Agua Propiedades Fisicoquimicas 222

7/23/2019 Agua Propiedades Fisicoquimicas 222

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Universidad Alas PeruanasASIGNATURA:

QUMICA AMBIENTAL

TEMA: EL AGUA, PROPIEDADES

FISICOQUMICASDocente : Ing. Sonia M. Loayza Ch a!a


2/54

EL AGUAE" #$ o%&'#"(o %" a)'n*an(# #n $a na('!a$#za.

E" #$ *i"o$+#n(# #n %' ha" "'"(an ia" y &o! #$$o"# $# $$a%a *i"o$+#n(# 'ni+#!"a$-. E$ ag'a #" i%&o!(an(# &o! '# "i#n*o #$

o%&'#"(o %a" a)'n*an(# *#$ &!o(o&$a"%a "#

$# on"i*#!a in*i"n"a)$# #n (o*a /o!%a *#+i*a. E$ ag'a #" 'na %o$0 '$a no(a)$#, /'n*a%#n(a$

&a!a $a +i*a, "o$')i$iza y %o*i1 a $a"

&!o&i#*a*#" *# $a" )io%o$0 '$a", o%o i*o"n' $#i o", &!o(#2na", a!)ohi*!a(o" a$ /o!%a!#n$a #" *# hi*!3g#no on $o" g!'&o" &o$a!#"/'n iona$#" *# *i ha" )io%o$0 '$a".


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Estructura del agua.-La %o$0 '$a *#$ ag'a #"( on"(i('i*a&o! *o" (o%o" *# hi*!3g#no 'ni*o"&o! #n$a #" o+a$#n(#" a (o%o" *#o42g#no


4/54

En $a %o$0 '$a *#$ ag'a #$ o42g#no&o"## 5 #$# (!on#" *# +a$#n ia, *# $o"

'a$#" *o" &a!#" #n$azan(#" y *o"&a!#" no #n$azan(#"6 $a (#o!2a *#!#&'$"i3n *# &a!#" #$# (!3ni o" *#$ni+#$ *# +a$#n ia &!#*i # $a /o!%a *#'na %o$0 '$a *# ag'a.

La %o$0 '$a *#$ ag'a #" 'na %o$0 '$a&o$a! '# &!#"#n(a *o" &o$o" *# a!gan#ga(i+a y &o"i(i+a '# !#"'$(a *# $a*i/#!#n(# on #n(!a i3n *# #$# (!on#"#n #$ #"&a io.

A '#$ "i(io *on*# #4i"(# %ayo!


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C'an*o #n 'na %o$0 '$a #4i"(# 'n*i&o$o, #"(a &'#*# a(!a#! a "'"+# ina" &o! /'#!za" *# a(!a i3n#n(!# a!ga" *# *i/#!#n(# "igno y #"o#" $o '# "' #*# #n $o" #n$a #"&'#n(# hi*!3g#no *# $a" %o$0 '$a"*#$ ag'a

E"(a" /'#!za" "# $$a%an *i&o$o7*i&o$o,$a" 'a$#" "on i%&o!(an(#" #n"'"(an ia" a$ #"(a*o $2 'i*o o "3$i*o*on*# $a #! an2a %o$# '$a! #" %'y

g!an*#


6/54

tetra drica irregular , "ino '# (a%)i0n*# $a na('!a$#za *# "'" (o%o": E$

hi*!3g#no, #$ (o%o %" '#8o *# $a'2%i a. E$ o42g#no, 'n (o%o '#8o!o *# a$(a #$# (!on#ga(i+i*a*, #"(oha # '# #n $o" #n$a #" *# $a %o$0 '$a*#$ ag'a a(!a# ha ia "2 $o" #$# (!on#" *#$o" #n$a #" o+a$#n(#" on #$ 9, h# ho

