Analisis de Las Metaforas Usadas Por Los Candidatos les en La Primera Ronda de La Eleccion...

8/6/2019 Analisis de Las Metaforas Usadas Por Los Candidatos les en La Primera Ronda de La Eleccion Presidencial de Chile 2009

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Paola Alarcn Hernndez

Universidad de Concepcin, Chile


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y The aim of this study is to analyse the metaphors used by thecandidates running for President of Chile in the first round of theelections (December 13th, 2009).

y The candidates intend:y Representationof themselves and others.

y Legitimization of themselves as the best option to govern thecountry.

y Discrediting the other candidates.

Analysis of the metaphors used by presidential candidates

in Chile (first round 2009)


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y Researchquestions:

y What are the metaphorical conceptualisations by which candidatesshape the following topics:

y The Concertacion,y Themselves,

y The other candidates

y What aspects do the metaphors used by each candidate draw attentionto?


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y Chilean political contexty After 17 years of Pinochets government, 1990 was the year that marked the

return to democracy in Chile.

y

Ever since, the Concertacion, a political group that arose as the opposition toPinochets dictatorship, governed for four consecutive presidential periodsuntil March 2010.

y One of the most significant features of the last December election was the factthat two well-known ex socialist figures and former members of theConcertacion, Enrquez-Ominami and Arrate, participated simultaneously inaddition to the right-wing candidate Piera and the pro-government candidate

former President Frei.y With regards to this situation, one of the concepts that we were interested in

researching was the configuration of the Concertacin, as to the politicalorganisation that governed Chile for 20 years after the end of Pinochetsdictatorship.




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y The speeches analysed were taken from the websites ofeach candidate, mainly their opinion blogs, speeches andworking papers.

y We did not consider the blogs as a defined discourse genre,but as a virtual space where different types of texts can beincluded: the transcription of an oral political speech, anopinion column, an open letter. What they have incommon is that they are open or that online answers arepossible.

y After identifying the topics selected, the source domainsthat shape them will be identified; and then themetaphors, their logic and conceptual correspondenceswill be determined.




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MARCO ENRQUEZ-OMINAMIS

METAPHORS


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y POLITICSIS A CONTAINER

y ME-O resigned to the socialist party and to the Concertacion after several

differences with some leaders. ME-O blames the traditional politicians for

his leaving the Concertacion, this explains the use of metaphors to criticisetheir practices. Criticism of political exclusion is, therefore, one of his main

aims. It is understood, then, the use of metaphors based on the image

schema of CONTAINER.


METAPHORS


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y Extracts:

y 1. Hay quienes convirtieron la poltica en un club privado enel que entran slo los mismos de siempre

y (There are those who turned politics into a private club,where only the same people as usual can go in...

y 2. Demostraremos que las decisiones de unos pocos, quepretenden controlar entre cuatro paredes el destino del pas,

carecen de la legitimidad y la fuerza que se requieren paragobernar el Chile del futuro.

y (we'll show that decisions of a few, who intend to control thedestiny of the country within four walls, lack the validityand strength required to govern Chiles future)


METAPHORS


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y POLITICS IS AN CONTAINER

y Conceptual correspondences


METAPHORS


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METAPHORSy POLITICS IS A COMMODITY THAT HAS BEEN KIDNAPPEDy Extracts:

y

3.L

a democracia no es un bien que administran unos pocos , es underecho que han conquistado los chilenos y por el que se pago un altoprecio en el pasado.

y (Democracy is not a commodity managed by a few, it is a right that theChilean people have conquered and one for which a high price was paidin the past.)

y 4. La misin de la poltica contina intacta, es necesario rescatarla desus captores para que tome su rol como catalizador de los cambiossociales que se necesitan //

y The mission of politics remains intact, it is necessary to rescue it fromits captors so that it takes over its role as a catalyst of the socialchanges that are needed /.../)


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METAPHORS

y POLITICS IS A COMMODITY THAT HAS BEEN KIDNAPPED



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y POLITICS IS A MEALy Extract:y 7. El problema es que esa misma generacin hoy no tiene respuesta ni

propuestas para enfrentar al Chile del bicentenario ya que los esfuerzosque se deben abordar para implementar polticas a la altura de lo queChile es y necesita requieren cambiar las cuotas, las porciones y las

proporciones de la receta con que la clase poltica de izquierda yderecha- viene cocinando el puchero desde hace ya casi 20 aos.

y (The problem is that very generation today has no answer nor proposalsto face the Chile of the bicentenary, since the efforts that need to be

made to implement policies that are up to the level of what Chile is andneeds, requires changing the quotas, the portions and proportions of therecipe with which the political class -right and left wing- has beencooking the stew for almost 20 years now.)


