ANTONIO BRIZ El análisis de un texto oral coloquial

7/30/2019 ANTONIO BRIZ El análisis de un texto oral coloquial

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4

AN DGÄNLULU MA QG ]AV]K KXDN EKNKTQLDN

Dg}kglk Hxl

&Qglzaxulmdm ma Zdnageld @xqyk ZdnAuEk,

4' Lg}xkmqeelõg

Nnazdbku |d zdxlku dôku lg}ag}dgmk dhxlx qgd uagmd ag an jxkgmkuk hkutqa manmlueqxuk kxdn. ag ekgexa}k. ma nd ekgzaxudelõg eknktqldn hquedgmk qg bkmank ma hdua

yxd`bä}led tqa yaxbl}d dekba}ax ma bdgaxd ulu}abä}led uq mauexlyelõg | avynledelõg

Qgd yxkyqau}d `agaxdn dydxaelõ ag qg }xdhdok yqhnledmk ykx D Hxl ag 4<<6 ag au}d

blubd aml}kxldn. An auydôkn eknktqldn ag nd ekgzaxudelõg Auhkk ma yxd`bd`xdbä}led

An yxkyõul}k man `xqyk ma lgzau}l`delõg ZdnAuEk au dfkxd ekgua`qlx ag`dxdx au}a

dgänlulu yxa}agmlmdbag}a elag}âjlek ekg nd mljâeln }dxad mkeag}a ma dgdnldx ag endua nd

ekbqgledelõg kxdn |. ag ekgexa}k. nd ekgzaxudelõg. tqa gku zlaga lbyqau}d ma dn`ÿg

bkmk ekg nd xajkxbd ma nku yndgau ma au}qmlk }dg}k ag nd Qglzaxulmdm ekbk ag ndAguaôdgd Uaeqgmdxld

Au}a edyâ}qnk ekgu}l}q|a qgd yxkyqau}d mlmäe}led `agaxdn ma dgänlulu ma qgd

lg}axdeelõg ek}lmldgd. nd eqdn lgulu}a ag nd xag}dhlnlmdm ma avynk}dx ag endua elax}ku

faefku nlg`þâu}leku xandelkgdmku ekg an xa`lu}xk eknktqldn | an }lyk ma mlueqxuk ag tqa

bäu dq}ìg}ledbag}a ua bdgljlau}d. nd ekgzaxudelõg. duâ ekbk ag nd lgekxykxdelõg ma nd

yaxuyae}lzd yxd`bä}led ydxd avynledx }dnau faefku Ulxzd duâ blubk ma yxauag}delõg |

`qâd man dgänlulu bäu ekgexa}k tqa ma au}ku ua xadnld ag nku edyâ}qnku xau}dg}au

8' Nd anaeelõg ma nku bd}axldnau

Ulg mqmd. an bd}axldn häulek au nd ekgzaxudelõg `xdhdmd | }xdguexl}d &qgd bqau}xd ma

au}a }lyk ma bd}axldnau. ag Hxl. ekkxm 4<<1, Dfkxd hlag. ydxaea xaekbagmdhna ekbk

bkmk ma `xdmqdx ekgzaglag}abag}a gqau}xd aguaôdgd ma nk kxdn abyadx ykx nku

xajnaoku ma nd kxdnlmdm ag nku }av}ku auexl}ku. ma ndu bkmdnlmdmau nlg`þâu}ledu abynadmdu

ag ìu}ku |. ag ekgexa}k. ma nd eknktqldn Ma nk auexl}k | ekbk }xdgulelõg fdu}d nna`dx dn

au}qmlk ma au}ku xdu`ku ag nd ekgzaxudelõg auykg}ägad yqamag q}lnldxua dn`qgku mlänk`ku

ma xdmlk k }anazlulõg. eknktqlku. yxk`xdbdu tqa ykx uq lg}ag}k ma ekgae}dx xäylmdbag}a

Hxlz. Dg}kglk' &8999,? „An dgänlulu ma qg }av}k eknktqldn‒. ag »Eõbk ua ekbag}d qg }av}k

eknktqldn;. Dxlan. Hdxeankgd. yy' 8<"=6'



8

ekg an yÿhnlek gk mqmdg ag q}lnldx xa`lu}xku ykek andhkxdmku Annk gku uaxzlxä ma hdua

ydxd dhkxmdx ekg bäu `dxdg}âd ma avl}k an dgänlulu bäu ekbynaok man mlueqxuk

ekgzaxudelkgdn

Nd anaeelõg ma nku bd}axldnau ekgzaxudelkgdnau ekgu}l}q|a |d an yxlbaxk ma gqau}xku

yxkhnabdu Nadbku an jxd`bag}k ma &4,?

&4,

D? mkuelag}du bln yaua}du b'fa agekg}xdk au}a xanko

E? dnqelgd

D? || an fkbhxa gk gku mlok tqaa && ,,

E? »yaxk auk au ma qgd bdxed ma}axblgdmd kk

D? yqau mlok tqa axd qg xanko

hqagâulbk+ mlok tqa nd ylamxd aud tqa nnazd dfâ+ an fkbhxa gk gku mlok ykxtqa gk" endxk gk"gkuk}xku gk tqlulbku |d+ ykxtqa dn maelxgku aukendxk qu}amau nk ekbyxdxkg | udhxâdg nk

tqa nau eku}õ |d gk tqlua maelxnk »yaxk nd yaxnd au hqagd + an fkbhxa uâ tqa mlok au}d yaxnd

tqa nnazd dtqâ | ml`k au tqa" au tqa gk }laga GßBAXKU +| mleagkmlea yaxk au tqa au}d

yaxnd tqa nnazd dtqâ au}d yaxnd »udhau+++ | duâ ua tqamõ

Xadnbag}a. gk ua ag}lagma mabduldmk

Mauma }av}ku ekbk au}a gqau}xk dgänlulu yqama dzdgdx bq| ykek. ykx nku xalglelku |

xaandhkxdelkgau. dgdeknq}ku. ykx nd baend ma au}lnku ag nk tqa ydxaea qgd gdxxdelõg.

a}e3 ulg abhdx`k. gk au uõnk an ekbynaok ag}xdbdmk ulg}äe}lek nk tqa mljleqn}d uq

ekbyxagulõg. ulgk nd dquageld ma udhax ekbydx}lmk | ma ekg}av}k yxazlk Ul an nae}kx. ag

edbhlk. ekgkelaxd an ekg}av}k ma ekbqgledelõg yxaeluk | nd ul}qdelõg ag tqa }laga nq`dx.

au}k au. tqa D ua fd agekg}xdmk qg xanko ma kxk | tqa nk nnazd d qg xankoaxk ydxd tqa ua nk

}dua | tqa au}a na fd kjxaelmk ekbyxäxuank ykx mkuelag}du bln yaua}du. gk uõnk nna`dxâd d

ag}agmax nk yxlgelydn. ulgk tqa uaxâd edyd ma av}xdax dn`qgdu lgjaxageldu? an lg}ag}k ykx

ydx}a ma D ma keqn}dx dn xankoaxk uq yxkeamageld. ma azl}dx elax}du yxa`qg}du ydxd tqa au}a

gk ukuyaefa. bäu dÿg }xdu nd xauyqau}d tqa au}a fd mdmk? qu}amau nk ekbyxdxkg |

udhxâdg nk tqa nau eku}õ

D nd fkxd ma ana`lx nku bd}axldnau ma ekgzaxudelõg au jqgmdbag}dn. ykx }dg}k. yxaeludx

an ekg}av}k avde}k | nku udhaxau ekbydx}lmku ykx nku lg}axnkeq}kxau Gk ua knzlma tqa an

mleqxuk eknktqldn au}ä jqax}abag}a ukba}lmk dn ekg}av}k | tqa bqefku jagõbagku

nlg`þâu}leku eknktqldnau ua avynledg ma au}a bkmk Yndg}adx ag endua nd xaeqyaxdelõg man

bd}axldn nlg`þâu}lek tqa. `xdeldu dn ekg}av}k. au}ä anlmlmk. yqama uaxzlxgku ydxd

xajnavlkgdx. |d ag qg yxlbax deaxedblag}k. ukhxa nku jagõbagku ma anlyulu gk uõnk

`xdbd}ledn. ulgk ekg}av}qdn. ukhxa elax}ku yxkeamlblag}ku agmkjõxleku | avkjõxleku. a}e

5' Dn`qgdu ydq}du `agaxdnau ma de}qdelõg' Qgd `qâd ydxd an dgänlulu



5

Ag qgd ìyked ag nd tqa ydxaea tqa }kmk ua `nkhdnld. ua glzand. ua gaq}xdnld.

lgenqlmku nku zdxlku bkmku ma fdhndx. ydxaea jqgmdbag}dn. ykx qg ndmk. lg}ag}dx maunlgmdx

ag endua nku mlu}lg}ku xa`lu}xku. nku quku eknktqldnau ma k}xku bäu andhkxdmku |. nk tqa au

bäu lbykx}dg}a. tqa gqau}xku au}qmldg}au uadg edydeau ma abynadxnku dmaeqdmdbag}a aguq ekbqgledelõg a lg}axdeelõg mldxldu

Ykx k}xk ndmk. nd gaeaulmdm mkeag}a ma dgdnldx mlueqxuku kxdnau ekgzaxudelkgdnau. ma

deqaxmk d ndu gqazdu yxk`xdbdelkgau. lbykga an ekgkelblag}k ma uq (`xdbä}led(.

ag}agmlmd ekbk ekgoqg}k ma faefku nlg`þâu}leku ukba}lmku d qgd uaxla ma xa`ndu

ukelkyxd`bä}ledu | ma yax}lgageld ul}qdelkgdn. duâ ekbk ma uq au}xqe}qxd k ekgoqg}k ma

qglmdmau xandelkgdmdu nlgadn | oaxäxtqledbag}a

Au}du ukg dn`qgdu ma ndu de}lzlmdmau k ydq}du tqa yqamag `qâdx gqau}xk dgänlulu?

d, Anaeelõg ma nku bd}axldnau ma ekgzaxudelõg Uq ekg}av}qdnldelõg

h, Aoaxelelk ma xaekgkelblag}k ma dn`ÿg xdu`k ukelknae}dn | mldnae}dn &zqn`dxlubku.

mldnae}dnlubku. oax`d oqzagln…,. duâ ekbk man xa`lu}xk eknktqldn abynadmk'

e, Aoaxelelk ma lmag}ljledelõg ma axxkxau ag nku mlu}lg}ku yndgku `xdbd}lednau | ma

ekxxaeelõg ma nku blubku

m, Aoaxelelku ma uqu}l}qelõg man nìvlek S#eknktqldnR ykx uq ekxxauykgmlag}a S#jkxbdnR

a, Aoaxelelku ma }xdgujkxbdelõg ma dn`qgdu au}xqe}qxdu ulg}äe}ledu eknktqldnau ag k}xdu

bäu andhkxdmdu

j, Ekgzaxulõg ma }av}ku ekgzaxudelkgdnau mdmku S#jkxbdnauR ag k}xku S#eknktqldnauR

ekg xdu`ku tqa lmag}ljltqag nlg`þâu}ledbag}a d nku quqdxlku

`, Ekgzaxulõg ma }av}ku ekgzaxudelkgdnau mdmku S#eknktqldnauR ag k}xku S#jkxbdnauR

| anlblgdelõg ma nku xdu`ku ukelknae}dnau | mldnae}dnau avynâel}ku

f, Ekbyxkhdelõg | xaekgkelblag}k jlgdn ma nku edbhlku nlg`þâu}leku ma deqaxmk dn

xa`lu}xk abynadmk ag edmd eduk

Ekbk yqama khuaxzdxua. nku aoaxelelku yxauag}dg jlgdnlmdmau mljaxag}au?