'# *a $'ga! a $a &o$a!i*a* *#$ #n$a #


7/54

P!"PIEDADE# $I#IC"QUMICA#DEL A%UA.7Ca"i (o*a" $a" &!o&i#*a*#" /2"i a" *#$ag'a "# *#)#n a $a #4i"(#n ia *#$&'#n(# hi*!3g#no #n #$ #"(a*o "3$i*o y$2 'i*o y #"(a" "on:&'Enlace (uente )idr*geno.- La

a(!a i3n *i&o$o7*i&o$o, '# #"

in'"'a$%#n(# /'#!(# y #n $a '#&a!(i i&a #$ (o%o *# hi*!3g#no, "#*#no%ina enlace (uente

)idr*geno - 7


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Si #$ ag'a no ('+i#!a $a a&a i*a* *#/o!%a! #n$a #" hi*!3g#no, "#!2a 'n ga"a (#%!a('!a a%)i#n(#.+' Acci*n disolvente. E$ ag'a #" #$$2 'i*o '# %" "'"(an ia" *i"'#$+#

*i"o$+#n(# 'ni+#!"a$;, #"(a &!o&i#*a*"# *#)# a "' a&a i*a* &a!a /o!%a!&'#n(#" *# hi*!3g#no on o(!a"

"'"(an ia", ya '# #"(a" "# *i"'#$+#n'an*o in(#!a ionan on $a"%o$0 '$a" &o$a!#" *#$ ag'a.


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La a&a i*a* *i"o$+#n(# #" $a!#"&on"a)$# *# *o" /'n ion#"i%&o!(an(#" &a!a $o" "#!#" +i+o": a; E"#$ %#*io #n '# (!an" '!!#n $a %ayo!2a*# $a" !#a ion#" *#$ %#(a)o$i"%o, y); #$ o(!o #" #$ a&o!(# *# n'(!i#n(#" y $a#$i%ina i3n *# *#"# ho" '# "# !#a$izana (!a+0" *# "i"(#%a" *# (!an"&o!(#

a 'o"o".,.- Tensi*n su(er cial.- #" $a!#"i"(#n ia '# o/!# # 'n $2 'i*o &a!a

a'%#n(a! "' "'!1 i#. Po! $o '# #"


14/54

La tensi*n su(er cial ta /i n sede ne co o la 0uer1a el2stica 3ue

)a4 en la su(er cie de un l53uidoEn a%)io, $a" %o$0 '$a" '# "##n '#n(!an #n $a "'!1 i#, "o$o "on

a(!a2*a" ha ia a)a


15/54

La (#n"i3n "'!1 ia$ "# %ani1#"(a #n #$/#n3%#no *# a&i$a!i*a* '# !%i(# $aa" #n"i3n *# $a "a+ia #n $o" +#g#(a$#". La(#n"i3n "'!1 ia$ *#$ ag'a, ha # '##"(a $2 '$a "# on(!aiga y


16/54

$uer1a de co)esi*n entre susol culas. Lo" &'#n(#" *# hi*!3g#no

%an(i#n#n a $a" %o$0 '$a"/'#!(#%#n(# 'ni*a", /o!%an*o 'na#"(!' ('!a o%&a (a '# $a on+i#!(##n 'n $2 'i*o a"i in o%&!#"i)$#.Elevada 0uer1a de ad)esi*n.- D#n'#+o $o" &'#n(#" *# hi*!3g#no *#$ag'a "on $o" !#"&on"a)$#", a$#"(a)$# #!"# #n(!# #"(o" y o(!a"%o$0 '$a" &o$a!#", y #" !#"&on"a)$#,


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6. Densidad.- La %4i%a *#n"i*a* *#$ag'a #"( a =>C, #" *# i! a$ #"(a*o$2 'i*o D?@. B g %L; y a @>C, a$#"(a*o "3$i*o #" %#no! D?@. g %L;. Pa!a #n(#n*#! #"(a &!o&i#*a*,

"'&onga%o" '# (#n#%o" 'na %a"a*# hi#$o, '# &o! #/# (o *#$ a$o!#4(#!no #$ hi#$o o%i#nza a /'n*i!"#.

