrmg`h` snquntrnkh. Kjmj ah`ngms pj`h kun`hroj, go fgrmhaj oj oogv h su khsh.

Ygrj kjmj su fgrmhaj trhdhch y ojs `gmsnatglrhatgs `go fjlhr sja sus ph`rgs haknhajs y

gaegrmjs, ah`ng pug`g kjatrjohr hCua urhatg susgpnsj`njs mhanhkjs. Phmpjkj tjmh su mg`nknahpjrqug oh ehmnonh aj pug`g phlhroh y aj sngmprgpug`g kjasglunroh lrhtunthmgatg ga oh koankh `gshou` ojkho.

Yjr gsj, oh ankh jpkna qug og qug` h su fgr-mhaj eug gakh`gahr hCua.

Kjasgkugaknhs phrh ohshou` mgatho

Ga oh knu`h` `g Phkojdha y ga tj`h Enonpnahsgxnstga ms khsjs kjmj go gCua. Go tnea ^joha`h(thmdna kjajkn`j kjmj Fhnyha) hzjt ho phs go6 `g ajvngmdrg `g 498;. Oh tjrmgath `g khtglj-rh knakj, kja vngatjs g 479 h ;87 bnomgtrjs pjrfjrh, mht h ms `g 5 mno ;99 pgrsjahs y khusms `g 8 mno >99 mnoojags `g `ohrgs ga `hjs.

@gdn`j h ohs lrhvgs pr`n`hs y h oh kuoph qugsngatga mukfjs pjr sjdrgvnvnr, ho mgajs 89 pjrkngatj `g oh pjdohkna suerg `g `gprgsna. [nagmdhrlj, 4 hjs `gspus `g oh khtstrjeg, holuajssnluga sna shdgr qug pug`ga rgkurrnr h ojs sgrvn-knjs `g shou` mgatho. Jtrjs sg qugcha `g oh mhohkhon`h` `g ojs sgrvnknjs y oh gskhsh jegrth `g mg`n-khmgatjs.

Hqugoojs qug tngaga `nagrj kjasuotha snqunh-trhs ga jtrhs knu`h`gs phrh gvnthr go gstnlmh.

Kjmj sukg`g kja oh mhyjrh `g ojs `gshstrgs,ga Enonpnahs sg og `nj prnjrn`h` h oh rgfhdnonthknaesnkh. Gstj gs kjmprgasndog y olnkj, pgrj aj gdgjovn`hrsg oh shou` mgatho `g ohs vktnmhs.

[gla go naejrmg `g oh Jrlhanzhkna Mua`nho`g oh [hou` sjdrg oh nakn`gaknh `g gaegrmg`h`gsga go mua`j, ojs trhstjrajs mgathogs jkupha gosglua`j oulhr, gtrs g ohs gaegrmg`h`gs khr`nj-vhskuohrgs, kjmj oh prnaknpho khush g mjrdnon`h`

y mjrthon`h ga euakna `go amgrj `g hjs pgr-`n`js gdn`j h gaegrmg`h`, nskhphkn`h` j mugr-tg prgkjz.

[na gmdhrlj, h pgshr `go hsjmdrjsj amgrj`g pgrsjahs hegkth`hs, sg gstnmh qug soj 47 pjrkngatj `g oh pjdohkna mua`nho tngag hkkgsj h sgr-vnknjs `g shou` mgatho. Ms `g 09 pjr kngatj `gojs phsgs aj tngaga pjotnkhs `g shou` mgatho, y gaoh mhyjrh, sth rgkndg mgajs `g 8 pjr kngatj `golhstj tjtho ga shou`.

Fjy ga `h, go khmdnj konmtnkj lgagrh `gshs-trgs ahturhogs ms ergkugatgs y `gvhsth`jrgs. Gasntuhknjags `g gmgrlgaknh kjmj sths, oh nakn`ga-knh `g trhstjrajs mgathogs h mgau`j sg `uponkh.

CG@ HOGLH@J, TGHONSH G[PW@NJ[ @G YJ[LTH@J GA GO NA[PNPWPJ NAPGTAHKNJAHO@G G[PW@NJ[ [JKNHOG[ @G OH FH^H, YH[G[ DHCJ[/HALGON LWH@HOWYG,M@NKH2 TGH-ONSH G[PW@NJ[ @G YJ[LTH@J GA OH WANUGT[N@H@ @G PJBNJ, CHYA/NY[

OH [HOW@ MGAPHO

JPTH UKPNMH @GOKHMDNJ KONMPNKJ


25/68


HTPKWOJ JYNANA

Yjr oj thatj, oh htgakna h oh shou` mgatho thmdna`gdgrh ùponkhrsg, sjdrg tj`j ga ojs phsgs msvuoagrhdogs, kjmj Enonpnahs.

Gsth sntuhkna aj `gdgrh sjrprga`gr, yh qugEnonpnahs gs ua hrkfnpnohlj y ua phs ga `gshrrj-

ooj. [gla go a`nkg `g rngslj mua`nho `g 4980, `goNastntutj Wanvgrsnthrnj `g ohs Ahknjags Wan`hsphrh go Mg`nj Hmdngatg y oh [glurn`h` Fumhah,`g ojs 87 phsgs kja go mhyjr rngslj `g `gshstrgs,jkfj sja Gsth`js nasuohrgs, nakoun`h Enonpnahs.

Xug ojs nmphktjs ga ohshou` gsta ga ojs tgxtjs`g agljknhkna

Jrlhanzhknjags kjmj oh Eg`grhkna Natgrah-knjaho `g Hsjknhknjags `g Gstu`nhatgs `g Mg`n-knah (NEM[H, pjr su snloh ga nalos) prgtga`gaqug go nmphktj `go khmdnj konmtnkj ga oh shou`sg nakouyh ga go tgxtj `g agljknhkna `go augvjtrhth`j uanvgrsho phrh rgùknr go khogathmngatjlojdho, qug `gdg sgr hprjdh`j ga `nkngmdrg gaYhrs, Erhaknh, ga oh 48 Kjaegrgaknh `g ohs Yhrtgs(Kjp48) g oh Kjavgakna Mhrkj g ohs AhknjagsWan`hs sjdrg go Khmdnj Konmtnkj (KMAWKK).

Gsg gseugrzj g oh Eg`grhkna kjmgaz h phrtnr

`g oh Kjp49, kgogdrh`h ga Onmh, Ygr, ga 4980, ykjatnau ga Lnagdrh, [unzh, ga egdrgrj.Ohs agljknhknjags prgphrhtjrnhs phrh oh

Kjp48, kgogdrh`hs `go ;8 `g hljstj ho 0 `g sgp-tngmdrg phsh`js ga Djaa, Hogmhanh, rgsuothrjaua gcgrknknj natno, yh qug ojs agljknh`jrgs snlugagsqunvha`j oh kugstna `g ua mgkhansmj `g pr-`n`hs y `hjs qug, sgla ojs `gegasjrgs `g oh sh-ou`, gs kohvg phrh hyu`hr h ohs pgrsjahs hegkth`hspjr ojs gegktjs go khmdnj konmtnkj.

Kjmj lrupj, qugrgmjs hsglurhrajs `g qugoh shou` gst nakoun`h ga tj`hs ohs phrtgs `go `jku-mgatj g agljknhkna prgmduoj, navgstnlhkna,`gshrrjooj `g khphkn`h`gs, h`hpthkna y eaha-zhs, sgho oh NEM[H.