" an au}qmlk ma ndu zdxlamdmau man nag`qdoa &mld}õyledu. mldu}xä}ledu | mldjäuledu,. ag

auyaeldn. man quk eknktqldn.

" an xaekgkelblag}k a lmag}ljledelõg ma ndu ekgu}dg}au nlg`þâu}ledu &ydxdnlg`þâu}ledu |

av}xdnlg`þâu}ledu, ag an blubk. yqau}du ulabyxa ag ekg}xdu}a ekg ndu ma xa`lu}xku bäu

andhkxdmku

=' Nku xajnaoku ma ndu zdxlamdmau ag an }av}k' Xa`lu}xku. ukelknae}ku | mldnae}ku

Au hlag udhlmk tqa nd nag`qd zdxâd ua`ÿg nd ul}qdelõg ma quk | ua`ÿg an quqdxlkFkxlkg}dnbag}a. ag nd nâgad ma nd zdxlamdm ma quk ag ul}qdelõg | ag zlx}qm ma elax}du



=

ekgmlelkgau ma yxkmqeelõg | xaeayelõg man mlueqxuk. }dnau ekbk nd xandelõg ma

yxkvlblmdm ag}xa nku ydx}lelydg}au. uq udhax | avyaxlageld ekbydx}lmku. an `xdmk ma

ek}lmldglmdm. ma yndgljledelõg. nd jlgdnlmdm ma nd ekbqgledelõg &lg}axyaxukgdn.

}xdgudeelkgdn,. ua mlu}lg`qag mku xa`lu}xku. an jkxbdn | an lgjkxbdn k eknktqldn

D }dnau zdxlamdmau ma quk ua dukeldg zax}lednbag}a ma}axblgdmdu uknlmdxlmdmaumldnae}dnau | ukelknlg`þâu}ledu tqa. d nd yku}xa. gk fdeag ulgk mljaxageldx bäu dÿg an

fdhnd ma nku lgmlzlmqku? an auydôkn ma qg dgmdnq ag xandelõg dn auydôkn ma qg

zdnageldgk3 an ma qg fdhndg}a ma glzan ukelkeqn}qxdn dn}k xauyae}k dn ma k}xk ma glzan hdok

\. ag jlg. ma nd lg}axuaeelõg ag dn`ÿg yqg}k man ekg}lgqqb ma }kmdu au}du zdxlamdmau

fkxlkg}dnau | zax}lednau xauqn}d qgd bkmdnlmdm ma fdhnd bäu ekgexa}d? ykx aoabynk. an

auydôkn eknktqldn ma qg dgmdnq. zdxõg. bd|kx ma 11 dôku. ma glzan ma nag`qd dn}k

1' An quqdxlk dg}a an auyaok ma nd nag`qd' Fdeld an dgänlulu ukelknlg`þâu}lek

Lglelabku gqau}xk dgänlulu ekg an xaekgkelblag}k ma nku xajnaoku ukelknlg`þâu}leku ag

nd ekgzaxudelõg SXH50H4R Gk uaxä mljâeln dmlzlgdx d ydx}lx ma elax}ku md}ku

nlg`þâu}leku | av}xdnlg`þâu}leku dn`qgdu ma ndu edxde}axâu}ledu ukelknõ`ledu. eqn}qxdnau

&au}xd}k dn}k. bamlk k hdok,. ma amdm &≭81. 81"11. 711,. an uavk. lgenquk nd yxkeamageld k

yax}agageld d qgd ekbqglmdm ma fdhnd ma}axblgdmd `ak`xäjledbag}a ma dn`qgku ma nku

ydx}lelydg}au ag qgd ekgzaxudelõg

Nku jxaeqag}au zqn`dxlubku k nku aveauku jkgkulg}äe}leku. lgenquk dn`ÿg tqa k}xk

dxedâubk k jkxbd dg}l`qd ag mauquk ag ndu lg}axzagelkgau ma D &tqlau. yqa. }agâk. yku.

}k. gd. yd. ba u'fd edâmk3 y'dnnä. yk'n. b'agekg}xdk. yk'n3 d yxlbaxâdu3 ag }k}dn…, ukg

lgmledmkxau ma uq glzan ukelkeqn}qxdn hdok Ul gku jlodbku dfkxd ag uq bkmk ma ekg}dx |

ag ndu lgmledelkgau maxlzdmdu man yxkylk ekg}av}k. au ykulhna ekgenqlx tqa gk yax}agaea d

qg au}xd}k ma amdm okzag Ul d annk ua dôdma dfkxd an abynak ma elax}du zkeau k

avyxaulkgau ekbk au qgd bkgaxâd. ekgenqlxabku tqa au bqoax

Ekbk zabku. elax}ku md}ku nlg`þâu}leku yqamag nna`dx }dbhlìg d xajnaodx an `ìgaxk k

uavk man fdhndg}a Ykx aoabynk. an abynak man uqjlok mlblgq}lzk "l}k. nku gqbaxl}ku man

zldoau | nku zdxlku quku ma "lg ag nd avyxaulõg ma E. yatqaôâg. yatqaôlgau. ekgu}l}q|ag.

dtqâ | ag au}a eduk. qgd bdxed ukelknae}dn man uavk bqoax Ekbk nk au }dbhlìg an abynak

ykx ydx}a ma H man dyand}lzk efled Tqa E | H yax}agaeag d qg au}xd}k ma amdm bäu k

bagku okzag ua ekbyxqahd. ykx aoabynk. dn khuaxzdx nd yxauageld ma elax}du jkxbdu

nìvledu ekbk ¤zd|d }and$. dnqelgd. bk`knnõg. yandu Duâ }dbhlìg. dn`qgdu ma ndu

avyxaulkgau abynadmdu ykx nku blubku | }dbhlìg ykx M. |k ylaguk ag yxlgelylk…. au ma

qgd bdxed ma}axblgdmd. tqa }a nk }duag. gk tqlulaxd mauyxagmaxba… yaxbl}ag

ekgulmaxdx tqa ykuaag qg glzan ukelkeqn}qxdn gk hdok

Jlgdnbag}a. an nag`qdoa xajnaod dn`qgdu edxde}axâu}ledu mldnae}dnau | elax}ku faefkumaxlzdmku man ekg}de}k ma nag`qdu Ykx aoabynk. }dg}k D ekbk E abynadg dn`qgdu zkeau



1

ed}dndgk"zdnageldgdu. hì. mlq. a}e. tqa yaxbl}ag uq dmuexlyelõg d mlefd äxad nlg`þâu}led

Ua }xd}d ma jagõbagku ma edbhlk ma eõml`k &zìdua an edy 48. mamledmk d au}d eqau}lõg,

Ekbk yqama dyxaeldxua. ua }xd}d uõnk ma qgd yxäe}led ma xaekgkelblag}k ma nd

zdxldelõg ukelknae}dn | mldnae}dn. au maelx. ydxd bku}xdx. tqa gk mabku}xdx. elax}ku faefku

ma ekzdxldelõg ukelknlg`þâu}led &ag Hxl. 4<<:? :1":0. | @õba Bknlgd. 4<<0. yqamagagekg}xdxua k}xdu yxäe}ledu ulblndxau,

:' Nd (`xdbä}led( man auydôkn eknktqldn ag an }av}k' Ndu ekgu}dg}au nlg`þâu}ledu

Gqau}xk dgänlulu ag endua yqama eag}xdxua bäu }dxma ag an xaekgkelblag}k ma ndu

jxaeqageldu k ekgu}dg}au nlg`þâu}ledu. duâ ekbk ag ndu au}xd}a`ldu tqa ag kedulkgau au}du

auekgmag Nk tqa ul`qa au uõnk qgd yxauag}delõg man bkmqu kyaxdgml ukhxa au}d auyaela

ma `xdbä}led ma nd ekgzaxudelõg | d uq za qgd lg}xkmqeelõg d dn`qgku ma nku }abdu tqauaxäg }xd}dmku ekg bäu ma}dnna | avfdqu}lzlmdm ag nku edyâ}qnku ul`qlag}au Gqau}xd

yxkyqau}d ua kx`dgld }aglagmk ag eqag}d ndu mluelynlgdu k glzanau nlg`þâu}leku

au}dhnaelmku ydxd nd mauexlyelõg àgaxdn ma nd nag`qd? glzan nìvlek"uabäg}lek.

bkxjkulg}äe}lek | jõglek. ulg knzlmdx. ykx annk. tqa eqdntqlax jkxbd nlg`þâu}led zd

dukeldmd ag quk d qgd jqgelõg ekbqgled}lzd

Ag ajae}k. qg au}qmlk au}xle}dbag}a `xdbd}ledn uqykga qgd xajnavlõg ukhxa nd nag`qd.

an dgänlulu man quk "nd ekgzaxudelõg au qgd ma uqu bdgljau}delkgau mlueqxulzdu" avlà

dmabäu qgd xajnavlõg ukhxa nku baedglubku au}xd}ì`leku tqa ua abynadg dn fdhndx

&de}qdx, | ukhxa }kmk dn lg}axde}qdx ekg dn`qlag Auk au nk tqa |k ag}lagmk ykx (dgänlulu

yxd`bä}lek ma qg }av}k(

:4 Glzan nìvlek Qg xayduk ukhxa an }av}k ma ndu jxaeqageldu nìvledu eknktqldnau

Au xaekbagmdhna lgleldx gqau}xd dgmdmqxd ykx an glzan nìvlek. ykx uax an tqa yxauag}d

bagku ekbynaolmdm "ul nk ekbydxdbku ekg an ulg}äe}lek" | ykxtqa uq mauexlyelõg yqama

doqu}dxua d nku bkmanku au}dhnaelmku ykx ndu `xdbä}ledu | nku zkedhqndxlku. au maelx. an

au}qmlk ma nku edbyku nìvleku. exadelõg ma ydndhxdu. gaknk`lubku. a}e Dmabäu. ag qgd

yxlbaxd dyxkvlbdelõg dn au}qmlk ma nku faefku eknktqldnau ag qg }av}k. ukg ulabyxa nku

duyae}ku nìvleku. ukhxa }kmk ul au}ku yxauag}dg dn`qgd ydx}leqndxlmdm dx`õ}led k oax`dn. nku

tqa ua mau}dedg ma jkxbd lgbamld}d k yxlbaxk nndbdg nd d}agelõg man au}qmldg}a

Ag an dgänlulu nìvlek"uabäg}lek ma qgd ekgzaxudelõg ekgzlaga abyadx uaôdndgmk?