En #"(a (!an"/o!%a i3n 'n n %#!o!#$a(i+a%#n(# '#8o *# %o$0 '$a"a* 'i#!#n #n#!g2a in0(i a "'1 i#n(#

o%o &a!a !o%! "'" #n$a #"


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E"(a" %o$0 '$a" "# $i)#!an *# $a !#*!i"(a$ina '# o%i#nza a

*#"%o!ona!"# y '#*an o '&an*o$o" h'# o" h#4agona$#" '# /o!%an

ana$#" , on $o 'a$ o%i#nza aa'%#n(a! $a %a"a &o! 'ni*a* *#+o$'%#n

A %#*i*a '# !# # $a #n#!g2a#4(#!na, a'%#n(a $a *#n"i*a* *#$ag'a $2 'i*a, &o! '# "# o '&a %a"#"&a io" +a 2o" ha"(a $$#ga! a$

%4i%o *# =>C.


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*#n"o '# #$ ag'a y &o! (an(o o(a"o)!# #$$a. En(!# @ y =>C, $a *#n"i*a* *#$ ag'a

$2 'i*a a'%#n(a, &o! '# &!#*o%ina$a o '&a i3n *# h'# o" h#4agona$#"y #$ ag'a "# (o!na %a" *#n"a

So)!# $o" =>C, $a *#n"i*a* *#$ $2 'i*o*i"%in'y#, &o! '# &!#*o%ina $a#4&an"i3n (0!%i a.

La" +a!ia ion#" *# $a *#n"i*a* *#$ag'a on $a (#%!a('!a (i#n#n 'na&!o/'n*a !#! '"i3n #n #$ a%)i#n(#:


22/54

En '#!&o" *# ag'a o%o 'n $ago, #$ag'a a =>C '# #" %a" *#n"a "#"'%#!g# ha ia #$ /on*o, %i#n(!a"

'# #$ ag'a "o)!# $o" =>C, %#no"*#n"a "')# a $a &a!(# "'!io!

E"(# *#"&$aza%i#n(o *# ag'a &o!on+# i3n, &!o*' # '# a"i $a

(o(a$i*a* *#$ '#!&o *# ag'a a$ an #

$o" =>C. Ha


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Mo$0 '$a" "# %'#+#n %" !&i*o A @@>C (o*a+2a hay 'n g!an n %#!o

g!an*# *# #n$a #" *# hi*!3g#no "in!o%!, &a!a +a&o!iza! %o$ *# ag'a,"# n# #"i(a #! a *# = +# #", %a"

a$o! '# $o #"!a*o *# no ha)#!*i ho #n$a #. E"(a #4&$i a &o! '# $a(#%!a('!a *# #)'$$i i3n #" *#

@@>C. En in+i#!no $o" '#!&o" *# ag'a*#"&!#n*#n a$o! $o a)"o!)i*o #n+#!ano;, on $o '# $a (#%!a('!a *#$


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B; Elevado calor de va(ori1aci*n.-A J@KC "# &!# i"an B=@ a$o!2a" &a!a#+a&o!a! 'n g!a%o *# ag'a, $o '# *ai*#a *# $a #n#!g2a n# #"a!ia &a!a!o%! $o" &'#n(#" *# hi*!3g#no

#"(a)$# i*o" #n(!# $a" %o$0 '$a" *#$ag'a


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$2 'i*a y, &o"(#!io!%#n(#, &a!a *o(a! a#"(a" %o$0 '$a" *# $a #n#!g2a in0(i a"'1 i#n(# &a!a a)an*ona! $a /a"#$2 'i*a y &a"a! a$ #"(a*o *# +a&o!.


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; Elevada constante diel ctrica.-

Po! (#n#! %o$0 '$a" *i&o$a!#", #$ ag'a#" 'n g!an %#*io *i"o$+#n(# *#o%&'#"(o" i3ni o", o%o $a" "a$#"

%in#!a$#", y *# o%&'#"(o"o+a$#n(#" &o$a!#" o%o $o" g$ i*o"


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P!"PIEDADE# BI"QUMICA# DELA%UALo" "#!#" +i+o" "# han a*a&(a*o &a!a'(i$iza! '2%i a%#n(# #$ ag'a #n *o"(i&o" *# !#a ion#":a; En $a /o(o"2n(#"i" #n $a '# $o"#nzi%a" '(i$izan #$ ag'a o%o /'#n(#*# (o%o" *# hi*!3g#no.