METAPHORS


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y POLITICS IS A MEAL



METAPHORS


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y POLITICS IS A BUILDINGy Extracts:y 8. Durante la larga transicin que ha vivido Chile tras reconquistar la

democracia se ha convertido en norma la reproduccin de los dos grandes

bloques polticos, nacidos al alero de la contienda entre el S y el No en 1988, encada una de las esferas de decisin e influencia que el sistema poltico modela ensu entorno. Se les llama equilibrios polticos

y (During the long transition that Chile has gone through after recoveringdemocracy the reproduction of the two big political blocs has become the norm,born under the wing of the dispute between Yes and No in 1988, in each one ofthe spheres of decision making and inf luence that the political system models in

its surroundings. They are called political balances.)y 9. //Ahora, sin embargo, cuando el edificio erigido sobre esa base comienza aresquebrajarse por la fatiga del material del que fue construido, esa cuota de

participacin y reparticin comienza tambin a hacer crisis.y (Now, however, when the building constructed on that base begins to crack

because of the fatigue of the material it was built with, that share ofparticipation and allocation also begins to go under crisis.)


METAPHORS


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y POLITICS IS A BUILDING



METAPHORS


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y PROGRESSING IS ADVANCINGy Extract:y 5. Pero, aunque suene a paradoja, la estabilidad del siglo XXI se construye con

dinamismo y flexibilidad. Con movimiento, no con estancamiento. En eso el

candidato de la DC y el de RN son mortalmente parecidos, poseen unamentalidad conservadora que no es capaz de devolverle a la poltica un rolconductor y de liderazgo en la sociedad, sino que la condena a tornarse enseguidora tarda de cambios que la obligan, cada tanto y no sin dolor, a ponerseal da con la historia. (Le toca a la derecha?)

y (But, though it sounds paradoxical, stability in the 21st century is built withydynamism and flexibility. With movement, not stagnation. In that the DC andthe RN candidates are fatally similar, they possess a conservative mentality thatis not able to give back to politics a conducting and leading role in society, but itcondemns it to turn into a late follower of changes that force it, once in a whileand not without pain, to catch up with history.)


METAPHORS


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y PROGRESSING IS ADVANCING



METAPHORS


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y Extracts:y 6. Cuando una persona posee un cuerpo dbil y se enferma el desafo de la

medicina para aliviarle es doble. En muchos casos, an con el diagnsticocorrecto y existiendo tratamientos probados, la fragilidad del organismo impide

sanarlo.A

lgo muy similar le ocurre hoy a la poltica.A

unque en poca electoralse tiende a relevar las diferencias, que las hay, lo cierto es que existen tambinvastas zonas de convergencia sobre los desafos que enfrenta Chile para accedera progreso y bienestar para sus ciudadanos, pero, a la hora de pasar altratamiento, la debilidad de la poltica impide llegar a puerto.

y (When someone has a weak body and becomes ill, the challenge for medicine tocure him/her is doubled. In many cases, even with the right diagnosis andhaving the proper treatment, the bodys frailty prevents it from healing.

Something very similar happens to politics nowadays. Though during theelection campaign the trend is to reveal the differences, which there are, thetruth is that there are also wide areas of convergence on the challenges thatChile faces to have access to progress and welfare for its citizens. But when itcomes to the treatment, the weakness of politics prevents it from reaching itsdestination.)


METAPHORSPOLITICS IS A PATIENT


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y POLITICS IS A PATIENT



METAPHORS


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METAPHORS


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y In the case of ME-O, we think that his metaphors areconsistent with a central purpose: criticism of what he

calls traditional politics, i.e., the right-wing partiesand the Concertacion; and, at the same time, hisproposal of new way of exercising politics.