" ykx qg ndmk. an äxad k äxadu }abä}ledu mkblgdg}au ag an }av}k. tqa ykx nk àgaxdn

au}dxäg xandelkgdmdu ekg faefku | yxkhnabdu ma nd zlmd mldxld &}ìg`dua ag eqag}d tqa an

nìvlek au qgk ma nku xaeqxuku tqa ykuaa an fdhndg}a ydxd kx`dgldx nd lgjkxbdelõg | tqa

ulxza bäu }dxma dn au}qmlkuk ydxd au}qmldx nd au}xqe}qxd man bagudoa,. |



:

" ykx k}xk. nd xamqeelõg | uanaeelõg tqa uqjxa an nìvlek ekbÿg3 xamqeelõg. d zaeau

mahlmd d nd auedud mluykglhlnlmdm nìvled man lg}axnkeq}kx. tqa ua uqyna ekg an dqbag}k ma

nd edydelmdm ul`gljled}lzd | an abynak àgìxlek ma elax}du zkeau. ykx àu}ku. a}e

Dn flnk ma nk dg}axlkx. gqau}xk dgänlulu yqama lgulu}lx ag an au}qmlk ma dn`qgdu

jxaeqageldu nìvledu eknktqldnau. mau}dedgmk. ykx aoabynk?" an abynak ma elax}ku ekbkmlgau. yxkjkxbdu tqa ulxzag ydxd avyxaudxnk }kmk k edul

}kmk &}agax. fdhax. fdeax. hlefk. ekud. au}k. auk. audu ekudu. m“auku. duâ… ,3

" }kmk qg ekgoqg}k ma ydndhxdu tqa yxauag}dg duâ blubk an xdu`k S#eknktqldnR &ekby

nku mkhna}au? ul}lk+nq`dx3 baokx+yxajaxlhna3 duâ+ma au}a bkmk3 edul+dyagdu3

maodx+yaxbl}lx? yxlbaxk+ag yxlbax nq`dx? d nk baokx+tqlzäu3 k uad+au}k au3…,. dn`qgdu

ma ndu eqdnau yxkeamag ma nìvleku auyaeldnau. dx`õ}leku. gaknk`lubku uabäg}leku.

av}xdgoaxlubku. mldnae}dnlubku. k ukg ba}äjkxdu ma nd zlmd ek}lmldgd… &agxknndxua

(ag}dhndx xandelkgau dbkxkudu(3 eq}xa (uqelk(. (ma bdnd ednlmdm(3 dnqelgdmk(ukxyxagmlmk(3 &ma, dnqelga (mlzax}lmk(3 bqaxbk (dhqxxlmk(3 bk`knnõg (bqefk. `xdg

edg}lmdm ma dn`k(3 hked}d (hkedmlnnk(3 clnk (blnnõg ma yaua}du(3 dhxlxua (bdxefdxua(3

eqxxdx (}xdhdodx(. (ya`dx(3 }xlgedx | ylnndx (ekàx(3 hdued (`xqyk ma yaxukgdu(3 }dna`k

(eäxean(. (hlnna}a ma bln yaua}du(3 efqyd (efdtqa}d. eddmkxd(3 edbannk (}xdjledg}a ma

mxk`du(3 bdg`ql (ndmxõg(3 ¤nd bdxa tqa zd$3 fd| tqa ekàx an }kxk ykx nku eqaxgku3

nnqaza d eäg}dxku3 au}ä bäu efqydmk tqa nd ylyd ma qg lgmlk3 gk za }xau ag qg hqxxk3 au

qg `dnnlgd3 au}ä ukxmk ekbk qgd }dyld3 na eku}õ qg kok ma nd edxd… , Gõ}aua tqa d nd

bdxed eknktqldn ma dn`qgdu ma au}du zkeau k avyxaulkgau eknktqldnau ua qgag k}xdu

bdxedu ukelknae}dnau | mldnae}dnau &ykx aoabynk. nd ma nd amdm. nd ma nd yxkeamageld

zdnageldgd man quqdxlk tqa ndu abynad, Elax}dbag}a. qgd qglmdm nìvled "an agqgeldmk

nlg`þâu}lek ag àgaxdn" gk au uõnk qg ul`gljledmk. ulgk tqa fd| zdxldu lgjkxbdelkgau }xdu

annd. qgku quqdxlku. qgku au}lnku |. ekg jxaeqageld. dmabäu qg yxkyõul}k Yxkyõul}k

jxdedudmk an ma nd bqoax tqa. ma yduk ykx an Ekx}a Lg`nìu. na mlea dn bdxlmk? Edxlôk. fa

zlu}k qg }xdoa k|a yxaelkuk. | au}a xauykgmlagmk nl}axdnbag}a d uqu ydndhxdu mlea? Df

bq| hlag. nd zaxmdm au tqa fd| bqefku }xdoau hkgl}ku Nd xauyqau}d nl}axdn. dg}au tqa qg

jxdeduk ekgzaxudelkgdn. mauk|a an zaxmdmaxk yxkyõul}k ma nd auykud &nd ekbyxd man }xdoa,.

d nd za tqa uqykga qg baedglubk au}xd}ì`lek ydxd `dgdx ag an oqa`k lg}axdeelkgdn

Qg yduak ykx gqau}xd ekgzaxudelõg gku yaxbl}a av}xdax dn`qgdu ma audu jkxbdu

ul`gljled}lzdbag}a av}agudu. zaxhd kbglhqu. ekbk ndu magkblgdhd Halgfdqax. k

yxkjkxbdu &yxk"uqu}dg}lzku. yxk"zaxhku. yxk"dmoa}lzku. yxk"dmzaxhlku. yxk"agqgeldmku,?

fdeax. auk. aud. dfâ. dn`k?

&8, Fdeax jlok3 fdeax qg ekg}xd}k3 flelbku qgd edxd }k&mk,u3 dn ndk ma au}a au tqa fdea mku3 auk uaxä qg

xqhâ3 dn maelxgku auk3 nd ylamxd aud3 nd ylamxd tqa nnazd dfâ3 tqa d nk baokx jqaa nd yknleâd ma}xäu k

dn`k



0

Ag nd yxkyqau}d mlmäe}led ykmxâd yndg}adxua qg aoaxelelk. ma `xdg xagmlblag}k nìvlek"

uabäg}lek. ma uqu}l}qelõg ma nd yxkjkxbd ykx nd jkxbd yxaelud | bäu andhkxdmd3 ykx

aoabynk fdeax qg ekg}xd}k+ ekg}xd}dx. auk &uaxä qg xqhâ,+ nd ylamxd man xanko…. &nd

ylamxd tqa nnazd, dfâ+ lgexqu}dmd An xdu`k S#eknktqldnR au dyxaeldhna ag zkeau | avyxaulkgau ekbk ndu xaek`lmdu ag &5,?

&5,

ul}lk

l`qdn

nd zaxmdm au tqa

d nk baokx

dn nd&m,k ma au}ank mlok ma&ykx, edefkgmak

an }âk aua

}kmku ua ba}ag ekg annd

ua yquk d xaâx

na mlaxkg nd gk}leld

jqa hdodx man ekefa | zaxnk

au}k| tqa ul ag}xk k gk ag}xk

Ua }xd}d ma jxaeqageldu nìvledu eknktqldnau k ma zkeau bäu mluykglhnau &ag an edy = ua

maudxxknnd dbynldbag}a au}a }abd,. tqa ag endua ykmxâdg ekbydxdxua ekg ndu

ekxxauykgmlag}au S#jkxbdnauR?

d, Hqutqa qg atqlzdnag}a bäu andhkxdmk?

Atqlzdnag}au bäu andhkxdmku uaxâdg. xauyae}lzdbag}a? nq`dx. ykulhnabag}a. ag

zaxmdm. tqlä. oqg}k d. ma efdgd k hxkbd. nd yaxukgd ag eqau}lõg. }kmku nd bknau}dg k

lgekxmldg. ekbagõ d xaâx. na gk}ljledxkg. nk zlk lgbamld}dbag}a mauyqìu ma hdodx man

ekefa. mqmk ma ag}xdx

h, Ma k}xk bkmk. eknktqa nd a}ltqa}d S#eknktqldnR k S#jkxbdnR ag au}ku ydxau ma

aoabynku? ul}lk+nq`dx. d nk baokx+tqläu. a}e

Ag an quk eknktqldn. ukg jxaeqag}au ndu lg}aguljledelkgau Bqefk au bk`knnõg. nk

hkgl}k au qgd bkgaxâd. nk hqagk au qgd bdxdzlnnd. nd hxkbd k efdgd au edefkgmak | nk

mlzax}lmk au ma dnqelga D }xdzìu ma xaeqxuku jkgì}leku. bkxjknõ`leku. ulg}äe}leku. nìvlek"

uabäg}leku. jxduaknõ`leku. a}e. an fdhndg}a xajqaxd uq dx`qbag}delõg. nk tqa mlea k nd

de}l}qm tqa bdg}laga ag nd ga`keldelõg. | duâ }dbhlìg an deqaxmk k an maudeqaxmk?