); En $a" !#a ion#" *# hi*!3$i"i", #n'# $a" #nzi%a" hi*!o$2(i a" han

#4&$o(a*o $a a&a i*a* *#$ ag'a &a!a

!o%! *#(#!%ina*o" #n$a #"


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ha"(a *#g!a*a! $o" o%&'#"(o"o!gni o" #n o(!o" %" "i%&$#",*'!an(# $o" &!o #"o" *ig#"(i+o".

I"NI7ACI8N DEL A%UA 9 E#CALADE (:

Si o)"#!+a%o" $a 1g'!a "ig'i#n(#,o%&!o)a!" '# *o" %o$0 '$a"

&o$a!#" *# ag'a &'#*#nIoniza!"# *#)i*o a $a" /'#!za"*# a(!a i3n &o! &'#n(#" *#

hi*!og#no '# "# #"(a)$# #n #n(!#


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Un i3n hi*!3g#no "# *i"o ia *# "'(o%o *# o42g#no *# $a %o$0 '$a

'ni*o" &o! #n$a # o+a$#n(#;, y &a"a a'ni!"# on #$ (o%o *# o42g#no *# $ao(!a %o$0 '$a, on #$ '# ya %an(#n2a

!#$a ion#" %#*ian(# #$ #n$a # *#hi*!3g#no.Co%o +#%o", #$ ag'a no #" 'n $2 'i*o

'2%i a%#n(# &'!o, ya '# "# (!a(a *#'na "o$' i3n i3ni a '# "i#%&!#on(i#n# a$g'no" ion#" 9 O y O9 7 .

S# '(i$iza #$ "2%)o$o 9 , #n $'ga! *#


35/54

E$ &!o*' (o 9 O9 7 ? @ 7 =, "#*#no%ina &!o*' (o i3ni o *#$ ag'a, y

on"(i('y# $a )a"# &a!a #"(a)$# #! $a#" a$a *# &9, '# %i*# $a a i*#z oa$ a$ini*a* *# 'na *i"o$' i3n a 'o"a ,#" *# i!, "' on #n(!a i3n *# ion#" 9 o O97 !#" (i+a%#n(#.(:.- #$ &9, #" $a %#*i*a *# $a

on #n(!a i3n *# ion#" hi*!3g#no #n'a$ 'i#! "'"(an ia:&9?7$og 9


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&O9 ? 7$og O97 = ? &9 &O9

E$ &9 *#$ ag'a #" y $o on"i*#!a%o"n#'(!o. a$o!#" %ayo!#" "#!n )"i o"o a$ a$ino" y +a$o!#" %#no!#" i*o".


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ESCALA DEL &9.7Con #n 9 &9

%o$ L;


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EL (: 9 L"# #I#TEMA# BU$$E!AM"!TI%UAD"!E# " TAMP"# EN

L"# #I#TEMA# BI"L"%IC"#En $o" o!gani"%o" +i+o" "# &!o*' #non(in'a%#n(# i*o" o!gni o" '#

"on &!o*' (o" 1na$#" *# !#a ion#"%#(a)3$i a", a(a)o$i"%o *# &!o(#2na" yo(!a" %o$0 '$a" )io$3gi a%#n(# a (i+a".Man(#n#! #$ &9 #n $o" 'i*o" in(!a y#4(!a #$'$a!#" #" /'n*a%#n(a$ &'#"(o

'# #$$o in 'y# #n $a a (i+i*a* )io$3gi a*# $a" &!o(#2na", #nzi%a", ho!%ona", $a*i"(!i)' i3n *# ion#" a (!a+0" *#


39/54

E$ &9 *# $o" %#*io" )io$3gi o" #" 'naon"(an(# /'n*a%#n(a$ &a!a #$

%an(#ni%i#n(o *# $o" &!o #"o"+i(a$#".

La acci*n en1i 2tica y $a"(!an"/o!%a ion#" '2%i a" *# $a"

0$'$a" "# reali1an dentro de unosestrictos 2rgenes de (: .