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PIERASMETAPHORS

y Piera makes wide use of journey metaphors, based onPATH image schema.

y Piera uses it for three concepts:

y the progress of the country,

y the election campaigns: the current campaign and theones in 1988, the latter known as the Yes/No referendum.

y Voting Yes meant voting for Pinochet to continue in

power; voting No, the winning choice, meant to call forpresidential elections. Piera, unlike other right-wingpoliticians voted NO in the referendum, and he remindedthe public of it during the 2009 campaign.


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PIERASMETAPHORS


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y Extracts:

y 10. Por eso en esta eleccin del bicentenario la opcin no es entre derecha oizquierda, sino entre el futuro y el pasado, entre avanzar o estancarse, entre laesperanza y la resignacin.

y (Thats why in this election of the bicentenary the choice is not between the righ or theleft, but between the future and the past, between advance or stagnation, betweenhope and resignation.)

y 11. Yo no soy de aquellos que piensan que todo est mal. S que hemos avanzado yse tambin reconocer los logros y aciertos de los gobiernos anteriores. Sin embargo,estoy plenamente conciente que no hemos aprovechado todo nuestro potencial

y (Im not one of those who think that everything is wrong. I know we have advancedand I can also recognise the achievements and good things of the previous

governments. However, Im very well aware that we have not taken advantage of allour potential)

y 12. Hay razones para agradecer a la Concertacin lo que hizo por Chile en el pasado,pero ahora los chilenos desean emprender un rumbo nuevo.

y There are reasons to thank the Concertacion for what they did for Chile in the past,but now Chileans want to take a new path.)

PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS




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y THE ELECTION IS A PATH

y Extracts:

y 13. Iniciamos un camino. Hoy fue un primer paso, pero cranme, es elprimer paso de una larga jornada.

y (We began walking along a path. Today we took the first step, but believe,this is the first step of a long journey.)

y 14. La hora del triunfo est cerca. Pero el camino a la cumbre nunca ha sidofcil ni pavimentado. Siempre ha estado lleno de piedras y dificultades.

y (The time for success is near. But the path to the summit has never beeneasy nor is it paved. It has always been full of stones and difficulties.)

y 15. No puedo dejar de mencionar el contraste con el retorcido y triste

camino seguido por la Concertacin para designar a su candidato.y (I cant fail to mention the contrast with the crooked and sad path followed by

the Concertacion to elect their candidate.)

y

PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS

y THE ELECTION IS A PATH



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y THE YES/NO REFERENDUM WAS A CROSSROAD

y Extracts:

y 16. El 5 de octubre de 1988 fue un da largo y de profundasemociones para Chile. Ese da el pas se vio enfrentado a una

encrucijada histrica y tuvo que optar entre dos caminos: prolongar por ocho aos un rgimen militar, que si bien hizo importantesmodernizaciones que se mantienen hasta hoy, signific tambindolor y sufrimiento para muchos compatriotas, o dar el paso valientey audaz de tomar un lpiz y votar por el camino ms rpido, directo y

pacfico a la democracia. (October 5th 1988 was a long day of profound feelings for Chile. That day, the country face a historiccrossroads and had to choose between two paths: to extend amilitary regime for eight years, which though it made significantmodernisations still standing today, it also meant pain and sufferingfor many fellow citizens; or to take the brave and bold step to hold a

pencil and vote for the fastest, most straight forward and mostpeaceful path to democracy.)

PIERASMETAPHORS


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y THE YES/NO REFERENDUM WAS A CROSSROADS


Choosig Pinochet

PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS

y THE ELECTION IS A FIGHT

y Extracts:

y 19. Despus de 20 aos, de dura y legtima lucha democrtica, la victoriaest ms cerca que nunca.

y(After 20 years of tough and legitimate democratic fight, victory is closer thanever.)

y 20. La victoria por la cual tanto hemos luchado est ms cerca que nunca yen estos tiempos de misiones y desafos // Agradezco con emocin a mimujer, a mis hijos y a mis nietos // Y a todos ustedes, que me acompaenen esta gesta de hacer de Chile el pas de las seguridades, lasoportunidades y los valores. Y le pido a Dios la sabidura, la prudencia y lafuerza para liderar esta misin como Chile necesita y merece.

y (The victory for which we have fought so much is closer than ever and inthese times of missions and challenges // Full of emotion I thank my wife,my children, and my grandchildren /.../ And all of you who accompany me inthis heroic deed of turning Chile into the country of certainties, opportunitiesand values. And I ask God the wisdom, prudence, and strength to lead thismission as Chile needs and deserves.)