6

&=,

bk`knnõg

bkgaxâd

qgd bdxdzlnnd

bagqmd uabdgdmauma nqa`k fdhìlu }aglmk qgd uqax}a

ua`qxk ua`qxk dÿg gk nk uì

yqau }kbd edefkgmak

¤tqì zd$

Gk av}xdôd ag au}a uag}lmk tqa qgd | k}xd za nku lg}axnkeq}kxau xaeqxxdg d

avyxaulkgau avendbd}lzdu. bdgljau}delkgau ulg}kbä}ledu and}lzldmdu? »Uâll; ¤Tqì

HLLAAG$. ¤bdmxa bâd$. ¤zd|d }and$. dn`qgdu ma edxäe}ax jxduaknõ`lek &Ydxd an dgänlulujxduaknõ`lek. zìdua edy 0,

\ aua nìvlek jxaeqag}a md ekhlok d elax}du zkeau dx`õ}ledu | oax`dnau. ndu eqdnau ag

kedulkgau gku }xdgubl}ag. ua`ÿg uaôdnähdbku bäu dxxlhd. dn`qgku md}ku ukelknae}dnau?

dnqelgd. bk`knnõg. yandu. dyqg}dg nd amdm okzag ma mku ma gqau}xku yxk}d`kglu}du. H | E

&Ydxd qg au}qmlk bäu ma}dnndmk ma nku yxìu}dbku ma au}ku nag`qdoau | ma k}xdu nag`qdu.

duâ ekbk ma elax}ku gaknk`lubku jkxbdnau. zìdua an edy :,

\ ndu ydndhxdu ua baendg ekg lbä`agau. dydxaea duâ nd ba}äjkxd ek}lmldgd. qg bkmk

ulg}ì}lek | ulbyna ma kjxaeax nd lgjkxbdelõg ma bln ydndhxdu? ydxaea tqa }õ gku zag`d

xkmdgmk. tqamdxua ma ylamxd &An edy 1 ua mamled âg}a`xdbag}a d uq dgänlulu,

\ nd ydndhxd maueqhxa an ag}kxgk `ak`xäjlek"nlg`þâu}lek ma nku fdhndg}au. uad ykx an

edbhlk k lbl}delõg ma k}xk eõml`k? au}é hì. mlq. uad ykxtqa nd ydndhxd lg}axjlaxa ekg k}xd?

abyaõ ekg edefkgmak ag an mlefkuk xanko &lg}axjaxageld ag an quk yxaykulelkgdn? ag ykx

ekg, &Ukhxa mlefd eqau}lõg }xd}d an edy 48,

\ ndu fd| tqa ekg}xkndg ekg}lgqdbag}a an ekg}de}k. nndbdmdu ma d}agelõg. xaeqxuku

jä}leku k dyand}lzku ekbk k|a. jâod}a. »af; »gk; »udhau;

Dn flnk ma nk dg}axlkx. yqamag uax yxkmqe}lzdu ag endua dn`qgdu de}lzlmdmau yxäe}leduekbk?

d, Mauexlhd nku xaeqxuku ma lg}aguljledelõg ag an }av}k

h, Edbhla an }ìxblgk and}lzldmk ykx k}xk gaq}xk k gk bdxedmk ag xandelõg ekg nd

lg}aguljledelõg »Khuaxzd dn`qgd yìxmlmd ma lgjkxbdelõg;

e, Av}xdl`d | avynltqa ndu (ba}äjkxdu gqau}xdu ma edmd mâd(

m, Uqu}l}q|d nd ba}äjkxd ykx an ulgõglbk k avyxaulõg ulgkgâbled #+" eknktqldn

ekxxauykgmlag}a Ul maodbku ma qudx nd ba}äjkxd. »ua bkmljled nd lgjkxbdelõg k an ajae}k

yxd`bä}lek tqa ua mauad }xdgubl}lx; »ua dn}axd mauma an yqg}k ma zlu}d au}xd}ì l̀ek;



<

Dn`qgdu ma ndu yxa`qg}du dg}axlkxau yxa}agmag lgulu}lx ag nd xandelõg ag}xa ndu jkxbdu

nlg`þâu}ledu | uqu jqgelkgau ekbqgled}lzdu. gk uõnk ag an tqì ulgk ag an ykxtqì k

jlgdnlmdm ma uq quk

a, Xaekgked ndu zkeau dx`õ}ledu | oax`dnau Lg}ag}a yxaeludx uq äbhl}k ma quk. lgenquk

dn quqdxlk ma ndu blubdu &ej nag`qdoa ma nku au}qmldg}au. ma nku oõzagau ag àgaxdn. man}kxak. man jÿ}hkn. ma nd manleqageld…,' Ylagua ag dn`ÿg }ìxblgk k avyxaulõg man au}ägmdx

#+" jkxbdn tqa eklgelmd. dn bagku. ag uq ul`gljledmk xayxauag}d}lzk

:8 Glzan ulg}äe}lek

Ma nd ulg}dvlu eknktqldn yxauag}dxì dn`qgku faefku nlg`þâu}leku ma `xdg xag}dhlnlmdm

ydxd an dgänlulu ma eqdntqlax ekgzaxudelõg eknktqldn. tqa uaxäg au}qmldmku ekg bd|kx

yxkjqgmlmdm ag edyâ}qnku yku}axlkxau. dn`qgku xand}lzku d nd ekgu}xqeelõg. ekgae}kxau &uazqanza ukhxa an }abd ag an edy 6,. kxmag ma ydndhxdu &edy <,. xaeqxuku maâe}leku &edy

49,. | k}xku xandelkgdmku ekg nd au}xqe}qxd man }av}k. bäu ekgexa}dbag}a. ndu uaeqageldu

ma flu}kxld &edy 8. ydxd an dgänlulu ma ndu qglmdmau ma nd ekgzaxudelõg ag àgaxdn. | edy

5. man xand}k mxdbd}ldmk. ekbk qglmdm uaeqageldn,

Nku mlu}lg}ku duyae}ku tqa ua }xd}dg ag edmd qgk ma au}ku }abdu gk ukg ulgk baxdu

uqàxageldu mauexly}lzdu |. d zaeau. avynled}lzdu ydxd uq yxauag}delõg ag endua

:84 Nku ekgae}kxau yxd`bä}leku

Nd ekgzaxudelõg au qgd ga`keldelõg ykx | ydxd an deqaxmk Ma dfâ tqa. ekg k}xku

dq}kxau. fd|dbku djlxbdmk ag zdxldu kedulkgau tqa fdhndx au dx`qbag}dx. mdx

dx`qbag}ku ydxd qgd ekgenqulõg Ag ajae}k. }kmk mlueqxuk yxäe}lek }laga qgd lg}agelõg.

lgenquk eqdgmk dn`qlag mlea tqa uõnk fdhnd ykx fdhndx. | }kmk ua mluykga ag au}a ydxd

nk`xdx an jlg k ba}d yxazlu}ku Yqau hlag. nku ekgae}kxau. dmabäu ma anabag}ku ma qglõg

ag}xa nku agqgeldmku ma qg }av}k |. ykx }dg}k. ma ekfaulõg man blubk. ukg bqefdu zaeau

bdxedu. d nd za tqa xajqaxku. ma aud de}lzlmdm dx`qbag}d}lzd. man yxkeauk

dx`qbag}d}lzk tqa ua ul`qa ag nd ekgzaxudelõg Au}ku ekgae}kxau dx`qbag}d}lzku

" lg}xkmqeag dx`qbag}ku

" lg}xkmqeag ekgenqulkgau

Ag an lg}axedbhlk yxa`qg}d"xauyqau}d ma &1,.

&1,

D? »zdlu d lx d nd xaqglõg ma dg}l`qku dnqbku an zalg}luìlu ag Uazlnnd;

A? uâ tqlaxk+ yaxk gk }ag`k yandu



49

Y? yqau blxd |k abylak blu zdedelkgau an tqlgea+ duâ tqa |k uâ tqa lxì+ ykxtqa }ag`k `dgdu ma

zax d nku dbl`qa}au ma ag}kgeau | }kbdx qgdu ekydu ekg annku | xaekxmdx zlaoku }labyku+

dmabäu tqa ba dya}aea zaxna nd edxd d nku `qdyku | `qdydu ma ag}kgeau

nd lg}axzagelõg ma A au qg bkzlblag}k ekgeaulzk"kykul}lzk D yaudx ma nd ekgeaulõg & uâ tqlaxk,. A gk ydxaea au}dx mluyqau}k d zldodx. ua`ÿg ua mauyxagma man dx`qbag}k

dg}lkxlag}dmk &gk }ag`k yandu, Yaxk. an ekgae}kx yxk}k}âylek ma kykulelõg k xau}xleelõg

bäu jxaeqag}a ag nd ekgzaxudelõg. bdxed nd el}dmd dg}lkxlag}delõg Ag edbhlk. Y

xauykgma djlxbd}lzdbag}a d nd eqau}lõg yndg}admd ykx D (Uâ( au nd ekgenqulõg avynâel}d

ag au}a eduk ma }kmd nd lg}axzagelõg ma Y | mlefd ekgenqulõg au}ä bdxedmd ykx an ekgae}kx

duâ tqa ]kmd qgd uaxla ma dx`qbag}ku ekkxlag}dmku ua dôdmag ekg an jlg ma oqu}ljledx

mlefd xauyqau}d &(}ag`k zdedelkgau(. (zax d nku dbl`qa}au(. (}kbdx qgdu ekydu ekg

annku(. (xaekxmdx(. a}e,. dn`qgku ma au}ku lg}xkmqelmku ykx ekgae}kxau An ykxtqa.ekgae}kx ma oqu}ljledelõg ykx aveanageld. bdxed a lg}xkmqea an ua`qgmk ma nku

dx`qbag}ku Ekgae}kxau ekbk |. dmabäu. dml}lzku. yaxbl}ag an dôdmlmk ma k}xku

agqgeldmku ekg nd blubd kxlag}delõg dx`qbag}d}lzd

Ua`ÿg nk dg}axlkx | ekbk |d dmandg}ähdbku. ag}xa nku ekgae}kxau dx`qbag}d}lzku fd|

qgku tqa lg}xkmqeag dx`qbag}ku. d zaeau kxlag}dmku fdeld qgd blubd ekgenqulõg | k}xdu

zaeau dg}lkxlag}dmku. | nku fd| }dbhlìg tqa lg}xkmqeag qgd ekgenqulõg

Yqama gk}dxua. ukhxa gqau}xk }av}k. an zdnkx ma lg}xkmqeelõg | xajqaxk ekgenqulzk tqa

yxauag}d yqau ag ndu }xau lg}axzagelkgau ma H. xaek`lmdu ag &:,?

&:,

&uaôdnd D tqa an xankoaxk na kjxaeâd mkuelag}du bln yaua}du ykx an xanko,

H? yqau Yayl}d ul ìn }a mdhd mkuelag}du au ykxtqa an xanko zdna bamlk clnk ua`qxk »af ua`qxk

H? yqau ua`qxk tqa au an mkhna ma mlgaxk ua`qxk »af

H? &(ul an xanko }a `qu}d | gk gaeaul}du an mlgaxk(, efled yqau tqìmd}ank

Duâ blubk. yqama khuaxzdxua an zdnkx oqu}ljled}lzk tqa yxauag}dg nku agqgeldmku

lg}xkmqelmku ykx ykxtqa ag &0,?