En h'%ano" $o" +a$o!#" #4(!#%o"o%&a(i)$#" on $a +i*a y on #$%an(#ni%i#n(o *# /'n ion#" +i(a$#"

o" i$an #n(!# ,5 y ,56 "i#n*o #$


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Ecuaci*n de :enderson-:assel/alc). Conce(to de (;

La on #n(!a i3n *# 9 #"( +in '$a*aa $a na('!a$#za *#$ #$# (!o$i(o *0)i$.Con"i*#!an*o 'n i*o *0)i$, *# %o*og#n0!i o o%o 9A , "' # 'i$i)!io *#*i"o ia i3n "#!2a:9A 77777777777777777777 A7 9 A&$i an*o $a $#y *# a i3n *# %a"a",

$a on"(an(# *# # 'i$i)!io "#!: ? A 7; < 9 ; 9A ;


41/54

R#a$izan*o $a" o!a ion#"o!!#"&on*i#n(#" #n $a # 'a i3n,

*#"


42/54

(: = (; > log ? /ase ' @ ? 2cido ' Si #n $a # 'a i3n $a on #n(!a i3n *#

i*o #" ig'a$ a $a *# $a )a"#, #$o i#n(# #" , "i#n*o #$ $og *# ? @,

"# (i#n# '#(: = (;

&o! (an(o, se (uede de nir el (;como el valor de pH de una solucinamortiguadora en el que el cido y labase se encuentran a concentraciones

equimoleculares o al 50% cada una.


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La %an#!a #n '# &o*#%o" !#g'$a! #$&9 *#n(!o *# $o" $2%i(#" o%&a(i)$#"

on $a +i*a "on:; Lo" (a%&on#" 1"io$3gi o"

J; La #$i%ina i3n *# i*o" y )a"#" &o!o%n"a i3n !#"&i!a(o!ia y !#na$.

La" "o$' ion#" *# i*o" *0)i$#" y "'")a"#" on


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*#"&'0" *# 'na a*i i3n *# 'n i*o o'na )a"# /'#!(#".En #$ a"o *#$ "'#$o, "# *#no%ina&o*#! a%o!(ig'a*o!, a $a !#"i"(#n ia

'# &!#"#n(a a %o*i1 a! "' &9 'an*o

"# $# a8a*#n i*o" o )a"#". E"(a&!o&i#*a* #" *# g!an i%&o!(an ia, ya'# !%i(# %an(#n#! #$ &9 *#n(!o *#

$i%i(#" %'y #"(!# ho", #+i(an*o%o*i1 a ion#" !a*i a$#" #n #$a%)i#n(# *#$ "'#$o '# &o*!2an a/# (a!*#"/a+o!a)$#%#n(# a $a" &$an(a""' #!io!#", %i !oo! ani"%o" , "o)!#


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Ta (ones siol*gicosSon "i"(#%a" #n a!ga*o" *# %an(#n#!#$ &9 *# $o" %#*io" )io$3gi o" *#n(!o *#$o" +a$o!#" o%&a(i)$#" on $a +i*a.Lo" (a%&on#" 1"io$3gi o" "on $a &!i%#!a

$2n#a *# *#/#n"a /!#n(# a $o" a%)io" *#&9 *# $o" $2 'i*o" o!&o!a$#", #n(!# $o"'# *#"(a an: #$ (a%&3n /o"/a(o, #$

(a%&3n )i a!)ona(o y #$ (a%&3nh#%og$o)ina.P#!%i(i#n*o on #$$o $a !#a$iza i3n *#/'n ion#" )io '2%i a" y 1"io$3gi a" *#


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S#g n "' na('!a$#za '2%i a, $o"a%o!(ig'a*o!#" "# $a"i1 an #norgnicos e inorgnicos y, a"2 %i"%o,a(#n*i#n*o a "' ')i a i3n, "#*i"(!i)'y#n #n plasmticos y tisulares.Ta (ones org2nicos.-a' Las (rote5nas 4 a ino2cidosco o ta (*n Lo" a%ino i*o" y &!o(#2na" "on