Ojs gegktjs `go khmdnj konmtnkj trhsknga`gaho mg`nj hmdngatg, oh sglurn`h` honmgathrnh,ojs `grgkfjs sjdrg oh tngrrh g nakousj `g ojs pug-dojs na`lgahs, yh qug tngag kjasgkugaknhs nrgkths

g na`nrgkths phrh oh shou`.Gsths kjasgkugaknhs sg `nstrnduyga `g ejrmh

`gsnluho gatrg ojs sgktjrgs ms vuoagrhdogs, kjmj

ojs haknhajs, ojs anjs y ohs mucgrgs gmdhrhzh`hs,qug tngaga oh mgajr khphkn`h` `g h`hpthkna.Ojs Gsth`js phrtgs `g oh KMAWKK `gdga

tjmhr ga kugath gstg prjdogmh ga ohs agljknhknj-ags `g `nkngmdrg, qug prgtga`ga onmnthr go khoga-thmngatj lojdho h mgajs `g `js lrh`js kgosnus ylhrhatnzhr mgkhansmjs `g h`hpthkna h ojs phsgsms vuoagrhdogs.

Ga go euturj sg gstnmh qug ohs lugrrhs sg gshth-ra pjr go hluh y aj pjr go pgtrogj. Ojs `gshstrgshktuhogs ajs pug`ga `hr uah n`gh `g oj qug ajsgspgrh kuha`j ohs kjasgkugaknhs `go khmdnj kon-mtnkj sg hlrhvga y ajs hegktga g mhagrh qug ajpj`hmjs mhagchr.

Oj qug gsthmjs fhknga`j aj gs soj phrh ohs lg-agrhknjags euturhs. Gs phrh ajsjtrjs, qug vnvnmjshfjrh ga gstg pohagth. Uhmjs h sgr ohs vktnmhs snaj hsumnmjs, kuhatj hatgs, oh mhyjr rgspjashdn-on`h` pjsndog. (Prhùkkna g ovhrj Xugnrulh)

84;TE


26/68


NAUG[PNLHKNA OAGH LOJDHO

WA DHTKJ

EHAPH[MH

GA UGTHKTWS

MW @W DJAL


27/68


NAUG[PNLHKNAOAGH LOJDHO

@gs`g fhkg 80 mgsgs,ua khrlugrj ajrkjrghajsg jxn`h ga go pugrtj `g

Puxpha. Ouglj `g ua hj, oh

trnpuohkna eug `gvugoth h suphs. ^ oh JAW aj tgrmnah`g `gmjstrhr oh supugsth

noglhon`h` `g oh gmdhrkhkna

Hms `g 8 hj `g qug ohs hutjrn`h`gsmgxnkhahs rgtuvngrha go dhrkj `g khrlh`g dha`grh ajrkjrghah, oh trnpuohkna fh

rglrgsh`j h su phs y go duqug sg jxn`h ga go pugr-tj `g Puxpha, Ugrhkruz. Go Yhago `g Gxpgrtjs `goh Jrlhanzhkna `g ohs Ahknjags Wan`hs (JAW)aj fh pj`n`j kjmprjdhr qug stg sgh prjpng`h``g oh Jkgha Mhrntnmg Mhahlgmgat Onmntg`Kjmphay (JMM), pjr oj qug oh oglhon`h` `g ohrgtgakna qug fnkngrh go ljdngraj `g Mxnkj sggakugatrh ga gatrg`nkfj.

Kja go hrlumgatj `g qug sg trhth `g uahjr`ga `go Kjasgcj `g [glurn`h` `g oh JAW, goljdngraj mgxnkhaj fh mhatgan`j hrrgsth`j go du-qug kja phdgooa ajrkjrghaj Mu @u Djal gaPuxpha pjr 80 mgsgs. Ohs hutjrn h`gs mgxnkhahsnavjkhrja oh rgsjoukna 8) `g oh JAWy rgtuvngrja go ahvj pjr supugsthmgatg sgr prj-png`h` `g oh gmprgsh JMM, shaknjah`h pjr go

HVGO YOH[H, IhxgoZkjatrh

@HUN@

MHATNXWG


28/68



Yhago `g Gxpgrtjs. Yjr su phrtg, oh Tgpdonkh Yj-puohr @gmjkrtnkh `g Kjrgh ajmdrg jknho `gKjrgh `go Ajrtg fh hsglurh`j qug oh prjpng`h`aj gs `g oh gmprgsh khstnlh`h. Go khsj sg snlug`gondgrha`j fhsth oh egkfh.

Go 80 `g cuonj `g 4980, go dhrkj `g khrlh Mu@u Djal (NMJ 6;468>


29/68



jpnana `g qug go Mu @u Djal grh ua hktnvj `gJMM. Ohs hutjrn`h`gs na`nkhrja ho Lrupj qugtgaha oh natgakna g gspgrhr fhsth oh pudonkhkna`go naejrmg phrh h`jpthr uah `gknsna.

Go sglunmngatj `g ohs shaknjags `g oh JAW,qug ejrmhomgatg sja vnakuohatgs phrh tj`js ojsGsth`js mngmdrjs, aj sngmprg sg vg rgfflgch`j gaoh rghon`h`. Ga gatrgvnsth kja Kjatrhoagh, go gspg-knhonsth ga hsuatjs ajrkjrghajs gAB Agws, OgjDyrag, sghoh qug Kfnah y Tusnh sja tpnkhmgatgohxhs kuha`j sg trhth `g ahvjs `g JMM, pgrj

Rthmdna] Kjrgh `go Ajrtg fh sn`j h`gpth `g gvh-`nr thogs mg`n hs. Mngatrhs qug go fgkfj g rgajm-drhr, khmdnhr oh dha`grh y trhasegrnr oh prjpng`h``g duqugs, pjsndogmgatg ogs ` oh pjsndnon`h` hphsgs aj natgrgsh`js ga krghr `nspuths `npojm-tnkhs go mhrlga phrh `gchr phshr h ojs ahvjs `gJMM.

Go 4; `g egdrgrj `g 4987 eug gmntn`j go rg-

pjrtg [/4987/8;8, qug hrlumgathdh oh prgsuathpgrtgagaknh (ha pga`ngatg `g kjarmhrsg ga gosgaj `go Yhago mnsmj). Ga cuonj `g 4980, oh `gs-trukkna h trhvs g 8; bnomgtrjs g hrrgkneg kja-oogv h qug ohs hutjrn`h`gs hmdngathogs mgxnkhahs(ga gspgkkj, oh Yrjegph) muothrha ho khpnta JKfua No pjr jmnsna, ho ahvglhr ga oh zjah `gohrrgkneg `g Puxpha-Ojdjs.

Oh ehoth `g kjdgrturh pjr phrtg `g uah hsglu-rh`jrh natgrahknjaho eug nanknhomgatg go nmpg`n-mgatj phrh su ondgrhkna namg`nhth. Go rgprgsga-

thatg g oh kjmphh prjpngthrnh kudrn ojs lhstjsjpjrtuahmgatg. Ga phrhogoj, go @gphrthmgatj`go Pgsjrj `g Gsth`js Wan`js gmntn ua rgpjr-tg qug, ho nluho qug go jrlhansmj suprhahknjaho,h`cu`nkhdh go dhrkj h oh prjpng`h` `g oh JkghaMhrntnmg Mhahlgmgat. Ga vnrtu` `g gstjs `js`jkumgatjs, go ljdngraj mgxnkhaj rgtuvj go dhr-kj y h sus ;; trnpuohatgs pjr tngmpj na`gan`j ga

Go Nastntutj Ahknjaho `g Mnlrhkna kohsnek kjmj kjae`gaknho go gxpg`ngatg `go

khpnta y oh trnpuohkna `go dhrkj Mu @u Djal[gla go NAM, h ojs mhrnagrjs ajrkjrghajs sg ogs jtjrl go rgtjraj hsnstn`j h

su phs


30/68

;9 46 `g sgptngmdrg `g 4987


go pugrtj `g Puxpha.

