Clase 2 the Indo Cultures

8/7/2019 Clase 2 the Indo Cultures

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Background.

y Even if it is common to start to address India from theIndo cultures times, stone age remains have beenfound.

y They belong to 10,o00 years b.C.

y Stricto sensu, the Indo cultures belong to prehistory,for they have only left archeological sites but noliterary documents.

y Only some seals have been found.

y They were, however, urban cultures that were asimportant as Pompey.


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Archeological Researches.y

Excavations in the Indo Valley began in 1921 and weredirected by Daya Ram Sahni in the city of Harapa.From 1922 on, the Indian archeologist were helped bysir John Marshall in Mohenjo Daro and continued afteran interruption of 15 years caused by the worlddepression and WW2 with the direction of sirMortimer Wheeler.


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Archeological Researches.y The national rupture in 1947 split the excavation

quests as well, leaving the classical cities of the Indocultures (Mohenjo, Daro and Harapa) in the side ofPakistan.

y The results of the excavations make us see that inancient Indian thought Politics, Religion, Astrologyand Astronomy were subsumed by the ontological one:The City Square was on the west side, the residentialside on the east, the streets laid from north to south,

and east to west.


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The Indo cultures.

y

The expansion of the Indo cultures goes from Rupar, atthe bottom of the Simla Mountains all the way tillSutkagen Dor, in the Southwest side and Kathiawar.

yAltogether it encloses a territory of more than 1,600

kms.y Skeletons found prove to be from proto-australoid

type, coming maybe from the subcontinent itself orthe Mediterranean or Mongolia. Even perhaps

Sumerian or Subarian.


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The Indo culture.y Houses were made out of brick and built upon high

basis (perhaps to be safe from the floods).

y They had bathrooms and canalization. Sometimesoven.

y

Segments outside the cities were dedicated to burials(Necropolis).

y Corpses were buried one by one which let us knowabout an individual consciousness.


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The Indo culture.

yIn the Indo Region 4 are thecultures that have beendistinguished, thanks to theircraftsmanship: 1) Amri, 2)Harappa, and Mohenjo Daro, 3)

Juhkar and 4) Jhangar.


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Amriy L

ocated in the region comprising the land betweenAmri and Beluchistan.

y Quetta was its main center.

y Flourished around the late part of the IV millennium

b. C.y Its craftsmanship was characterized by the usage of

yellow ceramic and its architecture by the utilization ofstone.


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Harappa Mohenjo Daro

y

Situated in the mid part of the third millenniumbefore Christ.

y Most of the seals found come from that period whichwere found in Tell Asmar, Ur, etc. (Mesopotamy).

y

It is therefore understood that they had a big contactwith the Acadians (2340 2200 b.C).

y Seals had scriptures on them.


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Jhukar and Jhangar

y

Seals are also found, but have inscriptions no more.y Their craftsmanship and architecture is simpler than

their predecessors.

y Materials were of shady colors, gray and black.


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y

These cultures didnt disappeared abruptly.y Only in Mohenjo Daro vestiges have been found that

let us know about a possible invasion and wardestruction. Skeletons of fallen warriors were found

without burial.y The conquerors didnt occupied the city and their

origin and identity remains unknown.


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The Indo cultures.y The Indo cultures had no slavery, but a tribute system that

small towns had to pay in goodsy Craftsmen were under salary and worked in royal

workshops.y Economy (trading which was international-,

manufacturing and industry) was urbanite.

y Akadian texts mention the trade that existed between Urand Tilum (Bahrein Islands) and comment Makkan andMelukha as trading centers.

y Danish excavations have proved Tilum was an emporium oftrade between Mesopotamy and the Indo.

y

The main products shared between those cultures were: ofivory, wood and exotic products like pearls, silver,turquoise, lapis lazuli From Persia and Afganistan, Jade from Central Asia and copper from Rajputana, Persia andArabia.


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Clase 2 the Indo Cultures

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