&0,

D? |k ml`k+ |d zaxäu au}a ba}axä nd yd}d++ ykxtqa au tqa nk tqa ydud gk udShabku 2R

H? SuâlR

D? 2 bag]LX ykxtqa }ÿjâod}a bl bdxlmk eqdgmk na mlok d ìn Snk tqa 2R

H? SendxkRD? 2 zdnâd an fkbhxa ag ua`qlmd ekg}au}õ eqdgmk qu}amau nk ekbyxdxkg + blxd ul udhxâd



44

Nd ba}d | an ekgoqg}k ma agqgeldmku mlxl`lmku ajledbag}a ydxd dnedgdxnd

ekgu}l}q|ag nd de}lzlmdm dx`qbag}d}lzd ma qg }av}k Dfkxd hlag. d mlefk yxkeauk ua qga

k}xk tqa }laga tqa zax ekg nd jkxbqndelõg man mlueqxuk ekgzaxudelkgdn. ulg mqmd. qgd

jkxbqndelõg nd ma au}a }lyk mlueqxulzk tqa ua yxkmqea dn lgu}dg}a. edxd d edxd. tqa ua yndgljled ukhxa nd bdxefd |. duâ yqau. yxauag}d aueduk ekg}xkn ma nd yxkmqeelõg ma fdhnd

D mlefd de}lzlmdm jkxbqnd}lzd ua zlgeqnd nd ua`qgmd ma ndu jqgelkgau àgaxdnau man

ekgae}kx yxd`bä}lek. nd tqa ma jkxbd àgaxdn fabku nndbdmk jqgelõg ba}dmlueqxulzd.

ekbk anabag}k dfkxd ma mabdxedelõg | ma ukykx}a ma nd yxk`xaulõg man mlueqxuk. man

lglelk. ekg}lgqdelõg k elaxxa ma nku }qxgku. lg}axzagelkgau. lg}axedbhlku | ma ndu

uaeqageldu ma qgd ekgzaxudelõg

Ag}xa au}ku }âyleku bdxedmkxau ma yxk`xaulõg. tqa xa`qndg an dzdgea nag}k. yaxk

ua`qxk. man mlueqxuk. ua ageqag}xdg nku magkblgdmku xajkxbqndmkxau &hqagk. ykx elax}k.ag}kgeau. ag jlg. tqlaxk maelx. bäu endxk. ag k}xdu ydndhxdu. ydxd yxaeludx. ekbk fdhìlu

mlefk. tqlaxk maelx qgd ekud. ml`k. au}k au. k uad. au maelx. ykx duâ maelx&nk,. d|,. d }xdzìu

ma nku eqdnau an fdhndg}a&k|ag}a, yqama edbhldx. xae}ljledx. xaeqyaxdx. yxaeludx. avynledx d

bkmk ma ydxäjxdulu. xakxlag}dx |d uad qg }abd. qg de}k k de}ku dx`qbag}d}lzku. lgenquk

qgd de}l}qm

Zknzlagmk d gqau}xd ekgzaxudelõg. yqama khuaxzdxua tqa nd yxk`xaulõg ma nd gdxxdelõg

ma nd flu}kxld yxlgelydn &an fdnnd`k ma qg xanko | nd }dudelõg man blubk, ua nk`xd

bamldg}a ekgae}kxau ekg}lgqd}lzku. an bäu jxaeqag}a au | &ekby 6, Ul fd| tqa

xae}ljledx. xakxlag}dx k ag àgaxdn xajkxbqndx ua xaeqxxa. ekbk ag &6, | &<,. d hqagk. ag

}k}dn &an abynak ma au}a ekgae}kx au}ä ag xandelõg ekg an ukelknae}k hdok man fdhndg}a D,.

ul hlag an yxlbaxk. ua`ÿg ua khuaxzd ag &49,. }dbhlìg dmtqlaxa ag an }av}k an zdnkx ma

bdxed ma elaxxa ekgzaxudelkgdn?

&6,

D? nk tqa ydud au tqa ulg nd uda}d++ | mleaau tqa gk }laga ua`qgmaxk m'auku | ml`k uâ ml`k |d nk

uì | ìn mlea duâ gk ua gk}d ul zd k gk zdhqagk abyaõ an }âk dnnâ d mdxna zqan}du | bl

eqôä" bl eqôdk »TQÌ zdna ykek zaxmä; zdna ykek + zdna ykekk | dtqan fkbhxa ua xaâd

mle&a, fkbhxa d auk man hknulnnk edmd qgk udhxä nk tqa na eku}õ++ |k ml`k+ |d zaxäu au}a

ba}axä nd yd}d+ ykxtqa au tqa nk tqa ydud gk udShabku 2R

H? SuâlR

D? 2 bag]LX ykxtqa }ÿjâod}a bl bdxlmk eqdgmk na mlok d ìn Snk tqa 2R

H? SendxkR

D? 2 zdnâd an fkbhxa ag ua`qlmd ekg}au}õ eqdgmk qu}amau nk ekbyxdxkg + blxd ul udhxâd+ AG

]K]DN tqa an fkbhxa mlea blxa ulg blxdxnk ulg ykgaxna nd uda}d++ | mlea mkuelag}du bln

yaua}du ul tqlaxa ua nk mk| |k



48

&<,

H? uâ |kk fkkbhxa |k ylaguk ag yxlgelylk ul uaxâd ma kxk

D? MA KXK ¤tqì zd$ hqagk nd ekxxad uâ tqa axd hqagk ma kxk

&49,

D? hqagk zk| d ua`qlx |k

H? Szdna Yayl}dR

A? SzddnaR

Ag &44,. nd yxlbaxd dydxlelõg man ekgae}kx k|a yaxbl}a nd xajkxbqndelõg | dôdmlmk

zdnkxd}lzk3 an ua`qgmk abynak ua yxauag}d ekg qg zdnkx xajkxbqnd}lzk ml`xaulzk bäu

ekgexa}k Ua }xd}d ma qg ekgae}kx tqa. dmabäu ma uax qgd nndbdmd ma d}agelõg. yaxbl}a dE lg}xkmqelx qg gqazk }õylek mlueqxulzk k. ma k}xk bkmk. nndbd nd d}agelõg ukhxa an

gqazk }abd?

&44,

D? nk fdg faefk jlok d bl bdxlmk

H? ¤DD\\$ ¤TQÌ DNA@XÂD »ykx tqì gk ba nk fdu SMLEFK 2R

D? S&XLUDU,R

H? 2 jâod}a an k}xk mâd ekbag}ägmknk »af;+ k|a yqau au}dxä Sekg}ag}k an fkbhxa »gk 2R

D? Sekg}ag}k && ,, uâR

H? 2 ¤zd|d }and

E? k|a »nku gqbaxl}ku man zldoa

Ag `agaxdn. ua`ÿg ua mauyxagma ma nk dg}axlkx. nd jqgelõg ma nku ekgae}kxau ag qg

}av}k ua zlgeqnd d nd de}lzlmdm dx`qbag}d}lzd | mlueqxulzd ag an blubk Uq dgänlulu uaxä.

ykx }dg}k. bäu uagelnnk ul yxazldbag}a ua yxaelud mlefd de}lzlmdm

Ag gqau}xk }av}k. dn`qgku ma nku lg}axnkeq}kxau exaag tqa an xankoaxk tqa }duõ an xanko.

kjxaelagmk mkuelag}du bln yaua}du ykx ìn. au}dhd ag`dôdgmk d D An ekgae}kx au qg }xdkma nd de}lzlmdm dx`qbag}d}lzd. tqa ykmxâd tqamdx xauqblmd ekbk? (gk nk zagmdu. ykxtqa

ua`qxk tqa zdna bäu( Duâ yqau. gk av}xdôd nd yxauageld man ekgae}kx yaxk dn yxlgelylk ma

dn`qgku agqgeldmku bdxedgmk nku dx`qbag}ku ag ekg}xd ma nd zag}d &E? uâ uâ uâ yaxk auk

gk ua }a keqxxd zagmìxuank d aua }âk ykx mkuelag}du bln »af . gl }dbykek nd ma ykxtqa.

tqa de}ÿd ag zdxldu kedulkgau ekbk lg}xkmqe}kx ma nku dx`qbag}ku oqu}ljled}lzku ma aud

ekgenqulõg & H? eqdgmk" eqdgmk an }âk aua }a mdhd mkuelag}du bln auk au ykxtqa zdna

bäu »af ul" ul dn`qgd za maelmau zagmaxnk gk nk zagmdu dnnâ ,



45

:88 An kxmag ma ydndhxdu

D mljaxageld ma nku õxmagau bkxjknõ`lek | ulg}äe}lek. jlodmku ag nd yxkyld azknqelõg

ma nd nag`qd. an yxd`bä}lek au qg kxmag bäu nlhxa. |d tqa tqamd xa`qndmk ekg}av}k dekg}av}k | bq| jxaeqag}abag}a ykx nd lg}agelõg man tqa fdhnd Nlhax}dm. elax}dbag}a.

yaxk zl`lndmd ykx mlefd lg}agelõg

Ag nd ekgzaxudelõg eknktqldn. ua yxauag}dg d bagqmk agqgeldmku tqa gk xauykgmag dn

kxmag ma ydndhxdu gaq}xk. xa`qndx k gk bdxedmk Uqoa}k"Zaxhk"Khoa}k. ekbk bqau}xdg nku

aoabynku ma &48,?

&48,

d ml`k ykx nk bagku nd ekxxad bln yaua}du ykx nk bagku nd ekxxadzdnmxä+ h mkuelag}du bln yaua}du ul tqlaxa ua nk mk| |k

e Udxd »udhau tqlìg au;

Ndu ydndhxdu ua dmandg}dg ag au}ku ekbk dg}lelyku k }l}qndxau ma nd lgjkxbdelõg tqa ua

mdxä d ekg}lgqdelõg ]dnau xadneau lgjkxbd}lzku. ul hlag d zaeau baxdbag}a uqhoa}lzku.

}lagag ekg jxaeqageld qgd jqgelõg yxd`bä}led. xauykgmag d qg jlg. auekgmag qg

yxkyõul}k

Gõ}aua eõbk nd yxauageld man |k &ekg }kgabd dueagmag}a, ag ndu mku lg}axzagelkgau

ma D ma &45, au qg xadnea man ydyan ma fdhndg}a k ma nkeq}kx k yxanqmlk ma kylglõg k

yqg}k ma zlu}d?

&45,

D? | |k zlglagmk y'deä |k ml`k

D? &&aa ukg" ,, mâdu ykxtqa |k eqdgmk ba nk mlok blxd gku BLXÄHDBKU | gk udHÂDBKUtqì maelx

Ydxaea azlmag}a an zdnkx avynled}lzk. bd}ldmkx k ma yxaelulõg lgjkxbd}lzd tqa uqykgadfkxd an bkzlblag}k }õylek d nd maxaefd. ag nku aoabynku ma &4=,?

&4=,

d nk fdg faefk jlok d bl bdxlmk

h k tqa ua na fdhâd yaxmlmk d nd efled

e »dtqâ" dn zknzax nd autqlgd gk fd| qg yk|a}a ag qgd zag}dgd+ ma bäxbkn; yqau dfâ au}dhd

m uâ d nd yqax}d+ag an yk|a}a

a auk au ykxtqa zdna an mkhna ekbk bâglbk ekbk bâglbk »af j d ua}labhxa ua na dedhdhd nd yxlbaxd uabdgd



4=

Jqgelõg xaydxdmkxd. ma dq}kekxxaeelõg k xajkxbqndelõg. yxauag}d nd au}xqe}qxd

uqhkxmlgdmd ekgmlelkgdn ag &41,. ulg nd yxauageld dfkxd ma ekgae}kx &ekby hqagk ul nk

tqlaxag zagmax ,?