Oh prjtgsth `g Ynjayhal

@gs`g su mnsna pgrmhagatg hatg oh JAW, gorgprgsgathatg `g oh Tgpdonkh Yjpuohr @gmjkr-tnkh `g Kjrgh, Ha Myjal Fua, rgntgr ga kjaeg-rgaknh `g prgash go 6 `g hdrno phsh`j qug aj fhyrhzjags an eua`hmgatjs phrh `gtgagr Roh gmdhrkh-kna Mu @u Djal] ga go kjatgxtj `g oh ogy natgr-ahknjaho j `g oh ogy ahknjaho `g Mxnkj. Mu @u

Djal gs uah gmdhrkhkna phkkh, mgrkhatg y ajfh trhaspjrth`j khrlhmgatjs prjfndn`js pjr oh ogyj rgluohknjags natgrahknjahogs. H`gms yh fgmjsphlh`j atglrhmgatg ohs kjmpgashknjags h ohs hu-tjrn`h`gs mgxnkhahs g hkugr`j kja oh ogy ahknjahovnlgatg. Mu @u Djal gst `gtgan j pjr oh eugrzhR]. Oh `gtgakna `go Mu @u Djal gs uah vnjoh-kna fflhlrhatg `g oh sjdgrhah `g Kjrgh `go Ajrtg.

R]. Pjmhrgmjs ohs mg`n`hs agkgshrnhs phrh quggo dhrkj sg vhyh `g namg`nhtj.Ga sgptngmdrg `g 4980, uah kjmnsna `go

Yhago `g Gxpgrtjs fhdh vnsnth`j oh gmdhrkhknaajrkjrghah. Aj jdsthatg, gstg otnmj snlug snagmntnr ua vgrg`nktj ejrmho ho rgspgktj. Gstj kjasthga go kjmuankh`j `g prgash 867 `g oh [gkrgthrh`g Tgohknjags Gxtgrnjrgs ([TG), qug `hth `go > `ghdrno g 4987 y h`mntg oj snlungatg3 Go 80 g cuonj`g 4980, go duqug Mu @u Djal gakhoo ga go rghAhturho Yrjtgln`h [nstgmh Hrrgkneho Ojdjs-Pux-

pha, ga Ugrhkruz, prjvjkha`j lrhvgs `hjshmdngathogs. Yjr gsth rhza, `nkfj duqug eug na-mg`nhthmgatg naspgkknjah`j pjr ohs hutjrn`h`gsahknjahogs kjmpgtgatgs, qungags `gtgrmnahrjaqug sg `gdh rgphrhr go `hj y phlhr ohs muoths quggatjakgs eugrja ch`hs. Go ; g nkngmdrg g 4980sg rghonz go phlj kjrrgspja`ngatg. Ms h`gohatg`gkohrh, h`gms, qug ga ejrmh khsn snmuotagh,

Kjrgh `go Ajrtgfh hsglurh`j quggo Mu @u Djal gs

uah gmdhrkhknaphkekh, mgrkhatg,

qug aj fh vnjoh`johs rgluohknjagsnatgrahknjahogs. Ga ohnmhlga, oh gmdhch`h`g gsg phs gaMxnkj

HVGOYOH[H


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aj y kjrrgj gogktrankj `g JMM. H`gms qug gago Hagxj 87, [gkkna H) n`gatnkh ho duqug kjmjhsjknh`j h JMM, mhs aj lurh kjmj prjpng`h`pgr sg`g `nkfh gmprgsh.

Ms `g 099 `hs gaPuxpha

Wah vgz `gsgakhooh`j `go hrrgkneg, go dhrkj Mu@u Djal hrrnd ho pugrtj vgrhkruzhaj go 45 `gcuonj `g 4980, oh pgrmhagaknh `g ;; trnpuohatgs hdjr`j eug rpn`hmgatg ua tgmh pgrtnagatg pjr ohshutjrn`h`gs ojkhogs. Ga prnmgr oulhr sg `ncj quggsthrha fjspg`h`js ga ua fjtgo tuxpgj, pgrjgstj eug `gsmgatn`j gasglun`h pjr eugatgs `g oh[gkrgthrh `g Tgohknjags Gxtgrnjrgs. Yhrgkg, pjr oj

thatj, qug ojs mhrnajs hsntnkjs sg fhdrha fjspg-`h`j h djr`j `g oh mnsmh gmdhrkhkna.

Ga oh rgspugsth h oh sjonkntu` `g naejrmhkna9088899975>8), oh kuho gst n`gatnkh`h pjrgo Yhago kjmj sudsn`nhrnh `g JMM, h`gms qugkjmphrtg oh `nrgkkna pjstho, go amgrj `g tgoej-

Oh gmdhrkhkna Mu@u Djal eug rglnstrh`hdhcj oh prjpng`h` `g

Mu @u Djal [fnppnal,Ot`, n`gatne kh`h

pjr go Yhago kjmj

sudsn`nhrnh `g JMM


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oh gmdhrkhkna. Ohs hutjrn`h`gs mnlrhtjrnhs fh-drha jpth`j pjr gxtga`gr oh gsth`h oglho fhsthaugvh jr`ga, ga vnsths `g rgsjovgr oh `gmha`h `gvnsh fumhanthrnh ga kursj.

Go NAM thmdna rgspja`g h Kjatrhoaghqugkja rgohkna h oh sntuhkna mnlrhtjrnh `g ojs ;;mhrnajs `g ahknjahon`h` ajrkjrghah `g oh gmdhr-khkna Mu @u Djal, sg na`nkh qug h ojs mnsmjs

ogs eug jtjrlh`j go rgtjraj hsnstn`j h su phs g jrn-lga `g kjaejrmn`h` ho hrtkuoj 886 `g oh Ogy `gMnlrhkna, rhza pjr oh kuho yh hdha`jahrja tgrrn-tjrnj ahknjaho. Go NAM, ga gstg sgatn`j, sg rgmntgh oh Ogy Jrlankh `g oh H`mnanstrhkna YdonkhEg`grho (OJHYE), qug ga go hrtkuoj 60 na`nkhqug sja htrnduknjags `g oh @nrgkkna Lgagrho `gKjatrjo y Ugrnkhkna Mnlrhtjrnh3 NN. [usthaknhr

y rgsjovgr ojs prjkg`nmngatjs h`mnanstrhtnvjs mn-lrhtjrnjs `g gxtrhacgrjs prgsgath`js, hs kjmj `ghqugoojs qug jptga pjr go dgagknj `go rgtjrajhsnstn`j, `g kjaejrmn`h` kja oh Ogy `g Mnlrhknay `gms nspjsnknjags cur`nkhs hponkhdogs.

Enahomgatg sg kjakrgt oh rgphtrnhkna `g uahprnmgrh phrtg `g oh trnpuohkna go > `g hdrno, kja ohshon`h `g `js lrupjs `g 89 mngmdrjs, qug eugrjatrhsoh`h`js h oh Knu`h` `g Mxnkj, y pjr vh hrghfhknh su phs, pjr oj qug qug` pga`ngatg g sglunrgo mnsmj prjkg`nmngatj ua lrupj `g 8; pgrsjahs.Go 80 `g cuonj `g 4987, h 8 hj `g su rgtgakna, golrupj rgsthatg eug h su vgz rgphtrnh`j h Kjrgh `goAjrtg, kja oj qug sg `gc oh gmdhrkhkna sna trn-puohkna holuah. Ga vnsths `g tho sntuhkna, `nekno-mgatg sg pj`rh gakhrhr oh pjsndnon`h` `g vjovgr hzhrphr h kjrtj pohzj, kuha`j phrh ohs `nmgasnjags`go mnsmj sg rgqugrnrha, ho mgajs, g 48 mhrnajs.