#$# (!o$i(o" an/3(#!o", #" *# i!,&'#*#n (an(o #*#! &!o(on#" i*o";

o%o a&(a!$o" )a"#"; y, a 'n


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La a!ga *#n*# *#$ &9 *#$ %#*io. En'n %#*io %'y )"i o "# a!gann#ga(i+a%#n(#, %i#n(!a" '# #n #$/'#!(#%#n(# i*o $o ha #n&o"i(i+a%#n(#. R#"'$(a *# #" ia$in(#!0" a ni+#$ (i"'$a!./' Ta (*n )e oglo/inaE" 'n (a%&3n 1"io$3gi o %'y #1 i#n(#*#)i*o (an(o a$ a%)io *# & '##4!i%#n(a a$ &a"a! *# $a /o!%ao4i*a*a a $a !#*' i*a, o%o a $a g!an

a)'n*an ia *# #"(a &!o(#2na #n $a


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La o4ih#%og$o)ina & ? , ; #" 'n i*o %" /'#!(# '# $a*#"o4ih#%og$o)ina & ? , ;. Lo"+a$o!#" *# & "on (a$#" '#*#(#!%inan '# #n $a *i"o ia i3n

"ig'i#n(#, #$ +a$o! 4 "#a,a&!o4i%a*a%#n(#, @, .9)9 4 O J W 9)O J 49

E"(a &!o&i#*a* *# $a h#%og$o)ina, *#a%)ia! "' +a$o! *# & , *#%'#"(!a #$#/# (o (a%&3n, !%i(# #$ (!an"&o!(#

*# 'na *#(#!%ina*a an(i*a* *# COJ


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Ta (ones inorg2nicosa' Ta (*n car/*nico@/icar/onatoE"( on"(i('i*o &o! 9 JCO y 9CO 7.A'n '# "' +a$o! *# & , ; #"( a$goa$#


50/54

&'$%ona! *# %an#!a !&i*a6 y; A*#%", #$ 9CO 7&'#*# "#!

#$i%ina*o &o! $o" !i8on#" %#*ian(# 'n"i"(#%a *# in(#! a%)io on "o$'(o". R#" (o a$ o!ig#n y /o!%a i3n *#

#"(# "i"(#%acar/*nico@/icar/onato ,!#"a$(a!#%o" $o "ig'i#n(#:

En #$ &$a"%a #$ COJ , &!o #*#n(# *#$%#(a)o$i"%o #$'$a!, "# #n '#n(!ao%o:

7COJ *i"'#$(o, '# "#g n $a $#y *#


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79CO 7, '# #" $a /!a i3n %"i%&o!(an(#, y Fo!%an*o o%&'#"(o"

a!)a%2ni o" on $o" g!'&o" N9 J *#$a h#%og$o)ina. A$!#*#*o! *#$ @V#" (!an"&o!(a*o #n #$ #!i(!o i(o #n

/o!%a *# a!)a%inoh#%og$o)ina Ta (*n 0os0ato A &9 1"io$3gi o, $a" #" i#" *#$

/o"/a(o on a&a i*a* *# (a%&ona!"on 9 JPO=7y 9PO =J7 ya '# "' +a$o! *#& #" *# ,5. A"2 &'#", &a!a #$

(a%&3n /o"/a(o:


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A &9 1"io$3gi o *# ,=, $aon #n(!a i3n *# 9PO =J7 'n 5@V; #" =

+# #" "'!io! a $a *# 9 JPO=7 'n J@V;.A"2 &'#", #$ (a%&3n /o"/a(o #" 'n"i"(#%a %'y #1 az &a!a a%o!(ig'a! i*o". La on #n(!a i3n *# /o"/a(o #n$a "ang!# #" )a


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La" g!an*#" an(i*a*#" *# /o"/a(o*#n(!o *# $a" 0$'$a" o!&o!a$#" y #n #$h'#"o ha #n '# #$ /o"/a(o "#a 'n*#&3"i(o g!an*# y #1 az &a!aa%o!(ig'a! #$ &9.


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Agua Propiedades Fisicoquimicas 222

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