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y THE ELECTION IS A FIGHT


PIERASMETAPHORS


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y THE COUNTRY IS A HOUSE

y Extracts:

y 21. La nuestra es una campaa que nace desde las riberas delcambio, el futuro y la esperanza. Lleg el tiempo de abrir las puertas

y ventanas para que entre a raudales la luz del sol a iluminar y elaire fresco a renovar nuestras vidas. (Our campaign is born of theborders of change, the future and hope. The time has arrived toopen the doors and windows to let the sunlight shine in and the freshair renovate our lives.)

y 22. Esta campaa est llamada a abrir las puertas del cambio, elfuturo y la esperanza. (This campaign is called to open the doors ofchange, the future, and hope.)

y 23. Abrir estas puertas no es solo cambiar un gobierno por otro. Esmucho ms que eso. Es cambiar la forma de gobernar. (Openingthese doors not only is to replace one government for another. It ismuch more than that. It is to change the way of governing.)

PIERASMETAPHORS


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y THE COUNTRY IS A HOUSE


PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS

y CHILE IS A PERSON

y Extracts:

y 24. Esta campaa tiene una misin muy clara. Vamos a cambiarle el rostro a Chile y ala vida de los chilenos, y lo vamos a cambiar para mejor. (This campaign has a veryclear mission. We are going to change the face of Chile and the face of Chileans

lives for the better.)y 25. Hoy ms que nunca estoy convencido de que Chile necesita un cambio, un

verdadero renacimiento que nos libere de este estado de letargo, que desate lasfuerzas de la libertad, la innovacin, la creatividad y el emprendimiento, y nos ponganuevamente en la ruta del crecimiento y la prosperidad. Today, more than everbefore, I'm convinced that Chile needs a change, a true rebirth that frees us from thisstate of lethargy, which unleashes the strengths of liberty, of innovation, creativity andentrepreneurship, and puts us again on the road to growth and prosperity.)

y26. Y dejaremos de darle la espalda, para tender nuestros brazos abiertos ysolidarios, a nuestra muchas veces abandonada clase media, a nuestras Pymes y anuestros adultos mayores. Porque ellos son la columna vertebral de Chile y porque noqueremos seguir siendo un pas ingrato con quienes han sido siempre generosos conChile. (We wont turn away from it any more, and well stretch our open and caringarms to our many times neglected middle class, to our Pymes and our elderly people.Because they are Chile's spinal cord and because we dont want to go on being anungrateful country to those who have always been generous to Chile.)


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y CHILE IS A PERSON


PIERASMETAPHORS


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y THE CONCERTACION IS AN ILL PERSON

y Extracts:

y 27. Originalmente [la Concertacin] tena una misin, principios, unproyecto y unidad. Ahora, en cambio, est agotada, perdi las ganas

y la fuerza y, lo que es peor, carece de una propuesta de futuro.Pareciera que los 20 aos en el poder le arrugaron no slo el rostro,sino tambin el alma. Donde haba una misin, hoy slo queda lavoluntad de aferrarse al poder. Donde haba proyectos, hoy campeala improvisacin.

y (Originally, [the Concertacion] had a mission, principles, a projectand unity. Now, however, it is exhausted, it lost its interest andstrength, and what is worse, it lacks a proposal for the future. Itseems that 20 years in power wrinkled not only its face, but its soultoo. Where there was a mission, now there is only the will to stick to

power. Where there were projects, now there is improvisation.)

PIERASMETAPHORS


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PIERASMETAPHORS

y THE CONCERTACION IS AN ILL PERSON



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y THE CONCERTACION IS A MALFUNCTIONING MACHINE

y Extracts:

y 28. Por estas razones, son millones las chilenas y chilenos que, cansadosde un Gobierno con fatiga de material y promesas incumplidas, estn

optando por un cambio. (For these reasons, it is millions of Chileans whoare going for a change, tired of Government that suffers from materialfatigue and of forgotten promises.)

y 29. [] y en pocas semanas ms deber optar entre seguir a mediamquina, como est ahora, o iniciar con fuerza y voluntad una nuevatransicin //. ([] and in a few weeks they will have to choose betweengoing on at half speed, as it is now, or to start a new transition with strengthand will //)

y 30. A estas alturas de la campaa, el pas y los chilenos saben que laConcertacin est agotada, sin oxgeno y con el motor casi fundido. (At thisstage of the campaign, the country and Chileans know that the Concertacionis exhausted, breathless and its engine is almost shattered.)