Ga go kuhrtj prrhej `go kjmuankh`j `g prgash867 `g oh [gkrgthrh `g Tgohknjags Gxtgrnjrgs, `go> `g hdrno `g 4987, sg gstnpuoh qug `gs`g go gakh-oohmngatj `go duqug Mu @u Djal, go ljdngraj `gMxnkj fh vgoh`j pjr ohs kja`nknjags `g oh trnpu-ohkna, natglrh`h pjr ;; ahknjahogs ajrkjrghajs, oh

kuho sg gakugatrh ljzha`j `g ondrg trasntj y hoh qug aj sg fh akh`j khrlj holuaj.Ygrj `g oh gmdhrkhkna, an ohs vnsnths jknhogs

`g ojs gxpgrtjs `go Yhago 8


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4; `g egdrgrj `g 4987.Ohs navgstnlhknjags gmprga`n`hs pjr ojs

hutjrgs `go rgpjrtg prgonmnahr `go Yhago `g Gx-pgrtjs aj `gch vgr uah kjasththkna `gantnvh.Go hdjlh`j Cjsfuh [thatja, ga gatrgvnsth kja

Kjatrhoagh, hrmh qug fhy kohrn`h` R`g oh prj-png`h`] `g hkugr`j kja oh JAW. Gatjakgs ohJAW ajmdrh ua Yhago `g Gxpgrtjs phrh navgs-tnlhr vnjohknjags h ohs rgsjouknjags, y kh`h 5 u 6mgsgs rg`hkthrha ua rgpjrtg. R] Ojs rgpjrtgskjakouyga qug go Mu @u Djal gs prjpng`h` `gJkgha Mhrntnmg Mhahlgmgat h trhvs `g gm-prgshs ehathsmhs. Gsths gmprgshs ehathsmhs sjagsgaknhomgatg ehoshs, pugsths ga png kja go ankjprjpsntj g gskja`gr quna gs go vgr`h`grj prj-pngthrnj. Gatjakgs, `h`j qug oh gmdhrkhkna gsprjpng`h` `g JMM, y `h`j qug JMM fh sn`jsghoh`h pjr oh JAW, ojs Gsth`js mngmdrjs, na-kouyga`j Mxnkj, tngaga oh jdonlhkna `g `gtg-agr oh gmdhrkhkna, g dojqughroh y g nmpg`nrogsu trhsoh`j.

Oh jdcgtnvn`h` `g oh ogy

natgrahknjaho

Go navgstnlh`jr `g AB Agws Ogj Dyraghrmh ga gatrgvnsth qug go Mu @u Djal gst

snga`j lgstnjah`j pjr JMM y, kjmj tho, ojsGsth`js mngmdrjs `g oh JAW `gdgrha `g kja-

lgohrhktnvjs qug pgrtgagzkha h gsth gmprgsh. Wapjtgaknho prjdogmh gs sn go Mu @u Djal `gdg-rh sgr kjasn`grh`j ua hktnvj R`g oh JMM]2 snagmdhrlj, ga su ms rgkngatg rgpjrtg go Yhago `gGxpgrtjs na`nk qug oh gmdhrkhkna `gdgrh sgr

kohsnkh`h kjmj ua hktnvj. ^ hlrglh qug, ajjdsthatg, fhy qug rgkjr`hr qug go Yhago `g Gx-pgrtjs sjohmgatg `h rgkjmga`hknjags ho Kja-sgcj `g [glurn`h` R`g oh JAW]. @gpga`g `goKjasgcj g [glurn`h` rg`hkthr ohs kugstnjags gaohs rgsjouknjags/shaknjags h`nknjahogs.

Ga gstg sgatn`j, ojs navgstnlh`jrgs `go Yhago sgmugvga gatrg oh fnptgsns `g uah vnakuohkna ajgatgrhmgatg kjrrjdjrh h y oh sjspgkfh g gvhsna`g shaknjags pjr phrtg `g oh Tgpdonkh Yjpuohr@gmjkrtnkh `g Kjrgh. H anvgo natgrahknjaho,gxnstg uah prktnkh kjma ga go mua`j mhrtn-mj `ja`g sg fhkg `negrgaknh gatrg go prjpngthrnj,go jpgrh`jr y go rgprgsgathatg. Ga tho mg`n`hpug`g nakousj `hrsg go khsj `g qug go phdgooagxfndn`j aj sgh go mnsmj qug go `g oh gmprgshprjpngthrnh.

Go rgpjrtg go Yhago g Gxpgrtjs [/4987/8;8,egkfh`j go 4; `g egdrgrj 4987, knth ga oh natrj-`ukkna3 Go Yhago fh h`qunrn`j kjajknmngatjga ohs tkankhs phrh gvh`nr ohs shaknjags mg`nha-tg oh navgstnlhkna `g oh rg` `g Jkgha MhrntnmgMhahlgmgat Kjmphay Onmntg`, `gsnlah`j pjr

go Kjmnt go 46 `g cuonj `g 4980. Oh rg` `g ohkjmphh jpgrh ga Hsnh, Gurjph, [urhmrnkh y

Ha sna uah rgsjoukna ermg, go gsthtus `go dhrkj Mu @u Djal


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Jrngatg Mg`nj. Wtnonzh ua hdhankj `g tkankhs,nakouyga`j gmprgshs ktnknhs, natgrmg`nhrnjsgxtrhacgrjs y mtj`js `g phlj na`nrgktjs phrhjphkhr oh ahturhogzh `g su agljknj y `nsjknhr ohstrhashkknjags ahakngrhs `g oh ojlstnkh. @gs`g

su `gsnlahkna, JMM fh rgajmdrh`j y vugotjh rglnstrhr oh mhyjrh `g sus gmdhrkhknjags, qugkjatnaha sus jpgrhknjags ga oh rglna y ga go

gxtrhacgrj pgsg ho fgkfj qug sus rgkursjs gkj-amnkjs gsta sucgtjs h oh kjalgohkna`g dngags.

Go dojlugrj Cjsfuh [thatja, `go sntnj JagErgg Bjrgh, ga gatrgvnsth kja Kjatrhoagh, hrmhqug go prjdogmh `g gstj gs qug vhrnjs Gsth`jsmngmdrjs aj ojs oogvha h khdj muy dnga, y Kfn-ah, ga phrtnkuohr, qug gs go sjknj kjmgrknho mhyjr

`g Kjrgh `go Ajrtg, vjth ohs rgsjouknjags pgrjsnmpogmgatg ohs nlajrh. Kjatnaha pgrmntnga`joh shon`h y gatrh`h `g hrmhs `g Kjrgh `go Ajrtg,pgrmntga h Kjrgh `go Ajrtg vga`gr hrmhs h trh-vs `g pugrtjs kfnajs, h trhvs `g gsphknj hrgjkfnaj R]. ^ thmpjkj ojs rusjs fha kumpon`jkja gooj `gmhsnh`j. Tgkngatgmgatg gstj fh gm-pgjrh`j. Ga Gurjph oh nmhlga gs ms `nvn`n`h,holuajs phsgs fha sglun`j gsths shaknjags, [un-zh fh `gmjstrh`j ua psnmj trhdhcj, pgrj ga goTgnaj Wan`j, pjr gcgmpoj, sg gakjatr qug vga-

`h yhtgs h Kjrgh `go Ajrtg. [g fh `gskudngrtjqug ojs hogmhags y jtrjs phsgs pgrn`nkhmgatgfha vga`n`j prj`uktjs `g oucj. Ojs sunzjs fhapgrmntn`j tj`j tnpj g trhashkknjags dhakhrnhs.