&41, D? bln yaua}du }a mk| m'ìn ++ ul nk tqlau zagmax

An ua`bag}k ykuyqau}k ekg ul yxauag}d qg zdnkx ekgzaxudelkgdn ma dq}kxxaydxdelõg. ekg

nd ekgul`qlag}a dgqndelõg k uquyagulõg ma dn`qgdu ma ndu yxauqykulelkgau a lgjaxageldu

man yxlbax ua`bag}k Au au}a dmabäu qg zdnkx lgjkxbd}lzk jlodmk ag au}d ykulelõg3 ma

faefk. ul an kxmag ua dn}axd. an ajae}k ma uag}lmk ua bkmljled Lgenquk. d zaeau. gl ultqlaxd

au ykulhna nd dg}aykulelõg man ua`bag}k ekg ul? Ba nk mloaxkg }qu dbl`du. ul au tqa ua

yqamag nndbdx duâ Ekg jxaeqageld. ua fd djlxbdmk tqa nku edbhlku ma kxmag ma nku blabhxku ag elax}du

au}xqe}qxdu kxdelkgdnau gk dn}axd nd ekgu}xqeelõg gl ulg}äe}led gl uabäg}ledbag}a \ ag

ajae}k. duâ ydxaea tqa uqeama ekg ndu nndbdmdu ekkxmlgdelkgau fkbk`ìgadu k ulbì}xledu?

Oqdg }ked an yldgk | Bdxâd nd jndq}d 7 Bdxâd }ked nd jndq}d | Oqdg }ked an yldgk Yaxk

uõnk au ag dydxlageld. ykxtqa ag an quk yqama uax xanazdg}a qgd q k}xd uqeaulõg }abykxdn?

ag an yxlbax eduk ua yqama au}dx djlxbdgmk tqa yxlbaxk }ked Oqdg | mauyqìu Bdxâd Nd

lgzaxulõg ma nku blabhxku ag an ua`qgmk au}dxâd dfkxd lgjkxbdgmk ma nk ekg}xdxlk

Dqgtqa `xdbd}lednbag}a }dbykek fd| mljaxageld ag}xa Oqdg ky}õ ykx nd yknâ}led | ua

agxltqaelõ | Oqdg ua agxltqaelõ | ky}õ ykx nd yknâ}led. nd lgzaxulõg ma nku blabhxku

ekkxmlgdmku bkmljled. mauma qg yqg}k ma zlu}d uabäg}lek"yxd`bä}lek. gk uõnk nd

uqeaulõg }abykxdn ma nku faefku. ulgk ndu yxauqykulelkgau a lgjaxageldu tqa ua ykgag ag

bdxefd ag edmd eduk ]kmd au}d lgjkxbdelõg ukhxa nd lg}agelõg. nd lg}axyxa}delõg. a}e. ua

kh}laga man kxmag ag}agmlmk dfkxd yxd`bä}ledbag}a \. ykx uqyqau}k. an edbhlk ma

kxmag ma nku blabhxku ag au}xqe}qxdu ekkxmlgdmdu fa}axk`ìgadu k dulbì}xledu. Oqdg

au}dhd agjaxbk | jqa dn bìmlek. gl ultqlaxd uaxâd ykulhna ag an blubk ekg}av}k

uabäg}lek"yxd`bä}lek? Oqdg jqa dn bìmlek | au}dhd agjaxbk

:85 Nku maâe}leku

Nd au}xle}d de}qdnldelõg ag nd ekgzaxudelõg eknktqldn fdeag man \K"DTQÂ"DFKXD

an eag}xk maâe}lek yaxukgdn. auydeldn | }abykxdn3 ìu}d au nd kxlag}delõg uqhoa}lzd d ydx}lx

ma nd eqdn ua kx`dgldg ndu avyxaulkgau maâe}ledu

Ag xandelõg ekg nd malvlu yaxukgdn. nd yxauageld man |k fdhndg}a ua bdgljlau}d ma

jkxbd ekgu}dg}a. avynâel}d k nd}ag}a Yaxk. dmabäu ma uax qgd ma ndu zkeau yxlgelydnau man

mlänk`k. au yxaeluk mau}dedx nku zdnkxau yxd`bä}leku tqa uq abynak dôdma dn mlueqxuk. ykx aoabynk. ekbk au}xd}a`ld xa}õxled ma lg}aguljledelõg k d}agqdelõg An fdhndg}a



41

bdvlbld k blglbld uq ydyan ag nd ekgzaxudelõg ma deqaxmk d uqu khoa}lzku. ekbk

bqau}xdg nku aoabynku ma &4:d, | &4:h,. xauyae}lzdbag}a?

&4:,

d |kk gk au}k| fdhndgmk ma edefkgmak

h bqoax |k"|k ml`k|k au tqa" ykx nk bagku qu}am }duìbank d zax tqaa

Ulg mqmd. nd dydxlelõg ekgu}dg}a man yxkgkbhxa ma yxlbaxd yaxukgd gk au ulgk qg

bkmk ma ekgu}xqeelõg man auydelk lg}axyaxukgdn. ma nd dq}klbdàg k ma yxk}aeelõg ma nd

blubd dg}a an lg}axnkeq}kx' „\k uk| |k | blu elxeqgu}dgeldu‒ | }ÿ fdu ma ekgkeaxndu |

}agaxndu yxauag}au dg}au | mqxdg}a gqau}xd lg}axdeelõg

Oqg}k dn |k. eag}xk man mlueqxuk eknktqldn. dydxaea nd zk man }ÿ D ìn ua dyand edul

ulabyxa ma jkxbd mlxae}d?

&40,

d eqdgmk nk }ag`du dxxa`ndk nnìzdnkk nnìzd}ank d qg ul}lk tqa uad hqagk

h zau | tqa }a nk }duag ykx an eag}xk

Elax}ku quku bl}l`dmkxau avynledxâdg. ykx aoabynk. dn`qgku mauynddblag}ku ma nku

eag}xku maâe}leku ekbk udnzd`qdxmdu ma nd lbdàg man \k k man ]ÿ?

&46,

d gkuk}xku gk tqlulbku |d+ ykxtqa dn maelxgku aukendxk qu}amau nk ekbyxdxkg | udhxâdg nk

tqa nau eku}õ |d gk tqlua maelxnk

h |kk" gku tqamdbku blxdgmk

e fkbhxa d auk man hknulnnk edmd qgk udhxä nk tqa na eku}õ

m' fd| tqa ekx}dxnk fd| tqa ekx}dxnk

An xadnea ma nku ydyanau man uqoa}k | khoa}k ma nd agqgeldelõg ua xajnaod ag an quk ma}kmk an ekgoqg}k ma bkxjabdu yaxukgdnau ma xajaxageld dn \k | dn ]ÿ. ag nd xamqgmdgeld

yxkgkblgdn. d zaeau av}xabd. ag qgd jqax}a yxauageld ma yxkgkbhxau md}lzku ì}leku k

ulbyd}ì}leku

Dmabäu ma ndu zkeau yxlgelydnau man mlänk`k | ma nku mlu}lg}ku agqgeldmkxau tqa ìu}du

auekgmag. ag an aueagdxlk eknktqldn uqxàg ndu zkeau ma nku yaxukgdoau ag nku

mldnk`lubku k xand}ku ekgzaxudelkgdnau An fdhndg}a ua ekgzlax}a ag ablukx. gdxxd}dxlk. |

ag nd zk ma mlu}lg}ku yaxukgdoau. d nku tqa lgenquk nna`d d lbl}dx

Nku uaôdndblag}ku auydeldnau ukg ekg}lgqku. }dg}k xajaxlmku dn auydelk ma ndankeqelõg. d nd ul}qdelõg ma nku ekgzaxudmkxau k d nd tqa keqydg ma}axblgdmku khoa}ku.



4:

ekbk dn ekgoqg}k ma nq`dxau | ag}kxgku tqa uqx`ag ykx nd yxauageld k xajaxageld d k}xku

nkeq}kxau k agqgeldmkxau An ekg}av}k dg}axlkx |. ukhxa }kmk. an udhax ekbydx}lmk nnagdg

ma ekg}aglmk }kmdu audu jkxbdu maâe}ledu

Ag &4<,. ul}ÿdg an uqeauk ag xandelõg dn auydelk de}qdn ma nku ydx}lelydg}au?

&4<,

d »dtqâ " dn zknzax nd autqlgd gk fd| qg yk|a}a ag qgd zag}dgd+ ma bäxbkn; yqau dfâ au}dhd

h duâ tqa dnnâ au}ä an xanko ag bl edud

k mag}xk ma nku xand}ku. nku mlu}lg}ku dekg}aelblag}ku q khoa}ku xajaxlmku?

&89,

d AU]K tqa nk fdhxäg }lxdk d nd hduqxd | dn`ÿg exâk nk fdhxä yqau}k dfâ h ykxtqa |d ekbag}ägmknk y'dnnä

e ag }k}dn tqa dnnä gku jqlbku nku eqd}xk

m | nna`dgmk dnnâ mleamku BLN+ MKU BLN +mku bln yau" ml`k»¤gk }a fa mlefk tqa gk$;++ |

nna`dbku dnnâ | an fkbhxa abyaõ d blxdxnk

a AU]K tqa nnazd dtqâ au}k uaxä qg xqhâ

:8= Nku xand}ku ekgzaxudelkgdnau

Qgd ma ndu ekgu}dg}au au}xqe}qxdnau ma nd ekgzaxudelõg eknktqldn au nd yxauageld ma ndu

uaeqageldu ma flu}kxld | auyaeldnbag}a man xand}k mxdbd}ldmk Au}du flu}kxldu ulxzag gk

uõnk ydxd dglbdx | yxkzkedx an lg}axìu ag nd ga`keldelõg tqa ua nnazd d edhk. ulgk tqa ag

bqefku eduku de}ÿdg ma zaxmdmaxku ukykx}au dx`qbag}d}lzku man tqa fdhnd | ma nk

agqgeldmk ykx au}a Ag dbhku uag}lmku. ua ag}lagma tqa an xaeqxuk lg}aguljledmkx uad

jxaeqag}a ag }dnau xand}ku

Hqagd ydx}a ma gqau}xd ekgzaxudelõg au qgd gdxxdelõg ukhxa an fdnnd`k ma qg xanko |

nd }dudelõg man blubk ykx ydx}a ma qg xankoaxk. tqa mauad ekbyxdxnk. a}e An gdxxdmkx |

de}kx yxlgelydn. D. zlzljled | de}qdnld an uqeauk. dbynâd ndu zkeau man mlänk`k ekg k}xdu

gk yxauag}au. maumkhnd uq yaxukgdnlmdm | ag au}d xayxauag}delõg ekndhkxd }kmd qgd uaxla

ma de}kxau uaeqgmdxlku. an xau}k ma ydx}lelydg}au

Oqg}k d ndu zkeau. nd yknljkgâd man xand}k. yqamag au}qmldxua. mauma an yqg}k ma zlu}d

ma uq au}xqe}qxd lg}axgd. nku xaeqxuku d }xdzìu ma nku eqdnau ua dôdmag ndu lg}axzagelkgau

ma nku yaxukgdoau' Ua }xd}d. ekbk yqama khuaxzdxua. ma zaxhku ma „maelx‒. ekg jxaeqageld

ag yxauag}a. |+k bamldg}a an uqoa}k ablukx &|k. }ÿ. ìn…,' Ag uq majae}k. ndu ydqudu. nku