PIERASMETAPHORS


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y THE CONCERTACION IS A MALFUNCTIONING MACHINE


PIERASMETAPHORS


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y CHILE IS THE CHILEAN NATIONAL FOOTBALLTEAMy Extract:

y 31. Todos recordamos cuando la seleccin chilena de ftbol iba de tumbo en tumbo. La consigna era empatar o, almenos, perder por poco y salvar el honor. Las explicaciones abundaban, pero siempre haba que buscarlas afuera: en elarbitraje, en la altura, o incluso en el rival. Esto cambi con la llegada de Marcelo Bielsa. Con los mismos estadios, losmismos jugadores y las mismas reglas, nuestra seleccin pas de pelear los ltimos lugares a luchar por la punta. De unmomento a otro dejamos de jugar a la defensiva y pasamos a enfrentar de igual a igual a cualquier equipo que se nospusiera por delante. En vez de depender de los resultados de terceros, decidimos confiar ms en nosotros mismos.Nunca ms hablamos de eliminatorias, sino de clasificatorias. Algo parecido, pero al revs, ocurri con nuestro pas.

Cada vez ms escuchamos a las autoridades dar todo tipo de excusas para explicar sus fracasos. La ltima, que la cadadel crecimiento y el alto desempleo se explicaran por la crisis internacional. Tal como ocurra con la seleccin chilenade antao, no habra mucho que hacer, slo sentarnos y esperar un milagro. Pero la verdad es que el problema viene demucho antes, y sus causas dependen ms de nosotros mismos que lo que algunos nos pretenden hacer creer.

y (We all remember when the Chilean football team went failure after failure. The motto was to go for a draw, or at leastto lose by little and save the honour. There were many explanations, but they had to be found elsewhere: the referee,the hight, or even the rival team. This changed with Marcelo Bielsa. In the same stadiums, with the same players, andthe same rules, our national team went from fighting for the lowest rankings to fighting for the highest one. From onemoment to the next we stopped playing on the defensive and started facing any other team that got on our way as

equals. Instead of depending on the results of others, we decided to have more confidence in ourselves. Never againwe spoke about the preliminaries but the qualifying round. Something similar, but the other way around, happened toour country. We hear the authorities to give all sorts of explanations to justify their failures. The last one is that thedrop in growth and high unemployment rates are the result of the international crisis. Just as it was the case with theold Chilean team, there was not much to do, but sit and wait for a miracle. But the truth is that the problem dates backfrom much earlier times, and its causes depend more on ourselves than what some people want us to believe.

y

PIERASMETAPHORS


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y CHILE IS THE CHILEAN NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM


PIERASMETAPHORS


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y In the case of Piera, the metaphors are not that clearly structured around adefined purpose as in the case of Enrquez-Ominami. However, it is possible tonote that the use of certain metaphors match what according to the press arePieras personal characteristics.

y He has defined himself as a middle class man who made his fortune thanks tohis personal initiative. Thus, the metaphors that take the image schema PATHenable the candidate to:y Focus on the progress of the country and that of particular citizens. Piera

proposes himself as the choice that will take the country to success.y Configure the election as a path towards the goal of governing Chile.y Show himself as in favour of the end of Pinochets regime in 1988.

y It is not strange, then, that he is focused on progress and success. Likewise, hisstrong personality and working capacity has been stressed (in a previouselection he was nicknamed "the locomotive"). This could also explain the use ofmetaphors associated to competition and fight.

Analysis of the metaphors used by presidential candidatesin Chile (first round 2009)


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y Both, ME-O and Piera, discredit the othercandidatures through the use of metaphors. At thesame time, through the logical principles of eachmetaphor, it is possible to note the counterpart, i.e., ifan option is validated explicitly, it can be inferred whatit is that discredits the other candidatures; likewise,

when a candidature is validated it is possible to infer

what is criticised of the others.

Analysis of the metaphors used by presidential candidatesin Chile (first round 2009)


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Analisis de Las Metaforas Usadas Por Los Candidatos les en La Primera Ronda de La Eleccion...

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