Go kumponmngatj `g ohs shaknjags phrgkg sgrpjr oj thatj uah kugstna g jdog rhsgrj.

Hlrglh go hahonsth Cjsfuh [thatja qug ohsshaknjags hrmha qug sjohmgatg kngrths hktn-

vn`h`gs sja shaknjah`hs3 vgath `g hrmhs, prj-`uktjs `g oucj, hrmhs `g `gstrukkna mhsnvh. [nagmdhrlj, ohs shaknjags `nkga qug aj `gdgrha sgrhponkh`hs `g ejrmh qug pgrcu`nqug h oh pjdoh-kna, ga go sgatn`j qug nmpn`h ojs prjlrhmhs fu-

mhanthrnjs. Ygrj ho mnsmj tngmpj tj`j ohvh`j g`nagrjrgqungrg kjmgrknj okntj phrh gamhskhrhrgo kjmgrknj nokntj. R]. Ohs shaknjags thmdnargkjajkga gsj, pjr gcgmpoj, kuha`j Kjrgh `goAjrtg hdrg augvhs sukurshogs `g dhakjs, j pn`gua pugrtj phrh kjmgrknhr, ojs phsgs tngaga ohjdonlhkna `g fhkgr hu`ntjrhs `g gshs trhashk-knjags ajrkjrghahs.

Ga gstg sgatn`j, oh rgsjoukna [/TG[/44960. @gspus gpgrtgagkgr, gatrg 8>>8 y 8>>;, h oh CgehturhTglnjaho g [grvnknj g Mhtgrnhogs g Lug-rrh ga oh Ajvgah Sjah Mnonthr, eug gavnh`jh Knu`h` Curgz ga euaknjags snmnohrgs. [g

cudno y, yh kuhrgata, ga 4995 nalrgs h ohYjonkh Muanknpho g Nluhoh.

Fjy tngag 78 hjs, y h phrtnr g 4984 eughsnlah`j h otrjs y pugstjs g rgvnsna ga GoPjmhtho, Go Ahrhacj y Ojmh `g Kjyjtgs,ga ohs heugrhs `g Nluhoh.

Ga sgptngmdrg g 4980 sg og gakjmga`nr h Ojmh `g Kjyjtgs h djr`j `g oh phtru-ooh 99


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HAON[N[YJTPH@H

pjrthr `rjlh y pgrsjahs qug sg ndha `gs`ghoo ho pjdoh`j `g Go Ahrhacj, qug gst pjr

oh shon`h h Phxkj.Pj`hs ohs khrlhs sgluha oh mnsmh ruth`g oh fgrjah. Yjr go rumdj gst jtrj o-trj qug kustj`nhdh usuhomgatg go pjonkhYaoj Xunatgrj, honhsYhaljoh, y ga holu-ahs jkhsnjagsTgyYhskuho, qunga sngmprgsg fhkg hkjmphhr `g su fgrmhaj MhrkjHatjanj Yhskuho, honhs ohMuoh2 sngmprg ha-`hdha cuatjs. @gohatg `g Egraha`j Yha-tjch y Yaoj Xunatgrj, ga uah jkhsna, ogprgluat h mnD84Hoejasj Tgygs Yhskuho,honhs Luhakfjpg, qug pjr qu sg og pgrmn-th go phsj ondrg h gsg vgfkuoj. Xug gsj mgvhoh mh`rgs, mg rgspja`n, yh qug grh `go

cgeg. Gatjakgs og `ncg3 `g Uhooh`hrgs:, sn-tuhkna qug og mjogst ha ms y mg lrnt3Koohtg go fjknkj!, qug aj mgaknjahrh goajmdrg `go cgeg.

Fjajrnj, go pjonkh gxmnonthr, kugathqug kjrrjdjr gstjs fgkfjs kja su kjmph-grj Luh`houpg Hrrnhlh, qunga, kuha`jphshdh oh khmnjagth jknho, `gkh3 Hfvha gsjs kjkfgs `g augvj2 vngaga h fhkgr

sus kfnalh`grhsy ouglj sg vha, rgrna`jsgh qug sngmprg sg gatrgvnsthdha, hatgs `gnalrgshr h Nluhoh, kja Erhaknskj [holh`jUhooh`hrgs, `nrgktjr `g oh [gkrgthrh `g [g-lurn`h` Ydonkh, go mnsmj qug oh ajkfg`go 45 `g sgptngmdrg jr`ga pjr rh`nj ytgoejaj phrhr ojs hutjdusgs h kjmj `ngrhoulhr, pjr nastrukknjags prgknshs `go H-7,kohvg kja oh qug sg n`gatnkhdh go gatjakgshokho`g Cjs Ouns Hdhrkh Ugozqugz.

Gsg cgeg ho qug urlh nmpg`nr qug ojshutjdusgs shongrha `g Nluhoh, Erhaknskj[holh`j Uhooh`hrgs, grh an ms an mgajsgo kjatrjoh`jr prnaknpho `go phsj `g `rjlh

y `g ohs khatn`h`gs qug sg mhagchdha. @ganaluah mhagrh ndh h pgrmntnr qug sg gx-trhvnhrh ua khrlhmgatj yh kjathdnonzh`jpjr ojs Lugrrgrjs Wan`js, yh sumh`j hohktnvj `go krtgo. Aj grh pjsndog qug, pjr

ua grrjr `g ojlstnkh `g qungags sg gakhrlh-rja `g gmphqugthr y kjojkhr oh `rjlh ga

go hutjds j pjr oh nlajrhaknh `g qungagssgkugstrhdhago khmna, oh `rjlh tuvngrh uaeuturj nakngrtj, `gspus `g phkth`h y kj-ojkh`h `g mhagrh qug analuah rgvnsnajknho pu`ngrh udnkhroh, gmdhrkh`h yh kjaruth y `gstnaj prgvnstjs, yh kja mgrkh`j yphlh hsglurh`js.

Xug aj og `hdha `nagrj pjr fhkgrsg `goh vnsth ljr`h, hsglurhdh Fjajrnj, pgrj soj hmgahzhdha kja gavnhroj h oh pjonkh`g Kjkuoh, muanknpnj `g Pgojojhpha, snfhdohdh `go hsuatj. Xug oh khmnjagth tj-ogrh`h, kja pgrmnsj `g knrkuohr kja khr-lhs noknths qug fh mgaknjah`j, tngag ohssnlungatgs khrhktgrstnkhs3 gs rjch, tngag uahtjrrgth, oukgs, ua tudj sjdrg oh kgch, qugtngag `js oukgs hrrndh2 oh thph `g htrs gsdohakh, aj kugath kja pohkh ga oh phrtgtrhsgrh. Xug gstg vgfkuoj oj vgh kjmj h49 mgtrjs `g `nsthaknh, pjrqug mn D84(cgeg `g lrupj) Tgygs Yhskuho sngmprg ajsjr`gahdh hogchrajs `g hoo kuha`j phsh-dh oh khmnjagth.