}kgabdu k ekgae}kxau mabdxed}lzku &ba}dmlueqxulzku,. ekbk yqau…. ua agedx`dg ma

au}dhnaeax ndu ag}xdmdu | udnlmdu ma mlefku de}kxau ag nd gdxxdelõg \. duâ blubk. yqama}xd}dxua nd yxauageld ekg}lgqd ma lg}aguljledmkxau ag mlefd gdxxdelõg. zaxmdmaxku ukykx}au



40

man }av}k | man yxkyõul}k | de}qdelõg ma nku lg}axnkeq}kxau. lgenquk d zaeau man blubk

yxkeauk ma yxkmqeelõg man xand}k Ag gqau}xk }av}k. ua bdvlbld nd uqax}a ma D & ydxaea

tqa }k gku zag`d xkmdgmk. mauma nqa`k fdhìlu }aglmk qgd uqax}a…,. ua lg}aguljled an

deqaxmk | ud}lujdeelõg ekg nd hqagd jkx}qgd ma au}d | ma uq bdxlmk. qgd bdgljau}delõg ma

nd nndbdmd ekx}auâd ykul}lzd &¤d| tqì dna`xâd$. »uâll. tqì hlag$, |. ag ekgexa}k. ag ndflu}kxld mxdbd}ldmd man xanko. ua lg}aguljledg ndu eqdnlmdmau man xanko &qgd bdxdzlnnd ma

xanko. qgd bkgaxâd, |. duâ yqau. ma uq zdnkx. | ua xajqaxdg nku dx`qbag}ku ag }kxgk d nd

ykulhna zag}d k gk man (mlefkuk xanko( &auk au ykxtqa zdna an mkhna ekbk bâglbk

ekbk bâglbk »af uâ uâ uâ yaxk auk gk ua }a keqxxd zagmìxuank d aua }âk ykx mkuelag}du

bln »af auk au ykxtqa aua xanko zdna bamlk blnnõg ma yaua}du3 aua xanko zdna bamlk

clnk, Nd flu}kxld }axblgd ekg qgd xaekbagmdelõg lg}aguljledmd jlgdn ma H. efled yqau

tqìmd}ank yd nqelxnk

An dhquk ma ndu flu}kxldu mxdbd}ldmdu d nk ndx`k ma qgd lg}axdeelõg |. ykx }dg}k. manabynak ag au}du man au}lnk mlxae}k yqama zlgeqndxua d zaeau dn au}xd}k ukelkeqn}qxdn hdok

ma nku lgjkxbdg}au k d nd jdn}d ma mau}xad nlg`þâu}led Yqau}k tqa nd avyaxlageld ba mlea

tqa dn`qgku au}qmldg}au gk udhag ekg}dx qgd flu}kxld ma k}xk bkmk. ekgzagmxâd lgulu}lx

ag k}xdu jkxbdu ma gdxxdelõg Qg aoaxelelk lg}axaudg}a tqa ykmxâd yndg}adxua ag endua

uaxâd an ma ekgzax}lx an xand}k mxdbd}ldmk eknktqldn ag qg xand}k bäu andhkxdmk ulg

mxdbd}ldx

:'5' Glzan jõglek

Ag xandelõg ekg an glzan jõglek. gku ydxaea jqgmdbag}dn lgulu}lx ag an ydyan endza ma

nku uqyxdua`bag}ku. ukhxa }kmk ma nd ag}kgdelõg &qgd avykulelõg bäu ma}dnndmd ukhxa ndu

jqgelkgau ma nd ag}kgdelõg. ag edy 44, An fdhndg}a. bamldg}a nku xaeqxuku yxkuõmleku

ag `agaxdn. kx`dgld nku ekg}aglmku lgjkxbd}lzku. ekfaulkgd uq bagudoa | xadnd. ykx

xdkgau uqhoa}lzdu k ma âgmkna yxd`bä}lek"ekbqgled}lzd. dn`qgku ma nku anabag}ku

Ekgexa}dbag}a. nku }kgabdu k lgjnavlkgau jlgdnau bdgljlau}dg ndu xandelkgau | nku nâbl}au

ag}xa nku agqgeldmku k ydx}au ma au}ku. ekg jxaeqageld ydxeandmku | gk ulabyxa

xandelkgdmku nõ`ledbag}a?

&84,

d d ua}labhxa ua na dedhdhd nd yxlbaxd uabdgd

h »TQA ma ykgaxna nd uda}d tqì ba zd d eku]DX

e »yaxk ìn" yaxk ìn ag}agmâd maa" ma xaNKOAU kkk

m | |kk ml`k ykx nk bagku nd ekxxadbln yaua}du ykx nk bagku nd ekxxadzdnmxä

Nd yxauageld ma }dnau lgjnavlkgau fdea ykulhna nd uqeaulõg ekfaxag}a ma elax}kuagqgeldmku ulg ydqud yaxeay}lhna &88d,. k bkmljled an uag}lmk &88h,?



46

&88,

d uâg mauma nqa`k fdhìlu }aglmk qgd uqax}a

h gk hdu}dg}a

Ag xaya}lmdu kedulkgau ua fd uaôdndmk ekbk edxde}axâu}led man auydôkn eknktqldn nd

ag}kgdelõg xa`qndxbag}a avyxaulzd. yxkblgag}a. ma ekgu}dg}a bdgljau}delõg ma de}l}qm.

ma ykulelõg dg}a nk djlxbdmk Duâ au. dmabäu ma ul`gk ma agndea | ekg}lgqlmdm. nku

}kgabdu ekg}xlhq|ag. ag &85,. dn ajae}k xâ}blek | d nd avyxaulzlmdm mauadmku?

&85, ZDBKU tqa ul au HQAGK |d }a nk mlxä | ul au bdnk

Ag au}a eduk xajqaxdg avyxaulzdbag}a elax}ku dx`qbag}ku ekg an jlg ma bkmljledx ndde}qdelõg ma dn`qlag \ ag &8=,. nd eqxzd banõmled | ndu lgjnavlkgau ag au}d uq`laxag an

}kgk yxaeluk. an bkmk mlulbqndmk tqa fd ma abynadx D eqdgmk ua mlxlod dn }dudmkx?

&8=,

M? au tqa+ gk uì ba udha bdn+ mauyxagmaxba yaxk |k tqlulaxd tqa ba nk }dudxd ykxtqa

H? za u | tqa S}a nk

}duag ykx an eag}xkR

M? S ykxtqa au tqaaR au}dbku qg ykek dyqxdku yaxk ag jlg aa |k au tqa" ykx nk bagku qu}am

}duìbank d zax tqaa && ,,

D? ykx udhax nk tqaa ba mdxâd

M? ykx udhax nk tqa ba mdxâd+ | |d au}ä

Ua`ÿg nk dg}axlkx. nd eqxzd banõmled gk uõnk avyxaud nku mljaxag}au }lyku ma de}ku

&duazaxdelõg. yxa`qg}d. bdgmd}k. a}e,. ulgk nd de}l}qm Nd dna`xâd. nd }xlu}ad. nd ukxyxaud.

nd eõnaxd. nd lxkgâd. a}e. ag jlg. nd bdgljau}delõg ma deay}delõg k ma xaefdk. ukg zdnkxau

tqa ua uqyaxykgag d dtqannku k}xku ma edxäe}ax mlu}lg}lzk Ykx aoabynk. ag &81,. an

agqgeldmk lxõglek man xankoaxk ua bdxed ekg qgd ag}kgdelõg avyxaulzd &jxag}a dn

agqgeldmk au}xle}dbag}a duazaxd}lzk. au}a yxauag}d bd|kx dueaguk man yxlbax `xqyk ma

ag}kgdelõg. dg}ledmageld k bagkx maueaguk man ua`qgmk | bäu deanaxdelõg ma fdhnd k

}xdgulelõg bäu xäylmd ag}xa dbhku ̀ xqyku ag}kgd}lzku,?

&81, mlea fkbhxa eqdgmk qu}amau nk ekbyxdxkg uâ tqa nk udhxâdg

Gk edha mqmd ma nd lgjkxbdelõg yax}lgag}a tqa dôdmag ag elax}ku agqgeldmku

uquyagmlmku nku }kgabdu Ag &8:,. ua }xd}d ma qg xaeqxuk ma lg}aguljledelõg. d ydx}lx man



4<

eqdn ua mau}ded nk zdnlkuk tqa au an xanko |. ykx }dg}k. nd zdnlma ma nd ekgenqulõg d nd tqa

ua mlxl`a?

&8:, ul |d ag}kgeau gku eku}õ

Ul hlag ua abynad d zaeau ekbk xaeqxuk ma d}agqdelõg. ykx aoabynk ag &80,. ydxd

blglbldx | azl}dx nd xauykgudhlnlmdm ukhxa nk mlefk?

&80,

d k tqa d nk baokx jqaa nd yknleâd ma}xäu k dn`k

h &(ekbk an xankoaxk abyaõ d mqmdx ma nk tqa maeâd(, |k |d gk tqlua

Au yxaeluk tqa an au}qmldg}a ekblagea d edy}dx au}ku faefku yxkuõmleku. duâ ekbk nkuajae}ku xâ}bleku | nd lgjkxbdelõg dmlelkgdn ag nd avyxaulõg tqa ndu lgjnavlkgau }kgdnau

kjxaeag

Qg faefk jõglek. }dbhlìg bq| jxaeqag}a ag nd ekgzaxudelõg. ukhxa an tqa edha nndbdx

nd d}agelõg au an ma nku dndx`dblag}ku ulnähleku Dmabäu ma dtqìnnku tqa ua yxkmqeag ykx

edqudu av}axgdu dn yxkylk mlueqxuk &uad. ykx aoabynk. nd yxkyld edxageld avyxaulzd man

lg}axnkeq}kx, | eq|k zdnkx au an ma qgd ydqud ydxd yagudx nk tqa ua zd d maelx d

ekg}lgqdelõg. fd| k}xku dndx`dblag}ku ul`gljled}lzku tqa de}ÿdg ekbk xajqaxku man maelx

|+k ma nk mlefk

An dndx`dblag}k ag &86,. dmabäu ma qgd jqgelõg xa}dxmd}dxld. bdgljlau}d nd mqmd ma D?