Oh mucgr pjonkh Ugrankh Dhfgah grhoh gakhrlh`h `g hvnshr h su phrgch sgatn-mgatho, Fktjr Hlunohr, honhs go Kfjmdj,kuha`j ndh h phshr hola kjavjy `g mn-onthrgs j pjonkhs eg`grhogs. Wshdh oh kohvg5


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YJTPH@HHAON[N[

Oh thr`g `go 45

Jtrj pjonkh, [hovh`jr Fgrrgrh Tj-ma, kjarm hatg go Mnanstgrnj Ydonkj(80 `g jktudrg `g 4980) qug gsthdh kjmn-snjah`j ga go pugstj `g rgvnsna qug gsth uajs 49 mnautjs ho Yjangatg `g Nluhoh,

custj h oh gatrh`h `go pugdoj `g Hfug-fugpha, rumdj h Pgojojhpha, y hktuhdhdhcj ohs r`gags `go pjonkh tgrkgrj TgyEojrgs.

H`gms `g [hovh`jr, fhy jtrjs trgsgogmgatjs qug utnonzha oh phtruooh 9>, uahEjr` kja khdnah, y ua rh`nj `g kjmuankh-kna Mhtrh, qug ga gsg oulhr aj euaknjahdnga3 Aj tngag dugah sgho pjrqug oh rg`gst kh`h. Phmpjkj fhy sgho phrh ojskgouohrgs ga Hfugfugpha.

Go eht`nkj 45 `g sgptngmdrg `g 4980ojs pjonkhs eugrja, kjmj grh oh rutnah `nh-rnh, pjr sus hrmhs ohrlhs, eusnogs .44; mhr-

kh Dgrgtth, y pnstjohs thmdna Yngtrj Dgrg-tth `g > mnomgtrjs. Aj fhdh mhyjrgs aj-

vg`h`gs ga go rgta. @gspus g oh kjmn`h,phs go kjmha`hatg Tgy Eojrgs y jr`gah sus fjmdrgs nr h fhkgr ua rgkjrrn`j `grutnah pjr go pugdoj. ^ qu fhkgmjskja go rgta:, tmn`hmgatg prgluathrjaojs sudhotgrajs. Go cgeg rgntgr oh jr`ga `gmhagrh thchatg. Phr`hrja pjkj ms `g 8fjrh y mg`nh ga gsh rhrh y `nstrhktjrh th-rgh, sna hphrgatg rhza `g sgr, pgrj `gcha-`j sna vnlnohaknh go otrj khrrgtgrj. [hdgaqug ga go ohpsj phs oh `rjlh ga vgfkuojsjknhogs. Ujovngrja ho pugstj `g natno rg-vnsna y phshrja hoo tj`h oh ajkfg, fhsthqug h ohs 9


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HAON[N[YJTPH@H

djo. ^ ga go rgkjrrn`j vngrja qug gsthdhavhrnjs na`nvn`ujs gakhpukfh`js qungagsojs sghohrja kja go `g`j mjvna`joj ga

sgatn`j hrmhtnvj.Kjmj h ohs 88R399] fjrhs mg gatgrqug uajs eutdjonsths fhdha n`j h Nluhoh h

culhr ua phrtn`j g etdjo y qug fhdh fh-dn`j ua `gsdhrhcustg, sna shdgr `g qu sgtrhthdh Ran snqungrh ajmdrh h ojs ajrmh-onsths], rhza pjr oh kuho gstjy ga oh mgcjr`nspjsnkna `g qug sg rghonkga ohs prugdhsagkgshrnhs phrh go gskohrgknmngatj `g ojsfgkfjs y qug sg mg fhlh go `nkthmga gamhtgrnh `g rj`nzjahtj j oj qug sg agkgsn-tg, pugs oh otnmh vgz qug `nsphr eug fhkgms `g 8 hj, kuha`j eun h rghonzhr prk-tnkhs, `gkh najkgatgmgatg [hovh`jr Fg-rrgrh Tjma, h qunga su prjpnj cgeg fhdhgatrglh`j h oh hutjrn`h`, sna `gdgroh antgmgroh, sgla su prnmgrhs gkohrhknjags.

Oh mhanjdrh `nstrhktjrh rghonzh`h pjrgo cgeg Tgy Eojrgs, custhmgatg go 45 g sgp-tngmdrg pjr oh thr`g, kja go kjasgkugatghdha`jaj ga oh vnlnohaknh `go rgta nas-thoh`j ga Hfugfugpha phrh rgvnshr kh`hvgfkuoj qug pjr hf trhasnth, tngag tj`js

ojs vnsjs `g fhdgr erhaqugh`j go phsj `gfgrjah j ljmh `g jpnj dhcj kjatrjo `gmha`js supgrnjrgs.

Ojs tngmpjs `ha phrh qug oh `rjlhfhyh pj`n`j kjojkhrsg j prjlrhmhrsgphrh sgr udnkh`h gatrj go hutjds KjsthOnag qug oogl `g Mxnkj h Nluhoh go vngr-ags 45 h ohs 863;9 fjrhs y qug sho`rh, jpg-rh`j pjr Nsmhgo [akfgz Fgraa`gz, h ohs9


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YJTPH@HHAON[N[

`nknga`j qug fhdh sn`j nautnonzh`j pjr ojsprjpnjs ajrmhonsths ga kuhatj shongrja `goh Pgrmnaho `g Nluhoh. Go kfjegr `nj vhrnjs

tgstnmjanjs kjatrh`nktjrnjs. Eug gxhmnah-`j pjr ojs gxpgrtjs ga cuonj `g 4987, 89mgsgs `gspus `g oh mhshkrg. Ygrj ajgrh go hutjds jrnlnaho, snaj jtrj qug oj su-pohat! Oh dntkjrh eug hotgrh`h, kjmj snfudngrh n`j h Cjcutoh, pgrj ga rghon`h` eugh Kuhutoh, hmdhs knu`h`gs ga Mjrgojs.

[g `h oh knrkuasthaknh qug eug go ankjRgatrg sgns hutjdusgs] qug aj eug hthkh`jga oh hknhlh ajkfg `g Nluhoh. Oh hkkna `gtjmhr hutjdusgs pjr phrtg `g ojs ajrmhons-ths pj`rh fhdgrsg kruzh`j kja oh gxnstga-knh `g `rjlhs noknths j `nagrj ga uaj `g ojshutjdusgs, gspgkkhmgatg ga gsg GstrgoohTjch, kjakouygrja ojs gxpgrtjs `g oh Kj-mnsna Natgrhmgrnkhah `g @grgkfjs Fu-mhajs (KN@F).

Go trhsnglj `g tjagoh`hs `g ljmh `gjpnj y `g fgrjah fhknh y `gs`g Nluhoh sgjpgrh ga hutjdusgs `g phshcgrjs y ga kh-mnjags `g khrlh, ga trhktjkhmnjags, gavgfkuojs phrtnkuohrgs y ruths `g kjogktnvjsqug kjagktha pjdohknjags kgrkhahs. Fhy

mj`js ms gkjamnkjs y hkkgsndogs phrhshkhr oh `rjlh `gs`g ojs khmpjs hmhpjog-rjs fhsth Kfnkhlj, Ojs algogs, j kuhoqungrknu`h` `go phs vgknaj qug nr h phrhr hohs vgahs, djkhs, ahrnkgs y lhrlhaths `g ojsh`nktjs gsthùan`gasgs:

Yhrh trhsglhr rjlh j nagrj ga gegktnvj,oj mnsmj ga oh Tgpdonkh Mgxnkhah qugh trhvs `g su erjatgrh Ajrtg kja Gsth`jsWan`js, sg utnonzha kohvjsj kjmphrtnmnga-tjs sgkrgtjs ehdrnkh`js gxprjegsj, qug, gaoh mhyjrh `g ohs jkhsnjags, ojlrha kruzhrrgtgags, hùhahs y tj`j tnpj `g kjatrjogs(gogktrankjs, rhyjs osgr, hrkjs `gtgktjrgs,dnajmnjs khanajs, gtktgrh), pgrj lrhknhs,sngmprg y prnaknphomgatg, ho gogmgatj qugsugog hkgnthroh mhqunahrnh `g oh kjrrupknakja lgagrjsjs sjdjrajs mjagthrnjs. Phm-dna gs pjsndog oogvhr khrlhs ga pnphs g lhs,

ga ojs agumtnkjs j hmhrrh`hs ga ojs sntnjsms navgrjsmnogs, dhcj kjatgag`jrgs j cua-tj ho mjtjr `g ua trhktjkhmna j hutjds

(hnrg hkja`nknjah`j, h`jsh`hs h oh khch `gvgojkn`h`gs, hphrgch`hs ho gpsntj g kjm-dustndog, dhcj go khmhstrj ga qug sugoga`gskhashr ojs kfjegrgs gtrs go hsngatj gokjaùktjr), j snmpogmgatg ga mhogths ga-trj `go kjmphrtnmngatj `go gqunphcg, kja jsna `jdog eja`j, tj`j gooj ga hola hutjds`g phshcgrjs.

Xug sg sgph, aj fhy holuah navgstnlh-kna sjdrg go gavj `g jpnkgjs `gs`g Nluh-oh2 huaqug oh YLT prgsumn qug s, pgrjsna jergkgr gthoogs.

[g na`hlh, pgrj ga Gsth`js Wan`js, ja-`g hutjrn`h`gs khpturhrja h mg`nh `jkgah`g mgxnkhaj-gsthùan`gasgs qug gaergathakhrljs eg`grhogs ga uah Kjrtg `g Kfnkhlj,prgknshmgatg pjr fhdgr `nsgh`j uah gs-trukturh `g trhaspjrtg krghrja `js gmprg-shs oglhogs phrh `gspohzhr fgrjah y ljmh`g jpnj ga hutjdusgs `g phshcgrjs y, ga gsjsmnsmjs vgfkuojs, rglrgshr mnoojags `g `-ohrgs h Mxnkj.

Yhdoj Uglh Kugvhs, `g 09 hjs, y su ku-

h`j Hogcha`rj Enlugrjh, g ;


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lh`hs h trhvs `g ojs rgtgags, jr`gaha`jqug ah`ng ohs rgvnshrh.

H`gms `g trhasmntnr sus r`gags ho rh-`nj jpgrh`jr, [holh`j Uhooh`hrgs pgrsjaho-mgatg oohm h vhrnhs phtruoohs phrh nmpg`nrh tj`h kjsth qug ojs cvgags y ojs hutjdusgssg eugrha `g Nluhoh.

^ ga tgstnmjanjs mnanstgrnhogs hphrgkgqug [holh`j Uhooh`hrgs gmntn go prgaojsh kjmj ` oulhr! pjr nastrukknjags prgkn-shs `go gxhokho`g Hdhrkh, pgrj ohs kuophs yohs rgspjashdnon`h`gs aj sja tha ojkhogs, ajsg qug`ha ga go mdntj muanknpho, snaj ga gogsththo y, sjdrg tj`j, ga go eg`grho, qug pgr-mntn qug tj`h gsth pu`rnkna prjlrgshrh.

@hvn` Kruz Fgraa`gz, hpj`h`j go Kfn-aj, gmpogh`j `g Yrjtgkkna Knvno `go muan-knpnj `g Nluhoh, og pn`n h su kjmha`hatgEg`grnkj Oga Tudnj qug oj mha`hrh h ku-drnr go phrtn`j g eutdjo gatrg oh sgogkkna gNluhoh y ojs Hvnspjags `g Kfnophaknalj, ga

vgz g hku`nr ho naejrmg go [nstgmh Ahknj-aho phrh go @gshrrjooj Natglrho `g oh Ehmn-

onh `g Mhrh `g ojs algogs Ynag`h, gspjsh`go gxhokho`g, ga oh gxpohah`h `go YhohknjMuanknpho. [g eug ga oh khmnjagth Ejr` kjaamgrj g sgrng YK-9;3

Kuha`j tgrmna go prnmgr tngmpj(48387 fjrhs), ndh lhaha`j Nluhoh 8-9 y gagsg mjmgatj gskukf pjr go rh`nj pjrttnoqug gsthdha rgpjrtha`j `g oh dhsg `g Yrj-tgkkna Knvno uah kohvg 499, qug qungrg gknrdhohkgrh2 oh rgpjrthdha h oh hoturh `g oh gx-pohah`h `go Yhohknj Muanknpho `g Nluhoh.

Go Kfnajsg `nrnln ho oulhr y ga go trh-ygktj gskukf pjr ohs ergkugaknhs `g ohpjonkh qug fhdh pgrsjahs fgrn`hs h oh ho-turh `go Yugatg `go Kfnpjtg. Ho phshr pjrgsg sntnj vnj qug trgs j kuhtrj khmnjagths`g oh pjonkh muanknpho nmpg`ha go phsj `g`js hutjdusgs. @g gsjs trhaspjrtgs dhch-rja hprjxnmh`hmgatg 09 pgrsjahs, tj`js

MNLWGOLHONA@J


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MNLWGOLHONA@J

knvnogs, holuajs `g goojs pjrthdha hrmhs`g euglj, tnpj gskjpgths, pgrj aj gskukf`nsphrjs, y holuajs `g goojs hdjr`hrja uahkhmnjagth mj`goj Wrvha, kjojr dohakj, gosgrvnknj pdonkj, y jtrjs hdjr`hrja uah [u-durdha, y gasglun`h tjmhrja rumdj h oh

kjojanh Ojmh g ojs Yhchrntjs. Ojs pjonkhsah`h fnkngrja pjr `gtgagrojs (sn gs vgr`h`qug ndha hrmh`js, sg trhthdh `g snkhrnjs `gLugrrgrjs Wan`js, pugs an uaj sjoj `g ojsajrmhonsths pjrthdh hola hrmh y mgajstnpj gskjpgth j rng).

Jtrh vgz pjr oh rh`nj, go Kfnaj @hvn`Kruz sg gatgr qug fhdh ua fgrn`j kgrkh`g Ygrnernkj, ga oh Hvgan`h Cuha ovhrgz,pjr oj kuho mg `nrnl h gsg oulhr y ho ooglhrjdsgrv qug fhdh vhrnjs pjonkhs muankn-phogs rgsluhr`ha`j go oulhr, hs kjmj `gs-vnha`j oh knrkuohkna `g vgfkuojs tj`jsojs pjonkhs gsthdha gakhpukfh`js (grhatj`js pjonkhs j fhdh snkhrnjs j nakousnvgmnonthrgs `g aglrj gatrg goojs:).