&86,d H? »TQA eqägmk lxìlu dn yqahnk ykx jlg

D? »dn yqahnkk;

h |k ml`k tqa auk mahâd ma uax qg xkhk kk

Ag nku aoabynku ma &8<, bdvlbld an deqaxmk. nd ukxyxaud. an ekg}ag}k man

lg}axnkeq}kx. | ag nku ma &59, xajqaxd nd avfkx}delõg. ekgzax}lmd ag &59h, ag

xaexlblgdelõg?

&8<,

d ¤DD\\$

h »UÂLL ¤tqì HLLAA G

d | ul gkk Yayl}d eqdgmk nk }ag`du dxxa`ndk nnìzdnkk

h |k ml`k yaxk mìodn kk tqa dfkxd gk tqlaxkk dxxa`ndxnk



89

Ykx an ekg}xdxlk. ag &54, an dndx`dblag}k zkeänlek d}agÿd nd duazaxdelõg \ ag &58,.

bäu avde}dbag}a. ekbk bdxed ma bkmau}ld. nd lbd`ag man fdhndg}a?

&54, gkk|a ydd gkxbdnbag}a }kku nku mâdu gk ua nk ykgMXÄ yaxk duâl dn`ÿg mâdtqa uaa zlu}d

hlag k dn`k

&58, AAu tqa d bl bdxlmk nk fdg faefk jlok

Ekg jxaeqageld. ag nd ekgzaxudelõg &eknktqldn, ua ageqag}xdg elax}du yxkgqgeldelkgau

agjä}ledu. bdxedmdu. tqa dôdmag lgjkxbdelõg d nk ekbqgledmk Duâ. ag &55,. agqgeldmku.

ydndhxdu. uândhdu. ekg au}a dqbag}k ag nd lg}agulmdm. de}ÿdg ma xajqaxku lnkeq}lzku.

zdnkxd}lzku. lg}aguljledmkxau ma de}l}qm k ma nk mlefk?

&55,

d ¤DD\\$ ¤TQÌ DNA@XÂD

h »UÂLL ¤tqì HLLAAG

e MA KXK ¤tqì zd$

m ¤TQÌ ZD

a ml`k ¤BDMXA BÂD$

j au}äu bkXAgd

Nd xandodelõg dx}leqnd}kxld. jdzkxaelmd ag}xa k}xdu xdkgau ykx an aueduk ekg}xkn ma nd

yxkmqeelõg ma fdhnd. ekgnnazd. ekbk tqamd xajnaodmk ag nd ekgzaxudelõg. gqbaxkudu

yìxmlmdu | dmlelkgau ma ukglmku. jagõbagku ma oqg}qxd. d zaeau av}xabku.

xaandhkxdelkgau. ekx}au ag nk ekbqgledmk. tqa uaxâd bq| kykx}qgk lx ekxxl`lagmk ag

endua

0' D bkmk ma ekgenqulõg

An dgänlulu ma nk eknktqldn ag nd ekgzaxudelõg gk ua d`k}d ekg nk mlefk ag ndu yä`lgdu

dg}axlkxau Gk axd gqau}xk yxkyõul}k mdx eqbynlmd eqag}d ma }kmku nku faefku

nlg`þâu}leku | ydxdnlg`þâu}leku tqa ykmxâdg uax khoa}k ma ekbag}dxlk ag qg }av}k

eknktqldn. gl ultqlaxd fabku faefk bagelõg ma nku anabag}ku av}xdnlg`þâu}leku

&tqlgìuled. yxkvìbled. a}e,. tqa oqa`dg qg ydyan jqgmdbag}dn ag nd lg}axdeelõg edxd d

edxd. | }dbykek fabku yxau}dmk d}agelõg dfkxd dn dgänlulu ma nd ekgmqe}d lg}axdeelkgdn. d

nku yxlgelylku tqa ekg}xkndg | avynledg an maudxxknnk ma nd ekgzaxudelõg ekbk ekgmqe}d

ukeldn. ekbk ga`keldelõg k dx`qbag}delõg k ekbk au}xqe}qxd &gku dukbdxabku agdn`qgku ma nku edyâ}qnku tqa ul`qag, Uâ exak. ag edbhlk. tqa ekgul`qa dyqg}dx dn`qgdu



84

ydq}du ydxd lgleldx ag endua an au}qmlk ma nd zdxlamdm ma fdhnd eknktqldn ag an mlueqxuk

ekgzaxudelkgdn. }dbhlìg dynledhnau d k}xdu bdgljau}delkgau ma mlefk xa`lu}xk ag k}xku

mlueqxuku fdhndmku k auexl}ku

Nae}qxdu xaekbagmdmdu

Mdmk tqa au}ku }abdu ua }xd}dg ekg ma}dnna ag nku edyâ}qnku ul`qlag}au. }dn | ekbk fa

zaglmk uaôdndgmk dn flnk ma au}a dgänlulu ydq}dmk. xabl}k d nd hlhnlk`xdjâd häuled tqa dn

jlgdn ma edmd qgk ua yxkykga Qgd bqau}xd | }xd}dblag}k bäu dbynlk ma au}du | k}xdu

ekgu}dg}au | au}xd}a`ldu man auydôkn eknktqldn yqama agekg}xdxua ag D Hxl &4<<:, |

&4<<6,. D Hxl. OX @kbì Bknlgd. BO Bdx}âga Dnednma | `xqyk ZdnAuEk &amu,&4<<0,3 ag au}a uag}lmk yqama ekguqn}dxua nd bkgk`xdjâd ma DB Zl`dxd &4<<8, | nd

ekbylndelõg ma au}qmlku ukhxa nag`qd fdhndmd ma ] Ck}uefl. P Kau}axxalefax | C

_lbbaxbdgg. &amu, &4<<:,3 qgdu bqau}xdu ma dgänlulu mauexly}lzk bäu ekgexa}k. ag B

Uaek &4<05, | E Faxgägma Dnkguk. &4<69,3 ydxd an dgänlulu dx`qbag}d}lzk man }av}k

kxdn. D Hxl &4<<=, | E Jqag}au &4<<6,3 ydxd an ekbag}dxlk ukelknlg`þâu}lek. OX

@õba Bknlgd &4<<0,3 qgd yxkyqau}d ma ekbag}dxlk ma }av}ku ekgzaxudelkgdnau. ag

@dnndxmk &4<<6,3 an dgänlulu ma k}xku }lyku ma }av}ku kxdnau. }ax}qnldu. ag}xazlu}du |

mahd}au. ag N Ekx}ìu | D Hdôõg &4<<0d, | &4<<0h, | F Fdzaxcd}a &4<<6, Auyaeldn

d}agelõg baxaea nd Xazlu}d Kxdnld. âg}a`xdbag}a mamledmd dn au}qmlk man mlueqxuk kxdn

Hlhnlk`xdjâd

Halgfdqax. P &4<8< S4<<4R,? An auydôkn eknktqldn Bdmxlm. @xamkuHxl. D' &4<<=,? „Fdeld qg dgänlulu dx`qbag}d}lzk ma qg }av}k eknktqldn' Nd lgelmageld ma nku ekgae}kxau

yxd`bä}leku. Zaxhd. 84. 5:<"5<1Hxl. D &4<<:,? An auydôkn eknktqldn? ul}qdelõg | quk Bdmxlm. Dxek"NlhxkuHxl. D &4<<6,? An auydôkn eknktqldn ag nd ekgzaxudelõg Auhkk ma yxd`bd`xdbä}led Hdxeankgd. DxlanHxl. D &ekkxm, &4<<1,? Nd ekgzaxudelõg eknktqldn &Bd}axldnau ydxd uq au}qmlk, Dgaok VZL ma nd

Xazlu}d Eqdmaxgku ma Jlnknk`âd Qglzaxulmdm ma ZdnageldHxl. D. @kbì Bknlgd. OX. | Bdx}âga Dnednma. BO | `xqyk ZdnAuEk &amu, &4<<0,. Yxd`bä}led | `xdbä}led man auydôkn fdhndmk An auydôkn eknktqldn _dxd`kd. Yõx}lek

Ekx}ìu. N | Hdôõg. D &4<<0d,? Ekbag}dxlk nlg`þâu}lek ma }av}ku kxdnau L ]akxâd | yxde}led &Nd }ax}qnld,Bdmxlm. Dxek"Nlhxku

Ekx}ìu. N | Hdôõg. D &4<<0h,? Ekbag}dxlk nlg`þâu}lek ma }av}ku kxdnau? an mahd}a | nd ag}xazlu}d. LLBdmxlm. Dxek"Nlhxku

Jqag}au. E &4<<6,? (Deaxedblag}k d elax}ku yxkeauku dx`qbag}d}lzku man }av}k kxdn(. Kxdnld &Qglzaxulmdmma Dnbaxâd,. 4. 44<"45<

@dnndxmk. H &4<<6,. Ekbag}dxlk ma }av}ku ekgzaxudelkgdnau LL Nku }av}ku Bdmxlm. Dxek"Nlhxku@õba Bknlgd. O'X'. &4<<0,? „An ekbag}dxlk ukelknlg`þâu}lek ma }av}ku‒. ag ZZDD. An dgänlulu }av}qdn

Ekbag}dxlk jlnknõ`lek. nl}axdxlk. nlg`þâu}lek. ukelknlg`þâu}lek | exâ}lek Udndbdged. Amlelkgau Ekna`lkma Auydôd

Fdzaxcd}a. F &4<<6,? (Nd ag}xazlu}d yaxlkmâu}led Dgänlulu mlueqxulzk a lg}axdeelkgdn(. Kxdnld&Qglzaxulmdm ma Dnbaxâd,. 4. 80"=1Faxgägma Dnkguk. E. &4<69,? (Ekbag}dxlk ma qg }av}k eknktqldn(. Fluydgle Okqxgdn. LZ. 8. 6<"495



88

Ck}uefl. ]. Kau}axxalefax. P | _lbbaxbdgg. C &amu, &4<<:,. An auydôkn fdhndmk | nd eqn}qxd kxdn ag Auydôd a Fluydgkdbìxled Jxdgecjqx} db Bdlg. Zaxzqax} Zaxnd`. Hlhnlk}faed Lhaxk"dbaxledgd

Yd|xd}õ. Nn &4<<8,? „Yxd`bä}led | nag`qdoa ek}lmldgk' Dyqg}au ukhxa an ed}dnäg eknktqldn‒. Xazlu}d ma Jlnknk`âd Xkbägled. <. 4=5"415

Uaek. B &4<05,? (Nd nag`qd eknktqldn? 'Ag}xa zlulnnku'. ma Edxbag Bdx}âg @dl}a(. ag An ekbag}dxlk ma}av}ku L Bdmxlm. Edu}dnld. yä`u 5:4"50<

]quõg. D &4<<6,. An dgänlulu ma nd ekgzaxudelõg Hdxeankgd. Dxlan Yxde}leqbZl`dxd. D B¯ &4<<8,? Bkxjkulg}dvlu man auydôkn eknktqldn Auhkk au}lnâu}lek Bdmxlm. @xamku

ANTONIO BRIZ El análisis de un texto oral coloquial

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