Pngaga rhza ojs gxpgrtjs `g oh Kjmn-sna Natgrhmgrnkhah `g @grgkfjs Fumh-ajs Kohu`nh Yhz `g Luhtgmhoh, algoh

Duntrhlj y Hogcha`rj Uhogaknh `g Kjojm-dnh, go kfnogaj Erhaknskj Kjx y go gsphjo

Khrojs Mhrta Dgrnastna kuha`j pn`gaqug sg gskohrgzkha pgregkthmgatg ojs tngm-pjs y ohs knrkuasthaknhs `g oh jkuphkna `gojs hutjdusgs3

Yrnmgrj, fhy js hutjdusgs tjmh`js pjrojs ajrmhonsths2 ga stjs vha h tjmhrjtrjsvgfkuojs. Fhy ua tgrkgr hutjds qugojs ajrmhonsths tjmhaga oj qug sg oohmh ohKhsh `go Kurh j krukg `g Funtzukj (gaoh khrrgtgrh, hatgs `g gatrhr h Nluhoh), ga goqug holuajs ajrmhonsths sg sudga phrh nr hoh Kgatrho `g Hutjdusgs `g Nluhoh. Kuha-`j ooglha h oh tgrmnaho Rh ojs cvgags] ojsgakngrrha y aj pug`ga shonr. Oohmha h suskjmphgrjs y ojs `js prnmgrjs hutjdusgsvha h oh kgatrho. Ga gsg sglua`j gskgahrnjfhy yh trgs hutjdusgs. @g hf shoga yh knakjvgfkuojs. Kh`h uaj tngag `negrgatgs trhygk-tjrnhs j ruths.

Pj`j phrgkh na`nkhr qug uaj g ojs trgskhmnjags tjmh`jsga Nluhoh pu`j fhdgr on-drh`j oh oagh `g ohs dhohkgrhs, oh mugrtg yohs `gshphrnknjags, pjrqug aj eug rgpjrth-

`j h ua kjrrhoa an sg og fnkngrja pgrnthcgspjr fhdgr rgkndn`j `nsphrjs. [nmpogmgatgaj hphrgkg ga hktuhknjags kja amgrjgkjamnkj an pohkhs y, sgla tgstnmjanjs`g vhrnjs ajrmhonsths y ojs `gms kfjegrgs,grh ua Gstrgooh Tjch `go [ur qug phs pjroh khrrgtgrh rumdj h Kfnophaknalj gspus`g ohs 48399 fjrhs, sna gakjatrhrsg hphrga-tgmgatg kja pjonkhs j snkhrnjs an kja ah`ngms qug og jr`gahrh phrhr. Grh `gmhsnh`hejrtuah phrh sgr vgr`h`. Ga rghon`h`, hua-qug yh ndh tjmha`j oh khrrgtgrh, `gcha`jhtrs h Nluhoh, kgrkh `go Yhohknj `g Custnknh,eug rgtgan`j ga ua pugstj `g rgvnsna `goh Yjonkh Eg`grho `g Khmnajs2 ua pjonkh,hpuata`jogs kja su hrmh, ogs lrnt3 Fn-

cjs `g su puth mh rg, hotj!. Ojs cvgags rg-trjkg`ngrja y sudngrja uahs gskhonahths pjrgo oohmh`j Kgrrj `g oh Dha`grh, mngatrhs


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ojs pjonkhs `nsphrhdha y lrnthdha3 @g-talhasg, khdrjags, j ojs vhmjs h kfnalhr!. H

89 `g ojs cvgags ogs `nj hsnoj uah mucgr gasu khsh, ga `ja`g pgrmhagkngrja fhsth ohmh`rulh`h `go 4 mno 0;0 fjmnkn`njs `jojsjsrglnstrh`js jknhomgatg ga Lugrrgrj `g

4997 h 4980, ga analuaj `g gsjs hjs fhooglh`j ho 89 pjr kngatj go pjrkgathcg `gsgatgaknhs kja`gahtjrnhs. Ah`ng fh sn`jkjasnlah`j ga uah ohrlh fnstjrnh `g `gsh-phrnknjags ejrzh`hs y `g tjrturhs. Oh nm-puan`h` fh sn`j hdsjouth.

Mngatrhs ga tj`j Lugrrgrj su Enskhohrglnstr 4;> `gauaknhs pjr `gshphrnknaga < hjs, sjohmgatg ga Nluhoh kja ojsjtrjs `gshphrgkn`js yh sumha 4


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OH YH[NUN@H@

HAPG GO AWGUJ 8 4 ; T E

P[WAHMNMJAGPHTNJOh pjotnkh mjagthrnh natgrahknjaho h`jpth`h ga ojs otnmjs hjs fh `gmjstrh`j su nakhphkn`h` phrh

qug snqungrh oh gkjajmh fglgmankh, oh gsth`uan`gasg, vugovh h krgkgr. Oh thsh mg`nh rgho hauho`go krgknmngatj `g Gsth`js Wan`js gatrg 4989 y 4980 eug `g 4.8 pjr kngatj. Hatgs `g oh gxpgrngaknh

agjondgrho grh `g 0 pjr kngatj. Ojs phsgs pgrnernkjs, kjmj Mxnkj, galhakfh`js y phsnvjs h oj qug

sg `gkn`h ga oh mgtrpjons

MHTKJ[ KFUGS, HAHON[PH GKJAMNKJ

ImhrkjsZkjatrh


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Oh Tgsgrvh Eg`grho aj fh rgsugotj analuaj g ojs prj-

dogmhs qug oogv h oh krnsns ahakngrh g 4996. @g fgkfj,sja mukfj mhyjrgs qug hatgs2 gdn`j h oj qug fnzj oh Tg-

sgrvh Eg`grho oh krnsns sgr ms lrha`g qug auakh.

Kja uah mhoh pjotnkh mjagthrnh fh krgh`j uah dur-

duch mhyjr.

Ga kngrtj mj`j, sjmjs kjmj ua phrsntj g oh gkj-

ajmh mua`nho3 ajs honmgathmjs go rgstj go mua`j y

agkgsnthmjs mhatgagr oh nousna g qug go mua`j gpga`g

`g Gsth`js Wan`js y aj ho rgvs.

Pj`j oj qug tngag oh Tgsgrvh Eg`grho gs lhsjonah, y tj`j

go mua`j gspgrh qug go euglj sg hphlug. Gstj aj pug`g shonr

dnga

Ygtgr [kfn, prgsn gatg y ùgj g Gurj Yhknk Khpn-

tho, sgptngmdrg `g 4980 y hljstj `g 4987

Yhrh pjagr gstj ga trmnajs muy tkankjs3 gsthmjs

tj`js dhsthatgcj`n js

Tha hoo \rhy, gkjajmnsth g oh Wanvgrsnty je

Mnssjurn-Bhashs Knty

Heugrzh `g sgr rgpgtntnvh kjmj trhlg`nh y

kjmg`nh, oh fnstjrnh g ohs kjasgkugaknhs

lojdhogs g ua khmdnj ga oh pjotnkh mj-

agthrnh gsthùan`gasg, yh sgh gxphasnvj j rgstrnktn-

vj, gs erhakhmgatg tg njsh.

Oh prgluath, ga tj`j khsj, gs3 qu fha fg-

kfj ojs ljdngrajs phrh trhthr `g htgauhr y agu-

trhonzhr ojs gegktjs gsgsthdnonzh`jrgs qug lgagrha

ojs humgatjs j ohs dhchs ga ohs thshs `g natgrs

`g rgegrgaknh gsthùan`gasgs, qug `gtgrmnaha oh

jrngathkna `g ojs `gms r`ntjs, `gatrj y eugrh

`g gsg phs, y oh gxndnonzhkna j kjatrhkkna `g

ohs mg`n`hs mjagthrnhs aj kjavgaknjahogs, gatrg

goohs oh oohmh`h gxphasna kuhatnthtnvh (quhatnthtnvg

ghsnal, kuyh snloh ga nalos gs XG):

Ga su sgatn`j gxphasnvj, go sglua`j nastru-

mgatj sghoh`j gs ajrmhomgatg gmpogh`j pjr

holuajs dhakjs kgatrhogs phrh humgathr oh jegrth`g `nagrj y ohs rgsgrvhs `go snstgmh dhakhrnj. Yjr

mg`nj `g oh kjmprh `g djajs gmntn`js hatg-

Contralínea 456

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